Georgia, historical and industrial : by the Department of Agriculture, illustrated

STA'J'E CAPI'l'OL, A'I'LA"I\'TA, QA,

GEORGIA
YISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ILLUSTRATED
0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner R. F. WRIGHT, Asst. Commissioner
ATLANTA, GA. GEO. W. HARRISON, STATE PRINTER (THE FRANKLIN PRINTING AND PUBLISHING Co.
19QI

PREFACE.
Under the prorvisiollil of the organic law establishing the Department of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, there was issued a "Hand Book of Georgia," under the direction of Dr. Thos. P. Janes, the first Commissioner of Agriculture; under the direction of his successor, Ron. J. T. Henderson, the "Commonwealth of Georgia" was published; and under his successor, Ron. R. T. Nesbitt, there was issued.. "Georgia and Her Resources."
The growing demand for information concerning the industrial resources and poosibilities o Georgia, as shown by inquiries almost daily received, not only from our own State, but also from every section o the Union, has led to the publication o this work, which we have entitled "Georgia: Historical and Industrial."
We have freely used the publications o our predecessors and are largely indebted also for much valuable information to "White's Historical Collootions o Georgia," and other works on our State, including "The Story o Geo,rgia and the Georgia People," by Dr. George G. Smith.
Much information concerning the geology o Georgia has been obtained rom the bulletins issued under the direction o the State Geologist, W. S. Yeates, and his assistant, W. S. McCallie, and former assist~t, Francis P. King. For much o the article on the geology orf Georgia we owe thanks to Prof. S. P. Jones, recently appointed assistant State Geologist.
Other sources o information on which we have relied are the answers t'o questions sent out by this department to intelligent gentlemen in every county in Georgia, and the United States Census Reports or 1890 and 1900. The information which could not be obtained in time for the body o the work has been published in the appendix at the end of this VOJlume.
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PREFACE.
Special thanks are due to the Central o Georgia Railway for the loan o many o the cuts with which this work is embellished, and to the Southern Railway for similar favors.
In th.is connection we take occasion to express our appreciatioo o the service rendered by Congressman J. M. Griggs, not only to the State o Georgia, but also to all the States o the Union, by his successful e:ffort to secure the enactment of a Federal law, allowing to all the State departments o Agriculture the privilege o sending through the mails all paper-covered agricultural bulletins at one cent a pound, instead of the former rate o hal a cent an ounce.
We wish also to express our obligations to Pro. J os. T. Derry, one of our Georgia historians, for valuable assistance rendered by him in the laborious task o the preparation of this work.
We send forth this volume with the hope that it may prove beneficia] to our State, and receive the approbation o those whom we most desire to please-the people o Goorgia.
0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner of Agriculture.
R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I.

HISTORICAL------_

CHAPTER I.

PAGES.
15-35

CHAPTER II. ~ENERAL SKETCH OF STATE------------------------

CHAPTER III.
GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OF GEORGIA--------------------- 55-147

CHAPTER IV. A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE SOILS OF GEORGIA---------- 148-171

CHAPTER V. PUBLIC RoADS, RAILROADS, WATER TRANSPORTATION ---172-190

CHAPTER VI. AGRICULTURE -------- ------ ---- ----------- - ----------191-232
CHAPTER VII. TRUCK FARMING, HORTICULTURE ----.----------------233-249

CHAPTER VIII.
DAIRYING AND CREAMERIES ------------------------- 25o-256
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8

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IX.
PAGES.
STOCK RAISING-NEAT CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS, POULTRY,
GoATS, HORSES, MULES.----. ~--- -- -- ------------ 259-312

CHAPTER X.
FLORICUTURE, SEED FARMS, IRRIGATION, TERRACING. ---315-321

CHAPTER XI.
FISH AND GAME------ .. ---- --------------------- 322-330

CHAPTER XII.
MANUFACTURES -- ---- ------ . ----- ---------- - ------ 331-362

CHAPTER XIII.
EDUCATION IN GEORGIA------------------------ ------365-394
CHAPTER XIV.
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF GEORGIA---------------- 397-407

CHAPTER XV.
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS OF GEORGIA .. ---------- --408-414

CHAPTER XVI.
STATE GOVERNMENT, ETC--- --------------------- ---417-524
PART II.
SKETCHES OF THE COUNTIES------ ------------------525-887

APPENDIX ------ ---- ------ 89o-92I

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga....................................... Frontispiece. General James Edward Oglethorpe .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . 13 Jasper Monument, Savannah, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Georgia Confederate M~IUllilent at Chickamauga Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Eli Whitney ...... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Agricultural Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Temperature Map of Georgia .......................................... 47 Placer Mining at the White Path Gold Mine, Gilmer County, Ga .......... 57 Geological Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Hydraulic Mining at the Singleton Mine, Lumpkin County, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Hurricane Falls, Tallulah, Ga........................................... 77 The Natural Dam, Big Potato Creek, Upson County ....................... 87 Flat Shoals on the Flint River, Meriwether county ........................ 97 Cane Creek Falls, near Dahlonega, Ga. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . 107 Toccoa Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 High Falls of the Towaliga ......................................... 119 Iron Ore Mine, near Taylorsville, Polk County, Ga........................ 125 Mineral Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Minln!l Iron Ore by the use of the Steam Shovel, near Cedartown, Polk
County, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Corundum Mine, Rabun County, Ga. . ................................... 137 .Southern Marble Yard and Quarry, Pickens County ...................... 141 -Georgia Marble Works, Tate, Ga....................................... 145 Marble Quarry Scene, Pickens County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Marble Bluf:T, Gilmer County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Lewiston White Clay Bed, Jones County ................................. 1ti3 Savannah Valley Road, Richmond County ................................ 169 Washington Pike Road, Richmond County ................................ 175 Shipping Melons at Dietzen In Houston County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S1 Picking Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 A Corn Field ....................................................... 193 Harvesting Wheat ....................................................... 199 Oat Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Harvesting Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Sugar Cane Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Field of Broom Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Digging Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Gathering Beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 The Famous Elberta Peach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 An Ordinary Sight in a Georgia Vineyard .................... : . .......... 247 Peach Pickers ................................................ .. .. . 253 Icing Cars ............................................... .. . 257 Jersey Herd in Bibb County ............................ .. 261 Hereford Bull .................................................... 265
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10

LIS1' OP ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pnge.
Hereford Cow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :!69 Calf Fattened in Six Mouths by T. R. Sawtell ............................ 273 Berkshire Boar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 South Down Ewes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 South Down Ram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Barred Plymouth Cock, from Belmont Farm, Cobb County, Ga............ 287 Chicken Houses and Runs, Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Broodery and Incubator, Belmont Farm, Smyrn,a, Ga. . ..._..... ,. . . . . . . . . . . 295 Angora Goats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Houses and Yards for Berkshire Hogs, Belmont Farm .................... 307 Picking Strawberries .................................................... 313 Onion Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Black Bass, or Georgia Trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 The Georgia Partridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Hon. Mark A. Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Scene on the Augusta Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Aragon Cotton Mills, Aragon, Ga. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 345 Canning Tomatoes and Peaches, Albany, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Stevens' Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 University of Georgia at Athens-The Campus ........................... 363 State Normal School, Athens, Ga......................................... 367 Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 North Georgia Agricultural College, Dahlonega, Ga....................... 375 Seney Hall, Emory College, Oxford, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Mercer University, Macon ................................................ 383 Wesleyan Female College, Macon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 387 Shorter Female College, Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 State Sanitarium, Milledgeville, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Cave Spring, Ga................ 399 Academy for the Blind, Macon, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Normal and Industrial School, Milledgeville, Ga.......................... 409 Governor Allen D. Candler ............................................... 415 Dr. J. P. Janes, First Commissioner of Agriculture ....................... 421 Hon. John T. Henderson, Second Commissioner of Agriculture ........... 427 Hon. R. T. Nesbit, Thi~d Commissioner of Agriculture .................... 433 Hon. 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Justices of the Supreme Court ........................................... 445 Hon. Clark Howell, President of the Georgia Senate ..................... 451 Hon. John D. Little, Speaker of the House of Representatives ............ 457 A Georgia Wheatfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Packed Peaches ready for market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Scene in a Peach Orchard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Meldrim Auditorium for Colored Youths .................................. 481 Rain Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Forestry Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga. . ........................... 511 Peach Packing House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 Georgia Exhibit, Agricultural Building, Nashville, Tenn., 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Old Capitol at Milledgeville .............................................. 531 Georgia Exhibit at Nashville, Tenn., 1897................................ 527 Ben Davis Apples ........................................................ 537 Dr. W. H. Felton's Ore Bank, near Cartersville ........................... 541

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

11

Page.
White Plymouth R~k Cock ............................................ 547 Ocean Steamship Company's Wharf, Savannah ........................... 579 Peach Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Georgia Cantaloupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Georgia Vineyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Tobacco Farm, Decatur County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Agnes Scott Instituw, D~catur, DeKalb County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 ~~Artesian Well at Albany ................................................ 637 Early Richmond Cherry .................................................. 647 Public Artesian Well ..................................................... f">51 Rome Beauty Apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 Brighton Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Potato Field near Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Pecan Grove near Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Buff Plymouth Rock Cock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Packing Cantaloupes at Fort Valley, Ga.................................. 713 Turpentine Farm, South Georgia .......................................... 717 Bartlett Pear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 Orchards and Nursery ................................................... 749 Artesian Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 Wickson Plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 Abundance Plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 Watermelon, Rattle Snake ............................................. 811 l'ffoore's Diamond Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Packing Cantaloupes near Albany, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Picking Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Yellow Transparent Apple .............................................. 847 Paper Shell Pecan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Greenville Strawberries .................................................. 867 Miller Raspberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879

ERRATA.
On page 161, in the last line of the first paragraph, instead of "5,000 pounds" read "500 pounds"; and in the next line above "cotton seed" should be "seed cotton,."
On page 411, third line from the end of the page for "1840" read "1844." On page 791, in the middle of the second line of the second paragraph, for "dairy cows" read "dairy farms." On page 800 In next to the last line in. the first paragraph on Quitman county, tor "Big Potato creek" read "Pataula creek."

GEN. J.UIES ED\VARD OGLETHORPE. TOl\IICHICHI AND NEPHEW.

GEORGIA:
HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL.
In 1732 a number of benevolent gentlemen of London conceived the idea of founding a home for the poor of Great Britain and a place of refuge for the Salzburgers and other persecuted sects of the continent of Europe. It was to be a model colony, in which both slavery and rum would be prohibited. It was to be also somewhat of a military eolony, a barrier against the hostile encroachments of the Spaniards upon the Province of South Carolina. The charter for its establishment was obtained from George II., king of England, in June, 1732. ;rames Edward Oglethorpe, a gentleman of great benevolence, marked ability and experience in military affairs, being selected by the trustees to take charge of the new colony, set sail from England in November, 1732, with one hundred and sixteen emigrants. After a voyage of nearly two months they arrived in the harbor of Charleston (then known as Charlestown), S. C., where they met a gracious welcome from the Carolinians and their governor, Robert J ?hnson, who furnished them with provisions, stock, vessels to convey additional supplies to the Savannah river, and a company of soldiers to protect them against the Indians until they could build houses and fortifications.
Leaving his people for a few days at Beaufort, South Carolina, Oglethorpe ascended the Savannah until he came to Yamacraw Bluff, which he selected for his settlement. On February 12th the colonists arrived, and on the 20th was commenced the first house of the new city, which Oglethorpe called Savannah from the name of the river on whose banks it stands. Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraws, immediately sought an alliance with Oglethorpe, who made a treaty with him, as he did alSO'
2 ga.

16

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

with the Qreeks, the Muscogees, and even with the Cherokees of themountains and the Choctaws on the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. Like William Penn, Oglethorpe purchased from the Indians the titleto the lands where he founded his settlements, and so long as he remained in Geo!rgia peace prevailed between the red men and the white.
In March, 1734, the colony was strengthened by the arrival of seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germ~ny. These men, who had been. driven from their homes by terrible persecution, found rest and safety higher up the Savannah in Effingham county, at a place which they called Ebenezer, the "Stone of Help"; "for," said they, "the Lord hath delivered us out of the hands of our enemie~." Goethe's beautiful poem, "Herman and Dorothea" was founded upon an incident which. occurred during the exodus of the Salzburgers.
Oglethorpe was diligent in establishing settlements, locating a Scotch settlement at Darien, a company o immigrants at Frederica, on Saint Simon's Island, and trading posts at Augusta. In February, 1736,among two hundred and twenty-seven immigrants who came over were John and Charles Wesley, afterwards so celebrated as the :founders of :Methodism. Their purpose was to preach the gospel to the Indians and alsoto the settlers. Two years later came another celebrated Methodist minister, the Rev. George Whitefield, who resided in the colony several years and founded the Orphan House at Bethesda, a few miles :from Savannah.
The Spaniards, who had settled .Florida nearly one hundred years before the first permanent English settlement at JamestoWn, regarding the settlements in Georgia as an intrusion upon their rights, determined to expel the English. In anticipation o:f war Oglethorpe went home,. and having raised a regiment of six hundred men :for the defense of hiscolony, returned to America and was appointed commander-in-chief of the militia of South Carolina and Gevrgia. Marching at the head of two thousand men of the two colonies, with. friendly Indians includedr he invaded Florida, meeting however, with but partial success. Lateron the Spaniards invading Georgia with a land an~ naval :force of three thousand men, landed on St. Simon's Island. Oglethorpe, who at this time had barely eight hu:ri.dred men available, met the Spaniards and inflicted on them so dreadful a defeat that the scene of the conflict has ever since been known as the Bloody Marsh.
So long as Oglethorpe remained in Georgia rum and slavery wereprohibited; but in 1743 he returned to England, and four years laterrestrictions were removed, and Georgia, like all the other English colonies of that da.y, admitted both slavery and spirituous liquors. That

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

17

same year the colony was in great danger from the machinations o a man named Bosomworth, former chaplain of Oglethorpe's regiment, who, .having married Mary Musgrove, an Indian claiming to be queen of the Creeks, marched at the head of a large Indian force upon Savannah threatening to exterminate the colonists unless his claims in behalf of his wife we.re complied with. The undaunted courage of the authorities, who seized the lea-ders and awed the Indians into submission, saved the colony.
In 1752 the trustees of Georgia surrendered their rights to the crown, and in 1754 John Reynolds was appointed go~ernor. At the close o the French and Indian war in 1763, Spain, who had been the ally of France, ~eded to England her possessions of East and West Florida. At this time the boundaries of Georgia, which had embraced a territory between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, were extended to the Mississippi on the west and on the south to latitude 31 and the St. Mary's river. Thus Georgia embraced not only t]J.e present State, but also the greater part of what we now know as Alabama and Mississippi.

THE REVOLUTION.
Georgia joined with the other colonies in resisting the aggressions of the mother country. On May 11th, 1775, the Savannah powder maga zine was taken possession of, and in July a British vessel at Tybee, having 13,000 pounds of powdeT for the use of British troops, was captured by thirty volunteers under the lead of Commodore Bowen and Colonel Joseph Habersham. Five thousand pounds were sent to the Continental army at Boston, and the rest was stored in the magazine. Another n-oted exploit was performed near Savannah in March, 1776. Some loyalist planters near Savannah had loaded eleven merchant vessels and prepared for a sea voyage. Some British war vessels, for the purpose of assisting these tories! moved up the river and threatened Savannah. But the Georgians under Colonel }!Iclntosh, aided by the Carolinians under Colonel Bull, burned three of these merchant vessels and rendered six unfit for service.
In April, 1776, Georgia instructed her delegates in Congress to vote for independence, which, on July 4th of the same year, was declared by the unanimous vote of all the deJegates of the thirteen colonies in Congress assembled. The signers of the declaration on the part of Georgia were Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton. For two years Georgia escaped serious invasion, but in December, 1778, Savannah was captured, and Augusta soon after. The defeat of the Tories at Kettle creek by the O..rolinians under Pickens, and the Georgians

18

GEORGIA: HISTOR.IOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

unde;r John Dooley and Elija:h Clarke, ;resulted in the il'ecaptme of Augusta by the Americans, who, notwithstanding the defeat of Ashe at Brie;r C;reek and the repulse of the allied French and American armies before Savannah, continued to hold all upper Georgia until after the fall of Charleston in 1780. While the allied armies were before Savannah, Colonel John White of the Georgia Continentals, by a skillfm stratagem, captured five British vessels, one hundred and thirty stands of arms and one hundred and eleven British soldiers. Although after the fall of Charleston South Carolina and Georgia were both oven-un, the patriot bands of those two States under their favorite leaders continued the struggle. The Georgians shared in the victories of King's Mountain and Cowpens, and Colonel Elijah Clarke, the Marion of Georgia, after failing in one attempt to capture Augusta, in the next year began another siege of that post, which was made successful by the arrival of General Pickens of South Carolina, and "Light Horse Harry" Lee of Virginia, .with a considerable force. Almost the last fight of the Revolution was Wayne's victory ove,r the Indian allies of the British near Savannah on the night of June 23d, 1782, a little over eight months after the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. On the 11th of July, 1782, Savannah was evacuated by the British and the authority of Georgia was established over all her borders.
On the 2d of January, 1788, the Constitution of the United State,~ was ratified by a convention of delegates from the different counties of Georgia, assembled at Augusta. The following is a list of the delegates of the ratifying convention:
John W ereat, President, and delegate from the county of Richmond William Stephens, Joseph Habersham, Chatham county. Jenkin Davis, N. Brownson, Effingham county. Edward Telfair, H. Todd, Bmke county. William Few~ James MeNeil, Richmond county. George Matthews, Florence Sullivan, John King, Wilkes county. James Powell, John Elliott, J aines Maxwell, Liberty county. George Handley, Christopher Hillary, J. Milton, Glynn county. Henry Osborne, James Seagrove, Jacob Weed, Camden county. J :ued Irwin, John Rutherford, Washington county. Robert Christmas, Thomas Daniell, R. Middleton, Greene county.

UNDER THE CONSTITUTION, 1788 TO 1860.
Under the government established by the Federal Constitution, Georgia increased rapidly' in population and wealth. Settlers poured into the State from North Carolina, Virginia and States farther north. 0

JASPER MONUMENT, SAVANNAH, GA.

GlJJOBGIA: HISTOBIOAL AND INDUSTBIAL.

21

these the Virginians were so numerous that the Indians, who still occupied many of the fairest portions of the State, frequently spoke of the Georgians as Virginians.
One of the most important events in the history of Georgia is the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, in 1794. Prior to that time the separation of the seed from the lint was so difficult as to limit the cultivation of cotton. This had to be done by hand, a task being four pounds of lint cotton per week for each head of a family, working at night, in addition to the usual field work. .At this rate it would take one person two years to turn out the quantity of cotton contained in one average standard bale, oc 500 pounds. One gin, in proportion to its power and saw capacity, will gin out from three to fifteen 500-pound bales in one day. .At the time of this important invention Mr. Whitney was the guest of his aunt, the widow of General Nathaniel' Greene. Probably no invention ever caused such rapid development of the. industry with which it was associated. In 1793 the exportation of cotton from t4e United States was 487,500 pounds, or 975 bales, estimated at 500 pounds to the bale. In 1900 the production in the United States was 9,345,391 bales.
The Yazoo Land .Act, passed by the legislature of 1795, conv~ying to four aSsociations thirty-five million acres of land lying between the Mississippi, Tennessee, Coosa, .Alabama and Mobile rivers, for five hundred thousand dollars, produced great excitement throughout Georgia. Though a bill ratifying the sale of these lands passed both houses of Congress, a subsequent legislature, under the influence of General James Jackson, repudiated the Yazoo act and commited the records of it to the flames, at the same time ordering the purchase money to be refunded to whoiDBOever it might belong. Twenty years, however, elapsed before a final settlement was reached.
In 1802 Georgia ceded to the Federal government all her lands west of the Chattahoochee, embracing nearly one hundred thousand square miles of territory, the greater part ocf the present States of .Alabama and Mississippi. Thus Georgia, like Virginia, is a "Mother of States."
The purchase from France by the United States, in 1803, of the vast Louisiana territory was of great benefit to Georgia. That territory had for a .long time been under the dominion o; Spain, whose agents frequently incited the Indians of the western border to hostile acts. Being no longer subject to these annoyances, new counties were laid off and towns and villages sprang up in the wilderness. In 1807 the new town ocf Milledgeville became the seat of government.
During the second war with Great Britain, 1812-15, the Indians of

22

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Alabama perpetrated horrible massacres. The Georgians under Gen-

eral John Floyd, and the Tennesseeans under General Coffee, with

Major-General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee as commander-in-chief
defeated the Indians in battle after battle. The power of the savages'

\vas finally crushed by the great battle of Tohopeka, or the "Horse-shoe

Bend" in Alabama, and the Indians sued for peace.

The first steampship that ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean, though

built in New York, was owned in Savannah, and from that port

started on its voyage to Liverpool in 1819. It was named "Savannah."

When, in 1821, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States and

thus passed forever from the hands of the ancient enemy of Georgia,

great was the rejoicing throughout the State.

'

When Georgia ceded her western lands the United States agreed to

extinguish the Indian title to the same. This was not done rapidly

enough to suit the Georgians and a controversy arose between the

State and the Federal governlllent, during which Governor Troup pro-

claimed the most ultra State rights doctrine, and defied President John

Quincy Adams. Georgia triumphed in the controversy, and when An"

drew Jackson became president he did all in his power to promote the

wishes of the Georgians, with the result that all the Indians east of the

Mississippi were finally transferred to the Indian Territory, west of the

great river.

In the Mexican War (May 8, 1846 to May 30, 1848), Georgia's sons

promptly allilwered the call to arms, and faithfully discharged the du-

ties assigned them. Among the most distinguished of the officers in

tl;te regular army of the United States were sons of Georgia, of whom

Colonel James S. Mcintosh was killed at Molino del Rey, and W. H. T.

Walker desperately wounded at the storming of Chapultepec.

THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
In the lamentable con:fl.ict of arms between the Northern and Southern States of the Union (1861-1865), Georgia bore a prominent part. This war was the outgrowth of a long struggle for the balance of power between the commercial and manufacturing States on the one side, and the purely agricultural States on the other, in combination with opposing theories as to the real nature of our Federal Union. This struggle became manifest in 1820 on the application of Missouri for admission into the Union with a Constitut~on allowing slavery, an institution which differentiated the opposing groups of States. The opposition to the admission of Missouri was not based on moral grounds, but on the

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

23

'idea that it gave to the South a preponderance of influence. By the Missouri compromise t}le dangerous dispute was settled for a time; but the acquisition of new territory from llfexico in 1848 reopened the old quarrel, and slavery, now opposed by some on moral grounds but by the ,great majority for reasons purely political, became the occasion of the most stupendous conflict of modern times.
In this fierce struggle, for which Georgia furnished ninety-four regiments and thirtysix battalions, embracing every arm of tlre service, the blood of her sons was freely poured out on every battlefield from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, and from the Ohio to the Gulf, and (if we include the thousands who had emigrated to the States west o the "Father of Waters"), in every important combat throughout the bound.f4 .of the Trans-Mississippi department of the Southern Confederacy. On Georgia's soil were fought the great battles of Chickamauga, Resaca, New Hope Church (a series of engagements from May 25th to' June 4th), Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, two fierce battles at Atlanta {July 22 and 28), Jonesboro, and numerous smaller engagements and 'Skirmishes. Sherman's march to the sea, when almost the entire military force of the State was absent in Virginia or Tenn~see, scattered ruthless destruction all along its path, and the final disastrous close of the long continued war wrecked the hopes and fortun(?S o her people.

AFTER THE WAR.
But the brave men, who with constantly diminis];ling strength and exhausted means had maintained so heroic a struggle against overwhelming numbers and boundless resources, lost no time in idle repining, but with the energy, pluck and perseverance characteristic of the Angl<r American, wrought out by the blessing o God the redemption o their. State. During the dark days of reconstruction they did not yield in base submission to oppression and wrong, but maintaining their rights in every legitimate way, shared at length in the final triumph of the .whole South in the courts and Congress o the nation. From the un.daunted energy and pluck of the Old South sprang the New South, with its rapid development along all lines.
While Georgia is yet poor compared with States not injured by the war she stands in the front rank of those that did suffer, and in the ratio <>f ;rogress compares favorably with those of the North which even prospered during all the years of strife, oppression and wrong.

24

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

THE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH.

During the tremendous conflict that shook this continent, the women o the South exhibited a heroism and devotion to principle sca~cely equalled and never surpassed since time began. With aching hearts they bade their loved ones hood-bye, and through tearr:ful eyes gave them a smile o hope, speaking at the same time brave words that nerved the warrior's soul to deeds of daring unparalleled in the records of this world. With undaunted spirit they bore privations, perils and 4eart-rending bereavements, and when, after the final catastrophe the survivors returned downcast and almost despairing, it was faithful woman's smile that bade them hope again and stirred them to that high endeavor,. which, amid the most appalling surroundings, brought forth the New South from the ashes of the Old, redeeming by the help of God their be-loved_States from opporession and ruin, and starting them again upon the road to prosperity and power. Even before the debris of our shattered fortunes had been cleared away, noble women turned their attention: to the preservation of the memory of the heroic deeds that wreathed the Southland's brow with Fame's unfading chaplet, and mid their poove~ began the erection of monuments to the illustrious dead, gathered the scattered remains of heroes from many a battle-field, marked their last. resting places with headstones, and organized into societies whose chief object is to keep alive the remembrance of the heroic deeds of the South's heroic men, whether living or dead.

THE SLAVES DURING THE WAR.

Nor should we forget that humble class whose ancestors were brought rom their African homes in Dutch, British and New England ships and ~ld to the white men who, by the aid of the stalwart muscle of the sons of Africa, cleared the wilderness and prepared the way for thriving farms, great plantations and growing cities. Though the legislatures of sOme Southern colonies endeavored to prevent the importation o these Africans, the British government set their acts aside in the interest of English and New England traders. Even after. the establishment of American independence the traders of New England, who had been among the first to engage in the African slave trade, continued it ~ the year 1808, when the traffic was abolished by Congressional enactment. These same New England traders, previous to that date, often violated the laws of such Southern States as had prohibited the traffic by Sm.uggling slaves into out-of-the-way places and selling them to those who were ready to purchase. Thus the South became so stocked with

GEORGIA CONFEDERATE MONUMENT AT CHICKAMAUGA PARK.
TO THE LASTING MEMORY OF HER SONS Who fought on tbi~ fieldThese who fought ar,d lived, and those who fought and died Those who gave much and those who gave all-
(l;eoraia
ERECTS THIS MONUMENT.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

27

negroes. that the Southern people considered emancipation under any condition too dangerous an experiment to be even thought <Otf.
Yet, such were the kindly relations that for the most part existed between masters and slaves, that even after the war had become on the
part of the North a struggle for emancipation as well as for uniorn, the
negroes remained in peace on the plantations, made the crops that supported the armies in the field and their families at home, and with a fidelity that amazed the enemies and slanderers of the South protected tile wives and children of the men who, far from their defenseless loved 001es, stood upon the firing-line striving with steadily dimiriishing num hers to keep back the ever increasing hosts gathered from the fields and crowded cities of the North and of Europe. Many faithful slaves went with their masters to the tented field, cooked and did other service fozo them, nursed them when sick, and, if they died in battle or hospital, wept over them, and returned with the lifeless bodies to lay them beside kindred dead in the family burial ground.
The tender care shown for them by kind masters and mistresses fu sickness and old age, the pious instructions of godly women and devoted missionaries, among which latter class some in malarial districts (harmless to the negro but dangerous to the white man), laid down their lives for the salvation of the slave, created in the bosom of the negro a devotion and loyalty which even the results of the war and the teachings of fanatics have not been able to efface from the minds and hearts of the great majority of the older members of the race. Acts of violence such as have in recent years disgraced so many of the younger generation of negroes were unknown before the war, or even when the mighty armies of invaders were thundering at our gates. The estrangement between the races and the outcroppings of violence in some quarters are due to the teaching of those who have endeavored to preach a political and even social equality that will never be allowed.
The majority of our colored: population ar,e still contentedly toiling in the fields, helping to increase the wealth of the State, and acquiring property themselves, in which they have the encouragement and aid of their white neighbors. There are no agricultural laborers so well suited to large sections of our State as are the majority of our negro population.

THE SPANISH-AMERIOAN WAR AND THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES.
In the restoration of good will between the States of the Union, the sons o Georgia have been conspicuous, and when the United States be-

28

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

<Jame involved in war with Spain, Georgia furnished according to population more volunteers than any other State of the Union. General J os~ph Wheeler, a son of Georgia and adopted son of Alabama, nobly illustrated those States at Santiago, and many gallant young Georgia officers of the regular army and navy of the United States, both in Cuba and in the Philippines, proved that the Confederate blood in their veins did not diminish, but rather increased their devotion to the flag of the restored Union. Georgia furnished three regiments for the SpanishAmerican war, and a fourth one, "Ray's Immunes," was made up almost entirely of Georgians. The twenty-ninth regiment of the United States Volunteers in the Philippines consisted almost entirely of Georgians.

GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA.

The governors of Georgia, from its first settlement in 1733 to the present time (1900), are as follows:

Under the Trustees.
James Edward Oglethorpe, July 15th, 1732, tQo July 11, 1743. William Stephens, acting in absence of Oglethorpe, from July 11, 1743, to April 8, 1751. Henry Parker, Acting Go:vernor from April 8, 1751, to October 1, 1754.
. Under tlte Crown.
John Reynolds, from October 1, 1754: to February 15, 1757. Henry Ellis, from February 16, 1757, to October 31, 1760. James Wright, from Octl()lber 31, 1760, to July 11, 1782. James Habersham, President of Council and Acting Governor :!:rom July 2, 1771, to February 11, 1773.

Under the American Government.
William Ewen, President of Coruncil of Safety from June 22, 1775, to January 20, 1776.
Archibald Bulloch, President o' the Provincial Council and Commander-in-Chief from January 20, 1776, to February 22, 1777.
Bu:tton Gwinnett, with same title as last, to lifay 8, 1777.

G-overnors Under the New ConstifJution of Georg.ia of 1777.
John Adam Treutlen, from May 8, 1777, to January 8, 1778. John Houston, from January 8, 1778, to December 29, 1778.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

29

John W ereat, President of Executive Council and Acting Governor from December 29, 1778, to NovembEJir 4, 1779.
George Walton, from November 4, 1779, to January 7, 1780. Richard Howley, from January 7, 1780, to January 7, 1781. Stephen Heard, President of Executive council and Acting Governor from January 7, 1781, to August 15, 1781.
Nathan Brownson, from August 16, 1781, to January 8, 1782. John Martin, frOilll _January 8, 1782, to January 9, 1783. Lyman Hall, from January 9, 1783, to January 9, 1784. John Houston, from January 9, 1784, to January 14, 1785. Samuel Elbert, from January 14, 1785, to January 9, 1786. Edward Telfair, from January 9, 1786, to January 9, 1787. George Matthews, from January 9, 1787, to January 25, 1788. George Handley, from January 25, 1788, to January 9, 1789. George Walton, from January 9, 1789, to November 9, 1790. Edward Telfair, from November 9, 1790, to November 7, 1793. George Matthews, from November 7, 1793, to Janua~ry, 15, 1796. Jared Irwin, from.January 172 1796, to January 11, 1798. James Jackson, from January 12, 1798, to March 3, 1801, being the :first governor under the Constitutiou of 1798.

Under the State Constitution of 1798.
AftEJir James Jackson, David Emanuel, President of Seuate and Acting Governor from March 3, 1801, to November 7, 1801.
Josiah Tatnall, from NovembEJir 7, 1801, to November 4, 1802. John Milledge, from November 4, 1802, to September 23, 1806. Jared Irwin, President of the Senate and Acting Governor from September 23, 1806, to November 7, 1806. Jared Irwin, Governorr from November 7, 1806, to November 9, 1809. David B. Mitchell, from N ovem:ber 9, 1809, to' November 9, 1813. Peter Early, from November 9, 1813, to November 9, 1815. David B. Mitchell, from November 9, 1815, to March 4, 1817 (resigned). William Rabun, President of Senate and Acting Go.vernor until November, 1817, from which time he was governor until October 25, 1819, when he died. Matthew Talbot, President of Senate and Acting Governor until November 13, 1819. John Clark, Governor from Novemberr, 1819, to November, 1823. George M. Troup, Gorvernor from November, 1823, to November, 1827.

30

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL,

John Forsyth, from November, 1827, to November, 1829. George R. Gilmer, from November, 1829, to November, 1831. WiJaon Lumpkin, from November, 1831, to Norvember, 1835. William Schley, from November, 1835, to November, 1837. George R. Gilmer, from November, 1837, to November, 1839. Charles J. McDonald, from November, 1839, to Niorviember, 1843. George W. Crawford, from November, 1843, to November, 1847. George W. Town, from November, 1847,. to Norvember, 1851. Howell Cobb, from November, 1851, to November, 1853. Herschel V. Johnson, from November, 1853, to November, 1857. Joseph E. Brown, from Novemuer, 1857, to July, 1865. James Johnson, Provisional Governor (appointed by President Andrew Johnson), from July, 1865, to December, 1865, until an election could be held by the people. Charles J. Jenkins, Governor from December, 1865, to January, 1868, when he was deposed by General J\feade, acting under the reconstruction, measures of Congress, and Brigadier-General Thomas H. Ruger o the United States army, was appointed to act as military governor until July, 1868, at which time Rufus B. Bullock, elected under the reconstruction measures, became Governor.

Under the Constitution of 1868.

Rufus B. Bullock, Governor from July, 1868, to October 30, 1871, when he resigned his office.
Benjamin Conley, President of Senate and Acting Governor from October 30, 1871, to January 12, 1872.
James M. Smith, Governor from January 12, 1872, to January 12, 1877.
When Governor Jenkins was deposed, he took with him the Great Seal of Georgia, refusing to give it up, but after the i:mauguration of Governor Smith he turned the Seal over to him as the first governor elected by the untrammeled voice of the people since 1868. On that occasion he received the thanks of the legislature, and a handsome. medal was voted to him for his fidelity to the interests and honor of Georgia. This event deserves to rank with the Charter Oak incident of colonial
days in Connecticut. General Alfred H. Colquitt, Governor from January 12, 1877, to
November, 1882, beginning under the Constitution of 1868 and ending
under that of 1877.

B;v Peqnissio!), frO!JI Mool'!l's ";\ll!fUS(~ p.nd aichp:tond COU!lty,"

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND. INDUSTRIAL.

33

Under 0 onstritution of 1877.

Alfred H. Colquitt's second term, ending November, 1882. Alexander H. Stephens, from November, 1882, to March 4, 1883, when he died.
James L. Boynton, President of the Senate and Acting Governor from March 5, 1883, to May 10, 1883.
H. D. McDaniel, from May 10, 1883, to November, 1886. John B. Gordon, from November, 1886, to Novembe!l', 1890. W. J. NQrthen, from November, 1890, to November, 1894. W. Y. Atkinson, from November, 1894, to November, 1898. Allen D. Candler, inaugurated November, 1898, the present incumbent.

INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS OF GEORGIA.

Scarcely had the war ended before the Georgians set to work torebuild their ruined homes and fortunes. The city of Atlanta afforded at that time a striking evidence of the marvelous pluck and energy of the people. In the spring of 1865, even before the close of hostilities, the old citizens began to return, and Atlanta springing phoenix-like from her ashes was already starting anew on the road to prosperity and wealth with an impetus which even the succeeding days of force and oppression could not check. This city is a fair type of Georgia, whose cities and towns have steadily wown, some of them showing a surprising ratio of increase. Even little villages have a neater, more substantial appearance, and beautiful country dwellings are more numerous than ever before in the histo:ry of our State. Our manufacturing interests have made steady and active p:rog:ress, and within the last year the number of cotton factories has inc:reased at an unprecedented rate. Old and long established lines of railroad have increased their mileage and new ones have been constructed, so that most of our farmers of to-day are within easy distance of the road over which the products of their farms can be transported. Electric cars give rapid transit from suburban homes to the hearts of our cities, and telephones of both short and l~ng distance supplement the teleg:raph lin affording instantarieo111s communication for business or pleasure. Agriculture has been greatly improved; up-to-date methods have been adopted; two blades of g:rass have been made to grow where one did a few years ago..
Just after the war the high price of cotton led the planters of Georgia to devote all their ene,rgies to the production of the fleecy staple,
and theru. by its subsequent rapid decline brought disappointment and

34

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

threatened ruin. Taking the alarm the farmers began more and more to raise their own supplies. Thus they are making the farm what it should be, a little world of its own, w~ose master living independently on the heavy interest paid into his co1Iers by his well-tilled soil, can become a prince among men, and not, what a borrower must ever be, a servant to the lender. The improvement in the planting interest of Georgia is largely due to the Agricultural Department, established in 1874. Dr. Thomas P. Janes, its first commissioner, made tpis department a mighty agency for good. The noble work was continued by his able successor, John F. Henderson and his zealous assistant, R. J. Redding (now director of the Georgia Experiment Station a~d president of the Georgia Dairyman's Association); next by Commissioner R. T. Nesbitt, a faithful and diligent pr~moter of the people's welfare; and is now being carried forward by the present incumbent, Commissioner 0. B. S'tevens, and his assistant, Mr. Robert F. Wright, who are determined not to be excelled by their illustrious predecessors. One of the chief objects of this department is the inspectiDn and analysis of fertilizers and oils, the profit of which, over and above all expenses, is about $30,000 annually, set apart for the benefit of the school fund. Thus this department instead of being an expense is a source of revenue to the State, though it was n{)lt originally so intended, and ought not so to be, for every dollar collected could be spent much more to the advantage of the State by being used for the legitimate purposes of this important 'branch of the government. Other objects are the encouragement of agriculture in all its branches, the promotion of dairying and creameries, the raising of the best breeds of cattle for the farm and the market, and the eradication of that pest commonly known as the cow-tick (booph-ilus bovis). The department has succeeded in lowering the line of quarantine against the tick so as to exempt some of the North Georgia counties from its operation as to them, and is earnestly seeking the co-operation of the people in completely rooting out this plague, so injurious to the cattle interests of the State.
One of the great benefits of this department to the planters was seen in the fall of 1899. When the great statistican Neil predicted a cotton crop of twelve and a hal million bales, and consequently low prices, word went forth from the Agricultttral Department that it was advisable for all farmers who could do so, to hold their cotton, as there would probably be only nine and a hal millions of bales with a probable rise in the price. The advice was justified by the result.
The State Che:~p.ist, John M. McCandless, and his assistants, R. G. Williams and J. Q. Burton) in addition to the other important laba:ra: of

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

35

their department, are doing faithful and efficient work in protecting the farmers against spurious fertilizers and dangerous oils.
The State Entomo'logist, \V. M. Scott, has won the favor of the fruit growers of Georgia by his zealous labors in their behalf, and, especially, by his unceasing efforts for the extirpation of all the pests that attack the orchards.
The .Geological Bureau under the management of the State Geologist, W. S. Yeates, and his assistants, S. W. McCallie and Dr. T. L. Watson, is doing a great work for Georgia, by promorting the development of its minerals, metals, building stones, clays and artesian wells.
In everything that should characterize an enlightened Christian State Georgia stands among the foremost in our Union. Leaving behind the past she is pressing forward to a future of increased prosperity and g'l1eatness. One strong evidence of growth in a State is increase in poplation. By the census of 1890 the population of Georgia was 1,837,353. By that of 1900 it is 2,216,331. This is an increase of 378,978, or within a very small fraction of 21 per cent.

CHAPTER II.
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH.
Georgia, the greatest in area of any State east of the Mississippi river, embraces 59,475 square miles, being larger by 1,274 square miles than England .and Wales combined, and nearly equal in size to all New England. On its northern border are North Carolina and Tennessee, on the northeastern side South Carolina, on the east the Atlantic Ocean, on the south Florida, and on the west Alabama. Containing in its greatest length from north to south 320 miles, and nearly four and one half de-grees of latitude, it has great variety of soil, dimate and productions. Its northern portions are diversified by mountam, hill and vale, and drained by numerous rivers, some of which are navigable. The sides of the hills and mountains are covered with the various hard woods, interspersed with pine, a lighter wood, which furnishes an excellent resinous kindling for fires. The soil of this mountain region varies from dark to a red or mulatto color, and is very productive. The valleys and river bottoms are covered in their proper seasons with abundant crops of wheat, corn and other cereals, and are dotted with substantial farmhouses located near some bubbling spring of pure, cold water, from which runs a rippling streamlet through the farm, affording to the stock abundance of healthful drink at all seasons of the year. In some portions of this section cotton is successfully raised, and occasionally thriving fields of tobacco may be seen.
The surface of Northeast Georgia varies from 1,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. This section is traversed by that part of the Ap palachian chain known as the Blue Ridge, with an altitude above sea level of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. This range runs about one third the distance across the State, and terminates abruptly. Northwest Georgia, the Limestone Region, with an altitude ranging from 600 or 700 to 2,500 feet, covers the greater part of ten counties, with an extent of 3,600 square miles. Of Nortnern Georgia about 6,000 square miles are above the altitude of 1,000 feet.
About twenty miles west of the Blue Ridge lies the Cohutta Range, a continuation of the Unaka of Tennessee, having an altitude of 3,000 feet, with an abrupt escarpment toward the valley of the Oostanaula on
(36)

83

820

8 0 ---

r ~ed Loams-tm~?EN~ l y, .---'1 & Bro":'n
L.:__1 sto es & Calcareous Shales.

Sandy or Gravelly Lands Y,ranates,Gneiss & Mica Schists

r--1 Rs:a Clay Lands.
l___;___J Hornblende Rock s.

I r---iV'Sandy Lands-Sandstones and
L____ji Arenaceous Shales.

F=l F1atwoods. ~Hard Argillaceous Shales.

r~-Ch1eGrriaty yGr,aMvaegllnyesLiaanndLs.imestones

r--1
L__j

Savannahs

and

Palmetto

Flats.

35

Upper Limit of Low-Land Rice, corresponding ap-

--- proximately with that of Palmetto Flats.

'""'"'"'""'""'""'""''""""'"'"' Nort?ern limi~ of \V ire- Gr~ss, corresponding ap proxlmately with Southern hmit of the \Vheat nop.

- - - - - - - - Present approximate Northern limit of Sugar Cane.

U pper limit of Cotton Culture, corresponding with ~....,~~------ Lower Limit of \Vhite Pine and Spruce.

AGRICULTURAL MAP

-- oF~
GEORGIA .

SHOWING SOI LS AND THE CLTMATAL

RANGE OF CERTAIN INDIG E-

84

NOUS AND CULTIVA-

TED PRODUCTS.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUlTURE.

Frftnklin Prtg. & Pub. Co., Atlanta. Ga.

SCALE 2e"s:="""=>=if=======2E5'=''='"""""''='SOO~=::;:::===T~>~""i"""'=',:~O~OiMILES

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRL!L.

39

the west, and continuing into Alabama in a low elevation known as Dugover Mountain. To the northwest come Lookout and Sand Mountain ranges, which, with their table-lands, belong to the Alleghany system. The highest point of Lookout, known as High Point, has an elevation of 2,408 feet. A northeastern spur of Lookout is known as Pigeon Mountain, with an elevation of from 1,800 to 2,000 feet above the sea, but with 'one point rising to 2,331 feet. Along the top of this mountain runs the boundary line between Walker and Dade counties. Round Mountain, also a spur of Lookout, has an elevation of over 2,200 feet. From this point rises Rock Creek, flowing longitudinally along the surface of the mountain adjacent to a beautiful waterfall known as Lula, all of which, with Lula Lake, make one of the most picturesque scenes in Georgia. Taylor's Ridge with its extension, the White Oak Mountains,. traversing parts of Catoosa, Whitfield and Chattooga counties, rises to 1,300 and 1,500 feet above the sea, Rocky Face Ridge, rising to an elevation of from 1,500 to 1,700 feet, crosses the western part of Whitfield county, forming the eastern watershed of East Chickamauga creek, which flows through the valley at an elevation of 900 feet above the sea.
Among the interesting features of Northwest Georgia are numerous caves. One of the largest, of great extent, with far-reaching galleries, is Hardin's cave, about three miles southeast of Kingston. Some of the chambers are twenty to twenty-five feet high, and, owing to the sloping roof, the cave appears even higher. At Crawfish Springs, near Chickamauga, a stream sufficiently large to be used as a water-power, issues from an underground cavern, and has been converted into a beautiful lake and waterfall. Many other caverns, some extensive, occur at the bases of Lookout, Pigeon and Sand Mountains.. Near the beautiful little town of Cave Spring extensive caverns are found in the limestone formations.
The mountain section of Georgia is noted for its charming valleys. Cedar, Texas, Bmomtown and V ann's valleys, are among the most noted in Northwest Georgia, while the fame of N ac~hee, in the northeast section among the mountains of White county, has been proclaimed in song and story. Nacoochee, or the "Evening Star," so the story goes, was t4e beautiful daughter of a noted Cherokee chief. She was wooed and won by Sautee, a brave young warrior of the Choctaw nation, a people who were the bitter foes of the Cherokees. One dark night Nacoochee eloped with her lover. The enraged father, at the head of a hundred warriors, after days and nights of ceaseless search, found the lovers in their hiding-place among the rocky fastnesses of Mount Y onah. Sautee
8 ga

40

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

was condemned by the old chief to be thrown frop1 the highest precipicf} of the mountain, and the sentence was put into immediate execution; but to her father's horror the maiden leaping over the precipice shared her lover's fate. Nacoochee and Sautee were buried on the banks of the Chattahoochee in one grave, and a mound raised over them to mark the spot. Two adjoining valleys now bear the names of the young Cherokee girl and her Choctaw lover. In Habersham county are found the falls of Toccoa and in Rabun county the grand chasms and cataracts of Tallulah, famed far beyond the limits of Georgia. Toccoa creek falls 185 feet perpendicularly over a ledge of sandstone. Of the beauty of this silvery cascade descending so gently from the lofty rock, whose sides are plai!llly seen behind the wrute.ry veil, no pen can give an adequate description. Toccoa the Beautiful! Never was name more worthily bestowed. The Tallulah river is the western branch of the Tugaloo, one of the sources of the Savannah. Ten miles above the junction of the Tallulah with the Chattooga, the Falls of Tallulah, by four perpendicular pitches of water of from fifty to eighty feet and a great many smaller cataracts, plunge downward into a grand chasm 860 feet deep. The four principal falls are L' eau d'or, Tempesta, Hurricane and Oceana.
All Northern Georgia abounds in useful minerals. Coal is found in the extreme northwest in Dade and Walker counties, the various iron ores in Dade, Walker, Chattooga, Floyd and Polk. In the State some lead, silver and copper are found, the latter being an extension of the celebrated Ducktown region of Tennessee, varieties of it being found in the counties of Union, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Murray, Fulton, Lincoln and Greene. Ochre and sulphate of baryta exist in large beds. Other minerals that have been successfully mined are pyrites, mica, talc, slate, tripoli, limestone and infusorial earth.
Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, is the center of gold operations in Georgia, the richest veins being in Lumpkin and White. Other counties in which gold is .found are Rabun, Towns, Habersham, Hall, Union, Gwinnett, Forsyth, Dawson, Milton, Cherokee, Bartow, Paulding, Douglas, Carroll, Haralson, Gilmer, Fannin, Lincoln, and McDuffie. It is found in small quantitiefl in Fulton.
The bauxite deposits are the largest in the United States. This is the basis of aluminum Deposits of commercial value have been found in Walker, Ohattooga, Bartow and Floyd.
Corundum is found in Georgia in all its varieties except emery. Slate is successfully quarried at Rockmart by the Georgia Slate Company. The manganese deposits are very rich. Sandstones of a variety of colors

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

41

:and adapted to a variety of purposes are found in Northwest GeoTgia.

In the northern counties asbestos is also found.

. Georgia to-day stands second only to
mg noted throughout the United States

Vfoe.rrmthoenet xacseallemntarqbulaeliStytatoef'

beher

marble.

In 1893 the value of the output was in round numbers $273,000, and

.almost the entire product was at that time supplied by the Georgia

Marble Company, whose headquarters and quarries were near Tate, in

Pickens county. The quarries here opened are named respectively,

Dreole No. 1, Creole No. 2, Cherokee, Etowah and Kennesaw. The

Piedmont quarry, also in Pickens county, is very extensive. The in-

.crease from all these quarries had, in 1894, brought the entire product.

up to 481,529 cubic feet, valued at $716,359, an increase in one year

of oveT 174 per cent. The strnCiture of the marble from the different

quarries is essentially the same, the only marked difference being in

color. Some of it is white, some bluish-gray with dark-blue spots, some with dark-blue mottlings, useful for monumental work and interio~

decorations, others with a variety of shades, such as pink, salmon, rose

and dark green, producing rich effects, specially adapted for wainscot-

ing, panels, counters, table-tops, etc. The deposits are larger than any

.other in the United States. The companies operating the quarries are

prepared to saw and finish the stone, and this is done by them and also

by other large companies established for this work at Nelson, Canton,

.and near Marietta. Thus almost the entire product of the Georgia qua:t-

ries is put upon the market in a finished condition. Marble is quarried

also in Cherokee, Whitfield and Polk. Beautiful marble is found also

in Floyd.

Fifteen years ago Georgia marble was little known beyond the lim-

its of the State. Now it is the most famous in America, and is recog-

nized as the best for building purposes. The demand for it extends

throughout the United States, and shipments have been made to Hawaii.

Froon the Southern Marble Company at Marble Hill was shipped the

largest block of marble ever quarried in the UJ?-iied State, to go into
the capitol of Minnesota. In the construction of Mississippi's new cap-

itol Georgia marble is one of the main materials, as it is also in the new

.capitol of Rhode Island.



Granite of the best grade abounds in Georgia. The largest known

..deposit o this useful stone in the world is found in DeKalb county,

fourteen miles east of the city of Atlanta. In the midst of a vast bed

.of stone extending in all directions, from a comparatively level country

there rises to the height of 1,686 feet a solid mountain of granitef. with-

42

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

out soil except in a few scattered places, where a little verdure appears. This "geological monstrosity," as Dr. .Alexander Means, an eminent scientist of the State in his day, styled it, is known by the appropriate name of Stone Mountain. It is seven miles in circumference at the base, and by the ordinary ascent one mile from base to apex. The stone of thia mountain and of the wide extended bed of granite that spreads out from its base is uniform in character, admirably adapted for paving aa well as for building and monumental work, and is being used for these purposes not only in the cities of Georgia, but also in those of the East and West. There are many other extensive deposits through the State, notably those in Coweta, Elbert, Oglethorpe, Walton, .Hancock, Spalding, Fayette and Carroll counties. In 1880 the entire granite product of the State for paving material was valued at $13,000, and the entire industry employed only thirteen hands. In 1896 the product in paving material alone was worth more than $750,000, and gave employment to one thousand hands.
Gneiss is quarried extensively in Carroll, Coweta, Meriwether and Heard counties. Red sandstone is quarried near Graysville, in Catoosa county.
The granite beds are found in what is known as Middle Georgia. This is the most thickly settled section of the State. The line dividing it from South Georgia may be considered as running directly across the State from Augusta to Columbus and passing at the head of navigation near Milledgeville and Macon. Much of the land is exceedingly fertile, producing abundant crops of cotton and of corn, or any of the grains that can be raised in any part of the United States. The various grasses, too, afford abundant pasturage for horses and cattle. The creek md river bottoms are exceedingly fertile, but, as they are liable to overflow, these lands are generally devoted to corn, an exceedingly profitable crop in such localities, even though subject to occasional damage by
floods. Even the so--called worn-out lands have, by judicious fertilizing, been
brought to a high state of productiveness. This region varies in altitude from 180 to 500 and in some instances to 1,000 feet. There are few elevations that are designated as mountains, and lands too steep for the plow are seldom found over the greater part of this area. Pine Mountain in Harris and Graves Mountain in Lincoln rise a few hundred feet above the surrounding country. Atlanta stands upon the crest o Chattahoochee Ridge at an altitude of 1,050 feet above the level of the sea. Kennesaw Mountain in Cobb, with an altitude of 1,809 feet1 and Stone Mountain in DeKalb, 1,686 feet above the sea, tower conspicuously over the surrounding landscape.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

43

Southern Georgia, covering more than hal of the State, extending from the southern limit of Middle Georgia to Florida and the Atlantic coast, ranges in altitude between 100 and 500 feet. About 3,000 square miles of the coastal region have an elevation of 100 feet or less above tide. The productions of Southern Georgia are very much the same as those of Middle Georgia. Throughout both these sections fruita of many varieties abound. Pears grow well in every part of the State, but best in Northern and Middle Georgia. The apple succeeds well in every portion of the State where the elevation is four or :five hundred feet, with a clay soil or subsoil.
It is in Georgia that the most luscious peaches are produced, those having the richest flavor, the best varieties being found in Middle Georgia and the elevated plateaus of the southwestern portion of the State. In the same sections :figs and pomegranates grow admirably, needing no protection in winter except in the upper part of the middle belt. Grapee grow well in every section, and there are some :fine vineyards. It may be remarked here that, while the founders of Georgia forbade the im portation of the stronger liquors, they did intend to make the colony a wine-producing country. Olives succeed well on the coast. The pecan and English walnut do well. Watermelons and cantaloupes are celebrated for their quality. In fact, the Georgia watermelon has a national reputation. In Thomas county, in the extreme southwestern section of the State bordering on Florida, and with but one county (Decatur) between it and the :Alabama line, in addition to all the agricultural productions of the temperate and semi-tropical zones, the apple, pear, peach, plum, pomegranate, :fig, quince, cherry ,grape, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, mulberry, orange, lemon and banana may be seen, all growing in the same orchard. In.Camden county, in the ex treme southea'St, oranges flourish, and in the streets of St. Mary's the trees may be seen laden in their season with golden fruit. Berries of all kinds flourish in every section of Georgia. Groundpeas and chufaa abound, the former being extensively raised for home consumption and the markets of Georgia and other States. Sugar-cane and sorghum are also crops of great value.
No area of similar extent in the United States shows greater variety than Georgia, and no State east of the Rocky Mountains as great. In its southern part tropical fruits and flowers grow and mature, while on the high peaks of some of its mountains grow plants indigenous to the far north. Many people suppose that latitude determines climate. But other factors which also largely control must be taken into the count. 0 these factors rainfall, elevation and air currents exert probably the

44

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

greatest influence. Of nine climate belts in the United States, eight are represented in Georgia. Of these eight belts the lowest in mean annual temperature is below 40 degrees, the highest between 70 and 75. Thus Georgia's four and one-half degrees of latutude show a variety of climateequivalent to the average range of 15 degrees, according to the usual estimate, which assigns two degrees difference in the ther~ometer forone degree of latitude, and one degree of the thermometer to three hundred feet of elevation. The climate of below forty degrees is found on some of the mountain peaks known as ''bald" above the range of trees, where only shrubs appear, and on whose summit arctic insects are found. Of course there is but a small part of this belt in Georgia.

MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE.
On the sides of these momitains below the summit is a mean annual tmperature of between forty and forty-five degrees, corresponding with. upper New England and New York and the mountain region of Virginia. A larger climate zone between forty-five and :fifty degrees corresponds with portions of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. The zone between fifty-five and sixty degrees embraces a narrow strip running through North Carolina 'and Virginia up to New Jersey. The zone between fifty-five and sixty contains an area two or three times as large as all the preceding zones together, and passing through both Carolinas ends in Virginia. The zone between sixty and sixty-five degrees embraces nearly all of Middle Georgia, upper Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, West Tennessee and Arkansas, and extends into Virginia.The mean annual temperature at some of the important stations in this area are: Leo, 60.1; Rome, 61.9; Gainesville, 61.3; Atlanta, 61.4; Carrollton, 62; Oxford, 62.6; Athens, 63; Augusta, 64; LaGrange, 64.1; Thomson, 64.7. The climate of Southern Georgia corresponds with that of lower Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and upper Florida, being chiefly in the zone between sixty-five and seventy degrees of mean annual temperature, this zone embracing the following stations: Macon, 66.1; Swainsboro, 67; Cuthbert, 68.1; Americus, 68.2; Walthoursville, 67.6; Brunswick, 68.7. Blackshear, 70.2, is the only station touching the zone between seventy and seventy-five degrees. The climate of Atlanta corresponds with that of Washington, St. Louis and Louisville, the winters being warmer and the summers cooler.
For the whole State the July mean temperature is 81.8. The isothermal line of eighty degrees, July temperature, runs above Augusta and Macon to West Point. Above this line, embracing nearly all of North

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

45

and Middle Georgia, the July temperature is between seventy-five and eighty degrees. Below this line, embracing nearly all Southwest, East and Southeast Georgia, the July temperature is between eighty and eighty-five degrees.
The only climatic belt in the United States not found in Georgia is that in the extreme south of Florida, with a mean annual temperature of between seventy-five and eighty degrees.
Georgia's summers are, on an average, cooler than those ,of more northerly sections, while the winters, though seldom severe, are cold enough to dissipate the germs,of disease.
The annual average rainfall of Georgia is 49.3 inches, the highest be~ ing at Rabun Gap, 71.7 inches, the lowest at Swainsboro, 39.4 inches. The average for different sections of the State is: for Middle Georgia, 49.7 inches ; Northwest Georgia, 60.3 inches; East Georgia, 41.4 inches. The summer rainfall for the State in inches averages 13.4; North Georgia, 13.6; Southwest Georgia, 14.5. Of summer rainfalls the averages in inches are: Brunswick, 16.6; Americus, 16; .Rabun Gap, 15.4; Atlanta, 10.8; Rome, 10.2. Atlanta's annual rainfall is 52.12 inches.
The average elevation above the sea of North Georgia is 1,700 feet; of Middle Georgia, 750; of Southwest Georgia, 400; of East Georgia, 125; of Southeast Georgia, 100, giving an average for the Sta.te of 615 feet. Here is a difference between the extreme average:> of 1,600 feet.
Snow seldom falls in Southern Georgia, and then .rarely to a depth of more than two inches, disappearing entirely in one or two days. There are a few ntotable exceptions at intervals Cff several years near the line of Middle Georgia, when it falls to a greater depth, and is followed by a severe freeze. and has been known to stay on the ground for several day!!. In Middle Georgia the fall of snow is slightly more frequent, while its frequency and depth is greatly increased in the mountain region.
The climatic conditions in Georgia are favorable to man and beast. There is no more salubrious climate than that of North Georgia. It compares favorably with that of many sections famed throughout the Union as summer resorts. In North and Middle Georgia summer and autumn are the most delightful seasons of the year. Cool breezes generally temper the sun's rays in the heat of a summer day, and the nights, especially near the mountains, are cool, refreshing, and invigorating. Nothing is more restful to the weary laborer, whether he be a mechanic or a toiler in the fields of thought, than to lie down to slumber unoppressed by the sultriness of a summer night. An evening cooled by gentle 'zephyrs is a luxury, and such it is one's privilege to enjoy amid the mountains of the northern section Or the more elevated portions of

46

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Middle Georgia. Even in Southwest Georgia there are plateaus and ridges with an elevation of from 300 to 500 feet above sea level, where mmmer nights are refreshing and invigorating. Even in the lowlands of the coastal region and the interior portions also, .the heat is greatly modified by the sea breezes which, com:ing from the Gulf and the Atlantic, cool the summer evenings and nights.
In calculating the healthfulness of the State, the ratio o:f mortality of the colored population ought to be excluded, since their mode of life, especially in the cities, is far from conducive to health, and their deathrate is far in excess of that of the whites.
The following table shows the average number of deaths in every 1,000 of the population for the year 1890 in the States of Georgia, California, illinois, New York and Massachusetts:

NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000.

STATES

White

Colored

l'l'otal Average Including both Races

Georgia ................................... . California ................................ . Illinois .................................. .
New York ................................ . Massachusetts ............................

10.98 13.42 13 99
17.03 19.48

15.50 14.34 18.43 16.25
23.57

13.24 13.88 16.21 16.64 21.52

Hence it may be seen that Georgia's climate as compared with the eastern, middle, western middle and extreme western is pleasant and healthful.
The Coastal Region of Georgia abounds in large, deep and navigable rivers, sounds and inlets, offering every facility for commerce and trade, to which advantages should be added the splendid lines of railway that connect the seaports, Savannah and Brunswick, with the highly productive,regions of the south, southwest and west. Savannah, though a city of only 54,000 inhabitants, is seventh in the Union in the total value of its exports, is the third cotton port in America and ranks first in the world in lumber and naval stores.
When John Verrazzani, in the service of the king of France, visited the Georgia coast in 1525, he was so charmed with its rivers that he named them after the most noted streams of France. He called the St. Mary's the Seine; the Satilla, the Somne; the Altamaha, the Loire; the Savannah, the Grande; St. Catherine's inlet, the Garonne; Ossabaw Sound, the Gironde.
The islands that skirt the Georgia coast produce the famous sea-island cotton. They, as well as the mainlands opposite, furnish great quantities.

-"1 1 --------=

O G4".io6o"

~

c:::J GS tnd over.

I

TEMPERATU RE MAP
OF
GEORGIA.
ANNUAL.
S HOWl!(Q BY ISOTHERMAL CU.RVIiS Tll.t'r ME A!( 'rEMP!iRATURE FOR THE YEAH .

Franldin Prtg. J. Pub. r o., .-\ tlanta, Cl-n.
;.:so,

SCALE ~~==ES~~~========~~~~~~~SOC0==========~70~------a&'OOiioMILU

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

49

of rice, in the ,production of which Georgia comes after Louisiana and South Carolina. Some of the largest plantations of this grain, which furnishes such wholesome food to thousands of people, are situated on the banks of the Ogeechee. The lumber business of Southern Georgia, especially of the southeastern section, is of great proportions and has added much to the prosperity of the wire-grass section, if it has n,ot been the greatest factor in its recent rapid development. It has built thriving towns and opened up new fields for commerce, increasing greatly the value of the exports of Savannah and Brunswick, and giving to Darien and St. Mary's t.heir most valuabl~ articles of trade.
Of all the forest trees of the State the long-leai pine of Southern Georgia, well known as the Georgia pine, holds at the present time the chief place. It is the same as the Pinus palustris or australis, which is to be found all along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to a distance of 150 miles back from the sea, from the Potomac to the mouth of the Mississippi. No tree in the temperate zone, and perhaps not in the whole world, serves better the wants of mankind. Frollf its roots to its slender, needle. like leaves, every atom can be utilized. It has a lop.g, slender trunk, often rising to the height of seventy or a hundred feet without a curve or a branch until near the top, where there appears a cluster of branches bearing bunches of needles, long and evergreen, which decay and drop out annually, one after another, and yet never enough at any time to deprive the tree of its richly colored foliage. These pines form a continuous forest for a distance of 1,000 miles, unaffected by frost or heat, growing densely on sandy soil or in the swamps. The ground under them, where it is not swampy, is covered with a carpet of decayed needles of a reddish-brown color, slippery and elastic under the tread.. The pine mast or seed is a great food for hogs. The aromatic odor of the pines is very helpful to asthmatic ~d consumptive patients. T~e timber which is cut from it is equally good for building, for cabinet work and furniture, is susceptible of high polish, can be furnished in almost any size and length, and can stand exposure to the weather. Some of it has a curly grain, which, when polished, makes furniture beautiful and greatly prized. The roots and bark have medicinial and chemical properties that have for years been utilized. From them the best of lampblack is made. From the bark comes the highest grades of charcoal. The sawdust furnishes a heavy percentage of alcohol and creosote. The sap, as it oozes from the tree, supplies a gum from which, when thrown into a cauldron, boiled and distilled, there is obtained spirits of turpentine, while the residue in the cauldron is resin, sometimes called rosin. Xhis resin is divided into different grades, the finest of which consists

.50

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

of amber-colored crystals, known as window-glass resin, used on Violin bows, for the manufacture of stained glass, and fine painters' materials. North Carolina has long been famed for the production of tar, pitch, turpentine and naval stores; but of late years Georgia has forged ahead or her in these valuable articles of commerce. The short-leaf pine abounds in Middle Georgia and the white pines in Northwest Georgia. In Southeast Georgia is also found the live-oak, a valuable wood for shipbuilding.
Another valuable wood, the cypress (Taxedium distichum), grows along the margins of streams or in swamps with the sweet-gums and black gums. It is found in the country traversed by the Central Railroad from Augusta and Macon toward Savannah, along the Southern Railway from Macon southward and eastward, and in much of the intervening country. This tree attains its largest dimensions in swamps near the coast. Capable of standing exposure well, it shrinks and swells but
littlewhen subject to alternations of temperature or of moisture and dryness. These characteristics make its timber especially suitable for ah'ingles, doors, sashes and exterior trimming.
In Middle and Northern Georgia there is an abundant supply o hardwood lumber for manufacturing railroad cars, wagons and agricultural implements, besides a great variety suitable for manufacturing furniture. Among these are oak, hickory, ash, walnut, cherry and maple. In North Georgia there is found also: the sugar-maple, the wood o which is light brown and hard. From its sap can be made excellent sugar and syrup.
The pine timber land, which ~ few years ago could be bought or rom 50 cents to $1.50 an acre, now brings from $4.00 to $8.00. Of course the wealth brought into Georgia by the immense pine forests through the trade in lumber and naval stores is of great present benefit to our State. But will not the day come, when through the turpentine ax and the saw these noble pines will disappear and be a .thing of the past? Most assuredly yes! What then will be the fate ofthis section o Georgia? The lands from which the forests have' been cleared will be opened up for farms and the staple crops, fruits and vegetables from the cultivated fields and carefully tended truck gardens will find their way to the markets of the North, in which there is a rapidly increased demand for the products of our Georgia farms and gardens. Best of all they will pass through our own ports, bringing into them a continuation o the profits now derived from the shipments o lumber and naval stores. In addition to this the grasses will supply a natural pasturage which, together with the fact that no shelter would be needed

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

51

in winter, will make this the choice section of the State for extensive
sheep farms. ,Not even in Louisiana does the .sugar-cane grow more luxuriantly, or
yield a greater amount of saccharine juice than throughout this same sand piney belt. In Thomas county vineyards have been, and are very successful, and the best of wines have been made. Experiments at Waycross, in Ware county, show that the soils of that region are admirably adapted to the culture of fruits, figs and grapes. Watermelons can be grown in any quantity and size. In the extreme southern tier of counties m-anges and bananas can be produced, and with the shme care should be made to do as well as in the neighboring counties of Florida.
Dr. Thomas P. Janes, in his handbook published in 1876, says: "I have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a comfortable supply of food with less effort, and can see no reason why the whole country may not be made equal, if not superior, to that section of Prussia, where Frederick the Great founded the city of Berlin. There is the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the two sections, and should the tide of German immigration be turned hither, there would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasures of the Fatherland." From the Okefinokee Swamp, in the extreme southeast section, thousands of tons of muck can be obtained which, with the aid of the Satilla river marls, will convert the sandy and red clay lands in its neighborhood into the most productive market-gardens. According to an act passed by the legislature October 29, 1889, and approved by the Governor, John B. Gordon, the Okefinokee Swamp was sold to certain gentlemen incorporated as the Suwannee Canal Company, of which Henry Jackson, of Atlanta, was elected president and A. E. Thornton, vice-president of the Atlanta National Bank, was.made vice-president, Explorations made by the company have shown the swamp to be about forty-five miles long, with an average width of about thirty miles. In it are I).timerous islands covered with long-lea yellow pine along the central ridges, while on their hammock lands are found the red bay, white bay, magnolia and white holly, known as Henderson wood. This last named tree, when dry, is white like ivory, with a grain not perceptible, ' and from it excellent piano keys are made. The red bay takes a beau tiful polish not much inferior to that of mahogany. The timber bays or cypress brakes running north and south through the swamp, supply the very best quality of black cypress, which will cut from 25,000 to 100,000 feet to the acre. One of the .islands, called Billy's Island, was once the home of the Se~inole chief, Billy Bowlegs. Okefinokee Swamp abounds in fish and game of all kinds., On some of the islands are found

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
deer, bears, turke~s, woodcocks, partridges and snipe. Here also dwell the otter, wild cat and panther. The waters of the swamp abound in bream, perch ana the large-mouthed black,bass, the last being sometimes called trout, which the fishermen, after the primitive Indian fashion, obtain by shooting them with bow and arrow. The cypress brakes are separated from each other by what are called' prairies, though covered with water to the depth of two or three feet, which innumerable water lilies cause to resemble a field white with cotton. The water being drained off leaves a muck eight feet deep, the great utility of which as a fertilizer has already been mentioned.
The Georgia sugar-cane crop deserves special mention as one of our most important wealth-producing factors. The striped or ribbon cane, which is now so successfully grown in the southern section of our State was in 1825 introduced from Savannah, Georgia, into Louisiana, which State is now famous for its molasses and sugar industries. Throughout Southern and Middle Georgia this is one of the best crops, and in some localities is raised with profit even as high north as Whitfield county, in the mountain regions. Mr. W. L. Peek of Conyers, a little north of the central part of Middle Georgia, wrote to the .Agricultural Department in 1899 that he had made during that season 600 gallons of syrup to the acre, while a letter from Rev. Luke Johnson of Dalton, Whitfield county, reported 300 gallons to the acre from cane raised by him. But in the southern counties are obtained the best results, and Cairo, in Thomas county and Quitman, in Brooks, are perhaps the greatest shipping points for Georgia cane syrup, the rival in our southern marketa of the best New Orleans brands and of the famed maple-syrup of the North.
Sorghum syrup, produced from what is called Chinese sugar-cane, is also a great favorite with many of-our planters, especially for their negro laborers, by whom it is preferred to almost any other kind.
.As a wheat-growing State Georgia is making a record of which her people may well be proud. Mr. J. M. McCandless, State Chemist, after a careful analysis of nineteen Georgia samples, has shown that Georgia farmers can raise as fine wheat as is grown anywhere. The attention that is being given to all the small grain crops is an encouraging sign of the progress be'ing made in diversified farming.
But the greatest wealth-producing factor in Georgia when the farmers first raise their own supplies, and make it their surplus crop, is King
Cotton, the fleecy staple, which all the world wants and must have. In
1897-98 and again in 1898-99, Georgia produced 1,500,000 bales, an over-production, and to do this neglected to give to other crops their

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

53

proper attention. The price of cotton, which, steadily decreasing foi- the past two decades, had reached the low figures of four and one-half cents a pound, compelled them now to a change of policy, which had long been urged by the press of the State, notably the Macon Telegraph, the Atlanta dailies, the Const!itution and Journal, the Augusta Chronicle, the Savannah Morning News, the Oolumbus Enquirer, and rn:any other papers of Georgia, and to the adoption of which the Agricultural Department had bent its every effort. Raising first the food crop, they planted cotton in a less, and yet sufficiently large quantity, and. the resulting high prices brought renewed hope and prosperity to all classes of our people.
Here it may be not inappropriate to say that the traveler from the North and West passing through the State should not judge Georgia from the ordinary farm scene, viewed from the window of a moving train.
Our railroads generally run along the ridges where the land is poorest, the 'best lands being away from the great highways of travel. The negro laborer, generaily a prominent figure in the scene, is a thriftless sort of farmer who knows only how to plow and hoe, but who, under the intelligent eye of the white man, makes the best of laborers.
A sight of some of the farms where improved methods have been practiced shows conclusively that there is no better country in which to seek :for homes, where not merely a comfortable living amid pleasant surroundings can be had, but where, under the skill:ful hand of the white man, competency and wealth may be acquired.
The water-powers o: Georgia are immense, and are estimated at 550,000 horse-power, o: which less than 50,000 have been utilized.
The school and church privileges o: Georgia are treated in full in the chapters on "Education" and "Religious Denominations."
In the State of Georgia there were in 1890 440,459 sheep with a wool clip o: 841,141 pounds; 873,926 cattle, of which 49,108 were working oxen and 287,717 were milch cows. 0: the cows 3,931 were pure bred and 28,148 were graded as one half blood or higher. There were pro~ duced 53,234,508 gallons of milk, 14,483,323 pounds of butter and 12,833 pounds of cheese.
There were also 103,501 horses, 156,860 mules, 517 donkeys, 1,396,362 swine, 7,357,934 chickens, 148,797 turkeys, 291,676 geese, and 105,537 ducks. There was a production of 11,522,788 dozens of eggs, and 1,757,758 pounds of honey.
The annual report o: the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1899, published by the United States Department of Agriculture, gives the number

54

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

of sheep in Georgia as 294,826, valued at $518,893, yielding 1,218,612 pounds of wool, washed and unwashed, and 731,167 pounds of scoured wool. The Year Book published by the same department for 1900 places the number of sheep in Georgia at 271,534, yielding 1,086,136 pounds of wool, washed and unwashed, and 651,682 pounds of scoured wool. This indicates a steady decrease in the sheep and wool industry of Georgia. Are our farmers going to let this state of affairs continue, and allow an industry whieh, under proper conditions, would be a great source of wealth. to our State to go to ruin for the lack of such laws as will give the sheep proper protection~

CHAPTER I I I.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.
In the steady growth of industrial development that is taking place along various lines in Georgia, the mineral resources of the State are not being neglected, and the subject a.f economic geology and mineralology is claiming each year a larger share of attention. Through the active and systematic work, both of private individuals and of the State Geological Department, thoughtful men are realizing more and more that this phase of the State's material development is only in its childhood, and that a most promising field here awaits the trained worker and the capitalist.
A brief outline is here given of the general geologic features of the State, together with a short account of some of the most valuable mineral deposits, building-stones, water-powers, etc.
By reference to the accompanying map it will be seen that the State is divided geologically into three main divisions: 1st. The Paleozoic area in the northwest, embracing the counties of Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Whitfield, Chattooga, Floyd and the greater parts of Murray, Gordon, Bartow and Polk; 2d. The Crystalline area, including all that portion of the State north of a line through Columbus, Macon, Milledgeville and Augusta and not embraced in the Paleozoic area; 3d. The Coastal Plain area, beginning at the line above described and taking in all the southern portion of the State.
In the Paleozoic area Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous formations are represented. The rocks are principally shales, sand stones, limestones, quartzites and cherts.
The general surface configuration presents a region of parallel valleys and mountain ridges, the bulk of the area forming a portion of the great Appalachian valley.
In this area are valuable deposits of coal and ores of aluminum and manganese. The roofing.,slate of the State is found here, and all the iron deposits that have been so far worked are in this area.
The Crystalline area is composed of granites, schists and gneisses, with intruded basic eruptives of later age. The rocks of this area are o
(55)

56

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

great age, but their exact position in the geological time scale has not yet been definitely decided upon.
The Blue Ridge,Mountains, the easternmost of the Southern Appalachians, traverse this region in a northeast southwest direction. From the southern :foothills of this range the land surface slopes gradually seaward to its junction with the Coastal Plain. This portion of the area is known as the Piedmont Plain. Atlanta, situated in the upper part of this belt, is 1,050 :feet above sea level.
Conspicuous among the minerals o commercial importance in the Crystalline area are gold, corundum and asbestos.
The best building-stones in the State are also in this region and near the contact between it and the Paleozoic.
The Coastal Plain is much younger, geologically, than either o the other two areas and is very different from the adjoining crystalline area, both in the character of the rocks and the surface configuration. The great mass o the strata is of Eocene and Miocene age, overlaid by the Lafayette and Columbia :formations. In the northwest corner a considerable area of underlying Cretaceous rocks have been exposed through the removal by erosion of the latter formations. These rocks have their greatest width at the western end of the belt, but according to Dr. Geo. E. Ladd, they can be traced clean across the State into South Carolina.
The rocks o the coastal plain consist o loosely consolidated sands and
gravels, with clays, marls and limestones. In passing from the harder
:formations of the Crystalline area to these much softer rocks, all o:f the rivers :form falls or cru~cades. The line marking the junction of the costal.plain with the Crystalline area is hence called the "fall line." Up to this line all of the larger streams, :flowing through the flat, low lying coastal plain, are navigable. The fall line, forming the head of navigation and affording important water-powers on the streams, determined the location of a number o important towns-Columbus, Macon and Augusta.
In the coastal plain are found the finest clays o the State and valuable beds of marl.

GOLD.
Gold is known to have been found in Georgia in 1829 on Duke's creek in White county, that part o the county where the discovery was made, being at that time a part o Habersham county. It is also claimed that it was found a year prior to this in Lumpkin county. By the year 1830 the "gold ferver'' had fully developed in Georgia. In 1831 $212,000 was sent from Georgia to the United States Mint, and in 1838 the United

PLACER lVITNING AT THE WHITE PATH GOLD MINE, GILMER COUNTY, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

59

lState government established a branch mint at Dahlonega, which contin-

ued in operation till the civil war in 1861. The greatest output of any

.one year during these twenty-four years was in 1843, when ove,r a half million dollars were coined.

The State Geological Survey estimates in Bulletin No. 4-A, that the

total production of gold in the State, from its earliest discovery till 1896,

was $16,228,730. Statistics from the Director of the mint show a toW

.:coining value of $546,006 for the gold received from Georgia during the

-four years following 1895.

.

The gold deposits of Georgia form one of the main belts of the gold

:fields of the Southern Appalachians. Two auriferous areas, as defined

in Bulletin No. 4-A of the State Geological Survey, are to be traced on the southeast side of the Blue Ridge running in a northeast-southwest odirootion, closely parallel with the main axis of the mountain range.

'The northernmost and largest of these two belts is the Dahlonega belt. It has a length of about 150 miles with a width varying from one to -five miles.

Beginning with Rabun county it runs southwest through Habersham,

White, Lumpkin, Dawson, the northwest corner of Forsyth, Cherokee,

the northwest corner of Cobb, the southeast corner of Bartow, Paulding

.:and Haralson counties.

The other belt, called the Hall county belt, traverses the counties of

'Rabun, Habersham, Hall, Gwinnett, Forsyth, Milton, DeKalb and Ful-

.ton.

A third belt traverses Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties.

A fourth belt may be traced through Lincoln, Columbia, McDuffie

.:.and Warren counties, in the southeast portion of the Crystalline area.

The Dahlonega belt is the largest and most important of all these belts. Besides these well-defined areas many irregularly located deposits may

'be mentioned occurring in Towns, Union, Gilmer, Fannin and Meri-

wether counties.

Gold is to be found in Georgia under three conditions: 1st. As waterworn pebbl~ a~d fine grains in the beds of the streams traversing the

,auriferous regions. 2d. In veins or leads, the gold-bearing quartz generally occurring

'in lenticular masses or stringers, designated by Mr. G. F. Becker of the

United States Geological Survey, "stringer leads." Small cross fissure

veins often occur at right angles to the principal leads, and the wall

:rocks are frequently impregnated with gold to a considerable distance.

BE.'11eath the influence of atmospheric weathering these leads yield the
4 ga.

60

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

S<Klalled "refractory" ores, re<luiring expensive treatment for the prt>J.uction o the gold.
3d. In decomposed wall-rock and included vein material. The de-
composition in situ of the wall-rock, which is generally a gneiss or schist,
varies in depth at different localities, sometimes amounting to as much as"" ;hundred feet. For this rotten material Mr. Becker has proposed the term "saprolite."
The richer placer mines in Georgia have long since been exhausted, though dredging operations a;re at present being successfully conducted on some of the rivers in the Dahlonega belt.
In Lumpkin county the working of the saprolites constitutes the principal mining operations now being carried on.
The material is washed out of its bed by directing against it a stream o water under high pressure from a hydraulic giant, and is conducted away in flumes or sluice-boxes, the ore and fragment of partially decomposed wall-rock being carried to the stamp mill where it is to be crushed, while the free gold is caught in the riffies with which the flumes are lined and collected with mercury.
Deep mining has been developed as yet to only a limited extent in Georgia. A good example of this kind of mining is to be found in the Creighton, formerly known as the Franklin mine, in Cherokee county. Here the undecomposed sulphides have been taken out for a depth of several hundred feet, by sinking shafts and driving drifts at one hundredfoot levels. The chlorination process is employed in the extraction of the gold. This and the Royal mine, in Haralson county, serve as an index to what may be accomplished in the future with the sulphuret ores.
Activity in mining matters has been very marked in the region of Dahlonega for the past two years, and large sums have been inyested.
The follow'ing quotations may be takern as a summary in regard to the economical features of gold mining in Georgia:
The first is from a paper om the gold deposits of Georgia, read by Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, before the International Gold Mining Converntion, held at Denver, Colorado, July 8, 1897.
"The future of the gold mining industry of the State depends, to a great extent, on the economic treatment of low-grade ores which are known to .exist in large quantities."
The other is from Prof. W. S. Yeates, State Geologist, who, in the concluding chapter of Bulletin No. 4-A, of the State Survey, on a part of the gold deposits of the State, says: "I do not believe that the Georgia gold mines may be expected to produce bonanzas; and the fortunes t() be made in a day will be exceedingly rare; but there is every reason t()

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

61

believe, that when properly developed and equipped for extensive operations, the gold deposits of Georgia will rank among the best dividend producers of the world."
Among some of the well-known mines in the State may be mentioned the Barlow, Finley and Hand mines in Lumpkin county, the Creighton mine in Cherokee county, the Loud mine and the Yonah Gold mines in White county, and the Royal mine in Haralson county.

SILVER.
Ores of silver in any quantity have never been found in Georgia. As a by-product in the refining of the gold sent by the State to the United States Mint, silver to the coining value of from six to seven hundred dollars is derived annually.

IRON.
The iron ores o Georgia furnish one of the most valuable of the various mineral products of the State.
All the ore so far mined has been taken from the Paleozoic area, though deposits of limonite (brown iron ore) that would warrant being developed are to be found in several localities in the Crystalline area, and magnetite also occurs in this area; but whether in workable quantities or not has not yet been determined.
The ores of the Paleozoic area consist of the brown iron ores or limonite, and the red ores, or hematite.
The brown ores furnish the bulk of the material taken out and are mined at present in Bartow, Polk and Floyd counties.
Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in an article written for the Engineering and Mining Journal, has described in outline the occurrence and character of these ores. According to him, the most abundant deposits occur in pockets, or irregular deposits, in residual clays that have resulted from the weathering o.f an extensive magnesian limestone formation of Lower Silurian age, known aa the Knox Dolomite. From a number of analyses he concludes that the ore will yield from forty-eight to fifty per cent..of metallic iron.
Other deposits of less extent occur in Cambrian and Carboniferous formations.
Most of the limonite of this region is not pure limonite but is the hydrous sesquioxide of iron, having a greater or less per cent. of the anhydrous oxide or hematite mixed with it, giving the typical "brown ore" of commerce.

62

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL A.ND INDUSTRIA..

The red iron ore is mined in Walker and Chattooga counties. It is a fossiliferous hematite usually correlated with the Clinton beds of New York. Below the influence of atmospheric weathering the ore carries a considerable percentage of lime.
- Aecording to statistics kindly furnished by Dr. David T. Day of the United States Geological Survey, the output of iron ores in Georgia for 1899 was 236,748 long tons, valued at $235,343.
A few blast furnaces are in operation in the iron-mining region, but the greater part of the ore mined is shipped to other States.

OCHER.
Yellow ocher, an earthy form of hydrated iron oxide, used in the manufacture of paints and pigments, and linoleum, occurs in Bartow county. The ocher of these deposits is of good quality and is favorably known to the trade. The following is an analysis of a sample by Mr. N. P. Pratt:

Hygroscopic moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Water of combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 31 Free Silica (sand) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.10 Silica as silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 51 Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 86 Iron peroxide .............................. 66. 82

99.20

'rhe production of mineral paints in Georgia in 1899, as shown by figures furnished by Dr. Day, was 3,212 short tons, valued at $39,505.
Mr. J. J. Calhoun of Cartersville, Ga., informs us that the shipment of yellow ocher from Bartow county from August 1, 1899, to August 1, 1900, was 4,500 tons.
MANGANESE.
The oxide of manganese constitutes another of the more valuable mineral products of the State. Manganese ore of fine quality occurs in Bal':' tow and Floyd counties, where it is extensively mined. There are also deposits of less extent in other counties in the Paleozoic area. Manganese is used for a number of purposes in the industrial arts and
sciences, especially in the manufacture of steel and in the preparation of
chlorine gas.

LEGEND

0 Tertiary and Post Tertiary ~ Cretaceous

GEOLOGICAL MAP

D Carboni. ferous O n evonian
O suurian
[0 Camb1ian

--OF- - -
GEORGIA .
COMPILED FROM

~ c;{~~~~line ST~\T E GEOLOGICAL RE-

0 Quarternary

CORDS AND MANUSCRIPT NOTES .

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fra.nklin Prtg. & Pub. Co. , Atlanta. Ga.

SCALE
''i'=c=:=<:::::e~====::;""'=,,,,;o;.:o::::::===='EO""""""'"""'"'1"""00 MILU
l'Ol'E.-A II tbe Creta ceous Area is not s h ow n on this map.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

63

The production of manganese in Georgia ha:s fluctuated greatly during different periods. In 1898, as shown by the twentieth annual report of the United States Geological Survey, Georgia led all the States in the production of manganese, the output being 6,689 long tons, valued at $6.21 per ton. In 1887 the output reached a little over nine thousand tons.
In 1899 the total amount as shown by the figures furnished by Dr. David T. Day, was 3,089 long tons, valued at $23,377.

BAUXITE.
Extensive deposits of this mineral occur in the Coosa valley of the Paleozoic area. The largest deposits are in Floyd and Bartow counties, but its occurrence is also to be noted in Polk, Walker and Chattooga counties.
Bauxite is a hydrate of the metal aluminum, and is the principal source of the aluminum of commerce. It is also largely used in the manufacture of alum. It occurs in commercial quantities in only three other localities besides Georgia in the United States: in Alabama, where the deposits are a continuation of those in Georgia, in Arkansas and in New Mexico, to a limited extent.
In Georgia the ore occurs in pockets or diStinctly defined' bodies, and can generally be extracted with pick and shovel without resorting to blasting. The bulk of .the ore is very pure and is worth from $3.50 to $4.50 per ton at the mines. The production has varied considerably during different years. The production in the United States is at present confined to Georgia and Alabama. In 1897, as shown by the United States Geological Survey Report, the output from the two States was 20,590 long tons, valued at $57,652. Of this, 7,507 tons were from Georgia.
CORUNDUM.
Corundum occurs in a number of counties in the Crystalline area and may be ranked as one of the important mineral products of Georgia.
Oorundum, used in its broadest sense, is a term for all native occurring oxide of aluminum, including the precious stones, ruby. and sapphire. In a more restricted sense, it is used for all the non-transparent varieties of dark or dull color.
Emery is a black or grayish-black, granular ~orundum having some iron oxide, either hematite or magnetite, Intimately mixed with it.

64

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Corundum, using the term in its more restricted sense, like bauxite, occurs in commercial quantities in the United States in a limited num" ber of localities. The other States producing it besides Georgia are North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New ~ork and Massachusetts. The Georgia deposits occur in a belt of considerable width running in a parallel direction with the main axis of the Blue Ridge mountains on their southeast side. Some occurrences are to be noted, however, in Towns and Union counties on the other side. The belt runs from Rabun and Towns southwesterly to Carroll and Heard counties. The most important deposits are in the northeast end of the belt in Rabun, Towns, Union and Habersham counties.
According to Mr. Francis P. King, formerly Assistant State Geologist, the deposits occur in veins intersecting basic magnesian rocks of which peridotite may be taken as a type. These basic magnesian rocks form igneous intrusions in the prevailing gne:i:ss and schists that maks up the country rock.
In Bulletin No. 2 of the State Geological Survey, page 74, Mr. King says: "A matter of note is the constant presence of hornblende gneiss, either on one side or the other, of these formations. Such being the case, and since these gneissic-hornblende formations, varying from fifty to three hundred feet and more in width, are continuous for m:iles across the country, they act as an excellent guide in a search for the corundum. bearing formations. Gneiss or mica-schist seems always to surround the peridotites, or "chrysolite formations," as they are commonly called, the hornblende gneiss apparently never coming in close contact with the peridotites."
The largest mine in the State, and one of the noted ones of the United States, is the Laurel Creek Mine in Rabun county near the Carolina line.
Cornudum is the hardest of all naturally occurring substances, the diamond excepted, and its extensive use as an abrasive was the natural sequence to its discovery and a knowledge of its physical properties.

PYRITE
Pyrite, the naturally occurring sulphide of iron, is widely distributed in small quantities throughout the northern part of the State, but so far it has not been found in sufficiently concentrated, deposits to warrant mining operations, except in a few localities.
Pyrite is extensively used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND Il(DUSTRIAL.

63

where deposits occur not too remote from transportation facilities, they are well worthy of attention.
The best prospects for this mineral seem to be in Lm!tPkin county.

COPPER.
Copper ores occur in Murray and Fannin counties as a continuation of the Tennessee deposits, and mining operations are carried on to a limited extent in the upper part of these counties.

GRAPHITE-.
Graphite occurs in a number of loealities in the northern part bf the State, but whether in quantites of a quality that would repay systematic development is not known.
Graphitic schists have been mined in considerable quantities near Emerson, Ga., for use in the manufacture of fertilizers.

ASBESTOS.
Asbestos occurs at a number of localities in the Crystalline area. Georgia and California are t.he only States in the Union i~ which it is mined, the most of the asbestos used in this country being imported from Canada..
Asbestos finds various uses in the industrial arts where a heat-resisting substance is needed, as in the manufacture of fire-proof safes and other articles liable to be subjected to high temperature. Being a good non-conductor it is also extensively used for wrapping pipes in steam-heating, ere.
The asbestos found in GeoTgia is a fibrous variety o the common mineral hornblende, and is the true asbestos o mineralogists. The Canada asbestos is a fibrous form of the mineral serpentine called chryso. lite.
Figures furnished by Dr. Day show six hundred and fifty short tons to have been mined in Georgia during 1899, valued at $10,500. The most extensive mine in the State is located at Sail's mountain in White county. Mines have also been opened up in Rabun, Meriwether and other counties.
TALC.
Talc occurs in a number o counties in the northern part of the State, the principal deposits occurring in the contact region o'f the Paleozoic m1d Crystalline areas.

66

GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIO.AL .AND INDUSTRiA.u,

Mining operations hav:e been carried Qn from time to time in Murray,. Fannin and Cherokee counties.
Soapstone is a compact massive :variety roo talc. This mineral is. used
as a lini~g in stoves and furnaces and for other similar purposes. Talc:
ground to a powder is used as a lubricator, .and the :finer varieties can be used fo.r crayons and variO'Us purposes.

MICA.
Mica occurs widely distributed over the Crystalline area, but little ha& been done as yet towards the development of the mica industry in Georgia, although deposits have been worked in Union and Fannin counties.
The marketable value o,f mica depends on the size of the cleavage sheets that it will yield and their freedom from flaws and discoloration. The usual occurrence o.fmica is in pegmatitic dikes or veins, of which it forms one of the constituent minerals along with quartz and feldspar.

BARITE.
.Barite,. or heavy spar, the sulphate of barium, occurs in the Paleozorc area in Bartow county, where it has been mined for a number of years. Its chief use is in the manufacture of paint as a substitute for white: lead.
PRECIOUS STONES.
Amethysts of good quality are found in Rabun county. A few diamonds have been found in Hall county. Rubies and sapphires of small sizEl have been obtained in liniited numbers in connection with corundum mining, and some green beryl suitable for cutting has been found in the northeast part of the Crystalline area. Some good moonstones have been cut fromfl'lldspar from Upson county.

COAL.

The coal :fields of Georgia arEl ill Dade and Walker counties in the

Paleozoic area and are a part of the Warrior coal :field of ,Alabama. The

following :figures taken from .the twentieth report of the United States

Geological Survey, giving the output in short tons from.1890to 1898

will give an idea of the eLXtent of the industry.

1890 ........... ~ .. 228,337 1891 .............. 171,000 1892 . ~ ............. 215,498 1893 .............. 372,740 1894 ............. 354j111

189.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,998 1896 .............. 238,546 1897 .............. 195,869 1898 .... .. ...... ' . 244,187

HYDRAULIC MINING AT 'rHE SINGLETON MINE, LUMPKIN COUNTY.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

69

Statistics furnished by Dr. Day show an output of 233,111 short tons in 1899, valued at $233,344. A g'O'Od per cent. of the coal mined in Georgia is converted into coke.

CLAYS.
Throughout that portion of the State north of the fall line (a line from Columbus through Macon to Augusta) clays occu:t: in situ, derived from the feldspathic constituents of the country rocks. At numerous localities these clays are suitable for the man}lfacture of common brick and the coarser grades of earthenware.
Immediately below the f:~.llline and extending in a narrow belt across the State are to be found, in addition to the clays suitable for the purposes mentioned above, extensive deposits of what is technically termed "fire clay.'' This term is used for a clay of comparative purity which subjected to heat fuses at relatively high temperatures, and can be used in the manufacture of burnt products, such as porcelain, enameled brick, china wares, sewer pipes, terra-cotta, etc.
Dr. Geo. E. Ladd, from his work in the clay area, the results of which are set forth in Bulletin No: 6-A of the State Geological Survey, concludes that these clay deposits were formed at a period when the seashore approximately coincided with the fall line previously described; the clay beds accumulating in lagoons and quiet off-shore stretches.
The most important deposits occur in the lowest formation of the Cretaceous beds, known as the Potomac group.
Extensive plants for the manufacture. of sewer pipes, terra-cotta articles, etc., are located at several points in the clay belt.
Pure white clay, free from grit, is largely used in the manufacture of wall-paper, and much of the Georg-ia clay is suitable for this purpose.
The twentieth United States Geological Survey Report shows that articles to the value of $834,908 were manufactured from Georgia clay in 1898, exclusive of pottery.

MARLS AND PHOSPHATES.
Numerous beds of marl occur in the counties forming the lower part of the State, and can be used to advantage for marling adjac~nt lands.
Mr. MdCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in his report .on the Ph6sphates and Marls of Georgia (Bulletin No. 5-A), in referring to the marls of New Jersey, says: "The marls in South Georgia are found in many instances to equal in plant-food those of New Jersey; and if abundantly

70

GEORGIA: H!_STORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

and judiciously used, there appears to be no reason why they might not produce a similar effect on the fertility of the soil."
Deposits of phosphate have been found and .mined to a limited extent in Thomas .county.

LIMESTONE.

Limestone beds of good quality, both for calcimining and for building purposes, are found in the Paleozoic area. Lime for local consumption ha:~ also been made for years from a narrow belt of limestone in Hall ana Habersham counties, in the Crystalline area.
Limestone suitable fo~ calcimining is also to be found at different localities in the coastal plain region.
Figures tfrom the United States Geological SThrvey Report show the production of lime in Georgia in 1898 to have amounted to $57,803. This indicated an increase of $25,803 over that in 1897, and of $28,722 over the production for 1896. Hydraulic cement rock is also found in the Paleozoic area. A good cement is obtained from beds in Bartow county. The production of cement in Georgia in 1898, as given by the United States Geological
Survey Report, was valued at $13,500.

ROOFING-SLATE AND STONES FOR BUILDING, INTERIOR DECORATIVE WORK AND MONUMENTAL PURPOSES.
SLATE.
Roofing-slate of good quality is quarried at Rockmart in P olk county. In the twentieth report of the United States Geological Survey, the production in Georgia for 1898 is put at 3,450 squares, valued at $13,125. ' Figures received from Dr. Day.show the value of the output fur 1899 to have amounted to $7,500.
MARBLE.
The marbles of Georgia occur in a narrow belt about sixty miles long i:n the contact region of the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas~ The b~lt traverses Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Cherokee counties. The most important quarries are in Pickens county.
For a number of years the marble industry in Georgia has steadily grown in importance, and at the present time Georgia marble is recog-

GFJORGU: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

71

nized all over the Union as one of the most superior stones :for building and decorative work that can be purchased.
The following figures giving the production from 1890 to 1899, from the United States Geological Survey Report, and those for 1899 furnished by Dr. Day, show the importance of the industry:

1890 ............. $196,250 1891 ......... . ... 275,000 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280,000 . 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fl~666 1894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724,385

1895 ..... . ....... $689,229 1896 ............. 617,380 1897 ............. 598,076 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656,808 1899 ............. 742,554

Many handsome structures have been built in various parts of the country of Georgia marble and testify to its beauty and popularity as a building-stone.
Among others may be mentioned the State capitol of Rhode Island and the Corcoran Art Gallery at Washington.

GRANITE.
Granites of good quality occur in immense quantities in a number of localities in the Crystalline area. Large amounts are quarried annually for building, street-paving and monumental work.
Stone Mountain, in DeKalb county, is an immense mass of granite about six hundred and fifty feet high, and having a circumference at the base of something like seven miles. Extensive quarrying operations have been carried on at this mountain for years.
Among others, a belt of blue granite, designated by Dr. Thos. L. Watson, Assistant State Geologist, as the Lexington-Oglesby blue gran~ ite belt; traverses Oglethorpe and Elbert counties and furnishes most supeTior :stone for decorative and monumental work.
Dr. Watson, who is just completing an extensiye report for the State Geoliogical Survey on the granites of Georgia, is authority for the statement, that, "there is in the State an abundance of granite suitable :for the various purposes to which the stone is put, of a quality unexcelled anywhere."
From figures received from Dr. Day it is seen that the granite output of the State in 1899 was .valued at $411,344.

GNEISS.
'
At Lithonia, Georgia, large quantities of contorted gnerss are quarried. There is a number of localities in the Crystalline area where gneiss can be had, suitable for curbing and paving stones.

72

GEORGIA: HISTO]f,IO.A.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

SANDSTONE.

Sandstones. suited for building work are to be found inseveral oounties in the Paleozoic area. A very 'fine, brown sandstone is quarried in Catoosa county.
Au. interesting exhibit o sample cubes of the various building-stones of the State has been arranged by State Geologist Yeates, and is kept ori .exhibition in the museum at the State capitol.

MINERAL SPRINGS; ARTESIAN WE;LLS AND . WATER-POWERS.
MINERAL SPRINGS.
A number of mineral springs of note are to be found in the Paleozoic and Crystalline area'S. Among those of medicinal value may be mentioned, chalybea:te, sulphu1Jous and lithia waters.
The twentieth United States Geological Survey Report shows au output of 197,100 gallonS of mineral waters in Georgia in 1898, valued .at $39,230.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
The artesian wells of Georgia are corrfined to the coastal plain region. Mr. S. W. McCallie, in Bullatin No. 7 of the State Geological Survey, iri the concluding chapter of his report on the artesian wells, says: "While .there is much yet to be learned about the underground water system of the coastal plain, there is, nevertheless, sufficient known already t0 warrant the statement, that almost this entire portion of 'the State is underlaid by pervious beds, which will furnish large quantities of pure, wholesome water when pierced by the drill. It is not to be inferred. 'by this statement, however, that these water-bearing beds will furnish flowing wells. On the contrary, the flowing wells will be found to be limited to certain areas not yet fully defined." It is further shOIWn by Mr. McCallie's report that the average depth
of the weils already bored is about 450 feet, and that the various strata
penetrated consist of soft limestones, clays and sands, so that the wells can be had for a comparatively <small outlay of money.
The marked sanitary advantages that have resulted to many towns in! Southern Georgia through the supply of pure, wholesome drinking water, obtained from artesian wells, hardly requires comment.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

73

WATER-POWERS.

The streams of Georgia furnish water-powers at numerous localities, varying in amount of power all the way from that furnished by the small cascade that runs the farmer's ~ndividual mill to that of the great shoals and falls, am~mnting to from 20,000 to 30,000 horse-power.
The drainage system of the State comprises nine basins, as follows: 1st. The Tennessee basin, drained by tributaries of the Tennessee river, 2d. The Mobile basin, draining into the Gulf of Mexico by the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. 3d. Apalachicola basin, drained by the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. 4th. The Altamaha basin, drained by the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, which empty into the Altamaha, flowing to the Atlantic Ocean. 5th. The Ogeechee basin, drained by the Ogeechoo river into the Atlantic Ocean. 6th. Tht~ Sava'!ln>ah basin, drained by the Savannah river into the Atlantic. 7th. The Ocklockonee basin, drained into the Gulf through Ocklockon:ee bay. 8th. The Suwannee basin, drained into the Gulf by the Suwannee river. 9th. The Satilla and St. Mary's basin, drained by .the rivers of the same name into the Atlantic.
Speaking generally, and leaving out a few notable cases, the largest water powers of the State occur at or just above the fall line running through Columbus, Macon and Augusta, where the streams pass from the hard rocks of the Crystalline area to the softer formations of the coastal plain; and on the line formed by the contact of the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas in the northwest. This latter line passes through Polk, Bartow, Gordon and Murray counties, and is known as the western fall line as distinguished from the other, which is called the southern fall
line. In addition to the larger powers located on therse.fall lines, numerous
other powers are to be found at various points on different streams
throughout the State. The following list of important streams and tables of powers is taken
by permission from Bulletin No. 3-A, of the State Geological Survey:

TENNESSEE BASIN-IMPORTANT STREAMS

j!TREAM.

TRIBUTARY TO

COUNTY.

REMARKS.

Nickajack Creek ......... . Lookout Creek ........... .

T e n n e ss e e ';

River .......... ''

Da"de . ...... . ............ .

Chattanooga Creek ....... . "

"

Walker .. .... ... ~ ........ .

Chickamauga River..... . West Chickamauga Creek.

"
Chickam

"
auga

Ri~~~:::::::

"
"

::::: ::::::::::-::::

Middle Chickamauga Or...

''

''

Catoosa .. ....... : ........ .

East Chickamauga Creek..

Whitfield .... .... . , . .. . .. .

Toccoa River . . . .......... . Hiawassee River .......... Fannin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . I

E_'ightingtown Creek .. .. .. . Toccoa River . ... . ... ..... .

Hemptown Creek ... .. ... .

"

"

Nuntootlee Creek. . . . . . .. "

"

"

I

Notteley River ...... . .. . Hiawassee River .. . .. .... . Cooper's Creek.......... . Brasstown Creek ........ . Choestoe Creek .......... . Wills Creek ............ .

Hiawassee River ..... . ... . 'fennessee River....... .. . .
Not.teley R iver....... . ... .
Hiaw,,assee Ri"ver.

"

"

Union Towns Union
"
" "

. ... . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . . ..... ..... .

~The streams of Fannin, Union and Towns coun-
t iesa re a su. ccession of shoals from their heads to the State line; but no surveys have been

1 .~ade of the water-powers.
.... ... ............. J --~~------~-------------------------

MOBILE BASIN-IMPORTANT STREAMS.

Coosa River ........... . .. . Alabama River . ..... . ..... Floyd . . . . . . lI FoartmReodrnbey (jnuanvc1.tgioabn1eowf aOteors)t.anaula and Etowah

Chattooga River ......... . Coosa River. . ............ Chattooga . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furnishes power to Trion Factory.

Duck Creek ... ...... ..... . Chattooga River ..... .. . .. walker ...... .

Silver Creek . ........ . ... . C~?sa R!yer .. . ... .... ... .. 'Floyd .............. .

Cedar Creek .. . .... ..... . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polk and Floyd . . . . . . . . . . .

Oostanaula River . .... .. . . "

.. .......... . Gordon and Floyd ... ..... Navigable.

Armuchee Creek .... . .. . . Oostanaula_ River . ... . . ... Ohattooga and Floyd .... .

.Tohn's Creek ........... . . .

',~

,; ... .. . ... Floyd . . ....... . . . .. .... .

Oothcaloga Creek ........ .

. . . . . . . . . . Gordon and Bartow ... ... .

Connasauga River ...... . : .

Ooosawattee River ....... .

"

"

Whitfield and Murray.... .

"



G"1l mer

d an

G d or on



I Succession of cataracts for 17 miles, from Ellijay
( to Carter's Mill; navigable below.

Sa11acoa Creek ... . ....... . Coosawattee River . ..... . . Gordon ..... ... ... . . .. ... .

Talking RockCreek .. .. . . . Mountain Town Creek .. . .

u "

"" ,

Pickens ...... .. ........ . . . Gilmer ............... . . .. .

Scared Coon 'Creek . .. ... . . ~llijay River . .. . ..... .... .

" " -~

Pickens . .. ; ..... . . ... .... . Gilmer . ..... .. .. ......... Large mountain stream. (No survey.)

Cartecay River..-...... . . .

"

"

Gilmer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I S

L a(rNge o

power at survey.)

Ellijay,

and

others

up

the

stream.

Etowah River .. .. . . .. .". . . Coosa River . .. ... . . . . .. .. . Lumpkin and Floyd . . . . . . {Flotowws Calosountthierso.ugh Dawson, Cherokee a.nd Bar-

Euharlee Creek . . . . . . . . . . Etowah River.. . . . . . . . . . . Polk and Bartow..... . .. .

Raccoon Creek . . . . . . . . . . . "

''

Paulding . ... . . . . ... ~. ..... .

Ptlufm!1p~lr~i~n!v!i~n~e~C~:r:e:e:k:.:.:. .::. .: .

"
:;

"
::

:: ::: .::::::: ~g~~~"o~~~-~:~~~~~::::: : : :::

Shoal Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sharp Mountain Creek .. . . "

Long Swamp Creek....... . "
Sitting Down Creek . ... . . .
.Amicalola River . . ..... . . . " Nimble Will Creek .... .. . . " Two Run Creek ....... .. . "

Shoal Creek............. .. "

Mill Creek . . . . - .... .. .. . . "

Camp Creek ............. . .Jo~es Creek ............ . . .

",,

Tallapoosa River........ .

LittleTallapoosa River . . . "

.... ........

"

"

Cherokee and Pickens . .. .

S Has one cotton factory and many undeveloped
I shoals.

"

Pickens ...... . . :. .. . .... .

{

The great Marble table for power.

Valley

of

Pickens

County.

See

Forsyth ...... . ... - ...... .

"

Da

JAmicalola Falls, 625 feet high, on head waters.

wson .. t See table for power.

"

Lu~pkin .. . ...... . ... . ... Source of Kin Mori mining ditch, 35 miles long.

"

.. .. . .. .... . .. ...

Source of Cincinnati Consolidated mining ditch,

"

Dawson ..... .. ... . .. ..... . {

25 miles long, with laterals amounting to 25 miles more.

" "

Lum"pkin ......

.'..

..
.

...

.

..

.

Source

of

Battle

Branch

mining

ditch.

"

"

Haralson: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : .

"

Carroll ..... ..... .... .. . .

THE MOBILE BASIN-WATER POWERS

...;(

~

LOCATION OF WATER-POWER

POINT OF SECTION

STAGE

feCeutbpicer FfaeUetiniLeuofgthl HGor.orss. es-

13ource of Informa-

second Shoal pow:er'

'tion

REMARKS

. BARTOW CQUNTY

I .

.

Oothcalo.ga. D.l"eek . . .... ,. Gordo.n County line . . ... . . Minimum " . " . . . . . . . . . Adairsville ........ , . . .. , . "
Lewi~ Spring .. ....... '_....... Near Adairsville ...._.... _. ~. ''

1.5. 01 6 000 ... 0 ] 7.0 6.00...... 8. 0 10.00 ..... 0

1002 4.7

L-o"cke

9.0 "

G!l t;.;J 0

c~~ar~~i:~::: : ::: :':::::: ~::J~l~ojo~~~ii~~::::::: "
Fork of Pine Log Creek ... McCandless & Parrott M . . "

2.5 18.00 0 0 0.

5.0 "

8.0 12.00 0 0 0.

11.0

"

18.0 20.00 ..... . 41.0 "

~ !;:

" " " ... "

.Johnson's Mill .. ........... "

Sallacoa Greek.. . . . . . ... . . . . Gordon Conn ty line . . . ... .

14.0 15.00.... . 23.8
20.0 20.00 ' .... . 45.4 "

.R..:.l

Stamp Creek .. ........... Pool's Furnace .. .... ... . .. "

"

"

At mouth:. .. .... .....-.. .. . "

Boston Cieek.:::: ::: :: :::: At mouth .. ... , . .. ..... . "

RogersCr~ek ,. :. . . . . . . .. At mouth. : ........... .. .

Etowah River. . . . . . . . . . . . At mouth of Allatoona Or. ,~;e;!~r

"

" ..

Average

0 E.towah Mmmg Co ... :. . . . lo'v water

1200 2C.oo .. ;... 24.0 20.00 0 0 0 0 4.0 20.00 '.....
7.0 20.00 .. ..
833.3 15 .00......
833.3 80.00 .... ..

27.3

54.5 " 9.0 " 16oQ "

1420.5 7575.7

lOth U . fl.
cen,,sus

~ o.g
.....
~
lo.-
1::-<
~

Pettis Creek ........ .... . . At mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum

Nancy'.s Creek ... .... " .. . At mouth ....... . ... , . . . . . "

Two .Run Creek ........ .. ... . Ki:ilgston ......._.. ~- .. . . . -. ''

Conaseena Creek ... .. . ~ ..

"

Ransley's Creek. .. .. , .. . Near mouth ....... :.... .. .

0""

20.0 5 ;00 0 0 0 0 6.0 5.00 .. .. .. 26.0 16.00 .. .. ..
5.0 20.00. '.... 6.0 18.00 '.....

11.3 . Locke

3.4 "

17 .3 11 .3

" "

10.2 "

~ .... ~
C:j

Allatoona Creek .......... . :!,% m. from mouth ....... . Pumpkinville Creek ...... . 2 ;m. from m outh. '' 0. 0 0.' Raccpon Creek ; ..... ... .. . 1 m. from mouth .. ... .... .

,"",

Euharlee Creek ...... . ... . 2m. from mouth . . ....... . "

25.5 12.00 .... .. 49. 3

70.0 10 .00 .. . . . 79.5 "
39.0 10 .00 . . ... 44 .3

120.9 12.00 .. 0. 0 0 164.8

"

~
~
~.

CARROLL COUNTY.

Little Tallapoosa River ... Above mouth of Buck Cr .. Low spr'g

I Buck Creek ............... Branch of Tallapoosa...... "

Indian Creek.. .. .. .. . .. .. " "

"

......

0 "

Buffalo Creek............. '' "

"

"

- CHATTOOGA .COUNTY

Chattooga River . .... . .... Trion Factory. . . . .. . . . . . . . Ordinary

11061..6411100 ..0000

.. .
0 .....

67

..00

,

1100

..00001'0.0

.
0

0 .. ...

166. 6 16 .002%m.

115.1 "

19.0

'7 0 p

"

6 81 "

3"vo3 0.

1oth u. s.
Census

Water-power supplemented by steam for four months:

1 Net horse-I>ower=SO per cent. of gross horse-l,lower.

HURRIOANE FALLS, TALLULAH, GA.

CHATTOOGA COUNTY ( Con .)
Armuchee Creek . . . . . . . . . . Subligna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Low spring "' Little Turtle Creek .. . . ... Near mouth . ... . . .... .. . .. " ~ Raccoon Greek. . . . .... . . .. Lot 39... . .. ..... . . . .. . .... "
Rough Creek ... . . .. . , . .. . . At mouth . . . . ..... .. ..... . "
CHEROKEE COUNTY
Etowah River .......... . . . Canton . . ... . ..... . . .. ... . Low water

41.6 10 .001I.... ..
5 .5 10 .00 .... .. 4.5 10.00 .... .. 8.8 10 .00 ..... .
733.3 6.25 60001

I D. 0. Bar-
47.3 row
6.2 " 5.1 " 10.0 "
520.0 B. M. Hall

Surveyed Aug. 27, 1890.

MillCreek..... . .......... '' .. ... .. . . . . .. . . .. . Low spring
Etowah River . . . .. ...... . . Franklin Gold Mine .. . .. . . Io~v~~~-
DAWBON COUNTY.
Etowah River ... . . . .. . . . . . Palmer's Mill .. . . . . . . .. . Low water Shoal Creek ............... Howser's Mill . . . ... . .. . .. .

45.0 . .. . .. . .... . 666 .6 15 .00 .... .

D.C . Barrow

lOth U.S.
1136. 3 Census

{Name now changed to Creighton Mine.

216.6 10 .00 . .. ... . 33.3 ~6.00 . . . .. .

246.2 D.C.Barrow

60 .6 "

{ This is at Heard's Mill.

~
c
~
$
1-

Amicalola River ......... . Dawsonville & J. R'd .. . . . . "
Amicalola Creek ... . .. . . ~. Bart Crane's .. . . .. .. .. . .. Low water Nimble Will Creek .. .. . ... Kin Mori Ditch .... . ....... Ordinary Shoal' Creek Ditch . . . . . ... . Ne&r Dawsonville........ . "

150. 0 200 . 00 17000'
10.0 625 .00 .... .. 25.0 300.00 . ... . . 5.0200 .00 . . .'. . .

3400.0 B. M. Hall

710.2 852.2
113.6

" " "

There are other great

falls below and above.

Amicalola Falls.

'

At Kin Mori Mine.

Cin. Consolidated Mines.

FLOYD COUNTY

Etowah River.. .. . ... . . .. . Armuchee Creek. . ....... .

Little Fork, Armuchee Cr.

Big Fork,

"

"

" "

,,

t'

John's Creek ....... , .. _...

Silver Creek . ... . .. ... .. . . Cedar Creek . .. . ..... . ... .
Li,t,tle Ce,,dar Creek ... . .. . .

Big Spring.............. ..

No

No

Horse Shoe Bend. . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . m~~~~e- su rvey . . .. . .

Jones's Mill . . .. ........... Ordinary

133.3 10.00 .. ... .

Texas Valley.. .. . .. .. .. .. . . ''

41.0 15.00 .. . . . .

White's Bridge .. ......... . "

48.0 ........... .

Hammond's Mill. . . . . . . . . . "

48.0 8. 00 .. . . .

N~~r mo?ith ..... .. ... .. .. "

15.0 8 .00 ..... .

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . "

24 .0 18 .00 . .. .. .

Thoman'.s Mill ..... .. .. . .. Minimum

70.0 10 .00 , .. , ..

Near mouth... . .... ... . . . . "

20 .0 14.00 . . . .. .

Cave Springs ...... .. ...... Low spring 60.0 10.00 ..... .

,,

'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,

8 .0 . . . . .. . .... .

Said to

be large power

. .. .... ...

142.3 Locke

60.0 "

43.6 13.6 49 .1 79.5
32.7 68 .2

" " " " " " "

"

Between Rome and Kingston .
Little above low water. Echols' Mill.

~
~..,
c ~
~t:-<
1-
-~
. t:::i
;;:;
t:::i
~
r~;:
~

FORSYTH COUNTY

Beaver Run Creek ... . ... At mouth .. . ..... .. . ..... . Flush Sitting Down Creek ...... . Halbrook's Mill . . . . ...... . Low spring

75.0 20 .00 .... .. 170 .4 D.C .Barrow 30.0 7 .00 ... . . . 23 .8 "

" "

"

P ool & Heard's . . .. .. .. .. .. "

30.0 15 .00 ... : . . 51. 1 "

GORDON COUNTY
Oothcaloga Creek . . . . . . . . . Calhoun Mills ............. Low spring

40.0 9 .00 ..... .

40.9 D.O.Barrow

.Connesauga River . ..... .. . At mouth .. .. .. . . .. .. ... ~ . "

291.6 ... ' ..... . . .

"

Flat stream.

THE MOBILE BASIN-WATER-POWERS-Oontinued

00

-

0

LOCA-TION OF W ATER-POW E R

I

POINT OF SECTION

STAGB

Len~thl feCeutbpiecr IFafelletin o - HGororsses

Second

Shoal powerl

Source of Informa-
tion

I

REMA-RKS

Coosawattee River ... .. . . . Carter's Mill . . . . ... . . . . ... ;Low spr'g

"

" .. .... . . Two miles-abOve Carter's . . "

"

" ... .. .. . Ellijay to Carter's .. ...... "

f 541.0 9 .00 ....
541.0 50 .00 .. .. .

562.3

D.

C. Barrow.

~ Dam is only 9 ft., but fall is 50 ft. in less than 2 ms.

3073.8 "

541.0 ...... 17m. ... ...... "

Heavy fall all the way. (No survey.)

Talking Rock Creek ....... At mouth . . . .. .......... . . Salacoa Creek ....... . . .... Lot 117, 7th Dist., 3d Sec . . Snake Creek .... .... .... . . Lot 113, 1st Dist ...... . . . ..

.""

John's Creek .. .. . . .. .. . ... Lot 53, 24th Dist., 3d Sec .. "

H ARALSON COUNTY

108 .3 ... ... ..... , . "

100 .0 14 .5 12 .5

. . ... ~
.

......
. .... .
. .... .

.... ..... . .

" "
"

{Creek has good shoals ; no survey hasbeen made.
No fall given. No fall given. No fall given.

.

Tal
.

l

a" p

o

os

a

R'i'ver

...

.

.. . ..

Little River . ... . ::::: ~: : ::

Waldrop's ...... . ........ McBride.'s Bridge . . . .. .. ..

Fl"ush

At mouth ... . . .. ... ..... . .. Ordinary

50 .0 10.00 ..... . 56.8 583 .3 10 .00 ... . . 662 .8
19 .5 10.00 . . .. .. 22 1

" " "

Bench Creek . .. . . . .. .... . . Rock House ........... . . .. Lowwat'r
LUMPKIN COUNTY

30 .5 30.00 ..... . 69.30

"

Ten foot head assumed.. Ten foot head assumed. Ten foot head assumed: { A30-footdamwouldflood
70 acres

,, Etowah River . .... .. ......
" " . .. . . . . .
" " .. .. . ...
Battle Branch Ditch .... . . Etowah Ditch.. . ...... . . ..

Five miles of Dahlonega .. ~ Simmon's Mill to Battle
Branch Bridge . ... . .. .
Falls . .. . . . .. .. ............ . From Mill Creek. .... . .... From upper Etowah River

" . .........
..........

oe

O e o ooo

- .. .

200.0 . . . ... ..
3.3 25.0

20 .00
210 .00 100 .00 300 .00 200 00

... .. ..
10m.
Yzm. .... ..

454 .5 .
. . .
113 .6 568 .1

"
lOth

u.s.

Census

B.

M".

Hall
.

Near Cooper's Gap Road. {Empt ies into Cane Creek,
to increase Hand and

Jones' Creek. ... .. . .. .. ...
Nimble Will Creek . . . .. ..

Lot 2:34, 5th Dist. , 1st Sec .. Lowwat'r
10 miles from Dahlonega .. "

PICKENS COUNTY
Biy ~cared Coon Creek .. Fairmount Road ..... . . . ..

,,

Ta kmg Rock Creek . . .. . . Federal Road . . . ... . . ... . . "

5.0 50 .00 ... . . . 50 .0 12 .00 . ... . . 11 .0 10 .00 . . ... . 13 .3 10 .00 . .. . . .

28 .4

D. C. .Ba rr ow

68.1 "

Barlow Mill power.

12 .5 " 15 .1 "

Assumed head. Assumed head.

1 Net horse-power= 80 per cent. of gross horse-power. '

. PICKENS COUNTY-(Con.)

West Longswamp Creek .. . Perseverance Quarries .... East Longswamp Creek ... Southern Marble Co.'s Mill.

" "

Rocky Creek. "

" ""

"

Long Swamp Creek .. . .. . . Georgia Marble Co. . . . .. ..
"' " "' ....... Blue Ridge Marble Co .....

",,

POLK COUNTY.

Euharlee Creek .......... . Rockmart . .. . .... . ........ . Lowwat'r

B

ig

" "
S

" "
pring .

..

.

......... . ..

Little Cedar Creek . ... .. . .

Big Spring ....... . ........

Gut Creek ....... . ....... .

2 miles north of Rockmark. Hightower's Mill . . . .......
2 miles from Van Wert . .. . Young's Mill . . .... . ... .. ..
Cedartown . ......... -....... At mouth . . ...... . ....... .

Low

spr'g
" " " " "

PAULDING COUNTY.

Little Pumpkinvine Creek . 16 miles from Marietta .... Raccoon Creek.. ....... . .. Chappel's Store ... . .......

" "

WALKER COUNTY.

Fork of Dry Creek _. ....... One-half mile from mouth.

"

WHITFIELD COENTY.

Swamp Creek .......... . .. Lot 113 ..............._.... .

0 .. - . . . . . .. . . . .

Carpenter Mill Ureek

Creek, ... . ...

. ...... . . . ..... .. .

One~half mile So. of Tilton.
Lot 148, 13th Dist., 3d Sec.

-
--


-

Etowah River.......... . ..

{For 17 miles above W. & A. bridge ...... : ...... Lowwat'r

" " . . .. . Cartersville to .Rome ...... "

21.6 40 .00 1 m: 6.6 50 .00 2,600 ft 3.6 210.00 -
46 .6 ... .. . .... ..
50.7 16.00 3,200 !t
-

Perseverance Marble Quar's.

98:4 94.7

B.M,.,Hall

Surveyed January, 1890. { Pelton wheel, 1 mile ditch

87.5

"

.and 1,500 ft. pipe. Fall about 30ft. in 1 mile.

92 .1

" "

Surveyed Nove~ber, 1890.

D. C. Bar-

25 .0 19.0 5.4 5 .0

10 .00

10.00

.9.0.

.00
..


.......... ..

28 .4 21.6
. ... 5.5. ..2.

19 ;3 9.6

10 .00
. .....

..... .
........

. ...2..0..7.

26.6 "!.0 .00

30.3

.row
" " " " " "

Assumed head of 10 feet.

10.0 20.00 ...... 22.0 12 .00 .. -....
6.5 10.00 ..-....

22 .7 Locke
30.0 "
D. C. Bar7.3 row

33.3 10.00 ..... 37.8 " Assumed head.

f 11.0 10.00

12.5

16.0 10.00 ..... . 18 .1

" "

Assumed head. Assumed head.

833.3 102 .00 17m. 9,659.0

From mouth of LittleR. in Cherokee Co. toW. & A.

1,000.0 154.00

45m.

'
17,500 .0

.. .. ......

R.R. bridge in Bartow Co.

The foregoing gives a very meagre idea of .the water powers of this basin. - The surveys made by Messrs. Barrow and Locke, Assistant State Geologists, in 1874-'75, were confined mainly to that part of the basin, in which the streams have very few shoals of im
pcirtance. The great shoals on the Coosawattee, the Cartecay and the Amicalola rivers, and the head streams of the Etowah River have as yet received very little attention.

.0...0..

MOBILE BASIN- UTILIZED POWER.

STREAM

COUNTY

K IND OF MILL

No. of Mills

Tallapoosa River.... . .. . . . Haralson . .. ... . . .. . ....... Flour and grist .. ........ .

''

''



''

~ < Saw . . ... . ......... ....... .

3 1

"

" . ... ..... . PaUlding ...... .. .......... Flour and grist ...... . . . . .. 1

TributariesofTallapoosaR. Haralson ... . . . . . . ...... ..., .. '' '' " . . .... . . . . . . 7

''

''

''

' ' .. .. . . : ... . ....... Saw . .. . . ... .. ... . .... ... . 1

''

" Carroll...... . . ... . . . . . .... Cotton gin ... ... .. ... ... . . 1

"

"

" ..... ; .... . ......... Flour and grist ... . . .. . .. . 10

''

''

''

'' ....... ... .. ...... .. Saw ...... .... .... . . . ... .. . 3

::

;_;

"

:: ... ... .. ............ Tannery .... . ........... . . 1

... .... . ............ . Woolen ............ .. .... . 2

Tri butaries of Coosa River. Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Flour and grist .. ... . . .. . 14

''

''

.,,

'' ........... . ......... Saw .... .. ... . . . . ... .. .... . 3

"

"

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen ... . ......... . . . . . . 2

"

;;

::

" .......... ........ .. . Cotton gins ............ ..

2

Polk ..... . . ........... .. . . Machine shop, etc . . . . .. .. .

"

"

"

" .. . .. -....... . ... . ... . . Flour and grist. . . . . . .... . 6

Etowah River . ......... . . . Dawson ................... {Fl~~;nae~~~rist,sawand ~

::

:: . .. .. .. . .. ;; ........ .......... Stamp mill . .. ......... .. .. 1

.. . . .. . . . .

. .... . . . .... ... .. . . Flour and Grist..... ..... . 4

"

" " ...... . .... .... . ... Saw ..... ... . . ............ . 2

Tributaries of Etowah R . . Polk . . . ....... .. ... . . ... .. Flour and grist . . . . .... .. . . 2

"

"

" Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' " . .... . ..... . 2

"

"

" Bartow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " .... . ... . . . . 14

" ''

" ''

" ''

Paulding.... '' ....

... . ..

. .

.

.... ....

. .

... . ....

" Saw

...

.

" ..

.

.

" ....

.. ..

.....~ ...........

. .

9 2

"

"

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen . . . .. ... . . .. . ...... . 1

"

" Cobb ... .. ... . .. . .... . .. Flour and grist ... .... .. . . . 2

" " "
"

''

" Cherokee .... : .. . .. .. .. .. . " " " .... .. ..... . 12

"

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotton gins ... . . .. . ...... . 2

''

''

'' . . . .. ...... .. . , . . Saw .... . . .. ... ..... .... . . . 5

" ~<

" Pickens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . 5

!'

.. , .. . , .. , . . ... . Furniture .. ... . . . , . ..... . .

2

Total fall used
16 7 10 71 6 6 142 32 24 20 183 37 15 23 4 125
18
83 42 30 16 156 107 24 12 26 Hl5 25 78 54 15

Total R . P. used
67 12 10 92 5
151 36 6 9 204 43 17 20 70 138
58
50 27 40 47 318 79 34 4 26 187 56 64 50 20

REMA.RKS.
Cedartown.

::

::

"

:: . .. . .. .... ........ Flour and f[ist .. .. .. . .... . 13 179 129 .

11

::

Milton .. : : :~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : M~~1:ndig~l~t: : : : : : : : : : : :

1
2

210 28

60 16

"

"

"

" .................... Wheelwright........... . : 1

12

6

''

''

''

'' ...... .... ..... ..... Saw .... . .. . ... . ..... . ... .. . 4

68

74

;;

;;

;; Dawson . . . .. ... ... ........ Flour and grist . ........ . . . 2

38

40

'' ... .. ... ' ...... ... Woolen ...... . .. . . ... ... .. 1

8

Coosawattee R. and Trib'r's Bartow ................... Flour and grist . . ......... . 5

57

74

._''

''

'' Gilmer ..... . ... ... . ... .. . . '' '' '' ........... . 3

61

48

c ~

''

''

'' ---, Gordon . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . '' '' '' . ......... .. 5

41 160

~

"

"

''

" . . . . . . . ........... Cotton gin ............... . 1

''

''

''

'' .. .... .. . .. ..... . .. Saw ............ .-...... ... . 1

.~
~

"

"

'' .... . '" . .. ... .. .... Tannery .. .. .. .. ......... . 1

;;

::

;; Pickens ...... .... ......... Cotton factory .. .... . ... . . 1

18 432

"

"

"

; .... . .............. Flour and grist ............. 10 141 116

~

' . ... .. .. . . . .. . ... . . 8aw ....... . ... .. . . .. .. . .. . 1

"

1

1

'

'

" ............. ., .... Woolen............... .. ..

1

Conasat1ga R. and Trib'r's. Murray ... .... . . ..... ... .. Flour and grist .. . .. .... . . . 8

''

''

''

'' .. .. .. ........... .. Saw ....... . ............ -. . . 2

''

''

'' Whitfield . ..... . . . . ... ... . '' ... .' ._.. ~ . .-............ . 2

12

10

18

20

93 105

28

30

20

22

c~ ~ ~
1:-<

;:

::

;:

;; . .. .. .. ... .. ..... Flour and grist ....... ... .. 12 161 151

~

.. . ... .. ........ : Boots and shoes .......... . 1

7

6

"

"

" Bartow .. . . .... ... ..... ... Flour and grist.......... . . 4

56

52

"

"

"

" .... . .............. Woolen ................. . . 2 17

13

"

"

" Chattooga .......... ..... . . Cotton gin .............. .

1

10

7

'

''

''

''

..... .. ....... .. Saw: ...... -............... . 3

43

50

"
::

"
;:

"
;;

11

... . .. . : .. ... . .. Flour and grist .. .. .... .. ..

Floyd...... .. .. .. ......... . '' " '' ... ~ ........ .

6 3

74 122 24 141

~
l:::l .....
~
l:::l
<:::1 17.!
~

Gordon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " ........... . 3

Chattooga R ...and Trib'r's. Chattooga .............. . Cotton factory .......... : .

''

''

''

, '~

.. . .. . ........ .. '' gin ................ .

1 4

43

24

16 300

24

40

~ !::"'

11

"

1

"

.. .. .. .. .. Flour and grist..... . .. .. ..

7

92 145

''

''

''

''

~ . .............. Saw .. . ... ." ......... . ... .. . 5

63 102

"

"

"

"

. ...... .. .. ..... Woolen .................. . 1

13

8

00
~

APALACHICOLA BASIN- IMPORTANT STREAMS

NAME. Ol!' STREAM

TRIBUTARY TO

OOUNTY

REMARKS

Chattahoochee River. .... . Standing Boy C:ceek ...... .

Apal11chicola River ....... . Chattahoochee "

M~~~~g~~ :::::::::::;:: :.:: Large shoal

on creek 2m . from

mouth.

Mulberry Creek.......... .

"

"

)fountain Creek . ......... ..

"

"

Old House Creek., ....... .

Flat Shoals. ... . ...... . ... .

"

'

Harris . ................... Large cr.; falls 60ft. in quarter of mile. :: ......... . ........ 60 cu. ft. per sec. ; 20ft. fall on shoalat River Road.

Harris and Troup .... . ... .

Troup Factory, 80 cu. ft. per sec.;

{ . water. (Locke)

.

18ft. fall, low

Muddy Creek ........ .. . ..

"

"

Troup . . ................ .. .

5.)4 m._from LaGrange; 7 cu. { fall, low water. . (Locke)

ft.

per

sec.;

10ft.

Yellow Jacket Creek... .. .

"

"

"

8.)4 m. from LaG_range; 87 cu. ft. per sec. ; 10 ft. {. fall, low water. (Locke) .

... Beach Creek .............. Yellow Jacket Creek ..... .

{

5

m. from LaGran_ge; 35. cu_. fall; low water. (Locl!:e)

ft.

per sec. ; 15 ft.

... P.imther Creek . . . . . . . . ... . . Chattahoochee River ..... .

0. 0 : 0

3 Iii. from LaGrange ; 25 cu. ft. per sec. ; 10 ft. fall, low water. (Locke)

,, Flat Creek ......
a c ! 0

"

"

G_orha_m's Mill ; 20 cu. ft: per sec. ; 12 ft. fall, low water. . (Locke) . . .

New River ................

"

"

H

d

5 U m. o_f mouth; 133;3 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. _rail

ear an oweta ( low spring. (Locke)

Whittaker Creek..

"

Hillabuhatchee Creek. . . ..

"

",,

Centralhatchee Creek.. .. .

"

"

Wahoo Creek ............

"

"

H d

{Whitaker's Mill; 91 cu. ft. per sec.; 30 ft. fall.

ear (C. C. Anderson)

"

"

S57.9 cu. ft. per sec.; 8ft. fall, saw mil_l.
1 (C . C. Anderson)

~ At Serge.ant'_s _; 41.4 cu. ft. per. sec. at meal) low
Coweta ............. . . .. . water. Fall 33 ft, in 1,600. (C. C. Anderson) Cotton factory and grist mill.

Cedar Creek

"

"

Snake Creek . -

"

"
Carroll.................. . .

) 2.6 cu. ft. pe:r sec, 14ft. fall=T-0 H. P. per foot of (. fall. (0. C. Anderson)

Dog River ....... . ... . .... .

"

"

~ar ,preek .... . ..... . ....

"

amp Creek ............. . .

"

"

"
Douglas ..................

.

) Above Watkins' mill; ( spring. (Locke) 52.5 cu. ft. per sec: (C.

25 c_u. feet per second,
c. Anderson.)

low

Campbell .. .... ........ .. .

Sweet Water Creek ...... . .

"

5Paulding, Cobb
~ Douglas.

and {5

Aus t ell Shoals, nearmouth, has 80 feet of fall and

{

166 .9 cu, ft. per sec. Hayes bridge, 80 cu. ft. per sec., low water. (Locke.)

l Powder Springs Creek ... .. Sweet Water Creek .. ..... Cobb .. .. ..... . ....... . ... .

Pow_der Springs; 34 cu. ft. per sec., low water. (Locke.)

Nose's Creek..............

"

"

Soap Creek ..... . ... . . .. .. Utoy Creek .......... . . .. .

Chatta,,hoochee

River
"

.

..

..

.

"
Fulton ............. .. . . . . .

{

Paper mill; 62 cu. spring. (Locke.)

ft. per sec.;

67 ft. head, low

Nickajack Creek .. . . . . . .. .

"

Cobb ....... ... ....... . . .. .

{

29ft. fall at F actory.

Ruff's

Mill,

and

21

ft.

at

Concord

Peachtree Creek ... . ... .' ..

"

,,

( Houston's Mill; 23.3 cu. ft. per sec; 22ft. fall, Fulton and DeKalb ... .. . . ) low water. (Locke.) Buckhead Road, 97 cu.

\ ft. per sec., flush . (Locke.)

Nancy's Creek .. . .... .. ... Peachtree Creek ......... . " " "

{

Lot 96, 17th (Locke.)

Dist.

;

45

cu.

ft.

per

sec.,

low

spring.

Rottenwood Creek . . . . . . . . Chattahoochee River. . . . . . Cobb . .. .. ............... .

~ 12 cu. ft. per sec.= 1.27 gross H. P. per ft. of fall;
I Measured July 28, 1892, by B. M. Hall.

Long Island Creek . .. .. .. .

"

"

Fulton .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. Lot 164, 17th Dist., 6.5 cu. ft. per sec. (Locke.)

Willis Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

''

Cobb ............. . .... . .. .

~ Wrig~t's Mill; 16.6 cu. ft. per l ordmary stage ; gross H. P. =

sec,; 43.

23 ft.

fall,

Vickery's Creek . ..... .... .

"

"

Forsyth, Milton and Cobb.

{

3

factories about 50

at cu.

Roswell; tot ft. per sec.

al fall, (C. C.

103 ft., volume Anderson.)

Suwanee Creek . .. ....... .

"

Gwinnett .... . .. .... .. . . .

{

Lawrenceville and sec. (Locke.)

Buford

road;

11.6 cu. ft. per

l Ivy Creek . . ........ .. .... Suwanee Creek
Chest a t ee R 1. ver. . . . . . . . . . . C. hattah oochee R1' ver. . . . . .

"

{

Hamilton's Mill; 2 cu. low water. (Locke.)

ft.

per

sec.,

18

ft.

fall,

Lusmytphkiann,dDHawalslo. n, For-}

{

Important gold mining stream, with undeveloped powers not surveyed.

many

fine

EtCowanaehCDreietckh.,..e.n.t.e.r.in.g.)f

Chestatee River .... . ...... Lumpkin ................. .

Di t_ch, 7. miles long, diverts Etowah waters a cross

{

r1dge mto Cane Ureek; 25 cu. ft. per sec., with a head of ?00 ft. = 568 gross H. P. ;. not utilized .

Cane Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ...........

,,

l .... . ......... . .. .

At Cane Cr'k falls, 16.6 cu. ft. per sec.; 60ft. fall. At Barlow gold mill, 40 cu. ft. per sec.

Clay Creek . .. .. . .... . .. ... Cane Creek ........ . ..... . Lumpkin . .. . . ....... , . . .. . Has a good shoal.

Yahoola Creek .. . ..... . .. . Chestatee River . ......... .

I(Sofuurrcneishoef sHwaantderMtoinimngan Dy imtchin, e3s5fomr ihleysdrlaounlig~

-( mining. The ditch carries from 16 to 25 cu. ft.

I per sec. ; and is 300 ft. above streams near

l Dahlonega.

00 01

APAL:4-QHICOLAt BASIN -IMPORTANT STREAMS-C~ntinued

NAME OF STREAM.

TRIBUTARY TO

COUNTY

REMARKS

Caven. d.e r.;s Creek ... ...... a h.estatee RI' v e r.......... .. LnmpkI' n. ................. ISDrkaiinnscoanun_itmy.portant gold-mining region of Lunip-

Yellow Creek ............ . "

"

.. .. . .. . . . . Hall .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .

.. ..

157.2rocwu.. )ft.

per

sec.

;

20

ft.

shoal

near mouth;

.(Bar-

Tessantee River........... "

" ........ ,. . White ... . ....... , ........ 95 cu. ft. per sec.; big shoal near mouth.

Sho9,lCreek ............... Tessantee River.......... " ... . . . ............. Has Asbury's Mill and other good shoals.

Town Cree)t ............. . . "

II . . . . . . . . . . . "" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SohuyrdcerauolficLmouindinDg__.itch, 25 miles long, used for

Jennie's Creek ... Tate's Creek .. ; ..

Town Creek .. .. ..... : .... .

' .' .. . .......

Chestat ee

RI' ver ........

..

.

L

u

m..p

k'.n 1

.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..



..

S~ ToDfiutcr_hm._sh w_ ate_ r.fo_r .propose_-_d Cavender's Creek

Mill Creek ........... , .. . . "

" . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ T]:{i~~~sh water for proposed Cavender's Creek

"Dick''s Creek . ~ .......... . :: Turner~l;l Creek, ...... , ... .

:: .. . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .... . . . ........ Largecreek; falls over 100 feet to the mile.

. ......... White ... .. .... _. . .......... .

-. . . .

Castleberry's Mill, 4 miles from Gainesville; 151.5

" ... .. ................ l ;rAttle R~ -from Wahoo Or . . ChAttahoochee River .. : . .. H9,1l . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {

cu. ft. per sec.; 71 ft. fall; gross H. P., 122; 25 H. P. used. (C. C. Anderson.)

Glade Creek ............ .

"

"

1 FuGrnidshMe~ water and drai:qage to ''The Glades"

o me.



Flat Or.eek .............. .

"

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13G.6lcaud.esft". Mpeinr es.ec.: 50 ft. fall; shoal above "The

Mud Creek. ..... ... : . .... .

. II

-"

Habersham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~Big Mukd Creek,ft33.3 cu. ft. per sec.; Little Mud

"

.

( Cree , 20 cu. . . per sec.

Sqquee R,iver . . .......... .

" - " ... -

.. . Hazel Creek ... . . . .... ; .. .
Deep Creek ...... . .. . .... .

Soquee
H

River
'I

... . ...... .. .
. . .. . . .-. .-. -.._

Shoal Creek .... .. ..... .. . .

''
:: .

..... ..:.-.... . . .. .... . ...... See Power Table.

~ ~

~a~e and wat~r-p_ower at Demorest.

. -. . -. . . -. ~ .... . .. _38 .3 _cu. ft. per sec. at mouth. (Barrow and Locke.)

. : . . . .......... 16.6 cu;ft. per sec. at mouth, (B. M.. Hall, estimated)

Mossy Creek .. .. . .... . . . Duke's Creek,"North Fork.

Chattahoochee River ......

"

"

White ... .... ; ... .. . . . .....
"

{

D

uk_e's fall.

_creek_Falls, .(Barrow)

12.8 cu. ft.

per

sec._; :3oo__ ft.
.

"

"

Minnehaha Falls, 3.6 cu. ft. per. sec~ ; SOO ft. falL

{ (Barrow) .



Smith's Creek............ .

"

"

"

Annie Ruby Falls, 7.1 cu. ft. per sec.; 300ft. fall. { (Barrow)

NATURAL DAM, BIG POTATO CREEK, UPSON COUNTY.

Flint River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinchafoonee Creek .....

Apalachicola River Flint River .......

5 {













Webster,

Sumter,

Terrell

.

((Lafrogre

Creek with fine undeveloped power, enough running 100,000 spindles. (U. S. Govern-

Buck's Creek... . . . . .. .... " " ............... Macon.................... ment Report)

Whitewater Creek ... , . . . . " " ............... Macon a11d Taylor ........ .

Cedar Creek .............. Whitewater Creek ........ Taylor ................... .

Parchelagee Creek ........ Flfp.t R~yer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ................... .

Spring Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . .

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crawford ................ .

Little Potato Creek.......

. .............. Upson ................... .

Big Potato Creek . . . . . . . . . " " ............... Upon and Pike............



~~~~~~ee~t: .. :::::::::::: ~!gPo~~to Cr~ek:::::::::: P~~e::::::::::::::::::::::

~

Laxer Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint River ..... ; . . . . . . . . . Talbot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~

Pigeon Creek.............. " " ............... Meriwether and Talbot... .

Cane Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meriwether . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l:t:l

Red Oak Creek. . . . . . . . . . . " " .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .

"

. .. .. . . . . . . . . .

~

Elkin's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...,

Line Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coweta and Fayette . . . . . . .

c

Whitewater Creek ........ Line Creek ................ Fayette...................

~

~
t:'t
~
~

~
t:::i
~
~
""!="'

APALACHICOLA BASIN - WATER POWERS

UJ~YH.dP./ LOCATI~~;;RWATER- POINT OF SECTION Is:ft'e~f I ~:~~d rF~!~tn!Le~~~~tf[ i'ZO:~l I ~~!il~l~: I

REMARKS

------~------------------~------------------~C-
SOQUEE RIVER

60 Habersham county ..... Clarkesville Woolen Mill 0.0

266.6 26.0 1,0001

738.61{c. C. An-
derson.

Only

18ft.

used.

~

{ See fluctuation tables: c

100

"

" ..... Porter Mills, Shoal No. 1 "

266.6 14.4 100' 436.3 "

O.O=min. observed wa- ~

150

"

None

"

" "

..... Porter Mills, Shoal No.2
..... Porter Mills, Shoal No.3

" "

CHA'rTAHOOCHEE RIVER

Corn Mill White County .......... Nicholls' Mill .......... Mln.L.W.

291.6 45.2 1,4001 1,369.0 " 15.0 1,200' 497.0 "

72.0 10.0 ........

81.8

{Barrow &Locke

ters.

~
..0~...'...1.,.
c

None White & Habersham Cos Duncan Shoal .......... 0.0

"

"

"

"

",,

"

" Carpenter Shoal ..

"

"

" Johnny's Ford Shoal ... "

"

" Gearing Shoal. .........

"

" Fishtrap Shoal. ........ "

6S3.3
683.3 683.3 683.3 683.3

7.6 4001
3.2 4001 5.4 1,200' L.3 3001 1.8 3001

589.2

~ C C. Anderson

~Includes .Soquee River at mouth.

24S.4

Below mouth of Soquee.

419.3 " 101.0 " 138.8 "

.~.....
~
t:-<
~
~

"

"

"

" Bull Shoal ............

"

"

"

"

" Last Six Shoals, total .. "

" " "

" Rock House Shoal .....

"

"

" Mountain Island Shoal.

Hall County ........... Lulu Bridge ...........

" "

683,3 7.0 1,8001 543.5
683.3 38.0 13,2001 2,950. 7 " 750.0 3.7 9001 315.3 " 766.6 7.3 1,8001 635.8 " 7S3.3 2.0 1,200' 178.0 "

~Foot, 3 miles below mouth of Soquee.
{ Can be developed as one

......
~

power.

C::j
0'.1

~

~

" "

"'" "

",,

. ' ......... Reynolds ............. ........... Seven Islands ......... .

........... Savage Shoal No.1. ....

" ." ,

800.0 6.0 1,200' 545.4 816.6 4.0 . . . . . . . . 371.2
833.3 1.0 1,200' 94.7 "

!="'

"

0 Savage Shoal No.2 .....

"

"

" " .... . ...... Peg's Shoal . . . . . . . ... "

"

" ........... Stringer's Ford ........ "

" 833.3 2.5 1,2001 236.7
833.3 6.3 2,5301 596 0 " 833.3 10.0 1,2001 947.0 "

" " ........... Wilson Shoal ......... "

933 3 6.5 2.5001 68f 4 "

. . . . . . . . . . . Thompson's Bridge .. . .. "

933.3

"

1 Net H. P.=80 per cent. of gross H. P.

" " "

",,
"

" ...... .... Shallow Ford .. . .. . ..... "

" "

... .... ... Johnson's Shoal.. .....
. . . Mooney's Shoal ... 0.

" "

"

" " .......... Overby's Shoal. ...... .. "

Manildl }

"

Gin, 80
"

,,

"

0 Brown's Bridge ..... ...

" .......... Pirkle Shoal ... ... .....

" Gwinnett County.. ..... Garner's Shoal ........ .

"

"

''

Bridge Shoal .. .........

"

" "

Jones's Shoal .. .... ....

" Milton Connty . .. . .... . Island Ford Shoal. .. . ..

" " "
" " "

None Cobb and Fulton Co's1.. Roswell Shoal .......... 0.0

,", ",,

" "

"

"

" "

" "

""" "

'' "

I 1

.. ..

Bull
"

Sluice
"

S,h, ocaolnt.i.n.u.e.d.

" . . Cochran Shoal .. .......

" " . . Devil's Race Course . . ..

" " .. Upper Thornton Shoal. .

"
" " " "

" " .. Long Island Shoal ...... "

" "

"

" 2

Top of Cochran Shoal} to foot of L . I. .Shoal

"

" " "

"

" " Howell's Shoal .. .. .....

Ca"mpbell

"
Co u n t y

"
....

..

W. & A. R. R. Bridge.. . Redman's Shoal. .......

"

"

"

Pumpkintown Shoal. ...

"

"

"

Mederis Shoal. .. . ......

50

" " " " "
H.

P.

Coweta County . .... .. .

"
"

"
"

.... .... .. .....

Heard County... .. .....

"

" .. " ...

"

" .. ... ...

Island Shoal ...........
Fridell Shoal .. ....... .. Mcintosh Shoal ....... .
Hilly Mill .............. Bush Head Shoal. .. ....
Hendrick's Shoal .......

" " " " "
"
"
"
",",

933. 3 6.70 933.3 3.20 933.3 3 .:20 1,450.0 6.90
1,450.0 17 .00

5,5001

710.6

U.S.

Sur .

{Vol. of

estimated from Sur. C. C. Anderson.

3,6001 339.4 5,6001 339 .4

" "

8001 1,137 .0 "

"

"

"

"

{Below Mouth of Ches-

tatee.

8,5001 2, 801. 0 "

{Vol. estimated from Sur. of C. C. Anderson.

1,450.0 3.90 4,0001 642.3

1,666.6

0

" "

" "

2,000 .0 16.90 1,1821 3,841.0 "

"

,"",

2,083.3 3 .10 1,2001 733.9 2,133.3 9.00 5,0001 2, 181.0

" "

" "

" "

2,190.5

18.00

{about 2 mls.

4,480.0

Anderson

{

Fr~1n Bridge to ull Sluice.

head

of

2,200.0 25.30 1 mile 6,325.0 2,200 .0 6 .40 3,3001 1,600.0

" "

On Pink Power Property. On Strapp & Power ''

2,333.3 6.50 2,700' 1,723 0 2,333. 3 10.50 2,5001 2,784 .0

" "

Above Below

P o w" e r ' s

F e,,r r y .

2,333.3 4.60 1,1001 1,219.0 "

Below "The Narrows."

2,358.3 10.00 5,900' 2,679.0 . . . . . . . . . . lH~adncoyf 'sIsClarnedekt.o Little

2,358. 3 32.80 18,1001 8,790.0 Hall

{

In~l u d e s bove.

the

four shoals

2,366.6 10.70 4,0001 2,877.0 Ande r son

2,500 .0 . . . . ..

... . ......

2.500. 0 3.00 1,0001 848. 0 And erson

2;666.6 3.00 8001 909.0 2,666.6 8 .40 2,0001 2,545.4 2,750.0 12.50 5,2801 3,906.0

" " "

2,750.0 9.00 1,4001 2,812.5 "

2,833.3 11 .62 19,0001 3,741.0 "

2,833.3 7.00 2,6001 2,632.5 "

2,916 .6 5.00 1,000' 1,657.0 "

2,916.6 16.50 4,0001 5.468. 7 "

Fall by B. M. Hall. Grist-mill.

1 These three shoals form one continuous shoal four miles long with a fall of fifty feet. 2 Known as the Vining Shoal, being near Vining Station on W. & A. R. R.

APALACHICOLA BASIN-WATER-POWERS-Continued

I I NUettilHiz.ePd. LOCATION OF WA1'ER-POWER

POINT OF SECTION

I I j fl Stage of I Water.

~~C~u~bi~cd

/Fall in/ Feet

Length of Shoal

Gross H. P.l

Slon~u~rc~e~a0-

REMARKS

None
," ,

Heard
"

County
"

.......

.

. ...

.Tackson Shoa1 .... _..... Seven small Shoals .....

0.0
"

" " " " " " "

Troup
"

County ....
" . .. .

. .....
... . . .

Swanson Shoal ......... Small Shoals ...........

" "
",, " "

"
" "

..........
.......... ..........

McGees' Bridge ........
Buzzard and Reed Isl'd. Bentley's Mill ..........

" ," ,

...........
....................

Ferrell or Huguley's ... Pott's Shoal ........... West Point ............

"
" " " "
" " "

300 H.P. Harris County ......... Jack Todd's Shoal. ..... "

........ None
"

,", ,,

........
. .. .. . . .

,",

"

," ,

,, 0 3m. below Houston's F'y
......... Hargett's Island Shoal.

"

"
" " "

.........
.. . . .. . . .

Shoal
"

.................. . .................

., .. ..... Tate Shoals ............

......... Mulberry Shoals .......

"
"
," ,

........ Muscogee County

.....

Near mouth of Standing Boy

} Creek

"

At Columbus ........... Chatta'chee Falls Prop.

........ "''

," ,

........

...
...

...
. . .

Lover's Le City Mills

ap
.

......... .........

. .

. .

.. "

" .......... Eagle and Phrenix Mills

Hall, Bartow, Muscogee

" " " "

and intervening counties

. 3,066.6
3,333.3

6.7 13.0

3,000'
.......

2,2967. Anderson! 4,924.0 "

3,500.0 3,750.0

7.0 3.5

1,500'
........

2,784 .0 1,491.5

" "

4,000.0 8.3 3,000' 3,772. 7 "

4,166.6 8.3 3,0001 3,930.0 " Three Shoals.

4,166.6 4,666.6

4.0 . .......
9.0 ........

1,894.0 4,772. 7

4,933.3 4,933.3

...5....0

..3..,6.0.0. '.

2,803.0
. . . .... '

" ," ,
"

3 or four miles above W. P.

4,933.3
4,933.3 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,166.6

51.0

39,600'

28,591.0 U.S. Sur.

{Two cotton mills, miles below W. P.

four

4.0 1,1001 2,24~.0 60.0 13,0001 34,091.0 15.0 4,0001 8,522. 7 26.0 8,700' 14.772.0 22.0 6,3001 12,500.0 30.0 10,560' 17,613.0

" " " " " "

Vol.,,from "

C.

C.

Anderson.
," ,

"

"

"

"

"

"

5,216. 6 10.0 3,8001 5,928.0 "

"

5,216.6 42.0 6,900' 24,715.0 "

"

,",

5,216.6 37.0 2,6001 21,933.0 "

5,216.6 10.0 Dam 5,928.0
5,216.6 25.0 " 14,820.0

" "

."
"

"
" "

.. ..... Continuous level Thompson's Br

from idge.

}

t 0

W &


A R' B "d e Y n g

"

........ 227.0 73 miles . ...... .

"

{ 3 ms. N. of Gainesville to 6 ms. W. of Atlanta.

. ' From W. & A. R'y Bridge to West Point ........ " ........ From West Point to Columbus .................. "

........ 162.0 108 mls. . ... 362.0 34 mls. . ......

,,
,,

{6 ms. W. of Atlanta to West Point.
West Point to Columbus.

1 Net horse-power=80 per cent. of gross horse-power.

SWEETWATER .CREEK,

. . . . . . . . Douglas County . ....... Austell Shoals ......... Low Wr

166.6

80.0

3 90CY '

l,5150 B. M. Hall

?5 NEaesairlyAduesvteelllo,pGeda..

CHESTATEE RIVER.

Lumpkin County ....... Garnet Mine ........... "

" " "

,"",

....... Chestatee Pyrites Co ... Penitentiary Shoal .... .
Chestatee Mining Co ...

" " "

"

" ....... Calhoun Mine........ . . "

"

" ....... Leather's Ford ......... "

Unk'n 15.0 1,200' Unk'n

"

" " "

20.0 L'rge. Unk'n
Unk'n "

,,
,,

" " "

"

12.0 Dam "

"

290.0 12.0 Unk'n 395.0 Barrow

5Dam, race, stamp-mill
1 and pumps.
Power developed. 5Dam, stamp-mill and
1 pump.

FLINT RIVER.

30H.P. Meriwether and Pike Cos Sullivan's Mill .... . .. .. 0.0

250.0 7.3 200' 207.0 Anderson Grist mill.

rA four-foo_t storagedam will develop 2,630

40 "

"

"

Flat Shoals .. .......... Min.L.W. 258.3 32.0 3,000/ 934.0B.M .Hall ~ gross 10-hour H. P., 6

I days per week, at low-

l est water:

"

"

" " . . . . . . . . . . Normal. 856.6 32.0 3,000' 3,114.0 Anderson

None .. Upson County .......... Dripping Rock ..... . ... Flush. 1,674.1

"

" . .... ; .... Yellow .Jacket Shoals .. Normal. 1,216.2

"

" " . . .. . .-. .. Snipe's Shoals ..... . .. .. Flush. 2,607 .6

14.0 36.6
7.0

2,900/ 3,400/

.... . ..

. . . .".. .

1,800/ Anderson

{water too high for measurement .

BIG POTATO CREEK.

None ... Upson County .......... Rogers' Shoals .... . .. . . Low W r 103.3 81.0 3,500/ 951.0 "

30H . P. " " ........ .. Nelson's Shoals .... . .. . 0.0

110.0 115.0 2,700' 1,437.0 "

30 . "

" " . ......... Daniel's MUl ........ . . . "

110.0 13.0 15CY 162.0 "

{ 1st drop is 60 ft. in a distance of 500ft., making 750 gross H. P.

CHATTAHOOCHEE CO

. . . . . . . . Oswitchee Creek .... .. . Romney's Mill ..... . . .. Low Sp'g ........ Woolfolk's Branch ..... Woolfolk's .. . . . . . . . . . . . "

21.0 18.0

42.0 Locke

1.0 65.0 ... .. ... 7.0 "

CLAY COUNTY

. ..... Chemochechobe Creek. Weaver's Mill ..... : . . .. "
" . . . . . . . . Pataula Qree~ . .... . . . . Rapids, .. . . , . ...... , . : .

60.0 240.0

30.0 ..... . ' 22,01. .... . .

204.0 6QO.Q

Bar,,row

I Utilized LOCATION OF WATER-

Net H. P .

POWER.

APALACHICOLA BASIN-WATER--POWERS-Continued

POINT OF SECTION.

l I I F~~bpiec Stage

r !Fall in\ Length Gross

Iof Water. Second. Feet. of Shoal. H. P.'

SInofulr:cJe~ao-f

REMARKS.

DECATUR COUNTY.
... .... . Limesink Creek ...... .. Limesink ...... ... . ... Low Sp'g ........ Barnett's Creek . ....... Lot 367 ..... . . ......... " . . .. ... . Attapulgas Creek ...... Thomasville Road .... ; . "
Sanburn's Creek... .. . . . Attapulgas Road ....... "

2.0 105.0 ...... . . 23.0

23.0 10.0 0

26.0

18.0 8 .0

.. .....
. . .. ..

...............

. .. . ... .... . ..

Locke.
" " "

Creek disappears. {Flow affected by mills
above .

~
0 ~
~

EARLY COUNTY.

. .. Harrod's Creek... . ..... Early Factory.......... " Colomochee Creek . . .. . Early Road ....... . .. .. "

20.0 35.0 . ...... . 80.0 " 70.0 12.0 .... .... 95.0 "

~
""3

0

QUITMAN COUNTY.

. . ........

Hoclarnee Creek .... ... Tobehannee Creek ... ..

Near
"

Mouth . . .... Georgetown

.... ..
.. . . ..

LowWr

6.0 10.0

10.0 10.0

..........

7.0 11.0

" "

~ ~
t-<

RANDOLPH COUNTY.
... ... . . Roaring Branch ........ 5 miles from Ft. Gaines.

,,

4.0 30.0 . ... .. .. 14.0

"

I-
~

Wakefortsee Creek ..... Near Chemochechobee. "

5.0 10.0 .... . .. . 5.0 "

......

STEWART COUNTY.

~

.. ...... Wimberly's Branch .. . . Gaines & Freeman's M'l " Hodchodkee Creek .. ... Scott's Mill . ...... ... .. "

182..801

12.0 10.0

...........

12 .0 14.0

" "

~
""3
~

Many important water-powers are omitted in the Apalachicola Basin for want of data. The foregoing is the best that can be done F"

until more surveys are made. Investigation is especially needed on the Flint River and its upper tributaries.

1 Net H: P. = 80 per cent. of gross H. P.

APALACHICOLA BASIN - UTILIZED POWER.

STREAM

COUNTY

KIND OF MILL

No. of Mills

IT1o~ta8FlF~~atl

li

Tota H .P .

l Netl Used

REMARKS

Chattahoochee River . . ....... ... Muscogee . .... ... .. .... Cotton Factories ...... . 3

43 2,000

"

" ............ "

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour and Grist ...... . . 1

8

100

" ........ . ... Harris . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . " " "

1

8

50

''

'' . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ..... ............. Cotton Factory .. .. ... . 1

8

160

"

" .. . . ........ Troup.... ... ...... . . . .. ''

u

1

9

130

"

"



Hall ............. .... . . Building 1\Iaterial. .... . 1

9

30

tcli
1!\:j
$

''

'' . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ...... . ...._.... . . .. Flour and Grist . ... ... . 1

9

60

"

" .. .. .... .. .. Cobb . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. " " " .. .. .. .. 1

11

10

Tributaries ofChattah'chee River Early .. ............ . .. . " " " . .. ..... 6

56

72

"""
l.:..t.1..

''

''

,,

''

rsawmill . . . . 0 0 . 0 0

0. 0 _ .

1

25

"

"

" Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. ... ..... . .... . 3

29

60

1%1
c""3

"

"

" " ................... Cotton Gin ............ . 1

8

6

~

"

"

'' " . . . . . . . .. ..... ... . Flour and Grist . .. .... . 6

58

77

~'

~'

" Quitman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 44 "

4

49

96

"

"

" "

.... . ....... ... Sawmill. ............. .. 2

24

63

~
t-o

"

;;

:; Randolph .. .... .... . Flour and Grist ...... .. 1

9

8

Stewart.......... ...... " '' '

8

83

192

~"""

" " "
"

" "

" '' . . . .... ......... Sawmill. . ... . ... . .. ... . 2

20

22

" Chattahoochee. . . . . . . . . " ... .. ..... . .... . 1

10

15

"

'' ''

.......... Flour and Grist. ~.. .... . 6

57

75

"

" Muscogee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

4

73

213

" "

" " "

" Marion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

1

" '' ...... , ...... . .. Cotton Gin_. ............ . 1

" '' .... .. ...... . ... Sawmill .. ... ........... . 1

6

12

8

21

8

30

"

"

" Harris.... . . .... ... .... " . .. ... ... . ..... . 1

12

10

......
~
~
~

," ,

" "

'' . .-... . ...... . ... . Flour and Grist ....... . Talbot .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. " " "

13 2

235 36

398 47

" "

," ,

" "

'' . - ....... _......... Sawmill .... ~ ... ...... . . Troup ... ...... . .. ...... . " . .. . . ..

" ;; ................. . Tannery . ..... ........ ..

2
4 1

36
57 22

43 65 8

" "

" "

"

.................. Flour and Grist ....... . 22

223

506

"

''

Cotton : o

o . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

20

60

<:0

01

APALACHICOLA .~ASIN - UTILIZED POWER ,.- Continued

STREAM

. 'coUNTY

KIND OF MILL

No. of Mills.

!Tiontua;l:F~atll/TH.oPta~lUNseedtj

REMARKS

Tributaries of Chattah'chee River Meriwether , . .. . ....... Flour and (lrist . .. , .. .

1

30

11

''

'

'' Heard . .. . . ...... , . . . . . ._, '' -'' .. ... .. .

8

91

101

" "

" "

" "

" .. , ..... Carroll ... . ...

.. ... .. .... .. .

.. ..

Sawmill Cotton

.. ..

. .

. .

..... .. . . .

. .

., .~

.. , ,

.. ..

3 124

1

30

125 120

"

"

" " . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . Flour and Grist ... . ... . 12 ?..77

160

"

"

" " ... .. . .. .. .... . . Sawmill .. .. ....... .. . ..

3

58

26

"

"

'' Coweta .......... .. . , .. Cotton .. .. .. ......... .

1

60

~
<::> ~ G:!
i;:

"

" " .. . . . ..... . .. . .. Flour and Grist , . . . .. . 14 275

226

;;

;;

;; Campbell , . . .. .. . .. .. .. " '' "

7 124

130

" " " ,",.,, " " " " "
" " "u " "
"

... " " " "
" " " "
"

" Douglas ... . . . , . . , ... . .. Cotton Gin . .. .. .. .. , , . ,

1

11

20

"
" ''

. . .. . . . . . . . .... Flour and Grist . .. , . . . . 13

. . .. , , . . . ~ . ... . Sawmill .. ~ .... . . ... .. .

6

202 136

119 82

"

" "

::::: :::::: :::::cT~~~;rY_ ::::::::: ::: :::

1 1

60

" '' . _... ,.; . _. _.. _.. . : . . Woolen-mill . _. _... . . _.~ ....

1

;: Paul<Jing _. , ~ . , ... ...... Flour and _G;rist . . . . _. _. _. .

2

14 13

10 60
9 60

"

... . .. . . .. , . . Sawmill.. . .. ... .. .. .. . .

"'' Cobb . ... .. _. ,. -_. _. _. ~ . .. . .. Cotton . . . ... .. ~ .. . ._. _. .

1 3

20 67

8 375

,, " .. . ........... . .. Woolen-mill . .. .. . .... .
. " . '' .. _. . ... . ... . .. ... _. _Cqtton 'Gins . . . . . ... _. . _. ~

2 9

40 135

85 111

" .. . .. , ...... _.. ~ . .. Flour and Grist ... . .. . ~ 23

368

454

" " " " " " " " " "

" '' .. ..... . .. _. ._, _. ~"" . . . P aper-mill .. ... . . .. _... _..

1

" '' . ,. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. Sawmill ...... .. ... . ... . .

5

'' Fulton .. . .. . _... ... ... '' . . . . . . . . .... -~ .. 3

22 45 30

" '' . . .. ... ...... . .. . . Cotton Gins ..... ... . . .

3

20

75 69 31 22

" " .. _. . . .-. _. .... .. . . Flour and Grist . . .. . . . ..

8

157

106

" DeKalb . .. . . .. .. .. . ... . '' " "

" '' . . .... . .. . .. .... . Furniture .. ...... . ... .. .

" "

::

:::::.:::::: :: ::~!:ilr::::: :: :: ::::: :

7 2
1 2

120 47 15 24

119 25 10 40

'' Gwinnett ... . .. .. .. .. . .

. .. .. ... . . . .. .. .

"

. . . . . . . . . . . .. Flour and Grist...... . .

4
9

47 116

44 98

!:1
~
~
<::>
~
~
~
~
~
t::i
~ ~ i;:
!="'

FLAT SHOALS ON THE FLINT RIVER, MERIWETHER COUNTY.

Forsyth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

" . . .... . . 8

154

137

"

" ..... .. ... . ... . Sawmill............... . 4

54

36

"

" Hall . .... . .. . . . . .

" 4

45

90

""" '

'' . ........ .. . . . .... . Carriages and \vagons .. 1

22

15

"

" '' .. . . ...... . ... .. ... Flour and Grist .. . . 0. 0. 11

151

175

,,

"

,,

fi'Iilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

"

" ...... . . .. . . . . .. . Sawmill

...... . .I .......... I

4 2

68 28

82 32

,, " "

" Lumpkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

............. . 7

,, ,,

''

Flour and Grist . 0

0

10

" ... . .... . . . . .. Tannery .. . . . ... . .... . . 1

" ..... ... ..... . Gold Mills ... . ..... .. .. 3

" "

" " "

. . . .. . . .... ... "

" "

..... .... .. ..

3 1

.. . ... . . . . .... Hydraulic Mining ... .. .

141
183 20
35
40 16
300

"I134
7061 Chestatee River. 280 1Yahoola Cr eek. 40 1Cane Creek. 600 1Yahoola Ditch.

~ ~
0
sl>;i
i-

" Habersham . .. . . . . .... . Flour and Grist ... . . . . . 1

14

10

"

.... . .. . .... Leather . . ...... . . . . .. . . 1

16

6

R...:.1.
t.Q

"

"

.. . . ........ Woolen-mill ........ ..

1

20

12

~

"

"

" White .............. Flour and Grist .. .. . .. . 1

10

15

Fl if!t R!yer ..... .. .. . . . ....... Campbell . ... . . . .. ..... ::

:: ... . .. . . . 1

14

28

0
~

"1 " :::::::::::::::::::::~~le\~~. ::::::::::::::: "

,,

:::::.: ::

5 1

90 13

44 12

<:)
it-<

Tributaries of Flint River ..... .. Campbell . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

" .. . . . . .. . 3

70

50

:; ::

;;

...... Clayton ................ "

"

8

148

136

"

.. . . . ... Sawmill ........ . . . ... . . 1

22

15

.... ~

,", ,, "

.. . Henry . ..... . . . ..... . .. Flour and Grist .... .. . . 1

18

15

.....

"

...... Spalding . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. "

"

2

13

40

" "

"

...... Fayette. . . . . . . . . . . . .

"

"

5

4()

109

" " "

"

. . .... Coweta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

"

4

.. .. .. . . .. ... . .. Sawmill . ...... . . . .. . . . . 1

71 5

88 12

"

" .... . ... . . . . . ... Tannery . ........... . . . 1

30

16

" "

,",

"

"

Meriwether ........... . Flour and Grist . . .. . . . . 11

171

138

'

. ... . .. . .... Sawmill......... . .. . .. . 1

16

15

Pike .................. Wheelwrighting.... . .. . 1

8

12

~ t;l
c::t
t.Q
~
~ !="'

"

"
'

" "

" ..... . .. . .. . ....... Flour and Grist .... . .. . 11

154

276

Crawford . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

3

25

43

,", "

Upson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

"

15

191

373

"

" ..... .. .. .. .. . ... Cotton ..

2

29

115

"

...... . ......... Sawmill.

q

72

102

1 Power esti m ated by B. M. Hall.

~

~

APALACHICOLA BASIN- UTILIZED POWER- Continued

......

0

0

STREA M.

COUNTY

KIND OF MILL

No. of Mills

IToUtasleFda, ll,ToHta.lPn. et/ in Fee t Used

REMARKS

Trihutaries of Flint River . .. .. .. Upson . ..... . . . . . ...... Tannery .... . . ...... . . . 1

10

5

"

"

"

"

''

"

" " "

" . ... . . . Talbot . . . .. ... .. . .. . .. . Flouring and Grist . .. . . 9

214

169

" . . . . . . . Taylor . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . Cotton...... . ...... . . . . 1

12

40

" . . . . ... Marion . . . . . . . . . .. . ... Sawmill . ..... . ...... . . 1

12

20

"



11

. . . Flouring and Grist ... . .

4

33

52

'' . .. . .. . Taylor...... . . . .... . .. . ''

''

. .. . . 10

84

129

''

'' . .. . . .. . .... ... . . Sawmill ...... . .. .. .. .. . 6

58

95

'' . . . . ... Schley .. .. .. . . .. . . .. ... Flouring and Grist . ... . 6

53

70

'' . . .. ... Macon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

''

.. . . . 5

51

102

~ ~
0
~
,.~.......
.~....

" "

"

" . ... . . . ... . . ... .. Sawmill . ... . ... ... .... . 1

8

30

11 . Dooley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 . .. . . . . .

2

14

15

1%1 '"3 0

"

" "

,,

"

,",

''

' ' ..... . . ..... . ... Flouring and Grist . ... . 2

" ....... Sumter . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . "

''

7

'' . . . . .. . Lee... . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . ''

''

4

" . .. .... vVebster . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"

"

8

"

'' .... . ..... . . ... Sawmill . . ... .... .

3

:: . .. . ... Randolph .. . . . .. . . . . . .. Flouring and Grist. . . . . 6

8

30

5l

99

22

41

66

107

28

33

69 .

84

.~....
2
,t.-.<. ~

" "

",,

"

. . . . ... Terrell. ..... . . . .... .. . . Sawmill .. . . .. . . .... ... . 2

11

30

" "

" . . ... . ..... , .... Flouring and Grist ... . . 2

14

15

Calhoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

"

. . .. . 3

10

50

.....
~
ti

"

" "

,",

"

"

'' .... . . . . . . . . . .. Sawmill . .. ... . .. . . .

1

6

12

Dougherty ..... . .. . .... Flouring and Grist.

1

12

40

"

.. .-.. . . ... . .. Sawmill .. .... . . . . .

1

20

Worth . . . .... . .... ... . .

. . . .. ... . .. . . .. . 1

10

20

C'::j 1%1
,.~.......

"

"

" . . ... .. .. . ....... Flouring and Grist .... . 3

25

23 I

~

II

"

"

Early........ . . . .. . ... Cotton . . ... . . . .... ... . . 1

40

45

"'

"

"

" . . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . Flouring and Grist. .. . . 5

57

62

........ . ......... Sawmill ...... . ..... . .. . 1

9

10

'

"

'' .. . .. . . Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ...... .. ... . ... . 1

8

12

" "

" . . . . . . . " ... . .. . . .. .. ... . . Flouring and Grist .... . 1

8

40

" "

....... Baker........ .... ...... "

"

.. .. . 3

14

45

_ __"____'_'_____'_'_.'--'-- ... Decatur . ..... . .... ... .. "

"

1

5

8

A!~TAMA HA. BASlN -lMPORTANT STREAJvlS
0CMULGEE RIVER

STREAM

TRIBUTARY TO

COUNTY

REMARKS

Ocmulgee . .

Al tamaha River .... .

Mossy Creek ...... ...... Indian Creek .... ... . Houston . ...... . ..... .

S Cotton factory; 12 ft. fall; estimated :!.20 H. P.
1 (U. S. Census.)

Indian Creek.

. ... Ocmulgee River .... . " ......... ... ... .

Stone Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Bibb

.. . . ..... ................ .

S8 miles from
1 low water.

Macon; 8 cu. (Locke.)

ft.

per

sec.;

12ft. fall,

Echaconnee Creek ....... . "
Snake Creek .... . .... .... . " Tobesofkee Creek . ... . . .. . "

c j ""

Monroe and Crawford ....... . . Has several grist and sawmills. (U.S. Census.) Twiggs and Bibb .. .... .. ... .. .

.....

B

'bb
l

'

Monroe and

rawford . . . .

Frmeeaml awna'sterM. il(lL; o7c0kceu.). ft. per sec., 20ft. fall, nor-

Walnut Creek .. ......... . "

Falling Creek ............ . " Rum Creek .......... .... . "

Towaliga River . . . .

"

. .

.

.

.

J ones

an d

B'bb 1

.

.



.



.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

1S. Ma(Lcoocnk; e5.)cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall, low water.

" .... . Jones ...... . ..... . ..... .. ... .

" ... . Monroe .... . .... ... ........... .

"

.....

Henry,

Butts and Monroe

.....

{

High falls ; above, and

see Power Table. Has other shoals Willis Shoals nearer mouth; 10ft. fall.

South Towaliga

River.. ...

Towaliga River. ... ..

Monroe ...... ... . . ...... . .....

Has two mills; one of { U.S. Census.)

them

has

37 ft.

head.

(lOth

Towaliga Creek . . . . . . . . . . "

" ...... Henry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Tussahaw: Creek . . . . . .... Ocmulgee River .... . Henry and Butts .... ......... .

Alco':'y Rn,.er . . . . . . . . . . . . "

'' . ..... Newton and Walton .. ... .. . .. .

BCiogrmFslahtCCrereekek. ...................... Alco"vy Ri'v' er. . . . . . Wa"lton

lC ~earhCR~ek .
vVl~ t l cer.

.k.

............

............

" " Ocm u l ge e

....... River. . . .

. .

Newton: . .

: : : ::::::::: : . .. . .. . . . . .. .

: . . :: : : :: . ........

: .

Sh1

r;e .......... South River......... Newton .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . ...

ee ree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' . . . . . . . . . ''

Walnut Creek....... .... .. " " ......... Henry .. ::::::::::::: : :::::::::

Cotton River . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' "

"

{

Has several mills and dry weather. (lOth

sites, U.S.

and is a Census.)

good

stream

in

Snap Finger Creek ........ South River......... DeKalb .. . . .. . . . . ............ .

{

At Mitchell's (Frobel.)

mill,

20

en.

ft.

per

sec. ; low

water

ALTAMAHA BASIN- IMPORTANT STREAMS- Continued

STREAM

TRIBUTARY TO

COUNTY

REMARKS

Pole Bridge Creek ........ South River ......... R ockdale ........... . ......... 14.6 cu. ft. per sec.; extreme low water. (Frobel.)

Honey Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . ''

.... . ...... ... .... 14.3 cu. ft. per sec.; extreme low water. (Frobel.)

Six miles above Rockdale Paper Mill is Raker's Mill,

Yellow River .............. OcmulgeeRiver.... . Newton, Rockdale, Gwinnett .

{

with 9 or 10 ft. fall, and 4 grist miUs above it. (lOth U.S. Census.)

Principal tributary of Yellow River. Has many

Big Haynes Creek ..

Yellow River ...... . "

"

"

1 available powers, and is a fine stream in all respects. (lOth U. S. Census.)

Little Haynes Creek .. ..... Big Haynes Creek .. .

OCONEE RIVER

Oconee River ...... .. .. .. . Altamaha River . . .. . Big Sandy Creek ...... . ... Oconee River . . ..... Wilkinson and Twiggs.

()Drfaailnl.age(Laorcekae,.)284 sq. miles. Myrick' s Mill, 8 ft.

Commissioners Creek .... . " Buffalo Creek ........... . . " Palmetto Creek ..... . .... . " Little River . ... . ... . ... . . "

........Tones and 'Wilkinson ... . .... Drainage area, J96 sq. miles.

" . ...... Washington..

Drainagearea, 2R6 sq. miles .

"

Drainage area, 375 sq. miles.

,,

Falls 62 ft. on five shoals in 12 miles. The largest

... , ... Morgan and Putnam. . . . . . . . . . . {

single sh oal is at Old Factory in Putnam county, 25 ft. in 900 feet.

Cedar Creek ....... . ...... Little River .... . .... Jasper, Jone!! and Balrlwln ..... .

Murder 0re<lk...... . ...... " " . ........ Jasper and Putnam ......... .. !Three miles from mouth; 18ft. fall in 600ft.

Indian Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .. ....... Morgan and Putnam .......... ,

Crooked Creek ........... . Oconee River........ Putnam ..... . ....... . ... . ... .

Shoulderbone Creek. . . . . . . " " - .. Hancock ...... .... .......... .

Sugar Creek.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' ..... , .. Morgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ApaI achee River

"

"

{ Gwinnett, 'Walton, )

S No surveys of the good powers of this river in Gwin-

Oconee >tnd Morgan j ( nett and walton counties h ave been made.

Hardlabor Creek .. . ... Apalachee River .... Morgan . . . . . . . . . ..... . , ... Has a shoal3 miles from its mouth; 10ft. fall.

Sandy Creek . ............. Hardlabor Creek.... " . . . . . .. . . . . . Shoal Creek............... Apalachee River . ... Walton . ...... ... . . ..

I. .. Has a shoal2 miles long, 8 miles from Madison.
. .

Middle Oconee River ....... Oconee River ....... Clarke , .Tackson and Hall . . . . .



20ft. in 900 ft. ; 24 ft . in 180 ft. ; and 20 ft. in 600ft. ;

Barber's Creek . . . . .. . . .._. . Mid. Oconee River . . Oconee and Clarke .... . .. . . . . . {

all in 3 miles, near mouth; 20 ft. utilized for paper-mill.

Mulberry Fork. . . ..... Mid. Oconee River . .. J ackson .. . . ..... . . . . ........ . . Good stream for power. No surveys .

North Oconee l{iver .. . ... Oconee R iver ... . ... . Clarke, J ackson and Hall . . . .. .

Big Sandy Creek .

. . North Oconee River.. J ackson a nd Clark e . . .... . .... .

Walnut Fork . ....

.: ,: :,

:, ,:,: . . Hall ...... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . ... .. P-:I(~~~!;~~;s Ford, 15.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 20ft. fall.

Allen's Fork . . . . . . . . . . . . Pond Fork . . .. . .... .. . ..
Curry's Creek . . . ... . . . . .. . 1, "

" . . . . . .. . . . .... , ... . ..... .. . Coun t y line ; 22.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall. (Barrow) . . " .......... ... ... . . . ...... . . Mangum's mill; 10.5cu. ft. per sec. ; 9ft. fall. (Barrow)
" " .. Jackson .... .. . . . . . . ... . .. .. .... Near Jefferson; 8 cu. ft. per sec ; 18ft. fall. (Bar row )

ALTAMAHA BASIN-WATER-POWERS

OOMULGEE RIV ER

Utilized Power

I I LOCATION OF POWER
I

POI~T OF SECTION

S lage of Water

Cubic Feet pPr Second

f all in ]'eet

Length of Shoal in Feet

Gross H. P. 1

Source of In forma-
tion.

REMARKS

YELLOW RIVER

. . .. '' ...
.. .. ..
. ....... .. . . .. .

Gwinnett
"
R o c k,, d al e

County. .. . .. .
,, .. .. .. .

Co,,unty

.. . . ...

... . ..

Fain's Mill ....... .. ....
Steadman's Mill ... ..... Rockdals Paper-mill....
Glenn Shoal .... . ... . .

LowSpr
"
Normal
"

...... .. Newton County. .. ... . . Bridge Shoal . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ..

10.0 64 .0 266 .6 283. 3
500.0

...... ..
. . . .. . .. 8 H. p

"

" ...... . . Oedar Shoals ... . . ..... . 0 0 515. 4

"

" ... . ... . Dried Indian Shoal ..... ...... . . 515.4

"

" .. . . . . . . Indian Fishery ... . . .... LowWr . ..

SOUTH RIVER

Utilized DeKalb County ..... . .. Flat Shoals_ ......... .. . "

74 .0

........ "

" . . . . . . . . Albert Shoal. . .... .. ..

"

Utilized Henry County . . . . . ~ .. .. McKnight's Mill. . . . .

"

... ' .... "

" . . . . . .. . . Peachstone Shoal..

"

135 H. P.

}

Newton

County

. . . . . . . Snapping Shoal. . .. . . . . .

F lush

40 H. P. "

None ..

"

" 0 [sland Shoal. ... . . . . .. LowWt " .. . ... Mann's Bridge... .. ' . . "

-~~~1
120.0 617.1 47.'J.O 488.3,

20.0 . ..... . .
30.0 . .. .... . 46 .0 3,365
12.0. . .... .

4.4. . ...

55.0 2,700

7.0 1,500

12.7

525

136 218

[Barrow
(.&L,,ocke

1,394 B.M. Hall

t 386

{

10th U.S Census

{Volu me

estimated.

250

Frobel, ~ Volume from C. C. AnderU.S.A.E son.

3,221 Anderson

{Porterdale Factory, 3 m. form Covington.

410 Frobel

764 Anderson {Cotton Gin.

24.0 . . ' ....
18 .0 ... ... ..

2G2

Frobel

{Cotton Factory of the Oglethorpe Mfg . Co .

11C0etnhsUus.S { .Nr ot u t1T1zed .

12.0 . . . .. . . . 126 Frobel

12.0 . . . ....

163 "

20.0

775 . ' ..... Anderson

{12ft. head utilized; 20 ft. head available.
f 28ft. fall in 1,500 ft.
L (C. Q. Anderson.)

16 .0

750 863

"

10 .0 3,000 555 "

1 Net H. P.=80% of Gross H . P .

ALCOVY RIVER .

r Low

BO H . P . Newton County .. ... .. . W h ite & Garner's Sh'ls. ) Wat'r

TOWALIG.A. RIVER.

l Fiush

30 H. P. l\fonroe County . . . . High Fall s. . ... . . . .. . . Low Wt

55.01 85.0 3,800
416.6 85.0 3,800 138.1 U6.8 . 1,200

I { 531 U.S. C.

L . W. vol. =_ 55 cu. ft. per sec. (lOth U . S. Censu s.)

4'02.4 Anderson.

I S

Newt<?n Factor y. durmg the war.

B

u

rned

1,520 Anderson. Utilized ; as grist m ill.

OCMULGEE lUVRR.

None Newton County . . . .. . .. Barnes' $hoals . ... .. ...

...20H. P . Butts County ....... . . . Key's Ferr y ......... .. .

None " "
20 H . P.

-" "

... . . . . ... Harper or P itman Shoal . . Pitman Ferry . ... . . ....

" . . ........ Roache's or Gar gle's Shl1

" " "

Small ( Mill

"

... Lamar's Shoals . ........ J "

50 H . P. Monroe County ... .. .. . Glover 's . . ... .. .. . .. . .. "

None

~'

"

Dames ...... . . . ..... . . "

" " "

Bib"b

"
County

...

..

......

L ong or Carden's Shoals Holton ...... . ..........

" "

" . .... ... ... Macon ... . ... . ... . ..... ,",

"

" " . . . . . . . . . . . Proposed Macon Canal .

NORTH OCONEE RIVER .

32 H. P. J ackson County . ...... Hurricane Shoal . .. . . .. "

........ "

" ... .. .. . Tumbling Shoal. . . . .. . . "

200 ~ ;P. Cl~rke Co~nty

Athen~ Factory . ...... . "

200



.. . Georg1a F actory.. . .... . "

... .. .. . H all County . ... .. . ... Car nesville and Gaines-

ville Road .. . ... . .. . . .

1,015.0 14. 0 1,300 1,614 " 1,386.6 7.5 l,IJOO 1,172 " 1,476.6 28.0 5,500 4,698 " 1,476.6 6.0 1,650 1,006 " 2,116.6 6.4 3,350 1,539 "

j At junct ion of Sou t h and

( Yellow R ivers.

~

c
~

Below ferry. At Smith's ferry.

0 ~

2, 116.6 18.0 1,000 4,328 "

2,116.6 16.0' 4,000 3,848 2,116.6 6.0 1,500 1,443 2,116.6 9.0 4,500 2,164

"
," ,

2, 1!!5.0 2, 156.0

.

.

60 ....

3,960 1,449

"

2,116.6 40.0 10 m . 9,621 "

~

"c 3
~...,

;2

Fall and d ist. taken fr om to;

{ l Oth U. S. Cen .

p.

~

76.1 300

600 237

126.0 8.0

600 113

331.9 12.0 . .

........ At Athens.

21.0 2,100 704 Anderson. Near junction of river s.

31.5 10.0

34 Bar row.

MIDDLE OCONEE RIVER.

None Jackson County ........ 'allassee Brid ge ... . ... Low Wt

..... Clarke County ... . ..... McElroy's Mill . .. . .... . "

60 H . P. "

" .... . ... . Princet on F actory . . ... . "

241.3 32.0 3,600 241.3 23.0 2,600 2U0.6 15.0 Dam

999 And er son.

S l

Total fall in less t

said han

tobe 58 a mile.

ft.

718 "

495

APALACHEE R IVER

. . Oconee County . . . . ..... J ust above High Sh oals .. .

150 H .P. "

" .. .. .. .. . High Shoals . . .. .. .. ... Normal.

30 H.P. "

'' .. . . .... . Price's Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . "

20.0 13fl.61 50.0 ld9.6 19.0

....... U.S. Cen. 600 792 Anderson . 900 301 "

PUotwileizr,ed1l LOCATION OF PO..WE R

ALTAMAHA BASIN-WATER-POWERS-Gontinued

POINT OF SECTION.

j I l I Stage 0 f . FCeeutbpicer Fa11 in oLfeSph.gotahl Gross, SInofuorrcme ao-f

I l W&ter. Second. Feet. in Feet. H. P.

tion.

REMARKS.

........ Morgan County ........ Furlow's Shoals ........ Low Wr

"

" ' ....... Reid'sMill. . . . . . . . . . . . . "

OCONEE RIVER.
150 H.P. Oconee County ....... -. ~arnett's Shoal ....... . "

........ M~rgan County ..... , .. Scull's Shoal .......... .

"

", ........ Park's Mill. . ......... .

. . . . . . . .Intervening two shoals ..................... .

........ Putnam County ........ Long Shoal ........... .

. . . . . . . . Intervening six shoals....... . ................. . . .. . . . .. Baldwin County........ Milledgeville .......... . ........ Hall County. , ......... 6 miles from Gainesville ....... .
LITTLE .RIVER.
. . . . . . .. Putnam County ... : .... SitP, of old Eatonton F'y Low Wr

" "

. . . .. .. . Grist mill ............ .. ,",
" "

" ........ Pierson's Mill......... . "

"

" ........ Humber's Mill ... : .... . "

47.0 76.0 624.1
533.3 740.0 30.

26.0 4,200 8.0 ' ...... .
54.0 4,000
10.0 Dam 8.0 ,, 7.0 ....... .
12.D 1,300
33.0 ....... . 34.05 or6m 39.0 '' ......

139 U. S. Cen. 81 at mill, and 18' above. 69 "

5 miles below junction of

3,830 Anderson. {

Midd~e and North Oconee nvers.

5IOth U. {Powell Mfg. Co.'s dam

( S; Cen. backs water 2 miles.

" Grist mill.

"

Old factory SI.te, not in

726 "

{

use. Head can be Inade 15 or 20 feet by dam

0 2,859 { 1 ~~h ~- Canal proposed. 133 Anderson. Head waters.

45.0 108.0

25.0 900
8.0 ... . ..... 13.5 7.0 ....... 9.0

127

~lOth U . S. Cen.

{Volume estimated. utilized power.

No

" " " 110 " !Volume estimated.

1 NetH. P. = 80 per cent. of grossH. P. NoTlil.-The foregoing is a very imperfect statement concerning the water-powers of the Altamaha Basin; but it is the best that can be done with the data at hand.

CANE CREEK FALLS NEAR DAHLONEGA GA

ALTAMAHA BASIN-/ UTILIZED POWER

STREAM

COUNTY

KIND OF MILL

No. of Mills

l'li.'noUtasFleJeId'ea,tlliTHo.Pta.Ul NseedtlI!

Tributaries to Altamaha River . . Tattnall .... . .. ... . . . .. Flour and Grist .. .. .. . . 3

62

"

''

"

...... .. ... . ... Sawn1ill ...... .. . - .... .

2

21

55

"

"

. . Johnson .. .... . .... .. ... Flour and Grist ... . . .. . 2

15

24

Oconee River . . .. . . .... ...... . Baldwin . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . " " " .. ...... . 2

12

70

"

................... Putnam . .... . .......... " '' "

2

15

70

;; :: .... ... ..... . .... . .. Greene . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Cotton Factory ..... . . . 1

10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... . .. ...... . .. Flour and Grist . .... . .

3

26

104

" " .................. .. Clarke .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . . '' " "

1

8

6

Little River .. .. . . . .............. Putnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

4

32

165

'' " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . ..... ..... . . ... Sawmill . . . . . . . ..... . .. .

1

7

20

" ' ' .. .. ... , . . .. . . . . . . . . Morgan . ..... ..... ..... Flour and Grist ..... . . . 2

22

25

''

Newton .... .-.... .. .. .... '' ''

a . : - .

''

''

2

47

30

" " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. .... .... ... . .. Cotton Gin .. ... .. .... . 1

25

15

" " .... ... .... . ... .. .... Walton ... . .. .......... Flour and Grist .. : .... .

1

40

45

Apalachee River ... . . . ...... .. .. Morgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 11 " ...

1

20

20

::

:: .. . ... ...... .. .. Walton ... ............. Cotton Factory ... . . ..

1

20

100

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. . .. .... . .. .... Flour and Grist . .. .. . . . 5

42

124

"

" ..... .. . .. ...... Gwinnett .. .. . .. .. .. .. . " " "

1

22

10

Other Tributaries of

Oconee River . . ... . .. . .... . . . . Laurens . .... . ... . . . . . . . " " "

3

34

50

" " .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. " ................ Sawmill. . ... ........... . 2

22

50

" " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Johnson ................ Flour and Grist . .. ... . . 2

16

23

" . ..... ........... Twiggs. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. " " ...

3

63

"

" . .. . . . . . . . . . . " ...... . ..... .. .. Sawmill . .... : ......... .

1

6

20

" .... . . .. . .. ... . .. Washington ............ Flour and Grist. ~ .

3

58

" " ... .............. Wilkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

12

69

140

'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

.. ... ........ Sawn1ill ........... ... . . 8

4

102

" :: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

... . . . ... .... Agricultural Implem'ts. 1

3

4

"

. ......... ..... . ..Hancock ... ... ..... . ... Flour and Grist ...... .

6

94

95

'' ........ . ........ (Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' ''

4

6C

98

" " .... . . .. .. . .... .. Baldwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

" '' ... ........ .. .. .. Jasper ........ .. .. . : .. . "

"

"

" .. .... .. .... ..... Putnam. .... .. .. . ... . . . " " "

3

37

60

2

30

32

6

73

178

REMARKS.

STHEAM

ALTAMAHA BASIN- UTI LIZED POWER- Continued.

COUNTY

0

KIND OF MILL

I I I No. of
Mills

Tio~tsa;l~F~atll

Total Ne1 H.P. Use d

HEMAHKS

Other Tributaries of

Oconee River.. . .......... Putnam .. .. .... .. ..... . Sawmill ......... . .. . _

1

8

~5

<;:)

''

... ... . .. ... . ... . ~1organ ....... . . . . . . .... Flour and Grist ... .

7

90

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Valton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

6

91

122

t>J 0
~

"

,.. .. .. ..

Greene ......... .. .. 00 ..

"

.. _.... .. . 00. ..

.. .. ... .. . .. ... .. Sawmill ... ..

1

16

50

1

23

32

<;:)
~

,",

. . . . . . . . .

. ........... . .... Cotton Gin .. . .

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . Oconee .... ..... . .. .... Flour and Grist . . .

2

41

11

1

22

30

tl:l

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oglethorpe . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' "

2

56

30

~
i%>

,, . . .. . . .. '.. . ..... ,,

... . . . . . .. . .. sa,mill .. . .

4

128

100

" "

. . . . . Gwinnett . ... . . . . . . .... Woolen-mill .. . .. . . . . .. ' 1

16

12

North Oconee River . . . . .... .. .. ,clarke .. .... ...... . . . .. Cotton Factory ....... . .1 2

32

330

Middle Oconee Hiver ....

. ..... . . . .. . .. , . "

"

1

20

100

"c '
~
c~::,
iJ.

North and Middle Oconee

t'<

and Tributaries. .. . . .
"

",,

.... . ............ Sawmill . ... . .... .. . ...... Paper-mill ........... . .

1 1

12 16

10
75

... .. .. .. ..... Flour and Grist . .. . . . . .

4

52

82

iJ.
~

Gwinnett

''

1

32

26

~

"

. :: : : : :::::: Sawmill .. 00 00 00:: : ::: . :

12

12

. ..... Madison .. . . .. . . . . .... Flour and Grist .... . . .

2

29

18

,,

...... Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" .. . .. .... . . ... . .. . . Sawn1ill . ... . . .

1!

170

130

1

16

15

.... . . Jackson ... . . ... . . . . ... .

8

146

141

~
t:::l c::::
i%> "'3 .~.....

Flour and Grist ....... . 13 201

187

"

Cotton Gin ... .. . . . . .. . .

5

82

70

iJ. ~

"

"

... . . 00 ......... Leather,.: .. . 00 ..... ... I 00 .. . .. .. 00. IVoolen-1mll . 00.00 ... . .

1 1

30 8

10 6

Ocmulgee River.

. ... Monroe ... ... .. . . . . .... Flour and Grist . ... . .. .

1

12

''

"' ..... . . . .. . . . . ... Jones . ..... . .... . ...... '' ''

1

12

.... . .... . ....... Butts ...

"

4

48

103

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... . ... . . . ...... Sawmill ... .... . . .. . ... .

1

12

40

"

" ... . ....... . . .... Jasper ..... .. . . . . . . .... Woolen-mill ........ . . .

1

12

6

" ... . . . ..... ... ... Henry .. . .. .. .. . . . . .... Flour and Grist ... . . . . .

~

34

14

Trib,u, taries of Ocrnulgee River . . Wilcox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

"

.. Wilcox . .

. ...... . Sawmill...... . ....... . .

,",

"

. . Dodge .. ......... . . . .. . Flour and Grist ...... . .

1

6

I 1

6

1

"

.. Pulaski . . . .

'' ' "

5

45

" "

" " "

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen-rnill ... ..... . . . 1

9

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill....... . . .... .. _I l

9

. . Houston ... . .. . . .

3

25

,",

"

" .... ... . .. .. .... Flour and Grist .

10

'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotton Factory ...... . . 1

12

" ",,

,", " "

.. Twiggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flour and Grist

1

s

. . Crawford ... . . Bibb .....

"

,,

3

36

1

9

Sawmill

.... .... . . 1

9

"

"

"

Cotton Gin ......... . .. . 1

13

Towaliga I~iver .......... . ...... Monroe .. ..

(:

04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

" "
Saw~mill . .... .. ..

1

9

1

11

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

. . . . . . . ... Flour and Grist .... . . . . 3

39

,,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Wool Carder .......... . 1

5

,,

..... . . .. ... . ... Henry ... . . . ......... . . Flour and Grist. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. " . .. ... .......... Sawmill .. . ....... .. ..

2
2

100 30

Alcovy Hiver .... .. . . .... . ... Newton.... ...

Cotton Gin .......... . . . 1

6

,," " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

.. . . . .. . . .. . . Flour and Grist .. ..... . 2

30

"

. . .. .. . ... . . . ...

. .... Sawmill .. . .. ... .... . . .

I

19

....... . . . . . .. . . . . Walton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour and Grist .... . .. . 2

66

. ..... .. ... . ... . ... Gwinnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " "

3

34

" " ..... , .. .. .. .. .. .. . "

...... \Vheelwright .......... . 1

14

Yellow River ...... . . . .... . . ..... Newton . . . . . .. . . .. .... Cotton Factory ... .... . 1

16

" " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ... . ... . -... ..... Paper-mill ..... ....... . 1

20

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

....... . . Flour and Grist ... ... . . 1

21

"

.. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. " ...... . ........ Sawmill .............. .. .2

,,

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rockdale.. ..... . . ...... F lour and Grist ....... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ... . ... . ...... Sawmill. . .. .... .. ..... .

2 1

24 14

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . ... . . . . ... .. Cotton Gin .... ...... . . . 1

'"14

",, "

" ....................

. ...... . ...... Furniture . ..... ....... .

",,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ; . . ........... Paper-mill ........ . ... . ......... . ...... DeKalb . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Flour and Grist ..... . . .

1 1 1

14 18 7

,," " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

.... ... ......... Cotton Gin ......... . ...

1

,, ,,

...... .. .... IGwinnett ....... . ..... Flour and Grist .. . .. .

6

" ................. . "

.. .. .......... Furniture.

1

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . .. ... .. ..... . SawmiH .... .. .. .

1 1

7 GG 8 l4

4 24 10
46
4 15 46 186 60 11
90
:20 30
8 12 15 76
4
120
3()
20 40 15 18
54
5 76 60 25 80 70 10 10 10 110 Rockdale Paper-mill. 15 6 126 10 15

ALTAMAHA BASIN-UTILIZED POWER-Continued

STREAM

COUNTY

KIND OF MILL

I No. of
Mllls

!TionUtaFsleeFdea,tll THo.Pt.aUl l's\ee0t j

REMARKS

So,~th ~fver . . . .. . . ...... . ....... DeKalb ... . . . . .. . ... ... Cotton Factory

1

2S

,, "

........ ..... . Henry ............ . .... Flour and Grist . . . . .. . :: . .. . .. ... . Agricultural Implem' ts

1 1

8

20

9

3

~

"
" .".

. . .... . . ... . .

... . ........... . Furniture .......... . .. .

" ..... ..... . . Sawmill. ..... . ..... ... . . .. .. . .. . . . .... .... . Newton .. ........ .. . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 1

"

" . . . ... .... .. .... Flour and Grist ....... . . ... ..... .. . ...... . Rockdale.... . . ........ . " " "

1 2

" "




" . ... . ; . ........ . Cotton Gin . ... ....... . . 11 . Furniture . ......... ... .

1 1

" "

. .. .. . . . .. . DeKalb ..... . ......... . Flour and Grist....... . 2

" . . .. . . . ... . . .. .. Sawmill .. . . .. ... .... . . . 1

. . .

11 .. .. Cotton Gin .. .. .....

1

. .... . . .

" , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture ... .... . . .. . . . 1

9

3

9

20

30

10

30

25

24

39

16

4

9

6

35

65

10

15

10

12

10

5

c
~
;~;;:
fS
~
c'"3 ~ ~

" " .. . ... Fulton ... . .. . . .... ..... Sawmill .... .. . .. ... . .. . 1

22

9

t-o

"

" ... ....... . .. .. . Flour and Grist... .... . 2

Other Tribut'ries of Ocmulgee R. Pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

~'

, " .... Monroe . ... : . . . ::.. . . .. '' '' "

2 11

"

''

" ....... ..... . . Sawmill . .... ... ....... . 1

"

" . . ... .. . . .... Cotton Gin .......... . . . 1

34

24

74

55

157 148

11

9

11

5

~
~ t;::)
.... ~

;;

" ... . Henry ........ . . ... . . . Flour and Grist... . .. . . 3

78

38

" ... ...... . ..... . Sawmill............... . 2

"'

" .... Butts . . . .... ... ... ..... Flour and Grist .... .. . .

Trib~taries of South Ri~er ... ... Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

11

11 .

4 3

33 52
119

23
45 26

~ ~
~

"

.... " ''

..... ... ....... . Sawmill.......... . .. .. . 1 . . .... . . . . ... ~ .. Woolen-Inill. .. .. .. ... . . 1

10

10

5

~

"

" .... Clayton ...... . ......... Flour and Grist .... .. . . 2

" ... . Rockdale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

3

36

33

62

48

" " " "

"

" . . ... ...... ... Sawmill............ . .. . 1

" ........... . .. Cotton Gin . .. . .... .. .. . 2

. . . . " ..... .. . .. .... Leather. . ...... :. ... .. ., 1

,", . ... Newton ... . ......... .. . Flour and Grist .... . . . . 1

.... DeKalb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " '' . ..... . . 10

18

6

31

22

8

4

30

12

180 128

TOCCOA FALLS.

,,

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . " .. .. .. . ..... . . . .!Sawmill ... ... ... .. ... . . 3

44

30

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . ... ... . . .... . I'Cotton Gin . .... ... ... .. 6 '' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' .... . . . . .. . . . . . . Paper-mill . .. . . ... .. . .. . 3

"

''

. . . . .. .... . ... . Newton .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. Leather. . . . .. . . .... . .. . 1

'' ..... ...... . ..... . '' . .... ... ... . .. . . Cotton Gin . ..... .. .. .. . 1

108

54

99 152

15

20

15

15

Tribut aries of Yellow River..... " . . .. . . ... .. .... .,Flour and Grist.. .. . ... . 2

37

18

"

"

.. .. . " .. .. .... . ....... Cot ton Gin . . ..... .. .. . 1

12

8

"

"

. ... . Rockdale ... .... ... .. . . . Flour and Grist . . .... . . 3

70

73

"

"

" .. . ......... . . . Sawmill .. . . .. . ..... . .. . 1

13

~

..... Walton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. .. ... . . . ... . . . 1

15

8

t;;J

"

"

.. .... . . .. .... .. Flour and Grist .. .. . .. . 3

35

22

"

.. .. . Gwinnett.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " "

2

51

10

. . ... DeKalb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' "

2

26

25

0
~
~

"

"

" .. .. ..... . .. .. .. Sawmill. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2

55

20

"

"

" . . . . ........ . ... Cotton Gin ..... . . .. .. . . 2

"

"

.. .. . '' .... ... .. .. ......Furniture. .. ... .... .. .. 1

Tributaries of Alcovy R iver . .. ... Walton .. ... . . .. .. .. ... ,Flour and Gr ist ... ... ... 1

32

33

15

3

18

8

R...l.
1:1.2 '"3

"

" . . . . .. Gwinnett.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . '' " " .. ... . . . 2

54

32

::

::

: ::: :

;:

:::: : ::: : ::: 1~!:~1~1?~~ . .:::::.. : .: .

1 1

15

5

18

20

0
~ ....
f.:

t:-<

;:...

!;;:~

t:.l
....
!;;:~

0

C:1
1:1.2
.;~:......

!:"

OGEECHEE BASIN-UTILIZED POWER.

STREAM

COUNTY

KIND OF MILL

I No. of
Mills

l \

Fall Used, in Feet

I Total Net
H. P. Used

REMARKS

Ogeechee River .......... Warren .... , ... . ....... Flour and Grist-mill .

2

20.0

30

"

'' ........... Hancock . . . . . . . . . . . .

"

"

~

13.0

40

"

" ........... "

............ Woolen Mill (Carder) .. .

1

8

~
t'i 0

'' ........... \Varren ....... . ........ Cotton Factory . ........ .

1

1Ci .0

150

?;:!

''

........... Taliaferro . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour and Grist-mill ... .

1

22.0

15

Tributaries to

I

~ .,......

Ogeechee River .......... Liberty.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

"

1

9.0 - 20

"

" .. .. . .. .. .. "

............ Sawmill ................. , 2

27

"

". . ... . ...... Bulloch .... . . .......... Flour _and Grist mill ... .

5

36.0

20

.i:.l.:.i
IZl

. . .. . ... . ..

. ... .. . ..... Sawmills ................ 2

17.5

24

"

........... Screven..... . ........... Flour and Grist-mill .. . .

1

10.0

8

"

........... "

. . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill................ .

1

10.0

12

,,
"

.......... Burke .......... . ....... Flour and Grist-mill ... .

9

" ............ Jefferson............... '' '' . . . . . . . . . . Washington. . . . . . . . . .

"

'I 9

. ..

1

75.0

117

82.0

189

21 0

33

'"3 0
.?.;.:.! Q,...
,t.<..

"

........... Glascock...............

. .. .

4

60.0

54

. .. . "

....... . .... Sawmill. . . . . . . . . . ... .

2

23.0

27

'" ........... I-Iancock .. . . . .......... Flour and Grist-mill .... 1 2

42.0

30

"

" ........... 'I>Varren

" "

"

'

l

9.0

12

~
.... ~

<:::1 IZl '"3 l=<:l
~
~

SAVANNAH Bi~SIN-IMPORTANT STREAMS.

STREAMS

TRIBUTARY TO

COUNTY

REMARKS

Savannah River ........ Atlantic Ocean ....................................... .

Beaverdam Creek..

Savannah River ......... Screven..... . ...... . ..........

l
(

Jacrokswo)nboro,

87.3 cu. ft.

per

sec

; 7ft. fall.

(Bar-

Briar Creek............ "

. . . . . . . . . ,, ..... . ............ . ... Mill Haven, 565.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall. (Barrow.)

Rocky Creek . . . . . . . . . . "

" .........

. ......... . .... . . . ... Wade's Mill, 12 cu. ft. per sec.; 5 ft. fall. (Barrow.)

Spirit Creek ........... . "

'' ..... . ... Richmond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jl2Scu: ftC. pert sec. t;h8 ft. fall. (Barrow.) Little

"

( prmg r. a mou- .

Butler's Creek .... .... . "
Rock Creak ........... .

. ..................... .

Bottie's Creek......... . "

......... Columbia.... . . . .......

Kiokee Creek ... . .

"

"

) Near Appling, 30 cu. ft. per. sec.; 10ft. fall, low
l water. (Barrow).

Keg Creek............. . " Little River ........... . " Sweetwater Creek ..... . "

"

"

"
,,

~ Power at Mrs. J. Belknap Smiths; 47 cu. ft. per

........ McDuffie................. . ... : s:c.; 8ft. fall; 218 H. P. utilized by six mills on

, nver.

'

"

........ . .. . ........... _l Co(tBton car)d factory; 21 feet head ; 36 gross H. P. ( arrow.

Soap Creek . . .......... . "

Fishing Creek ......... "

Pistol Cre~k ...

"

Broad River . . .. .. .. ..

"

" . . ....... Lincoln ..................... )

" . . . . . . . . " and Wilkes ......... .

"

.. . .. .. ..

"

"

{ ~~t~&~~pe~:~~on, } ......

l Franklin Co., Toccoa and Carnesville Road, 50 cu.
( ft. per sec.; low spring. (Barrow.)

Long Creek..

. .... Broad River ............. Oglethorpe ..... .

S. Fork, Broad River. . . " "

........... .

,,

54 m. from Lexington, 7.2 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall.
( (Barrow.)
5At Eberhart's Mill, 80ft. fall in 1 m. :u. S. Cens.)
(At Watson's Mill, 30ft. fall in 1m. (U.S. Cens.)

Groves Creek... ........ S. Fork, Broad River. . . . "

................. .

Cloud's Creek. . . . . . . . . . "

"

. . . .

. ................ .

Beaverdam Creek. . . . . . "

"

"

and Madison .... .

Millshoal Creek . . . . . . . . "

"

. . . Madison ......................

Bushy Creek........... "

"

" ..................... .

N. Fork, Broad River ... Broad River ........... Franklin and Madison ....... .

SAVANNAH BASIN-IMPORTA:NT STREAMS-Continued.

STREAM.

TRIBUTARY TO

COUNTY.

REMARKS.

Hudson's Fork .........

N. Fork, Broad River .... !Banks and

Franklin

....... ..

S Homer and Mt. .Airy Road, 77.3 cu . ft.
1 mal. (Locke.)

per sec., nor.

Unawattee Creek . . . . . . "

" "

)Franklin........

.

.

..... ... .

I 4 miles from Carnesville, 50
{ mal. (Barrow.)

cu.

ft.

per second, nor-

IVebb's Creek .......... Hudson Fork, Br'd River,Banks . .. ..... .............. .

Bear Creek ...... ..... .. N. Fork, Broad River ... . Franklin .... . . . .

Point east of So. uthern R'y, 30cu. ft.per sec. (Barrow)

Beaverdam

Creek

..

..

..

Savannah

River .

.... ...

. Elbert

. ... ... .. .. .. . . . .. .. . ..

{

Stream sho.als.

has 9 mills (U.S. C.)

and

several

good

undeveloped

Cold vVater Creek...... "

" , . . , .... Elbert . .. . ........ ... .... . .. .

Lightwood.Log Creek.. "

" . . ...... Hart .............. . .... . . .. .

:::::::: :::: Tugalo River. . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Panther Creek ......... Tugalo River.

. : : : ::: :: H~b~~~h~.I~;::::::

Walker's mill, 4.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 20ft. fall . (Barrow) .

Tallulah River. . . ..... Toccoa Creek . . . . . . . . . .

" " " "

l ... . .. .. . . Rabun ........... . ... ... .... Tallulah Falls. (See Power Table.)

......... ...................... ...

To~c~~c{::~s, 5.2 cu. ft. per sec.; 190ft. fall. (Barrow

Pers1 mmon creek . . . . . . Ta11u1ah R'rver . . . . . . . . . . .Rabun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

{Pa(rCk.eCr '.sA.mnidlle,rs3o33n..7) cu. ft. per sec., normal.

Ohattooga River ........ Tugalo River. . . . . . . . . . . Rabun . . . . . . .. . ......... .

,, StekoaOreek .. .......
War IVoman Creek . ..

.. . .

Chatuga

R,, iver

. .. ....... ....... . ..

Rabun Rabun

. . .... .. .. . .......... . . .... .. ... .: ... .. ... .. .

S Near Clayton, 3.7 cu. ft. ( ft. per sec. (Barrow.)

per sec.

At mouth, 30 cu.

Wildcat Creek .. .. ... . . "

. ... Rabun ...... . . . . . . . ..... . At mouth, 50 cu. ft. per sec. , low water. (Barrow.)

Tiger Creek ..... . ... . . "

.... .... .. .Rabun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !At m outh, 40.6 cu. ft. per sec., low water. (Barrow)

HIGH FALLS O.F THE TOW ALIGA, 1\lONIWE COUNTY.

SAVANNAH BASIN-WATER-POWERS

.... ~ ==L=o=c=A=T=T=o=N==o=F==w=A=T=E=n===rl======================~=s=t=a~=e==of~~==c=u=b=ic~~F==al=t=i=n~=L==e,=,g=t=h~~==G==ro=s=s==l~s======f~~================~=======

POWE'R '

~OINT OF SKCTION

w;>ter Feet per Feet oi Shoal, H p , ltfoourlllrc;tol.Oll

Becond

in Feet

~

REMARKS

I TAJ.LULAH RIVER
I Rabun County ...... . .. Tallulah Falls. . . .. . . . . ... . Normal

723 . 3 335. 01

TUGALO RIVER

H abersham Cou nty .. . . Mouth of Tallulah River .. Low Wat'r 654 .0 75.0

Franklin Count

"

"

Hart Oounty . .

y .

.... . . . . ......
.. . . . . .

Eastonolly Shoals ... .

Stribli Guest

nSghoSahlo.a.ls.

.
.

. .
..

. ..
.. .

..
.. ..

.
. .

..
.. ..

" " "

"

" .......... Hatton Shoal . . . . . . . . . . . - . "

.. . . .. 4 .0 . . . . . . 2;0 290 .0 17.0 290 .0 39 .0

BROAD RIVER

Elber t County . .. ... . . . Baker's F erry. . ..... . . ~ . . . "

" "

" "

. .

. .

. .

... ...

.. ..

.. ..

SAmn tihthonSyh'osaSlsh.o.a.l.s.......

.
.

.
.

..
..

..
..

" "

600 .0 3 .0 600 .0 70 .0 600 .0 10.0

SAVANNAli RIVER

H a rt County .. . . . . . . . .. McDaniel's Shoals .. : ... ... . . . . .. 766 .6 30 .0

Elbert County ... . . .... Ferrill's Ledge . . . . ..... ... . .... . 766.6 3.0

"

"

Middle ton's Shoals . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 833 .3 18. 0

" "

" "

:::: : ~: : Gregg' s Shoal. . . .. . . ...... . ....... Bowman's Ledge ..........

......

833 .3 14 .0 880 .0 3 .0

"

"

. .. .. .. Che rokee Sh oal 0 880 .0 9.0

"

"

Trotter's Shoal. . . . ..... . ..

Lincoln County : : : : : : : : Long Shoal .. .. . . . ..... . . ...

. . . .. . 107. 5
.. .... 1,800 .0

75. 0 35 .0

... ... .... rax. Columbia County . . . .. .
Richmond County .... ..

Blue J acket Shoal ......... Augusta . . ... . '

.. .... LDrySeaYs'orns

2,166 .6 2,400 .0

"

"

.. .. Augusta .. . .. .

Storawgieth 6,000.01

10 . 0 50 .0 50 .0

"

"



5
~

Same a ttain

w ith able

av .. .

~~~~~

~~~d

~r~e;~~~-

2,400 .0

40 .9

'Net H. P. = 80 pe r cent. of gross H. P.

I
4,000 27,170

2Y.m.
2,640 2,640 5,280 8,000

5,573
. .....# 560 1,280

600 6,600 2,640

204 4,7.72
68 1

5m 2,600

360

260

5,280 1,700

5,280 1,325

120

300

2,640

900

7m 9,165

5 m _ 7,250

600 2,350

Canal7

mi,l,es

13,636

I 34,090

"

10,908

Anderson
{J.P. Car-
son,.Ass't U.S.Eu g .
'
"
lOth U. S.
Census
"
" " "
" " " " " " " " " " " "

{Fall said to be oveJ 70 ft. in 1~ mtles. U. B. Census .)

{Volume as given by U.S. Eng. J. P . Carson, 1,725 cu. ft. per second .

Vol. etc., 1,750eu. ft. per sec.

Vol. etc ., 1,873.3 " "

Vol. etc., 2,000. " Vol. etc., 2,100. "
,. Vol. etc., 2,150. "
Vol. etc., 2,400.

.""
"

Vol. etc., 2,775 " "

{ T.a.n. d' "fa'cOtWorMy s'ihteosw. oMWfg". 'CWos". buy sites. and lease power.

SAVANNAH BASIN-UTILIZED POWER.

STREAM

COUNTY

KIND OF MILL

I No . of
Mills.

'TotUasl edFall'HT.oPta.lUNseetd

REMARKS

I Savannah River . , .. ... . .. . Richmond .............. Miscellaneous . ... . ... ... . 15

3,650

"

" .. . ...... . Lincoln ........... . .... Flour and Grist .......... . 3

14

32

"

" . . . . . . . . . Elbert ..... . ......... .. . " " '' ... .. .... .

2

19

115

Tributaries of Savannah R Effingham. ~ ... . ........ Sawmill ........... . ..... . 1

6

20

~
c
~

"

''

Burke ...-............. .. Flour and Grist.. , ...... .. . 8

72

96

"

"

Richmond . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " ......... . . 11

125

190

Cj'}
~

"

"

"

........ . ... Sawmill ................. . 8

100

209

"

"

"

............ Cotton Factory ... .. ..... . 1

9

50

"

"

"

. . . . . . . . . . . Woolen-mill . .... . ..... . . . 1

9

45

~
1':Q

Little River...... . ........ Lincoln ................ Sawmill ................ .. 3

24

45

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ...... . ...... ... Flour and Grist .... . ..... . 4

30

60

"

" ...... .. .... .. . McDuffie ... . .. .. .. .. . ..

" .. ... .... .. 1

9

60

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... .. . . .......... .. Gold Stamp-mill .. . ..... . 1

8

12

c"'l
.~.....
~

"

" . .... .. . .... . Wilkes ................. Flour and Grist .... .. ... . . 1

8

8

t::-<

''

'' .............. . Warren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' '' .......... .

1

8

30

"

" . .... . .. .. .. . .. Greene . ........... . . .. . Saw and Grist ...... .... . . . 1

14

5

Other Tributaries of Savan- Columbia .......... .... Flour and Grist . . . . ... ... . 5

69

91

~
~

nah River

" ...... . ......... Sawmill . . . . .. .... .... ... . 1

10

25

......

"

" . . . . . . . . . . McDuffie.... .... ..... . . Flour and Grist .... .. .... . 7

127

152

''

'' . .. .. . .. ... Warren... . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ''

.. . ... .. . . .

1

20

15

" . . . . . . . . . . . " ..... . .......... Sawmill... .. ............. . 1

12

12

~
<:::1 IZl

Broad River& Tributaries. Oglethorpe .......... . .. Flour and Grist .......... . 10

195

175

"

"

.'V! adison..... . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' " .... . ..... . 10

145

281

"

"

. .. ......... . ... Sawmill . . ... ......... ... . 5

61

64

"

"

Elbert ...... .. ...... ... Flour and Grist........ . . . 3

44

39

~
~ !:"'

''

"

Franklin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

h

"

... .. ..... .

9

163

''

.... ............ Sawmill .- .. .. .. .... . .. .... . 4

56

54

"

" .. . .. . .. .. .. .. Cotton Gin ........ . ...... . 6

83

53

"

"

Banks ............... .. . Sawmill ................. . 1

18

20

"

"

" .... ... ..... ... .,Flour and Grist .......... . 12

169

279

Other Tributaries of Savan- 'Wilkes .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . " " " ... . ...... . 7

85

nah

Elbert... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . " " " . ......... . 6

73

f~

"

" .... . .. .. ... ..... Sawmill ................. . 1

14

I75
134 12

SAVANNAH BAI:-3IN-UTILIZED POWER-Continued

STREAM

COUNTY

KIND OF MILL

I No. of
Mills

!TotUasl edFall ' HTo. Pta.l UNseetd

Other Tributaries to Savan- Hart . .......... . . ... .. . Flour and Grist .... . .. .. . .

11

19!

156

nah River

" . . . . . . .. . ... . .... Sawmill . . . .. ... ... .. . . . . .

1

14

15

" .. .. . . . . . '' .................. Cotton Gin .... ....... .... .

8

99

50

Tributaries of Tugalo River '' .... ........ .. . ... Sa,:vmill . .. . ...... .. .... . .

1

30

10

"

'"'

"

" .... ........... .. . Flour and Grist .. . . ...... .

2

27

45

"

"

'' .... . . . . . . .........Cotton Factory .... .. ....

1

26

20

"

"

"

" .... .. . ....... .... wool Carder .... . ... ... . .

1

20

4.4

"

" Habersham... . . . .. ..... Flour and Grist ... . ..... . .

4

47

46

""

"

"

"

"

"

... ...... .. . Leather . . ............ .. .. .

1

16

6

"

.. . ..... . .. . Sawmill ..... . . .... .... . . .

3

46

58

"

"

"

"

. . ......... . Woolen-mill ...... . . . .... .

1

6

_ _"_ _ _ __ "

" Rabun . .... ........ ... Sawmill ................ .

1

14

8

OOKLOOKONEE AND SUWANNEE BASINS-UTILIZED POWER

REM ARKS

Ocklocknee R. and Trib'r's Colquitt . . . .... . . ...... Flour and Grist . . . . . . .. .

3

16

30

"

"

., Decatur . ..... .. ... . ... . " " '' . ... . .. . .

4

64

50

"

"

"

"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill ........ ..... .. .. .

1

6

12

"

"

'' Thomas .. .. .. ... : . . . . Flour and Grist... . .....

4

3:l

34

Ocilla R. and Tributaries.. "

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " . . .. . ... .

4

60

50

Tributaries of the Suwan- Berrien . . .. ......... .. . Woolen-mill .. .. ..... . . .. .

1

12

12

neE'l Ri ver

"

. . . . ...... . ... Flour and Grist .... . ..... .

10

82

145

"

"

"

..... . : ... . . .. Sawmill . . ...... . .. ..... . . .

1

9

10

"

" ... ; . . Brooks .. . .... . . . ...... Woolen-mill .. . . . . .. . .... .

1

12

"

"

"

. .... ......... Sawmill .... .. . ... ........ .

1

10

10

''

"

"

....... .. ..... Flour and Grist . ......... .

7

43

54

"

" .... .. Clinch . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . " " " ...... .. .

l

7

15

"

'' .... .. Eehols ... . ..... ..... . .. '' '' '~ . ... . . . ~ .

1

()

6

"

"

"

.. ........ ... . Cotton Gin .......... ..... .

1

12

6

"

" . . . . .. L owndes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill .... . .. . . .. .. ..... .

1

10

10

"

''

"

.. . .... .... ... Flour and Grist . . .. . ... . . .

8

80

77

"

'' .... .. Wilcox. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . " " " . .;...:...:...;..:...:...J...,.._ _.1:;._...:.6,.~_..:.__4,__~....:....._!.~--~~-------

124

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

SOILS.

The soils of Georgia vary greatly in different regions and present diversities of character corresponding to the differences in. composition of the underlying rocks from which they have been derived. With the exception of the alluvial deposits of .streailliS, they are everywhere the result of the weathering ofthe country rock; and in almost any railroad cut in the hilly upland part of the State; the different stages of weathering and decay can be observed, fro:tn the perfectly formed soil at the top, through coarse-grained gravelly soil and partially decayed rock to the fum underlying material .below.. Such being the case, the classification of the soils will necessarily .correspond .with that .of the different geological formations:
I11 the Paleozoic area the soils derived from those of the limestone beds, which.do not carry a large amount of silicious matter, and from the calcareous shales, are reddish loamy soils, and are a:in.ong the most fertile of any in the State.
Where a large amount of chert is present in the limestone, gray soils result, varying with locality in their fitness for agricultural purposes. The sandstDnes of the Paleozoic region form sandy soils, and the different shale formations give rise to a variety of soils, some, as mentioned above, that are . quite fertile, and others that are sterile;
In the Crystalline area two varieties of soils are distinguishabl~. The
to first gives rirse to the red Claylands and the other the gray, gravelly,
or sandy land,s. The red clay !loils are derived from schists, gneisses and granitoid rocks
containing ferro-magnesian minerals, yieldi11g on decomposition hydrated ferric oxide of iron, which gives to the soil1ts deep-red or bro:wnish-red stai:ri .
.The gray soils are coarser grained than the preceding and are derived from the disintegration of granites, and in some localities from gneisses, and grade. into . the finer graind red 'soils .wherever complete chemical decomposition has succeeded mechanical disintegration.
Most of the soils of the Crystaliine area: where not Il.aturally fertile respond well to fertilization, the.clay ,subsoil that underlies the most of them preventing the leaching out of plai,ttrfood. .
. Tqe . soils of the coastal plain regior,i. have been derived .principally from the Columbia and Lafayette forinations, and are prevailing sandy orclayeysands or loams.
Their constitution varies according .to locality from almost pure sand to the darkest brick~red1oams of the Lacfa~ette. At som~ places calca-

- - ,-~--- ------- - - - - -- - - - - - -.

----.

l

U:VON O:J1E 1\HNE,,'N~A~'{. TAYLORSVILL~1 POLl{ 001JNTY, (}A,

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

127

reous rocks underlying these formations outcrop, and at different points
limestones and marls have an important influence on the character of the
soil.
No detailed investigation from a geological standpoint has yet been
made on the soils of the southern part of the State.
.A. paper on the Mineral Resources of Georgia read by Prof.. S. W.
McCallie before the International Mining Congress held at Boise City,
will Idaho, in the.latter part od: July, 1901, form a fitting conclusion to
this chapter on the Geology of Georgia.
.A.ll of the great divisions of geological history are represented in Georgia with the exception probably of the Jura-trias. The northern and central parts of the. State known as the Crystalline area are made up largely of gneisses and schists, which are supposed to represent the southern extension of the old Archean continent. To the northeast of this ancient land surface and comprising the greater part of ten counties in the e~treme northwestern part of the State, occur the Paleozoic rocks; while to the south, extending over an area of 30,000 square miles, are the wide-spread deposits of the Cretaceous aitd the Tertiary periods. .A, State thus endowed with such diversity of geological formations must necessarily possess extensive and varied mineral resourc.es. In the discussion of these resources, many of which are in a large measure at present in an incipient stage of devel()pment, only those will be considered whose economic importance can not be questioned.
The red and the brown iron ores constitute one of the most important mineral resources here to be considered, and one that has been a continuous source of revenue to the State for more that half a century. These ores are confined mainly to the Paleozoic area of N()rthwest Georgia, where they occur in large quantities.
The brown iron ores, or more properly speaking, the limonites, are most abundant in Polk, Bartow and Floyd counties. . Nevertheless, workable deposits are also to be found, in every county in the northwestern part of the State with only one or two exceptions.
The brown iron ores are confined chiefly to two different geo~ogical horizons, viz., the Weisner quartzite, and the Knox d:ol()mite, the former of Cambrian, and the latter of Silurian age. The Weisner quartzite, which corresponds to the Potsdam sandstone of New York, is an extensive deposit of mountain-making metamorphic sandstone, forming the eastern boundary of the Paleozoic rocks. At many points the formation has been subjected to intense pressure during the process of mountainmaking, and as a result, its strata are frequently much folded and brecciated. .A.1ong the line where the dynamical forces have acted most energetically is a great displacement in the strata known as the Cartersville fault near which all of the main iron ore deposits of the W eiiSner quartzite are located. These ores, which always run high in metallic iron and low in s-qlphur and other impurities, often occur in well-defined fissure-veins, but generally they are found in the form of irregular de-

128

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

posits in the residual clays,_or as thick sheets, or blankets, overlying the metamorphic sandstone. The :fissure-veins vary from a few feet to several yards in width and frequently continue for a quarter of a mile or more in length. They always dip at a high angle and apparently extend to a great depth. .The me of these veins is generally more or less porous and is usually o an excellent quality.
The blanket deposits are not so plentiful as the residual or the fissure deposits; nevertheless they are of special economic interest on account o the large quantities o ore which they contain. These deposits in the extreme northeastern part o Bartow county, in what is 'known as the Sugar Hill district, often mantle the mountain side to the depth of many feet. One of the deposits of this district has been producing daily for the last few years from .twenty to thirty cars of high grade ore, and! yet there still remain large quantities of the ore in sight. It is questionable whether there are to he foUllld anywhere in the south brown iron ore deposits which will surpass, or even equal in kxtent, the blanket deposits of the Weisner quartzite of Bartow county.
The b!'lown iron ores of the Knox dolomite formation occur chiefly in the form of pockets or irregular deposits in the residual clays. These deposits are quite variable in size. Sometimes they produce only a few carloads of ore but generally they are far more extensive and cover a considerable area. Some of the individual deposits in the vicinity of Cedartown have been worked on an extensive scale for more th.an twenty years without exhausting the supply of ore. It is not an uncommon thing to find the deposits extending over six or eight acres, but in such cases the
deposit is not equally rich in all parts. The depth to which the ores of
t}le K111ox dolomite formation eX'tend, as well as its surface dimensions, is variable. In some instances the deposits are very superficial, extending only a few feBt below the surface, while in other cases they have beBll worked to the depth of eighty feet or more without reaching their limit.
In addition to the above brown iron ore bearing formations there are two others, viz.: the Deaton limestone and: the Fort Payne chert, which have also produced considerable ore. The ore from these formations is similar to the ore occurring in the Knox dolomite series though, as a general rule, it doBs not run as high in metallic iron.
The total amount of brown iron ore produced from these several deposits last year aggregated more .than 400,000 tons, thus making Georgia the third in the list of brown iron ore producing States in the south.
The Red I ron Ores.-The red, or fossil, iron ores of Georgia are con fined c)liefly to three counties in the extreme northwestern part of the State. These ores occur in what is known as the Rockwood formation, which is the northern extension of the Red Mountain, or the Clinton iron ore bearing series of Alabama. Stratigraphically, the Rockwood formation occupi~ the same position in the geological scale as the fossil iron ore bearing rocks of New York and Pennsylvania.
The Rockwood formation in Georgia is made up of shaleiSi, sandstones, and thin-bedded limestones with from one to three beds of fossil jron ore. The fo:rmation, though not n'cessarily ridge forming itself, always out-

GEORGIA: HI'STORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

129

,crops along the side or at the base of the mountains and ridges. It is exposed at the base of Sand, Lookout, Pigeon and Dirt Seller's mountains, and also along the slopes of Taylor's Ridge, where it attains a total thickness of several hundred feet.
The workable iron ore is found usrually near the center of the Rockwood formation, where it occurs in continuous beds varying from a few inches to several feet in thickness. Each of the beds, which usually dip at a low angle, generally carries two varieties of ore, viz. : the soft ore and the hard ore. The soft ore, which forms the weathered part of ,the bed, rarely ever extends to a depth of more than ten or fifteen feet '.below the surface. It differs from the hard ore mainly in having little or no lime present, and as a consequence, always runs higher in metallic iron than the hard ore. The relative chemical composition of the soft and the hard ore is shown by the following analyses:
Hard Ore.-Metallic iron, 32.19; lime, 23.19; phos., 0.804. Soft Ore.-'-Metallic iron, 59.00; silica, 9.11; phos., .092. Some idea may be had as to the abundance of the. red :liossil iron ores of Georgia, when it is stated that the aggregate length of ,the outcroppings Qf the beds, which average more than two feet in: thickness, is about 150 miles, and that in places the ore can be. economically mined to the depth of more than 200 feet. The output of the red iron ores of Georgia last year was not so great -as that of the brown iron ores. Nevertheless, should the price warrant it, the output of these ores could be increased to meet almost any demand. Coal.-The coal measures of Georgia which occur in the northwestern part of the State, form the the northern extension of the Warrior Coal Field of Alabama. They are confined chiefly to Sand and Lookout mountains in Dade, Walker, and Chattooga counties, where they cover a total area of about 200 square miles. The coal formation of Georgia, as elsewhere in the great Appalachian coal fields, is divided into upper and lDwer measures. The upper measures are best developed on Lookout mountain, in the vicinity of Durham coal :inine, where they attain a maximum thickness of about 900 feet. This division of the coal formation -carries seven different coal seams, but only one is worked at present. The lower coal measures are not so thick by many feet as the upper. However, they carry a greater number of workable coal seams. In the vicinity of Cole City, on Sand mountain, as many rus three different seams have been worked in the lower measures more or less extensively. In addition to the three workable coal seams here mentioned, the lowe!' measures contain two other seams which are pr1obably also workable in places. The coal obtained from both coal measures is an excellent quality of bituminous coal, well suited for coking and steam purposes. At present, there are three coal mines being operated in the State, two on Lookout, and one on Sand mountain, with a total output of about 14,000 tons per day, the greater part of which is used for coking purposes. Two of the mines, here referred to, are in the upper coal measures of Lookout, and the other is in the lower mea<Sures of Sand mountain. The mines on the

130

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

latter mountain have been worked almost continuously for more than half a century, and were among the first coal mines opened south of the Ohio river.
Manganese.-The manganese ores, like the browu iron ores, are confined chiefly to Bartow, Floyd and Polk counties. The largest and most productive deposits are found in Bartow county, in the vicinity of Cartersville, where the ores occur as irregular deposits in the residual clays derived from the Kno~ dolomite and the Weisner quartzite. The ores are,usually in the form of nodular concretions, varying from a fraction of an inch to a foot or more in diameter. In places these concretions become so abundant that they form beds.of considerable thickness. Deposits of this character which have been extensively worked, occur in the vicinity of Cave Spring, Polk county.
The manganese deposits of Georgia have been worked continuously for many years. During their early workings the ores were shipped to Eng land, but at present, they find a ready market at home, where they are used in the manufacture of steel and for bleaching purposes. In 1898, Georgia produced nearly 7,000 tons of manganese ore, which was ap proximately one half of the manganese produced in the United States. With the exception, probably, of Virginia, Georgia easily stands first in the list of manganese producing States in the Union.
Ochre.-Ochre deposits of commercial value are found at a number o: points throughout northwest Georgia, where they are always more or less intimately associated with the brown iron ores. The most extensive deposits are confined to the Weisner quartzite in Bartow county, near Cartersville. These deposits occur mostly along the western margin of the quartzite, where it has been much crushed and broken. According to Dr. C. W. Hayes, of the United States Geological Survey, the ochre forms a series of irregular branching veins, which intersect the fractured quartzite in all conceivable di_!ections. At some points the veins become greatly enlarged and contain large quantities of excellent ore. Deposits of this character, which have been worked for some years, are to be seen at the eastern end of the county bridge across the Etowah river, near Emerson; and also at a number of points along the western margin of the vVeisner quartzite north of that point. The ochre of these deposits, which is really only a pulverulent form of brown iron ore, is quite free from impurities, and well suited' for making linoleum and paint.
The output from the ochre mines in the Cartersville district last year was nearly 4,000 tons, about one-fourth of the ochre output of the United States. The greater part of the ochre now being mined in Bartow county is said to be shipped to England, where it is used in the manufacture of linoleum. In addition to the above named ochre, which is known as yellow ochre, Georgia also produces a considerable amount of red ochre, which is the pulverized, or ground red fossil iron ore, obtained chiefly from Walker county.
Bauxite.-Bauxite, a hydrate of alumina, first discorvered in America near Rome Ga., in 1887, is a clay-like mineral used .principally in the manufacture of alum and the metal alumi'nium. The Georgia deposits

~lNING ORE BY USE QF THE STEAl\1-SHOVEL, NEAR CEDARTOWN, POLK COUNTY, GA.

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

133

of this mineral are found mainly in Floyd, Polk, and Bartow counties,

where they occur in more or less extensive pockets associated with the

residual clays of the Knocx: dolomite. The size of these deposits, like

those of the brown iron ores, is quite variable. In some instances they

have been known to have produced several thousand tons, but :as a rule

the deposits are not so extensive. The physical appearance of the mineral

bauxite, which varies from 30 to 70 per cent. alumina, is often amor-

phous, resembling kaolin, but generally it has a concretionary or oolitic

structure.

The first bauxite mined in the United States was from Hermitage,

Floyd county, in 1889. Subsequent to this date, other mines were

opened in Floyd, Bartow and Polk counties, so that in a comparatively

short time the mining of bauxite in Georgia became a very important

and lucrative industry. '

The annual output from the Georgia bauxitB mines in the last few

years has varied from 1,000 to 7,000 tons, the greater part of which has

been shipped to Philadelphia, where it is used in the manufacture of

alum. Previous to the opening of the bauxite mines of Arkansas in

1899, Georgia and Alabama produced all the bauxite mined in America.

Oorundum.-Oorundum was first discovered in Georgia on Laurel

Creek, Rabun county, about 1871. This mineral has since been found

in greate,r or les(l deposits in a number of counties throughout the north-

ern part of the State. It occurs associated with peridotites, and other

baiSiic igneous rocks in the form of ~~regular veins and pocketB. The co-

rundum found in Georgia is usually pink, gray 'Or blue. It is rarely trans-

parent and as a consequence the gem sapphire or ruby is seldom met

with. In a few instances these gems are reported to have been found,

but they are probably of rare occurrence. The commercial value of the

Georgia corundum may therefore be said to depend upon its use in the

arts as an abrasive material.

Between 1880 and 1893, the corundum mines of the Laurel creek dis-

trict were extensively worked and became one of the main sources of sup-

ply to the corundum trade of the country. About the same time, corun-

dum was successfully mined at Track Rock, Union county, and favorable

prospects were later exposed in Habersham and other counties.

In recent years the corundum mines of Georgia have remained inac-

tive, due chiefly to the low price of corundum, and not as might be sup-

posed to the exhaustion o the deposits.

Asbestos.-For the last few years the chief supply of asbestos mined

in the United States has _been obtained from Georgia. The mine sup-

plying this material is located on Sal mountain, White county, in the

northern part of the State. Asbestos, like corundum, is always associated

with peridotites and other basic rocks. It exists in many localities in the

northern part of the State but at present it is worked only at the above

named mine. The asbestos of Georgia has never been investigated, and

as a result but little is known of the extent and commercial value of the

deposits.

.

Marbles.-Previous to 1884, the marbles of Georgia were practically

134

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

unknown as building and ornamental stones, but at present ,the output of the quarries exceeds that of any State in the Union, with the exception of Vermont.
The most valuable marbles of Georgia are those of the Crystalline area confined to Pickens, Cherokee, Gilmer and Fannin counties. These marbles occur in a narrow belt which runs parellel to the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern R. R., from near Canton, Cherokee county, to the Georgia-North Carolina State line, a distance of more than sixty miles. The main marble industry of the State is located in the vicinity of Tate, Pickens county, just north of the southern terminus of the belt where the deposit attains a thickness of nearly 200 feet.
The Pickens county marble has a coarse texture but admits of a very nne polish and is admirably suited both for building and ornamental purposes. In color the stone varies from white to almost black. A :flesh<Jolored variety is also found in considerable abundance: The physical and chemical properties, as shown by the numerous tests made by the State Geological Survey,. demonstrate that its durability equals or ex<Jeeds that of any other marble now being put upon the market. The stone is remarkably free from fissures and seams, so that monoliths suitable for huge columns can be quarried with ease.
At present seven different marbl1 quarries, having an aggregate annual output of several hundred thousand cubic feet of stone, are being operated in Pickens county. The product of these quarries is shipped to nearly every State in the Union, where it is used in the construction and decoration of some of the most costly buildings. The State capitols of Minnesota and Rhode I sland; the United States Government Building, Boston; St. Luke's Hospital, New York; and the Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, with numerous 'Other handsome buildings throughout the United States are constructed wholly or in part of the Georgia marble.
In addition to the marbles here described there are also valuable deposits to be found in Whitfield county. These marbles belong to the same deposits that traverse East Tennessee and aro extensively worked in the vicinity of Knoxville~ The stone has a dark chocolate or light grRy color and a rather fine texture. The light gray variety which is always quite compact and highly Crystalline, is traversed by dark zigzag ]ina< that give to the polished surface a very pleasing effect. The Whitfield county marbles are well suited for building material, but they have not yet received the attention which their economic importance demands.
Granites.-The granites of Georgia, together with the gneisses, constitute the most extensive and important building and ornamental stones in the State. They occur in inexhaustible quantities and are profusely distributed thrO'Ughout the Crystalline area. One of the most interesting and probably the largest granite mass in the world is that of Stone
an llfountain, located only a few miles northeast of Atlanta. This mountain
whose barren summit attains altitude of several hundred feet above the surrounding country, has long been the seat of a very important granite industry. The stone obtained from th~se quarries is a light-colored muscovite granite possessing remarkable strength and is quite free from all

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

135

chemical and physical defects. The stone has extensive use as a building material, and is also largely employed in street improvement. There is like~y no granite in the :south more widely known and more generally used than that furnished by the Stone Mountain quarries. It not only has an extensive local use, but much of it is shipped beyond the bm.-ders of the State.
Another granite, or rather a granitoid gneiss, of almost as much econo'" mic importance as the Stone Mountain granite itself, is the Lithonia gneiss. This stone, which differs chiefly from the Stone Mountain granite in being laminated, covers a considerable area in the eastern part of DeKalb and the contiguous parts of Rockdale and Gwinnett counties. The Lithonia quarries are very extensive and furnish large quantities of stone for street improvement as well as forr general building purposes. Granites and granitoid gneisses similar to the above are found in many localities in North Georgia, put only at a few points have they been quarried to any extent.
In addition to the granites and granitoid gneisses here named there are other granites of superior quality used for monumental stone. Some of the granites of this character which in the last few years have become quite popular as decorative stone are those obtained from the Elberton, the Oglesby, the Lexington, and the Meriwether quarries. These monumental granites are fine-grained biotite granites unusually free from injurious minerals and admitting of a very brilliant polish. They have but few equals, if any superiors in the United States as a decorative stone, and it is only a question of time when the Georgia monumental granite industry will be of very great commercial value to the State.
Sandst.ane.~Sandstone has been quarried to a considerable extent in Catooea county near Graysville. The stone, which is of Silurian age, has a dark-brown color and resembles very closely the brown sandstone of the Connecticut valley. It makes a beautiful building-stone and appears to be quite durable. This stone is found in great abundance in Taylor's Ridge, White Oak, Horn, and other mountains in the northeastern part of the State. Carboniferous sandstones of a light color and well adapted for building purposes occur in Lookout, Sand and Pigeon mountains.
Serpenti111e.-This is one of the most beautiful decorative stones found in the State. It occurs in workable quantities in Cherokee county, near Holly Springs,. where it was quarried to a limited extent a few years ago. The stone, though difficult to work, admits of an excellent polish and is very desirable for ornamental purposes. It is of a dark-green color, mot~ tled and streaked with white and black. The larger part of the stone obtained from the Holly Springs quarry is reported to have been shipped to Chicago, where it is used for interio,r decoration. Georgia serpentine used for similar purposes may be seen in the Prudential building of Atlanta.
Limestone.-Silurian and carboniferous limestones suitable for lime, tluxing and building materials, exist in great abundance in northwest Georgia. The most extensiv:e of these calcareous formations is the Knox dolomite, a magnesian limestone of great thickness. This formation fur-

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

nishes much of the lime used in the State, as well as a large amount of stone for general building purposes. The d!i:fferent beds of the formation vary greatly in texture and chemical composition, so that almost any variety of stone can be procured. Other calcareous formations of scarcely less commercial importance are the Bangor and the Chickamauga limestones. The latter stone in the last few years has had an extensive use in constructing the foundations for monuments in the Chickamauga National Park. The stone is also of considerable local importance as a building material.
Cement Rock.-Hydraulic ooment of good quality has been manufactured in Georgia since 1845. The location of this industry is at Cement, on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in the western part of Bartow county. The cement rock found in this district is an impure magnesian limestone belonging probably to the lower division of the Knox dolomite formation. It occurs in beds several feet in thickness, intercalated with the purer limestones. The cement manufactured from this stone is slow setting, but it forms a bond of great strength and hardness. Maj. M. T. Singleton, late Assistant United State:s Engineer, in speal;;:ing of this cement says: "My experience with the cement has been entirely satisfactory. In fact, for general purposes, and especially for heavy cut stone masonry, I prefer it to any cement I have, used."
Hydraulic limestone of good quality is reported at numerous other points throughout the Paleozoic area of North Georgia, but the extent and quality of the stone has not yet been investigated.
Slate.-Slate suitable for roofing purposes occurs at a number o points in northwest Georgia along the line of 001lltact of the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas. The most important deposits are those of the Rockmart district in the eastern part of Polk county, where slate has been mined on a more or less extensive s.cale for a great many years. The Rockmart slate, which is of Silurian age, has a deep blue-black colm.' and a fine, even texture. It splits with a smooth surface into thin slabs and is quite free from pyrites and other impurities. The chemical analysis of the Rockmart slate shows it to be a first-class stone for roofing purposes.
The only slate quarries now operated in Geoxgia are those in the vicinity of Rockmart. A few years ago a small amount of slate was quarried near Cedartown, but these quarries are now abandoned. The slate at the latter quarries belongs to the same formation as the Rockmart and is of similar character. The slate now being quarried in the Rockmart district is quite generally used throughout Georgia and a number of other Southern States, where it has a high reputation as a roofing
slate. Clays.-The clays of Georgia are abundant and widely distributed.
There is scarcely a geological formation of any extent that does n~ot furnish clays of commercial value. Residual and alluvial clays, well adapted to the manufacture of brick and the cheaper grades of crockery, abound in every county in the northern part of the State. Associated with these impure clays are 'Orften found pockets or irregular deposits of porcelain and fire clays o greater or less extent. The latter clays are

CORUNDUM :M:INE.

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139

coofined chiefly to the Knox dolomite :fo,rmation of northwest Georgia, but they are also occasionally met with in the Crystalline area :further to the east and S0111th.
The most valuable and extensive clay deposits. in the State are those o:f sedimentary origin belonging to the Cretaceous :formation o central Georgia. They occur in a belt several miles wide, m..'tending :from Columbus to Augusta. The Cretaceous clays differ greatly in their physical and chemical properties, so that ahi:tost any desired variety may be :found. Some od: these clays have an extensive use in the manuacture o:f wallpaper, while other varieties are used in making porcelain, terra-cotta, tiling, sewer-pipe, pottery, etc. Besides the varieties of clays here mentioned, fire-clay also occurs in the Cretaceous :formation in commercial quantities. Dr. George E. Ladd, Director o:f the Missouri School of Mines, in speaking of the Cretaceous fire-clays of Georgia, says: "Some o:f these kaolins suitable for :fire-clays are more re:fractory than any of the noted fire-clays of the United State's."
The clay industry of Gooirgia, although in its infancy, has already become well established. The value of the clay product of the State last year exceeded that o:f any of the Southern States, with the exception of West Virginia and Maryland.
Gold.-Gold has been mined in Georgi1a for nearly three quarters o a century. The first discovery o:f the precious metal within the limits of the State was made on Duke's creek, White county, in 1829. Previous to the discovery of gold in Califo:rni:a, the mines of Georgia furnished the greater part o:f the gold produced in the United States. As early as 1838, the output o:f the mines of the State had; become so important that the United States government found it necessary to establish a mint at Dah~ lonega, the oonter of the main gold-mining district.
The gold deposits. of Georgia belong to the Appalachian go:td fields, an auriferous belt extending from Nova Scotia to Alabama. The belt, which consists of highly Crystalline rocks, probably of Archean age, varies in width from 10 to 75 miles. In Georgia, the belt breaks up into a number of minor parallel belts, having a northeast-southwest trend. The most important of these are the Dahlonega and Hall county belts. The former, which takes its name from Dahlonega, the county seat of Lumpkin county, is the most important. This belt enters Georgia from North Carolina in the northwestern part of Rabun county, where valuable placer deposits have been worked at the Smith and the Moore Girls' mines. Further to the southwest in White county, the belt increases in width and the mines at the same time become: more numerous. As the auriferous belt enters Lumpkin county it again increases in size, reaching its greatest development in the vicinity of Dahlonega. In Dawson county the Dahlonega gold belt becomes more or less broken up, but upon entering Cherokee county it again regains its economic importance and continues with but few interruptions through Bartow, Cobb, Paulding and Haralson counties to the Georgia-Alabama State line. The entire length of the Dahlonega gold belt thus outlined is about 150 miles, while its width
varies from 1 to 5 miles.

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IND USTRIAL.

The Hall county gold belt lies some 10 miles east of the Dahlonega belt and runs more or less parallel with it for more than 100 miles, stopping short in Fulton county, only about 10 miles north of Atlanta. A third belt, which includes the Acworth, the Villa Rica and the Bonner mines, traverses Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties. This belt is best developed in the neighborhood of Villa Rica, where in former years much gold was mined. Another belt, including some very important mines, travell'ISas Lincoln, Columbia, McDuffie and Warren count ies in the eastern part of the State. Beyond the limits of the belts here mentioned a)l'e found a number of isolated localities where gold occurs in payling quan;tities. Such isolated d61posits as here referred to are found in Towns, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Memwe!ther, and other counties in the northern part of the, State.
The individual auriferous belts .of Georgia are usually made up of a great number of veins or ore bodies running parallel to each other aud conforming in dip and strike to the gneisses aud schists, the country rock. They vary in thickness from a fraction of an inch to several f eet or rods, and often continue without interruption for long distances. In places the veins) which consist largely of quartz, become greatly extended, forming huge shoots of excellent ore. A vein o this character at the Creighton mine iu Cherokee county has been worked continuously for years and has produced large quantities of gold._ Ore bodies of somewhat similar nature are quite abundant in the Dahlonega district where in the last two years extensive developments have been carried on which, no doubt, will soon result in a large increase of the gold output of the State.
Oopper.-Previous to the Civil War copper was successfully mined in Fannin and Cherokee ~o-untiee in the nmthern part of the State. The deposits of the former county are located near the Georgia-Tennessee line, and from the southern extension of the deposits so largely worked just across the State line in the Ducktown district. One of the Fannin county mines, lmoiWll as the Mobile mine, at one ti'me was quite extensively worked and is said to have produced a large amount of high-grade ore. The copper deposits of Fannin county, although practically undeveloped at present, are thought .to be of considerable economic importance. Other copper deposits which, f rom time to time, have excited considerable local interest, occur in Fulton, Paulding, Lumpkin, Haralson, Lincoln, and other counties in No;rth Georgia. The most important copper ore met with in the counties here named is chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). It occurs mostly in irregular veins associated with schists and highly metamorphic slates.
Pyrite.-Pyrite, au iron sulphri'de employed in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, is widely distributed throughout Georgia, but ooly in a few localities has it been found in sufficient abundance to be of commercial importance. Probably one of the most important deposits of this mineral known at p:r;esent in the State, roccurs in the eastern part of I,umpkin county, on the Chestatee river, about six miles northeast of Dahlonega. This deposit is quite extensive and the ore is of good quality. The com-

SOUTHERN MARBLE YARD AND QUARRY, PICKENS COUNTY.

GEORGIA: HISTORIO.AL Aim INDUSTRIAL.

143-

mercial value of the deposit has long been known, but the gTeat expense od: hauling the ore by wagon to Gainesville, the nearest railway station,, twenty miles distant, renders the mining of the ore unprofitable. Other deposits of pyrite of considerable promise occur in Paulding and Haral son counties. The deposlit in Paulding county was worked to some ex tent a few years ago and the ore was shipped to Atlanta where it was used in the manufactur1 of sulphuric acid. This ore, which runs high in sulphur, is said to carry from four to, five per cent. of copper and a small amount ocf gold.
No systematic study has yet be.en made of the pyrite deposits of the State, and as a consequence little is kno1wn of thelir extent and commercial importance.
Soapstone.-Soapstone, or talc, has been mined to a limited extent in Murray and: Fannin counties. It also occurs in Cherokee and in Gilmer counties, and is reported in other localities in North Georgia. The soapstone mines of Fannin county, which have been worked for some years, are located at Mineral Bluff, only a short distance south of the GeorgiaNorth Carolina State line. This deposit is probably the southern extension of the North Carolina deposit which is extensively worked just n'Orth of the State line. The Fannin county soapstone ~s compact and o a dark gray or blue color. It occurs in veins varying from a few inches to a yard or more in thickness. The Murray county soapstones, which are found on Fort mountain, a few miles east of Spring Place, are of similar nature.
Mica.-Thiis mineral is quite generally distributed throughout the Crystalline area of North Georgia. It usually occurs in veins associated with pegmatites and coarse~grained granites. The veins are often of large size, and oc_casionally contain mica crystals elighteen inches or more in diameter. Many of the mica deposits of the State have been prospected to a limited extent, but no systematic mining of any importance has been attempted. There ~ little doubt, however, that the mica de-posits of Georgia are of commercial importance and demand bore attention than they have heretofore received.
Graphite.-Both massive and foliated varieties of this mineral occur in considerable quantities associated with the highly metamorphic slates and schists along the western margin of the Crystalline area. It is quite abundant in the neighbmhood of Emerson, Bartow county, where it is now mined and used in the crude state as a filler for commercial fertilize~. Promising prospects of graphite are also reported to occur in Pickens, Elbert, Hall, Madison, Douglas and Cobb counties. The Pickens county deposit is at present being developed and it is thought that in a short time it will become an active producer.
_i'l{arls.~Marls of good quality abound through'out the cretac.eous and tertiary formations of South Georgia. There is probably no county in the southern part o the State which does not possess marl deposits o more or less, agricultural value. They are well exposed along theChattahoochee and Flint rivers, as well as along other streams o South: Georgia. In addition to the common calcareous or shell marl, green.

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

sand marls are also plentiful. The latter are especially well developed along the Chattah<:xochee river sooth of Columbus, where they often form beds many feet in thickness. Analyses of these greenlands show that they carry a considerable amount of phosphoric acid and potash, two of the most impo.rtant plant-foods. The use of the Georgia marls as a natural fertilizer has so far been quite limited, but in all cases where they have been given a fair test the result has been entirely satisfactory. Assoeiated with the marls in the extreme southern part of the State frequently occur deposits of phosphate of limited extent. A deposit of this character was worked some years ago in Thomas oounty, near Boston, but the phosphate was not of sufficient abundance to be of commercial value.
Tripoli.-A light, porous, silicious stone occurring in Murray, Chattooga, and other counties in N10il'thwest Georgia has locally been known for some years as tripoli. The material, although quite different in origin from tripoli, has a similar use in the arts. The so-called Georgia tripoli, is a residual product derived from certain impure silicious beds of the Kno;x dolomite formatil:ln. The stone, which is usually found associatd with chert, ,is quite porous and is easily pulverized into an e;xceedingly :fine grit or polishing powder. A small amount of this material is at present being mined in Chattooga county, and is used by an Atlanta firm in the manufacture of polishing-soap.
Sa.nd.-Sand suitable for building material is widely distributed throughout the State. In North Georgia it occurs chiefly as alluvial deposits along the numerous streams, while in the southern part of the State it ie found in stratified beds often of wide e;xtent. In addition to that used fiQfJ' general architectural purposes, sand well adapted for moulding and glass-making also ccurs. The pure sands are confined mainly to the cretaceous deposits of South Geo:rgia, where they are frequently intercalated with beds of pure kaolin.
Road Materials.-There is probably no State in the South that has a greater variety of road materials than Georgia. The supply is ine;xhaustible and of the best quality. Besides the limestones, granites, and gneisses, heretofore spoken of, trap, diorite, chert, and gravel abound in great quantities.
Jlrfineral Waers.-The number of mineral springs in Georgia to which public attention has been directed on account of the medicinal properties of their waters is very large. There is scarcely a county in the northern part of the State which does not possess one or more of these springs of greater or less repute. Many of them are so far only of local interest, but in s10me instances they have a national reputation, and are a source of much profit to their owners.
The commercial value of the mineral waters of Georgia in the last f1W years has e;xceeded that ofany other Southern State with the e;xception of Virginia. The main supply of these waters now put upon the market is shipped from Lithia and Austell, a. noted mineral water district on the Southern Railway, twenty miles west of Atlanta. The waters shipped from the Lithia-Austell district are among the best lithia waters found in the country. Their curative virtues are widely known and they are

GEORGIA lVlAl-tBLE WORKS, TATE. GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

147

now shipped to all parts of the south in large quantities. Other springs

having an excellent local reputation O'ccur in North Georgia, but only in

~ few instances is the water put upon the market.

Besides the minerals above described there are many others found in

Georgia which, at some future time, will probably become a source of

revenue to the State. Among the most important of these may be

mnti01Iled silver, lead, zinc, baryta, gypsum, etc.

The .annual output of the mineral products of Georgia is shown by the

ioll<ming table:

Iron Ores ........................... $ 578,526 00

Coal .................... ............ 450,000 00

Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,201 00

Ochre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,095 00

Bauxite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,274 00

Asbestos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,300 00
Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 812,070 oo

Granites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 790,000 00

Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 00

.Limestone and Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,000 00

Cement-Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,000 00

Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,125 00

Clays-Brick, Pottery, &c . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,062,213 00 .

Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,U6 00

Soapstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,054 00

Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000 00

Tripoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

500 00

Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000 00

Road Material an<l Ballast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000 00

Mineral Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,000 00

Total ......................... $4,824,604 00"

CHAPTER IV.
SOILS OF GEORGIA.
The sO'.ils of Georgia, from a geological standpoint, were partially discussed in the last chapter. . We shall now endeavor to look at them from the point of view of the argiculturist.
NORTHWEST GEORGIA.
The northwestern section of the State presents a variety of soils; as a brown and red loam; silicious soils of the ridges of a grayish-hue; the sandy soils of table or mountain lands, either gray or yellow~ and more or less gravelly; the soil of the :flatwoods; and the alluvial or bottom lands adjacent to streams. On the eastern and western sides of this section soils of a brown calcareous loam, belonging to: the blue limestone area, prevail, while in the central parts is found a red calcareous loam of .th~ rotten limestone area. Lands that have been in cultivation for thirty years will yield from thirty to fifty bushels 'o corn to the acre. By merely planting in clover or peas and tuming the crop under without fertiliza:tion, the farmer can make these lands produce from ten to twenty bushels of wheat to the acre. They have been cultivated in cotton to only a limited extent, but will, under ordinary cultivation in Floyd and Polk counties, produce eight hundred pounds of seed cotton to the acre. Under the best methods the production can be greatly increased. These Iands generally lie well. They are apt to wash when hilly, but this can be prevented by a good system of terracing. Very little cotton is grown to the no~'tih of Floyd county. The timber is large, consisting chiefly of red, spanish, and white oak, hickory, poplm., sugar-maple, postoak, cedar, and a mixture of other varieties. The brown loams vary from light to almost black, while the red loams are of a dark red color with red subsoil.
Sttbcarboniferous brown loam lands consist of limestones, m.enac.eous and silicious shales. They are generally rolling, but nearly level where th'e valleys are broad. They have a brown, calcareous, sandy soil, with enough clay to make them sufficiently retentive, and admit of good drainage even when nearly level. Lands of this character are found in West Armuchee valley .in Walker C(}Unty, Sugar valley in GOTd'on, Dirttown
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

149

valley in Chattooga, and Texas Valley in Floyd, about twelve milao. northwest of Rome, and in much more of the country west of the Coosa in Floyd county. Not only do corn, wheat, oats and all the grasses and other forage plants do well, but these are also the best cotton uplands in this part of Georgia, yielding often without fertilizers from 1,000 to 1,200 pound's of seed cotton to the acre, and under the most scientific fanning going far beyond that.
In sections of Northwest Georgia there occur lands in belts of from two to three miles in width, which are underlaid by a series of shales and limestones of about 2,500 feet in thickness, known as Knox shales. Nearly all this area consists of an orange, or l<ight colored clayey soiL The lands are rolling, or nearly level, and have a good drainage. After having been steadily worked for thirty or more years under the old exhaustive methods, with almost nothing returned to the soil for improvement, they will produce, fairly well, wheat, oats, and corn. In the rforests. are found the usu al timbers of this section with some dogwood and pine. Clover and all the grasses do well.
Gray gravelly lands, with a soil varying in color from light to dark gray, are also found in this section. Some of these gra~elly lands have a go:od clay subsoil, and are then of a dark brown, or red color. Those nearest the valley lands are the most highly esteemed. They were once regarded as poor and are in great part covered with original forests. The timber is about the same as already described, except that in broad belts of nearly level lands the short-leaf pine is the pre'v"ailing growth. Bnt taking the whole area of the gravelly lands, oak predominates.
Instead of being the ponr lands that they were formerly regarded, they have been found to give a better return for manures than the richer valley lands, They are profitable for cotton, and with the usH of fertilizers will yield 1,200 pounds to the acre. Fruit trees here are healthy and long-lived. The tops and slopes of the ridges are less subject t;""i;te spring frosts than the lower lands.
The table-lands from 1,000 to 1,200 f oot above the valleys are grr:.y or yello,v, and more or less gravelly, or rocky. . They are found on Sand Mmintain, in D ade county, and on Lo!Qkorut Jviountain, in Dade, '\Valker, and Chattooga counties. They are well adapted to fruit culture and produce a great variety of vegetables. The daily range of the thermometer is fifty per cent. less than in the valleys, and yet the daily minimum temperature is rarely more than two or three degrees less. The timber is of medium size. A good gr~<>s covers the surface nearly everywhere, af';;~ding excellent pastmage for stock.
1~he most extensive area of what is known as flalwood lands is near

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND ' INDUSTRIAL~

the Oostanaula and: Coosa rivers, in Gordon, Fl()yd, and Polk counties, and in a belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending southward -nearly across the county of Gordon. They are also1 found in Catoosa in a narrow belt extending southward into Whitfield. These
flatwoods abound in short-leaf pine, post and red oaks. The alluvial soil of the valleys of the Oostanaula, Et{)wah and Coosa
~l'ivers, fertile with the debriis of ag~, is capable of producing the finest :yields of corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, cowcpeas, clover, timothy, orchard grass, red tJop, in fact, all the most useful hay crops
Near the city of Rome forty acres planted in clover, which: averaged when mature, three feet in height, have been knlQrwn to produce :in one season 200 toiLS of hay, or five tons to the acre. This shows what can be done on this line. The clover crop may be cut three times annually.
The finest grade of upland cottorn grown in America is produced on this roil, and is considered in Liverpool the best of its variety. All this is true, also, of the creek bottom lands. The higher or table-lands of Northwest Georgia are somewhat less fertile, but better adapted to the growing of such fruits as peaches, plums, pears, quinces, cherries, and all kinds of berries. The best apples grow on the lower lands, where large, magnificent old trees grorw to perlection. On the mountain tops and slopes, all the varieties of grapes that grow east of the Rockies flourish and give abundant yield. On these heights the frost seldom kills tlle bud, or nips the bloom of the peach. Often, when the lower lands have little or no fruit, these sun-kisS'ed hills smile in plenty and gladden the heart of man.
In .Northwest Ge01rgia can be found almost every species of wood known in the Southern States. The oaks and pines predominate. Of the former, there are six varieties, red, white, mountain or chestnut, black, water and post-oak; and of pine there ~e two varieties, long and short-leaf. Thousands of acres of these valuable timbers can still be found, and can be bought at reasonable prices. There are also found poplar, ash, beech, elm, chestnut, hickory, maple, walnut, iron-wood, sugar berry, sycamore, sweet-gum, black-gum, dogwood, persimmon, sassafras, wild cherry, redbud, warhoo and cedar. Many of these are found in large quantities and can be utilized in the manufacture of furniture and hardwood finish for dwellings. The oaks and pines are for the most part used in buildings, furniture, and in the manufacture of farming utensils, wagons, etc. LArge quantities of the oak and pine are al1-
nually shipped. The indigenous grasses of this section are: Bermuda, J ohns~n, crab,
.perennial Paspalum, and annual or drop-seed Paspalum. These all make aplendid pasturage and the.best of hay.

MARBLE QUARRY SCEN.E, PICKENS COUNTY.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRUL.

163

SOILS OF MIDDI--E AND NORTHEAST GEORGIA.

The red hills of Georgia a:re familiar to all who have traveled through these sections by rail or ;yagooi-road.
In the phrase red lands are !included both red sandy and red clayey soils. The decomposition o hornblendic rocks form a red clayey soil, which, though more or less sandy for a few inches, has a deep red-clay subsoil. The oolor and character of the soil varies of course in proportion to the hornblende and other minerals associated in the rocks. I biotite mica, which contains much iron, ris present to any great extent in the soil, its decomposition produces a deep mulatto, or sometimes red soil similar to that rom hornblendic rocks, but usually of a lighter character. Though the surface of the red land country is rolling and
often quite hilly with few level areas, very little is roo broken for cul-
tivation. The forest trees of these lands are red or Spanish oak, white and post-oaks, hick:oTy, chestnut, dogwood, and, in the lowlands o some of the counties, sho!l't-leaf pine, poplar, ash, walnut, cherry and buckeye. There is more hickory and less pine than on gray sandy land. Black jack is interspersed with these. Except in the more ,southern counties these lands are considered best for small grains, though about one-third part of those under cultivation is devoted tJOJ cotton.
Where gray, sandy, gravelly land occurs, though much of the surface is more or less rolling and hilly, there are broad level areas on the ridges and in the valleys. Except in the more mountainous districts the slopes of the hills and ridges are so gradual as not to interfere with their successful cultivation. Though their light, sandy nature makes them liable, when under cultivation, to wash into gullies and flood the lowlands with sand, such damage can be prevented by the prevailing method of hill-side ditching or terracing. These gray rsandy soils are frequently colored dark for an inch or two with decayed vegetation. Then from the intermixture of the dark soil and the yellow, clayey subsoil there is obtained what is commonly called a ~ulatto soil. These lands are considered better than the red clays for cotton, because under favorable conditions .they are more productive. They are also mora easily tilled, although often loose quartz rocks, or stones, are so abundant that they must be removed before the ground can be broken up. From one half to two thirds of these lands under cultiva.ti'()n are devoted to cotton.
In the granitic lands the soil is often a coal"Se, gray, or gravelly sand, from three to six inches deep, with .a more or less sandy subsoil of red or yellow clay. Ninety-eight per cent. of the granite lands are in th~

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

main good and easily tilled, yielding about 800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, when fresh and unmanured. Almost everywhere in these lands the timber is pine, either ,long or short-leaf, oak, chestnut, hickory and some black-jack. One feature of these soils worthy of note is their supeil'iority over other metamorphic soils in both potash and lime, derived doubtless from the feldspar of the granite. In the mountainous Blue Ridge region, especially in Towns and Rabun counties, but little of this land is tillable except along the watercourses. In ten counties of the northeast section only a little over 12 per cent. of the area is under cultivation owing chiefly to the fact that that part of Georgia is as yet but thinly settled. The tillable lands have a very rich, dark red soil. Little Tennessee valley, in Rabun, is noted for fertility. N acoochee valley, in White county, is famous as one of the most beautiful and productive in the State. Wheat and other small grains, corn, the choicest of fruits and vegetables, flourish luxuriantly. The rich grasses are of the very best for stock, and the beef, lambs, kids and veal, are as fat and nice as one could desire. Honey, butter, eggs, and chickens are abundant and can be had at reasonable prices. The forests are filled with the best timber. There are also to be seen beautiful :flower gardens, summer houses and fountains, artificial lakes, parks for deer and pools for fishes.
The valley lands of the Tugaloo, :Middle, Hudson and Soque 11ivern are productive of the best wheat and corn. Around Cornelia, in Habersham co1mty, the most luscious peaches and other fruits are grown.
As we go southward f10m the Blue Ridge counties, there is a steady increase in the acreage under cultivation, until we get to the pine hills of the central cotton region, where from 60 to 75 per cent. of the entire area is under clutivation. Of the lands north of the Chattahoochee} those to the northeast have almost entirely gray, sandy soils, with but few strips of red day. German millet and buckwheat flourish in this mection, and good tobacco can be successfully grown, as is proven by the patches raised here and there exclusively for home use. This section: is well adapted to such fruits as the apple, cherry, pear, grape, all varieties of plums, the peach, an:d to the gooseberry, raspberry, strawberry, blackberry and dewberry.
The Middle Georgia region was the first settled after the coast country and is the most populous section of the State. AU the largest cities of the State, except Savannah, are in this belt. All through this section, whose lands are for the moot part, of the red clay soil, cotton, corn, oa~, wheat, and the other small grains, peas and all the grasses do well. Tobacco also can be successfully grown. Thougll injudicious culture for a

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155

long time injured the soil, fields that had been abandoned and left to grow up in weeds have, after years of rest, under judicious cultivation, regained their fertility, and are once more among the best lands of Georgia. To give some idea ofwhat may be done under wise management of the soil, we cite just a :few examples.
On one farm in Hancock county, the first year after the sod of Bermuda grass was broken, there were gathered 1,800 pound~ of seed cotton to the acre, and the second year .2,800 pounds to the acre. In each case this was without fertilizing. A third crop, corn manured with cottonseed in the usual manner and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels to the acre. The fourth year the crop on this ground was wheat, and without fertilizing it yielded forty-two bushels to the acre. In Spalding county wheat has often yielded forty bushels and sometimes sixty to sL'{ty-five bushels to the acre, and as much as 10,726 pounds of hay have been gathered on one acre in one season. In Bibb county 8,646 pounds of crab grass hay have been harvested on one acre in a season.
To show what "worn-out" land can be made to do, we give the example of Mr. Samuel Bailey. In 1868 he purchased a place in Ogle-thorpe county which every one considered almost worthless for farming purposes. The first year he cultivated ,only sixteen acres, ploughing deep and subsoiling, and leveling all washes as near as posssible. He sowed one acre in wheat and fifteen in cotton. From his acre of wheat he gathered fifty-seven bm hels, and from his fifteen acres in cotton be obtained eleven bales weighing 465 pounds each. He always advocated dw.p culture and thorough preparation of the lands before planting, more especially when manuring highly, either with bam-yard or commercial manure. He gave special attention to the drainage of land, stopping all washes. He used the manures manufactured at the Oglethorpe F ertilizing Works. He expressed the conviction, however, that barn-yard and cotton seed manures were more lasting. By sav'ing all manures accumulated on his place, he brought his lands up to such a state of cultivation, tha.t in an ordinary crop year without the aid of manuring, they would produce on an average from thirty-five to forty bushels of wheat, and one bale of cotton to the acre. He also grew all kinds of vegetables for family use, and sold annually Irish potatoes, onions and watermelons. He met with the best results in all kinds of fruits, such as peaches, pears, apples and strawberries. From one-eighth of an acr.e he has gathered twenty-eight bushels of strawberries of a superb variety (the Wilson .Albany).
Another instance: In 1872 Yif. J. Born, in Gwinnett county, bought
twenty acres of land that had been abandoned for years. This land had

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GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

gone to waste, and the twenty-acre plot .was filled with gullies from five to ten feet deep, and some of them from five to ten feet wide. There appeared to be no soil, and all the humus was practically gone. Immediately upon the purchase of this plot of ground Mr. Born filled these gullies and waste ,places with pine brush cut from a .neighboring field, hauled and scattered many loads of pine needles and oak leaves, using a two-horse plow, plowed and 11~e-plowed this land, and leveled as best he could. Then he strewed broadcast the twenty-acre .field with stable and barnyard manure, re-plowed, harrowed and rolled again. He then sowed it down :in oats, and u sed two tons of commercial fertilizers, turned these oats under, harrowed and rolled again. The following spring these oats were mowed while in the. "dough" state for hay, getting a fairly good crop of oat hay. He again_fertilized heavily with barnyard manure and some commercial fertilizers, and sowed peas immediately after taking off the oat hay. In the fall the peavines were turned under and again oats were sown, using a liberal quantity of manure. This process was continued until the fourth year, when he planted this twenty-acre plot in. cotton, and made twenty bales. Thls land was purchased for five dollars an acre. At the end of the fifth year it had been brought to a high statB of cultivation, and instead of being worth five dollars could have been easily sold for twenty-five dollars per acre. This land had a red clay foundation. What Mr. Born did in 1872 has .been done by others, and should be done by many more.
Th~oughout this whole section peaches, pears, apples, plums, cherries andother fruits, with all kinds of berries, abound. Its melons are without a superior. Among them the Augusta melon, so-called from its chief shipping point, takes high rank. All along the lines of railway from the northeast section down thro111gh Middle and Southern Georgia are extensive tracts devoted to grape culture.

SOILS OF SOUTHERN GEORGIA.
The central cotton region of the State includes the southern part of Middle Georgia, and large areas of Southern Georgia. It embraces three distinct belts having well marked differences. The first of these is the sand and pine hills belt. Its northern limit is a line running from northeast to southwest as follows: from a few miles north of Augusta and Thomson ranging a few miles south of Warrenton and .Sparta to Milledgeville, Macon, Knoxville, Gooeva and Columbus. At this point the metamorphic rocks are found outciopping in the beds of the streams, while the sand hills extend northward a short distance along the uplands.

MARBLE BLUFF, GILMER.COUNTY.

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159

The southern limit of the sand and pine hills belt is clearly marked by the somewhat abrupt appearanoe of the red clay hills along its bO!lder. Tlte width of this belt varies greatly, being rather narrow in the part of it lying between the Ogeechee and Flint rivers, and greatest within twenty-five or thirty miles of the Savannah on the east, and the Chattahoochee on the west. Its southern limit on the Chattahoochee is near the mouth of Upatoi creek. In Taylor and Marion counties it widens to twenty miles or more. The area embraced in the sand hills is 2,950 square miles, the surface of thB country being high and rolling, especially along the northern limit, where the altitude is from 500 to 60.0 feet above the sea, and from 100 to 150 feet above the adjacent metamorphic region. In some l<Jcalities, as between the Flint and Ocmulgee rivers, the lower part of the belt is a broad plateau gradually declining southward. In the western portion the transition to the red hills is gradual.
As might be infeiTed from its name, the soil of this belt is sandy, and the prevailing timber pines, both long and short-leaf. There is aloo some scrub black-jack, oak1 sweet-gums and dogwood, with an undergrowth along the streams of bay and gallberry bus'hes.
The second belt is the 1ed hills. This belt is C'haracterized by a high rolling, or brok;en and well-timbered surface. The lands are of red clay, associated generally with siliciou,s shell rocks, and are found in isolated areas over the entire yellow loam region. At Shell Bluff, on the Savannah river, the beds are sixty feet thick, and at Fort Gaines, on the Chattahoochee, fifty feet. Between these two points their thickness diminishes to ten or twenty feet near .the divide of the Central Atlantic and G:ulf waters. The soil is soonewhat sandy, from twelve to twenty-four inches deep in the eastern counties and six to twelve inches in others, with a subsoil of heavy clay loam, stiff and hard to break up, of deeper color than the soil, overlying at times a variegated and elastic pipe-clay. Between the Savannah and Flint rivers rue the best lands of this belt, more productive a11d durable, and easily tilled, and in large areas. They yield fr!Q[n 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton when fresh, and under proper culture continue to do so. The timbers are oak, hickory, sho<rtleaf pine and dogwood, with beech, maple and poplar on the lowlands. Small grain is one of the best crops fo.~ these lands.
The third belt is the Yellow Loam Region, or the oak, hickory and long-leaf pine hills, with soils sandy and gray, but dark on the immediate surface from decayed vegetation, with a subsoil of yellow clay-loam or yellow sand, at a depth of from three to nine inches from the surface. This belt extends across the State from east to west. In width it

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

varies, in some parts reaching from the sand hills south to the pine and >vire-grass region, and in others from the red hills southward to the same limit. In Houston county these lands are found north of the red hills.
The entire area embraced by the yellow loam region and red hills is 6,650 square miles. The names given to this belt indicate the character of its growth and soil. The lands are well drained and easy to cultivate, and yield an average of 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
The Southern Oalc, Hickory and Pine Region comprises portions of the counties of Decatur, Thomas and Brooks, lying along and near the Florida line. This region is for the most part rolling, about seventy-five feet above the w'ire-grass country on the north of it or 130 feet above the Flint river. From a point seven miles south o.f Bainbridge the ascent, eastward to Attapulgus and northward by Climax, is quite abrupt. But farther to the east it gradually merges into the wire-gr:us. The area of this section is about 2,317 square miles. The surface of the country is generally open with a growth of tall, long-leaf pine, where the soil is sandy with generally a clayey subsoil, underlaid by white limestone; but in some localities, where there is a red clay loam, the timber is oak and hickory.
One feature of. this region is the. rare appearance of wire-grass, and the alnwst total absence of silicious shell rocks, except in some lowla:nd.s.
The yield under ordinary cultivation is reported at from 600 to 800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
The lowlands of the Central Belt comprise the bottoms and hammocks of the streams and gallberry flats. On the Chattahoochee river there is but little bottom land, because the uplandS approach to the water's edge as bluffs. The soil is a dark loam, more or less sandy, red on some of the streams, and from one foot to six feet deep, down to a tena cious pipe~clay. On some of the othe:r large streams the bottom lands proper, which vary in width from 200 to 1,500 yards, when cultivated, are devoted to corn and oats, for the reason that cotton crops on _these lands are liable to injury from early frosts and wet.
The hummocks, or s~ond bottoms, of the larger streams above overflow are well cultivated, and on some of the streams they are extensive, being very level, with a growth of pine and most of the hardwoods common to Georgia. The soil is a rich sandy loam, with a depth of from twelve to twenty-four inches, having in it much decayed vegetation, and is vmy productive. These hummock soils yield abvut 1,400 pounds of seed cotton to the acre when fresh, and from 800 to 1,000 pounds after a few year's cultivation; but under skillful management their original fertility can be pretty well maintained. The alluvial lands of the Sa-

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vannah river .have a growth of beech, white and water oaks, holly, bay, birch, mulberry, sycamore, cottonwood, hickory, ash and walnut. These
lands have a soil which is a brown loam, mixed with mica scales and of
a depth of from two to three feet. They are well adapted to cotton, corn and grain. Being very productive, they are largely under cultivation and yield 1,500 pounds of cottonseed on fresh land, and under the ordinary modes 5,000 pounds after a few years' cultivation.
Along the Chattahoochee from Columbus to Georgetown are level valleys of open prairies similar to the second bottiQm of other streams; but higher and without their growth. InMuscogee county these valleys are broad and open, with a fine sandy loam ooil :from five to twelve inches deep, and a heavy clay subsoil. Farther south where the blue clay marls approach the surface, the valleys a~e richer, and yield 800 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
.The long-leaf pine and wire-gr-ass region covers a large part of Southern Georgia south of the oak and hickory and pine lands of the central cotton belt. The entire region is a vast plain very nearly level, except on the north, covered with long-leaf pine, and including in its area eighteen whole counties and large parts of others. The surface of the upper and western portions is somewhat rolling, being elevated from twenty-five to seventy-five feet above the streams, and from 200 to 500 feet above the sea. The northeastern and southwestern portions of this region, being underlaid with limestones, have a better class of soil, as may be known from the intermixture of oak and hickory with the longleaf pine.
This region can be subdivided into two: the lime sink, and the pine woods region.
The lime sinlc region embraces 7,020 square miles, and includes the :following counties and parts of counties: Screven, except a strip along the eastern and northern side o& the county; the .,.outhern part of Burke; the northern part of Bulloch; all of Mitchell, MitJer, Colquitt and .Worth; the. southern parts of Pulaski, Baker and Early, .and the southern and eastern parts of Dougherty, the northern parts of Decatur, Thomas, Brooks and Lowndes; the eastern parts of Dooly and Lee; and the western parts of Irwin, Berrien, Dodge and Wilco.x. The uplands of this region have a gray, sandy soil, from six to twelve inches deep, with a subsoil of redor yellow sandy clays, and yields about 500 or 800 pounds of seed cotton. The bottom or 'alluvial lands of the rivers and hummocks of the creeks have a dark loamy soil with a clay subsoil, at a depth of from ten to twenty inches Being very durable they yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, even

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GEORGIA: HIS'J'ORIOAL AND INDUS'I'RIAL.

aiter many years of cultivatiCJon. Along the uplands oak is the principal timber, and on the bottom lands, white and red oaks, ash, hickory, poplar, beech, bays and magnolia.
The pine woods, or sandy wire-grass r.egion covers an area of over 10,000 square miles, including the following counties and parts of counties: Tattnall, Montgomery, Emanuel, Telfair, Appling, Coffee, the middle of Effingham, the southern portions of Bulloch, Johnson and Laurens, the eastern parts d Wilcox, Irwin, Berrien and Lowndes, the upper portion of Pierce, Wayne, Mcintosh, Liberty and Bryan, and portions of Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, Ware and Clinch. The surface is generally level, but sometimes slightly undulating, underlaid in some places by sandstone which, aloTig the streams; juts out into bold bluffs. The soil is usually fine and sandy, with a subsoil of yellow sand, fre' quently underlaid with clay. This piney wire-grass region terminates near the coast, foT'Illing a terrace, from which there is a descent for fifteen or twooty-five feet to the Sa.vannah and pine flat and palmetto lands. The soil of the uplands is sandy and gray, or ash-colored, twelve inches deep, with a subsoil of yellow or orange-colored loam, to which sometimes an underlying clay gives durability and vigor. These lands, when fresh, yield without fertilizers about 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and sometimes more, and a judicious use of fertilizers keeps up this degree of productiveness. Corn, oats and sorghum-cane do well. On the low hills, where ferruginous concretions, commonly known as "Georgia pills," occur, other crops thrive better than cotton, which in those special localities is liable to rust. In bottom lands the soil is richer and colored almost black by decayed leaves and other vegetation, and the growth is poplar, cypress, and titi, with some pine and "fever tree" o:r "Georgia bark." The vast pine forests that cover this pine woods region are a source of great wealth to the State, and the trade in lumber hM built up thriving towns. Wherever the timber lands are cleared, the land is being occupied and put under cultivation. The marls that abound in many parts of this section, when mixed with the muck from thl> swamps, afford a cheap fertilizer, which increases greatly the productiveness of the soil. This region opens a fine opportunity to the enterprise of truck-farming. Those desiring to engage in such business had better come while lands can be purchased at low rates.
The pine .and palmetto flats Lie in the southeastern corner of the -State, around Oke:finokee Swamp, and embrace mainly the counties of Charlton, Echols and Clinch, and large parts of W aro, Pierce and W ayrne. This belt is considerably higher than that of the coast region, extending across other co~nties to the Savannah river.

LEWISTON WHITE CLAY BED, JONES COUNTY.

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165

The country is level and open with many swamps, having a dense growth of titi, tupelo and black-gums, sweet and loblolly bays and cassino, a short-leaf pine, all interlocked with bamboo briers, forming a dense thicket. The chief timber growth is the long-leaf pine and cypress, and on the open lands a dense mass of low saw-palmetto, gallberry bushes and some wire-grass. This region is about 125 feet above the sea, the descent on the east being very rapid from Okefinokee Swamp to Traders' Hill, at the head of tide-water and Saint Mary's river. From thence is a level second terrace to the edge of the savanna covered with deep white sand. The creek bottom and hummock; lands, though not very wide, have a dark loam soil from eight to twelve inches deep with a clayey subsoil, beneath which lies a blue clay stratum. The growth of these hummock lands is in the main oaks, black-gum, tupelo-gum, cypress, maple, etc.
The coast region, covering in all about 2,045 square miles, includes savannas, live oak lands and islands. The "savannas," a belt of country from ten to fifteen miles wide, between the pine woods and wire-grass region on the one side, and the "live oak lands" on the other, extend from the Savannah to the Sa,int Mary's river, embracing nearly all the counties of Chatham, Bryan, Glynn and Camden, and large portions of Liberty and Mcintosh. The surface of the country, known as the first terrace, is very level, standing from ten to fifteen feet above tide-water, and at some points higher. Its northwestern limit is the bluff of the second or wire~grass terrace, passing through the lo;vver part of Effingham (twenty miles north of Savannah), into Bryan, where it is fifty feet high. At Savannah the bluff is forty feet above low-water mark. Southward through Liberty county, at "Gravel Hill," south of Hinesville, its elevation is from fifteen to twenty feet abo,ve the sea, and in Camden county fifteen miles east of Colerain, it is about twenty-five feet. Along the first or lower terrace of this region are meadow or savanna lands, broad, flat and open, with a sparse growth of tall long-leaf pines, and a thick undergrowth of saw-palmetto with here and there bunches of wiregrass which have found their way down from the upper or second terrace. In spring and early summer all over these broad extended plains beautiful flowers present to the delighted! eye of the beholder a charm-
ing view. The live oak and coast lands spread along the coast and occupy the
numerous islands :stretching from the Savannah to the Saint Mary's river, with an irregular and interrupted belt of yellow or mulatto sandy soil, characterized by magnificent live oaks, festooned with streamers of

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AlfD INDUSTRIAL.

gray moss often ten to fifteen feet long. There is also a growth of red and water oaks; hickory, chincapin, pine, red cedar, sweet-gum, cabbage palmetto, a tall variety of blue palmetto and sassafras. There are really three divisions of this live oak belt, viz.: upland or ridge, middle, and lower bottom landS, the last of which have a very rich dark soil, underlaid by a blue clay, well adapted to the celebrated black-seed or sea-island cotton. Not so much attention as formerly, however, is paid now to th:is long-staple cotton, since the use of fertilizers makes the upland or short-staple a more remunerative crop.
The coast tide swamp lands occupy a narrow belt, not continuous along the Atlantic coast, but bordering on the various inlets and streams to the limits of tide-water. A long the Savannah these lands are cultivated upward of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river. On the Altamaha their extent frGm the marshes upward does not exceed sixteen miles, because freshets prevent them from being of value except for tim~ ber. The soil along tl1e Altamaha having more of decayed vegetable mold than that of the Savannah is more easily cultivated. The tide lands of the Ogeechee extend from the marshes about ten miles. Those of the Satilla, though not as broad as the others, extend from the marshes twenty miles up the river and are not liable tQI freshets. The swamp lands of the Georgia side of the St. Mary's river extend only to the foot of the second terrace some fifteen miles east of Colerain, though tide water reaches Trader's Hill. The lands of this belt are the rice lands of the State, being devoted almost exclusively to its cultivation. Georgia's yield of this wholesome article of food is second to that of South Carolina, which State ranks next to Louisiana~ Other crops do well, but 1ice is so much in demand that planters give to it the preference.
Ofmarsh land there is only a small area along the Georgia coast, at thv mouths of some of the l'ivers.
The Sea Islands, which, large and small, form along the coast a network, with a rolling surface not exceeding :fijteen feet above the tide, have a united area of 560 square miles. The soil is usually sandy, well adapted to the production ot sea-island cotton, corn and sweet potatoes. In their delightful climate, sufficiently warm, and yet cooled by ocean breezes, lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives and oranges grow finely.
Fir!ally in every part of Georgia are lands capable of the highest cultivation, with soils adapted to the very best resu.liB. If the settler desires to raise the various grains or grasses, the fleecy cotton, or the fruits found in every zone of production in the United States, from the hardy apple of the north to the tender orange of the tropics, he can choose his section mf Georgia, buy his land and go to >vork with as much certainty of sue-

GliJORG1A: HISTORJG,!L AND INDUSTRIAL.

167

'

cess as in any other of the most favored parts of the Union. Fine Irish

potatoes can be raised in Georgia, and no better sweet potatoes are any-

where produced. Again we would call attention to the fact that in ad-

dition to the various crops that ha.ve been mentioned in this description

of soils, Middle and Southern Georgia are the home of the sugar-cane,

richer in saccharine matter t.han any other plant from which sugar is.

extracted. No more charming farm scene meets the eye than a vast field

of tasseled cane with all its promise of good things to come and future

profits.

The ground-pea, which, when parched, is held in such high esteem,

is produced extensively in Georgia The chufa, though not so well

known, is valued a:s good food for hogs.

Nor should we fail to' name among other good products of Georgia

soil the chestnuts, walnuts, hickory-nuts, chincapins and: pecans, which

hE-lp to give good cheer to the family circle as they gather on a winter

eve before the hearth heaped up with blazing logs, o.l' grate with glow-

ing coal.

The mulberry tree should come infor a share of notice. This tree

grows in every part of the State, especially in the sandy soil of some parts

of Middle and Southern Georgia. The fn1it o.f the black mulberry

makes a very fattening food for hogc. The leaves of the white mulb erry

are the favorite food of the silkworm. When the colony of Georgia was

founded it was intended that the production of raw silk should he one

of its industries. Would it not pay some one who understands this busi-

ness to embark in it in Georgia?

An excellent article of tea has been grown in Southeast Georgia.

Indigo grows wild in its southern section, and was at one time culti-

vated, 1mtil cotton absorbed almost all the attention of our people.

Peas and beans grow in every section of the State and the value of

the cow or field-pea to all the cotton belt of Georgia, both for forage and

soil fertilization, cannot be overestimated. The peas furnish excellent

food for stock, and are good foocl for man as well, superior to the Boston

bean. The hay made from the vines is of fine quality and very nourish-

ing.

The reports that have been made on authority of the United States

census concerning Georgia's soils give but a feeble conception of their

productiveness. The autlmrs of those reports in making up their aver-

ages for crops raised in the different belts, gave the result'l of the

work of the unskilled laborers under overseers who were themselves ig-

norant of the best modes of cultivation. But skillful farmers using the

best methods give us a fair idea of the capacity o GeoTgia soil in every

11ection of the State. We give here some well authenticated yields:

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS1'RIAL.

In C.otton.-In Washington county, partly in Middle and partly in

Southern Georgia, 6,917 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; in Troup

county, Midde Gewgia, 4,594 pounds; in Burke county, in the northern

part of Southern Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Carroll county, Middle Geor-

gia, 4,500 pounds; in Crawford county, southeastern part, in Middle

Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Clay county, Southwestern Georgia, and

Brooks, bordering on the Florida line, 2,700 pound's; in Coweta and De-

Kalb counties, in Middle Georgia, but both above the center of the State

(DeKalb considerably so), 2,200 pounds.



In Corn.-In Spalding county, Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the

acre; in Cobb county, in the northwestern part of Middle Georgia, 125

bushels; in "Wilkes county, Middle Goo!I'gia, 123 bushels; in Thomas

county, Southwestern Georgia, bordering on the Florida line, 119 bush-

els; in Crawford county, partly in Middle partly in Southwestern Geor-

gia, 115 bushels; in Cherokee county, in Middle Georgia belt, but north-

western part of the State, 104 bushels to the acre.

In Oats.-In wilkes county, Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the

acre; in DeKalb county, Middle Georgia, 131 bushels; in Floyd county,

Northwest Georgia, 121 bllS'hels; in Coweta county, westem Middle

Georgia, 115 bushels; in Schley county, Southwestern Georgia, 100

bushels; in Brooks county, Southern Georgia, on the border of Florida,

75 bushels to the acre.

In Wheat.-In DeKalb and Spalding counties, Middle Georgia, 65

bushels to the acre; in Carroll county, Middle Georgia, 40 bushels; in

Cher()lkee, Middle Georgia belt, but northwestern part of the State, in

Milton next on the south, and Walton, Middle Georgia, 28 bushels to

the acre.

In Sweet Potatoes.-800 bushels to the acre in Richmond, Crawford

and Berrien counties; the first nam,ed being on the border of Middle and

Southern Georgia and bordering on South Carolina, Crawford in South-

western and Berrien in Southern Georgia, with hlilt one county between

it and the Florida line; 500 bushels in Brooks county, on the Florida

border; 400 bushels in Fulton county, Middle Georgia belt but north-

western part of the State.

In Irish Potatoes.-Four hundred and twenty bushels to the acre in

Wilkes county, Middle Georrgia.; 109 bushels in Walker countf, extreme

Northwestern Georgia.

In Upland Rice.-One hundred bushels to the acre in Hall and White

counties, in Northeast Georrgia; Pike, in Middle Georgia; and Early in

lower Southwest Georgia on the Alabama line.

In Cane Syrup.-Seven hundred galloil'S to the acre in Bulloch

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

171

county, Southerrn Georgia; 695 gallons in Thomas county, in Southwest Georgia, on the Florida border; 600 gallons in Brooks county, Southern Georgia, on the Florida border; and 480 gallons in Burke county, in the northern part of Southerrn Georgia.
In Glover Hay.-Sixteen thousand pounds to the acre in DeKalb county, Middle Georgia; 10,000 pounds in Greene county, Middle Georgia; 6,575 pounds in Cobb county, northwestern part of Middle Georgia belt.
In Poovine Hay.-Ten thousand seven hundred and twenty pounds to the acre in Spalding county, Middle Georgia.
In Bermuda Grass Hay.-Thirteen thousand nine hundred and fiftythree pounds tothe acre in Greene C()Unty, Middle Georgia. . In Lucerne.-Nine thousand four hundred pounds to the acre in Gor don county, Northwest Georgia.
In Ombb Grass Hay.-Eight thousand and forty-six pounds to the acre in Bibb county, on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia.
In Corn Forage.-Twenty-seven thousand one hundred and thirty pounds to the acre in Greene county, Middle Georgia.
In Sugar.-Twenty-one barrels to the acre in Bulloch county, northern part of Southern Georgia.
9 ga

CHAPTER V.
PUBLIC ROADS IN GEORGIA.
RAILROADS AND WATER TRANSPORTATION.
In every county there should be good roads; on which t.he farmer can haul to the nearest market, or shipping point, the produce of his farm with the greatest degree of comfort to himself and the least possible wear on his wagons and stock. Roads must keep pace with all other improvements; for the public highways will have an important bearing on the judgment formed in regard to the thrift and enterprise of any county. Much interest in this subject has been aroused in Georgia for several years.
In 1891 a law was enacted authorizing commissioners of roads a:qd revenues of each county, upon recommendation of the grand jury, to fix and levy a special road tax, not to exceed two mills on theJ dollar, and also to exact o:f each male inhabitant a commutation tax not to exceed :fifty cents a day for the number of days' work required:.. The law also
1\j
authorized authorities to organize chain-gangs of convicts; or to hire free labor f& improvement and maintenance of public highways. . The expenses were to be met by special road and commutation taxes, Many of the counties have adopted the new road law and every year adds to their number. The plan, on which the work is done, is to divide the foree employed into squads, each of which ,consists of from :fifteen to forty-five men und~r a corrtpetent superintendent and one or more orverse,ers. Each squad is supplied with camping outfit, two or more road' machines, wheeled scrapers, wagons, plows, and from ten to twenty mules. ".U~ally on leading roads the working force first goes over them with machine giving proper crown, opening s1ide ditches, macadamizing boggy places, and cutting doWn. the grades ~f the steeper hills. In the case of less~im portant roads the force employed works them from one to' two years. On the second working more attention is paid to grading and macadamizing. In counties having large cities, where from 100 to 400 oonvicts are errtployed, the roads are graded and macadamized at the first working. Under this system several hundred miles of first-class macadamized road!,
( 172)

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173

have been built in several counties within the last three years. . Amon~ the best are the Manchester and Peachtree roads near Atlanta, thoroughfares equal to the best ideal. In this great work Fulton county leads all others, spending in 1900, $140,000, and constructing many miles o well-graded macadamized road. Other roads of similar merit are found in Bibb, Floyd, Bartow, Richmond, J e:fferson, Emanuel, Spalding, Meriwether and Chatham counties. . The sheU road from Savannah tO' Bonaventure and Thunderbolt was noted even before the civil war. The shell roads of Glynn county radiating from the city of Brunswick arealso worthy of mention:_ From the city of Rome in Floyd county some of the finest macadamized roads in Georgia lead out in all directions. These roads of Floyd county cover more than seventy-six miles, and are built of hard limestone and marble. They are being added to at the rate of one mile a month. All of these roads are !Qf easy grad~ and thoroughly drained. The county authorities expect to continue this system of road-building. In Bartow county there radiate from Cartersville in all directions splendid roads over which it is a delight to drive. The same is true of those of Richmond county, which center in Augusta, or thooe of Bibb, that form the favorite drives of the citizens of Macon. Thomas county has long enjoyed a good reputation for its well-graded drives through the fragrant pines. Ere many years at the present rate of progress all the citizens of Georgia will be blessed with good country roads, on which travel and transportation will be pleasant at all seasons.
One of the most efficient means of arousing interest on this subject of good roads in Georgia, is the meeting of the county road commissioners held in Atlanta.

RAILROADS OF GEORGIA.
Georgia was from the first introduction of railroads into America, one of the most active in their construction. In fact, her preeminence among her Southern sisters in railroad building, combined with the leading part played: by her in the promotion of various manufacturing enterp:r:ises, gave her the proud title "Empire State of the South." In the number and extent of her railroads she still ranks foremost. Among and thro~gh her mountains and hills, valleys, plains and forests, highlands and lowlands, north, south, east and west, they thread their way, pouring wealth into the laps of Georgia's cities and towns, and giving convenient and rapid transportation to the farmers, merchants and manu- facturers of the State. The condition of the roads is excellent. The great trunk lines are laid with heavy steel rails and well ballasted. With

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

these main lines shorte,r ones connect many towns and stations, which otherwise would be remote from the great arteries o.f trade and travel. Several great systellliSi o railroads are operated in Georgia.
The Central of Georgia enjoys the distinction of being the first built in the State (1833). It extended originally from Savannah t<} Macon. .By taking in other lines and building branch roads, it has spre,ad out in every direction, traversing with its 1,301.54 miles of rail fifty-one counties of Georgia, giving to them access to the ocean thropgh the port of iSavannah.
The lines of this company penetrate and cover, in a most complete :manner, Middle and Southwest Georgia, the great fruit and: trucking sections of the State. Its lines also cross the Chattahoochee river at Columbus, Georgetown and Columbia, and, passing through the mineral, agricult ural, timber and naval stores section of Alabama, gather the rich products of that great State and bear the bulk of them to the markets of the world through Savannah, the greatest So,uth Atlantic seaport, where direct steamship connections are made for all points in the East and Europe.
The lines of this great system reach nearly every important town in t he State, among which are Atlanta, Savannah, Macon, Augusta, Columbus, Athens, Americus, Albany and Griffin. A great many other progressive towns of Georgia are reached by this system. Twenty-one of these cities and towns have electric light pulants and are otherwise equipped with all modern conveniences.
Among the most important industries located within the territoq covered by the Central in Georgia are: :fifty-six cotton mills, operating 69 8,070 spindles and 25,739 looms, representing an aggregate capital of $10,650,800; one w01o~en mill; twelve knitting mills; sixteen flour mills; twenty-five cottonseed-oil mills; twenty guano factories; sixty-three, brick kilns and clay potteries; twenty-&ix i1ron foundries ; twenty-seven machine shops; twenty-two canneries; sixteen wagon and buggy factories; :five spoke and handle factories; eleven tanneries; twenty-eight ice manufacturing plants; fhree granite quarries; 131 dairies and 5 creameries.
In addition to the above there were handled from points on the lines of this company during the past year (1900), 126,891 barrels of rosin and 33,158 barrels of spirits of turpentine.
No compendium of facts bearing on the resources of Georgia, or of that territory in the State covered by the Central of Georgia Railway would be complete without reference to the great agricultural and horticultural interests of this section. Of agriculture should be mentioned the more staple crops, cotton, corn, sugar-cane, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes,

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

177

field-peas and broom corn. Under this head we would also mention the making of hay from native and foreign grasses, to which more attention is being paid than ever before.
In horticulture should be mentioned the market gardens, or truck farms, raising cucumbe,rs, beans of all varieties, tomatoes, cabbages, on ions, etc. Under this head comes the fruit industry, which has reached vast proportions. More interest than ever before is being taken in growing peaches, pears, plums, apples, grapes of many varieties, watermelons, cantall()upes, cherries, strawberries, blackbkerries, etc.
In addition to the above mentioned crops, special attention should be called to the growi~g of tobacco, which has hitherto been a small crop in Georrgia. From successful experiments in planting tobacco during the past year in lower Middle Georgia it is confidently predicted that the section of the State lying south of Macon is destined to become in time, one of the greatest tobaccO"-growing sections of the Union. With the distribution of tobacco seed ap.d the assistance of an expert tobacco grower, all of which is being furnished free to the farmers by the Central of Georgia Railroad, every reasonable effort is being made to interest the farmers in this crop.
The manufacture of syrup from sugar-cane has in the past year or two reached such a stage of perfection, as to render the growing of sugar cane very profitable. Analyses recently made by thoroughly reliable and expert chemists show that sugar-cane grown on the hill-sides of lower Middle Georgia, or in the light sandy soil on the Atlantic coast, contains from two to four per cent. more saccharine than can be grown in the alluvial lands. The farmers in this territory are appreciating the im portance of paying m!O're attention to growing sugar-cane and to the handling of its products.
The timber and lumber industries in this State have reached vast proportions. In addition to the enormous trade in Georgia pine and all hard woods in our domestic markets, there are millions of feet of this class of timber and lumber exported annually through the South Atlantic and Gulf ports.
T,he terminus of the Central of Georgia Railway, with its magnificent wharf and terminal properties, is at Savannah, the great South Atlantic seaport. In the sketch of Chatham county is given a complete statement in detail of the business handled through this port during the past year. A large percentage of this was handled by the lines of the Central system.
The Southern Railway operates in the State of Georgia nearly 1,016 miles of travel. )3eginning at Atlanta lines rad~ate to the south, west,

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

north, and northeast, and place the cities and towns of the State along its lines ~ close touch with the Atlantic Ocean, the coal fields to the west and the great cities and markets of the North. Its lines pasS through the important cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Athens, Columbus, Griffin, Macon and Rome, and connect them with Savannah, the greatest South Atlantic port, and with Brunswick, the seoond in importance of Georgia's ports.
Fifty-one counties are traversed by this system, and, taken as a whole throughout the State, every variety of resource, soil, climate and industry in Georgia is found somewhere contiguous to its lines.
The textile industry is well represented. On January 1, 1900, there were in the towns tributary to the Southern in Georgia, forty-four cotton mills, operating 628,896 spindles and 16,960 looms, and representing a capital stock of over $10,000,000. There were also six knitting mills and six woolen mills, and there are now under construction, or completed since that date, twenty other textile concerns.
The timber wealth of this country is enormous, and at the present time there are tributary to the Southern seventy-five saw and planing mills with a daily capacity of about 780,000 feet of pine, oak, poplar and other lumber. There are nineteen cottonseed-oil mills with several more under construction Oil." in contemplation. There are also more than forty grist and flom mills, besides new ones now contemplated, to handle the large wheat crop. In fourteen towns there are electric light plants; in five, large brick making establishments, while many more have clay deposits suitable for development; more than forty foundries, machine works, or other iron industries; five canneries, and as many more projected or being built; eight furniture plants and a large num:ber of factories making spokes, handles, wagons, crates, coffins,_vehicles, etc. Several towns have ice factorie~, and at a large number quite a business: is done in shipping naval stores to Brunswick and Savannah for exp~rt. Thme are four companies making leather products, two creameries, several fertilizer factories and a large number of ginneries. The niost active mineral district is Dahlonega, tributary to the Southern at Gainesville, where a large stamp mill and chlorination plant has been erected, extensive mining done and a large amount of money expended in developing the gold deposits of that section. At Gainesville a million do.Uar cotton-mill is being erected; another small .one organized and a smelter projected.
The Southern traverses the great mineral section of the State as well as wme of the best lands for all the staple crops, fruits, melons, berries and vegetables, and some o[ the finest timber lands in the world. The Southern and Central systems give to a large section of the State two

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

179

splendid competing lines, and each stretches out its great arms into sections not traversed by the other. Both these roads are doing all they can to advertise and build up the sections through which they pass, and their e:fforts are meeting with great success.
The Plant System operates in Georgia 616 miles, and traverses nineteen counties, possessing every grade of soil from light sandy and allu vial to the heaviest clay and river bottom, and having a climate temperate and especially adapted to agriculture and horticulture. On its line are three cotton-mills with 18,000 spindles; three cottonseed-oil mills, four fertilizer factories, two barrel factories, ninety~six turpentine stills, twenty-five camps where railroad ties are manufactured and sold. Eight of the towns on the system h~ve electric plants, viz.: Savannah, Brunswick, Quitman, Waycross, Albany, Valdosta, Thomasville and Bainbridge. There are two brick plants at Albany, one at Bainbridge and one each at Johnson's and Williams's stations, five in all; also one pottery plant at Stockton. There are foundry and machine works at Savannah, Brunswick, Waycross, Albany, Valdosta and Tifton, and canneries at Tifton and Albany. There are also bucket factories at Whigham and llfcRae's. Along the lines of this system ijjhe output of naval stores amounts to 260,000 barrels of rosin and 90,000 barrels or spirits of turpentine. There are ice plants at the eight large towns. Almost every mile of the territory traversed by the Plant System is suitable for agri cultural and horticultural pursuits, dairying and grape growing. Dairy farming is profitably conducted near most of the large towns.
The Georrgia Railroad was the second chartered in the State (Dec. 31, 1833). Its main line connects Augusta and Atlanta, and including its branches operates 314 miles and traverses eighteen counties, having on its line the two important terminal cities already named besides Athens, Macon, Greensboro, Madison, Covington, Oxford, Milledgeville, and other smaller but flourishing towns. The country traversed is a part of the great cotton belt of Georgia. Many of the foundries and mills already spoken of as being on the line of the Central and Southern systems are also on the line od: the Georgia Railroad at Atlanta, Augusta, Athens and Macon. There are brick plants at several points, and potteries at Milledgeville, Macon and Grovetown. At each of the terminal points of the main trunk of the Georgia Railroad are extensive planingmills and furniture factories. No road in the State has more extensive local traffic, in both freight and passengers.
The Georgia Southern and Florida Railway Company operates 169 mriles of track in Georgia, beginning at Macon and ending at the Florida State line, connecting Vienna, Cordele, Tifton, Valdosta and many

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

smaller towns with Macon, its chief terminal. The principal trade opened up by this line is that of lumber and naval stores. There are on its line within the State of Georgia forty-seven sawmills with a daily capacity of 1,073,000 feet of lumber; twenty-one planing-mills with a daily capacity of 454,000 feet; eighteen shinglemills with a daily capacity of 425,000 shingles; six lath mills, turning out daily 94,000 laths; five stave mills capable of a daily production of '7'7,000 staves; twenty-five turpentine stills turning out 85,000 barrels of rosin and 25,000 barrels of turpentine annually. Beginning at Macon this line runs along a ridge between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers, the waters of the former flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, and of the latter into the Gulf of Mexico. This territory is for the most part what is known as the "wire-grass" section, and is one of the best in the State for grain, cotton and stock. The farms are generally small and cultivated by the owners, whio1, raising their own provisions and making cotton a surplus crop, are generally out o debt and prosperous. Long-staple or "sea-:island!'' cotton is chiefly raised in the Southern counties, there being marketed at Valdosta alone onetenth 'Of this entire crop in the United States. This is also a great section for fruit, which is less liable than in other sections to frosts in the spring, as was shown in 1894 and 1899, when a considerable quantity was shipped off this line, while in other parts of the State peaches were a totai failure. There are on this line outside of Macon two cotton factories aggregating 14,000 spindles and 450 looms, with a capital of $235,000, three cottonseed-oil mills, three guano factories, two ice factmies, three iron foundries, four machine works, three canneries, one spoke and handle factory, one broom factory, four barrel factor'ies, one wagon and one buggy factory, and two harness factories. There are on the line in Georgia five brick yards, four be,ing in Macon and one near Lenox in Berrien county. There is not much dairying along this line, but those engaged in the business are prosperous.
Considerable upland rice is produced for home consumption, and in some years considerable is shipped. The yield is 30 bushels to the acre.
Both cigar-and smoking tobacco have been grown along this road, the former producing from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds to the acre, and the latter averaging '750 pounds to the acre. A good local market would cause a renewal of the growth of this plant.
This region is especially adapted to the growth of sugar-cane, which is true also of the sections traversed by the Central, Southern and Plant systems. Many families from the northwestern and other States are settled along the Georgia, Southern and Florida.
The Western and Atlarntic division of the Nashville, Chattanooga

SHIPPING MELONS AT DIETir.F.N'S.

GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

183

Railway system . operates in Goorgia 139 miles, o which eighteen are known as the Rome Railway. This road connects Atlanta with Marietta, Acworth, Cartersville, Rome, Calhoun, Dalton and Ringgold in Georgia, and Chattanooga in Tennessee, passing through seven counties, embracing a splendid agricultural section, whose crops o cotton, grain and hay are excelled nowhere in the State. Fruit trees, especially peach, have been planted in great numbers and with wonderful success. From Cartersville to the Chattahoochee river grape culture is successtully carried on, and iroo:n Ringgold and vicinity strawberries are grown and shipped in abundance. The section about Ringgold is best adapted to small fruits and grain; about Dalton to vegetables, fruits and grain; about Calhoun to corn, small grain and peaches; about Adairsville to wheat and peaches; about Cartersville to fine staple cotton, corn and wheat; around Marietta to cotton, peaches and grapes; around Smyrna to small fruits, peaches, grapes and cotton. Considerable sorghum is made
for domestic use. Tobacco is grown in small quantities tOT home use
only. A fine timber country is tributary'to the lineJ on the headwaters of the Ooosawattee and Conesauga rivers, which streams unite above Resaca to form the Oostanaula. All manufacturing interests seem to be in a thriving condition. The increase in mining has probably been 100 per cent., in other lines. about 20 per cent. Outside of Atlanta, are the following cotton mills: two at Dalton with a total of 25,000 spindles and 620 l~oms; one at Rome with 5,200 sp'indles and' 108 looms. There are nine:flour mills; cottonseed-oil mills at Rome and Acworth; knitting mills at Marietta and.Atlanta; paper mill at :Marietta, and mills for production of guano filler (graphitic slate) at Emerson. There is a carriage factory at Cartersville, a crate factory in Adairsville, furniture factories at Rome, Dalton, Acworth, Marietta and Atlanta. There are tanneries in Atlanta, Acworth and Cassville, and ice plants in Atlanta, Marietta, Cartersville and Rome. There are iron ore beds near Emerson, Cartersville, Roger's Station, Clifford, Adairsville, Tunnel Hill, Ringgold and . Allatoona, near which latter place is a gold stamping mill. There is manganese in abundance near Cartersville; granite at Vining's Station and on Kennesaw Mountain, but no quarries; black arid variegated marble near Calhoun and Dalton, but not being quarried; large marble mills in Marietta, using marble from along the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, on which connecting line are a number of quar ries in operation, the greater portion of whose output is handled by the Western and Atlantic. Limestone quarries are in operation at Graysville and Clifford, the output being eight car-loads a day. At Cement are cement works whose output is 200 barrels a day. The Southern

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Company plaster works at EmersO'll, making :filler for fertilizers, have an output of 10,000 tons per annum.
The Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern, operating 105 miles in Georgia, runs from Marietta to the Tennessee line, through six counties, passing through the town of Canton, Tate, Jasper and Ellijay. Through the Western and Atlantic Railroad it connects with Atlanta. Along this line are some large orchards and the :finest marble quarries of Georgia.
The Macon and Birmingham Railway operates nearly ninety-seven miles of its own track and uses about eight miles of the track of the Central between Macon and LaGrange, having on its line also the towns of Culloden, Yatesville, Thomaston and Woodbury. It traverses six counties of an excellent agricultural district, the principal product of which is cotton. There is one cotton mill of 6,600 spindles at 'Thomaeton; two at LaGrange agrregating 27,500 spindles, and a third one of 10,000 spindles in process of erection. There are electric light plants at Thomaston and LaGrange, a cottonseed-oil and guano factory at LaGrange, and a shoe factory at Thomaston. There is a factory fo~ the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds and crates at Woodbury, and a coffin factory at Mutual, operated by the Mutual Aid Society (colored). The output of naval stores is 5,000 barrels of rosin and 100 barrels of spirits of turpentine. There is a tannery at Thomaston and a creamery at LaGrange. There are excellent granite deposits for thirty or forty miles of the distance, principally in Upson and Meriwether counties. Tbenr is a granite quarry at Odessadale. Along the line the agricultural products are cottol\. corn, sugar-cane, S(?rghum, wheat, oats, rye and potatoes. The land is well adapted to grapes, peaches and other fruits, the flavor of which is especially good, owing to the large amount of potash in the soil.
The Seabnard .Aar Line operates nearly 134 miles of railroad between Atlanta and the South Carolina State line, traversing eight counties, and passing through the towns of Lawrenceville, Athens and Elberton. The country traversed is a fine agricultural section and has great manufacturing interests at Atlanta, Athens and Elberton.
The Georgia and Alabama road, running almost a bee line from the Alabama line eastward to Savannah with its many branch roads, 376 miles in all, and traversing sixteen 'counties, is now a part of the Sea board Air Line system. It transports the products of a large section o Georgia and Alabama to swell the exports o S~vannah. Some of its territory is also traversed by roads of the Central of Georgia and Southern systems. The leading cities and towns on this road and its branches are Columbus, Lumpkin, Preston, Americus, Dawson, Albany, Fitz

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

] 85

gerald, Abbeville, Mount Vernon and Savannah. All along its line

are important manufactories, whose products help to swell its freights.

.A great many people fron:i. northern and western States are settling along

the three great lines of the Seaboard .Air Line. This is true also of the

Central and Southern.

The Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, which, with its hundred

and thirty-eight miles, traverses eight counties of Georgia from the Flor-

ida line to Savannah, thence northward to the South Carolina line in

Effingham county, has also been consolidated with the Seaboard .Air Line

system. .Along its line are large sawmills and turpentine distilleries.

Its main shipments are naval stores gathered at the stations along its

route through the great pine belt of Georgia. It passes near St. Mary's,

but not through any important town in Georgia except the city of Sa-

vannah, which it connects with Fernandina, J'a:cksonville, Lake Oity,

Live Oak, MadisoiD, Tallahassee, St. Marks and other points in Florida.

'I'he total number of miles embraced in this great comhination, now

known as the 'Seaboard .Air Line SJb"tem, is 648, passing through thirty-

two counties of Georgia.

The .Atlanta and West Point Railroad, named for its two terminal

points, passes through five counties of a productive portion of Georgia.

The solils along this line are red clay, sandy, with clay subsoil and hum-

mock lands. .Abundant crops of the staple prod,uctions of G~orgia are

handled by this road. It forms a connecting link between the

great trunk line systems from the East and the Louisville and

Nashville Rruilroad, and thus participates in the carrying of the trade

:from the eastern markets to the Pacific coast, and likewise shares the

freight moving in the rev;erse direction. The industries along its line are

varied, consisting of agriculture, dairying, fruit-growing, cot1Jo111 fac-

tories, foundries, canning establishments and tanneries. There is onE!

flour mill at Newnan, one knitting mill at Grantville; of cotton~oil mills,

one each at Newnan, LaGrange, Hogansville and West Point; of brick

plants, one each at Moreland, West Point, Speers and Hogansville. Iron

foundries and machine shops are located at Newnan, Moreland and

West Point; there are two canning establishments, one at Newnan and

one ice plant at Newnan. Three towns, Newnan, LeGrange and

West funt, have electric plants. ' There is a gold mine in operation

:p.ear Grantville. There are along this line seven cotton.mills with 144,-

000 spindles, representing a capital of $3,032,000.

The lands are adapted to general farming, fruit and vegetables. Large

quantities of grapes and peaches are ra'ised near Moreland, Coweta and

Newnan.



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GEORGIJ.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The above are the principal railroad systems o Georgia. There are many short lines which play an important part in giving an ~utlet to th& products of many sections, which without them could not reach the trunk lines except by the tedious and more expensive method of transportation offered by the mule team upou the country roa& The following table, prepared for the last annual report of the Railroad Commission of Georgia, gives the railroad mileage of tli.e State together with the names of the respective lines:

RAILROAD MILEAGE IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA FOR 1901.
Alabama Great Southern ............................. . 24.32 Albany & Northein .................................. . 35.00 Atlanta & West Point ............................... . 86.11 Atlanta Belt Line .... . .............................. . 5.50 Atlanta, Kn~xville & Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.30 Atlantic, Valdosta & Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.13 Augusta Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.80 Augusta & Summerville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 Augusta Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.44 Central of Georgia ................................... 1,30{54 Charleston & Western Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.47 Chattanooga Southern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.65 City & Suburban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.00 Collins & Reidsville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.91 Darien & Western .................................. . 29.00 Dooly Southern ....................... ............... . 8.00 East & West ....................................... . 45.70 Flovilla & Indian Springs ............................. . ,3.00 Foy Railroad ....................................... . 10.00 Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern ....................... . 65.00 Georgia ........................................... . 314.50 Georgia Northern ...... ,. ....... , .................... . 51.00 Georgia Pine ....................................... . 39.52 Georgia Southern & :Florida ......................... .. . . 169.00 Hartwell ....... .. ................................ . 10.10 Hawkinsville & Florida Southern , ...................... . 33.00 Lawrenceville ....................................... . 10.00 Lexington Terminal ................................. . 4.00 Louisville & Wadley .......... . : ..................... . 10.00

GEORGIA: HISTORJOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

189

Macon & Birmingham ............................... . 96.80 Macon, Dublin & Savan:p.ah ........................... . 53.54 Midville, Swainsboro & Red Bluff ...................... . 17.75 .Millen & Southwestern .......... . ........... . ........ . 33.78 Nashville & Sparks ................................. . 11.50 Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis .................... . 2.73 Offerman & Western ...................... , ......... . 35.00 Plant System ....................................... . 616.39 Sandersville ......................................... . 4.00 Savannah & Statesboro ............................... . 34.00 Seaboard Air Line ................................... . 647.83 Smithonia & Dunlap ................................ . 7.00 Smithonia, Danielsville & Carnesville ................... . 6.00 South Georgia ....................................... . 28.00 Southern Railway ................................... . 998.15 Sparks, Moultrie & Gulf ..... .. ...... . ......... . ....... . 40.00 Stillmore Air Line .................................. . 34.05 Sylvania ......................... ......... . ......... . 15.00 Talbotton .......................................... . 7.00 Tallulah Falls ................. . ........... .. ........ . 20.90 Tjlfton & Northeastern ............................... . 25.00 Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf ........................... . 55.50 Valdosta Southern .................................... . 14.50 Wadley & Mt. Vernon .................. ; ............ . 30.00 \Vaycross Air Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.00 Western & Atlantic (including Rome Railroad) . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.34 Western of Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Wrightsville & Tennille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.00

Total ........................................... 5,623.92

WATER TRANSPORTATION.
Before the invention of railroads interior towns remote from navigable' streams had small chance of becoming centers of trade. The construction of railroads has altered this, and has built up great cities remote from any water highway. And yet a navigable stream gives to a city the great advantage of a competing line, which reduces freight charges to a considerable extent. The Savannah river is navigable to the city of Augusta, whose importance as an interior cotton mart is greatly enhanced thereby. A line of steamboats plies between that city and

190

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Savannah. The Chattahoochee is navigable from the city of Columbus to the Apalachicola and through that river to the Gulf of Mexico. The river trade of Columbus .through its several steamboat lines is considerable. The city of Rome enjoys a fine river trade through two navigable streams, the Coosa and Oostanaula. Steamboats bring to that city ihe productions or the Coosa valley, lumber, iron, grain and cotton, and the btaple products of the Oostanaula valley, among them large quantities of walnut, poplar and oak lumber. The Flint, which unites with the Chattahoochee to form the Apalachicola, flows past the flourishing little city of Albany, which enjoys the advantage Of an extensive steamboat traffic. Darien has always had .a considerable river trade along the Altamaha and its tributaries, the Ocmulgee and Oconee, boats running as far as Hawkinsville on the :first named tributary and Dublin on the latter. The Savannah is the most important of Georgia's navigable streams, because over eighteen miles of its course heavily laden ships bear to the ocean the rich and varied articles of export that find their outlet through the prosperous city of Savannah. The St. Mary's will some day play an important part in the development of the southeast section of the State. On its right bank is situated the beautiful little town of St. Mary's, which already, through its :fine harbor, accessible to the largest vessels, has a considerable trade in lumber, a large amount of which is brought to this port by the boats that ascend the river for some miles. The Satilla and Ogeechee are other navigable strams of Georgia, whose advantages have not been utilized to any considerable extent. Other navigable waters of Georgia are the inlets and sounds wh1ch flow between the mainland and the charming islands that skirt the coast from the Savannah to the St. Mary's. Through St. Simon's sound the largest vessels pass up the Turtle river to Brunswick, the second in importance of the seaports of Georgia, a city with a bright future before it, lilm Savannah, the center of a fine fruit and truck farming section, and having excellent shipping facilities.

CHAPTER Vl.
AGRICULTURE.
Having discussed the economic minerals, water-powers, soils, and means of travel and transportation of our State, both by land and water, it is well to take up here the subject of agriculture, the special care of the department under whose auspices this work is given to' the public, and to which already abundant refereiD.ce has been made. What has been done in this important field of enterprise in Georgia is a matter of history. What shall be done in the ~uture will depend upon the skill, as well as the industry, of our farmers.
Ootton.-Cottou, when made a surplus crop, and cultivated with such limitations as a sound business judgment would dictate, is still the great money crop of Georgia. Although our State has for several years past ranked most of the time as the second in coitton production, its average yield to the acre is not so great as one might s,uppose, who has seen the wonderful results secured on some farms by the employment of the best scientific methods. The reason for this is, that the loose methods which prevailed in the ante-bellum days, when, after exhausting the land, the planter sought new fields, are still employed on many farms. These are rented out for fixed money value or for share of products to unskilled negro laborers, who, without the guiding hand of an intelligent white farmer, cannot be expected to produce the best results. What Georg{a soil can be made to do under the best sdootific farming was shown in a previous chapter (page 155.) The more numerous the class of skilled farmers, the better show will Georgia make in her average yield by the acre.
From the first Georgia has stood high in production among the cotton States of the Union. For many years it was outranked only by South Carolina, which State was the first to engage in this industry. After passing South Carolina, Georgia was second only to Mississippi. In 1849 it fell behind Alabama; but in 1880 again took rank just behiud' Mississippi. Since 1895 it has, with the exception of one year, gone ahead of everything except the combined yields of Texas and Indian Territory. In this connection the following table will be found interesting:

192

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

COTTON CROP BY STATES-BALES.

Alabama .............. 1,000,000 1,008,313 1,159,000 1,159,000 1,019,000 830,000

Arkansas ............ . .
Florida .... ..........

762,000 45,000

669,385 41,855

834,000 70,000

922,000 70,000

700,000 60,000

620,000 48,000

Georgia ............... 1,295,000 1,345,699 1,536,000 1,536,000 1,300,000 1,079,000

Louisiana ........ ..... . 719,000 699,476 590,000 740,000 575,000 430,QOO

Mississippi .... . . . .... . 950,000 1,203,739 1,522,000 1,627,000 1,226,000 860,000

North Carolina . .. . .... 542,000 503,825 583,000 583,000 500,000 384,000

South Carolina . ....... 911,000 830,714 1,012,000 1,003,000 800,000 664,000

Tennessee ............. 350,000 355,000 414,000 485,000 330,000 252,000

Texas (and Indian Ter

ri tory to 1!>99) ....... 3,809,000 2,438,555 3,555,000 3,075,000 2,248,000 1,990,000

For the season of 1899-1900 Texas is estimated by itself. The total cotton acreage of Georgia for the crop of 1899-1900 was :3,287,741. Of Georgia's cotton production for the season of 1899-1900 the upland crop was 1,284,811 bales, averaging 490 pounds to the bale, at 7.11 cents a pound, and thus bringing $44,761,530. The sea-island crop was 60,888 bales, averaging 397 pounds to the bale, at 13.5 cents a pound, making this crop worth $3,263,292. The entire crop of Georgia was 1,345,699 and was worth $48,024,822. The average to the acre for the whole State was about 600 pounds of seed cotton.*
'The total Sea-island crop of 1899-1900 is shown in the following table taken from the report of the U. S. Department of Agriculture:
Sea-Island Cotton Crop for 1899-1900

State

Savannah.

Receipts a.t-
I I Charleston Brunswick Jacksonville

Total Crop

Georgia ...................... Florida ..................... . 'South Carolina ........ .

Bales. 49,939 22,278
33

Bales.

Bales.

Bales.

........................

10.949: .........7',329"'"'"

.........1.,sio........ :::::::::::::::::::::::: ........................

Bales.
60,888 29,607 7,843

Total ..................

72,2-'iO

7,8LO

10,949

7,329

98,338

The Department's special a~ent at Charleston, S.C., Mr. Lewis F. Sloan, submits the tol statistics and observations relatmg to this crop :
F.:r.port. and Coastwise ShipmentA

Ports

B~ft~~~.

I Exports !n Bales to-

Continent.

American Mills.

From Charleston.................................

4,991

1,368

I

1,316

From Sava.nnah ........... ............ ........

33,181

6,639

30,806

~~~: fi~k~~~;~i;;::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::.::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::.

10,949 7.329

rota!.
7,675 70,626 10,949 7,329

Total ........................... .

38.172

8,007

50,400

96,579

Stock on hand at Ch11,rleston, S. C., September J, 1[)00..................................................ba~s... 885 Stock on hand at Savannah, Ga., September 1, 1900............ ............................................. do... 1,688

Total stocks .................. ......................................................................................do... 2,073

A CORN FIELD

GEORGIA: ,HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

195

The following States, including Oklahoma Territory, not in the above list also raised some cotton: Virginia, 8,007 bales; Missouri, 17,275;. Oklahoma, 66,555; Kansas, 188; Kentucky, 24; Utah, 26.
A cotton crop does not necessarily deplete the soil more than other crops. But the fields, being left bare, are washed and leach~ by winter rains,. and some of the best elements of the soil are withdrawn. A systematic rotation of crops would save this waste and preserve the fertility of the land. A judicious use of fertilizers will enormously increase the productiveness of the fields and correspoodingly enlarge the profits of the planter. The composting of commercial fertilizers with animal manures, marl, muck and cottonseed will greatly reduce the cost of fertilization. All the manurial resources of the farm should be saved under shelter that they may be ready for application to' the fields at the proper time. For every pound of lint produced there are two of seed, which are useful as a fertilizer. Peavine hay, properly turned under, has already been frequently mentioned as a cheap and valuable fertilizer. No longer is the sale of the lint the only source of profit derived from the cotton crop. The various uses made of the seed, for food for stock, for oil and a fertilizer, swell the profits of the skillful and provident farmer. The steady increase throughout Georgia of millS, either for the manufacture of cloths and thread from the lint, or of oil, cotton-meal cakes and hulls from the seed, has already affected the price or cotton to the great ad vantage of the producer. Let every farmer raise his own supplies, and plant the rest of his land in cotton. Then competence and wealth will reward his skill and diligence.
Some idea of the increased wealth to the farmers of Georgia, derived from the by-product of the cotton, may be gathered from the following statement: In 1890 the cottonseed of Georgia amounted 1;(:) 596,000 tons~ the average value otf which by the ton, was $10.21, which would give $6,085,160. Dming the season of 1898-99 the number of tons of cottonseed was 778,000. Toward the close of the season this sold as high as $14.00 a ton, At that rate the value of the total product amounted to $10,892,000.' Of course it was not all sold, some of it being used as a :fertilize:r, and some as feed for stock. Y6ft the possibilities, as shown by these figures, enable one to form some idea of the value to the farmer of his cotwnseed, which in ante-bellum days were considered of no acco1mt. There is no doubt that cotton properly managed is the greatest wealth-producing crop in the United States.
Any skilled farmer of the West and North, who, in the great grain States, makes a success of farming, will ':find his opportunities for acquir-
Io ga

196

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

ing wealth in his chosen occupation greatly enlarged by settling in Georgia and adding to his assets the rich revenue, that comes from an intelligent cultivation of the :fleecy king.

EGYPTIAN COTTON.
The experimnets in the Southern States on Egyptian Cotton have been very li.nrirted. The United States Department has several times in the lasrt dec'ade sent out a few of these Egyptian seed for experiments, but, although the results have not boon very satisfactory, the Department is convinced that the Egyptian cotton can be grown in favorable localities in the South, especially in parts of South Carolina and Georgia. It has been suggested that the Egyptian cotton. should supply the mills fr001 our Southern cotton fields, and the i~a is a good oo:e.
The J annovitch Egyptian cotton was grown in South CaTolina under the direcrtion of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. In common with other Egyptian varieties it shows a mm-ked resistance to root disease. It h11s many good qualities, dhief among which ru-e the length and quality of the staple and fiber of the plants. It has disappoi'lllted the planters, however, by its small bolls, making the cotton hard to pick, besides the yield is not so large as that of upland cotton. It is easier to pick than the Sea-Island cotton, and makes about as much to the acre. This Egpyti.an cotton is inolined to run to wood on rich, moist soils, wherea.s it does not grow large enough i!n the poor soils in the hilly counties. H ence, the Egypti1m cotton grows best in those parts of Georgia, 'F1orida, Alabama, and South Crurolina, where the Sea-Island cotton is more or less established, not only because these soils will probably prove to be best adapted to the Egyptian cotton, but because the planters are accustomed to the planting rund handling of long-staple cotton, and have the roller g1ins necessary. "T!he importation of cotton from Egypt steadily increased," say the Department at Washington, "from less than two hnndred thousand pounds in1 1884 to more th:an forty-three million pounds rinJ 1896." The price of Egyptian cotton ranges from four to sh cents higher than the price of ordinary American .upland cotton. The annual import of cotton from Egypt for the last three years has averaged in value nearly four millions of dollars. The Egyptian cotton has a very fine, silky fiber, generally shorter than that of Sea-Island, but lcmger than tha1t of upland varieties. It is used in the manufactme of fine ya.I"lls for the finer quali,ties of hosiery and knit goods. A number of mills buy this Egyptian cotton to mix with wool, since it is much

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

197

. harder to detoot in wool than our American upland cotton. A, has been said beforo, some attempts have boon made to grow Egyptian cotton in this country. In 1894 <the Departme!O:t imported and distributed a stock o Egyptian seeill!, and, while experiments witH these have shown favorable results, there is still need of further trial to deternrin.e tile exact conditions, under which this cotton can be grown to best advantage. The Agricultural Department at W11Shington :is of the opinion that with proper management the Egyptian co1:1ton industry may become well established in the United States. In 1897 the United States imported of Egyptran cotton nearly six thousand bales; rin 1899 it h:ad increased to more than sixty thousand bales. One great cause of this importation :is, that the Egyptians handle their cotton with so much more care thlan the South does. Our country now supplies about eighty per cent. of the cotton consumed by the mills of Europe and America.
Egyptian cotton has a long, strong, silky staple from 1} to li inches in length, while the staple of what :is called our up~and cotton ranges
from! to linch, and of our Seia-Island cotton from lito 2! inches. It is
especially 'adapte'd for sewing thread, fine underwear, and hosiery, such aa balbriggan, and for other goods requiring a smooth finish or a high lustre. It gives a fabric a soft, silky-like finish, and this character, together with its lustre, makes it desirabla !fur mixing with silk in: the manufacture of various kinds of silk goods. Hence tJlls Egyptmn cotton does n:ort compete with either our sho!Ilt-staple or long-staple. It fills a gap between the two.
Another reason for the increase of,the Egyptian cotton importation is, that many desc:viption:s of goods are now made in this country which were formerly made in Eu:ro;pe.
Now we come to the question, can Georgia and the South raise these 60,000 bales of Egypt,ian cotton which our mills annually use? The State Departmoot of Agriculture is clearly of the opinion. that this can be done. Wherever long-staple cottou can be grown successfully the Egyptian cotton can be grown. While we would not advise Qne to plant Ms entire crop with the Egyptian variety, still we think it worthy of a :fair trial.
Oorn.-Next to cotton in rank as a staple crop of Georgia comes corn. The yield of this important cereal, wherever the best methods axe employd, is very large. As is the case with cottou, so also, in respect to corn, the number of farms in every county tilled by unskilled methods brings down Georgia's average yield: to the acre. This is between eleven

198

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

and twelve bushels, although it has been seen that some of our most progressive farmers have produced as much as 125 bushels to the acre. 0 the cotton States, h~ever, only two, Tennessee and .Teaxs outrank Georgia in the area devoted to corn. Counting in the great grain States o the northwest, which produce no cotton, Georgia, in 1890, came in as the eleventh State in the number of acres devoted to corn, viz.: 2,592,316, whiich yielded 29,261,422 bushels.
By the census Olf 1900 Georgia's corn area was 3,411,953 acres and her production, 34,119,530 bushels, valued at $19,448,132. On 1\farch 1, 1901 the stock on hand was 17,400,960 bushes, or 51 per cent. of the crop. The number of bushels shipped out of the counties in which they were grown was 2,047,172.
In the years of the civil war Georgia's production of corn was very great, and the southwestern nart of the State was the granary of the Confederacy.
Corn is one of the most important products of the field, and every farmer should seek to increase the capacity of his land to give him an .abundant yield. Frc;>m the matured grain comes the meal, which constitutes the chief source of the bread supply of thousands of people, while the b1:an separated from the meal by bolting, forms an excellent feed fo;r stook. For this latter purpose the unground grain is also used, the ration of corn upon the cobb being part of the daily stock :food in every well-filled stall. The truck farms, or market gardens, which :furnish vegetables .to neighboring or distant cities and towns, send to the market thousands of juicy roasting ears, a :favorite article of food in every American commnnity.
But when we have considered the acreage and production of corn, we have by no means exhausted the subject. The leaves, or fodder, and the shucks that are stripped :from the ears constitute, when properly cured, a forage highly prized on ~very :farm. Sometimes while in a gTeen state, the stalk, fodder and shucks are cut up together, and being deposited in a silo, constitute the corn ensilage, so useful as a food for the milch-cow and other stock.
The old-time custom of puning fodder is not so much in vogue now as formerly. At the proper time, befoTe the grain is fully ripe, the stalks, with their leaves and corn still on them, are cut and shocked like wheat or other grain. Then, when the ears have been taken out of the shucks, the shucks are shredded by me:alnS of a machine made for that purpose, and the material then baled is ready for the market. Sometim~ a field of corn is purposely planted so closely as not to produce ears, and

GEORGIA: 1HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

201

the whole mass, at the proper stage of advancement, being cut down, a. fords most excellent forage.
Further mention of the uses of corn as a forage crop will be made in the section on grasses and forage crops.
Wheat.-Although Georgia, being a leading cotton State, has never ranked in whe,at production with the North Central grain States, yet her soil, when sowed in that important cereal1 is capable of producing great results. Before the days of low freight rates from the great west, wheat cultivation was very remunerative in Georgia, and Georgia flouring mills declared large dividends. But the grand trunk lines, with theil- low rates of transportation, made it so difficult for Georgia millers to compete with the west, that many of the leading mills abandoned the contest. Then the farmers sowed but little more than enough for their own use, and Georgia's acreage and production rapidly declined. At the time of the census of 1890 her wheat area was 196,633 acres, with a production of 1,096,312 bushels, or a little more than five and one-half bushels to the acre. But the fact that they were raising cotton to such an extent as to cause an over-production and consequent low prices, aided by rt:he const_ant and persistent efforts of the Department of Agriculture to induce the farmers to pay more attention to wheat, oats, and other small grains, brought about a wonderful revival of wheat culture. Articles urging the planting of more wheat which from time to tlm.e went forth from the department, were copied in many agricultural publications and reprinted in agricultural monthlies having exten~.>ive circulation among the farmers. The result was the selection of some of the best lands for wheat, and a great increase in the acreage from year to year. As the farmers increased their production, the Georgia mills once mo;re became active. Old ones that had shut down started up again, and new ones were built in different parts of the State. The revival of the wheat industry has been especially noteworthy in the last two years. The fall of 1899 saw a larger percentage of land in wheat than ever becfore. Georgia, not satisfied with her record as one of the foremost cotton State~, seems to be progressing to the poii:tt where she can take a proud stand among the wheat growing States of the South. Her wheat area in 1899 was 297,239 acres and her production, 2,021,225 bushels, showing an increase in area of 101,606 acres, and in production of 924,913 bushels. The value of the wheat crop of 1899 was $1,980,800. The wheat crop of 1900 was _5,011,133 bushels, valued at $4,760,576. This crop was grown on 550,674 acres, and 501,113 bushels were shipped out of the counties in which they were grown. The stock on hand March 1, 1901, was 1,302,895 bushels. The splendid increase in acreage and production

202

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

of wheat for 1900 is .highly gratifying to those who are anxious to soo

Georgia take her proper stand as a wheat-growing State.

Some farmers sow wheat as a forage crop, preferring it to oats, .rye or

barley for that purpose. What ma_y be done with wheat in Georgia is

best seen, not from the general average, reduced by causes previously

mentioned, but from what has been accomplished on .some of the best

managed farms. The following yields of wheat are well authenticated:

from one farm in DeKalb county, sixty-five bushels to the acre; from

one in Carroll, forty bushels; twenty-eight b,_shels an acre from farms



f

located in Cherokee, Milton and Walton counties. Of these :five counties

Dekalb, Carroll and Walton are on the northern border of the Middle

Georgia belt; Cherokee and Milton are higher north. In Oconee, a

Middle Georgia county, forty-eight and one-half bushels of wheat were

grown on one acre in 1900.

On the 11th of July, 1900, the third annual convention of the Wheat Growers Associatio~ of Georgia was held at the Academy of _Music in

Macon. Reports were made and prizes which had been o:ffered by the

T e.legraph, the leading journal of Macon, were bestowed for the best

yields of wheat. In each case the report was rendered by di:fferent com-

mittees, each consisting of three gentlemen, who measured the field re-

ported and the wheat as 'it was threshed, and supported their report by

sworn affidavits. The yields were as follows: from four acres in Spalding

county belonging to W. J. Bridges, an average of sixty-five bushels to

the acre; from four acres in Spalding county, belonging to W. D.

Walker, an average of fifty-nine and one~half bushels to the acre; from

four acres in Bibb county, belo:nging to Julian R. Lane, an average of

forty-one and one-fourth bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wash-

ington county, owned by T. H. Cox, an average of twenty~eight bushels

to the acre; from four acres in Jones county, owned by W. F. White, an

average of twenty-four bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wilkin-

son county, owned by Z. T. Miller, an average of nineteen and three-

fourths bushels to the acre; from one acre in Bibb county, owned by J. S.

McGee, thirty-nine and three-sevenths bushels. The average of all these

reports from :five counties of Middle and Southern Georgia is something

over thirty-nine and one-half bushels to the acre.

This is another proof of what Georgia can do, and another strong argu-

ment in behalf of wheat culture in this State.

Mr. Bridges, the successful competitor in the wheat contest, in an in-

terview with a reporter of the Macon Telegraph, said: "It has been said by some that wheat should not be planted in the same place two con~

secutive years, or that it could not be made to yie'ld satisfactorily if it was

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

203

done. This, I find, is a mistake, as a portion of my land this year had been planted in wheat for three consecutive years, and on sixteen acres I harvested 711 bushels, or an average of about forty-four and one-half bushels to the acre. This was done on upland too, as I do not approve of bottom land for wheat. . . . About four years ago I began to manure my land with the idea of bringing it up to where the benefit to it would be permanent, and by judicious use of stable manure and droppings from cattle, used with fertilizers, I brought it up to where it would make from one and a half to two bales of cotton to the acre. To do this I gave :it a very heavy coating of manure in the spring, and saw that it was well broken up with a two-horse plow. This should be done in the spring always. As to the land that I planted in wheat this year, I gave it a very heavy coat of manure in the spring and then planted it in cotton. After I had gathered the crop, I ripped out the stalks and then turned the land over with a two-horse plow, following that with a cutaway harrow, then rolling it with a heavy roller. My wheat was then put in with a drill, using about four hundred pounds of a special highgrade potash fertilizer at the same time. In planting the wheat, I put in 105 pounds, or one bushel and three pecks to the acre. . . . . The land upon which my crop was made is a gray, loamy top soil, with an undersoil of stiff red clay that retains the moisture to f eed the .roots. I consider that this is the best soil to be found for wheat, as it enables it to withstand a drouth better, or to go through a rainy season better, than a shallow gray soil or an all clay on~. The variety of wheat that I sow is the purple, or, as it is sometimes called ,the bluestem variety, which hal!! proved the best that I have known used. It should be soaked ! ' bluestone to prevent smut, whlch is more to be dreaded than rust. To do this successfully you should use about one pound of bluestone in enough water to wet the wheat thoroughly and go right on sowing it. The bluestone should be dissolved in boiling water. It takes only about a galhn of water to every two bushels of wheat. I have always followe~ this plan and have never lrad the smut to appear in my wheat. Wheat should never be sown until after the first big :frost in November, for then it will withstand more successfully the ravages of the fly, or small grub, that begins at the root and saps the vigor :from the young shoots, causing them to grow up spindling, stalks that are short, with faulty heads. The :frost seems to have the effect of killing this fly i:f the wheat has not been planted before and has come up to where it make'S a nest for the fly and its young. As for the other baM of the wheat growers, the cheat, I have never had any trouble with that, and am not prepared to suggest any method to get rid of it, though I think that if it were to make its ap-

204

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

pearance in my grain that I would take the pains to pull it out, each stalk separately, if necessary.
''After harvesting my wheat I then begin and plant the entire acreage in peas, which really amounts to the same thing as beginning to get your ground in condition for wheat again, as there is no known crop, not even clover, that under the same conditions will do your ground the permanent good that peas wilL From my peas I usually get from two to three tons of pea hay per acre, and sometimes I expect the yield will reach :four tons. lhis year I have planted about 100 acres in peas and am confident th~t with continued seasons a large portion of it will yield fully three ton!) per acre. It cannot be beat as a :forage for both horses and cows, and is one of the easiest raised. The acreage that I raised my ,ixty-five bushels per acre 9n will again be planted in wheat this fall and has on it as fine a crop of peas as ever grew out of ground. I am more than delighte!I with my success with wheat this year."
Mr. Thomas H. Cox, whose four acres averaged twenty-eight bushels to the acre, in a letter to the :Agricultural Department said: "The land on which my wheat grew was a light gray. I sowed two bushels of the bluestem variety per acre broadca~t and plowed it as deep as I could with single plows. I used as a fertilizer about seventy-five bushels of cottonseed. I sowed this crop the middle O;f November, and gathered the 20th of May. I really believe that if I had prepared my land and had harrowed my grain in, I would have made more per acre by plowing in deep. My wheat never came up regular. I notice that some was coming up fully six weeks after the first had come up. My land was ele vated but well terraced."
Mr. W. F. White, who made an average of twenty-four bushels to the acre, wrote to the department as follows: "I broke my land with a one-horse Haimon stock, using a common 1:-inch turnplow on what is known as red land, clay subsoil; used twenty-five bushels of cottonseed per acre, sowed one bushel of wheat per acre 15th of November, reaped on the 18th of May. I sowed purple straw, known as bluestem, broadcast; plowed wheat in with 4-inch turner; ran over land with Thomas's smoothing harrow. I soaked the wheat twenty-four hours in a solution of one and one-half pounds of bluestone to five bushels of wheat, keeping it well covered under water for time mentioned; I then rolled it in slacked lime. You can then see where every grain falls."
Oats.-One of the most valuable of our crops is oats. To the raising of this important product our farmers are paying more attention th'an ever before. Under favorable conditions the yield is good and with comparatively little expense aids materially in making the farm self-sustain-

OAT FIELD

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

207

ing; for, besides being one of the best forage crops, oats add greatly to the fertility of land on which they are raised.
In 1890 the area devoted to oats in Georgia was 516,886 acres, and the production was 4,767,821 bushels. There was a slight falling off in acreage and production in i899. In 1900 the area devoted to oats was 467,336 acres and the production was 7,010,040 bushels, valued at $3,434,920. The stock on hand March 1, 1900, was 1,121,606 bushels. There were 140,201 bushels shipped out of the counties in which they were raised.
Among well-authenticated extraordinary yields of oats in Georgia are the following: 137 bushels to the acre on a fannin Wilkes county and 131 bushels in DeKalb, both of these counties being in Middle Georgia; 121 bushels in Floyd county, Northwest Georgia; 115 bushels in Coweta county, Middle Georgia; 100 bushels in Schley county, Southwest Georgia; 75 bushels in Brooks county in the extreme south of the State. Thus we see there are lands well adapted to oats in every section of Georgia.
Rye.-This is one of our best green forage crops, but is not so extensively cultivated in Georgia as oats. In 1899 the area devoted to rye was 15~805 acres and the.yield was 94,830 bushels, a falling off in acreage, but an increase in yield over the crop of 1890, when 20,949 acres produced 87,021 bushels. The area sown with rye in 1900 was 15,647 acres and the yield was 109,529 bushels valued at $112,815.
Barley.-Barley is by $Orne valued more than rye, and is generally sown about the same time; but in Georgii;a not much attention is given its cultivation,.as may be seen by the fact that in 1890 the area given to barley according to the United States Census was only 549 acres with a yield of 6,053 bushels. In the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1900 Georgia is not credited with .any barley,
though it is well known that several Georgia fanners did raise it. It would pay our farmers to give more attention to both rye andharley.
Rice.-In China and India, the original homes of the rice plant, many varieties are known. But in America the co:mmon distinctions are upland and lowland. Its introduction into South Carolina in 1700 is said to have been acidental. It was carried also to Louisiana, which .State . leads all others, with South Carolina second and Georgia third. In 189..0 the acres devoted to rice culture in this State were 18,-126 and the pro-duction was 14,556,432 pounds. There have been for several years past fluctuation'S in these figures. One hindrance to its production has been the lack of a sufficient number of mills for cleaning it. This is particularly true of upland rice, t~ the cultivation of which much attention is being given in Southwest and also in Northeast Georgia. Milling facili-

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ties have been greatly improved of late, which will lead to a considerable growth of this industry. Improved. modern machinery for use in its cultivation may be expected to impart fresh impetus to the growth of this important cereal. The planters of Louisiana have replaced the antique implements of the hand laborer by the gang plow, disk harrow, drill and broadcast seeder. In the cultivation of the lowland rice where water is needed, if there is not a sufficiency of water, this its secured by irrigation canals. In the cutting of rice, the twine binder of the northern wheat fields is a very useful implement. The average yield of rice to the acre in Georgia :is 800 pounds. Some well-authenticate! yields of upland rice are: 100 bushels or 4,300 pounds to the acre in Hall and White counties of Northeast Georgia, Pike county of Middle Georgia, and Early county of Southwest Georgia. The present production of rlce in the United States falls far below the needs of our people. In some seasons tb.e 1mporn are hal as much again as we raise, sometimes they equal the domestic crop, and sometimes are even greater. Inasmuch then as the amount produced in this country falls below our own needs, there is room for great increase in the cultivation of rice. To men of enterprise and thrift wishing to embark in this business Georgia presents a promising field.
In 1900 Georgia produced 7,500,000 pounds of rice, a decrease of more than 50 per cent. since 1890.
Sugar~Oane.-Sugar-cane yields a handsome profit. A steadily increasing demand for sugar and molasses in the United State makes it certain that there will always be a ready sale for the product of the sugar-cane. Over large areas of the United States sugar and various syrups are being extracted from the beet cultivated for that purpose. But no other known plant equals the sugar or ribbon-cane in its capacity for supplying those two articles of universal consumption. When we consider that from 1880 to 1895 the United States produced only onetenth of the sugar consumed in this country, and paid out $1,500,000,000 for imported sugar, it can be readily seen that there is no immediate aanger of overstocking the market. The 20,000 acres in Georgia devoted to the sugar-cane in 1~90 produced 1,307,625 pounds of sugar and 3,223,194 gallons of molasses. Some of the best yields were: 700 gallons of syrnp to the acre in Bulloch county; 695 gallons in Thomas county; 600 gallons in Brooks county, and 480 gallons in Burke county. Of these counties Bnrke and Bulloch are in the northern part of the Southern Georgia bPJt, while Brooks and Thomas are in the extreme south on the Florida line. In Rockdale county in Middle Georgia 600 gallons of cane syrup were the product of one acre of the farm of Hon. W. L. Peek.

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209

The growing of sugar-cane and manu;facture of syrup in South Georgia has doubled in two years. Twenty-five thousand barrels of syrup have been sold in one year from a small section of the extreme southern part of Georgia. In the fall of 1899 a gentleman in Tennessee sold 150 barrels of Georgia syrup in six days. A great deal of it has been sold to people in Cleveland, Cincinnati and Boston, who, after mixing it with glucose, put the blended article upon the market as Georgia White Syrup.
The planters are finding out every year that no country on the face of the globe can make as good syrup as Southwest Georgia, and are increas~ ing their acreage. Before many years this industry will equal that of cotton. Pittsburg, Pa., is getting to be a strong market for Georgia syrup. The present estimate is that the sales of Georgia syrup in Pittsburg for the year will amount to 10,000 barrels. A sample of Georgia cane tested by Professor Wm. C. Stubbs of New Orleans, in 1899 showed 16i per cent. sugar content and not quite one per cent. glucose, with a purity coefficient of nearly 90 per cent. Another sample contained 13-l per cent. sucrose (cane sugar), and only 1 and four one-hundredths per cent. of glucose, with a purity coefficient of 81 per cent. This means more than 12 per cent. of sugar available in ordinary mills, and upon a 75 per cent. extraction would be equivalent to 180 pounds of C. P. sugar to the ton of cane, or nearly 200 pounds of commercial sugar as usually made in Louisiana sugar-houses from firsts, seconds and thirds. The better grade of lands with ordinary cultivation and fertilization will yield from twenty to twenty-five tons to the acre, and the same land under the best methods will yield from thirty-five to forty tons to the acre.
Proessor Stubbs, already mentioned, is authority for the statement that the price per ton of sugar-cane in Louisiana will average about 80 cents for each cent that prime yellow clarified sugar is worth on the New Orleans market.
Hence, if prime yellow clarified sugar is worth five cents a pound, the price for a ton of cane will be five times eighty cents, or four dollars a ton.
The number of gallons of syrup that can be obtained from a ton of Louisiana cane will depend entirely upon the extraction of the mill and density of juice. A mill getting as high as 75 per cent. extraction, or fifteen hundred pounds of juice to a ton of cane, will give from twentyfive to thirty-five gallons of syrup cooked to a .density of 34 degrees Baume. The variation is due to the "total solids" contained in the cane juice. The same statement will apply to Georgia cane.
A complete plant for making syrup can be obtained at several places in the United States. But probablythe most improved machinery can

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be better obtained in New Orleans, where every manufacturer is familiar with its practical use. For an up-to-date factory there is needed a first-class mill with filter presses, clarifiers and evaporators. There are also needed settling tanks, juice tanks and syrup tanks.
.Any one who contemplatee embarking in the business of syrup-making, should study the question of sterilization of syrup, which' can now be easily done. The syrup, after being sterilized, must be put into sterilized vessels, where it will keep indefinitely, if the work has been well performed.
Soils adapted to cane are those naturally rich and fertile, though upon soils af very moderate fertility, well prepared and fertilized, remunerative crops can be grown. In cane culture climate, rainfall and manures are more important factors than soils. In sandy soils without manures the cane is small. Calcareous soils develop a superior cane, rich in saccharine matter. On rich alluvial soils, not properly drained, the canes are poor in sugar produce, and though they yield a large quantity of syrup, it is not a first-class article.
.As to wh~ther the entire cane should be planted or only that portion which is the least fitted for making sugar Dr. W. C. Stubbs of Louisiana says: "It can be positively asserted that the upper third of our canes can be profitably used for planting our crop, and we can send the lower two thirds of our entire cvop to the sugar-house, thus increasing largely our sugar yields and diminishing our heavy outlay annually for seed."
Before planting all soils should be well-prepared, properly fertilized, and perfectly drained. It is best to break or flush the land, then bed into rows from five to six feet wide; then open the bed and in this furrow plant the cane. The part of the stalk selected for seed should be deposited in an open furrow and well covered. In the fall this covering should be several inches thick. Remove the extra soil in early spring to secure early germination. The cultivation best for corn land is generally good for sugar-cane. Let there be thorough and deep preparation o:f the soil; then cultivate rapidly and as shallow as the soil will permit, and " lay by'' when canes shade the ground.
The fertilizers for cane should contain enough nitrogenous matter to insure a large growth by September 1st. Phosphoric acid is very beneficial to cane. Potash may be demanded upon light sandy soils. Experiments have shown that the limits of prifit in the use of fertilizers are between forty and fifty pounds of nitrogen obtained from cottonseed-meal, and from forty to eighty pounds of phosphoric acid.
If under favorable conditions the above formula is used on our best

HARVESTING RYE.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

213

cane lands in South Georgia, we should obtain from twenty to thirty rona

of cane to the acre.

It should be remembered that Georgia was the original cane-growing

State of the Union. In 1825 she gave to Louisiana the seed of the ri!b-

bon~ane, thus bequeathing to that State a mine of wealth. And now

the genial soil of Southern and Middle Georgia offers this same source

of wealth to her own people or to the stranger seeking a home within

her gates.

The establishing of sugar refineries will greatly promote the interests

of the cane growers. There will be no scarcity of capital for such enter-

prises if sufficient quantities of cane are grown. We predict for the near

future the establishment of a number o!f sugar refineries in South Geor-

gia.

Syrup-mak!ing in Georgia commences about the last of October or the

first of November, and continues until Christmas. At this season the

traveler journeying on a country road will see on almost every farm the

smoke issuing from the syrup furnace, an invitation to either neighbor or

stranger to enter the home and share the hospitalities to which every one

is made to feel welcome in cane-grinding time. Here youths and maid-

ens, with those of riper years, engage in the sports of the holiday season,

or seated near the cheerful fire regale themselves with the healthful and delightful beverage extracted from the sugar~ane. At this season of

canecgrinding and syrup-m!akiing, the sick and feeble recupe;rate rund

often find their health again. The negroes, too, both young and old,

have their part in the good cheer, and even the stock upon the farm share

in the general glee.

,

The stalks of the cane shredded are worth more as forage than corn-

stalk or cottonseed-'hulls.

The little, old-time sugar mill on each man's farm ought, in this progressive day, to give place to well equipped, up-to-date syrup mills and

sugar refineries. This would transfer the syrup-boiling and sugar-mak-

ing to the mill, just as cotton is taken to the fact.ory, and not spun upon

each farm.

If the most improved methods are med, the cost of extracting the juice

from the stalks and converting it into syrup is a mere fraction of a cent

per gallon. It has been estiinated that the average farmer can count on getting

$120 gross to the acre for syrup, at a general average product of 600 gal-

lons to the acre. In 1890 the area devoted to 'sugar-cane in Georgia was 20,238 acres~

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

which produced 1,307,625 pounds of sugar and 3,223,194 gallons of molasses.
In 1890 the area devoted to sorghum in Grorgia was 22,089 acres, which produced 1,342,803 gallons of molasses.

CASSAVA.
Recent experiments go to prove that cassava will make a profitable crop for South Georgia. The species of this plant recommended. for Georgia, cis the sweet cassava, which does not, like the bitter cassava, require boiling to drive out poisonous juices, but can
be fed to stock in its natural state without risk of harm. It
also makes a very paltable table vegetable. But its chief excellence consists in the fact that it yields abundance of the best starch. One acre of South Georgia land planted in sweet cassava will yield 4,000 .pounds of starch, while the best corn or potato lands .in lllinois OT' Michigan can produce only 1,200 pounds of starch from these vegetables. . Cassava is easily propagated by cuttings of the stem and grows rapidly, attaining maturity in six months. The production is at least sixteen times that of wheat.
When the farmers o South Georgia become thoroughly convinced o its worth and embark extensively in its cultivation, starch factories will be started on every hand. It has been estimated that these will .pay five dollars a ton on the cars, at any station within one hundred miles of their factory.
With . sugar-cane and sugar refineries, cassava and starch factories, South Georgia possesses grand opportunities for profitable farming.
GRASSES AND FORAGE CROPS.
I it be true that the farmer's only capital is his land, how important it is for him not only to preserve his capital but to increase it year by year. There is no surer or oosier way to do this than by growing the grasses. . The value of the hay crop o the United States exceeds that of the cotton crop by more than fifty million dollars. The present race o planters grew up under a condition of things which looked to cotton as the sole market crop and since grass was the deadliest enemey to cotton the energy of the planter was directed to the. complete extirpation -of all the grasses of the field. But in recent years new light has dawned upon our progressive farmers, and in every ~ection of Georgia the grasses and for-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

215

age crops are receiving, to some extent, the attention which they deserve. While we recognize cotton, when cultivated upon a true business basis, as a great source of wealth to Georgia, yet we must remember that its culture is attended with great expense, since it requires constant attention and work from January to January. This labor largely consumes the profits, whenever cotton sells below seven cents a pound. If we look upon an agricultural map o the United State, we shall find that lands selLat the highest price in those States, or parts oif States, where the grasses and forage crops are cultivated with the greatest attention. On the other hand we shall see that lands sell cheapest in these States or parts o States, that raise all cotton and kill all grass. Hence we co~ elude that the value of land increases in proportion to the attention given to the grasses and forage crops. If we turn to Europe, we find a Similar state o affairs.
Spain grows practically no grass and has cheap lands, while Holland is known as a vast grass meadow, and some of her .farm lands sell at $800 or $1,000 an acre.
Therefore, every farmer who wishes to enhance the value d his land should give attention to the cultivation o the grasses and forage crops. Georgia is rich in native grasses, and it has been fully demonstrated by some of our intelligent, wide-awake farmers. that the artificial or foreign grasses also thrive well in Georgia soil. In act, when we consider the entire year, Georgia and other States o the South offer better advantages for these crops than the North. While Georgia's acreage in hay l& small compared to that o States which make it one o their pcincipal crops, yet she ranks high in her average yield to the acre. Georgia's acreage in hay has not quite doubled since 1890, but her yield has moTe
than doubled. Her hay crop for 1900 amounts to 190,237 tons, being an increase of 120,468 tons over that of 1890.
Alfalfa, or lucerne, is cultivated to some extent in Georgia, although it has not received the attention that its merits should claim. Among all the forage plants it stands unrivalled for abundant yield, longewty and hardness. It flourishes under heat that would destroy any other species .o clover. Over the entire plant are scattered purple, :pea-like flowers, in long, loose clusters or racemes. It is not affected so much by altitude as by the depth and warmth o the soil, and the depth of the water-table beneath the surface. A rich, sandy loam, limy, with a porous subsoil, suits it best. A considerable amount of sand in the soil is not injurious to it. It will grow on favorable soils at almost any altitude, fr~m sea level to 7,000 feet above the sea.
Alfalfa, when young, is very delicate and requires much nursing. No

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GEORGI.A.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

- crop requires more careful preparation to secure .a good stand. But when it is planted upon suitable soil, and a good stand is obtained, it may yield luxuriant crops for thirty or more years. It rarely grows tall enough the first year to be mowed for hay. It reaches its best growth during the third year. When properly managed: up to that time the number of cattle, which one acre of it will keep by soiling throughout the whole season, is something wonderful. While this is a good grass for hay, it is not good for pasturing. The trampling of stock compacts it so much that the plants deteriomte. Hogs, however, do not injure it' like heavier stock. Hence it may be used as pasture for them, and one acre will furnish a:bundant forage for from ten to twenty hog8 throughout a season. Bermuda grass is perennial and is the most valuable. for pasturage of any grown in the Southern States. It can endure the greatest amount of summer heat, and its growth is not arrested by droughts that threaten the vitality o all other grasses. It does not propagate grass by seed, except to a limited extent. The best means of propagating it is to cut pieces of the turf and scatter it along shallow furrows, or sowit over the land well prepared by plowing and harrowing, and cover or compress the roots into the soil with a roller or drag brush; or the plants can be gathered, root and branch, from any patch of ground covered by them, and, after being shaken free from earth, passed through a cutting-box, as though being prepared for the stall. Then sow these little cuttings by hand broadcast before the harrow in the spring of the year. Every joint will germinate and bud. When Bermuda grass is once thoroughly rooted it spreads rapidly and soon takes possession of a field. Being extremely difficult to exterminate, it should not be planted on land intended for tillage. But Rev. 0. W. Howard, who was in his life-time a well-known writer on grasses, thought it very doubtful whether any acre of land in the South thoroughly set with Bermuda grass was not worth more than with any other crop that might be grown upon it. "A good Bermuda sod," says a writer in the Southern Farm Magazine,. "will yield an almost incredible amount of pasturage that cannot be grazed out by the severest treatment in the hottest summer drought. Bermuda is highly esteemed for hay, wherever it grows to a sufficient height for mowing." It must be cut early and often to make good hay. When left until the culms harden, it will not do for feeding. To make good hay and make the largest yield, it should be mowed from three to five times every summer. Under the Be1muda sod large numbers of earthworms may be found. These add fertility to the soil, e.nd when in summer hogs are turned into

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

219

tlH: pasture, the worms and grass combined make a fattening food which they much enjoy. Bermuda grass will not bear dense shade, but thrives best where most exposed to the sun.
On the same fields where cotton grows best Bermuda grass is most thriving. A grass which affords such excellent pasturage for cattle is capable of carrying also large flocks of sheep. There is no reason why the cheapest wool should not be produced on the same lands that produce the cheapest cotton. It has been estimated that one acre of Bermuda grass on soils entirely suited to its growth will, in many parts. of the South, maintain ten sheep for ten months of the year. Bermuda grassc pastures in Georgia, supplemented by pasture of winter grasses, suitable for grazing sheep, would add to our people another source of untold wealth. H Georgia should become a great wool-growing, as well as cotton-growing State, who can measure the degree of her prosperity? With cotton and wool, two of the most important fibers for clothing that the world produces and manufactures, our people would double their present opportunities for acquiring wealth. Dr. Thomas P. Janes in his "Hand Book of Georgia," in order to illustrate the fertilizing effects of a Bermuda grass sod of long standing, mentioned the following results obtained by Colonel A. J. Lane in Hancock kcounty: "The first year after breaking the Bermuda sod he harvested 1,800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, the second year 2,800 pounds. His third crop, OO'l"n, manured with cottonseed in the usual way and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels . to the acre. The fourth year he harvested forty-two bushels of wheat to the acre. Neither the cotton nor wheat was fertilized. On this same land oats or wheat may be sown after the corn. If Bermuda sod is torn up by the plow, and after harrowing, but before rolling, blue grass seed, white clover and hairy vetch are sown, a pasture of the highest capacity for both winter and summer will be obtained. As the Bermuda dies down in the late fall, the blue grass and white clover appear, giving pasturage in the winter. As the summer approaches, the reverse of this occurs.
It will be well to bear one thing in mind. The cultivation of artificial grasses is accompanied with more or less expense. But Bermuda is within easy reach of the poorest farmer.
T<he celebrated blue-gr ass of Kentucky and T ennessee is used in: considerable extent in Georgia for lawns and yards, and thrives very well in some of the soils of the State. The Texas blue-grass, which, as its name indicates, is a native of the Lone Star State, is a hardy perennial and has n vigorous growth. Fertile soils, especially calcareous loams, will produce this grass in great luxuriance. It is an excellent pasture grass for
11 ga

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

the extreme south, and remains green throughout the year, growing through the winter months and blooming,in the latter part of April' or the first of May. It also is well adapted to Georgia.
Meadow oat grass :is excellent as a winter pasture g.raS8. It will grow on more sandy soil than most of the artificial grasses; but rich upland is the proper soil for it. It is good not only for winter pasturage, but also for hay. It matures so rapidly that seed sown in the spring will produce seed in the fall. Since the seed becomes ripe, even while the stalk is green, it can be saved by cutting off the heads with a cradle and tying in bundles, after which the rest can be mowed for hay. Cattle should not graze upon it in summer and fall. After Christmas they can feed upon it until the latter part of February, or even later, until the other grasses spring, unless it :is designed to make hay of it.
Orchard-grass, so called because of its growing wild in orchards or in thinned woodland, is next to the tall meadow oat-grass for winter pasturage or for hay. In order to be sweet and nutritious it should be cut as soon as it blossoms.
Orab-gass is indigenous. It is never sown, but, wherever cultivation ceases, takes possession of the fields. It forms an excellent pasturage through the summer and until late in the fall. It grows very rapidly after oats, and if cut when in flower, gives a very large yield of hay, and sometimes yields more forage than the oat crop .that preceded it. This grass sends out numerous stems, branching at the base, but for!JlS no sod.
Crowfoot grass is confined to the lower and sandy part of Georgia. Both this and crab-grass should be cut as soon as they are in blossom.
Crimson or scarlet clover is an annul, and grows to the height of three feet on good soil. It should never be fed to stock after the crop h~ ceased flowering, and the practice of feeding stock with the straw afte1 it has been raised and threshed as a seed crop should be avoided. It makes excellent pasture during the fall months, when other green crops have dried up. For green manuring it ranks high. Having made its growth during the fall and winter months, it can be turned under in the spring.- It should always be sowed alone, as it needs all the land. It is excellent food for milch-cows, since it causes a full flow of rich milk. A rich clayey loam containing more or less carbonate of lime, and yet not a calcareous loam, suits it best. After the clover has been cut in the spring the same field may be planted in corn.
R ed clove1 thrives on land of moderate fertility, such as will produce remunerative crops of wheat or corn. With the right treatment red clover will succeed in Georgia. It has been tested with successful results

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

221

among the mountaillS iin Middle Georgia, and on the coast, notably on Hutchinson's I sland, opposite Savannah. In all <>f these localities there have been fine cloverel fields. Though lucerne is superior to it in the .quantity and quality of its hay, yet red clover does make good hay and in great abundance, with the additional advantage that it is splendid for pasturing, while lucerne cannot be grazed, and cannot form part of an ameliorating rotation of crops. The suitable soil for clover is one which ~ontains a large percentage of clay. Extremely sandy soils will not do. But where the surface is sandy, if there is a clay subsoil, the clay may be brought to the surface and manured. A good wheat soil is generally a good clover soil. The subsoil for clover must be dry, because it will not thrive on wet lands. But it will thrive on bottom lands that have been thoroughly drained. Captain C. W. Howard, in his "ForagE\ Plants at the South," published in 1881, says: "Clorver should be cut for hay as soon as a portion of the heads begin to turn brown.. Earlier than this it is too watery, later it is too woody. . . . . The great object is to cure it as much as possibJe in the shade~ The hay when cut at the proper time, and cured in this way, will be of a nice green color, with all the leaves and blossoms attached. . . . . No live stock should be turned upon a clover field, until the clover is in blossom. The temptation to violate this rule is very great. Clover springs so early and our live stock is so hungry, that the inducement is very great to put them upon the clover before the proper time. But it would be less costly to buy food than to do this. By too early pasturing the clover is killed out, and it is then said that clover will not succeed at the South. Precautions should be taken in turning horses or cattle into a clover field. If they are huh gry at the time, they would overeat themselve and the result is an attack of what is called hoven. The animal swells, and often in a short time dies. To prevent this, live stock turned into a clo,ver field should previously be fully fed; they should not have had access to salt within twenty-four hours; they should not the first day remain more than half an hour, and the dew should have been dissipated."
White clover in the South will grow tall enough to be cut by itself, which is not the case Jn the North. In the spring it affords excellent pasture for hogs, sheep and cattle. It is also good for horses until the blossoms fall, when it salivates them. This is also true of the second crop of red clover. In England white clover is much valued on account of its manurial properties.
The fescue grasses are perennial and are strongly recommended for worn-out soils and hill-sides. They grow well on dry, sandy soils, have a creeping habit and make good turf.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIA..
Italian rye-grass is short-lived, having a duration of two or three years. It grows best on rich, moist alluvial lands and calcareous loams. It is a very valuable grass when early forage is desired. Indifferent to climate and texture of soil, it requires only dryness and richness. It grows successfully in every part of Georgia. If sowed in August or September it will be ready for grazing in February. Although it yields largely for hay or winter grazing, it is doubtful whether it be more valuable than barley or rye for these purposes.
the Oow-peas and peavine hay have come into universal favor in all
Southern States. Up to about thirty years ago their cultivation was confined mainly to the cotton-growing States, but now they are a staple crop even in the border Southern States. They have in many localities taken the place of clover, and may appropriately be called the clover of the South. The pea-vine is a leguminous plant and appropriates nitrogen from the atmosphere, as do all other plants of the same family. The vine and peas supply as much humus to the ground as clover, and can be grown upon soils, in which clover would wither and die. The peas can be sown in Georgia at any time between April 1st, and .August 1st, and the soil may be prepared by breaking it with a two~horse plow. About one bushel and a half to the acre should be sown, after which the ground should be well-harrowed. Some farmers prefer to drill the peas in rows, from two and a half to three feet apart, placing the peas at intervals CJf one or two inches in the row. After they have come up a cultivator should be run between the rows. Peas furnish a large amount of feed if planted between the corn rows at the second or last plowing of the corn.
The hay should be cut when the first pods begin to turn yellow, and while the leaves are yet green and the stems tender. If cut after all the peas have thoroughly ripened, the stalks will be hard and the leaves will fall off. They should be cut in clear weather and after the dew is off. There are many varieties of the pea. Those commonly used in Georgia are the whippoorwill, the black clay, the red clay and the unknown. There is no better soil renovator than the cow-pea. The most worn-out soil can be brought to a condition of profita:ble production by planting a succession of cow-peas upon it.
Valuable as is the pea-vine for food, its chief excellence is this property of restoring exhausted soils. It surpasses, perhaps, all other leguminous plants in producing maximum results in a minimum of time. In Georgia cow-peas are planted! in the late spring or early and middle summer, and the crops of vines are either harvested for hay or buried for fertil~' izing in the early fall. The more economical plan is to harvest the crop

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GEORGIA: 1HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

225

for hay, then turn under the stubble and the roots, which are said to contain the greater part of the elements so essential for the renovation of the soil.

The vetch is found in two varieties, the winter and summer vetch. The latter is of very little use to us in Georgia, because it will not for summer soiling yield as large an amount of green forage as corn. Since the winter vetch is ready for the first cutting during the first warm spell in February, it is very useful for soiling early in the spring. The seed should be sown early in August, allowing one bushel to the acre. Where land has been well manuroo, the vetch or tare yields a large amount of early cut food, or it may be made into nutritious hay, or may be used as a winter pasture.

Eight varieties of millet have been cultivated in this cour:tr,v. It is used for soiling purposes, for hay and for its seed. More than fifty bushels of seed to the acre have been raised on rich land. The hay made from it is of good quality and large quantity. But Captain Howard says: "For forage purposes it is not superior to oats and is inferior to the vetch. It is an annual."
All the millet family requires a strong, rich, deep soil, sufficiently clayey to retain a large amount of moisture; but at the same time the land must be thoroughly drained. The most favorable conditions for the growth of a large crop of miillet are a clayey soil in a moist situation, enriched by the application of well-rotted stable manure, kept in goiod tilth and thoroughly prepared by frequent plowings or harrowings. Millet must be cut as soon as it begins to head and before it blooms.
Ga1'iU1 or Sesame grass is one of the largesrt; rund most beautiful perennial grasses grown in Georgia. It is a native grass and is found throughout the South from the mountains to the coast, reaching often a height of seven feet. The seed break off from the stem as if in a joint, a single seed at a time. The leaves are very much like those of corn. Horses and cattle are fond of the hay, which may be cut three or four times during the season.
Herd's-Grass is the most permanent grass for all soils. It is a universal feeder and is therefocre of special value to every farmer. It is a good meadow grass and one of the best pasture grasses. When it has been -cut for hay, its aftermath makes excellent late summer and fall pastures. It may be sown in the fall or in the spring. It may be sown alone, or with wheat, barley, rye, or oats. It is often sown with other grasses, as timothy and clover. This herd's-grass is known in New England as redtop.

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Timothy, sometimes called cat-tail, is also called herd's-grass. It is useful only for hay. The well-drained rice land of the Georgia coast will produce it in perfection, as will also the richest of bottom land that is dry enough for wheat. It should be cut when in full bloom.
Brome, cheat and rescue grasses, belonging to the same family, make a very good winter pasturage, but are liable to some objections.
Peanuts or ground-peas, which when parched, are so much relished by young and old, and have such ready sale everywhere, are also fine fo:rage for cattle and hogs. The white peanut grows with spreading branches that lie flat upon the ground; the red has an upright growth. Spanish peanuts are earlier than other varieties and have an upright growth like the red. This is the surest crop of the three. Those grown in the far south are valuable for making peanut oil. The harvesting must always take place before frost. The usual yield to the acre is from thirty to fifty bushels, though sometimes as high as a hundred bushels are made. When carefully harvested before frost the vine makes an, excellent food for cattle and sheep. Ewes in lambing time can have no bette1 food given them than well-cured peanut hay, because it increases the flow o milk and adds richness to it.
Corn, when desir:ed as a forage crop, is planted very close together, and on rich and well-prepared soil, makes an enormous yield. The whole crop is cut while yet green and tender, and properly cured. If desired as ensilage it is cut up green and deposited in a silo pit.
Cane forag.e is prepared from the sorghum cane, grown iru the same way as the corn forage, and gathered and cut up in the same manner.
The millets, or any of the grasses, including peavine and peanuts, may be gathered green and stored in the silo1.
The Soja bean ranks among our best crops, both as an improver of soils and as food for stock, as will appear from an analysis taken from the United States Agricultural Department:

AS A FOOD

SOJA BEANS

I I I ~ree I PPerroCteeinnt PeFribCeernt lNe~tc~~;t PerFaCtent

Green fodder... . . .. ........ . ..... .. . ..... 4.0

6.7

10. 5

1.0

Dry fodder. . .............. . ..... . .... . ... 14.4

22.3

39.6

5.2

Grain ...... ... .. . ......... . ..... .. . . . ... . 34.0

4.8

23.8

16. 9

COW PEAS

Green fodder. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 4

4.3

7.1

.4

Dry fodder. . ................... . ......... 16.6

20.1

42.2

2.2

Grain . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. 20 .8

4.1

55 .7

1.4

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

227

AS A FERTILIZER

I I Nitrogen P . Acid Potash,

Per Uent Per Cent Per Cent

I I I r
Soja beans ....... . . . ... . .......................... 2.32

.07

1.08

Cow peas . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1.95

1 05

.5.2

As you will understand protein furnishes the materials for lean flesh, blood, muscles, hair, wool, albumen of milk, etc., and is a very important ingredient of all feeding stau:ffs. Fiber is the framework of plants. The coarse fodders, as hay straw, contain a large proportion of fiber, hence less digestible. Nitrogen free extract includes the sugar, starch, etc., and forms an important part of stock feed, especially the grains. Fat includes besides real fats, wax, the green coloring matter of plants, etc. The culture of the Soja bean is very much like that of cotton. The rows should be from three to five feet apart.
m Arctic, or 1es-cue grass thrives best North Georgia. and is held in
high esteem by some of the farmers of that section. It will readily yield from 1,500 to 3,000pounds of hay to the acre. It can be s'Own in July with peas, or in August, September and October. If wwn then it mak~ a fine winter pasturage, and cattle can be kept upon it until the first of March without injury to the crop, which can be cut from llfay 15th to June 15th. But the rescue grass (bromus inermis) must be carefully distinguished from cheat (bromus seculinus).
To show what can be done with the grasses and forage crops in Georgia, we give the following trustworthy reports of the work of some of our b~t farmers: In Bibb county on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia there were cut 8,046 pounds of crab-grass hay to the acre; in Gordon county in Northwest Georgia, 9,400 pounds of lucerne to the acre; in Greene county in Middle Georgia, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass hay to the acre; in Spalding county in Middle Georgia 10,720 pounds of pea-vine hay; while of clover hay there were cut in Greene county, Middle Georgia, 10,000 pounds to the acre; in Cobb county 6,575 pounds to the acre, and in DeKalb county 16,000 pounds to the acre, both of these last two counties being in Northwest Georgia on or near the northern line of the Middle Georgia belt.
Greene county reports a yield in corn forage of 27,130 pounds to the
acre. The hay crop of Georgia in 1900 was 190,237 tons, valued at $2,425,-
522. The area devoted to this crop was 112,566 acres, and the average yield per acre f<JT the entire State is 1.69 tons, or 3,380 pounds.
Again we say there is no indlmtry that will make so much money to the

228

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

farmer at such small outlay of expense.and labor, as the cultivati~n of the

grass and forage crops. We give as an illustration of what can be done

on this line in Georgia, the case of Mr. N. B. Moore, who lived in Au-

gusta and was a gentleman well-known through all his section of the

State. He was one of the pioneers who blazed the way to success in this

important field. Soon after the disastrous close of the civil war he de-

voted himself to grass culture, planting nothing else on his farm of one

hundred acres of Savannah river land, near Augusta. From these one

hundred acres he derived an income of from seven to ten thousand dol-

lars a year. When the season was propitious his land afforded three or

four cuttings. Ris barn held two hundred and fifty tons of hay. .He

made it a rule that the grass cut at noon should be put up with horse

sulky rakes, in cocks, before sundown. Perhaps itis not inappropriate to:

say that he believed strongly in paint for the preservation of every tool,

and that after more than twenty years of use his wago'llS, carts and har-

rows were perfectly sound. The citizens of Augusta and Richmond

county, who knew of his wonderful success, were prepared to give con-
siderable credit to his expressed opinion that ''farmers, as a class, to be

successful, require more brain than any of the sO'-Called learned profes-

sions."



The success ofother farmem who have embarked in gra5s culture has

been so wonderful that there can no longer be a doubt in the mind of

any one as to the adaptability of Georgia soril to this wealth-prod:ucing

industry. What is better evidence of a well-managed farm than exten-

sive fields of waving hay ready for the reaper, or the green carpeted

meadow on which are grazing herds of sleek cattle suggestive of rich

cream, milk and butter, or juicy steaks, and where the horses that en-

joy its bounteous feast will compare favorably with the best bloods of

Kentucky? The well-mowed lawn, too, that skirts the gravel walk and

spreads out in front of the farmer's neat cottage or stately mansion,

and through his grass and forage crops not only fills his barns with

plenty, but also adds to hils bank account the handsome profits that ac-

bears testimony to refinement, culture and good taste.

.A farm and home like this are within the reach of the Georgia farmer

who, devoting only a part of his land to cotton, raii:ses his own supplies,

crue from the sale of the vast surplus remaining after all the needs of

himself and farm have been fully met.

POTATOES.
"The South is awakening to new industries, and broader fields of usefulness." The good work is going on with increasing impetus in this

- - -- .... ~---.

---

______ _- , ----

~_.,.__,..._ -~---.....

!

GEORGIA: ,HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

231

year of grace, 1901. Georgia is progressing on all lines. In this chapter, however, we are speaking of diversified farming.
The potato crop is another source of wealth to Georgia. Both Irish and sweet potatoes make good yields; but the acreage and production of the latter are much larger than of the former.
The Sweet Potato.-In sweet potatoes Georgia comes just behind North Carolina, which State ranks first in this product. The soil is well adapted to their culture, and when the season is propitious the yield is very abundant. Not only is this a favorite crop :for home consumption, but great quantities are exported to the northern States. In some sections they are used also for fattening hogs. The average yiield is 78-! bushels to the acre. Very large yields have been reported from some of the best farms, viz.: 800 bushels to the acre in Berrien, Crawford and Richmond counties; 500 bushels in Brooks county, and 400 bushels in Fulton county. Of these counties Brooks is in the extreme southern part of Georgia, Berrien just north of jt, Crawford partly in southern, partly in Middle Georgia, Richmond and Fulton in Middle Georgia, the last on the edge of Northwest Georgia. By the census of 1890 the production of sweet potatoes in Ge011gia was 5,616,317 bushels, worth $3,250,000, raised O'll 71,399 acres. No report htaS yet been received of the acreage and production of sweet potatoes ill Georgia for 1900.
The I1ish Potato.-At one time the Irish potato crorp was entirely for home consumption. The demand :for early vegetables in the northe'l'n markets is such that it has caused a great increase in the cultivation of Irish potatoes, and the truck fanners of Georgia have not been slow to take ~dvantage of thlis fact. Ordinarily two crops are made in the year, and there is one instance of a gentleman in Decatur, Georgia, who raised three crops in one year. Taking the average of all lands, good and had, the yield is 74-! bushels to the acre, something less than the average o sweet potatoes estimated in the same way. But as many as 420 bushels to the acre have been raised in Wilkes county, Middle Georgia, and 109 bushels to the acre in Walker county, among the mountains of Northwest Georgia.
There is no need to be apprehensive about an overproduction of Irish'
potatoes in Georgia. Like all other crops o vegetables, berries and fruits the GeOO"gia products are so much' earlier upon the market, that they preclude all competition. Our Irish potatoes command the early and best prices and the Georgia truck farmer cannot be forced out of the market by his Western or Eastern neighbors. In April, 1895, a truck farmer o South Georgia shipped to the Eastern markets one hundred and fifty

232

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

barrels of potatoes, which brought him $7.50 a barrel or $1,125.00 The-

production of Irish potatoes in Georgia for 1900 was 391,816 bushels,.

valued at $301,698. These were raised on 5,762 acres. This is a falling

off in acreage and. production from 1890, when 431,008 bushels were

grown on 5,791 acres.

Tobacoo has never been a staple crop of Georgia. Yet it can be grown

with great success. Many farmers have cultivated it for their own use,

and some have made a good profit by its cul1Jivation and sale. Impro.ved

facilities for harvesting, curing and marketing it will greatly increase it&

production. The type of tobacco depends upon climate and soil. Rich

lands give one type of tobacco, while other lands, almost useless for

cereal crops, yield a tobacco very valuable for color and flavor. Of

course the culture and curing of the plant have great influence on the

quality. The plant is first raised in seed beds and when large enough

transplanted like cabbage and tomato plants. The land used for the crop

must be well plowed and harrowed. Before seting out the plants, the

land must be marked three feet or more apart each way, and hills or

ridges must be made at the intersection of the marks, and in these in-

tersections the plants are set out as soon as warm weather is assured.

A German farmer in Dodge county who tried tobacco-raising reported

that he raised on one-twentieth of an acre 160 pounds of Sumatra leaf

tobacco. He was offered $80.00 for the crop, which would be at the

rate of $1,600 to the acre. In Decatur* county, about eight miles from

Bainbridge, is a tobacco farm of 600 acres, which yields the famous

Sumatra tobacco of the finest grade.

By the census of 1890 the area devoted to tobacco in Georgia was 800 acres, which produced 263,752 pounds, or 329.69 pounds per acre.
In 1900 Decatur county alone produced more than the whole State of Georgia in 1890.
*See account of tobacco farm in Decatur county in the sketch of that
county.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF GEORGIA IN 1900.

Bushels.
Corn .................................. 34,119,530 Wheat .............. ..... .......... .. . 5,011,133 Oats .............. . .................. 7,010,040 Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,529

Value. $19,448,132
4,760,567
3,434,920 112,815

Sweet potatoes.... .. . ..... .. ...... ... . . Irish potatoes........ ....... . . .. ... ... 391,816 Hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,237 Tons

301,698 2,425,522

Cotton ... . .......... ...... ............ 1,345,699 Bales 48,024,822

By products of cotton.................

14,000,000

Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500,000 pounds

375,000

Sugar-cane....... . . ... . ....... .. ... . .. No report received.

Tobacco . . ...................... Peanuts............................. . .

Apples .... ..... . . .. . ... ... -. ... . -- Peaches..............................

CHAPTER VI I.
TRUCK- FARMING.-HORTICULTURE.
TRUCK-FARMING.
Truck-farming has lO'Ilg been one of the industries of Georgia. Before the civil war there were lin the neighborhood of our cities and large towns market gardens, where vegetables were raised f.or sale in the markets and upon the streets, and it is well remembered by many that an important part of the cargoes of vessels sailing from Savannah were early fruits and vegetables for Philadelphia, New York and Boston, which were raised not only near Savannah; but all along the. lines of rari.lroad that centered in Georgia's chief seaport. Augusta, even in those days was one of the points from which melon~>, fruits and vegetables found their way northward, either by rail or by steamer from Charleston and Savannah. Immediately after the close of hostilities between the North and South, there wa sa great revival of this business, and new men entered into this inviting :field. From year to year there was a steady growth, until at the present time, not only in the neighborhood of cities and towns, but near even little railroad stations along all the great lines of transportation that traverse all sections of our State, market gardens have multiplied and trucking has reached those proportions, which entitle it to rank among the leading industries of Georgia. The vicinity of Savannah is still one of the chief centers of the trucking business. The soil is well adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables, and the eli.mate i\S so mild that one crop or another can be gro:wn almost every month O'f the twelve. Major Garland M. Ryals, who moved from Virginia to Savannah soon after the war, has accumulated a fortune in trucking. From one acre he gathers 400 crates of cabbage, selling them at $1.35 a crate or $540.00 for the product of one acre. After the cabbages have been gathered, he raises a crop of corn which brings him $30.00. Then he raises a fall crop of radishes, the sale of which, added to the other amounts, will bring the total income of one acre to about $700 in one year. Another farmer near Savannah gathered over 500 bushels of cucumbers from a single acre, which sold for a little more than
(233)

234

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

$540, bringing him an enormous profit. Another truck farmer sold from one acre $400 worth of beets, a delicacy much in demand in the northern markets in the early spring. 801 mild is the season about Savannah, that lettuce can be grown in midwinter with only light covering of leaves O'l' canvas during the cold spells. This product reaches the northern markets when most in demand. English peas constitute one of the most profitable crops. They are ready for the table at Christmas time, and being shipped to the eastern markets bring the highest price. One farmer reports a net profit from two acres of this crop of :aver $600.00 in one season. The crop of tomatoes is so planted as to come in just when the northern supply is exhausted, and they always command good prices. One small farmer west of Savannah made $250.00 net from less than one acre of tomatoes. At Bloomingdale, Meldrim, Guyton, Egypt, Oliver, 1-Ialcyondale, Dover and Rocky Ford, along the Central Railway, the lands are specially suited for trucking, and many farmers of that section have abandoned .cotton for the more profitable truck crop. Mr. L. C. Oliver of Bloomingdale, gives an estimate of cost and profit by the acre on the Irish potato' crop alone. His expense on one acre for fertilizing, seed, planting and working, gathering and freight was $100.00. An acre produced 60 barrels at $4.00 a barrel, amountJing to $240.00, or a net profit of $140.00 to one acre. Fertilizing was the heaviest item of expense; but by this means his land is becoming permanently enriched. All truck farming enriches the land. In this famous trucking section lands can be bought at from three to fifteen dollars an acre, according to location in respect to towns and railways. Of course improved lands sell at a much higher figure.
The value of the trucking business of Chatham county amounts to $225,000 a year; of Richmond county, $85,000; of Bibb, $35,000; of Muscogee, $30,000; of Fulton, $150,000.
These are the coun1Jies in which are the largest cities, viz.: Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and Atlanta. Brunswick, the Georgia port of the Southern and Plant svstems of railway, is the center of a large trucking business, which in that vicinity has taken a great bound for ward. All kinds of vegetables and early fruits do well there. The bottom lands of the ,rivers of Southeastern Georgia are ad:mrirably suited, after drainage, to celery, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries and other products. The sea-islands cannot be surpassed in healthfulne'SS of climate., and with the advantage of the fish and shell-fish, the market gardener near Brunswick cannot fail to live .well and pr:OSper. With some vegetables as many as three crops can be raised on the same ground in one year. The value of the trucking business in the vicinity of Brunswick is $50,000 a year.

- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----.-------------------GATHERING BEANS

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

237

Besides the morre important centers already named are numerous
towns and stations along all the railway lines of Georgia. Some or the
counties with a large trucking business are: Houston and Burke, the pr.oduct of whose market gardens is $15,000 a year for each; Spalding county, with a product of $16,000, and Macon county, with a product of $12,000. While Eastern Georgia supplies the markets of the North and East, Middle and Northwest Georgia should supply Louisville, Cincinnati, Chicago and the northwest with early vegetables.
Men of intelligence and thrift here and there throughout Georgia have t:hown the great capacity of our soil for high cultivation. What has been done by some can be done by all with the same good skill and management.
Georgia is so famous for melons that this subject should not be closed without reference to them. The Georgia watermelon stands unrivaled, both in quality and quantity, and enjoys a national reputation. SO' extensive is its cultivation and so large its shipment and sales, that it ranks as one of the money crops of the State. One hundred thousand acres are devoted to its culture, and more than 10,000 cars are required to carry this fruit to market. As many as 316,000 melons have been sold in or shipped from Augusta alone in a single season.
Thousands of melons are consumed on the farms and in the cities and towns of the State, vast numbers of which were carried to their various markets in wagons and carts. So the shipments by rail or steamer do not give a complete idea of the great numbers sold and consumed. Georgia cantaloupes, too, get to the n:orthern markets first, and like all other early fruits command the first and highest prices.
We close this section on truck-farming with one more example of the success which attends well-directed management. Mr. F. J: Merriam, who runs a hill-side farm near Atlanta, says that in 1893 he broke ground to meet the market demands in Atlanta. Though he only made $500.00 the first year, the receipt of $115.00 from 250 hills of cucumbers convinced him that he was on the right track. The next year his sales went to a little above $1,900, and from one acre of potatoes he received $500. The receipts from his land continued to increase and the fourth year his receipts were $5;068, of which $764.00 came from lettuce, $583.00 from turnip salad, and $404.00 from beets. In 1899, notwtithstanding the very bad season in the spring months, he had sold up to the 1st o:f August $4,138.55 worth, $600.00 of which came from one acre planted in cabbage. He estimated that he would, by the close o:f the year, receive a round $10,000 from his little farm.

238

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

To the careful, intensive farmer, the land yields rich returns. Many farm lands with just as good soil as those that have been ctited as examples, yet unimproved, can be bought on very reasonable terms.

HORTICULTURE.
In the product of her orchards, Georgia stands in the front rank. It has long been known that her so!il was well adapted to the raising of certain kinds o fruit. But of recent years it has been shown through the labors of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, that Geargia soil has a capacity for the production of a great variety orf !frnits, especially of apples, apricots, cherries, pe,aches, pears, plums, prunes, grapes and strawberries. In the extreme southern section of the State we can add to this list oranges, pineapples and bananas.
Peaches.-But the queen of all these fruits [n Georgia is the peach, and our State has as great a reputation for pe,aches as Florida has for m-anges. Her acreage in peaches has much more than doubled since 1890, and the capital invested in orchards of this delicious fruit has greatly increased. From counties of the northern to those o the southern section the development has been rapid. There is in all America no
peach of superior flavor to that ott Georgia.
The land seems specially adapted to their production, and in this climate the crop can be marketed so early that it commands the higliest prices. With the gre~t improvement in the transportation service and the fine reputation of the Georgia peach the steady growth otf this business is well assured. The country lying south o Macon is the best fruitgrowing country in the world. The fruit-grower ships hls fruit to the best market at express speed. South Georgia fruit being the :first to reach the market has the advantage of the :first prices, which are, as before said, the highest. Some of the results of peach-growing in this section seem almost fabulous. A few years ago Messrs. N. Dietzen and brother, near Fort Valley, cleared $24,000 from a 200-acre orchard, the net profit being $120.00 to the acre. Mr. Ed. M. McKenzie, of Montezuma, by his first year's shipment, cleared $2,000 above all expenses from fifty acres of peach-trees. Mr. J.D. Howard, of Lorane, Ga., from a :five-acre orchard of three-year-old trees realized $1,200. Mr. S. M. Mashburn o Barnesvillle, from thirty acres, sold $4,000 worth of fruit. This was a net profit of $133.00 to the acre. Mr. S. H. Rumph, of lfarshallville, i:s probably the largest fruit-grower in the South. He was the :firstto produce the famous Elberta peach. He has more thrun 160,000 bearing trees, and one orchard of Abundance plums of 20,000 tree's. He

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

239

is also largely engaged in the nursery business, from which alone his annual sales run as high as $70,000. Edgewood Farm, the property o the Hale Georgia Orchard Company, at Fort Valley, covers 1,000 acres o the best fruit and nursery lands of the South, and is situated on a tableland, 600 feet above the level of the sea. There are in the orchard 200,000 treS in full bearing from May to August. Four liunilled hands are employed in these orchards. Every extensive peach-grower should own and know how to operate a canning factory, as this would guarantee the saving of his entire crop in any kind of weather. The two canning factories of Eatonton offset in 1900 by canning a great deal Of what had been lost to Putnam county through the shipment of fruit which had been so affected by the wet spells in June; that it reached the market in an unsalable condition. During the peach season the canning factories of Fort Valley are kept busy putting up thousands of the best peaches, which are too ripe to bear shipment, and notwithstanding, are in fine condition for immediate use. The steam evaporator for drying the peaches has also been the means of saving much excellent fruit that otherwise could not have been utilized.
In the neighborhood of Eastman a new peach region is rapidly de-veloping. At Tifton, the junctiorr of the Plant System of railways, and the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad, are large orchards producing the best varieties of peaches. This section is less liable to the effects of late frosts, as is shown by the fact that in 1894 and again in 1899, when peaches :in othQr parts of the State were a total failure by reason -of late frosts in the spring, a considerable quantity was shipped from Tifton and other points near by, Cobb county in the northwestern part -of the State, on the extreme northern border o the Middle Georgia belt, is among the leading peach-growing counties. The number -of peaches shipped from Marietta, the county seat, was much larger during the summer of 1900 than in any previous year, because so many new orchards
were beginning to add their product. The largest shipper for the season .of 1900, Mr. W. R. Turner, shipped from his large packing house more than 20,000 crates. The principal crop of the county is the luscious Elberta. Mr. W. M. McKenzie, from his own orchard at the foot of Kennesaw Mo:untain and those of Mr. J. G. Morris and United States Senator Clay, shipped over 12,000 crates of some of the finest fruit, both in size and color, that went from Marietta in the summer of 1900. The orchards of Judge George F. Gober in Cobb and adjoining counties of Cherokee and Pickens, consit of 300,000 trees, most of which were too young to bear in 1900. Of these more than 100,000 :are inOobb county, 75,000 in Cherokee and 125,000 in Pickens.

240

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Mr. G. A. :Moore has an orchard of 60,000 trees, most of which are yet young. These details about Cobb county give some idea of how the fruit industry is growing all over Georgia. The vicinity of Rome, close up to the mountain region, and Dalton, among the mountains, is coming into notice for orchards which produce the very best of peaches, and in all the region between Dalton and Dallas ne<w orchards are adding their products to swell Georgia's prosperity. Marietta, Austell, Rome, Summerville, Adairsville, McHenry, Plainville, Calhoun and Dalton are coming to the front among the great shipping points for Gewgia fruits. The bulk otf the crop from this section gets into the northern market after the rush from Middle and Southwest Georgia and before the DeJaware crop. The beauty and flavor of the fruit commands the highest prices.
Nor should we :foTget Cornelia, located upon a ridge of North Georgia hills, 1,600 feet above sea level, and commanding a splendid view of the far-reaching Blue Ridge. This is the trading pojnt for quite an extensive farm neighborhood, and only eighteen miles distant from Nacoochee valley. Here in the mountains some of the most successful orchards of the State are located, which have escaped injury from frosts, even when the peach crops of other sections have boon damaged. The great success attending the efforts of peach-growers here has led to the beginning of new orchards.
In addition to the commercial orchards, almost every farm in North and Middle Georgia, large or small, has its orchards of peach, apple, pear, plum and cherry trees, its patches of watermelons .and cantalo~~s, in; strawberry beds, dewberries and blackberries in abundance; and some o them have also their raspberry bushes.
Mr. J. H. Hale of Connecticut, who was in charge of the Horticultural Department of the eleventh census, in a speech at Minneapolis at a meeting of the American Association of Nurserymen, said, concerning the great peach sectiorn of Georgia: "It is a magnificent soil, easy to work, and the peach-trees going down into that red clay, it does produce fine colored peaches, and they look better and taste better than those of Cailfornia."
The Boston Herald in an editorial pronounced the Geo,rgia peach superi~r to that of California and to all others. The Chicago Record said :"The :fanciest peach that comes to Chicago is the Georgia Elberta, . . . . richer than a bowl {l>I fresh cream."
The New York Tribune said: "They are larger than the peaches pro~ duced for this market on the Delaware peninsula and in New Jersey, and by universal consent much more delicious than the northern fruit." In

ELBERTA PEACH.
One of the largest and most esteemed of all yellow fleshed peaches tree vigorous and productive ; a valuable acquisition.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

243

an editorial !O'Il "A Nation's Debt to Georgia," the New York World

said: "The more IlJO!l'thern States of this country have long had a deep

sense of their obligation to the State of Georgia for its devotion to the

cultivatioo of the watermelon. This debt is now increased by the suc-

cess of the Georgia peach Cl10ip, which has this year been sufficient to

drive out of the Eastern market the beautiful but tasteless peach CYi Cali-

fornia."

The following is an extract from an article which appeared in the

Chicago Tribune of Thursday, March 7, 1901, regarding the peach crop
of the country: "While the bulk of the Georgia yield goes ro New York

and other eastern markets, Chicago is favored annually with a steauily

increasing percentage, and fruit men agree in pronouncing the Georgia

peach as by all means the best in point of size, flavor and firmness that

.comes to this market."



During the season of 1900 the number of car-loads of peaches from all

Oeorgia shipping points ,was 2,500, of which l1,400 were from stations

.along the Central Railway, along the various lines CYi which road about

2,100,000 trees were at that time in bearing.

According to figures furniished by Professor W. M. Scott, the

State entomologist, there are this year (1901) 5,253,000 bearing peach-

trees located as follows:

On the Central of Georgia, including the former Chattanooga,

Rome and Southern ............................... 3,473,000

On the Plant System ................ ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000

On the Georgia Southern and Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000

On the Macon, Dublin and Savannah . , ..... , .... , . , . . . 200,000

On the Georgia Road ......... ,...,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000

On the Seaboard Air Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000

On the lines of the Southern Railway ................... 1,250,000

On the Western and Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000

On the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,000

On the Chattanooga Southern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000

On the Wrightsville and Tennille , , ........ .,. . ... . . . . . . . 50,000

If the bearing trees away from the railroads be counted the number in

Georgia will reach 6,000,000. At a moderate estimate there will be sold .

from these trees 4,000,000 crates of peaches at a dollar a crate.

Last fall (1900), 2,000,000 new trees were set out, which, with those

put out in 1899, will give GeOil'gia over 8,500,000 bearing trees in 1903.

Thus it is seen that the peach industry in Georgia is rapidly growing

in importance.

Apples._--The next largest fruit crop of Georgia is that of apples.

12 ga

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GFJOilGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

These have been grOIWll successfully in all sections of Georgia. Those

raised in the northern part of the State are particularly fine. Large ship-

ments are made from Rome, Marietta, Cartersville and Dalton. . Thia

section for early apples has the markets of the North and West. For

later apples it has the holiday and winter trade in all the cities of the

South, especially in the gulf region, where the best varieties cannot be

successfully grown. The charming city of Rome, so romantically sit-

uated on picturesque hills sloping to the water's edge, at the point where

the Etowah and Oostanaula join their streams to form the beautiful

Coosa, is the chief market for the receipt and shipment of apples for a

large fruit-growing section. We have no apple that will grow in Soruth

Georgia of such size and flavor as to come in competition with the ap-

ples of the North, but may we not develop one? If, when Europe had no

beet that would make sugar in paying quantities, scientific agriculture

could develop one, may not our horticulturists do the same for the Geor-

gia apple7

Judge Gober, who owns SO! many fine peach orchards in Northwest

Georgia, has also 3,000 apple trees, bearing fruit of excellent flavor, and

there are many thousands of apple trees all through North and Middle

Georgia.



Pears.-This fruit, too, receives considerable attention from the or-

chard mffili of GOOI"gia. Th:ir!ty-:five varieties are mentioned with approval

by the Georgia Sta:te Horticultural Society. In Houston, the banner

peach county of Georgia, over 10,000 pear-trees are owned by Ohio com-

pames. There are also numbers of small orchards of from 1,000 to 5,000

trees. These net their owners anywhere from $500.00 to $10,000 dollars

a year. There is said to be a strip of land near Marshallville where the

fruit crop never fails. Near this town there is a mile of pear-trees flank-

ing the cotton :fields. Here can be seen fruit and cotton ripening side

by side. One of the most noted points near Fort Valley is the Pear Drive

with its double row of trees lining the road, a favo:r.ite resort for Hous-

ton's belles and beaux.

Plums.-There are also in Gemgia many varieties of plums. Many

grow wild, but considerable attention is given now to the culture of the

better kinds. In the two great peach counties of Houston and Macon,

the number of plum-trees exceeds that of pear-trees by several thousand.

Near Marshallville !is a magnificent orchard, partly M pears and :Qartly

of plums.

One of the prettiest views of the fruit lands of Georgia is the plum

orchard of James Beaty of Spalding county. The whole country around

Griffin is full of peaches, plums and grapes. On the line of the Central

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL 4ND INDUSTRIAL.

245

Bailroad are 200,000 plum trees bearing finer plums than thooe of Cali~ :fornia.
Grapes.-Georgia iis rapidly coming to the front as a grape-growing State. The average in vineyards has greatly increased of late years, and their output has attracted the attention of the whole country. The eleventh census reported that Georgia produced 107,666 gallons of wine and 3,876,000 pounds of table grapes. "The latter ripen early," said the census report, "reaching the northern markets a month earlier than those grown in Ohio or New Yorrk, and consequently bring much higher prices than the northern and western grapes." The report added that the Niagara variety, a white grape, was hardy and ripened early, and for these reasons was meeting with great success in the Southern States, but that the acme of perfection was the Delaware. Grape culture is not confined to any one section of Georgia. .At Cornelia, in Habersham coUnty, a number of Swiss families settled a few years ago, planted vineyards and are now turning out wines of the finest quality and in great quantity. In the vicinity <Jf Tallapoosa, in Haralson county, is a large grape and wine district, where hundreds of acres of vine-covered trellis stretch before th&, eye. In Floyd county, Northwestern Georgia, much attention is also, paid to grapes. In Middle Georgia the yield of this fruit is very great, Near Tennille, in Washington county, there is a large vineyard flanked~ by an orchard of LeConte pears. One can easily surmise whence Vine~.. yard in Spalding county gets its name. .All along the lines of the rail:~ way between .Atlanta and Macon a traveler sees stretches of vines laden in their proper season with luscious fruit. .At Visscher's vineyard, a sunny, fertile spot in Houston county, not far from Fort Valley, all the well-know varieties are found. Large quantities of grapes are shipped each year from the prolific vineyards of this neighborhood. The raising, boxing and shipment of grapes through the various belts of Georgia promise to be as remunerative in the near future as is peach-growing nmv .About thirty miles from .Atlanta, in Coweta county, at Vina Vista, is a large vineyard and winery. Here grapes of every variety and domesti(} wines of the best quality are produced. To give some idea of what ha.&. been done in Georgia we give a few statistics otf crops and sales of the;, fruit of the vine.
J. F. Wilson of Poulan, Georgia, made from 23,415 pounds o grapes 1,361 gallons of wine, which he sold for $1.50 a gallon, or $1, 941.50 for his wine. He also marketed 12,593 pounds of grapes. This makes a total of 36,008 pounds raised on eight acres of land, or 2! tons to the acre in the first bearing year. Mr. 0 . .A.. Dunson of LaGrange, Geor.gia, from a vineyard of about 25 acres of four-year-old vines, 600 to th'e,

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

acre, gathered 30 pounds of grapes to the vine, or 18,000 pounds to the acre, equal to nine tons. The usual estimate tis three tons to the acre.
Mr. J. C. Gerioux, of Tallapoosa, has a Worden vine which, in its fourth year, yielded by actual count 232 bunches, with an aggregate weight of 75 pounds. In 1895 he sold his grapes at seven cents a pound, and has never so~d them for less than :five cents a pound. Mr. George M. Williams, of the same town, planted one acre which had formerly been a baseball ground, setting O'Ut one-year-old roots. Two years later his 700 bearing vines bore 8,500 pounds of fruit, which, if sold aslow as two cents a pound, would bring $170.00 as the money product of that one acre. Nor should we forget Judge Gober, a noted fruit king or Northwest Georgia, who owns 15,000 grape vines of sixty varieties.
Other F1uits.-Many other fruits thrive well and make abundant yields. Excellent cherries are produced in Northern and Middle Geoigia. F:igs and pomegranates grow admirably in Midde and Southern Georgia, needing no protection in winter, except in the upper part of the middle belt. The olive succeeds well on the coast. In the southeast Ogeechee limes are gathered in constiderable numbers for preserving. Quinces are raised or the same purpose :in Middle and Northern Georgia. Oranges, pine-apples, lemons and bananas are successfully grown in the southern and coast tiers of counties.
A pecan grove of 1,000 trees now in bearing, is located in Dougherty county. Several small groves are located in Mitchell county in addition to which 100 acres were planted last year in that county. The Tifton section is well suited to pecan culture, and already several small groves rure in bearing. Nor is this industry confined to South Geargia; be1aring groves are located in Spalding and Hancock counties, and young trees are in great demand for planting in North Georgia as well as further south. Richmond county also has a few pecan-troos, which bear nuts of :fine quality.
Berries.-Georgia raises abundant crops of strawberries, for home cop.sumption and the northern markets. They reach New York and Boston in: the interval between the berries O'f Florida and those of the Middle and New England States. Blackberries are abundant, both wild and cultivated. Raspberries with proper attention make good yields.
Georgia has many advantages over California. It requires only two or three days to transpmt fruit from this State to New York at a cost of about $208.00 a car, while it takes nine days from California at a. cost of $360.00 a car. Besides, Georgia fruit being so much nearer to the eastern markets, can be picked at a much more advanced stage of maturity than the fruit of California.

GEORGIA: IIISTORIOAL AND INDTJSTRIAL.

249

The eleventh census of the United States showed that no farmer could make as much in any ;ather agricultural pursuit as in truck raising and :fruit-growing, the average profit :from which was $150.00 to the acre. In making out this average the So~th stood the highest, which fact was due not only to its great productiveness, but also to its cheap labor, and the higher prices which result from the early seasons. Common laborers can be hired at sixty to seventy-five cents a day of twelve working hours, while a better class of laborers command from eighty cents to one dollar .a day. The laborers provide theia: own horurd and lodging.

CHAPTER VIII.
DAIRYING AND CREAMERIES.
Among the new industries that are claimmg more and more the attention of our people is that of dairying. Within the last decade encouraging progress has been made and quite a number of dairy farms and creameries have been established. Much interest in the subject has been aroused by the Georgia Dairymen's Association, which, in its report at the sixth annual meeting, shOIWed a membership of more than one hundred and seventy. Of course no one will embark in any industry unless convinced that it will pay. It can be easily demonstrated that Georgia is in every respect well adapted to this business. First, climate is all that can be desired. Even during the hottest summer months, July and August, the thermometer rarely goes above ninety degrees, though it does sometimes go as high as ninety-five degrees, and at long intervals, say once in five or six years, may reach one hundred degrees. In winter it rarely falls as low as fifteen degrees above zero, although it has occasionally fallen as low as eight degrees above, and once in about fifteen or twenty years has been known to g01 to zero. Snow is of very rare occurrence, Middle and Southern Georgia being sometimes for several years in succession entirely free of it. The dairyman is not compelled to incur the expense of housing his cattle for months; for he needs only such simple shelter as will afford them protection for a few weeks. This is itself a very important consideration, as dairymen of the North and West well know.
In the section on grasses and forage crops we have already shQiwn the capacity of Georgia soil to produce the most nutritious forage and pasturage at the lowest cost. Not only are the so-called foreign grasses successfully grown on Georgia soil, but the State is rich in its possession of the hardy Bermuda, equal to the Timothy of the northwest. Even the poorest soil is easily set with Bermuda, while an improved soil will produce it so abundantly that it can be mown two or three times during a season. By sowing on the Bermuda sod in October several winter and spring-growing plants, such as red, burr or crimson clover, hairy and common vetch, either alone, OT with each other, or with oats and rye, one may secure good winter and spring pasturage until April.
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

251

The cow-pea, besides being a great soil-restorer, is also the best hay and ensilage crop of Georgia. In ninety days from sowing on wheat, or other small grain stubble, it will make a full crop of vines. It will grow on any sort of soil, although of course the better soils make the better yield. Wheat sown November 1st can be harvested by June 1st. Any time from then until July 1st will do to sow the cow-pea, which is harvested in September. It will make more hay in ninety days, if sown after wheat or oats, than red clover will in a year. It is the salvation of our lands and the delight of the milch-cow. Others of our native grasses are rescue or arctice grass, crab-grass and crow-foot grass, which afford pastpres new and ample, and with the adition of the various clovers, barley, rye, oats, sorghum-cane and corn forage give a great variety of food for cattle. Our cotton seed, after the oil has been pressed out, furnish the cakes, considered among the best of foods for cattle, as well as the cheapest. A good milch-cow can be fed at a cost of seven cents a day on cotton seed-meal cakes, cotton seed-hulls and a little wheat bran. Corn ensilage, whose succulence and beneficial effects make it doubly valuable, is claimed by some to be the cheapest of all foods for cattle. All the food necessary for stock can be grown right here cheaper than at the North. There is the greatest abundance of pure wa._ter supplied by clear running streams. In healthfulness no land is more desirable. Our markets are numerous and excellent: Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Columbus, Savannah and Brunswick, our large eities, as well as a great number of large and flourishing towns, all thriving and steadily growing in population and wealth, are heavy importers of butter and cheese, most of which they obtain from the States of the N<>rth and West and even from Canada. Gladly would they use the product of our own farms.
The sweetmilk, buttermilk, cream and butter from the dairy farms find a ready sale in all the cities and toWns of Georgia. The butter, which by most people, is preferred to the best imported article, falls far short of supplying the demand. Good creameries, well located, are a great help to the dairy farms. Creameries in Georgia pay about one half more for milk than is paid in the North, and the home mraket for butter and buttermilk insures them a good profit. At our creameries whole milk is worth $1.25 a hundredweight, and butter-fat brings twenty cents a pound, which is equivalent to fourteen cents a gallon for milk, a much better price than can be obtained North and West. A fully up-to-date creamery is located at Griffin, between Macon and Atlanta. There is also one at LaGrange, in Troup county, and another at Sparta in Hancock county.
Another is to be located between Macon and Savannah. Thus dairy-

252

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

men in a large section o country will enjoy creamery advantages, and this will add much to the profits of their farms. The adaptation of the ice machine to creamery purposes has given to dairying in Georgia advantages unsurpassed in any section of the Union. Creamery men know the disadvantages attending this industry in new territory in the North. Here the difficulties are lessened in many respects. A good market for buttermilk, butter, etc., enables a creamery to start with a small supply of milk. The profit to the dairymen soon builds up a sentiment favorable to the creamery.
Lumber for siloes, barns or other outbuildings will cost from $7.00 to $9.00 a thousand, and dressed lumber from $10.00 to $14.00. Land can be bought in Middle Georgia at from $4.00 to $15.00 to the acre, and can be had on reasonable terms as to time. The rate o interest is 8%. Land fully stocked can be rented on about the same terms as at the North. Most o the lands that are for sale are under cultivation and have more or less of the necessary buildings upori them.
The creamery industry, like that o the dairy farm, has now passed the experimental stage in Georgia. The satisfactory results and handsome profits realized by those who have experimented on these lines, prove the correctness of the o;pinion of Pro. H. J. Wing, o the Georgia Experiment Station, that in comparing Georgia with many other sections for the production of milk, butter and cheese ,the "Empire State of the South has nothing to fear."
Mr. R. J. Redding, director of the Georgia Experiment Statiion, says: "I know of no soils that respond so promptly and gracefully to fertilizers and manure as the soils o Georgia. During each o the last three years yields o twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat to the acre have not been unusual. The same soils would produ<:~e 75 to 100 bushels of oats, or 1i bales of cotton, or 50 bushels o corm. . . . . . . The common crab-grass, the inveterate foe o the old-time Georgia c-otton farmer, would be considered a very great boon in any northern State, if it would spring up in the corn :fields and small grain :fields after harvesting and produce 1 to 1i tons o good hay (much better than Timothy), as it will do in any good soil in Georgia, without any expense except the harvesting. . . . . . Cottonseed-meal and hulls afford an unfailing resource for feeding and fattening, being especially and admirably adapted to beef-cattle.
Mr John Wallace of Griffin, Georgia, to whose "Conclusions of a Northern Creameryman" we are indebted for some excellent points, declares: "I have been extensively engaged in dairying in the North, especially in Northwest Iowa, where I operated se.veral creameries and

PEACH PICKERS.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

255

cheese factories, and have now been operating a creamery in Georgia for the last six months, and am highly gratified with results. . . . Cheap lands, climatic conditions, variety of grasses, etc., offer inducements to young dairymen that can be found nowhere in the niOrthwest."
Of course, after the questions of climate, soil, healthfulness, and food for man and beast have been considered, the selection df the proper breed of cattle for the dairy farm is of the highest importance. The question is what kind of cattle will pay best, and how much attention should be bestowed upon them. If milk is the object of the proprietorr, special attention should be given to providing suitable and abundant food, and proper care should be bestowed upon the cattle themselves. Of course, each individual must make his own choice of breed to suit his soil, climate and pasturage. At present in Georgia the Jerseys are the most
popular and fashionable. Mrs. B. W. Hunt Olf Eatonton, the wife of one or the most successful farmers of Putnam county, in an article on "Ber-
muda grass and the Jersey Cow," gives a decided preference to thl.s particular breed, which she considers the quoon of the milch-cows. Though the scepter of the Jersey is disputed by the Guernsey and the Holstein, she is undoubtedly the preference among the dairy farmers of Georgia.
Skim-milk is a valuable by-product of the dairy, and many experiments have boon made in feeding it to pigs and calves at the dairy. These experiments have shown that skim-milk in combination with grain makes an excellent food for .hogs at all periods of their growth, but especially during the earlier periods. Not only does this combination make a much more economic ration for hogs than either milk alone or grain alone, but also causes the animals so fed to make much more rapid gains in fl.esh.
When the proportion of these two articles of diet is three pounds or somewhat less of skim-milk to one of grain, the return for the skimmilk is greater than when a larger proportion of it is used.
When hogs are fed on milk alone they gain very slowly and do not keep in good health, and young pigs fed on grain alone do not thrive as those to whom milk and grain are fed in proper proportion.
H fed on either of these materials alone they do better pastured than when kept in small pens.
Young calves up to 3i months of age require less of both milk and
dry matter to make a pound of gain than do hogs. When they have
reached five or six months, they require more dry matter, half of which at least should be hay.
Considering only the gain in live weight and quality of meat, whole

256

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

milk is the best food far calves, but is too expensive a ration, and they may be very profitably fed on skim-milk when properly used.
Calves whose rations are composed larkely of skim milk gain one hal of a pound less in a day than those fed on whole milk, but require practically the same amount of dry matter for every pound of gain.
When fed to calves, fully as large financial returns are obtained for the skim-milk as when fed to hogs.
At creameries or cheese factories, it pays to feed their by-products near these establishments. The proceeds from them can be divided among the patrons according to the milk supplied by each, in the same way as the butter and cheese made are divided. Under the very best conditions it costs five hours of labor, or fifty cents, to look after 500 hogs for one day. This is $50.00 for caring for 500 hogs for 100 days, or ten cents for one hog for a hundred days, or for a gain of 100 pounds, which gives onetenth of -a cent as the labor cost of producing one pound of live weight of hog. If the value of the gain was reckoned at four cents a pound, the labor cost of producing the pork was only 2! per cent. of its selling price. It is evident that when hogs are handled in large numbers, as they may be at a creamery, the labor of growing them is a very small item. These remarks on the labor-cost of feeding animals are just as applicable to the feeding of calves as of hogs, though it would be more difficult to feed a large number of the former than of the latter. On the farm the expense of feeding these animals would be greater than at the creamery. . The value of whey for feeding is generally estimated at one half that of skim-milk.

ICING CARS.

CHAPTER IX.
STOCK-RAISING.
So soon as our farmers began to diversify their agricultural industries and no longer to give their whole attention to the raising of cotton, a demand was created or improvement in the breeds of cattle, and more care than ever before was given to the raising of stock. Of course, even under the old system every enterprising farmer was careful to secure a full supply of good live stock for his plantation, and it was no unusual thing to see pastures on which were grazing fine-looking cattle, or flocks of sheep. Glossy-coated, well-groomed horses, champed in the stalls the :ripened grain or fed upon the nourishing grasses of the meadows. The well-ordered plantation of the olden time was well-stocked also with fine mules and well-fed hogs, and abundantly supplied with poultry of every kind. But there were many farmers who did well with corn and cotton, whose stock was of such inferior sort, as to convey an idea of thriftlessness and lack of enterprise. Of late years, with the great improvement in methods of cultivation, have come advanced ideas on the breeding, rearing and care of all kinds of stock needed on the farm.
CATTLE.
Oattle.-The industries of dairying and creameries comparatively new in Georgia, have had much to do with the preference shown in this State for the Jersey. Indeed the high favor in which they are held is not confined to Georgia. Mr. Henry E. Alvord, chief of Dairy Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, says: "Jerseys have been so numerously imported, have increased so rapidly in America, have been so largely used for grading, and have proved so remarkably well adapted to a wide range of climate, that the characteristic markings of no other breed can be so frequently seen wherever dairy cows are kept, from the Saint Lawrence to the Gulf, and from ocean to ocean." They derive thair name from the island in the English channel, known as Jersey, supposed to be a corruption of Oresarea, as the Romans called it. Though there were importations of this breed, at that time known as Alderneys, to the United States prior to 1840, these im-
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260

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

portations did not become active until about 1860. Since that time 2,000 animals or more have been imported from the little home island year after year, nearly all of them coming to this country. Jerseys are the smallest in size of the noted dairy breeds, cows ranging from 700 to 1,000 pounds and the bulls from 1,200 to 1,800 pounds. But their average weight in America is considerably above that attained in their native island. where effort bas been made to build up a herd of larger size, mature cows have easily attained an average of over 1,000 pounds. For a time many pel'\SOns imagined that a pure Jersey had to be o a solid color. This was an error; for all the earliest importations were bToken in color. For a long time they were bred almost exclusively for butter. In this country breeders have successfully striven to increase the milk yield, while still maintaining its high quality. A Jersey cow is essentially a machine for producing butter-making milk, and may be considered as worthless when she ceases to give milk. Sometimes a Jersey steer or an occasional non-breeding female has been found to take on flesh and make small beasts for the butcher. They then have a finegrained, high-flavored flesh, very rich in color.
Guernseys can be better compared with Jerseys than with any other cattle. They are a size larger, stronger-boned, and a little coarser in appearance. They are claimed by some to be hardier and larger milkers, but both these points are strongly disputed. They are called after their native home, the second in size of the channel islands and in 0ommon with the Jerseys were long called Alderneys, both in America and England, without regard to.the island from which they came. They are light in color, yellow and orange predominating, with considerable white, usually in large patches on the body and'legs. On some cows darker shades, approaching brown, occur, and these colors are quite common on bulls olf this breed. The cows, when properly handled, are very gentle, and the aged bulls are more easily managed than Jerseys of like age. The Guernsey cows give milk in large quantities, and 'of uncommon richness in butter-fat and in natural color. Wherever quality secures a good price their milk ranks high in market. They are noted for the richness o their milk, combined with special economy in feeding. The grades, offspring of a Guernsey bull and well-selected cows of no particular breeding, usually make very satisfactory dairy stock.
On their native island their beef is highly prized and young animals are said to fatten easily at a profit. The friends of the Guernsey in this country lay no claims to its being a bee producer; yet when an animal of this bree<f, if not too old, ceases to be profitable for the dairy, it can be converted into beef without loss to the feeder.

JERSEY FARM

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

263

The Holstein-Friesians, whose native home was North Holland and Friesland, constitute one o.f the most notable of the dairy breeds. Both in England and America these cattle have been known by several different names, viz.: "Holland cattle," "North Hollanders," "Dutch cattle," "Holsteins," "Dutch Friesians," "Netherland Cattle" and "HolsteinFriesians." After sharp contention in this country the last name was generally accepted; but, says Mr. Alvord, "It seems unfortunate that the simpler and sufficliem.tly descriptive an:d accurate name of "Dutch Cattle" was not adopted. For it was in Holland, a land noted for a thousand years for dairy products, that this celebrated breed of large bi-colored cattle has slowly but rsurely developed its present dairy excellence. They are distinguished by "their large frame, strong bone, abundance o.f flesh, silken coat, extreme docility and enormous milk yield." The original Dutch settlers of New York doubtless brought over with them their favorite cattle (during the 17th century), and there are definite records of not more than three or four impmtations previous to 1850. But in 1857 began the importations which have stead~ly increased in frequency and numbers until they are now to be found in all parts of the Union. The striking features of this breed are the color markings of black and white and the large size of the animals of both sexes. They are the largest of all the dairy breeds. Their large frames are usually well-filled out, with the chest, abdomen and pelvic region fully developed. Care must be taken to prevent the males from becoming too heavy for breeding animals, and! the females, when not in milk, take on flesh quite rapidly. They are large feeders, and must have abundance of rich food without the necessity of much exertion to get it. The cows range in weight from 1,000 to 1,500 pounds, with a general average of about 1,250 pounds. The bulls, when fully matured, often weigh above 2,500 pounds. The cows are famous as enormous milk-pmducers. There are abundant records of cows giving an average above their own live weight in milk monthly for ten or twelve consecutive months. There are numerous well-authenticated instances of daily yields of 100 pounds or more for several days in succession, and 20,000 to 30,000 pounds of milk in one year. Cows giving from 40 to 60 pounds (or from 5 to 7 gallons) of milk in a day are average animals, and from 7,500 to 8,000 pounds a year can be depended on as a herd average. The milk of these large producers is generally pretty thin, low in percentage of total solids and deficient in fat. The cows are a favorite with dairymen doing a milk supply business, but their product has in numerous cases been below the standard fixed by State and municipal laws. Some families of Holsteins and some single cows are, however, celebrated for rich milk and fine butter. In

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

temperament these animals are quiet and docile, bulls as well as cows, the bulls being exceptionally so.
The cattle which have been most famous both in England and America, which have received the longest attention of breeders and improvers, and which have made the most general impression upon the live stock of both countries during the nineteenth century are the Shorthorns or Durhams. They are said to be descended from an old Northeast of England breed, formed by crossing the aboriginal British cows with large frame bulls imported from the continent. Immediately after the American Revolution attention began to be given to the improvement of cattle in America, Virginia taking the lead. During the last hundred years the Shorthorn blood has been more generally distributed through the United States than that of any other cattle. It ha:s been the most acceptable basis for the improvement of the native stock, both for beef and dairy purposes.
The Shorthorns are a beef-breed and have been so for generation,s. Yet there have always been good da~ry cows among them, and some families among them have been kept distinct and are known as "milking Shorthorns." -They are probably the largest among pure-breed cattle. Bulls ordinarily weigh a ton or more, some running up to 3,000 pounds. Fully matured cows range from 1,200 to 1,600 pounds, sometimes a little below, sometimes a little in excess of these limits. The colors of this breed have always been red and white, with various blendings of these two. The red is especially fancied in this country. The Shorthorns are generally quiet and gentle. Although they are to be generally classed as beef-cattle, yet there are records of cows giving 6, 8 and 9 gallons of milk a day, with no other food than grass.
Ayrshire cattle are among the youngest of well-established breeds. Coming originally from the country of Ayrshire in the Southwest of Scotland, a region of moderate fertility, where natural pasturage is so sparse that grazing animals must travel long distances in a day to satisfy their hunger, the small, unshapely foundation race has been built up within the ninteenth century by the liberal use of blood from the cattle of Eng land, Holland and the Channel I slands, until they bear little resemblance to the cattle of Ayrshire described ~D. 1825. The breed of the pre&ent day bears strong resemblance to the Jersey in certain features. In form, color and horn it is very similar to the wild white cattle of Chillingham Park. With the exception of the little Irish Kerry, there is no cow which excels the Ayrshire in thriving on scanty pasturage and giving a dairy profit upon the coarsest of forage. Yet she responds promptly and profitably to liberal feeding. The Ayrshires are of medium size among

G.H,F FA'l'Tlc:\J;JD B1 T. R. SA\YTELL.
BERKSHIRE BOAR-CO \1l\1ANDEH.'S AMERICA, REGISTER NO. 536ll9, RAISED AT BELMONT FARM.
No1.:.-lo'or description of Belmont Fann, see Sketch of Cobb County.

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dairy cattle. The cows weigh from 900 to 1,100 pounds, averaging probably 1,000 pounds in a well-cared-for herd. The bulls weigh from 1,400 to 1,800 pounds at maturity, sometimes more. This breed is shortlegged, fine-boned, and very active. The prevailing color of the body is red and white in varied proportions; in spots, not mixed. The Ayrshire cow yields a large supply :of milk. Five thousand five hundred pounds
a year as an average for a cow, well cared for, is counted on and often
realized~ The milk is not exceptionally rich, but somewhat above the average. It is very uniform in character, the fat globules being small, even in size, and not free to separate from the milk. The Ayrshire is not, therefore, a good butter cow, but its milk ~s admirably suited for town and city supply, being well above legal standards, capable of being carried considerable distances and roughly handled without injury. Some of the cows have been known to produce 8,578 pounds (about 1,000 gallons), in a year.
A good beef breed :is the Durham. Some of the cows are good milkers, but the breed is not sufficiently numeroos and has not as yet been handled much for dairy purposes. American breeders have succeeded in separating from the general Shorthorn stock a family having all the features of that race, but with no horns at all. These are called Polled Durhams and are now allowed a name and place as a distinct breed.
The Brown Swiss, as the name indicates, had its ()rigin in Switzerland. Among dairy breeds this may be placed in the second class as to size. They are fleshy and well proportioned, with straight, broad back, heavy legs and neck, giving a general appearance of coarseness. But when examined closely they are found to be small-boned with a fine silky coat and possessing many attractive dairy points. They are generally described as brown in color, which runs, however, through various shades, often into a mouse color and sometimes a brownish dun. Bulls and cows are alike docile and easily managed. They weigh from 1,200 to 1,400 pounds on the average, bulls sometimes running up to 1,800 pounds, although they are not so much heavier than the females as in most other breeds. The cows, when developed as a d'airy breed, .give an average of ten quarts of mHk every day in the year.
These cattle, being almost always fat and easily kept so, are good for beef as well .as for milk. The flesh is said to be fine-grained, tender and sweet. This breed is not well-known in Georgia. In their native country their ordinary food is noth;ing but hay, grass, or other green forage throughout the year, but they respond pr.omptly to more generous feed-
ing. The Devons, so called from the elevated region in the north of Devon-

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shire, England, were among the very first cattle brought across the Atlantic, reaching New England on the ship Charity in the year 1623. But the first herd to be brought to this country and kept pure, so' that breeders can still trace it, was sent directly to Mr. Robert Patterson of Maryland, in 1817. There have been many other importations, especially in later years. They are noted for beauty, compactnesH, intelligence, do~ cility, aptitude to fatten and quality of milk. The horns of the females are particularly elegant, sharp-poi1 nted, black-tipped, and of medium length with a creamy white color and curving upward. In the bull the horns are shorter and straighter. Devons are of medium size. As a rule they do not yield large quantities of milk, though some single animals have given forty or fifty pounds a day. The milk is rich in quality, ranking in that respect next to the Jersey and Guernsey in percentage of butter-fats, total solids and high color. Those who hold this breed in highest esteem regard it as chiefly a beef-producer. Its flesh is fine-grained, usually tender and well marbled, and the fat is of a deep yellow color like milk fat.
The animals ocf the Dutch Belted breed are all jet-black, with a broad band or belt of pure white encircling the body. The cows seem to give good satisfaction as milkers, although their milk is not above the avel'age in quality. There are comparatively few of this breed in America.
The Red Polled cattle reiSemble the Devons, as closely as the Polled Durhams resemble the Shorthorns. Yet the two races are probably not closely related, the Devons coming from the southwestern part of England, and the Red Polls having their origin on the eastern plain, north orf the river Thames, particularly in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. They are hornless cattle, red and other colms. They were among those brought in the early days to the English colonies in America. The SOcalled "muley" cows among our native cattle are probably their descendants mixed with other strains. The animals of this breed give rather more milk than the Devons, though not so rich in quality. They seem to be better adapted to making meat than producing milk. Their l}dmirers claim that they are good at both and strongly recommend them as the general farm cow. Steers of this breed are special favorites as working cattle.
Other breeds, especially distinguished as beef-producers, are the Hereford and Angus.
I beef breeds are wanted, their superiority is in proportion to their tendency to mature early and to produce beef of high quality. The thoroughbred animals make gains much more rapidly than those orf in~ ferior blood, even though the feed be exactly the same in quantity and

HEUEFOlW BULL.

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271

.quality. There has been considerable discussion among breeders of beef cattle as to whether the heifer and steer produce equally good' beef, or whether that ot the former is not preferable. To the latter view the English meat dealers and many of the American are inclined. ".A. few years ago," says the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, "it was the aim and purpose of both breeder and feeder to produce cattle of great weight and size, nor was the steer considered fit for slaughter or market until he was four or five years old. . . . What a revolution -occurred in the early SO's! Every progresssive breeder turned his attention at ooce to the production o perfectly matured cattle at three years as an objective point. The governing law was a triune one-the cattle must possess hardness of constitution, feeding quality and early maturing .ability."
The report of the superintendent of the Farmers' Institutes o the Province of Ontario, after describing three well-selected animals of different breeds, an Angus heifer, a high-gradE; Shorthorn steer, and a highgraae H ereford steer, says: "These animals, though representing different breeds, present that compactness of form, thickness and substance, together with superior finish and quality, coupled with an inherent aptitude to lay on :flesh thickly and evenly, that always characterizes the beef animal of outstanding merit." It must be remembered that there is a pronounced dairy type and an equally pronounced bee type. "There care not a few cows of quite positive bee tendencies capable o making very creditable dairy records, and a great many that combine milk and bee to a profitable degree, but a good carcass of beef from a steer of a pronounced ~airy type or breed is rarely seen. So clearly and definitely is this bee type established that to depart from it means to sacrifice beef ~xcellence."* Those who are engaged in stock-farming in Georgia will odo well to bear it in mind, that for dairy purposes the best breed is the .J"ersey, while for beef the best types are the Shorthorns, the Hereford .and Angus.
Long strides have been made of late years by the dairymen of Georgia toward the supplying of our home markets with butter from their own farms. Though the supply otf good home butter is still far short -of the demand, yet, as our dairy farms increase, their butter product will more and more supplant the imported article. Georgia, so well supplied, as we have already seen, with abundance of the best grass and forage .crops, can also raise its own beef equal to the best, and keep at home the money now paid to the great packing-houses of the North and West. Let intelligent stockmen turn their attention this way with the full as-
*Rcport of the Superintendent of Farmers' Institute of the Province of Ontario. 1:3 ga

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surance that large profits will attend here in Georgia their thrift and enterprise.
Some of our own people engaging in this business of raising beef for the market would make a good proot for themselves and keep money in Georgia that now goes to the West.
The experience of Mr. T. R. Sawtell of Atlanta, will give some idea of the low price at which cattle can be fed. In a letter to ex-Governo1 W~ J. Northen, he said:
"Below you have the result of my experiment with the thirteen months calf that I fed, exclusively on cotJton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls. I bought the calf from Mr. M. A. Butler of Noah, Tenn., December 16, 1899. He was thirteen months old and weighed 899 pounds. I paid 3f cents per pound, making the cost $31.15. I took him to my packing-house and fed him until June 16th on cotton-seed hulls and meal. When slaughtered he weighed 1,320 pounds. He was sold at 5f cents per pound.

Bought 899 po11nds at 3f cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31 15

Fed 180 days at 6 cents .....................,. ... 10 80-$41 95

Sold 1,320 pounds at 5f cents .................... .

72 60

Net ................. _........................... $30 65
I this can be done by Mr. Sawtell, who makes it a business to supply good beef to the people of Atlanta, would it not pay some of our enterprising citizens to select the best breeds and raise cattle for our markets ~ If the profit on buying and feeding one calf was $30.65, that on one hundred calves would be $3,065.00. If these calves were raised on a stock farm with abundance .of pasturage, the cost of their rearing would be less than where all the feed must be paid for at the regular market prices. As has been said before, no State in the Union is richer in pasturage and in grass and forage crops than Georgia. Besides these we have right here on our farms without any freight expense the cotton~ed hulls and meal which make such excellent feed for cattle. If cattle 1n Norway fed on cotton seed hulls and mool shipped from our country can be sold at a profit in the markets of England, is it not to be supposed that our farmers can raise cattle and sell them at a profit in our own markets?'
The most profitable course tOT the general fariner to pursue in iiY'-
proving the quality of his live stock is to buy first-class thoroughbred males. The calves of a mixed average lot of cows, sired by a thoroughbred bull of any of the best breeds, will partake much of the nature of the sire, and the females of this grade again bred to a thoroughbred wiD

HBHEFORD COW.

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give animals equal to the average thoroughbred for all practical purposes except that of procreation. The same principle prevails as to sheep, swine, poultry and all kinds of farm stock. But especially is it true as to the best cattle. The Shorthorn, or Durham, is one of the be'st breeds for the general farmer. It will give you a steer which, under propex treatment, will at three years of age weigh from 1,500 to 1,800 pounds, and a cow which, with like judicious management, will give from two to four gallons of milk in a day. Be careful to remember one thing. The best breeds will show no superiority over our native Georgia stock, if left; to shift for themselves, as is too often done by the average farmer.
On the 1st of January, 1898, there were in Georgia 303,392 milchcows, valued at $6,629,115. At the same time there were of cattle other than milch-cow 503,593, valued at $4,492,300. By the census of 19001 there were in Georgia 20,806 dairy cows kept in barns and inclosures.
As the attention of the breeders o:f cattle for the dairy and for beef is more and more attracted to the advantages offered by Georgia, there will be given a new impetus to an industry that will add greatly to the wealth and prosperity of our noble State.*
For a more complete account of the breeds of dairy and beef cattle see the pamphlet of Henry E. Alvord, O.E., chief of Dairy Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, to which we are indebted for much valuable information. See also the other reports from which we have quoted in what has been said about "Stock-raising."
Hogs.-The hog is used very extensively as an article of food both in America and Europe. His flesh, in the various forms in which it is pre-pared, furnishes the chief meat supply of a large class of our people. Especially is this true of the negroes who constitute in the South almost the entire body of hands employed by our farmers. in cultivating the land, looking after the stock, or attending to the manifold labors of the house, garden, field and orchard. Pork, sausage, spareribs, backbone, bacon and ham, are among the most highly esteemed articles of diet in the lowly huts 1of the poor and the loTdly mansions of the rich. Just as every farmer should raise his own wheat and corn for bread, so also should he have his smoke-house well stored with bacon and ham of his own curing

4Qrganizations of Breeders of pure-bred Cettle and addresse" of their Secretaries for the year 1899: Avrshire Breeders' Association, C. M. Winston, Brandon, Vt. Brown Swis Breeders' Association. N. S. Fish, Groton, Conn. American Devon Cattle Club, L. P. Sisson, Wheeling, W.Va. Dutch Belted Association of America. H. B Richards, Easton, Pa. American Guernsey Cattle Club, \V. H. Caldwell. Peterboro. N.H. Holstein- Friesian Association of America, F. L. Houe-hton, Brattleboro, Vt.
American Jersey Cattle Clnb, J. ]. Hemingway, No.8 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. American Polled Durham Breeders' Association, J. H. Miller, Mexico, Ind.
Red Polled Cattle Club of America,]. McLain Smith, Dayton, Ohio.
American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, J. H. Pickrell, Springfield, Ill.

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

from hogs of his own raising. .Thus making on his own lands all his :food supplies, he can use the money obtained from his crop of cotton o:r th~:r surplus of all the products of his fields for the purchase of those things that add culture, refinement and adornment to the home, besides having ~omething to lay up for his own comfortable maintenance in old age, or to add to the inheritance of the children :that shall come after him. Every landowner has thus an opportunity, by economy, thrift and enterprise, to acquire a competence and secure his freedom from the cares that torture him who borrows and through interest and mortgages becomes the bond-slave of the lender. Every farmer can, by intelligent use of his resources, live a prince upon his own estate. But the first step toward this happy condition is the raising of his own supplies, so that he can be independent of the meat and granaries of the West. His beef, his mutton, hogs and poultry demand some part of his attention.
The hog, though origilljllly unknown in America, Australia or the Polynesian group, was everywhere introduced by the early navigators, and has propagated his species so rapidly that he is now abundant in all the:se lands, both in confinement and in a state of nature. Though thriving best in a warm, genial climate, yet, like man, he becomes accustomed to all climates and countries. Where left to roam wild he degenerates into the razor-backed animal of the mountain or the pine land region. Where properly cared for and developed by careful breeding, he becomes the sleek, fat porker of the well-kept farm.
From the wild boar, once so common in Europe and Asia, the d'Omestic hog, wherever found, has sprung. At what time breeding for the improvement of the wild animal began we do not know, although we are told that the ancient R~}mans made it a study.
England seems to have taken the lead in this useful art. The swineraisers of her different provinces endeavored to improve their own breeds by crossing the fine-boned hog of China with the larger breeds o. England and other countries. By their selectio11B, crossings, and re-crossings, have arisen the varieties which take their names from the provinces which first produced them, as the Berkshire, Suffolk, Essex, Chester, etc. It is not our purpose to go into a description of these various breeds. :Most of the best breeds have been tested by the farmers of this country; and at one fair or another all the improved breeds have taken premiums. The great object is to secure such as are hardy, and will make the greatest supply of pork and lard with the loost amount of feeding. If bacon is the object desired, it is well to select the large and heavy variety. If pork is the thing desired, choose the smaller varieties, such as arrive with greatest rapidity at maturity and are likely to produce the most delicate

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277

flesh. The keeper of the hog should be just as careful to see that the sty or yard is kept clean, as to furnish him the food which experienced farmers have found to be best suited to his needs.
Cleanliness and careful attention are very necessary to secure the best results, both as to the healthfulness of the animal and the donsequent excellence of his flesh for food. Among the fine breeds the Berkshire is the most generally distributed throughout Georgia. Next in popularity comes a breed which results from a crossing of the hog of Poland with that of China. We have also the red Jersey hog, the white Chester, and other valuable breeds. All of these do well in Georgia. Our farmers are, of course, familiar with the various diseases to which hogs are liable, and also with the remedies. :Many of them, especially skin diseases, can, in a great measure be prevented by keeping the pigsty or yard as clean as possible, and by seeing that the hog gets wholesome and suitable food. In the case of an animal that furnishes such a heavy per cent. of the meat supply of our people, too great precautions cannot be taken in guarding him against any of the causes that would tend to make his flesh unwholesome.
By the United States census of 1890 the number of swine in Georgia was 1,396,362. By the Year Book of the Department of Agriculture for 1899 we find the number to be 2,093,987, valued at $8,095,353. The increase in the number of swine from 1890 to 1899 was 697,625, a gratifying exhibit, in that it shows, that the farmers of Georgia are raising more of their own supplies and depending less on the packing-houses of the West.
Sheep.-In the section on grasses and forage crops the adaptability of Georgia to sheep husbandry was incidentally referred to. In 1875 Ron. Thomas P. Janes, then Commi'ssioner of Agriculture, issued a pamphlet on Sheep Husbandry in Georgia which met with such high favor not only in this State, but also in the whole country, that in 1883 his successor, Ron. J. T. Henderson, republished it, with such additions to the original as were deemed necessary to give more fully a great amount of desirable information 'on this subject. We deem it well to acknowledge in the outset our indebtedness to the aforesaid publication, for many facts herein recited. According to the United States census of 1860 the number of sheep in Georgia was 512,618. From that time to 1875 there was a steady decrease, the number in the State being less by .193,295 than in 1860. Doubtless some of this loss was due to the ravages of war, some to thieves during the disordered times that immediately followed the close of hostilities, but the greater part to the ravages of dogs. Through the persistent efforts of the friends of sheep industry the legislature was pre-

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vailed upon to pass a dog law allowing each county to enact its provi-

sion's within its own borders, as it might see fit. The law has been adopted

in many counties with very beneficial results, and in those counties the in-

dustry of sheep-raising has taken on new life. .Many more Gounties will

doubtless adopt it and then Georgia will resume her proper position as a

wool-produ<:ling State. In this industry, as in everything else, one must be

convinced that it will pay before he will put his money intiO' it. The cli-

mate of Georgia corresponds with that of some of the best woll-growing

regions of the world. Th~ southern part of Spain, a country once famous

for its merinos, is warmer than South Georgia. Au-stralia, one of the chief

wool countries of the world, has a warmer climate than Georgia. In the

cost of keeping sheep warm climates have a decided advantage over

cold ones. In Southern, Middle and Northern Georgia sheep have been

kept with a profit to the owner far in excess of that derived from cotton,

notwithstanding the ravages of dogs. In Southwestern Gem.gia snow

never falls and the ground seldom freezes. The pine forests are car-

peted with native grass, affording rich pasturage all the year. Accord-

ing to a astatement of Mr. David Ayers of Camilla, Mitchell county, his

:flock of 3,500 sheep cost him annually 14 cents a head and the average

yield a head was three pounds of unwashed wool, at 30 cents a pound.

Owing to its freedmn from hay-seed and to the fact that our heavy spring

rains wash out the yolk and dirt, the unwashed wool of Georgia is as

clean as the brook-washed of Pennsylvania. He did not feed his sheep

at any time during the year, and used only what is known as the native

stock. Of course the cross of the Merino with this stock would have

given a greater quantity and better quality of wool. During the same

year a Mr. John McDowell of Washington county, Pennsylvania, on

land that cost five times as much as that of Mr. Ayers, made only one

half of the profit on money invested in the best breeds of sheep. Thus it

seems that where sheep-husbandry is made a specialty Georgia has a de-

cided advantage oveT Pennsylvania.

.

Mr. Robert Humber, of Putnam county in Middle Georgia, kept 138

sheep of the cross between the Merino and the common stock. He said

that they coot nothing except the salt eaten by them and paid 100 per

cent. on the investment iri mutton, lambs and wool. They ranged on

Bermuda grass in summer, and on the fields from which the crops had

been gathered, and on the cane bottoms in winter. Their only food was

that thus gathered by themselves. They yielded an average o three

pounds of wool to the head, which he sold at twenty-five cents. a pound.

Mr. Richard Peters, who kept sheep in Gordon county and had an ex-

perience of twenty-seven years, and had tested the Spanish and French

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279

Merinos, Southdown, Oxfordshire-Down, Leicester, Asiatic Broad-tail, or Tunisian, Improved Kentucky Cotswold and native sheep, said that a cross of the Spanish Merino and natives had proved most profitable with him. Every other Georgia correspondent agreed with him in this opinion. The progeny of the native ewes and Spanish Merino bucks showed "marked improvement, having constitution, fattening properties, thriftiness and a compact, close fleece." While he raised only 70 lambs to every hundred ewes of the pure Merinos, he raised a lamb for every ewe of the cross-bred natives and :Merinos. During mild winters in Gordon county his sheep had to be fed only 30 days; in cold, wet winters, twice that long. In speaking of the value to land of sheep inanure Mr. PeteTS said: "I can only judge of its value by the compact sod of grass on my sheep pasture, capable of sustaining ten head to one as compared to twenty years ago."
The experience of Mr. P eters agreed with that of almost all the other sheep-raisers in Georgia as to the breeds most suitable to this State. The Merinos are better suited to our climate than the long-wooled Leicesters and Ootswolds.
Every sheep-raiser should remember the maxim that increase of lambs is increase of wool. Special attention should be employed to have the lambs come at the best season. The period of gestation is 151 or 152 days. The best time for the coming 10 the lambs is, for Middle and Lower GeOTgia, about the first of January; for North Georgia, either in November, or about the last of February and first of March. ' During the short period in North Georgia when sheep must be fed cotton seed afford a cheap and excellent food. These, with oats or rye pastures sown in the early fall, will afford sufficient food to induce an abundant flow of milk for the lambs, and at the same time will keep the ewes in a healthy condition, and thus increase the clip of wool for the next season. Quantity and quality of wool will be greatly improved, and the health of the sheep be preserved, by keeping them in a uniformly good condition throughout the year. Do not allow them t() grow thin during the winter. That part of the fiber grown during a poor condition
of a sheep will be weaker than that grown, when abundance of food is
supplied and all proper attention is given to the animal. Weak points in the fiber injure its quality, and of course its sale. For this reason wpol grown in warm climates, where there is a continuous supply of green food, is heavier and of better quality than that grown in colder climates, where the sheep necessarily grow thin during severe winters. There is among sheep-raisers a maxim that for sheep "change is more important than range." In the extensive sheepwalks of the northern

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sections of Georgia or the wire-grass regions of the southern section, the flock can find the necessary change by extending their walk. But when they are kept within inclosures, in order to insure their health and variety of food, they must occasionally be changed to new pastures.
If they are to be grazed upon 100 acres, it is a good plan to divide this land into two fields of 50 acres each, and let the flock alternate monthly between them. They ought to have fresh shading ground during the day and fresh beds at night. Where the sheepwalk is always the same, certain pungent plants necessary for the health 'Of the animal become exhausted. During the summer sheep feed early in the rooming and late in the evening, spending the middle of the day in the shade. Since they seek the same sheltering places from day to day, these resorts become foul and hurtful to the health of the flock. If a change of pasturage is not practicable, these places should be occasionally cleaned off, and the manure from them should be saved.
All changes from pasture to pasture, or from pen to pen, should be made in the cool of the evening or early morning (the latter being thP better), so as to avoid disturbing the flock in the heat of the day.
Salt should be constantly accessible to the sheep and in sufficient quantities to prevent scuffling and fighting over it. Or a good plan is to salt them regularly twice a week, placing the salt in troughs or on clean rocks. It is best to give the salt in the evening, because in this way too free use of water after salt, which is not good for the sheep, will be avoided. It will be found very conducive to health to dig troughs in ordinary pine poles and fill them with common tar sprinkled with salt. These being arranged at a convenient point in the sheepwalk will furnish salt and at the same time induce a moderate consumption otf tar, which acts as a disinfectant and promotes health by checking the fly which sometimes in the summer months deposits its eggs on the nostrils 'Of the sheep, thus producing worms in the head.
The sheep is exceedingly neat and even fastidious about its food. Hence it should have clean grass and clear, running water. Though they do not use as much water as other animals and sometimes go days without it, their comfort and health require that it should be accessible.
In spring and summer the flock should be closely watched for maggots in the wool, whose presence will be indicated by a dingy, bluish appearance. Spirits of turpentine should be promptly used on the infected parts; for if the flesh become penetrated, serious injury, if not death, will follow.
I nvt salted regularly in wet spells, diarrhea is apt to follow, with a fouling of the wool in the rear. These "tags" must be promptly removed

SOU'l'H DOWN EWES. SOUTH DOWN R A M.

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283

with the shears. If the disease is obstinate, the sheep should be fed for a few days on meal with a little salt in it and other dry food, if the animal can be induced to take it.
For the shearing of sheep clear, warm weather should be selected, not so early as to risk the health of the sheep by cool spells coming after the removal of its winter coat, not so late that this coat has become oppressive or has commenced to waste and shed in order to make way for another.
In butchering the intestines should be removed at the earliest possible moment after life is extjnct, and before the removal of the pelt, if necessary, so as to avoid the peculiar sheepy odor and taste sometimes found in mutton, and erroneously supposed to be due to the contact ad: the wool with the meat.
The same result may be accomplished by pouring a bucket of cold water into the cavity as soon as opened and before the removal of the bowels. With proper attent~on to the butchering of well fattened sheep, all unpleasant odor or taste will be avoided, and the prejudice which many people feel toward mutton will be removed.
Properly served, lamb or mutton furnishes a meat at once wholesome and much more delicate than the gross hog meat so universally consumed in Georgia.
There are in Georgia nearly 10,000,000 acres of practically unoccupied lands. Nearly all of these could be profitably used as sheepwalks. There is an extensive region, beginning in Southeastern Georgia and extending across the State from the Savannah to the Chattahoochee. This section is made an ideal homfl :for great :flocks of sheep by the native wiregrass and other herbage which, with their luxuriant growth, afford excellent summer pasturage, while the aftermath, remaining evergreen and reinforced by healthful winter-growiitg weeds, gives ample feed for the cold season. Besides, there is the Bermuda, most valullble of all spontaneous grasses, equal on good soil to the best blue-grass of Kentucky, and capable, even on land unprofitable for cultivation, of supporting five sheep to the acre for nine months of the year. Where partially protected by pine trees, it will remain green throughout the winter, supplying pasturage for that season. Or from the summer pasturage the sheep may be turned upon the pea fields from which the corn bas been gathered, care having first been taken to accustom them to the consumption of the pea, as a guard against over-feeding. From the pea-field they can be turned into the cotton-field, which in August or September had been sown in rye or oats. These, together with the rutabaga turnip crop, which was also sown in July and August, will afford ample green pa'sturage until the return of the spring vegetation. Or, if a harvest from

28-1:

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

the grain fields be desired, the turnips can be reserved for early spring feed1ng, since such a grain field should not be grazed upon later than the first or last of February, according to latitude. Such is the advantage of the climate of Middle and Southern Georgia, that small grain can furnish green pasturage all winter, and a paying crop the next summer. In the southem half of Georgia turnips need no protection, and can be utilized with no morre laborr than i:s required to change a movable fence as often as .fresh pasturage is needed; or they may be banked like sweet potatoes, and in the spring be fed, after being reduced by a pulping machine. Wherever the sheep are fed, either on extensive "walks" or inclosed in narrower bounds, they heavily fertilize the soil.
One great economical consideration in Georgia's favor is, that in its larger portion sheep do not need winter shelter.
By utilizing Bermuda and wire-gra.."S for summer pasturage, and small grain and tumips for winter, Georgia, without neglecting her cotton, corn, gra:in 'Orr forage crops, and while increasing the number of her dairy farms and creameries, her beef cattle and her swine, and extending he:r factories of varied kinds, can build up another great industry of sheep husbandry, supplying her own markets and those of other States with the beet of mutton and lamb, and deriving a large profit from the sale of millions of pounds of wool. Georgia can easily sustain 4,000,000 sheep and at the same time largely increase her agricultural products by.converting much wasting vegetable matter into a superior fertilizer.
In the portions of Georgia where the sheep can have extensive range, they, for the most part, take care of themselves without taxing either the time or attention of their owners. It was in consideration of this fact that Mr. Janes, Georrgia's first 'Commissioner of Agriculture, spoke of sheep as "the best, most quiet, peaceable, industrious and profitable laborers, who nearly double their number annually, demand no wages, do not steal or commit other crimes, labor assiduously throughout the year, f eed and clothe themselves and their masters, make no strike's, utter no complaint, and never 'die in debt to man,' "
There are sections of Georgia which do not afiord such extensive sheepwalks or ranges, and where those who prefer these sections for climatic
or other causes must, if they desire ro engage in the business of sheep-
husbandry, grow their sheep upon inclosed farms and provide for them shelter against the inclement winter. Let such remember that millions of the best sheep .in the world are raised upon inclosed pastures in England, upon the continent of Europe (especially in France), and in America. With one tithe o the care, attention, expense and worry bestowed upon cotton devoted to sheep-husbandry, the latter can be made

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to quadruple the net profits of cotton culture on any given area of dry and reasonably fertile land in Georgia. The fact that the native flocks of sheep in the southern part of the State, without attention prove profitable to their owners, furnishes abundant evidence that under a more rational system in which ewes and lambs, at least, would have the benefit of small grain pastures, or ot:her suitable feed during the winter months, the profits would be much larger than under the present "let-alone" plan. Our neighbors just to the north of us, Tennessee and Kentucky, make enormous annual profits on early spring lambs shipped to N ew York and Boston. "Georgia" says Mr. Henderson, "might anticipate these sources of supply at least one month, by having the lambs dropped in November and grown upon succulent pastures of small grain sown for the purpose. I butchered beef can be profitably shipped from Chicago to Georgia markets in refrigerator cars, why may not our early lambs be shipped to Chicago in the returning cars~"
The offspring of Cotswold bucks and native ewes would be little, if at all, inferior to the thoroughbred for mutton.
Notwithstanding the risk of depredation by dogs, sheep-husbandry can be made profitable in Georgia if proper attenti~m is bestowed upon the sheep. A single, faithful hired man can care for a thousand sheep, except at shearing time, when extra labor will be needed. The annual net income from the flock would exceed that from an area equal to the sheep pastures planted in cotton. There are few farms in Georgia on which it will not pay to pasture some sheep. Those inexperienced in sheep-husbandry should begin with a small number, which may be increased in proportion to their growth in experience and skill. To those who have experience in this business we say: "There is room enough and a hearty welcome in Georgia for you all."
To those of our own people, who depend upon agriculture for a livelihood we commend the words of Charles L. Flint, for twenty-eight consecutive years secretary of the State- Board of Agriculture of Massachusetts, author of several valuable treatises on subjects pertaining to the farm, and editor of others, especially of The American Farmer published by Ralph H. Park & Co. of Hartford, Conn.:
"Unlike the culture of cotton and other textile materials, the cultivation of which is confined to certain localities of our country, wool-growing can be successfully practiced in every State in the Union and its territories, being suited to all soils and climates. The South and West are sections peculiarly adapted to this enterprise, while in New England it must of necessity be limited, owing to the density of the population an<t the small size o the farms in that section. In the south the season

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for winter feeding is much shorter than at the North, affording an opportunity to depend more upon pasturage in maintaining the flocks, while the well-sheltered valleys afford protection from the severity of storms in winter and induce an early growth af spring grasses. The infertile and worn-out lands can by this means be reclaimed to cultivation and fertility. By the more general recognition of sheep-husbandry as an adjunct of southern agriculture, :fur a few years, a marked improvement in soil, general agriculture and State wealth must of necessity follow. The remarkable success attending wool-growing in New South Wales, whlch is a region of excessive heat, proves what can be accomplished."
In an article on "Wool Industry in our N atronal Economy" Ron. John L. Hayes says: "The relations of domestic wool to domestic manufactures are equally conspicuous and important-the rul~ being that the characteristic wool manufactures of the leading nations have been determined by the abundance and peculiarities of their raw material."
After citing a:s examples the carpets and rugs of Turkey, the dress fabrics df ,England, the fine broadcloths of Germany, and the infinite variety of the luxurious dress-goods of France, and showing how all of these great enterprises grew out 'Of the sheep-husbandry of those countries, Mr. Hayes continues: "The woll manufacture of the United States is dependent upon domestic wool production. The two branches of wool industry have always stepped together. The more prominent wool-growing States have woolen-mills. It is safe to say that not one of these mills would have been establi:shed but for the contiguous flocks, and if forced to seek imported wool, each one would stop."
But some one may say, what has the farmer to do with W'Oolen-mills? E:ow does their establishment concern him? Much every way. Whatever increases the demand for his products increases his opportunities for pro.table business and the legitimate acquisition of wealth. The farmers of those sections of Georgia adapted to sheep-raising, can, by an intelligent use of the resources within their reach, help to build up new manufacturing industries, which, as they increase in number and in financial strength, will amply reward the thrift and enterprise of those on whose well-directed work their own success depends. Thus agriculture manufactures and carnmerce, going hand-in-hand, and mutually dependent, will by their united energies place Georgia in the front rank of the richest, greatest and most populous commonwealths that constitute our grand American Union.
In 1890 there were in Georgia 440,459 sheep on farms, and their wool-clip wrus 841,141 pounds. The census did not say whether the wool included washed and unwashed. According to the annual report of the

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Bureau of Animal Industry published by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1899, there were in Georgia at that time 294,826 sheep, and their wool-clip was 1,218,612 pounds, washed and unwashed, of which 731,167 pounds were reported as scoured wool.
The Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1900 reports 271,534 sheep sheared ,their wool-clip being 1,086,136 pounds washed and unwashed, and 651,682 pounds s0oured wool. The sheep kept in inclosures are reported by the census to be 5,745.

POULTRY.
There is scarcely any food more highly appreciated by the great majority of people than the flesh and eggs of the various ~inds of poultry to be found on almost any :f~rm. Even the poor man, with but a few acres owned or rented, can, with a little care, raise enough chick-
ens, turkeys, geese and ducks ro supply his own table with the whole-
some and palatable food which they afford. Very few people keep any account of the expense and profit of poul-
try. If you were to ask them whether it pays, they could not tell; for they keep no account of eggs or chickens used or sold, or of the cost <Yf the food consumed by them. . The oommonest fowls, that are left to shift for themselves, at least pay their way. Take those same fowls and give them the care and attention that all poultry should have, and they will bring in a handsome profit on the investment.
One of the secrets of the success of agriculture in France, is the attention bestowed upon the small industries of the farm; and one reason why many of our farmers fail to make as large profit as they might, is their neglect of small things. With proper attention to shelter, feeding and cleanliness of the fowls, the breeds commonly known throughout our State will not only supply the farmer's own table, but also prove a profitable part of his farm produce. There is always a good and unfailing market in our cities and towns for poultry and eggs, and the demand for these articles will increase with the growth of our municipal population. In fact, there is nothing on which the small farmer can more securely depend. Every true woman delights to be a helpmeet to her husband, or her father, not only by economy and saving at every possible point, but by the wise planning of her head and the diligent labor of her hands. Nothing better suits the farmer's wife or daughters than the care of the poultry. And in this task there is abundant need and opportunity for the employment of tact, skill and scientific knowledga
Let it be understood that the intelligent application of one's knowledge or experience, even though that one be a person unlettered ana unlearned, is scientific. The female members o a household on a small

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farm, which affords but one or two milch-cows, a few hogs, a few beehives, and some poultry, can, by thrift and economy, furnish a large proportion of all the food consumed by the family, keeping the table supplied with milk, butter, honey, chickens and eggs, looking after all the wants of the home, while father or brothers drive the plow, or with their single mule, perchance, carry to market the little surplus that remains over and above the supply of their own needs. Many a thrifty household, in which each member lends a helping hand, has, by wise management, been able to add from time to time a few acres to their possessions until the small farm has become a large one, and their intelligent industry has been rewarded by oompetence and ease.
The poultry has so often, like the hogs and sheep, been left to shift for itself, that the profits derived from this industry, where well managed, have in many instances been greatly underestimated or altogether overlooked.
In considering this subject a very important question is: "What are the best breeds for Georrgia ?"
Of chickens the preponderance of evidence reported by correspondents continues to favor the Plymouth Rock, if but one breed is to be kept. Next in favor for general purposes comes the Light Brahma. The Leghorn is the universal favorite for egg production, the Brown variety being generally preferred. In his "Manual on Poultry" published in 1883, Mr. Henderson gave the testim~my of some of the most experienced breeders in Georgia. Mr. Edgar Ross of Bibb county, after experimenting with more than twenty varieties, said that the Brown Leghorn gave the most satisfactory result as a combination fowl for eggs and table use. "They are excellent egg-producers, summer and winter, and the chicks mature rapidly, being ready for the table at ten weeks old-flesh of excellent quality." He pronounced the White Leghorns as good layers as the Brown, but preferred the latter on account of their color. They begin laying when five months old.
After making every conceivable cross with twenty odd varities of thoroughbreds and common stock, he considered the cross of the Leghorn and Light Brahma the most satisfactory. Brahmas are excellent mothers and good egg-producers. Leghorns are the best of layers, but are nonsitters. The cross between them possesses both the qualities to perfection, losing the clumsiness of the Brahma and inheriting the activity o the Leghorn.
Mr. F. N. Wilder of Monroe county, who had bred the Light Brahma, Dark Brahma, Brown Leghorn and Plymouth Rock, preferred the Light Brahma as a combination fowl, which he thought unsurpassed as a table fowl. He fed his chickens regularly, and always had fresh water access-

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!ible to them in clean earthen vessels, putting in a few drops o carboHc acid twice a week. He kept their quarters clean and free from vermin, and provided them with good dust baths into which a little sulphur was occasionally poured. Occasionally he hauled a load of cinders from the blasksmith's shop into their yards.
Messrs. J. T. Scott & Bro. of Crawfish Springs, in Walker county, North Georgia, obtained satisfactory results from some breeds not ap~ proved by breeders farther south. They tried both the Dark and Light Brahma, the Partridge, Buff and White Oochins, the Brown and White Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks, Black Hamburgs, Golden-Spangled Hamburgs, Houdans, etc.
Mr. W. 0. Tate of Overton P. 0., Elbert county, one of the most successful raisers of poultry in Georgia, raising annually from 300 to 500 chickens, after having tried the Langshans, Buff Oochins and many Di the other special breeds, in conversat~oo last summer (1900), said that he considered the Indian Game the best of all for general purposes, and that he had for the last six years practically discarded all others. They are a hardy, thrifty, compact, closely-built fowl, the hens weighing from four to six pounds, and the cocks from six to eight, making excellent meat for the table. The game ~ certainly the typical breed, most closely resembling the wild parent, the Gallus Bankiva of Southeastern Asia. The hens are good layers, superior sitters and unsurpassed mothers, too mucl;t disposed to fight young chicks of other broods, but with great spirit defending their own brood against all intruders.
Our common Black-red Game, nearest kin of all our domestic fowls to the common ancestor of them all, the Jungle fowl or Gallus Bankiva, is the variety from which so many sub-varieties have been bred by selec~ tion or crossing with others.
The Dominiques, in their plain homespun suits, were once a favorite among the older American breeds. The Plymouth Rocks, now so highly esteemed, are supposed to be a cross between the Black Java or Oochin and the Dominique. Of the later breeds the Wyandottes and Sebrights are growing in favor. ,
The variety to be grown should !in a great measure depend upon the extent of the range available. All of the smaller varieties require a liberal range for maximum production. The larger breeds, such as Oochins, Brahmas, etc., though thriving better with a tolerably wide range, suffer less from close confinement than Leghorns, Games and other small varieties. If the fowls must be CIOnfined to a small area, then the breeder must supply by artificial means the conditions of the wider range.

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Birds at liberty to roam find for their sustenance seeds of various kinds, a variety of green vegetable matter and insects. If confined within narrow bounds, they must be supplied with what they desire and need, by the foresight and provident care of the owner. Otherwise the fowls >vill suffer privation and become unprofitable. If there is not an abundant supply of perennial grass to which the fowls have daily access, small grain of some kind should be sown for them as pasturage for fall, winter and early spring. Breeders of poultry in Georgia do not need to> construct close houses for .their shelter. In our warm climate such houses are sources of disease and death to the poor birds, by reason of the impure air which they breathe. Mr. Henderson says: "They may be used during the winter months to advantage, if well ventilated, but the fowls should be excluded from them from May 1st to October 1st, and required to roost either in trees or open sheds. Thorough ventilation is absolutely necessary, even in winter, to prevent disease." The ventilation should be above the roost. The roof of the chicken-house should be close enough to keep out the rain and all its sides, except the south, should be close enough to exclude the cold winds.
It is better to let the fowls roost on trees, where the whole body is exposed alike to the cold than to be confined in a house, in which they are exposed to draughts of cold air. The roosts should not be higher than thirty inches from the floor of the house, or eighteen from its sides. H too high, the larger breeds will be apt to injure themselves in getting up or down. It is a good plan to place a shelf about two feet wide immediately under the roost and about eighten inches from the floor. Over the sheH should be sprinkled coal ashes or cottonseed to catch the droppings, which should be collected and removed every twQ or three days. The flo\lr of the chicken-house, whether of dirt, planks or cement, should be occasionally sprinkled with diluted sulphuric acid, which should be car~ fully handled, so as to avoid injury to the clothing or person of those applying it. Thorough whitewashing twice a year helps to purify the house and kep it clear from hurtful insects. Fumigation with tobacco smoke is very beneficial.
It is better to make the nest upon the ground than upon planks. A nest of green cotton seed hollowed into the form in which the hen prepares it when left to herself, is in some way offensive to mites and other injurious insects. The material of the nests that have been used by sitting hens should be entirely removed and either burned or thrown into the manure pile.
In the cliimate of Georgia fowls are more healthy if required to roost in the trees during the summer. Indeed, they would be healthier roost-

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ing on trees throughout the year; but will produce more eggs in winter :if kept in comfortable houses.
The appearance of disease among poultry is generally the result of neglect. If contagious diseases appear, the best plan is to kill the diseased fowls, and either burn or bury them at a distance from the run of the balance of the flock. Then the premises should be immediately disinfected by the use of sulphuric acid~ all the well birds being kept from the yard, if possible, until the disinfection is complete.
By universal consent the turkey is considered a native of the western <lOntinent. All our domestic breeds of turkeys probably have a common origin from some one of the original types of wild turkeys. The principal varieties of domestic turkeys are the Bronze, the Cambridge, the White Holland and the Norfolk.
The Bronze in his plumage resembles very closely the common wild turkey of our forest (Meleag.ris Americana), and seems to be the result of a cross of the wild gobbler upon the domestic hen. Turkeys of this breed are very handsome and much larger at maturity than those of other breeds, the gobblers sometimes weighing as much as forty pounds. They retain more of the traits of the wild turkey and cannot be kept unless the farm affords them an abundant range.
Other breeds are more domestic, but are of smaller size and less hardy. Many turkeys are of variegated colors, which results from the intermixture of various breeds.
Very little attention has been paid to their breeding in comparison with that given to chickens. The bronze variety is the result of greater care in t:qis respect.
The breeding of turkeys on a small scale is not apt to be profitable, but on large farms, where they have the run of the stubble after grain has been harvested, they can be raised with small cost and little trouble.
The hens begin to lay in early spring and lay from twelve to eighteen eggs each. If allowed to do so, they will seek their nests in some seduded spot, where they will not be disturbed by the gobbler who, by his awkward attentions, sometimes damages the eggs. Some allow the turkey hens to have their liberty. Others take them to houses, as soon as they show an inclination to brood, while others shut them up and compel them to lay in the house, where they are to sit. If not disturbed, they usually hatch well under any of these plans.
In the American Farmer a poultry-breeder gives his experience thus: "All the first lot of eggs received I placed under hens for hatching, and you will find that the turkeys will have finished their second lay ing a few days before the hens have finished hatching. I then take the
14 ga

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eggs from the hens and give them to the turkeys, and sometimffi the turkey has only to sit a few days, when she has her young. If I am
oompelled to" leave some of the eggs with the fowls to bring out, I deem it
an indispensable requisite to see to it that the hen is perfectly free from lice, using pulverized sulphur, etc., freely. I regard it as next to impossible for hens to raise young turkeys, for turkeys are exceedingly tender when young, and above all things they must be kept free from the parasites that infest the common f01Wl. They must not even be allowed toremain over night about the same building, where the common chickens are kept. Do not be afraid of putting as many as forty or fifty young turkeys with the old mother turkey, but keep them in a dry, warm place, especially over night."
Young turkeys should be scrupulously protected from rain and not allowed to run in grass, which is wet with dew or rain. The floor of their pen must be kept dry and clean, and pure, fresh water must be constantly within their reach.
Young turkeys do not need to eat at all, until two days old. The utmost care must be taken in feeding them. Hard boiled eggs, or curd pressed e,very day, will prove the safest food f or the first two weeks. Mter this, bread, soaked in just enough milk to soften it, is a safe and healthful food. The health "of the chicks will be materially aided by feeding to them the tender tops of onions, garden fennel, purslane or dandelion, chopped fine and mixed with other food.
Young turkeys are delicate until the red begins to appear upon their heads. From that time they are hardy, and, if allowed a liberal range, will take care of themselves.
In rearing large, strong turkeys, much depends upon careful selection of the breeding stock. The practice of sending to market, about the time of Thanksgiving or Christmas, all the largest and heaviest birds, and keeping only the late ones of inferior size for breeding purposes, is a bad one. The turkey does not attain its full maturity until the third year. Some of the largest should always be kept; for from matured parents only can the largest and strongest chicks be secured.
Every year thousands of dressed chickens and turkeys are shipped from Tennessee to our Georgia cities and towns. Why cannot our own farmers supply this demand and keep the money at home that now goes beyond the limits of the State?
All the varieties of guinea fowls are supposed to have originated in Africa. Some have a peculiar bone-like helmet on the top of th e head, while others have in its place a crest of feathers. They are very useful where there are many enemies to poultry, such as hawks, crows, rats, etc.

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Being ever on the alert, they give the danger alarm with a loud shrill cry. An extensive poultry-keeper says of them: "To any one keeping a large number of hens a pair of guineas is a good investment. I know from experience that they will, and do, keep hawks away ..... We have for several years past lost but one chicken by the hawks." They are prolific layers during the summer season. Their eggs are small, but rich in :flavor, and make up in numbers for what they lack in size.
A good plan is to let chicken hens raise the young guineas, as they grow up more gentle and manageable than when reared by the guinea hen. Their :flesh is very palatable to those who like a gamy :flavor and dark meat.
The peafowl is an ornamental bird, and is peculiarly appropriate to spacious grounds or lawns, but is not much desired by poultry-raisers.
Ducks and geese may be successfully raised under domestication, without more water than is afforded by an ordinary drinking trough; but since in the wild state they live a great part of the time upon the water,. when domesticated, they will seek water, if it is in reach. The :five principal varieties of thoroughbred ducks are the Pekin, Aylesbury, Rouen, Cayuga a:nd Muscovy, each of which has its fanciers. The common duck seems to be a degenerate descendant of the Rouen, which it strikingly resembles in its plumage.
Geese, while not generally prolific, can be more cheaply raised than any other domestic fowl, if supplied with abundant green pastures. Goslings need feeding only a few weeks, during which time it is well to give them soaked bread or boiled potatoes, mixed with meal, allowing them also to run on the grass with the mother goose. I, after two weeks, they have access to tender grass, they will thrive without other food, if they have dry shelter in cool nights.
Artificial incubators of various patterns have been largely introduced. When properly managed they prove very successful, and are useful in that they produce a much greater number of broilers for the table than can be obtained under ordinary methods.
By the Uunited States census reports of 1890 the number of domestic fowls reported for Georgia was as follows: chickens, 7,3 57,934; turkeys, 148,797; geese, 291,676; ducks, 105,537. The number of eggs produced was 11,522,788 dozen. The pounds of honey produced were 1,757,758, and the pounds of wax, 49,935.
In France and some portions of England, it is customary for the ladies of the household to take charge of the poultry. This custom prevails ~n some of the farms in our State, and it would be well if it wero more tmiversal. A writer quoted in the American Farmer has well said :

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"We can assure the ladies that in this specialty there is great scope for the exercise of the esthetic perceptions. What can be more beautiful, for instance, than the penciling of the gold and silver Hamburgs; the exquisite harmony of color which the best-bred gray Dorking pullets exhibit, and which, we think, come nearer the wild game birds of the ceountry in beauty of form and plumage than any other? Then there 'Rre the numerous strains of game fowls, the pr,eux chevaliers of their race, unexcelled in splendor of plumage and unequalled in grace of form and carriage; the Houdans, helmeted like cuisassiers, and the plumed Crevecreurs, the black horse cavalry of the poultry yard; the LaFleche with its branching antlers, and the Black Spanish and Leghorns with battlemented combs of the brightest crimson, flaming above the raven and snow of their plumage, entitle them to be considered the color gua1d of the grand poultry army. Then there are the stately Brahmas and Oochins, the giants of their race; the Black Polands with their crowns of snow, and their golden and silver cousins beautifully marked; and last come the sprightly little Bantams, whose pencilings have made immortal the name of Sir John Sebright, and whose tints are almost as various as the wild flowers o'f spring. Is there not a field here sufficient to tempt the most esthetic taste?"
The Goat~-The much abused goat, the delight of the small boy, and the butt of the wit, the animal whose destructive propensities and wonderful digestive powers have furnished many a joke, has his good traits, and with proper management becomes a useful member of the great society of dumb laborers, who spend their days and lay down their lives in the service of man. The farmer who keeps a little flock of them, shut in upon a suitable range, will, when he wishes to make merry with his friends, find no richer feast for them than the well-prepared flesh of a tender kid. To those who keep even the common goat in large numbers, there is a good source of profit in their skins. There is a steadily increasing annual importation into the United States of goatskins for necessary use in home manufactures, The invoice value of these imports was in 1898 $15,500,000, and the market value probably over $25,500,000. The production in the United States is comparatively none. And yet there are in all the States of the West and South large areas of unimproved land which could be well employed in the feeding of goats for a profit. Through much of the area are mountain chains, and: these are the :favorite pasture ranges of the goat. If all the goats in the United States were kept with the single object of supplying skins for the market, they would fail to supply a small fraction of the present demand, and at the same time remain at their present number. Estimating four pounds to

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the skin, which is ab\Jut the average weight of dry skins, it would require the slaughter of 16,261,621 goats and kids to yield' the skins imported during 1898.
A large proportioo of our stock of common goats is kept in the suburbs of cities. In the West many of them are kept with sheep as a protection against dogs, wolves and coyotes; while the increasing flocks of Angoras are kept chiefly for their yield of mohair.
The goat thrives in all climates outside of the pobr regions. Hence most of the area of the United States, with the possible exception of Alaska, is favorable 1Jo the goat family generally, and much of the Pacific slope, the southwest and the south, is particularly adapted to the long-fleeced varieties, such as the Angora. Mr. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia in 1885, in his annual report for that year said: aExperiments in the raising and keeping of the Angora goat in these mountain pastures are making a very favorable impression. It is thought with some' reason, that this particular branch of stock raising may be easily carried to a very large and important development in our mountain counties. The adaptedness of this locality tb the raising and support of the Angora has been so marked that those accustomed to the care of this valuable animal are sanguine that we shall see in the near future a very important source of profit in this branch of industry. . . . It is hardly possible that the native habitat of the Angora is better adapted to its keep and development than are the . mountain counties of this State." In 1878 Colonel Richard Peters, of Atlanta, wrote to Mr. John L. Hayes:
urn this connection I may say a few wo,rds about the Angora goat, very improperly termed the 'Cashmere.' I have owned these animals from six different importations, those brought over by Dr. J. B. Davis in 1848, proving to be superior in many respects to any of the more re-
cent importations. One of the most valuable, interesting and remarkable traits of the Angora is the rapidity with which fleece-bearing goats can be obtained by using thoroughbred bucks to cross on the commoill shorthaired ewe goats of the country.
I have had great success with the Angoras and regard them as one of
the most valuable acquisitions to the resources of our husbandry. They have yielded me more substantial pecuniary profit than any other of my extended stock investments."
Mr. J. W. Watts of Laurens county, South Carolina, in a letter to Mr. Hayes in December, 1877, said:
"Even here, seventy-five miles from the mountains, I have for su years grown most successfully the Angora goat, whose flesh I regard as

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superior to any mutton, and whose fleece properly handled could there (in the Blue Ridge Mountain region) be made more profitable than any wool-growing. In a cross I have made with a pure Angora buck and.a Maltese ewe goat, I have raised a ewe goat that will give four quarts per day of as good milk as any cow on my plantation. The feed of one of my cows will keep twelve goats. :My cows must have certain food or they will not thrive. }fy goats will eat anything, almost, and do well; and with this advantage also, that their milk and butter are not in any way affected by their diet.
The ease with which they can be kept, feeding as they do on weeds, briers and other coarse herbage, fits them for sections where sheep cannot be raised to advantage. Their readiness and ability to defend themselves against dogs is greatly in their favor. A flock of valuable woolbearing goats can be raised in a few years by using thoroughbred bucks.
I it be desired to raise these animals for profit, much might be derived from the sale of the skins, for which there is such heavy demand in the United States. There is also a good market value for their flesh, tallow, biones, hoofs and horns. The females, which always constitute the larger portion o:f the flock, possess considerable value also in milk for household uses, or which can be converted into the most salable cheese, similar and equal to the Roquefort, Mlont d'Or, Le Sassenage and Levroux, so highly esteemed in France and Switzerland.
Herded goats, under suitable conditions, whether for skin, fleece O'l" by-products, will pay a good pmfit on the investment.

SPECIAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE ANGORA GOAT.
In view of the many inquiries that have come to the Department of Agriculture concerning Angora goats, it has been considered best to give some special information 'On this subject.
The first importation of Angoras into the United States was from Turkey in 1848, by Dr. James B. Davis of South Carolina, who two yeaTs before had been appointed by President Polk to vi:sit that country in Tesponse to a request from the Turkish government for' the president to send a man to them who understood cotton culture. On the return of Dr. Davis to the United States, he bmught with him nin e Angora goats. Colonel Richa'l"d Peters of Atlanta, Georgia, secured two pair of these. By the year 1854 he had crossed his thoroughbred bucks and the common does, and was so well pleased that he visited the f arm of Dr. Davis in South Carolina and purchased the remainder of the importa-

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tion with its increase. "These," says Mr. C. P. Bailey, the great Angora :farmer of California, "were the only Angoras imported into the United States up to 1866." In that year Mr. W. W. Chenery of Boston, Massachusetts, secured a shipment from Turkey and sent seven head to California, one of which died on the way. Two of the remaining six were purchased by Mr. C. P. Bailey of San Jose, California, at five hundred dollars a head, and this was the first importation into California ~ thoroughbred Angora goats.
By two subsequent importations in 1869, by Israel Diehl, United States Minister to Turkey and Charles S. Brown of Ohio, and in 1876 by :Messrs. Hall and Harris, Mr. Bailey has added to his original purchase, and now :from their descendants has a flock which runs up into the thousands. His great success in the raising of Angoras makes him authority on this subject, and we are glad to avail ourselves of his knowledge and experience, as given in a little pamphlet on "California Angoras."
One of the principal features of the Angora business is the Mohair, whose handling and care is therefore of prime importance.
In the first place, special care must be given to the time and methods of shearing. A general rule is to shear as early in the spring as is safe, because the earlier the mohair can be taken off without too much risk from storms, the better it is for the fleeces, as they ar'.:: more oily and lustrous before the animal begins to shed. Where there is any danger of snows and storms late in the spring, the first of April is early enough for the shearing, which should be done early enough to save the hair.
I inclement weather, with cold rains or sleet, should follow the shearing, the animals must be carefully protected for a while. The ewes especiaHy must be sheltered, for, if they should become thoroughly chilled, they would be liable to drop their young before the time. Sheds should be provided for them :for shelter during storms or cold nights. These sheds need not be very elaborate, for, if left partially open, they will dry quicker after a wet storm.
JVIr. Bailey thinks it better to shear but once a year, since one long fleece pays better than two short clips. However, it is the common practice to shear twice a year in California, the first of September and the first of April. Care should be taken not to make two cuts in the hair, the short or second cut being entirely worthless and very undesirable at the mills. Start the shearing at the top of the neck where the hair divides and continue down the side of the neck, keeping the fleece intact. This will prevent the cutting in two of the long locks on the side of the

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neck. Rough handling must be avoided, especially of the ewes, which are very tender at shearing time.
As soon as knives shall have been made that will shear Angoras as well as they do sheep, and will not clog with the mohair, machine shearing will he as popular with the goat men as it is now with those who handle sheep. The great advantage of machine shears over hand shears is that they shear clean and smooth, without cutting the hair twice or injuring the goat's skin. . After the :fleece is entirely off and the wool on the face and legs clipped, spread the hair out on the :floor and cut of all tags. Then the fleece should be turned with the outside out and tied with good sewing twine--not the ordinary wool twine.
The kid hair should be kept separate, for it always brings the best price. Care should be taken that there may be no straw or dirt in the sack in which the wool is packed. The hair, after reaching the mills is cleaned and made into various fabrics, being often mixed with wool or cotton.
'The most common articles of mohair manufacture are plushes, such as are used for uphoJstering furniture, for ladies' dress goods, figured cloth, braids, rugs, robes, and ornamental furnishings. American gro-wn mohair finds a ready market in New York and Boston, and is manufactured largely in Massachusetts and Maine.
The price of mohair depends upon its fineness and length. The purerbred the goat is, the finer its hair will be and the better price will it command.
The skin of the goat is a1so the basis for quite an industry. Leather skins are obtained chiefly from the oommon goat. Large numbers of common goat skins are imported into the United States annually, and according to Mr. Barnes of the United States Department of Agriculture the value of the importation for 1900 was $25,000,000. The Vici kid, so P'opular for shoes, is made from the common goat skin, as is also a fine grade of glove leather.
The skin of the Angora is used for rugs, robes and trimmings. It must be taken off properly and stretched in the shade to dry, or else it should be well salted. The skin should not be allowed to lap over on the :flesh side, because it is likely to heat. They should never be thrown in a pile, for the hair will slip, if left for only a few hours, and then the skins are worthless for robes. The hruir. on the skin should he kept as clean as possible. Shearing skins are classed with common goat skins, and skins of very young kids are of no value.
The best time to take the skin is in the fall, when the goat is fat and

HOUSES AND YARDS FOR BERKSHIRE HOGS, BELMONT FARM, SMYRNA, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

309

has seven or eight months gr,owth of hair. Hair at this time will be much more lustrous and will shake out more readily than after a longer growth.
The meat of the Angora resembles mutton so closely that it is sold in the markets as mutton, though it is really more like venison. The fat of the Angora is more evenly distributed through the meat than in mutton. The goats UJSually slaughtered are wethers four years old and over.
In clearing brush land there is rro more effective worker than the Angora, but he must not be al1owed to get into your garden or your field.
A good fence, three feet high, is amply sufficient to hold goats. Three boards, wit,h two barb-wires, Qr a twenty-four-inch Page woven W!ire fence, with three barb-wires above will keep them within bounds.
The kidding season is the busy time of the year oo. the goat ranch. I the weather is good, the task of caring for the young is comparatively easy; but when the weather is stormy and the lands muddy, considerable attention must be given to them. With a bunch of from fifty to two hundred and fifty, and a shed large errough for the entire lot, it is easy to ra.ise a large percentage of kids.
The kids must not be allowed to go out too young, and after birth the kid must be kept with the mother goat long enough for her to krrOIW it. If it be found that some of the kids are not being cared for, does, that apparently are not suckling kids, should be caught and held until the unnourished kids have been fed. After a kid gets a good start, he will steal a living from differe111t ewes,,if necessary.
Large sized Angora skins are worth from one to two dollars, accoTding to size and condition.
Half breed goats scarcely yield enough hair to pay for theshearing; three-quarters bred goats shear from one to one and a half pounds, worth from 15 to' 20 cents a pounds; seven-eighths bred goats shear from two to three pounds, worth from 20 to 30 cents a pound; fifteen-sixteenths bred goats shear from three to five pounds, worth from 30 to 45 cents.
Mr. Bailey adds: "the fourth cross, or fifteen-sixteenths, is the lowest grade I would keep exclusively for mohair. The average fleece of purebred goats is fvom four to six pounds; but, frequently, eight anJ ten pounds have been obtained from choice, well-kept animals."
Goats require less care than sheep. Shearing must be done as soon in the spring as the hair begins to shed. Otherwise the oil in the hair goes into the body of the animal and loses its life, lustre and weight. Yioung Angora does produce the finest and heaviest fleeces. They are in their prime at from two to six years old.

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GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Will Angoras pay? Mr. Bailey answers the question thus:
Cost of 1,000 fifteen-sixteenth grade does . . . . . . . . . . $5,000 Oost of 20 thoroughbred bucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

$5,500 4,000 pounds of mohair will bring ......... $1,200
800 kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000

Total value received .......................... $3,200 Expense&-Herder, one year ..... . ....... $420
Extra help at kidding . . . . . . . . 50 Shearing expoo.ses . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Taxes and incidentals . . . . . . . . . 80

Total expenses ............ .

$630

Balance, net gain .................. $2,570

This is over 46 per cent. on the investment." In September, 1898, the number of Angora goats in the United States was estimated at 247,000. Texas headed the list with 75,000. Of thirtytwo States Georgia came fourteenth with 750. Of common goats the number is not given. The number of all kinds for the whole country was estimated at 500,000. The whole number of goats of every kind in Georgia, kept in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges was 2,04:5 accarding to the census of 1900.

THE HORSE.
No domestic animal is more intimately associated with man than the horse. As far back as we have any record he has been man's willing, faithful friend, sharing his perils in war, his toil and hardships in travel long and weary, and his labors in all peaceful pursuits of life.
For whatever purpose a horse is to be used, there are certain character istics which he should possess, without which his usefulness is greatly impaired. These may be stated as a good disposition, strength, endurance and activity. Beauty of form and color and gracefulness in motion are very desirable, though not absolutely essential; and yet it is better to pay a little bit more for a horse that has an attractive appearance than to purchase an ungainly animal, however useful it may be.
A horse with a bad disposition may, by kind treatment, be. greatly changed. Y et he is never safe, for it is impossible to tell when his bad temper will crop out and calL" him to do infinite mischief.

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There are also among horses, as among men, different degrees of intelligence, a due regard to which is very essential in the selection of a good animal, whether for the saddle, carriage, or general purposes o the farm. An intelligent horse is generally more docile, and is saier, because less liable to become frightened.
Strength and endurance are indispensable qualities, and these depend more upon form and muscular development than upon size. 0 course these things being equal, the larger the horse is, the stronger the animal. Regular hours <for labor and rest will greatly increase the power of the animal for endurance.
On farms where several horses are kept for work, and a special one for the carriage, the heavier draft animal is better suited for the heavy work. But the larger class of farmers can keep only one or two horses. For such, an animal 'O meduium size is the more desirable.
We can not discuss here the points o a horse. Experienced dealers know them well, and a man o little knowledge about these things should, in purchasing, get the assistance of some one who understands such matters.
The diseases of horse'S are numerous, and in many instances arise rom bad management-an improper system of feeding, ill-constructed or poorly ventilated stables, injudicious driving or neglect of proper cleaning. When diseases do occur, quacks should be avoided. Diseased horses should be treated by those who understand their ailments and the remedies for them. Intelligent management will tend greatly to prevent disease, i the animal comes of good, healthy stock.
The number of horses in Georgia ODI January 1, 1900, was 109,905, valued at $6,001,626. The number kept i:n barns and inclosures and not on farms was 21,016, by the United States census o 1900.
This noble animal, the faithful servant of man, deserves at all times the kindest consideration. Careful and sufficient feeding, protection against inclement weather, rough treatment and overwork will increase his usefulness and pro1ong his days. Georgia possesses every requisite for the raising of the finest breeds of h!orses for the saddle, the carriage or the work of the farm.

MULES.
For farm use and all kinds of heavy work the mule excels all other animals. He is admirably adapted to work in hot weather, such as would be too severe for the horse or the ox. Therefore he is a favorite in the Southern States. The mule is longer-lived and more hardy than

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the horse. He can work for a much longer period, and will thrive with less care, is not subject to as many diseases and, when sick, is more easily cured. A well-bred mule will, with the same amount of attention, outlast two horses. He is not so easily frightened and therefore not so apt to run away as a horse. He is more steady in his draught and less likely to waste his strength. Having a tough skin he is not so much annoyed by flies. The expense of shoeing a mule is only about one third of that required for shoeing a horse, because his hoof is harder and more horny and so slow in its growth, that shoes do not need removal, and will hold on until worn out.
Although they will thrive on fare coarser and much less in quantity than that of horses, yet it is economy in their case and in that of all stock to give them plenty 10f good food without overfeeding them.
The largest, strongest and best mules are the offspring of improved blooded mares, having as their sire a jack, active and spirited and not less than :fifteen hands high..
!fules ar too ofte1ll neglected and abused, and frequently become stubborn from mere self-defense. They are naturally affectionate and patient, and if treated kindly, will be docile and obedient.
The number of mules in Georgia on the :first of January, 1900, was 157,008, valued at $10,826,032. The number kept in barns and inclosures and not on fal'lllS was 7,540, according to the census 'of 1900.

PICKING STRAWBERRIES

CHAPTER X.
FLORTICULTURE.
SEED EARMS, IRRIGATION , TERRACING.
While flowers and :flowering plants have been cultivated in hot-houses and in gardens from the colonial d'ays until now, and while they have been grown for sale to a limited extent for the last one hundred years, the business of the commercial florist in the United States has been de~ veloped only within the past thirty-five years and has made its most rapid strides in the last twenty years. In the vicinity of great cities the total value of florists' establishments runs up into the millions, going as high as $9,254,873 in New York State in 1890: New Jersey, situated between the great cities of New York and Philadelphia, reported for such establishments a valuatiion of over $3,600,000 in 1890, making the best showing in this line of business of any State in the Union for its size.
The trade in flowers and flowering plants in Georgia was valued at $81,932 in 1890, showing that flo'l"iculture is beginning to be important enough, to rank as ooe () the industrie\S ~ our State. As our cities increase in size, this beautiful business, so congenial to esthetic tastes, will eJqiand more and more.
Of the plants sold the demand for the various kinds varies in different sections of the Union. In the South the favorites are roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, geraniums, palms and pansies. There is also everywhere a growing demand for aquatic plants, and specialists are giving marked attention to them. Regarding the sale of cut flowers the census reports showed that roses were in greatest demand, and that close behind them followed carnations. These two furnished 65 per cent. in valut! of all cut flowers sold in the United States. Vio1ets, chrysanthemums, lilies, hyacinths, smilax, bouvardia, heHotropes, pansies and tulips in the order named supplied 25 per cent. more, while the other 10 per cent. was made up of orchids, tuberoses, mignonettes, primroses, camelias (or japonicas), daffodils and many others, cultivated in a small way to supply
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GEORGIA: HIBTORIO.d.L .d.ND INDUSTRIAL.

some special or local demand. For instance the beautiful camelia japonica, which came in far down on the list in the United States census reports, is decidedly the fall and winter favorite in Augusta and Savannah, bliooming in the open air in midwinter in the latter city.
In Georgia there were reported twenty-six :florists' establishments, five of which were owned and managed by women. The largest number of square feet of glass reported for the hothouse oJf one establishment was 15,000 and the smallest 750. The total number of square feet of glass reported in the whole State was 99,918. The number of aores in .Goorgia devoted to this business in 1890 was 106. In the District of Columbia, where the largest establishment reported 150,000 square feet of glass and the smallest 1,440, with a valuation for all establishments of more than a half million dollars, only 61 acres were cultivated. By far the greatest growth of this business in Goorgia was between 1880 and 1890.

SEED FARMS.
In early times families saved the seed from their annual productions, in most cases from whatever remained over from the farm. In some cases careful selection was made, and purer and better seeds obtained, which not only furnished the home supply, but were willingly given to friends and neighbors, who, in return, supplied any seed' of their own that might be considered of superior quality. This same practice continues in many communities. The general growth of the country, the rapid increase of population in cities and towns, which led to the establishment of market gardens, the demand for choice seeds and the difficulty of procuring them led the market gardeners or truck farmers to grow and save them, at first for their own use, and later to supply the increasing demand, until finally some of them drifted into the production and sale of seed as a distinct business. The first regular seed farm in the United 'States, of which there is any report, was established in con-
nection with the nursery business m Philadelphia in 1787. This branch
of horticulture was not made a subject of census inquiry until 1890. Of the 596 seed farms in the United States reported at that time, 258, or nearly one-half, were in the North Atlantic Division, the original center of seed production. In the Sooth Atlantic Divi<sion there were 89 seed farms, of which 31 were in Georgia and 46 in Florida. The 31 seed farms of Georgia embraced 2,627 acres with a total valuation for farml3, implements and buildings of $177,000, while the 46 seed farms of Florida embraced only 760 acres, with a total valuation fnr farms, implements and buildings of $62,333. Of those in Georgia which reported date of

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317

establishment, twenty-two were established between 1880 and 1890. Of those in the North Atlantic Division 13 dated back to the decade between 1830 and 1840, and five to even an earlier period. The first one reported in GOOTgia was in the decade between 1870 and 1880. So a.e. far as our State is concerned, it is a decidedly new industry, which, be~ tween 1880 and 1890, showed a very rapid growth. It is believed that the c~sus report of 1900 will show a large increase in the number of seed farms in Georgia.
The census report for 1890 said: "While this report shows the extent and production of the seed farms proper, the total amount of garden seed produced in the United States is considerably in excess of the amount here given. . . . . Again, while the greater amount of seed grains, cotton and tobacco used upon farms is of home production and is freely exchanged for labor or for other products, there are in nearly every county successful farmers who, by a careful selection of seed stock and by better methods, secure greater returns than their neighbors, and are able to dispose of part of their production for seed purposes at advanced rates. These men cannot be classed as seed farmers, and would hardly be able to estimate what proportion of their crops is sold for seed purposes annually; but it is safe to assume that such farmers produce onecthird of all the small grains, corn, potatoes, tobacco and cotton seed planted."

IRRIGATION.

One of the most pressing needs of Georgia is irrigation, both surface and underground. How many a time have the agricultural interests of our State suffered from a drought, that has blasted the brightest prospects of a once promising crop! How many a time has the farmer's heart throbbed with anxiety a.S the sun scorched his fields, while he longed for a favorable season and sighed for the rain that would not come! Irrigation is not only a preventive ()[[ drought, but enables the farmer to control the supply of water and to furnish it to the plant at the right time l).nd in the right quantity. This question concerns also the drainage of the land and the preservation of the forests.
In the vast arid stretches which are found in the States west of the 1fississippi river, and where farming without irrigation is impossible, men learn the business thoroughly. But this is intensive farming, a method in which success can be attained only by thorough tilli~g and careful attention to details. Although one man cannot look after so much land as under the old method, yet he soon learns that he can mako

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

larg~r profits by carefully tilling a small area than by diffusing his efforts over a larger one. Where a small measure of success can be attained by the careless tilla,ge of many acres of moderate fertility, farmers are apt to go on in the old way, trusting to the weather, getting a good crop if the seasons are favorable, and in a year of drouth, hoping that the next ~me will be better. Then, if disappointed again, they wonder why Providence is so unkind, forgetting that they have at their command an agent that will enable them to overcome the ills of which they complain. :J:n some sections of Texas where th61 rainfall .is inadequate, it is customary on irrigated fields to make at least a bale of cotton to the acre, while the average on unirrigated lands of the same ooil is hardly more than onefourth of a bale to the acre. .A. large part of Idaho is so deficient in rainfall, that the country looks like an arid waste. But right in the midst of a' desert, that appears to be fit for nothing, and looks as though it can never be made to produce anything, the traveler will come to an orchard of apples, prunes or peaches, each limb loaded almost to breaking with luscious fruit. Perhaps only three years ago this noble orchard was part of the all-surrounding sage-brush desert. What wrought the wondrous change? Irrigation, a scientific expedient, of which for three thousand years man's skill has made use to overcome the unequal distribution of nature's gifts. Some mountain stream near the foothills has been dammed, a great reservior built, and a huge ditch, carrying millions of feet of water, has been led across the country and its water distributed at the points where needed. The difficulties in the way of successful irrigation are nothing like so great in Georgia. From our numerous creeks and rivers, by proper machinery, the water can be oonveyed and distributed whereveT needed. Sometimes artesian wells can be used for this purpose, irrigating the land through a system of ditches or storage tanks. Windmills can also be used for pumping up water from wells and distributing it over a garden or field.

TERRACING.
The fertility of broken or rolling lands is greatly enhanced by strict attention to levels or horiz'ontals in their cultivation. As the population of the State increases, the old system of large plantations, on which exhausted lands could! be turned out to rest, and new ones with soil yet virgin brought under cultivation, becomes more and more impracticable. Smaller farms become a necessity, as more people come in to take up the land, and the importance of devising plans, by which the fertility of all lands may be preserved, becomes yearly more apparent.

ONION FIELD.

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321

Especially in river bottoms the exhausting prooess takes from the absorbing capacity of the land and renders it more liable to overflow. Instructed by repeated disasters in the bottom landS, and in those of the Savannah river in particular, by which for three consecutive years tho farmers of Georgia were sent We~t for their corn, a few pioneers began as far back as 1885 to put their land under a more or less perfect system of level cultivation, and four years later the terrace reform began in earnest all over Middle Georgia. As to proper methods of terracing, complete instructions, which meet all cases, cannot be given. To one who has never tried it, but who wishes to adopt this system, a visit to some well-terraced farm, with its unbroken horizontal lines well sodded in grass for the purpose of conserving the rainfall, would be an object:lesson easily comprehended and worth more practically than the study, or blind following of instructions that can be only general in their nature. If breaks occur in any of the terraces, a good practical farmer who watches his fields and soon discovers whatever may be needed, can take his hands to the spot and with an hour or two's work, repair the damage. On land properly terraced, after a heavy rainfall, each water furrow is covered with a fine impalpable powder similar to the rich alluvial deposits found on bottom lands from back water.
Oommercial fertilizers are soluble and as a rule are put in near the surface. Hence they are made more effective by being protected fmm washing and leaching rainfalls; and such is the case on land properly terraced.
There are in every country solid, substantial and successful farmers, some of whom living on their ancestral domains, soon after the close of the great civil war adjusted themselves to the new order of things, and studying carefully the changed conditions and their requirements, went diligently to work, and by intelligence, thrift and enterprise won back fortunes that had been lost in the clash of arms. Others begiilning with scanty means, by careful cultivation of small farms, using the most approved methods, have, by the fruits of their industry, purchased the worn-out lands of their neighbors, and under the best system of intensified farming, have brought them back to life and fertility. ThBSe are the men who set the pace for others less enterprising, and may be eounted on for irrigation, terracing and a:ny other advanced movement calculated to promote the agricultural progress of Georg'ia.
15 ga

CHAPTER XI.
FISH AND GAME.
In almost every county of Gemgia are streams whose waters abound in many kind,s of fish. Its rivers, creeks, lagoons and ponds give yearly contributions from the finny tribes to reward the labors of the professional fisherman with net or seine, or to repay the patience of the youthful anglers who ,with rod and line, go forth on holidays to ensnare with worm or fly the unsuspecting fish. In the mountain streams sport the speckled trout. On the Savannah, the Ogeechee and the Altamaha, shad are caught and sold in the markets of Augusta, Savannah and Brunswick. The little town of Darien, near the mouth of the Altamaha, carries on a considerable trade in shad. On the sounds and inlets that flow between the mainland and the numerous islands that fringe the Georgia coast the~ fishermen's boats are continually busy gathering foT the home market or for shipment several varieties of salt fish, besides oysters, shrimps, crabs and lobsters. In the waters of Okefinokee Swamp abound black bass,. bream, perch and many other varieties.
In commercial fisheries Georgia dlid not rank high in the census of 1890, simply because the products of the fisheries had been almost entirely {}onsumed in supplying the home demand. By the census of 1890. the inland fisheries of Georgia were reported as employing 69 persons: with a total investment of $7,859 for boats and minor apparatus. The annual products were 93,480 pounds of fish, va~ued at $7,829. All these figures were considerably below the reality. The fisheries along the coast are classified in the United States census under the head of the "Atlantic and Gulf Boat Fishery," and embrace the fishing along the coastin boats. It is so called to distinguish it from that at sea, requiring vessels large enough for registry, that is of five tons burden, or more. The fish are generally sold at once to consumers with 'only enough of care and labor to insure their delivery. A large proportion of the fishermen are negroes, who equip themselves !in the most inexpensive manner, their boats being often so simply made as to have a merely nominal value. The census report declares that "there is such irregularity in their employment, that the return of the number thus engaged is es-
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BLACK BASS.

By Permission.

From a painting by Hal Morrison of Atlanta, Ga.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

325

pecially unsatisfactory. Of the "Atlantic Boat Fishery," reports were mad!e of 6nly ten of the States leading in this industry. Georgia was not one of these.
Since 1893 there has been an immense increase in the fishery business on the Georgia 0oast.
From 1888 to 1891 several oyster canneries were started, but all failed from lack of experience. In the winter of 1893 and 1894 Mr. August Oemler reopened his canning establishment on Wilmington island. His business has steadily grown, and for each 10f the last two winters his cannery has packed 1,400,000 cans. His establishment employs 24 sailing crafts of from eight to thirty-two tons burden, also thr.ee tugs with seven barges, besides numerous small crafts of from thirty to one hundred bushels capacity. There are three other canneries in operation in the vicinity of Savannah. These are: Vam & Byrd, Thunderbolt; George W. Lowden, Thunderbolt; Rosedue Cannery Co., Coffee Bluff. These three establishments put up during the winter of 1899-1900, 1,150,000 cans. Between, 1,500 and 2,000 persons in Chatham county are engaged in this trade, which amoun1Js to many thousand dollars annually.
Brunswick, 'in Glynn county, favorably located on Oglethorpe Bay, and in importance the second seaport of Georgia, enjoys a fine reputation for oysters. Those shipped from that market are considered of superior quality. One canning company puts up for a New York wholesale house a special brand which is said to bring the h1ighest price of any oyster on the markket. There are in the vicinity 10f Brunswick not less than 50,000 acres of natural beds, of which 25,000 have been taken up and cultivated to some extent. These yield a large and fine O;Yster.
There are fine oyster-beds also contiguous to Darien and StMary's. Considerable interest has already been awakened throughout the United States in regard to fish culture in private ponds. This culture is attended with slight labor and expense. Almost every farm has some stream or pond, that could be so utilized, or at least land of a swampy nature, that could be made valuable by being transformed into a fishpond. In this country fish culture has until late years received comparatively little attention. The artificial propagation of fish among the civilized nations ,of the earth is a new science. Yet it has been long practiced by some of the heathen nations, especially by China and Japan, who, for thousands of years, have sustained, to a large extent, their dense populations upon fish, a large proportion of which was artificially propagated. To France belongs the honor of originating fish culture in the manner now practiced among civilized nations. With such marked results were their efforts attended, that other European nations promptly followed their example.

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL,

On many Georgia farms the carp pond has been introduced as one of the features. It would be well to introduce ponds stocked with these or other kinds of fish, wherever nature has not already supplied them.
There are many varieties of fish in the United States. It would be well to stock our Georgia ponds and streams with them, wherever for any cause the supply is running short.
w-e append the report of the Fish Commissioner :for 1900.

REPORT OF FISH OOJ\fMISSIONER.

Hon. 0. B, Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture f,or Georgia;

Sir:-In conformity to your request, lliave the honor to submit my

annual report as Superintendent of Fisheries for the State of Georgia, for

the :fiscal year ending September 30, 1900.

.

During the pe,riod covered by this report there has been a marked im-

provement in 'the observance.of the law8 pertaining to fish throughout the

State. The distribution of the booklet, "Georgia Fish Laws," over the

State and the work of the Fish vVardens, has resulted in the accomplish-

numtto a large measure of the end deffired. Duringthis year the viola-

tions of these laws have been less than any former year. This is especially

noticeable in the inland counties. The number of fish has noticeably in-

<ll'eased. The abundance has ,been remarked on by citizens throughout

the State. More fish have been used and sold, both on the coast and in-

land, tha.n :for years past.



The :following statistics talcen :from the latest authority are given to

show the amount in!Volvel and interested in the .:fisheries:

"In 18-97, 1,869 personswere engaged .in the fishe:rties of Georgia-

159 in .the vesse-l fiSheries, 1,245 boat fishermen, and 465 shoresmen.

Tihe investment in the fishenes .amounted to $284,864. Fifty-one vessels

were employed, worth, wi,th their outfit, $28,833, and 680 boats, valued

at $20,277. The apparatus of capture was valued at $17,898, while the

shore property and cash capital amounted to $217,856..

"The yield of the :fisheries of this State was 4,995,100 pounds, worth

$170,605. The most important items iru the fisheries ,of Georgia are

oystE)Ts, the yield being valued at $86,709, and shad, the value of which

was $46,705. The.catch of terrapin was valued at $11,254,and sturgeon

at $4,060. The value of products, when compared with that of 1890,

showsan im:crease of $47,042."

The Superintendent wishes especially to commend the work done by

the Fish vVardens throughout the State. They have shown ,interest and

activity, and have succeeded very effectually i'lll enfO'rcing the laws. The

~ompensation provided for these vVardens by the Code .is "on&"half of

the fines and forfeitures imposed by the court and paid by the violators."

Under the construction which has been placed on these worda, when they

have been construed, the Wardens get nothing wheru the defendant is

sent to the chain~gang in default of paying his fine. This works a mani-

fest injustice. I would recommend that these Wardens be paid the same

THE GEORGIA PARTRIDGE.

By Permission.

From a painting by Hal Morrison, of Atlanta, Ga.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

329

proportion of the amount realized from the hiring out of a defendant to

a chain-gang, where he does not pay the fine, as is given the Warden

when the fine is paid. The labor performed by these men in securing

the conviction of criminals and the en,forcing of the laws makes this just.

And the provision should be the same,. whether the money comes directly

from the payment of the fine or from the hiring out of the defendant.

During this year I have distributed over the St!lte more than ona

thousand copies of the Georgia Fish Laws. The good which has already

resulted from the publishi111g of this booklet is great and will continue.

In many counties the wardens have reported to me that, with the distri-

bution of these laws, violations have .Practically ceased. An addendum

has been prepared giving the public and local laws enacted by the last

legislature. I will be glad to furnish upon request either this addendum

or the :Fish Laws of those wishing. The large demand already made for

copies evidences the interest in and. appreciation of thei pulication.

Although no systematic effort has been made to investigate the vari-

ous streams and lakes stocked with new va11ieties of fish, this office is in

constant receipt of information showing the result of their introductiolll.

The United States has established a fish .cultural station at Cold Springs,

Bullochville, Ga., and there some of the fishes most suitable to the warm

waters of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. will he propagated. The

results of this, I believe, will be most gratifying.

The expenses of this department from October 1st, 1899, to October

1st, 1900, have been $56.34, as shown by the attached itemized state-

ment.

(See Exhibit A.)

Very Respectfully,

A. T. DALLIS,

Superintendent of Fisheries, State of Georgia.

GAME.
Game also abounds in almost every part of Georgia. In the mountains and valleys, in fields or wood, lagoon or swamp, or mid the extensive stretches of pine forests are found many kind of birds, the squirrel, hare and opossum. In the proper season the echoes resound with the report of the shotgun, the favorite weapon of those who seek the quail (or partridge), the dove and field lark, or the rice bird of the swamps and marshes.
In :favored sections are :found the snipe and woodcock, while in others the wild turkey, a nobler game, :falls a victim to the hunter's shotgun or rifle. In Northern Georgia or in the woods of the southern portion of the State, stalk the stately deer, which are especially numerous among the islands of Okefinokee Swamp, where also dwell the bear, otter, wildcat and panther. To the sportsman who does not object to hunting in water and muck, or to carrying his food and blankets on his back, Okefinokee is a paradise of delights. But to him who prefers to hunt amid

330

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

pleasanter surr{)IUlldings, some of the older localities give ample scope for the enjoyment of his favorite pastime.
In Chatham county, which was settled 168 years ago, the deer yet roam the woods, and almost any winter day one can be started on the edge of the Ogeechee swamps. A dozen or more of Savannah's hunters each winter make a specialty of dee,r-slrooting. Every now and then they return from a hunt wlith a big buck or a fat doe strapped to their buggies. For many generations have men been shooting them, and yet there are many survivors who continue to afford! the hunter "lots and loads of fun."
Near Savannah regular hunters foll:ow the dog for quail, or trail up the creeks for duck, or on the islands of the river and along the edges of the rice fields, bring down with unerring aim doves and partridges, snipe and woodcock. In one of the large game preserves below Savannah pheas,ants have been coltmized.
J ekyl, one of the loveliest of Georgia's beautiful sea islands, belongs to a club which has stocked its woods with game anc:l hds the exclusive right to hunt on the island or fish in its waters. The owners of this island enjoy beautiful scenery, ocean beaches and charming forest drives.

CHAPTER X I I.
MANUFAOTURES.
Georgia stands in the front rank of the Southern States in the val'iety, extent and value of her manufacturing establishments, with~mt considering the question of her leadership in any one particular line. Long be~ore the civil war the prominence of the State in railroad construction .and manufactures gained for her the proud title which she still worthily bears, "Empire State of the South." Some of her lead'ing manufacturing enterprises began far back in the thirties and steadily grew in extent and variety. Many of the, small industries, such as shops for making brooms, buckets and boxes, were early introduced. The larger ones, such as cotton and woolen factories, iron works, tanneries, saw, flour and grist mills, lumber and planing-mills for making doors, blinds, sashes and almost all -descriptions of carpentry, were found in many_localities, especially in or near the larger towns. Although 'agriculture was the leading pursuit1 many enterprising men were engaged in manufactures and their number was steadily increasing. Georgia was no laggard in the march of progress, suddenly aroused from long slumber by the rude shock of arms, and taught in the school of .adversity to turn her attention to other industries besides those of planting. The thoughts of her widJe,awake business men had long been turned to manufactures and commerce, .as important colaborers with agriculture in the development of their beloved State, and many of the most influential men of Georgia, some of them planters of large means, were stookholders and directors of cotton and woolen factories, flour, grist and saw-mills. The rattle 00: l01oms and whir of spindles were heard! in our growing cities and towns. Manufacturing villages sprang up near good water-powers, in solitudes that had never yet been pierced by the whistle of the locomotive. The same spirit, which is making Georgia great to-day, was abroad in the land then. The rapid growth of our cities had already commenced. We see the evidence of this in White's "Historical Collections of Georgia," published! in 1854, where we find the following reference to what is now our greatest city: "Atlanta has had a growth unexampled in the history of the South. It is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and Western and the Georgia railroads connect." Then Mr. White gives a state.
(331)

332

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

ment from Jonathan Norcross, Esq., a few extracts from which are here given: "Population of Atlanta not precisely known, but placed by none under 4,500 and still increasing. . . . . There is in this city one steam flouring-mill, investment $35,000, the operation of which may be placed at $150,000 per annum. One iron foundry and machine shop -cash operations $20,000 per annum. There are three carriage and wheelwright shops, two large tanneries, one large shoemaking establishment, two large tanneries and shoe-establishments in coullie of construction. In addition to the Georgia Railroad and State machine shops, which employ large numbers of workmen, one car-shop is now going up as a private enterprise-inve!Stment $30,000."
J\fr. White then goes on to enumerate "the. Winship establishment for making railroad cars, with a capital of $20,000; the Atlanta Tanning company_...,_proprietors, Alexander and Orme, with a capital of $20,000hides handled by machinery, propelled by steam-connected with which establishment were a grist-mill and patent circular saw-mill, lathe and shingle machine; the Atlanta J\fachine Company turning out $12,000 worth of work per annum."
The railroads and manufactures which were then laying the foundations of a great city in what a few years before was a wilderness, were the fruits of Georgia enterprise. The same agencies were at that very time putting new life into the older cities, Augusta, J\facon, Columbus and Athens. It may be news to some that the period of Atlanta's most wonderful development and most rapid growth was between 1850 and 1860. The child of railroads and manufactures, she grew at a tremendous pace, which no subsequent decade of her history has paralleled, and was an important factor, as she is still, in winning for Georgia a reputation for energy, pluck and enterprise.
In the whole State there were in 1850 1,522 manufacturing establishments, of which 35 were cotton-mills, several of these being also engaged in the production of woolen fabrics for the sole manufacture of which there were three mills. The other entablishments were divided among the various manufactures which minister to the needs of every civilized community. The total value of the products of all manufactories was $7,082,075. The total number of establishments at each succeeding decade is: in 1860, 1,890; in 1870, 3,836; in 1880, 3,593; in 1890,-4,283.
The total value of their products has shown a steady increase, being for 1860, $16,925,564; for 1870, $31,196,115; for 1880, $36,440,948; for 1890, $68,917,020. In 1880 the 24,875 laborers employed received $5,266,152 in wages; in 1890 the 56,383 laborers were paid $17,312,126.

HON. MARK A. COOPER,
A Pioneer in Georgia Manufacturing Enterprises and First President of the Georgia Agricultural Society, the influence of which organization was largely instrumental in the establishment of the State Department of Agriculture.

GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

335

The material consumed was valued as follows: $24,143,939 in 1880; $35,774,480 iin 1890.
H the ratio of incre;ase between 1890 and 1900 was as great as that betwee!Il 1880 and 1890, we would have for the number of all manufacturing establishments in 1900, 5,113; the total value of their products, $139,509,926; the number of laborers, 187,000; their wages, $58,861,228; and the value of the material consumed, $51,552,000.
If the official figures for l900 can be obtruined in time, they will appear in the Appendix; if not, they will be published later.
The growth in the textile industries of the whole Union during the last ten years is remarkable; but the most wonderful part of it is the progress of the South in cotton manufacturing.
According to figures collected by the Boston Textile World, theNorth had, in 1890, 12,721,341 spindles and the South 1,828,982. Now the North has 15,242,554 spindles, while the South has 5,815,429. The increase in the South for the last decade is therefore 217 per cent. and for the North 19.8 per cent. South Carolina comes third in the Union, right after Massachusetts and Rhode Island, with 1,794,657 spindles. North Carolina is fourth with 1,429,540 spindles; New Hampshire fifth with 1,343,923 and Georgia sixth with 1,218,504. Of the Southern States Georgia ranks as third in number of spindles.
Cotton Mills.-In 1827 Augustin S. Clayton, Thomas Moore, Asbury Hull, James Johnson and W. A. Carr, began the erection of the first cotton-mill south of the Potomac, which was also among the first in the United States. In 1833 John White became superintendent of what was then called the Georgia Factory, and to-day his descendants own this mill, known as White's Factory.
By 1852 two mills, which long outranked all others in the State in size and product, had been constructed. One was the Augusta Cotton Factory at Augusta, the other, the Eagle Mills of Columbus. The former of these was first operated in 1847 and was located on the Augusta Canal, which being completed the same year and greatly enlarged in 1875, gives to that city a magnificent water-power, and affords splendid sites for factories and mills, rod: which the citizens of Augusta have not been slow to avail themselves. For on the banks of the canal there are riow seven other factories. Yet not more than one hal of the waterpower of the canal has been taken up. The Eagle Mills (now known as the Eagle and Phoenix, with more than double their original capacity), built in 1851, were first operated in 1852, and have always manufactured both cotton and woolen goods. Many mills for the manufacture of both these fabrics were built at many points in the State where good water-

:336

GEORGI.tl.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

pawers were available. The cotton and woo1en mills at Roswell, on the Chattahoochee in Cobb county, were famous in the early :fiities, their ,goods being held in high esteem and finding a ready sale in Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia. During the civil war the Roswell factory supplied good woolen cloth for suits for gentlemen and ladies.
Iri. good locations with no available water-power, steam cotton-mills were erected!, which paid good dividends to their stockholders. These facts, with the additional knowledge that :factories of many kind.s were in operation in Georgia, with their number and variety rapidly increasing between 1850 and 1860, show conclusively that. those are greatly in error who imagine that Georgia's manufacturing enterprise is of postbellum birth. The four years' conflict of arms between the North and .South checked somewhat, though not entirely, enterprises of this kind. In the wake of Sherman's army the mills at Roswell, Madison and Eaton-ton were committed to the flames, rus was nearly every other mill of any kind along its deso1ating march. And yet in 1870, or five years after the d~e of hostilities, Georgia had 34 cottOn-mills in operation, one more than in 1860, and 85,602 spindles, or 416 more than in 1860. By 1880 the number of cotton-milia in Georgia had increased to 40, with 198,656 spindles, and by 1890 to 53, with 445,452 spindles. The capital invested in 1880 was $6,348,657, with a product valued at $6,481,894. In 1890 the capital h'ad increased to $17,664,675 and the productto $12,635,629. In 1880 the Georgia mills consumed 71,389 pales of cotton, and in 1890, 145,869. In 1880 the average number of employees was 6,215, who -received in wages $1,135,185, while in 1890 10,530 ,employees received -$2,366,086. By 1896 the total amount invested in Georgia in the manufacture of cotton textiles exceeded $25,000,000. In 1889 there were in the United States 74 machines for printing cloth, of which 44 were in Massachusetts. Only three were located in the South and they were in Georgia. In the manufacture of higher grade cotton goods, Georgia stood in the front of the States of the South, being the only one of them that furnished any bleached yarns.
Georgia and South Carolina were the only Southern States at that t ime bleaching cloth. The total amount bleached was in South Carolina, 2,438,468 square yards, and in Georgia 7,593,950 square yards. Another-fact to be noted is that, while North Carolina' had 91 mills in 1890 and Georgia 53, the value of the product of North Carolina's mills was $9,563,443, of the Georgia mills $12,635,629, and of the South Carolina mills $9,800,798.
Accordiing to a report on "Cotton Movement and Fluctuations," by Latham, Alexander & Co., bankers and commission merchants of New York, in which they cove~: the period from 1894 to 1899, Georgia had

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

337

for the season of 1898-9 a total of 67 cotton-mills, with 696,394 spindles.
These mills consumed 280,177 bales weighing 129,140,837 pounds.
The report says
"Southern cotton-mills have likewise enjoyed a more prosperous seas<m. than the previous 10ne, 'especially since the first of January. They were in better condition than Northern spinners even during the last quarter of 1898. But since 1899 began, their use of the raw material has appreciably increased and the margin of profit has been wider. These changes are the natural result of the more active consumption of goods. In very many instances SOIUthern mills have found it necessary to keep in operation night as well as day to prevent a too rapid accumulation of orders. There is as yet no sign of a check in this development. On the contrary, it is the general opinion among Southern manufacturers with whom we have been in oorrespondence, that the future outlook is extremely bright."
For the year from September 1, 1899, to September 1, 1900, the growth of the cotton industry in Georgia was beyond all precedent. Many new mills were put in operation and many others were in process of construction on September 1, 1900. By January 1, 1900, there were in operaw tion irn Georgia 75 mills with 913,346 spindles, and 21,903 looms. The value of these factories was $15,614,000. By September 1, 1900, there had been completed 12 new factories and 24 others were approaching completion.
The foll10wing factories were in operation on January 1, 1900:

LOCATION AND NAME OF COMPANY.

Equipm ent Jan. 1. l!IOO.
.s;
0 0
...J

Alice-Harmony Mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . Aragon-Aragon Mills ..... . ....... .. . .... .. .. ... . ..... . Athens-Athens Manufacturing Company ..... . ...... . Athens-Georgia Manufacturing Company .......... . ... .
Athens-Martison Braided Cord Company .... ..... ... .. . Athens-Princeton Manufacturing Company ............ . Athens-Star Thread Company ......................... .
Atlanta-Annestown Cotton Mills ...................... . At.lartta-'-Atlanta Cotton Mill8 ....... ... ............... . Atlanta-Exposition Cotton Mills ....................... . AUanta-Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills.................. .
Atlanta-Whittier Mills (Chattahoochee) ............... . Augusta-Augusta Factory ............................. .
Augusta-Enterprise Manufacturing Company ........ . Augusta-Globe Cotton Mills .......... . ................ . Augusta-lsaetta Mills . . .. .... .... ..... .. .. ........ .... . Augnsta-J. P. King Manufacturing Company ...... .... .
Augusta-Sibley Manufacturing Company .............. . Augusta-Sutherland Mills. . . . . . ...................... . Augusta-Warwick Cotton Mills .. ..... ........ ......... .
Banning-Hutcheson Manufacturing Company .......... . Barnesville-Barnesville Manufacturing Company ...... .
Beverly-Pearl Cotton Mills ............................ .

800 ~$ 25,000

450 20000 200,000

350

10000 11648

*

125,000 250,000

5 2000 40,000

100 4000 100,000

6000 150,000
6 2300 * 50,000

540 18000 300,000

1433 46000 500,000

1200 45000 250,000

10000 150,000

1000 35000 600,000

928 33000 750,000

114 1728

25,000

lllO 4100

25,000

1812 60288 1,000,000

1409 43200 900,000

8800 35,000

224 4100 25,000

5000 12416
7500

* * *

90,000 120,000 40 000

338

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

LOCATION AND NAME OF COMPANY.

Equipment Jan. 1, 19CO.

.~s

.0,0

.d;:;

m s
0 0

;c;
ap

;-l

00

3a
u<l

Cedartown-Cedartown Cotton Company ....... .... . .. ..
Columbus-Clegg Manufacturing Company ......... . .... Columbus-Eagle and Phenix Mills . ... .... ... ... ........
Columbus-Hamburg Cotton Mills... ...... . ........... Columbus-Muscogee Manufacturing Company ... . ... . . . Columbus-Swift Manufacturing Company ........ . ..... Cornelia-Porter Manufacturing Company ........ .. .. .. .

....
116 1754 210
450 423
80

23600
47i52 600 13oog 13000 600

$ 350,000
36,00l)
750,00 0 100,~0 0
157,500
250,000 ~:: 1~5,000

Commonwealth- Christian Commonwealth . ... .. ...... . Covington-Porterdale Mills ........ . .... .... ..... .. .. .. . Dalton-Crown Cotton Mills ....... .. ......... . . .. . ... .. .
DeBruce-Phamix Factory.. ....... .......... . ... . .. ... . Dennard-Houston Factory......... . ... ........... . . .. .. Elberton-Swift's Cotton MilL ... ..... ... .... .... . . . . ...
Forsyth-Forsyth Manufacturing Company.... . . . . .... .. Gainesville-Georgia Manufacturing Company . ..... . . . .. Griffin-Griffin Manufacturing Company ... . .... 0 0 0
Griffin-Kincaid Mill .............. 0 0 0 0 o Griffin- Spalding Cotton Mills . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Griffin-Rushton Mills ............. .. ... ..... . .. ........
Harmon!. Grove-Harmony Grove Mills ......... 0 0 0 Hartwel -Witham Cotton Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... 0 0 High Shoals-High Shoals Manufacturing Company 0. 0 Jackson-Pepperton Cotton Mills . .... .. ......... 0 0 Jewell's-Jewell Cotton Mills

5 80

'6660

2,500
* 100,000

350
...

10000 5100

* 180,000
100 ,00()

60 2240 r. 60,000

174 7040 * 100,000

' ... ....

f\000 * 50,000 3300 * 50.000

593 15000 ~ 400,00()

* 430 12552
236 9000

320,00 0 200,00 0

150 5000 100,00()

156 102

4160 301 ;0

'*"
)(-

100,000 40,00 0

* 150 5000 150,000
160 5400 160,000

121 4000

75,00 0

Lafayette-Un ion Cotton Mills.:::::::::: : :::::: :: ::::::. 212 6780 100,000

LaGrange-Dixie Cotton Mills .... 0. 0. 0 0 o

354 20000

3.50,000

LaGrange -LaGra nge Mills .... .. ...... . . . .... ... ... . . . . 0 75 10000 157,400

LaGrange-Park Mills ..... .. .......... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25 1600

25,00 0

Lindale-Massachusetts Mills in Georgia . . 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 17261 51 264 1,000,000

Macon-Bibb Manufacturing Company0 0

Macon- Manchester Manufacturing Company ... . ... o

Macon-Payne Cotton Mills .... . . 0

0 0 . 0 0. o o o. o 0 0 0 0 0 0

Macon-Willingham Cotton Mills . .. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0

..... ... 25000 1,417,00l) 10000 100,000

....
.. . .

3328 7500

*

50,000 100,000

Monroe- Monroe Cotton Mills ..... 0 0 . 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 . 0 o Newnan-Newnan Cotton Mills ... 0 0 0 0 0

.5.3..4

5~00
10000

**:

100,0 00 70,00iO

.Palmetto-Palmetto Cotton Mills .. ....... 0 0 0

87 6000

50,000

Potterville-Taylor Manufacturing Company ..... .... . . 0 ... 2300

75,(10 0

Raccoon Mills- Raccoon Manufacturing Company 0 o 104 3400 164,700

Rome-Rome Cotton Factory ....... ......... .... 0 o Roswell-Laurell Mills Manufacturing Company ..... 0 0

106 67

.5..13..6

<f:-
*

98,500 55,50 0

Roswell- RoswelllVIanufacturing Company ....... 0 Sargent--Wahoo Manufacturing Company 0 0 0 0 . Savannah- Savannah Co t ton Mills .... . ...,o 0 0 0 0

120 12600

........

3000 7736

262,000 48,000 150,000

... . Shoal Creek-Shoal Creek Mills . ... 0 0 o 0 o o. 0 o.

2200

30,000

Toccoa-Toccoa Cotton Mills . .. . .................. . . 0 0 0 0 Trion Fac tory-Tr ion Manufacturing Company .... .. . . 0. Union Point- Union Point Manufacturing Company . .. 0 . Waleska-Little River Mills. o 0 0 0 0. o 0 0

160 5000 * 61,000

1422
. .. . .. ..

49 ~)36
400 640

* 600,000 * 50,000
*' 10,000

Wayman ville-Wayman Cotton Mills .. 0 0 0 0 o

76 3408

63,00 0

West Point-Lanett Cotton Mills .. . ... 0. 0 0 . 0 0. 1500 56000

500,000

vVhitehall..,-Georgia Manufacturing Company . 0 0
-..-.. - - -*- - - - Whi tehall-Whi tehall Yarn Mills. 0 0. 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0.

.... 12000 120,000 2500 * 75,000

" Totals (47 towns, 7a!" mills) .... .. ... . .. 0 0 0 ~')2,289 9 ~7346 $1n~ ,914,000

*All Georgia capital.

The following new mills were completed or approaching completion on

September 1, 1900:

SCENE ON 'l'HE AUGUS'l'A CANAL.

LOCATION AND NAME OF COMPANY.

I Equipment. I Cap~al

ILooms. j Spindles.

Stock.

GOODS TO BE MFG.

I CAo lnl~n~u:a lP
I Cotton.

PROGRESS OF WORK.

Lawrenceville-Lawrenceville Cotton Mills ..... . Thomaston-Thomaston Cotton Mills. . . . . 175
Millen-Millen Cotton Mills .. . ......... . ...... . Tifton-Tifton Cotton Mills ...... .... ... ....... . Tennille-Tennille Cotton Mills . . ..... . ........ .
Jefferson-Jefferson Cotton Mills ........ . ..... . Toccoa-*~Oapps Cotton :rtiills ................. .
Gainesville-Pacolet Mfg. Co. of S. C . . . . . . Greensboro-Mary-Lelia Cotton Mills..... 160 Columbus-Bibb Mfg. Co. of Macon . . . . . . f:\00
Hogansville-**Hogansville Mfg. Co.... . . 160 Juliette-**Glover Mfg. Co ... ................ .

4,0001*$ 60,000 Average 2ti yarns .... 6,600 .,,, 100,000 4 yd. sheeting, drills.
5,000 * 80,000 Average 40 yarns ... .
5,000 '* 80,000 Average 40 yarns ... .
4,000 * 60,000 Average 26 yarns ... .
3,0\VJ * 80,000 4 yd . sheeting. . . . .
5,000 50,000 Average- yarns 50,000 1,000,000 Standard sheetings . .
5,000 * 100,000 4 yd. plain sheetings
20,000 300,000 Mercerizing yarns .. .
3,000 '* 80,000 Heavy duck ........ .
3,000 70,0001 Coarse yarns .... .. . .

2,500 Foundation and first floor.
3,600 Completed; start October 1st. 3,100 To second story,
3,100 Up to first floor. 2,500 Halls and two floors.
1,800 Complete: start September Ist. 30,000 Building completed. 30,000 First floor laid.
3,000 Completed. 12,000 Completed. 3 000 Running.
1,200 Running.

Carrollton-Mandeville Cotton Mills. . . . . . Pelham-**Pelham :Mfg. Co .. ............. Valdosta-Strickland Cotton Mills..... . ..

200 6,000 * 100,0001 Fine yarns, s!:teeting. 160 5,000 * 100,000 Brown sheetmgs .. . . 325 10,000 '* 175,000 4 yd. sheetings ..... .

3,500 Completed and running. 3,000 Buildings completed, start Oct. 1st.
6,200 Completed; start September 1st.

Cedartown-Standard Cotton Mills ............ . Canton-Canton Cotton Mills............. 160 Hawkinsville-**Hawkinsville Cot. Mills.. . ....
Atlanta-Elizabeth Cotton Mills.......... 296
Atlanta-Piedmont Mfg. Co ..... .... .... . ..... Atlanta-Scottdale Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Atlanta-*'~Gate City Cotton Mills........ 160

10,(t00 5,000 * 3 000 .,.
10'000 *
5;ooo 10,000
5,000

100 000 Ex. corded Hos yns 1oo;ooo 4 yd . sheetings .' ... . .50,000 Ss to 24s yarns ..... .
100,000 Hosiery yarns ...... .
160,000 Hosiery yarns ...... . 250,000 Sheetings . . . . . . . . . . 100,000 4 yd. sheetings ... .. .

6,000 Completed 3,000 Foundations laid.
3,000 ]Building to first floor. 2,500 Roofing building. 3,000 Building completed. 6,500 Building completed. 3,000 Up to first floor.

Dallas-Paulding Cotton Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Quitman-Atlantic and Gulf Mills ............. .
Moultrie-**Moultrie Cotton Mills........ 100
Dublin-Dublin Cotton Mills . ............. 160 Columbus-Colnmbus Mfg. Co............ 640 'l'homson-**John E. Smith Cot. Mfg. Co .. ... .. . Eatonton-*,~Eatonton Electric Co . . . . . . . 1001 Eatonton-Middle Georgia Cotton Mills....... .. Covington-<<*Covington Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Monroe-Walton Cotton Mills . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Winder-Winder Cotton Mills .... ........ . .... . Newnan-Newnan Cotton Mills No.2 .......... . Cochran-*-~'Cochran Cotton Mills ........ .

3,500 '''

4 500
5,000 1*

5.000 .,.

25;ooo

2,500 *
2,000 *

5,000

5,000 *

5,000 5,000 8,000

*
* *

3,500 l

75,000 Sheetings ....... ... . 75,000 Yarns ............. . 100,000 4 yd. sheetings ..... . 100,000 Sheetings .......... .
350,ooo Sheetings .... ...... .
60,000 Itis to 3:!s hosiery yns
60,000 4 yd. sheeting ... . . . . lOO,OOOYarns .... .... ....... , 100,000 Sheetings .......... .
100,000 Sheetings ........ .. .
100,000 Yarns ..... ...... . . 150,000 26s to 40s for mer. .. . 60,000 Yarns .............. .

3,000 Building completed . 2,500 Running day and night.
.3,200 Building to second story. 3,000 Foundations going up. 15,000 Building completed. 1,300 Running. 1,000 Running. 6,500 Foundations laid. 6,000 First floor timbers laid. 3,000 First floor timbers laid. 3,000 Laying foundations.
4,000 Laying foundations. 2,700 Building and operatives cottages.

Hampton-**Hampton Cotton Mills . . . . . . . .. .. 2,500 * 50,000 Hosiery,yarns ... ,

2,000 Up to the roof.

Totals Towns, 32; Mills , 36) . . . . . . . . 4,:156 :'6!i,140 $4,775,000 Average coarse . . . . . 191,600 *'All Georgia cap1tal. **Drawn to double capac1ty.

342

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

SUMMARY.

Mills in operation January 1, 1900..... ... ........... . ........ . ........

75

Mills built 1899-1900........ :................... .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .

36

Total mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111

Value of factories in operation . . .. . ... : .... . ....... . ............... .$15,914,000 Value of factories building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,775,000

Total value of factorieR ................................. . ......... $20,689,000
Spindles in operation January 1, 1900 ................................ . 927,346 Spindles instaJled in new mills ........................ . . . .... . ....... . 265,140

Total number of spindles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ............. . 1,192,4 86

Looms in operation January 1, 1900 ... . ..... ... ........... . .......... . Looms installed in new .mills ...... .... .. ... . .. .... .... . ... . ......... .

22,289 4,356

Total number of looms ....... . ..... . ............ . .. .. ........... .
Cities and towns with mills January 1, 1900 .......................... . Cities and towns with new mills ....... .. ...... . ..... ... ............. .

26,645
47 36

Total of cities and towns with mills .. ...................... .. .... .

83

Capital of organized and proposed mills ....... . .....................$ 1,757,000

The Division of Statistics of the United States Department of Agriculture, after a more thorough and searching investigation than ever before in regard to the growth of cotton spinning in the South, published
in 1901 the following table prepared by Mr. John Hyd'e:

PROGRESS OF COTTON SPINNING IN THE COTTON STATES.

Number of Spindles. No. of Mills in Operation. New Mills, 1900.

States.

1890

1900

- - 1890
--

18971898
--

18981899
--

18991900
--

Com pleted,
- et-c.

Pro jected.
--

Total.

Alabama . .......

79,234 437,200 13 37 38 44

5

5 10

1 { Arkansas .. ..... .
Louisiana ...... . Missouri .........

a66,980

17,160 62,222 15,744

1 2 1

2 3 3

s
3
3

4 1 1

5 4

3 ......

......

......3

Texas........... . J

60,876 1 4 5 6

3

3

6

Georgia . ........ Kansas . .........

. . . .4.4..5,4.5.2

Kentucky .......

42,942

969,364 2,000

.

53
....

..

77 ...

.

..

7..9

86 1

...

28
..

. ..

13 ...

41
. ... ..

68,730 5 11 11 10

...... - . ..

Mississippi ......

57,004

88,584 9 7 7 10

7

2

9

North Carolina . . 337,786 1,264,509 91 161 169 190 28

6 34

South Carolina. .. 332,784 1,693,649 34 76 80 93 25

2 27

- - - - - - - - - - - - Tennessee ..... . .
Virginia ........ .

97,524 155,997 20

94,294

165,452
----

9
--

29 Hi

29 17

32 15

......5

...

3
...

8
.. ...

--

Total. ....... 1,554,000 5,001,487 239 425 444 500 105 34 139

a Total for Arkaneos, Louisiana, Missouri and Texas; details for each State not g1ven 1n census report of 1890.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

343

The increase in the number of mills in each State from 1899 to 1900 is: Alabama 6, Arkansas 1, Georgia 7, Kansas 1, Louisiana 2, Mississippi! 3, Missouri 1, North Carolina 21, South Carolina 13, Tennessee 3, and Texas 1; total, 59. The records of the Department show, as is seen by the above table, 105 new mills completed in 1900, of which number Georgia is credited with 28. The report of the Division of Statistics says moreover: "Thirty-four additional mills are projected, that is, companies have actually been organized and are making preparations to build." Of these 34 Georgia is credited with 13, or more than double the numbe~--i-;;. any other State.
Of the next table taken from this same report the following statement is mad'e: "All the figures are based upon actual statements made by the officials of the mills in operation, which include woolen as well as cotton-mills, showing their monthly purchases during the season, their statements having been revived at the close of the yea_r. Of the 501 mills not a single one failed to repor t, either to the D epartment directly or to the Department's special agent detailed for this work."

COMPARATIVE MILL STA,.TISTICS FOR 1898-99 AND 1899-1900. [In commercial bales. ]

STATES

Number of Mills

I 1898-99

1899-1900

Alabama . ......... ... 38

44

Arkansas 0

3

4

Georgia .. .... . ...... . 79

86

Ken.t?cky . ... .. ; .... 11

10

Loms1ana .. .... .. ....

3

5

Mississippi. .... .. ....

7

10

Missouri . . . ... .. . . . . .

3

4

North Carolina ...... . 169

190

South Carolina .. . . ... 80

93

Tennessee .. .... . .. ... 29

32

Texas .... . . . .. . . .....

5

6

Virginia .. ...... . . ... 17

15

Utah and Kansas.....

1

2

. Total .. ... .... .. . 445

501

Bales Purchased

Per Cen t. of Increase or Decrease of Ha les Purc h ased'

1898-99

I 1899-1900

I Increase Decrease

121,128

154,841 27. 8 0

3,288

2,394 ........ 27.2

281,527 25,447

318,302 26,008

1z3.1o .~

...... ..........,

18,749 15,695 . ....... 16. 3

21,650 3,017

21,440 . ...... . 1.0
3,720 23.3 . ... . . . .

374,891 466 ,181

442,508 18.0

489,559

5 .0

0

36,358 17,156

34,882 16,868

. . ......

4.1 1.7

44,502 44,595 0.2 . .. .. . .

- - 34

186 447.0 . .. ....

---- - -

L41 3,928 1,570,998 11.1 .. ... , ,

The following table shows the cotton crop of each State for the season of 1899-1900, the amount of cotton purchased by the mills of each State, the amount taken by the mills of one State from the crop of another,. etc.:

344

GEORGIA: HIS TORICAL AND IND USTRIAL.

CROPS AND MILL CONSUMPTION, 1899-1900. [Commercial bales.]

STATES

Crops

Taken

oPfeSrtcaetn~

~:

Per cen t.of mill con

To ta l by mills produ ction sum ption

mill C~JU - from other t aken by taken from

sumptwn States mills with- other

1st;~:

States

Alabama .... . .... .. . .. ..... . . .. . 1,005,313

Arkansas .. .. .... ... .... .. .... . . 66!l,385

(~eorgia. . ....... . ...... .. .... .. . 1,345,69!!

Ken.t~cky.................... .. ..

24

Lo ms1ana . ... . .... . . . .... ... ... . 6!l9,476

M~ssiss i~pi ............. . ..... .. . 1,203,739

MISSOUri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,275

North Carolina . ............... .. 503,8:,;5

South Carolina . . .... . .. .. . . .. . . . 830,714

Tennessee ..... .. ... ... . . .... .. . . 192,263

Texas ..... . ............ ... ... . 2,438 ,555

Utah a nd Kansas . . ....... .. . . . .

214

Virginia .. .... ...... . .... .... . . 8,007

154,8Jl 13,929

J4.0

9.0

2,394

64

0.3

2. 7

318,302 16,269

22.4

5. 1

26,008 26,008 .. .. . .

100 .0

15,695... .. .. .

2.2 .. .

21,440

262

1. 8

1. 2

3,720 3,720 .. ....... 100. 0

442,508 148,487

58.4

33.6

489,559 119,100

44.6

24.3

34,882 13,187

11 .3

37.8

16,868 . . . . . . . . .

0. 7 ...... . . .

186

60 . .... ............ .

44,595 43,570

12. 8

97. 7

Woolen-Mills.-The woolen industry of Georgia has been subject to considerable fluctuation. The first woolen factoq in the State was reported in 1840. The number increased to three in 1850, eleven in 1860, and 46 in 1870. The capital invested also showed a steady increase during the same period, r eaching the maximum of $9 36,585 in 1870.
with the decline of sheep-raising and wool-producing in Georgia, came a falling off in the number of mills and the capital invested in them, and in 1880 there were 32 mills with a capital of $180,733, and products valued at $239,390. In 1890 the number of establishments engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods in Georgia was 18, of which 4 were equipped with machines for making hosiery and other knit goods, and the rest with spindles and looms for the production of woolen cloth, such as jeans, doeskins, kerseys, satinets, cassimeres, and cheviots. Though the number of mills was less than in any other decade since 1860, the capital invested, $420,033, was larger than that reported at any census except that of 1879, and the value of the product, $340,095, is clear beyond that of 1880.
Labor.-By reason of her climate the cost of living in the South is much less than at the North. In Georgia the laborer can live in comfort f or less money. H ence he can, without injustice to himself and family, work f o-r smaller wages.
Acoord1ng to the report of the United States Commissioner of Labor in 1891, the average expenditures of each individual amounted in Geor-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL .AND INDUSTRIAL.

347

gia, to $94.26, and in Massachusetts to $177.93. The detailed statement <Yf the Commissioner as to the condition of families and their indulgences :in the comforts of life proves that the difference in the cost of living was not due to the failure of the Georgia operative to provide healthful food and the comforts of home. Neither does Georgia labor under any disadvantage from lack of ability on the part of the native Southern mill operative. The :fa,ctory hands employed in the cotton and woolen-mills of Georgia are nearly all American, mostly natives of the Southern States. They have up to this time shown great aptitude for theri.r work, and soon become skilled and proficient laborers.
Although of late years there has been_a wonderful growth in Georgia in the manufacture of higher grade fabrics, the improvement of the native w~kman has kept pace with this growth. The marvelous increase of the number of mills and spindles in Georgia during the last t\vo years _gives assurance that this State with unsurpassed advantages and inducements will continue either to lead or to stand in the front rank of this ,great and wonderful advancement.
With the splendid advantages for sheep-hu.sbandl-y offered by Georgia: there is no reason why there should not be raised in this State millions -of these wealth-producing animals, whose wool would build up a milling industry rivaling in extent that of cotton, and increasing immensely the pro..<qJerity of the people and the revenues of the State.
Silk Factories.-An industry which in the last few years has grown rapidly in the United States is the manufacture of silk. In 1890 there were 718,360 spindles and 20,822 looms. I'nl 1900 there were 1,426,245 spindles and 48,246 looms. It is mostly confined to the northern States; but Virginia and North Carolina have entered this field, each with 30,000 spindles. N mth Carolina has also 1,455 looms, and Virginia 350. Although Georgia was originally intE;nded tobe a silk-producing country, at this time the State is taking no part in this business. Yet the founders of the colony of Georgia thought th'at its chief industry would be the production of raw silk. General Oglethorpe in speaking of the possibilities ,o:f the colony said: "It must be a weak hand indeed, that cannot earn bread where silkwkorms and white mulberry-trees are so plentiful." Perhaps at some future day Georgia will realize in this industry the expectations of its founders.
Ootton seed Oil M~lls.-The value <Y the cotton seed, as food for stockJ for oil and :for fertilizing purposes, was long unknown. When the farmer had g~tthered his cotton and ginned: out the seed, he baled the lint and .sold,it :for the best price that it would bring, and thought that he had r&~eived all the possible profit of his crop. No longer is this the case.
16 ga

48

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'I'RIAL.

Among the farmer's profits now must be counted those derived from the

sale of his cotton seed, for which the rapidly increasing cotton seed-oil

mills have created a great demand. This by-product of the cotton is

worth to the farmers of Georgia millions of dollars annually. Not even

the cotton factory, whose coming to the fields, is hailed as a harbinger of good to the planter, is more closely allied to the agricultural i~terests

orf Georgia than the mills that untilize the seed, once held in such poor

esteem. They furnish to the farmer the meal, the cakes and hulls, a

cheap and wholesome food for all farm animals, supply him with an ex-

cellent fertilizer, and give him in the cotton seed-meal a material largely

used by the manufacturer of fertilizers to supply nitrogen in his chem-

ical fertilizer. This meal the farmer can use upon his fields either alone

or in the compost heap, thus giving to them that moot costly of all plant

foods, nitrogen.



The oil extracted at these mills has many uses. The crude oil, often refined, is known as summer oil. A prime, summer, yellow oil, also called~

butter oil, is used in making oleomargarine, bntt.erine, cottolene, etc. A

selected yellow oil, subjected to cold preEJsure, be.comes a salad oil, and is

used in cooking. Bleached summer oil, also known as summer white oil,

is used for mal-=ing compound lard and similar articles. \Vhen this same

oil has been cold pressed, it is called winter white oil, and is used in

miners' lamps and for making various medic,inal compounds. The ordi-

nary summer yellow oil is used for tempering steel and other manufac-

turing purposes.

Cotton seed oil ranks next to sperm for purposes of illumination. It is

however, in greatest demand as a food oil, and has to a considerable ex-

tent taken the place of olive oil. The stearine which is left on the

cloths in the filter press, when the oil is refined, is used in making butter,

lard and candles.

\Ve can easily see tha,t the cotton seed-oil mill is a very important in-

dustry in Georgia. The farmer has a sure market for all his seed not

needed in planting. As we have said in a previous chapter, for every

pound of lint cotton there are two pounds of cotton seed, which is sold at

$6, $11, and even $24 a ton.

In 1880 there were no cotton seed oil-mills in Georgia. By 1890 there

were 17, with a capital of $992,131, paying for material $1,298,421 and

giving a product valued at $1,670,196. By 1896 there were 20 of these

mills paying for seed $1,400,000 annually, and giving a product valued

at $1,800,000. In the year 1900, there were 52 active oil mills

with an approximate capital of $2,500,0001 not counting money borrowed on mortgages. These mills paid last year $5,000,000 for cotton seed

ARAGON COTTON MILLS, ARAGON, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INlJUt:!1 'J(,liJ.u.

351

alone, not counting other material necessary for manufacturing the raw material into commercial products. The value of these products was for last year $14,000,000 approximately. S1ix new mills are in process of construction.

LIST OF GEORGIA OIL MILLS.
Americus Oil Co., Americus, Ga., M. S. Harper, Mgr. Athens Oil & Fert. Co., Athens, Ga., J. A. Smith, Pres., Abbeville,
s. c.
Arlington Oil & Fert. Co., Arlington, Ga. Blackshear Mfg. Co., Blackshear, Ga. Co-operative Mfg. Co., :Forsyth, Ga., P. B. Maynard & Co., Mgrs. Carrollton Oil Mills, Carrollton, Ga., J. A. Aycock, Mgr. Excelsior ~ffg. Co., Washington, Ga., J. A. Benson, Pres. Elberton Oil Mills, Elberton, Ga., A. E. Thornton, Pres., Atlanta, Ga. Farmers Cotton Oil Mfg. Co., Locust Grove, Ga., A. G. Combs. Fort Gaines Oil & Guano Co., Fort Gaines, Ga. Griffin Oil & Fert. Co., Griffin, Ga., Walker Bros. Gainesville Oil Co., Gainesville, Ga., J. D. Woodside, Pres. Gate City Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., John Oliver, Pres. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., W. J. Montgomery, V-Pl'l:>o~ Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Macon, Ga., R. S. Patillo, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. H. Taylor, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Rome, Ga., W. M. Towers, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Columbus, Ga., J. A. Walker, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Albany, Ga., J. R. Forrester, !1:gr. Georgia Farmers Oil & Fert. Co., :Madison, Ga., B. A. Warlick, hg>r. Grovania Oil Co., Grovania, Ga. Hardman Oil Co., Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Haxdman, Pres. Interstate Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. D. Dawson, Mgr. J e:fferson Oil Mill, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, Pres. Jackson Oil !1:i1l, Jackson, Ga., H. M. Mallet, Pres. Lathrop Oil Mills Co., Hawkinsville, Ga. LaGrange Mills, LaGrange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, Pres. Lavonia Cotton Oil Co., Lavonia, Ga., L. H. Meekin, Mgt. Middle Ga. Oil & F ert. Co., Hogansville, Ga. McBride Oil Co., Newnan, Ga., R. McBride & Co. Macon Oil & Ice Co., Macon, Ga. !1:illedgeville Oil !fills, Milledgeville, Ga., A. E. Thornton, Pres. Monroe Guano Co., Monroe, Ga., T. C. !1:ohley, Secy. McGaw Mfg. Co.. Macon, Ga., Y.l. E. !1:c0aw, Pres. !1:utual Oil Co., Macon, Ga., Mr. Gray. Pelham Oil :Mill, P elham, Ga., or Hand Trading CD'. Rockdale Oil & Fertilizer Co., Conyers, Ga. Smithonia Cotton Oil Mills, Smithonia, Ga., J. JJ!(. Smith, Prop. Southern Cotton Oil Co., Savannah, Ga., J..,. \V. Haskell, !{gr.

352

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Southern Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., L. A. Ransom, Asst. Mgr. Talbot Co. Oil Mills, Talbotton, Ga. Valdosta Guano Co., Valdosta, Ga. West Point Oil Mills, West Point, Ga., D. H. Hickey, Mgr. Wilkins & Jones, Waynesboro, Ga. Waynesboro Oil Mill & Fert. Co., \Vaynesboro, Ga. Cedartown Cotton Oil Co., Cedartown, Ga. Conyers Oil Co., Conyers, Ga. Dublin Oil Mills, Dublin, Ga. Dawson Oil Mills; Dawson, Ga. McBurney Oil & Fert. Oo., Warrenton, Ga. Walton Oil Co., Social Circle, Ga.
Washington Co. Oil Co., Tennille, Ga.

Cotton Ginning.-Of course every farmer must have recourse to a cotton-gin in order to separate the lint from the seed. Cotton ginneries are divided in the census reports into three general classes, viz.: those cooducted exclusively for the public; those conducted exclusively for the plantation; those conducted for both the public and the plantation.
The following table gives the number and charecter of ginneries and number of months operated for crop of 1899 by States and Territories: number of months operated for crop of 1899-1900 by States and TmTitories:

States and Territories.

NU>IBER OF G!NNERIES.

Total.

Operated for-

The
public only.

The
plantation only.

Both.

Average number
of
months in operation for
crop of
1899 .

Total .... ............... .... --
Alabama ... ...... . .......... . .. . Arkansas .... . ... .............. Florida ......... ..... .. ... .. . . . ..
Georgia.. . . .. .................... Indian Territory .... . ...... ..... Kansas ................. . ........ Ken~~cky..... . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. I"omsrana ........ ..... . ......... Mississippi. ................. . .... Missouri .................... . :. .
North Carolina.. ....... . ... . .... Oklahoma ...................... .
South Carolina. ... ..... . ..... ... Tennessee .. . _...... . ..... . ...... Texas ... .... ..................... Virginia .... .......... .. ...... ..

29,6~0
---
4 ,034 2,630
236 4,729
297 2 2
2,148 3,976
56 2,573
133
3,308 834
4,514 88

6,468 2,863 20,289 3

792

391

()68

133

73

10

696

572

215

6

1 ... ... ...

1 ...... . . .

190

361

519

580

40

431

278

109 0

298

381

255

45

2,165

100

15

6

2,851 3 1,829 3
153 3 3,461 4
76 4 1 2 1 1
1,597 3
2,877 4 16 3
1,864 3 24 3
2,689 3 534 3
2,249 4 67 3

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

353

It will be seen that 'Georgia came first in 1899, in the total number o ginneries, Texas second and Alabama third.
In 1879 a large percentage of the cotton crop of the United States was handled by private ginneries, and their motive power consisted for the most part orf horses or mules, and their daily capacity was from three to five bales.
The introduction of steam power has crowded outthe primitive horse ginneries to such an extent that they are now almost a thing' of the past.
Of the 29,620 cotton ginneries in the United States in 1899, only 2,863, or less than 10 per cent., are reported as ginning exclusively for the plantation, and a very small percentage o these are of the old-fashioned horse-power variety.
Fertilizer M anufactories.-Georgia CQ/llsumes more chemical fertilizers than any other State in the Union. With all her advantages for diversity of manufactures she ought to be the largest producer. She does outrank all the Southern States in this industry, and always produces enough to supply the needs of our own people if the entire products were I.'Cnsumed in the State. But some of the Georgia farmers purchase fertilizer goods manufactured in other States, while a large part of the Georgia product is shipped abroad and sold outside our borders. This business is closely allied to that of the cotton seed-oil mill; for the cotton seed-meal produced by the latter is extensively used for the purpose of supplying nitrogen in the goods prepared by the fertHizer manufacturer.
In 1880 there were in Georgia only three fertilizer factories giving employment to 67 men who received $22,872 in wages, and produced gooda valued at $256,500. In 1890 there were 44 estahrishments with a total capital of $5,501,881, in which 1,328 laborers were employed, whose wages amounted to $484,889, and whose product amounted in vlaue to $5,026,034.
In October, 1899, there were 110 fertilizer establishments of which 32 were also enlarged in the manufacture of cotton seed-oil. Besides those were 30 establishments from other States, North and South, selling fertilizers ~n Georgia. A special act of the legislature passed and approved October 9, 1891, places all this business under the control of the commissioner of agriculture and protects the farmer from fmudulent fertilizers.
A special bill, approved July 22, 1896, also forbids the sale of any cotton seed-meal tha.t is shown by the official analysis to contain less than
7i per cent. of ammoruia, provided this shall not apply to long-staplfl
cotton, the ana.lysis of which must show not less than 5-! per cent. of ammoma.

354

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L.

A third bill approved December 21, 1897, prescribes the manner of branding and grading commercial fertilizers.
In 1900 Georgia consumed 412,755 tons of fertilizers. The consumption for 1901 amounted to about 478,000 tons, showing a considerable incre,ase.
Other Chemicals.-For the manufacture of other chemicals in Georgia there were five other establishments in 1890 with a total product valued at $680,497. Among the items enumerated were paints, varnishes, japans and pharmaceutical preparations. This business has greatly increased in every way within the last decade.
Lumber Manufacture.-This is one ot the most extensive industries in the State, and together with the tar and turpentine business has brought into the cities of Savannah and Brunswick a vast quantity of material for exportation, making the former of those cities the greatest lumber and naval stores market in the world. The trade arising from these industries adds much also to the prosperity of the smaller Georgia ports of Darien and St. Marys. There were reported for the census of 1890 lumber mills of all kinds in Georgia to the number of 516, whose total product was placed at $9,855,067. Of these mills 434 were engaged in producing lumber and other mill products from logs or bolts, while 82 were planing-mills, manufacturing sashes, doors, blinds, boxes, and other planing-mill products, such as wood turned and carved and all kinds of carpentry material. The basis of this immense business is the far-famed long-leaf pine of Southern Georgia, for which millions of feet of lumber are annually marketed. Its durability and adaptability or every class of building, interioc decoration and many kinds of ornamental work, have gained for it high esteem. In the Appalachian range through North Georgia there are also extensive forests of hardwood trees, which are comparatively undeveloped. In many of the counties there are bodies of these trees from which the planing-mills gather material for the manu: facture of furniture of all sorts. Between 1880 and 1890 there was a very great increase in the planing-mill product. This increase was from $737,200 to $3,548,972 withiin the decade. It has been estimated that the valuation put upon the total lumber output of Georgia by the United States census of 1890 was at least 50 per cent. short of the actual value. Groo.t difficulty attends the securing of exact reports.
Rosin and Turpentine.-This business depends on the long-leaf pine of Southern Georgia, and is known as navel stores. The rosin is drawn from the standing tree which, after the exhaustion of its sap, is cut down, transported to the mill, and sawed into lumber. The increase in the output of this business has kept pace with that of other industries of Geor-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

355

gia. The value of the entire product in 1880 wa:s $1,455,739. By 1890 it had more than doubled and amounted to $4,242,255.
When the trees have been removed there remains a cleared field well suited to agricultural purposes, in some instances adapted to the raising of the highest priced octton, the long-staple or sea-island variety, or other staple crops. Especially are these fields fitted to the planting of market gardens for raising fruits and vegetables, a business for which there is an ever-increasing demand in the growing cities of our own State, or those of the whole Atlantic coast from Brunswick, Georgia, to Boston, in Massachusetts.
Considering the whole product of the pine forests together, there is probably as much capital invested in it as in any other one interest, perhaps mOTe. An Atlanta capitalist purchased a tract of timber land in South Georgia for which he paid $75,000. After having sold from it enough lumber to pay for the property, he estimates that there remains on it enough timber to bring him, when cut, $150,000. When the land has been cleared at a big profit to himself he expects to use the tract for fruit-growing or for general farming purposes. This is only one example among many of the great possibilities of Southern Georgia:
Furnitur.e Fac~ories.-This is a large and profitable business h\ 'Geo:t-gia. According to the census of 1890 the capital investeJ in al.l. lines of this business amounted to $1,036,825, and the value .of,the prouucts for that year was $1,633,813. This industry has been greatly enlarged during the last decade. The 13 establisments of the C' . ,y of Atlanta alone reported in 1897 an annual product worth $1,16;l.-JOO. Much of the furniture manufactured is of a high grade, and is largely sold in the Eastern markets. This is especially true of Atlanta, whose furniture fac tories are always represented at the annual exhibit at Grand Rapids, !1:ichigan. The growth in this business in the last three years has been very great.
Foundries.-GMrgia has no great iron plants like those of Alabama and Tennessee; and yet there is in the State a well developed iron industry, in which a large capital is invested and from which large profits are derived. The many foundries manufacture machinery, agricultural implements, boilers, cotton-gins and castings. The census of 1890 showed! that there were in Georgia 52 iron foundries with a capital of $2,107,969 and an annual output valued at $2,272,653.
The cotton-gins and presses manufactured in Georgia are unrivaled. Often the factories, working night and day, can hardly supply the demand from every section of the South.
Ornamental Iron Worlcs.-The business of making architectural and

356

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

omamecntal WOrk from iron is of considerable importance anct is On the increase in Georg;ia. By the census of 1890 there were in the State three factories for turning out this kind of work. The capital invested in them vvas $67,242 and their product was worth $110,075.
I ron and SBeel.-One o. the most notable features of the growth of the iron and steel industry of the United States is the activity displayed in the Southern States in the erection of iron-making plants. Steelmaking, though not whoHy neglected, has not formed a prominent feature of this metallurgical development. Under the head of "iron and steel industry," the census of 1890 reported for Georgia five establishments which had at that time a capital of $908,243 and a product valued at $471,357.
Blast Furnaces.-In speaking of the pig-iron industry of the Southern States the United States census report of 1890 said: "This section has long been noted for the excellent character of the charcoal pig-iron produced within its borders; but prior to 1880 attention was not especially directed to its extensive and easily worked deposits of iron ore, nor to the advantages which the close proximity of coking coal and limestone to these deposits afforded for the production of coke pig-iron a.t low cost. Dul'i:n:g 1880 the Southerrn States produced 9.27 per cent. of the aggregate pig-iron yield of the United States, but in 1890 the furnaces in this section contributed 18.52 per cent. of the tota.l output, the increase in tonnage over 1880 being 4-23.52 per cent." According to the census of 1890 there were in the State of Georgia four blast furnaces with a capital of $748,845, and an output valued at $339,422. "The pig-iron industry of Georgia," says the census report, "remained practically stationary during the decade from 1880 to 1890." The greater part of the iron cre mined in Georgia is shipped beyond the State.
Carriag.e and Wagon Factories.-Under this. heading are included custom work and repairing. There were in 1890 as many as 129 of these factol'ies in Georgia, some of them doing the best grade of work. The buggies manufactured at Barnesville enjoy a fine reputation.
The capital employed by these establishments in 1890 was $849,441 and their output was valued at $1,221,119. The number of establishments, their capital and p!'loduct have steadily increased in the last de~ cade.
In addition to these factories were several where carriage materials were made.
The Blacksmithing and Wheelwrighting Establishments, which ten years ago numbered 331, with an aggregate capital of $245,721, turned out annually work worth $265,315.

STEVENS POTTERY WORKS, BALDWIN COUNTY.

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359

Oar Shops.-Most of these are operated by the railway companies, and are for construction and repairs. .A.t some of them excellent boxcars for freight and handsome passenger coaches are made. The number reported tin 1890 was eleven, with a capital of $450,512, and doing work worth $842,610. The rapid increase of business on the railroad lines, and the constant need fio.r new cars and for repairs to o1d ones, insure constant employment for many hands in this kind of work.
Flour and Grist Mills.-T'he falling off in the cultivation of wheat between 1880 and 1890 led to a corresponcliing decrease in the number of mills, the capital invested, and the value of their products. During that decade the numbers of mills decre:ased from 1,139 to 719, their capital from $3,576,301 to $2,347,835, and their output showed a corresponding de,crease. A. revival of wheat growing has commenced in Georgia, and with it a revival of the milling industry. Many old mills that had shut down have started up again, and new ones have been built.
The Bread and Balcery.products are always in demand, whether the flour used be imported or made at home. Hence the rapid increase in the population of Georgia between 1880 and 1890 caused almost a triple increase in these products for the same periods. Twenty-six establishments with a capital of $118,450 and a product worth $464,162 had increased to 76 establishments with a capital of $394,356, an{!' products worth $1,241,349.
Briclc and Tile JJfanufactori.es.-The presence of so much excellent material :fhr the manufacture of brick in Georgia has led to the erection of many establishments devoted to this industry, in which Georgia takes high rank among the States of the South. The brick and tile manufactories showed between 1880 and 1890 a very gratifying increase.
Although the 76 establishments of 1880 had been reduced to 61, the capital of $212,660 had increased to $950,263, and the product of $409,025 had grown to $1,201,542. With the growth of cities and towns this business is sure to increase.
Clay and PoNery Products.-In addition to brick and tiles there are other products of clay, such as pottery, drain and sewer pipes, etc. For the :Jllanufacture of the various articles fl'lom clay (exclusive o brick and tiles), there were in Georgia in 1890 seventeen establishments .wit11 an aggregate capital of $229,269 and an annual output valued at $211,250. There has been <turing the last decade a gratifying increase in this business.
Ocher Mills and Paint Industry.-Ocher, the basis of paint, is one of the mineral products of Georgia. The mining and shipment of yellow ocher has become a considerable business in Bartow county. There are

360

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

at Cartersville four mills for the handling of this material. The shipment of ocher from this county for the year ending August 1, 1900, amounted to 4,500 tons, which, at the average price of $12.29 a ton, amounted to $55,305. Superior natural advantages for the grinding and mixing of ready mixed paints are enjoyed! by the manufacturers of these articles in Atlanta where the market for them is always good. Ice Plan.ts.-The factories for the manufacture of artificial ice, which in 1890 numbered 16 with an aggregate capital of $487,534, have greatly increased their capital and business and have with their much cheaper products, run out of the markets of Georgia the imported natural ice which in former years wa8 sold at such high figures that. comparatively few people could indulge in what was then an expensive luxury.
Electric Light Plants.-Although electric lighting had! been introduced into our large cities previous to 1890, no report of these plants appeared in the eleventh census. There are now 50 of them in Georgia brilliantly illuminating all our large cities and many of the smaller ones, including towns of less than 3,000 inhabitants.
Electric Motors.-The electric plants furmish the motor-power for propelling cars on the streets of cities, and in several instances giv-ing to the large cities such frequent and rapid connection with neighboring towns and all the intervening country as to make of them practically one community. All the large cities of Georgia and some of the smaller ones have excellent systems of electric railroads.
Gas for Illuminating and Heating.-Before the days of electric lights and motors, gas was the great illuminating power, and was long the best dispenser of light in darkness for cities and towns. Although surpassed in brilliancy by electricity, its days of usefulness are not yet ended even in buildings where electric lights are used. Its utility as a supplier o heat for household purposes is appreciated wherever the gas-stove is used for warming offices, or for avori.ding in summer the excessive heat o wood or coal by means of the neat and convenient gas-stove. The million and a half dollars invested for gas illuminating and heating in Georgia cities and towns in 1890, still finds reason for the increase of rits capital, and abundant demand for the bestowal of its benefits upon the people.
Printing and Publishing.-Nor is Georgia a laggard in printing and publishing, especially of newspapers aru.d periodicals. Her many hundred establishment, with capital and product running up into the millions, show the high position which she holds in this respect. Some of her leading newspapers rank among the first in America and are found on sale in the chief cities 'CJ the Union.
Marble and Stone Work.-Georgia marble and stones for building and

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRHL.

361

or monuments, enjoy an enviable reputation throughout the whole Union. In 1890 under the heading given to this paragraph the United States census gave the total value of products as $375,520. According to Dr. Day, of the United States Geological Survey, the value of the marble production for 1899 was $742,554, and of granite $411,344. This shows a wonderful 'and gratifying increase.
Ship-Building.-Georgia was also represented by this industry in the census report of 1890, according to which four establishments with a capital of $156,100 turned out work valued at $126,300 for the year in which the report was made.
Paving and Paving Materials.-ln the manufacture of paving materials and in paving the $67,000 invested in 1890 showed a product valued at $513,648, showing a splendid profit on the investment. This business has also enjoyed a wonderful increase in the last decade.
Roofing, Etc.-Roofing and roofing materials with a capital of $40,000 showed also a product of $180,960, while tin smithing, coppersmithing and sheet iron working for an investment of $282,770 reported a product worth $528,814.
Carpenter Work.-This tis always in demand in town and country, and the business is bound to increase with population and wealth. The value of work runs up into the millions.
Other I ndustries.-Other industries that make a good showing in census reports are factories for boots and shoes, brooms and brushes, clothing, coffins, burial cases and undertakers' goods, dentists' materials, drugs, perfumes and cosmetics, confectionery, cooperage, dyeing and cleaning, hand stamps, leather, tanned and curried, lime and cement, liquors, distilled and malt, lock and gunsmithing, looking-glass and picture frames, masonry, brick and stone, mattresses and spring beds, musical instrume"i:!ts, millinery, painting and paper hanging, paper and paper bags, plastering and stucco work, photography, plumbing and gas fitting, saddlery and harness, shirt manufacturers, the manufacture of chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff, manufacture of trunks and valises, umbrellas and canes, vinegar and cider, watch, clock and jewelry repairi'llg and wooden ware. All these manufactures of Georgia here bunched together, but stated separately in the census report on manufactures, represent a combined capital and a value of products covering several million dollars. Then the census enumerates a long string of small industries, some of which are baskets and willow ware, lithographing and engraving, stereotyping, electrotyping, wire work, rope, cable, etc. To name them all would require much space. They represent altogether a capital of nearly $2,000,000 and a product of more than $3,000,000.

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Canning Factories.-The canning and preserving of fruit made but a small show in the census of 1890. . But at the present time this has become a great industry in the fruit sections of Georgia. The four canrung establishments of 1890 have increased to 10.
Creameries.-This is an industry wh!ich does not appear at all in the census of 1890. But the growth of dairy farms in Georgia has created new wants, and creameries are the result. There are now three of these esta:blishments, which purchase the products of the druiry f-a:rms and manufacture butter and cheese.
The growth of the manufacturing interests of Georgia has been very rapid within the last twenty years. Many old establishments have been greatly enlarged, many new enterprises giving employment to thousands of laborers have been established, and manufactures of all kinds have increased to such a point, that scarcely any industry lacks representation.

CAMPUS1 UNIVERSITY OF GEORG!i\-.

CHAPTER XIII.
EDUCATION IN GEORGIA.
In the earliest days of the colony of Georgia provision was made for the education of thepeople. For this purpose the rents of certain lands were set apart by the crown in every parish, as the counties were then called, and good schools were established at Savannah and Augusta. When the Salzburgers settled at Ebenezer, the schoolmaster accompanied 1Jhe pastor, and education walked h'and-in~hand with religion. Education received the careful attention: also of the Puritan colonists who settled in St. John's Parish, afterward known as Liberty county. Immediately after the conclusion of the war of the Revolution the Legislature of Georgia began to provide ways and means for the promotion of this great interest.
Previous to the great civil war there was no system oi public schools
in the State. But under the oonditions then existing they were not the necessity that they now are. Private schools and academies were numerous, and were taught by excE:lllent teachers who had to build up their s~hools by their :fidelity to duty and ability in their profession. The greater part of the people were able to educate their children, and doing so were careful to get their money's worth by patronizing teachers who were thoroughly competent for the work undertaken. The instruction of poor children was provided for by appropriations made by the legisla. ture, and it was frequently so well managed that the pay pupil of a school did not kno.w who the beneficiaries were. In some of the cities there were flourishing free schools, which were sometimes presided over by teachers of such ability that. the children of well-to-do parents were enrolled among the pupils.
Just before the war between the States steps were being taken for the establishment of a system of public schools. What has been done in Georgia on this line will be discussed farther on.
As far as the action of the State government is concerned the attempts to promote the cause of education in Georgia began at the top an'd worked downward. Immediately after the War of Independence (1784), tl~e legislature of Georgia took measures for establishing a State Univer, ity. A charter for this purpose was granted on January 29, 1785. In
(365)

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

November, 1801, the site was selected, and 630 acres of land, on which the flourishing city of Athens is now principally located, were sold off in lots for the benefit of the college. This land was the gift of Governor John Milledge. The first commencement exercise took place in May, 1804, on the present college campus, under an arbor formed of the branches of trees. At first the institution was partly sustained by the rent of lands given to it by the State. As this plan did not work well, the lands were all sold, and payment was made in th~(notes of the purchasers, secured by mortgage. By act of the legislature {:~ December 16, 1815, the governor was authorized to advance to the trustees any amount not exceeding two thirds o the sum called for by these notes, and to receive the notes in lieu of the same. The amount agreed upon was $100,000, but as the money was not paid, this sum was regarded as a debt due to the Unive;rsity by the State, and it was agreed that an annual interest of 8 per cent. should be paid upon the same. Aooordingly the trustees of the Univm,sity have ever since received from the St,ate the sum of $8,000 per annum. Other amounts have been appropriated by the State for the University as follows:
From 1830 to 1841 the amoll'llt of $6,000 per a:nnum, to replace losses by fire in 1830; in 1875 the of SUjlll $15,000 for furniture, apparatus and general outfit of the, Stlate College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts; a gift of $2,000 in 1881 for the purpose of establishing free tuition, and another of $3,000 in 1883 for repairs. In 1854 Dr. Wm. Terrell, of Hancock county, bequeathed $20,000 to ths University; in 1873 the city of Athens presented it with $25,000 for the
erection of Moore College; m 1883 Senator Joseph E. Brown gave the
trustees $50,000, invested in 7 per cent. bonds of the State of Georgia, the inter~st to be devoted to educating worthy young men unable to pay their way. In 1866 the State of Georgia, by legislative enactment, accepted fl'om the government of the United States the gift of 30,000 acres of land for each senator and representative in Congress, and in 1872 Go~ernor James M. Smith transferred the fund arising from the sale of the lands to the trustees of the University of Georgia, who, in May of the same year, opened and established the Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts as an integral part of the University. In 1873 the J\fedical College of Augusta became one of the departments o the State University.

S'l'A'l'E NOR~lAL SCHOOL, ATHENS, GA. GIRLS' DORi\:IITORY, STATE NOR::\fAL SCHOOL, ATHENS, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS1'RIAL.

369

DEPA.RTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA..
The science of Agriculture and Horticulture is taught, with practical illustration and experiment, in the School of Agriculture at the University of Georgia. This is one of the Departments of the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic A.rts, which is presided over by Dr.
H. C. White, and which, tc 3"ether with Franklin College, presided over
by Dean D. C. Barrow, c mposes the University at Athens. The Department of Agriculture is in charge of Prof. H. N. Starnes, a native Georgian, familiar with the UnOTicultural situation in our State. He is an almnnus of the University, and was formerly connected with the Experiment Station at Griffin.
The Trustees have recently appropriated $5,000 to the Department of Agriculture, and it is expected that with this liberal expenditure there will be rapid development and growth in the Department.

TWO COURSES.
Two courses are given in this Department; first, the full course, extending from the Freshman through the Senior year; second, the short winter course, extending from January 1st to February 15th of each year. These two courses are fully described in the catalogues and in circulars which will be sent on application to the office of the chancellor of the University.
The following is a brief summary of the work done in the two courses:
THE FULL COURSE.
The study of the Freshman year is Botany, and is in the School of Biology. Any student otherwise prepared to enter the Sophomore class will be allowed to make up Botany in his Sophomore year. In the other years the course covers the following topics:
(a) Plant production. (b) Soils (classification and composition, etc.), tillage, drainage, etc., fertilization, rotation of crops, etc. (c) Farm cr.vps, each in detail, with the parallel course in Agricultural Chemistry, by Dr. H. C. White. (d) Spraying. (e) Animal Industry (breeding, feedcrng and care of live stock). (f) Agricultural Technology (butter and cheese making, canning, syrup making, etc.).

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G.EORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

(g) Horticulture (small fruits, orchard fruits, pruning, grafting, packing, shipping, etc.).
(h) Terracing, road, b1<idge and fence construction. This course, in connection with other studies (see catalogue), leads to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture.

THE SHORT WINTER COURSE.
This course, lasting for six weeks, and beginning January 1st, 1s mtended principally for farmers' sons and others who are unable to take
the full course. No f ees of any sort are required. The time is fixed at the period
when such persons can best afford to be absent from the farm. This course covers the most important topics of the full course. While
th~ selection of subjects is limited and the treatment necessarily brief, it is believed that the students in this course will acqUJire the point of view which will make all the difference between the empirical and the scientific farmer.
Those who are interested <in agricultural education in the State ar:e requested to send to the office of the chancellor of the University the names of farmers' sons and others who might be interested in this course. Catalogues and other information will be sent to them.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE TEACHING.
The campus, the University farm and the Agricultural Museum constitute the means for aic1ing the instruction, by means of illustration, observation and experiment.
1. An area of about ten acres on the campus has been set apart to the Department of Agriculture in order that the professor may have close at hand a plat of ground sufficient to illustrate, in connection with the lectures, all the processes of seed-growth, etc.
Dairying will be installed on this area on the campu$, and Veterinary Science will also be introduced.
2. The Philosophical Hall has been turned over to the Department o Agriculture for the lecture room and Agricultural Museum. A full exhibit of fruits, of agricultural products, of fertilizers, of models, etc., will be made.
3. The University farm, situated beyond the corporate limit's of the city of Athens, will be used to illustrate horticultural and agricultural processes on a larger scale.

GEORGIA SCHOOL OF TECHl\OLOGY, ATLANTA, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

373

EXPENSES FOR THE FULL COURSE.

No tuition fee is charged residents of Georgia. The following estimate Of expenses includes all necessary items except clothing and railroad fare:
I I . I Low. L1beral LVibeerryal.

Matriculaton fee .. . . ... . .... . . . .. . ... .... . . . . .... . $

Library fee. . ..... ... . ... . ....... . ........ .. . .

Initiation fee to Literary Society . ... . .. ... ....... .

Board. .. . .. .... .. . . . .

.. .. . . . . ....... . . . .

Fuel, room-rent, lights and attendance ... .. . ..... .

Books and stationery . . . . . . .... ... .... ...... . .... .

Furnishing room in dormitory ... . ............... .

Laundry.. ................... . .... ... ............

10 00 $ 10 00 $ 10 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 72 00 108 00 144 00 13 00 il l 00 60 00
8 00 10 00 12 uo
600 9 00 12 00 14 00

$ 125 00 $ 184 00 $ 247 00

Each student, unless excused from drill because of physical disability, is required to purchase a uniform. The cost of this is $16.00.
The :figures above given are for the Freshman Class, which is more xpensive than subsequent years. They are based upon the actual experience of a large number of students. Expenses are frequently brought under the lowest estimate by strict economy. Second-hand books can be purchased at low rates, and it is often possible to purchase at greatly reduced prices uniforms which have been used but little. In this and other ways money can be saved, and cases are known to the faculty where students have spent less than one hundred dollars during the entire season.

EXPENSES FOR THE SHORT COURSE.
No matriculation or other fee is charged. Board can be had in the n:ed St ude!Ilts' Boarding Hall, which is admirably conducted as a cooperative students' enterprise, under the charge of Prof. C. M. Snelling, at $7.50 to $8.00 per month.

FURTHER INFORMATION.
All persons interested are requested to write for catalogues or further information to the chancellor of the University at Athens; also to send the names of sons of farmers and others who may be interested in either of the courses above out lined. Circulars, etc., will be sent to all those whose names are thus supplied. Address
WALTER B. IDLL, Chancellor, Atl1em, Ga.
17 ga

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GEORGIA: HISTORIO.!L AND INDUSTRIAL.

The following 1institutions have been established by the State and made branches of the University: The North Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega, Georgia School of Technology at Atlanta, Georgia N onnal and Industrial School at Milledgeville, Georgia State N onnal School at Athens, Georgia State Industrial School for Colored Youths. .
The North Georgia Agricul.tural College, which was opened in 1873, is located at Dahlonega. There are no elementary students. There are two sub-Freshman classes, which prepare students for the Jour college classes at Dahlonega or for the University at Athens.
The Georgia School of Technology is located at Atlant.a. It offers an education of high grade, founded on Mathematics, the English Language,
the Physical Sciences and drawing. Degrees are offered rn Mechanical,
Electrical, Civil and Textile Engineering. The workshop and the textile building are important features of this school.
The Georgia Normal and Indus.trial College is situated rin Milledgeville. Its purpose is to provide for the young women of Georgia an institution in which they may be prepared to do intelligent work as teachers according to the best known methods, o-r to earn their own livelihood by the practice of some one or another of those industrial arts suitable for females to follow. It also gives a full classical education.
The Georgia State Normal School was first organized in AtJ:hens in 1892 as a summer school. It was permanently organized in April, 1895, and is devoted entirely to preparing teachers for work in the common sdhools of Georgia. It has eight departments: Civics, Latin, Elementary Science, English, Mathematics, Geography and History, Pedagogy, Freehand Drawing and Penmanship, and a Model School for observation and practice.
The Georgia State I nd'us{rial College for Colored Youths was established by_the State near the city of Savannah in 1890, for the purpose of furnishing a liberal and industl'ial education to colored youths. It is supported by an annual appropriation from the State and an appropriation by Congress under the Morrill Act, approved 1890. Its location is southwest of the city, about five miles from the courthouse and not far from Thunderbolt.
The following instritutions are affiliated with the university, but do not now receive State funds: The South Georgia Military and Agricultural College, Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College, and West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College.
The South Georgia Military and Agricultural College is loca.ted at Thomasville, and was opened in 1879.
The Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College is located at

SENEY HALL, EMORY COLLEGE, OXFORD, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

377

Milledgeville. The old, State capitol buildings and grounds were granted

to the trustees of the State University for the purpDse of estabLishing this

college, which was opened in 1880. Military exercises form a part of

the course of instruction and cadets are required: to weir a uniform. A.

commercial course is provided for students desiring to fit themselves for

business life.

The W est Goorgia Agricultural and 1vlechanic<il College is located at

Hamilton, and was opened in 1882. The building is large and commo-

dious with large study rooms and a spacious chapel.

The basis on which the. State University is built is Franklin College,

in its earliest years the only department of the university. It is still the

chriaf classical school of this great institution. Before the days of free

tuition it admitted "fifty meritorious young men of limited means" with-

,

I

out charge, and also young men studying for the ministry of any denom-

ination who stood in need of such aid. There are in the university library

at ~~thens many thousand choice volumes, of which about 1,000 were the

gift of H6n. George R. Gilmer, for four years governor of the State-.

There are also several thousand volumes in the libraries of the two liter-

ary societies of the University at Athens. Another department of the

Un~versity at Athens is the Law Schoo~, presided over by an able faculty.

OTHER NOTED COLLEGES.
Emory College at Oxford, in Newton county, is the joint property of the North Georgia, South Georgia and Florida conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. It was chartered December 29, 1836, and the first class was graduated in 1841. The college has from time to time, received gifts of money, specimens for its mineral cabinet and books for its library, which contains twenty thousand choice volumes. Each of the two literary societies has about three thousand volumes in its library. One of the early donations to the college was afund of $5,000, given by Mr. Goorge W. Wrilliams, a Georgian, who moved to Charleston, South Carolina, and became one of the pmsperous merchants of that city. During the presidency of Dr. Atticus G. Haygood Mr. George I. Seney, of New York, made to Emory College a gift of $125,000, part of which was expended in the erection of the building known as Seney Hall, and part added to the endowment of the college. Under the presidency of Dr. W. A. Candler, the sum of $100,000 was added to the endowment, of which Mr. W. P. Pattillo, of Atlanta, gave $25,000. The handsome new library building, known as Candler Hall, was erected at a cost of $25,000. It has ample room for 75,000 volumes.

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The founder and first president of the college was Ignatius A. Few. Three of its presidents, Drs. George F. Pierce, Atticus G. Haygood and Warren A. Candler, were elected bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. This institution bears a high reputation for its thorough instruction, and for making higher education possible to young men of limited means through its helping halls, loan fund and other agencies. There is connected with the college a school of law, presided over by Judge Capers Dickson. There is also a department of Pedagogy. The mineral cabinet is very large, containing thousands of specimens collected during the last fifty years. The museum contains an interesting collection of objects of historical interest.
Mercer University, located at Macon, the "Central City" of Georgia, is under the control of the Georgia Baptist Convention. At its organization in the town of Penfield in 1838 it was called Mercer Institute. Its curriculum was soon after extended and its name was changed to Mercer University. In 1870 it was removed to Macon, new and handsome buildings were erected, and its entire equipment was greatly enlarged and.improved. The libraries of the university and of the two literary societies contain many thousands of well-selected volumes. In addition to a regulrur collegiate course there is connected with this institution a school of law, presided over by Judge Emory Speer. Important feeders of the University are Mercer High School at Penfield and Crawford High School at Dalton. The university has in all ten buildings. The main building, which is four stories high, was erected at a cost of $100,000. In this is the president's residence and office, several lecture rooms, the geological museum, chemical laboratories, apparatus rooms, the literary society halls and their libraries. The chapel building, also four sto,ries high, has six large lecture-rooms, also the biological museum and laboratory. In the rear of this building and forming a part of it is the chapel, capable of seating eight hundred people. In the rear of the chapel and connected with it is the university library with a capacity of 20,000 volumes. There is also the gymnasium, a large, new brick building. There are two boarding halls and six frame dormitories for students.
There is a fund for the education of young ministers of limited means. There is also a loan fund secured through a bequest of the late M. :Aquilla Cheney, supplemented by gifts of other friends of the college.
ThtJ Wesleyan Female College at Macon enjoys the high honor of being the first college in the world chartered for the express purpose of bestowing diplomas upon ladies. It is the property of the North and South Georgia and Florida Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Ohurch', South. It was chartered December 10, 1836, as the Georgia

~ORTH GEORQ;IA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 1 DAHLONEGA1 GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

381

Female College, and was built by general subscription, Methodist ministers acting as agents' for the collection of the necessary funds. Its first president was Dr. George F. Pierce, afterwards a bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, South. The first class was graduated in 1840. .A.
mortgage of ten thousand dollars against the college was paid off in 1845 by James A. Everett of Houston county, who then presented the property to the Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, South, by whom its present name was conferred upon it. In 1881 Mr. George I. Seney, of New York, donated to it $50,000 which he afterwards increased to $125,000. Most of this donation was expended on the enlargement of the college building. About $35,000 of it forms a permanent endowment of the college. This enlargement of the college occurred during the presidency of Dr. W. C. Bass, who was for more than thirty years identified with the work of the college, first as a professor, and for more than twenty years as president. The Seney gift was bestowed through the influence of Dr. Atticus G. Haygood, at the time president of Emory College and subsequently bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. In 1894-95 a well-equipped chemical laboqatory for practice work was added through money raised by the efforts of Professors Charles 0. Townsend and Joseph T. Derry. In 1900 a handsome brick building, four stories high rund complete in all its appointments, was erected at a cost of $25,000 and named by the trustees "Robeq-ts Hall" in honor of Dr. J. W. Roberts, president of the college, to whose management the Institution is largely indebted for its recent rapid advancement. The lower fioor is takern up by seven rooms for the Science Department, which is up-to-date in all its appointments. Its new chemical laboratory, physical apparatus and mineral cabinet have been well arranged by the head of the Science Department, Professor W. B. Bonnell.
The Shorter Female College at Rome was organized in 1873 as the Cherokee Baptist Female College. In 1877 the property was purchased by Colonel Alfred Shorter of Rome, who determined to use his money for the equipment and endowment of a first-class college for young ladies. He accordingly employed a skillful architect and erected three large buildings, equipped them with the necessary aparatus, and liberally endowed the institution. He then presented the property to the Baptists of Georgia as a ''gift to our daughters," to be used exclusively as a college for young ladies. This institution rightly bears the name of the noble-hearted gentleman who was its greatest benefactor. . In all the South there are no more beautiful school edifices than the graceful buildings crowning a lofty eminence in the city of Rome. The college

382

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

possesses a fine equatorial telescope, and excellent chemical and biological apparatus. It also has a large and finely equipped gymnasium.
The Agnes Scott Institute a.t Decatur, eight miles oost from the city
in of Atlanta, began its career a rented building, September, 1889, under
the auspices of the Decatur Presbyterian Church. In the foUowing spring Colonel George W. Scott, an elder of the church, purchased five and a hal acres and proposed to provide a permanent home for the school. His first gift was $40,000, which, by the time the work was completed, he had increased to $112,500. For this splendid property Colonel Scott deJive1ed deeds to the board of trustees, and in the presence of the Synod of Georgia it was dedicated to the cause a the Christian education of y(,ung women, November 12, 1891. The trustees, in recognition of Colonel Scott's noble gift, gave to the institution the name of his mother, Agnes Scott. He has since given to this college $8,000 more, making his total gift $120,000.
The Lucy Cobb Institute, located at Athens, was first opoo.ed to the public in 1858. This flourishing ladies' college was founded through the efforts of General Thomas R. R. Cobb. Just about the time of the opening of the school, Lucy Cobb, eldest daughter of General Cobb died, and the trustees unanimously decided to name the new college in honor of her, the daughter of its founder. The main building is a convenient and elegantly arranged home for Y'oung ladies. When the necessity arose for a new college chapel, many contributions were made by friends in Georgia and elsewhere, of from five to five hundred dollars. General Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah, Georgia, was one of the most Hberal contributors. As more money was still needed, one of the young lady pupils wrote a beautiful and girlish letter to Mr. George I. Seney, of New York, whose gifts to Emory and Wesleyan Colleges had made his name familiar in Georgia. He responded with a liberal gift, and SeneyStovall chapel stands as a monument to the noble gentleman of New York and fair daughter of Georgia.
The Southern F.emal.e Colleg.e (Cox O.ollege) for young ladies is a Baptist institution located at College P 'ark, about eight miles southwest from .Atlanta. The buildings are elegant and are furnished with all modem conveniences. They are also fully equipped with the apparatus deemed necessary for a first-class college.
The Southern Female College at LaGrange is the property of the Baptis~ denomination. It was organized in 1843, and has always enjoyed a fine reputation. The old college buildings have been lately .replaced by elegant new ones of modern style and are well equipped for college work.

MERCER UNIVERSITY, MACON.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

385

The LaGrange F,emale Colleg,e began its existence as the LaGrange Female Academy in 1833. In 1836 it was chartered as the LaGrange Female Institute. In 1852 its charter was amended and it became LaGrange Female College. It isthe property of the North Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, having been tendered to the conference and accepted in December, 1867. It is among the most noted of the educational institutions of Georgia.
.AndreUJ ffiemale College at Cuthbert, which is the property o'f the South Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was established in 1853. It has ever since its foundation been doing a good work fm the young ladies of that section of the State. A large new building will soon be added to the equipment of the college.
The Monroe F,emale C.ollege at Forsyth was chall"tered in 1849, and in 1850 was opened to the public. It is held in high esteem, and its handsome buildings are an ornament to the thriving and pretty town in which it is located. This school is under the auspices of the Baptist d~ nomination. Two commodious buildings have been recently added to the equipment of this institution.
Young F.emale College at Thomasville was established in 1868 by Major E. R. Young, who donated for that purpose the sum of $30,000.
St. Stanislaus College was first organized undm. the name of Pio N eno Colege, mainly by the efforts of Right Reverend William H. Gross, Roman Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Georgia. It is located at Vineville, near Maeon, and is a training school for priests.
Young L. Harris I nstitut,e was fdunded through the liberality of Mr. Young L. Harris of Athens, who presented the property to the Methodists of Georgia. It is a college for young ladies and young men, and is doing a noble work.
The Brenau ffiemale C.olleg.e at Gainesville is the outcome of an institution founded by Dr. W. C. Wilkes and a board of trustees in 1878, called at first the "Georgia Baptist Seminary for Young Ladies." In 1886 the property was bought by Prof. A. W. VanHoose who, in 1893, :fmmed a partnership with Prof. H. J. Pearce of Columbus, Georgia. These two gentlemen have bu~lt up a first-class college which was their own property until 1900, when they sold an interest in it to Dr. M. M. Riley of Greenville, S. C. The name of the college was changed soon after Professor Van Hoose took charge of it to the Georgia Female Seminary and Conservatory of Music. Brenau is the name just adopted for this institution with its grealy enlarged facilities.
The Piedmont Institute at Rockmart, founded i!11 1889, is doing

386

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

a fine work for the boys and girls of Northwest Georgia. It is the prop# erty of the North Georgia Conference of the M. E. Church, South.
The South Georgia College at McRae, the property of the South Georgia Conference of the M. E. Church, South, is also doing good service in the cause of education.
For the Colored people of Georgia there are also several institutions.
The Atlanta University for the education of negroes was established in 1867 by the Freedmen's Bureau and various Northern Aid Societies, the chief of which was the American Missionary Association.
Clark University at Atlanta was chartered in 1887 for the same purpose.
The Georgia State I ndust1ial College for Colored Youths at Savannah has already been mentioned as a department of the State University, supported by the State.
Payne Institute at Augusta, is a school for the colored people under the auspices of theM. E. Church, South.
Other institutions for the education of the negroes are: Spellman Seminary, Morris Brown College and Gammon University, all in Atlanta. In addition to the institution~ of learning before mentioned, Georgia has many schools enjoying a fine reputation. Two of the oldest lchools in the State are the Chatham Academy of Savannah and the Academy of Richmond county, in Augusta, each dating back to old colonial days. Both of these are now part of the public school systems of their respective cities.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Last, but not least, is the great public school system of Georgia. The State Constitution of 1868 made provision for "a thorough system of general education, to be forever free to all children of the State." At a meeting of the Georgia Teachers' Association held in Atlanta in August, 1869, a committee was appointed to report upon a school system adapted to the condition and wants of Georgia. The committee consisted of Professor Gustavus J. Orr, for many years professor of Mathematics in Emory College, chairman; Bernard Mallon, long the superintendent of the public schools of Savannah, and afterwards of Atlanta; John M. Bonnell, then president of Wesleyan Female College at Macon; Martin V. Calvin of Augusta, and David W. Lewis, president of the North Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega. By direction of the_ committee the chairman prepared the report, which was then submittted to the exe-

WESLEYAN FEMALE COLLEGE, MACON, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

389

cutive committee composed of Rev. H. H. Tucker, at one time president o Mercer University and later of the State University; Prof. W. Leroy Browne of the State University; Rev. Alexander Means, D.D., long a professor in Emory College; Professor W. D. Williams, principal of the Georgia Academy for the Blind; Professor Bernard Mallon, and Professor Gustavus J. Orr. After nine hours spent in discussing the report, section by section, it was adopted as written. At another meeting of the Georgia Teachers' Association, held at Macon in November, 1869, the report after being discussed for an entire day was unanimously adopted.
That report forms the main provisions of the first public school law, approved October 13, 1870. Under this act an organization was effected, and Governor R. B. Bullock appointed General J. R. Lewis State School Commissioner. This office has since been held by Professor Gustavus J. Orr, Hon. J. S. Hook, Professor S. D. Bradwell and Professor G. R. 'Glenn.
It is appropriate to state in this connection that at a meeting of the National Educational Association, a committee raised for the purpose of frurming an ideal school system for a State, and composed of some of the ablest educational men of the Union, with the school laws of all the States before them, in their report followed to a remarkable extent the public school law of Georgia.
The system of common schools, though organized in 1870, did not really go into effect until 1873. There was a common school commissioner, and a tax for the support of schools had been levied and collected. Schools had been put into operation in some counties and teachers employed; but at the close of 1871 more than three hundred thousand dollars was due to school officers and teachers for services rendered. There was nothing with which to pay them; for, in violation of the Constitution of the State, the fund of $327,000 had been appropriated to the payment of legislative and other expenses of the government. In vain did teachers and school officers clamor for their pay, for there was nothing to the credit of the school fund in the treasury.
It was feared that the system had received a fatal blow in the very first years of its existence. No schools were taught in 1872, and the commissioner devO'ted his attention to systematizing the work under the law passed in August of that year. The legislature of 1872 provided for the levying of a tax for the purpose of paying the claims of teachers and school officials. Under the operation of this law the debts were finally paid. In 1873 the schools were again put in operation, and have increased in number and efficiency from that day to this. From the time o:f Governor Smith's induction into office in 1871 to his retirement in

390

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

1877, the amount of $1,271,368 was raised for the support of the public school system, out of which the debts to teachers and school officers were paid, besides meeting promptly the expenses of running the schools.
In 1871 the total attendance on the public schools of Georgia was 49,578, and in 1876 it was 179,405. For the year 1877 P~ofessor Orr, the State School Commissioner, reported the attendance on the public schools to be in round numbers 200,000.
The report of Commissioner G. R. Glenn for the year 189~ showed a
total enrollment of 416,352 pupils in the public schools of Georgia. Of
this number 247,912 were white and 168,440 were cohred. The amount apportioned and paid for the support of the public schools
in Georgia for 1900 is $1,440,642. To this should be added $400,000 paid by local city and county appropriations.
By a school census taken by the State School Commissioner in 1893 it was ascertained that the number of children in Georgia between the ages of ten and eighteen, who were unable to read and write, was 114,527. .Of this number 35,638 were white, and 78,884 were colmed. A similar census in 1898 showed the number unable to read mnd write between the ages of ten and eighteen to be 83,616. Of this number 22,917 were white aud 60,699 were colored. This shows a gtatifying decrease in the number of illiterates in Georgia. From the report of Commissioner Glenn rendered October 1, 1900, it appears that there were in Georgia 5,866 white teachers and 3,113 colored, a total of 8,979. The number of pupils enrolled during the year was 251,093 whites and 172,374 colored. The average daily attendance was 151,341 whites, about .60 per cent. of the enrollment; and 101,852 colored;, or about 59 per cent. of the enrollment.
Among other prominent schools of Georgia are: Douglasville College,
Douglasville; J. S. Green College, Demorest; Martin Institute, Jefferson;
Wynton Male and Female College, Co,lumbus; South Georgia Male and Female College, Dawson; Gordon Institute, Barnesville; Dalton Female College, Dalton; Monroe Female College, Monroe; South Georgia OoHege for both sexes, McRae; Chappell Female Institute, Columbus; Georgia Military Academy, College Park; New Ebenezer College, Cochran; Hiawassee High School and the North Georgia Baptist College, at Morganton.
The following tables give valuable information concerning schools of all kinds in Georgia :

l
I
'
SHORTER QOLLEGE, ROME, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

393

TABLE 1.
SCHOOLS BELONGING TO THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF GEORGIA. NUMBER OF TEACHERS.

WHITE.

II

COLORED.

II

TOTAL.

II II I Male., Female., Total.

Male., Female., Total.

Male.

Grand Female., Total.

II I 2851 I 30 l5 1 5866 11 1317 1 1796 1 3113

4168

4811 1 8979

GRADES OF TEACHERS.

FIRST GRADE.

II II SECOND GRADE.

THIRD GRADE.

I II Colored.~ White. Colored., Total. White.,

Total.,, White., Colored., Total.

II ~6 ! I I 2970

417

3387 1594 -

II I I 2480

983 1661 2644

Number of normal trained teachers-White, 1277; colored, 341; total, 1618. SCHOOLS-Number of white schools, 5045 j colored, 2710; total, 7755.
ENROLLMENT. Number of pupils admitted during the year:

WHITE.

II

COLORED.

II

TOTAL.

I] II Male. /Female., Total.

Male., Female.J, Total.

Male.J Female.,

Grand Total.

. 1297781 121315125109311 814861 90888 1172374112112641 2122031 423467

ATTENDANCE.
Average number ?f pupils in daily attendance:

WHITE.

II

COLORED,

II

TOTAL,

II I Male. j Female., Total./! Male.j Female., Total.

Male.

Grand Female., Total;

760671 75274 1151341 11 470241 54828 1101852111224631 1301021 253193

MoNTHLY CosT-Average monthly cost per pupil . ... . . ........ : .......... .$1 13 Amount of average monthly cost paid by the StaJ;e....... 96

394

GEORGIA: HISTORIO.A..L .A..ND INDUSTRUL.

TABLE l-Oontinued.
TEACHERS' SALARIES. Average monthly ealaries paid teachers:

FIRST GRADE.

II

SECOND GRADE.

II

THIRD GRADE.

White.

II Colored.

White.

II Colored.

White.

Colored,

$ 35 31

II $ 25 80

$ 26 30

$ 20 76

$ 20 70

\I

$ 16 65

Number of visits made by the commissioners during the year.......

9,383

Number of schoolhouses in the State belonging to the county boards

of education, 5.779; value .................................... $1,430,288 43

Number of schoolhouses in cities and towns not belonging to the

county boards, 527; value. . .................................. 1,868,264 00

.FINANCIAL STATEMENT-Receipts for the yflar:

Balance in hand from 1898. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,423 20

.Amount treasurer's quarterly checks ............................ 1,268,885 30

Amount from any and all other sources, including supplemental

~

checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,959 03

Total receipts ........................................... 1,462,267 53

EXPENDITURES :

Salary of county school commissioners ......................... . 62,074 50

Salary of memLers of boards of education ..................... . 10,827 41

Postage, printing and other incidentals.. . .

. ............ . 16,2~2 97

Amount expended in the purchase of school supplies and build-

ings................................................. . . . . . . . 71,628 67

Amount paid to teachers ........................................ 1,235.868 36

Total ....................................................... 1,396,ti81 91 Balance remaining on hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65/,85 62 Total amount of salaries credited to teachers during the year, as
per itemized statements .................................... 1,318,512 25 Number of school libraries, 183; value, $32,802.31.
TABLE 2.
ENROLLMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS UNDER LOCAL LAWS.

Pupils in Schools for Whites. Pupils in Schools for Negroes.

Total.

35,856

23,340

59,196

From the total should be deducted ~,202 already counted in the county schools.
TABLE 3.
PUPILS ENROLLED IN PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.

In those for Whites.

In those for Negroes.

Total.

10,097

4,877

15,9i4

All these tables are made up from the report of the State School Commissioner, G. R. Glenn, submitted on October 1, 1900.

STATE SANITARIUM, MILLEDGEVILLE.

CHAPTER XIV.
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF GEORGIA.
"Not for themselves, but for others" was themotto of the founders of Georgia, who gave their time and money for promoting the welfare of those who needed help, expecting no other reward than that which arises from the consciousness of duty well-performed. It is not strange, then, that the first benevolent institution of Georgia had its birth in the early days of the colony. This was Whitefield's Orphan House at Bethesda, about nine miles from Savannah, founded in 1739. The building was erected by funds collected through the untiring efforts of the distinguished minister in whose honor it was named. Of this noble enterprise Mr. Whitefield said, "Some have thought that the erecting such a building was only the product of my own brain; but they are much mistaken; for it was first proposed to me by my dear friend, the Rev. !1:r. Charles \Vesley, who, with his excellency General Oglethorpe, had concerted a scheme for carrying on such a design before I had any thoughts of going abroad myself." This giving of due credit to others adds to the honor of the founder and first superintendent of the Orphan House, which he called Bethesda, "because," said Mr. Whitefield, "I ~oped it would be a house of mercy to many souls." And such it has been, and is still. It is a home for boys and is conducted under the auspices of the Union Society, which last year (1900) celebrated ita 150th anniversary.
The State Lunatic Asylum, near Milledgeville, is one of the noblest charities of the "Empire State."
In 1837 the Georgia legislature made an appropriation and appointed a commission for the purpose of establishing a lunatic asylum. The commission bought for a small price 40 acres of pine land two miles :from Milledgeville, located on a high hill commanding a fine view of the town and the intervening country. In December, 1842, the building was completed and the first patient was admitted. At first the counties had to pay the expenses o:f their pauper patients, and the :friends of patients who were able to pay had to provide for their maintenance in the asylum. This plan was changed to State care o the pauper insane about 1846. Up to 1877 patients were received from other States. At that time, on ae-
(397)

398

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

count of the overcrowded condition of the institution, the General Ai'r
sembly was obliged to pass an act sending all patients not citizens of Georgia to their respective States. During the same year an act was passed making the asylum free to all bona fide. citizens of Georgia. By the same act it was provided that friends could deposit with the steward funds for extras to be used by the patients individually, but no part of this was to go to the support of the institutioo. The first superintendent was Dr. David Cooper, elB{:ted !in 1843. Three years later Dr. Thomas F. Green, a man of kindly nature, genial manner, and of great enterprise and energy was elected. He succeeded in obtaining appropriations year after year, in making improvements and in securing a suitable oorps of attendants. He remaiined in charge o. the asylum until 1879 when in a peaceful old age and still possessed of all his faculties, he suddenly expired. He ;was succeeded by Dr. T. 0. Powell who had been associated with him for nearly twenty years.
In 1847 the legislature added another building to the original one, and the female patients were placed in the new builcring. White attendants were also substituted for negroes, who had formerly discharged this duty. In 1849 plans were approved by the legislature for greatly enlarging the asylum accommodations. The legislature appropriated $10,500, and in 1851 added $24,500 for a large and handsome new building. To this the orliginal buildings were to be wings. Additional appropriations were made as follows: $56,500 in 1853; $110,000 in 1855; $63,500 in 1857, and $30,000 in 1858, in which year the building was completed.
The building is supplied with every convenience for the comfort of the patients and of the officers and their families. In 1870 and 1871 another appropriation of $105,855 was voted for enlarging the main building. In 1881, at the urgent solicitation of the board of trustees, the legislature appropriated $165,000 for the erection o:f two separate buildings for white convalescents, one for males, the other for females. In 1883 an addlitional appropriation of $92,875 was made, and in 1893 the legislature voted $100,000 more for the erection of additiornal buildings fo.r white and colored insane.
The emancipation of the negro population in 1865 necessitated asylum accommodations for the insane of this race. In 1866 the legislature appropriated $11,000 for an insane asylum for negroes. This building was enlarged in 1870 at an expense of $18,000. In 1879 the legislature appropriated $25,000 more for the same purpose, and in 1881 the sum of $82,166 for a new building and heating apparatus for the irusance of the colored race. ,Of course the erectiO!lli of all these large buildings required much more land than was embraced in the origin:al

GEORGIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF, CAVE SPRING, GA,

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

401

purchase. The institution now has 3,000 acres in one body. The asylum
has its own water works, the water being furnished from a bold stream on its own grounds. It has also a well 960 feet deep, much of it through solid rock. Wlith the exception of the capitol in Atlanta, the center building of the asylum is the handsomest edifice in Georgia. About a mile from the asylum proper is the hospital for the treatment of contagious diseases. The total cost of the land and buildings is more than one miillion dollars.
Goorgda I nstitute for the Deaf and Dumb. At the beautiful town of Cave Spring, not far from the city of R ome, in a charming valley hetwee[l mountains and hills, stanCL the commodious and substantial buildings of the Georgia Insiiitution for the Deaf and Dumb. No more appropriate location for such an institution could be fomid. The legislature of the State has at different times made liberal appropriations for the education of the deaf and dumb. Before Georgia had an institut!ion of her own for this purpose a commissioner was appo.inted to receive application in behalf of indigent deaf and dumb residents o the State, and to make all necessary arrangements for conveying them to the Amerlican Asylum at Hartford, Connecticut. For this purpose the sum of $3,000 was appro~ priated. Later the State made an arrangement for educating deaf mutes at the H earn Manual :Labor School, at Cave Spring, in Floyd county, Georgia. In 1847 the legislature passed an act authorizing the governor to appoint five commissioners, whose duty it should be to make all necessary arrangements for the erection of an asylum for the deaf and dumb. In 1849 the necessary buildings had been provided, and the institution was opened for pupils in July. Here deaf and dumb children and some of more advanced years have been taught by the most approved me.thods. The first building, of brick, was erected in 1849. In 1850 an easterly extension was added,, and in 1875 another on the south. A shop two stories high was also erected. Another brick building, known as the storeroom was erected in 1878, and in 1882 the north extension to the main building was added f or the use of the principal and his family. During this same year a department for negro deaf mutes was opened in a building of brick, purchased for the purpose and located about 250 yards from the dormitory building for whites. In 1885 the present handsome school building was begun. It was completed and occupied in 1889. In 1887-88 the do>rrnit ory was enlarged by putting upon it a handsomQ mansard roof. In 1890 an engine-house and laundry were added with all necessary appliances, also a 500-gallon steam pump. Six-inch water mains were laid, with ten Ludlow fire plugs conveniently located; hose carriage and 700 feet of fire department hose were purchased and

402

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

steel stair :fire-escapes were erected where needed. In 1894 a new and handsome building was erected for shop purposes. This building has been equipped for a general line of wood-working; also a well-arranged printing office; a shoe shop; a blacksmith shop and wood-carving department. In 1897 the sum of $7,000 was spent in electric lighting and in steam heating. There is also a well-equipped art studio in the school building. The buildings are situated in the eastern part of the town o Cave Spring and command a fine view of Van's Valley and its picturesque sceneary.
The A..cademy for the Blind is another of the institutions of Georgia established and supported by the State. It is located in the city of Macon. on College Hill. This institution was incorporated by act of the legislature, January 2, 1852. Itoriginated in a movement made by the citizens of Macon at a meeting called for this purpose on April 15, 1851. Mr. W. S. Fortescue was the first principal, and Miss Hannah Guillan was assistant teacher. For the years 1852 and 1853 the legislature appropriated $5,000 per annum to aid in the support of the institution. On February 18, 1854, the legislature appropriated $10,000 for the erection of a suitable building. Further appropriations were made and in 1860 the main building facing Orange street was completed at a total cost o $65,000. The average of the annual appropriations up to 1876 was about $13,000. For the year ending October 1, 1899, the appropriation from the State was $18,500. Additions were made 'tO the main building in 1893, and a handsome boy's dormitory was added several years later. The entrance to this is from College street. A two-story brick building in which are the workshops faces Orange street. In 1882 a department for the colored bli'Ild was opened and a large and comfortable brick building facing Madison street was erected. This is under the same management as the white department, but the two are on lots distant from each other. In
August, 1858, Professor vV. D. Williams was elected principal and re-
tained this office until his death, December 20, 1898. His son, Dudley Wil liams, was eJected his successor, and upcm his resignation in 1901 was succeeded by Mr. T. U. Conner.
The Pemale Asylum at Savannah is one of the oldest of the benevolent institutions of Georgia. On the 17th of September, 1801, several of the prominent ladies of Savannah met for the purpose o organization, and Mrs. Ann Clay was called to the chair. Fourteen lady managers were elected, and the following officers of the asylum were chosen. Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, first directress; Mrs. Ann Clay, second directress; Mrs. Jane Smith and Mrs. Sarah Lamb, secretaries; Mrs. Margar81t Hunter, treasurer.

AQADEM:Y l<'OR 'rH])J BLIND, MAQON, GA,

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

40.'>

This institution is supported: by annual subscriptions and has received many valuable bequests. Its business is managed by a board of directors who meet once a month. A visiting committee is appointed to purchase the necessary food, such as groceries, and clothing. The house is under the direction of a matron, second matron and teacher.
The Augusta .Orphan Asylum was incorporated. in Ja.rnuary, 1852~ In 1855 a house was rented and placed in charge of a matron, and four orphans were admitted to the privileges of the asylum. Mr. Isaac S.. Tuttle, who died December 12, 1855, bequeathed his home on Walker Street and other property amounting to $50,000 for the use of the ass<r ciation. This gift, added to the annual income from 200 shares of Georgia Railroad stock, provided amply for the institution in its infancy. For seventeen years the Tuttle House was occupied as an Orphan home. On the 9th of January, 1859, Dr. George M. Newton, stepson of Mr. Tuttle, died leaving to the asylum property valued at $200,000. In 1869 an eligible site between Harper and Boundary streets, near the western boundary of the city of Augusta, was selected, mainly through the influence of Dr. Lewis D. Ford, the second president of the association. An elegant ho:n;~e was here built by Mr. W. H. Goodrich after plans furnished by :M:r. D. B. Woodruff. It was begun in December, 1870, and completed in December, 1873. In 1889 this building was destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt by Jl,fr. Charles B. Allen, after plans frunished by Mr. Lewis F. Goodrich, the son of the builder of the old home. It was reoccupied by the children in December, 1890. There are connected with this institution a farm and dairy, which made for the year ending Aprlil1, 1900, a net profit of $2,636.77. More than $1,400 of this came from the products of the dairy. These were. 5,023 gallons of milk at 20 cents a gallon ................ $1,004 60 1,330-! pound!s of butter at 30 cents a pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 15 68 loads of compost from cow yards at 50 cents a load. . . . . 34 00

Total dairy products ...... ....................... $1,437 75

The farm supplied the following values at market prices:

.

Potatoes, corn and other vegetables .................... :-:$503 25

578 watermelons at 5 cents each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 90

1267 cantaloupes at 3 cents each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 01

And the following field crops :

Oats, rye, vetch and green feed ........................ . 98 00

25 tons of cured oats at $15 a ton ...... . ............... . 375 00

15 tons of peavine hay at $13 a ton ...................... . 195 00

Corn and fodder ..................... ................ . 30 00

Total value of products .......................... $2,705 91
18 ga

406

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Purchased during year seven cows .......... $234 00 Sold :five cows ................ $130 70 Butchered four calvoo . weigh:ing
243 pounds at 12c. a pound.... 29 16 Sold one calf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 00-$164 86

Debit $ 69 14 Debit .......................................... $ 69 14

$2,636 77

The larger boys of the home have their hours for school, for work on the farm, and for recreation. The girls have their hours for school, for work in the cutting, :fitting and making department, and for recreation. They also take their turn at cooking and general ho'Isework.
The Orphan Home of the North Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, is located at Decatur, in DeKalb county, about eight miles from the city of Atlanta. It was founded in 1867. The plan was originated by Rev. Jesse Boring, M.D., and D.D. The home has no endowment and depends upon the voluntary contributions of the people. Yet it is well maintained, and additions are constantly being made to it9 equipment. The property consists of seven comfortable buildings, prettily situated, and a farm which raises produce for sale in the market after supplying the needs of the home. In addition to going to school the boys w&k ,on the farm, while the girls learn to sew, cook, wash and iron.
The Orphan Horne of the South Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, is located in Vineville, a beautiful suburb of the city of Macon. It was organized June 12, 1873. It has a dairy and farm for the boys, and a cutting, fitting and making department for the girls, who also take their turn at cooking and general housework. The trustees intend adding other departments as they may be able. 0 course all the children attend the school of the home. This institution was first founded as a private benevolent enterprise in 1857 by Mr. Maxwell of Macon. In 1873 it passed into the hands of the South Georgia Conference.
The Appleton Orphan Horne at Macon is the property df the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was built through the Liberality of Mr. Apple-ton of New York.
The Baptist Orphans' Horne at Hapeville, eight miles from the city of Atlanta, is beautifully located in full view of the Central Railroad. There are three main buildings. The central one, known as the Administration Building, fronts the railroad. To the right with a front of 60

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

407

feet and a colonial piazza 40 feet in length, stands the Boys' Cottage, a brick building donated by llfr. F. S. Etheridge of Jackson, Georgii, in honor of his mother. On the opposite side o the lawn stands a similar cottage for the girls, costing the same money and modeled after the same plan, a gift of Judge James R. Brown of Canton, Georgia, in memory of his daughter, Sallie Rice Brown.
Besides attending school the girls are taught to cut and fit clothing, do mending and repairing, housework, washing and iiToning; and the boys are taught to cultivate the fields, clean the premises, cut wood and make fires.
Within the past year $500 worth of produce of the farm has been sold, this being the surplus left after supplying the wants of the orphanage.
The Hebrew Orphan Home is located in the city of Atlanta, under the auspices of the Hebrews of Georgia, and supported by their congregations in the State. The Abram's Home in Savannah, is one of their most noted benevolent institutions.

CHAPTER XV.
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS OF GEORGIA.
When, on the 12th day of February, 1733, the first settlers under the lea.d of James Edward Oglethorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff, they were accompanied by Dr. Henry Herbert, a clergyman of the Church of England. In March of the next year a body of Salzburgers from Germany landed at Savannah. At Ebenezer in Effingham county, they built the first Lutheran Church in Georgia. Of this church the first pastor was the Rev. John Martin Bolzius. In 1786 there were three Lutheran churches in Georgia, one at Ebemezer, one at Goshen and one !in Savannah.
Rev. Henry Herbert, pastor of the Episcopal Church at Savannah, was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Quincy, and he was followed by John Wesley in 1736, and George Whitefield in 1738. Charles Wesley accompanied his brother John to Georgia. The two W esleys and Whitefield are renowned as the founders of the powerful and influential body of Christians known as Methodists, though neither one of them ever separated himself from the Church of England, in which the three were ordained ministers. When in 1755 the trustees surrendered their charter to the cvorwn and Georgia became a royal province, the Church of England (Episcopal), was declared to be the established church of the colony. Parishes were formed, in three of which were churches; onein Savannah, one in Augusta and one in what is now Burke county. The three counties of Chatham, Richmond and Burke were at that time known as Christ Church Parish, St. Paul's Parish-and St. George's Parish. Part of what iis now Chatham county was known as St. Philip's Parish. OutsiCLe of Savannah, the churches were supplied with missionaries sent out by the "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." The . Revolution caused a temporary abando!nment of the field by the Church of England and, as far as can be ascertained, there was no organized Episcopal Church in Georgia for nearly twenty years after the establishment of independence. The first bishop of this church who visited Georgia was Bishop Dehon of Soo.th Carolina, who came in 1815, toconsecrate the new building for Christ Church, where he confirmed a class of sixty. Th!ig was the first confirmation ever held in Georgia. In 1840 the Rev. Stephen Elliott waa elected the first bishop o:f the diocese, which
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NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL AT MILLEDGEVILLE.

GEORGIA: HISTORICA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

411

office he held until his death in 1866. He was succeeded by Rev. John W. Beckwith in 1867, upon whose de,ath the Rev. Cleland Kinloch Nelson was elected bishop.
As early as 1735 a colony of Scotch Presbyterians settled at New Inverness, now Darien, in Mcintosh county, at the mouth of the Altamaha ri.ver. Their pastor was Rev. John McLeod. The Independent Presbyterian Church of Savannah was organized about the yerur 1765. The first presbytery was held at Liberty Church in Wilkes county, March 16, 1797. The names of the ministers constituting it were John Newton, John Springer, Robert M. Cunningham, Moses Waddell and William Montgomery. The Synod of Georgia now embraces five presbyteries, extending over all sections of the State.
It has already been mentioned that John Wesley, the founder of Methodism came to Georgia, accompanied by his brother Charles in 1736, and that he was followed by George Whitefield in 1738. This may properly be regarded as the introduction of Methodism into America, although it was many years later when the church of that name was formally establiished on the Western Continent. Mr. Wesley used to refer to the coming- of himself and brother and of Mr. Whitefield to America as the "second rise of Methodism." Georgia in her infancy had the ministry of John and Charles Wesley, Benjamin Ingham, George Whitefield, Delamotte and Cornelius Winter, men whose names are familiar in the early history of the Methodist movement. The Methodist Episcopal Church of America was organized in Baltimore in 1784 on account of the separation of the colonies from Great Britain. Mr. Wesley, acting in accorrdance with his views of church polity, orrdained Dr. Thomas Coke as superintendent. He came to America and set apart Rev. Francis Asbury as superintendent or bishop of the Meth-
odist societies in this country. In 1785 Methodist m:jnisters entered
Georgia at Augusta, coming from North Carolina and Virginia. Soon afterwards Georgia was included in the South Carolina Conference. The first circuit extended from the city of Savannah to Wilkes county. Among the most prominent pioneer preachers were James Foster, Thomas Humphries, John Major, Hope Hull, John Garvin, Stith Mead and Levi Garretson. As early as 1805 Dr. Lovick Pierce was an active itinerant Methodist preacher in Georgia. His son George F. Pierce, one of the most renowned pulpit orators of the world, became a bishop in the Methodist Church. In 1830 the Georgia Conference was formed. In 1840 the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States divided into two general conferences. The church in the Southern States has since that time been known as the Methodist Episcopal Church, So~th.

412

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

By 1866 the Georgia Conference had become too large and was divided into the North and South Georgia Conferences. .
The first Baptist in Ge{)ll'gia, of whom there is any account, was Nichol~ Begewood, in 1757. This gentleman was an agent of White~ field's Orphan House near Savannah. As far as has been ascertained, the first Baptist Church organized in Georgia was in 1772, at Kiokee Meeting-House, where Appling, in Columbia county, now stands, under the ministry Df Rev. Daniel Marshall, at that time the only ordained Baptist minister in Georgia. In the year 1794 Messrs. Jonathan Clarke, George Mosse, Thomas Polhill and David Adams proposed the erection of a house of worship for the Baptists of Savannah, who at that time numbered not more than eight or ten. They were encouraged to take this step by Rev. Mr. Reese, a Baptist minister from Wales, who visited Savannah. Accordingly by the help of their Christian brethren of other denominations a Baptist Church was erected in 1795, under the superintendence of Ebenezer Hills, John Millen, Thomas Polhill, John Hamilton, Thomas Harrison and John R. RYberds, us trustees.
In 1796, as they had no pastor, they rented their church to the Pres-byterians whose house of worship had been destroyed by fire. The Presbyterians occupied it for three years, when the Rev. Henry Holcombe became the pastor of the Baptist Church of Savannah. Under his ministry the member~hip was greatly increased. The Georrgia Baptist Convention was organized in 1822 at Powelton, Hancock county. Rev. Jesse Mercer was Moderator of the first meeting of the convention. Other prominent ministers of this denomination of the early period were Edmund Bottsford and Silas Mercer.
There is another denomination whose members, like the Baptists, hold to immersion as the only method of Christian baptism, but who refuse to .be called by wny other n'ame than that of Christians or Disciples. One of their founders was the pious and learned Alexander Campbell oi Kentucky.
The Congregationalists, though :few in numbers, are zealous and enteil'prising.
The Unitarians are not yet very strong in Georgia; neither are the Universalasts.
The first Roman Catholic church established in Georgia was at Locust Grove iin Taliaferro county, seven miles from Crawfordville, by a colony o Catholics from Maryland in 1794. Soon afterwards a number oi Catholics who were refugees from the terrible massacres of St. Domingo, settled in Savannah and Augusta, and a priest, who came with them, went to Locust Grove. He was, as far as the record goes, the first Roman

GJJJORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

413

Catholic clergyman that ever officiated as pastor or a church in Georgia.
This State and the two Carolin:as were su'bjeet to' -the See of Baltimore until July 11, 1820. At that time these three States were raised to.a diocese by the appointment of Dr. John England, who was the first Catholic bishop of Charleston. There was at that time but one Roman Catholic Church with regular services in Georgia. That one was in Augusta-those at Locust Grove arid Savannah being Wlithout pastors. Georgia was made a distinct diocese November 10, 1850, and Rev. Dr. Gartland was appointed the first bishop with residence at Savannah. He was succeeded after his death by Bishops Barry, Verot and Persico. On April 27, 1873, Rev. William H. Gross was appointed bishop.
The following statistical table of the leading Christian: denomina:. tions in Georgia for the yeai-1900 will prove interesting and instructive:

BAPTIST 0HURCH IN GEORGIA

I I ~~~f Church I Buildings Value

Orda.inedl Preachers

.

~~-

1Bunda. !Number ofl
Schoofs ( Pupils

Vpa~l~u~e!o~f~a-ll

~121- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 wCohliotreeBd aBpat.ipsttisst.s.... .

I 1,s221 12,,0580601 .. .. .... .... ....

1,000 117953,,0208001- - 5-00

4351,,0o050z-Alobv-oeru-t ss-.o9o0.-o0,,o0-o0o0

Total.. ........ ..

3,586.... ... .

2,322 368,230

1,212

76,052

$3,900,000

METHODISTS IN GEORGIA

.a, Ordained

~
<l

Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

Preachers

.,_

.. 3 <l~ 01

~e

0 0

..0..

)1
....
.0..
~ai.S,
z""'

:s
~
.<.0.:1.
".<:1
0

...",'
., ., t>C <l
" " " " 0
:> p~; :>

..,. _~

._<:.!",'
..0..1o".
c;~

0"'
0
.<:1
0

-""'.0,o~ ...
oil .<:I P.O

"~ '

~
<l
"!1.l

l

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nsoourtthh

Georgia Georgia

Conference Conference

276 199
-

299 224
-

575 428

99,009 62,688

s s 771 1,091,780 176$ 223,435 667,424

617 885,662 121
---

159,600

78,446

740 50,9U 561 30,929

Total. ....... .. ....... 475 528 998 161,647 1,388 $1,977,462 297$ 388,235$ 745,870 1,301 80,863

M ethodlst E ~ i s c o p a I

Church (cal ed in Geor-

~i:tsf~~~~~~~' . ~-~ t~-~: color.ed M. E. Church of

29

41

70

3,460

77

52,107 10

4,000 ... ....... 56 3,848

America (set off from the

M. E. Church, South):

Nsoqurtthh

Georgia Georgia

Conference Conferenoe

97 188 197 295

285 492

9,902 14,459

A frican M, E. Church ..... 500 300 600 80,000

i,ooo;ooo 291
591



3102 '."...'.".'."..'. ...... .... ......

5,677 7,440

950

300 100,000 600,000 500 20,009

-- --- -- -- p

rotestant timated)

Methodists (es.................

-....

....
-

-....

-8-,00-0



-...-...-..-..

-....

----

...... ....

......



. Total. .......... ....... 1298.1347 2645 271,966 8,205 ,3,029,569 649$ 487,235.8 1,345,870 1,857 117,828

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN GEORGIA

Ordained Mhlisters.

Number of

Total

Sunday-school

Churches. Communicants. Scholars.

White ........ .. .............. ..

110

211

- - - - - Color.ed .. ............_........ ..

23 - - -2-6 - -

TotaL ........... . ........ .

133

237

16,138 1,892 18,030

10,346 2,253 12,599

414

GEORGIA.: HIS'l'ORIOA.L A.ND INDUS'l'RIA.L.

The Presbyterians have much valuable Church property; but the exact figures were not available. The money raised by Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians for missions and for benevolent and educational purposes run up into the millions.

CoNGREGATIONALIST CHURCH

..... .,

rO~
"'"'d"~"~~'
"'"... ~
0)-ii

c.;..o..o.
p"s'P"s'
z""~'

,qgb
.o"".r..":".":8~-' 1"1

.;
"OJ
~

.o..g.;,,
P"'<o::
z"EpJ'o";o

.;
O"J
~

~.db
,r::o~ ~0..<1)
o::lA
~62 --< fl.<

..... .....

"'- so::,.2 s< ol..,.o~u)
2~0

0
o..ai
.a~

z"""'""' ~fl.<

I 14,7141 I I 14,284 White and Colored ............. 66

65 $ 100,0001 7 $ 6,5ooj $ 465,0001 66

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE DIOCESE OF GEORGIA

Ordained Preachers.

Number of Members.

Number of Church
Buildings.

Number of Parsonages.

Number of Sunday-School
Pupils.

Value of all Church Property.

Bishops ... 1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Priests.... .47 White .......... 7,090
Deacons... 6 Colored . . . . . . . . 886

.1.3..7

Total. ..... 54 Total ......... 7,976

137

29

White ...... 3,437 $756,679 87

..

Colored .... 969

29

Total.. .... 4,406 $756,679 87

Capital invested for benevolent and educational objects, $315,837.37.

Number of Preachers.
75

CHRISTIAN CHURCH (oR l>ISCIPLES)

-- ----- ~

Number of Members.
------
9,805

Church Buildings.
110

Number of Sunday- Value of all Church

School Pupils.

Property.

3,147

$146,200

RoMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE DIOCESE OF GEORGIA.

Secular Priests ... 15 Number of Church Edi- Value. Parsonages.

Priests of Reli- Members. flees ....... 26

gious Orders .... 25

Chapels ..... 14 $500,000

13

- 20,000

-

Total. ......... 40

Tqtal. ..... 40

Value. $50,000

Sund""YSchools.
10

Pupils. 2,500

'l.'hree Orphan Homes, valued at $20,000.

The Hebrews in Georgia constitute an enterprising law-abiding class o the population, and are found in all the cities and important towns. They number about 6,200, have handsome synagogues in all the large cities and several benevolent institutions in the State.

GOVERNOR ALLEN D. CANDLER.

CHAPTER XVI.
STATE GOVERNMENT.
The government of Georgia, like that of all the other States of the Union, is republican in form, and is divided into three departments, the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial.
The executive, m administrative branch otfthe governmetnt, is placed in the hands of .the Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller-General, Treasurer, Attorney-General, Commissioner of Agriculture and State School Commissioner elected by the people, Principal Keeper of the Penitentiary, a Railroad Commission and a Pardon Board appointed by the Governor. The Governor is vested with the veto power.
The legislative department consists of a Senate and House of Rrepresentatives, the members of both houses being elected by a direct vote of the people. The State :Us divided mto forty-four senatorial districts from each of which one senator is elected. The members of the House of Representatives are elected from the counties in proportion to population, the more populous counties having three representatives.
The Judicial department consists of the Supreme Court with three justices, the superior court, the court of ordinary, and the justice courts. In addition to these, city and county courts are cr~ated by special act, and vested with limited jurisdiction and powers.
The Supreme Court is the court of last resort and has no original jurisdiction. The superior court may be termed a court of general jurisdiction, though its jurisdiction does not extend to all cases. In certain cases it has also appellate jurisdiction. The comt of ordinary is the probate court, with general powers relative to county matters. The justice courts have jurisdiction in civil cases arising out of contract and damage to personal property, provided the amount does not exceed $100. In criminal cases it is a committing court. Under the conservation and safe administration of the State's affairs for many consecutive years, aided by wise enactments of the legislature, Georgia's :finances have been brought out of the chaos in which war and reconstruction left them, and now her credit stands as high as that of any State in the Union.
The constitution of the State adopted in 1877 guards well the rights of the people and prevents extravagant appropriations by the legislature.
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418

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The laws enacted give proper protection to individual and corporate capital without any injustice to the laborer. There is no interference by the legislature with the right of contract, except where humanity demands it. In upholding and enforcing the law the courts and the governOT have the moral support of the community. . Never, except in the case of a most .heinous, unmentionable crime, has the right of trial by jury been violated, and even then under the most exasperating circumstances no Georgia mob has even been guilty of the exce,sses perpetrated by the Illinois mobs in the spring of 1900, or the mob at Akron, Ohio, in August of the same year.
Although the power of taxation is vested in the legislature, the abuse of it is wisely guarded against by the State Constitution. No taxes can be levied by the legislature except for the support of the govern~nt and public institutions, the payment of principal and interest of the public debt, to suppress insurrections or repel invasion, to pension under cer-. tain restrictions Confederate soldiers and the widows of Conferedate soldiers, and to provide a system of elementary education. The Constitution provides that taxation shall be uniform on all classes and ad valorem on property. For educational purposes a poll-tax of one dollar is provided.
Public property, colleges, schools, churches, cemeteries, literary associations and public libraries, paintings and statuary not for sale, are exempted from taxation.
County ta..'<:ation is limited to public works, court expenses, prisons, the debt existing at the time of the.adoption of the Comtitution. A twothirds vote is required to increase the debt of any county or municipality, and the amount of the debt must n:ot exceed seven per cent. of the assessed value of p~~erty. Counties and municipalities are not allowed to be'come stockholders in any corporation, and are forbidden to lend or give except to charities and schools. All taxes mUISt be collected under general laws. The property, real or personal, of citizens of the United States not residing in Georgia cannot be taxed higher than the property of residents.
No foreign corporation is allowed to own more than 5,000 acres of land without first becoming a corporation of the State under her laws.
Conveyances of real estate are made by deed, which must be signed by the maker, attested by at least two witnesses, delivered to the purchaser or some one for him, and founded on a valuable or good consideration. No special'form is required. It as sufficient, if it states clearly the transaction between the parties. A deed executed out of the State, in order to be entitled to recOTd, must be attested by a commissioner of deeds for

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

419

the State of Georgia, a counsel qr vice-counsel of the United States, a

judge of a court of record, with the certificate under seal of the clerk

of the court to the genuineness of the signature of such judge. If the

deed is executed tin the State, it cannot be recorded, until attested by a

judge of a court of record, or a justice of the peace, or a notary public,

or a clerk of the superior court.

,

In the case of the last named officers, the deed must be attested in the

county where they hold office. If not so attested at the time of its ex&.

cution, it maybe acknowledged before any of these officers and the fact

certified on the deed. If it has not been so attested or acknowledged, it

may become entitled to record upon the affidavit of a subscrib!ing wit-

ness before either of the officers testifying to the execution and attesta-

tion of the deed. If the witnesses are dead or incapacitated, the affi-

davit of a third party to the execution or genuineness of the signature of

the witness or witnesses will admit it to record. Deeds to evade the

usury law, or a part of a usurious contract, are void.

. The legal rate of interest in Georgia is seven per cent. though by

spe0ial contract eight per cent. may be charged. Any rate above that is

considered usury, the penalty for which is the forfeiture of the excess of

interest.

By law certain liens are established.

1. State, counties, and municipal corporations for taxes.

2. Decrees and judgments of the courts.

3. Laborers' special lien on the products o their labor, and generally

on the property of theU- employer.



4. Special liens of landlord for any necessaries furnished to tenants

for the purpose of making a crop or supporting their families, such lien

being upon crops made during the year in which such supplies were fur-

nished. They have also a general lien for rent.

5. Lien held by mechanics on property manufactured or r~paired, for

material furnished or work done.

G. Innkeepers, carriers, stable-keepers, pawnees, and depositaries have

liens on special property in their possession.

7. Mechanics, contractors, material men, manufacturers, including

corporations, have liens on railroads, factories, houses, etc., for material

furnished or for work done.

The gen.eral rule is that liens must be enforced by suits within one

year.

The statutes of limitations fix certain limits on the time in which

actions must be brought, as follows: instruments .under seal, twenty

JE>ars; statutory rights, twenty years; promissory notes not under seal

420

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

and other simple contracts in writing, six years; contracts not in writing

m11l open accounts, four years; foreign judgments, five years; domestic

judgments, seven years without execution issued, with docketed seven

;,;tars from the last entry on the execution. Dormant judments may be

1evived by scire fac~as within three years from dormancy; suits against

administrators, guardians, executors o~ trustees, except om.: their bonds,

ten years; suits to recover trust property, three years after the removal

of the disability; trespasses or damages to realty or personalty, four

years; personal i!lljuries, two years; injuries to reputatti.on, qui tam ac-

tions of informers, and claims against a county, one year; against dis-

charged administrator by the heirs or distributees, five years.

The extreme penalty of the law for murder is death or imprisonment

for life. For capital offenses other than murder the limit of impr:ison-

ment is seven years; for all other felonies, four years; for misdemeanors,

two years.

All promises to answer in any way for the debts of others, in order to

be binding, must be in writing, signed by the party to be bound, orr his

authorized agent.



The homestead laws differ materially from those of most States, being

somewhat in the nature of a trust estate in charge of the court for the

benefit of dependents, which becomes subject to debts when the con-

ditions and purposes for which it was created cease to exist.

Due precaution is taken to prevent fraud on the part of debtors in dis-

posing of and conceding their property. While statutory proceedings in

attachment and garnishment are allowed upon the usual grounds, the

wages of daily, weekly and monthly laborers are excepted from garnish-

ment.

The rights of creditors are favored by the' courts and every facility for

the collection of debts has been made.

In the making of a will no particular form is required. All wills, ex-

cept nuncupative, must be in writing, signed by the maker, or in his

presence and by his direction. Every Will must be attested by three com-

petent witnesses in the presence of the testator. All wills disposing of real

property in the State, in order to be entitled to p_robate, must be executed

with the same formality as if made in the State. Bequests to any kind

of institutions must be executed at least ninety days before the death of

the testato:r, and must not so dispose of more than a third of the estate, if

the testator has a wife, child, or descendants. If any, bequest violates

this rule, it is null and void.

The legal age at which marriage may be contracted is seventeen in

males and fourteen in females. Under eighteen in females the consent

DR. THOS. P. JANES, First Commissioner of Agriculture.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

423

of the parents must be obtained. Marniage within the Levitical degrees of affinity and consanguinity are forbidden.
Miscegenation, or marriage between the white and colored races, is forbidden.
The divO!r'ce laws are better than those of many States, -in that they make the sundering of the marriage tie no easy matter.
The property rights of the wife, both real and personal, are fully protected by the law.
Banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express, and telegraph companies, formerly chartered by the General Assembly are now chartered by the Secretary o State upon petition, and are given by statute the powers usually conferred upon such oompanies. Other corporations are chartered by the superior court in the county wheTe their principal office is located.
The Comptroller-General is ex officio Insurance Commissioner, and a license from him, granted only upon certain conditions, is required o-f all companies, and to him statements of the assets and: liabilities of the com~ panies must be made. No security is reqUired of purely mutual life companies. Fire insurance companies are required to make a deposit of $25,000 'in cash or approved bonds, and life insurance (stock) coo:npanies must make a deposit o $100,000.
re- The State Treasurer is by law the State Bank Examiner, and is
quired to examine each bank at least once a year, and to him is made a quarterly statement which is required to be published. The general banking laws of Georgia furnish the depositors excellent _pro~ection against fraudulent loss. One of these laws forbids their lending to their officers without good collateral, and except on collateral no more than ten per cent. of their capital can be loaned to any one person. Cash assets must not be reduced below 25 per cent. of the deposits. Every precaution is taken against any possibility o fraud.
Pure food laws protect the people o the State against adulterated: and unwholesome foods of any kind.
The propagation o fish is confided to the Commissioner o Agriculture, who is authorized to employ a superintendent o fisheries, who, under the direction of the commissioners, shall have charge of the prop-
agation o fish.
In all the rivers o Georgia, in which shad are caught, there is a "closed time" o forty-eight hours each week, from sunrise on Saturday to sunrise on the foUo,wing Monday, during which no shad or other migratory fish are allowed to be caught by any meims whatever No shad are allowed to be taken by any means whatever except between the

424

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

first day of J a~uary and the twentieth day of .April of each year, except for spawnmg purposes.
The game laws protect birds and all othe game against hunters during certain specified seaso.ns.
The Commissioner of .Agriculture is charged with the execution of the quarantine laws for the protection of cattle against Texas fever and the cattle tick. For a thorough understanding of this subject we publish the bulletin on Cattle Quarantine Laws, published by the Department of .Agriculture.

.AUTHORITY FOR MAKING RULES .AND REGULATIONS.
AN. ACT,
To protect the cattle of this State from all contagious or infectious diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of .Agriculture of this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make such rules and regulation as he may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this .Act, to prohibit the driving of diseased cattle.through said State, or cattle calculated to spread disease, to provide a penalty for violation of same, an<l fo.r other purposes.
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE'S DUTY.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of same, That the Commissioner of .Agriculture of this State shall immediately upon the passage of this .Act, and from time to time thereafter, ascertain in what sections of this State cattle are free from contagious or infectious diseases and splenetic fever.
QUARANTINE FOR CATTLE.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That wherever the cattle of any section of this State are foond to be free from contagious and infectious diseases and splenetic fever, said Commissioner of .Agriculture is hereby authorized, empowered and required to establish and maintain such quarantine lines, and to make and enforce such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the protection of such cattle.
CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER STATES.
Soo. 3. Be it further enacted by the authority a!foresaid, That the said Commissioner shall co-operate with the officials of other States, and with the Secretary of .Agriculture of the United States in establishing such

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

425

quarantine lines, rules and regulations as he shall deem proper and best for the protection of the cattle of this State free from any of the diseases referred to in the fOTegoing sections of this Act.

PENALTY.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That any person or persons, company or corporation who shall vio,late any quaran tine provisions, rules or regulations established by the Commissioner of ..A.gl'iculture <Jif this State, under the authority conferred by this Act, shall be guilty of, and, upon conviction, punished as for a misdemeanor.
Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 20, 1899.

PROCLAMATION OF THE RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR TH E CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE.

To Whom it May Concern:

In accordance with the authority and power conferred by the General

Assembly of Georgia in the Act No. 374, laws of 1899, entitled, "An

Act to protect the cattle of the State from all contagious or infectious

diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of Agriculture o:f

this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make

such rules and regulations as he may deem proper and necessary for the

purpose of carrying out the provisions ,of this Act, to provide penalties

for violation of the same, and for other purposes," I, 0. B. Stevens,

Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, after due inquiry

into the conditions of cattle-raising in this State and the prevalence of

communicable cattle diseases, do hereby set forth and declare the follow-

ing rules and regulations fOT the control of contagious or infectious dis-

eases of cattle in the State of Georgia.

April 30, 1901.

(Signed)

0. B. STEVENS,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

RULES AND REGULATIONS .
The term cattle used in these regulations shall include bulls, oxen, steers, cows, heifers, yearlings and calves.
The terms "contagious" or "infectious diseases" shall include all diseases ,o1f cattle which are commun:icable from animal to animal; for example, contagious abortion, tuberculosis, (actinomycosis), anthrax, rabies, or splenetic fever (including red water, bloody murrain, acclimation disease, Tecxas cattle fever, tick fever, and other local names).

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Section 1. Whenever any contagious or infectiollls disease of cattle shall exist in any portion of this State, the infected cattle or infected material which may convey disease, or both, or animals which may have come in contact with such disease, shall be quarantined on the premises or in lots or buildings in which they may be found, until such time as danger from the spread of disease has passed, all necessary disinfection is completed, and they are released by order of the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Sec. 2. The annual regulations and amendments thereof of the United States Department of Agriculture concerning Interstate cattle transportatio.n are hereby adopted as a portion of these regulations during such time as said regulations are in force.
Sec. 3. No cattle shall be transported, driven or caused to be driven, or allowed to stray from any place in the quarantine district in this State, into the districts exempted from the Federal quarantine by the United States Secretary of Agriculture between such dates as the Secretary and the Commissioner of Agriculture shall determine upon; Provided, that this order shall not apply to cattle transported by rail, consign~d through such exempted districts to other States, which are transported in accordance with the Federal regulations relating to Interstate transportation of cattle.
Sec. 4. No cattle originating in the area of other States prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States as having a contagious or infectious disease, known as splenetic or Southern fever, among its cattle, shall be transported, driven or caused to be driven,- or allowed to stray at any time of the year across or jnto any portion of this State in which cattle are declared by the said Secretary of Agricultl1re as being exempted in whole or in part from the operations of the Federal regulations concerning transporta.tion of cattle originating in certain areas; Provided, this sectiO!Ill sh~ll not apply tointerstate traffic in cattle by 'l"ail or by boat transacted in accordance with the Federal regulations relating thereto, or to uninfected cattle exempted by special permit of the United States Secretary of Agriculture; Provided further, that betweoo such dates and under such regulations as may be agreed upon by the said Secretary of Agriculture and the Commissioner of Argiculture of this State, cattle may be transpotrted, driven, or caused to be driven, or allowed to stray when found free of infection.
Sec. 5. When cattle from the infected areas, as defined by the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture in the annual regulations concerning cattle transportation and the amendments thereof, shall have moved or been moved in violation of these regulations or their amendments, the feeding places, yards, and pasturages upon which the said cattle have been moved shall become infected districts and subject to th e same regulations as other infected areas; the limits of said infected area shall be defined by the extent of range allowed the animals from the infected areas and by the efficiency of the exclusion of other cattle from said infected districts.
Sec. 6. Notice is hereby given that cattle infested with the Boo-

HON. JOHN T. HENDERSON, SECOND COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

429

philus Bovis, or Southern cattle tick, disseminate the contagion of spleneticfever; therefore cattle which rure found in the exempted dli.stricts infested with tick (Boophilus Bovis) shall be considered as infectious cattle.
Sec. 7. Such infectious cattle, or cattle suspected of being infectious, shall be kept in close quarantine and not admitted to the public road or free range until such time as they are disinfected or proven to be unin~ fected, and permission is granted by the Commissioner of Agriculture for their removal.

SPECIAL ORDER NO. 1.

Whereas, the cattle owners of Gilmer, Fannin, Union, Towns and

Rabun counties have appealed to this Department for protection of their

cattle from splenetic fever and cattle ticks, and it appears that the cattle

of a greater portion of said counties are free from these pests, it is hereby

ordered:

SectiOln 1. That no cattle shall be driven into the counties of Gilmer,

Fannin, Union, Towns and Rabun from any part of this State in which

the cattle are declared infected with splenetic fever infection by the

United States Secretary of Agriculture, or from any other State or por-

tion thereof in which the cattle are declared infected until such cattle

are exempted from the quarantine regulations by the said Secretary of

Agriculture.

Sec. 2. That all cattle within the aforesaid area which are infested

with cattle ticks, or which are suspected! of being infected with such

ticks, shall be placed in close quarantine and not allowed on the public

roads or at large until such a time as shall be proven that they are not

so infested, and they shall be released by order of the Commissioner of

Agriculture.

The Commissioner will, upon application of the Ordinary or cattle

owners of any county, temporarily forbid the entrance of cattle from

any infected county or district until such time as danger of infection

from said county or district is past. This local quarantine will be pub-

lished in local newspapers and sufficient notices will be posted on the

public roads.



Georgia Department of Agriculture.

Federal Cattle Quarantine Line.

Special Regulation No. 1.

Authorized by Georgia Laws of 1899, No. 374, "Protection of cattle

against infectious diseases."

On and after this date no cattle (bulls, steers, oxen, cows, heifers,

yearlings or calves) shall be led, driven, or caused to be driven, allowed

to stray or can-ied in any manner into the counties of Gilmer, Fannin,

Union, Towns and Rabun.

Violation of the above is a misdemeanor.

By order of

0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner.

Atlanta, Ga., April 30, 1901.

1n ga

430

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRI~.

DUTIES OF CATTLE INSPECTORS.

1. To see that the Rules and Regulations this day issued by the

Com.mi:ssioner of Agriculture of Georgia, found in another portion of

this bulletin, be strictly enforced and carried out.

2. To locate all territory in your division or district of this State

that may now 'OX hereafter become infested with fever ticks. Take any

legal steps necessary to prevent the ticks from spreading therefrom to

any other territory in Georgia.

3. Place all infested cattle and pastures in quarantine, and report

same, giving location of infested areas to the State Commissioner of

Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia.



4. Use all possible means to the end of exterminating the ticks on

such infested farms or areas. Urge the cattlemen to grease them ~d

care for their cattle, looking to the prevention of furthex propagation

of the tick.

5. Advise the burning over, both in fall or spring, of all infested

pastures or ranges with a view to the destructron of the cattle tick.

You will be held strictly to account for any trouble arising from the

neglect of these instructions.

This April 30th, 1901.

.

N ote.-Oattle inspectors reeeive salary from the State department,

and cannot make any charges for inspecting cattle.

TEXAS FEVER AND CATTLE TICK.
No disease to which our cattle are susceptible has such an important bearing upon the cattle interests of the Southern States as "Southern Cattle Fever" or "Texas Fever." For this reason we have deemed it wise to issue from this department a short bulletin giving the salient points of the cause, history and present conditions, with a few common sense suggestions as to the prevention of this dread disease, known as the "Texas Fever." To a very large degree this disease prohibits the importation into our Southern country of pure bred animals frorrn areas north of the United States' quarantine line of which we may be desirous for the building up of our dairy and beef cattle interests. Besides it has resulted in a barrier being placed by the Federal authorities known as the "Federal Quarantine Line" for the protection of Northern cattle against the exportation of our Southern stock to Northern markets, except these cattle be carried by rail or boat for immediate slaughter, which cripples to a great degree the Southern cattle industry on acoo:unt of this cattle disease. It has been proved by experiment that when ticks which have been living on the blood of our Southern cattle are transported to latitudes north of the Federal Quarantine Line and become attached to cattle in those sections, or when Northern cattle from above the quarantine line are brought South and subjected to infection by ticks from our stock, the animals will contract this malady, which proves that the tick is the means through which the contagion is conveyed. Now, what we are most interested in, is hOIW to

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

431

get rid of the tick, for W'hen we destroy this pest we remove the source of this dreadful disease, which is called by many names, to wit: "Murrain.
Bloody Murrain, Red Water, Yellow Water, Black Water, .Acclimating Fever, etc., and according to the authorities all Otf these diseases are nothing more nor less than the Texas or Southern Cattle Fever. Nearly; all authmities agree that this Bovine tick fever is a specific fever, communicated not in a direct manner from one animal to another, but indirectly through the medium of cattle from infected pastures, roads and other places, and in an indirect manner conveying the disease to susceptJir. ble animals which are exposed to those infected surroundings.
When it is known that beef cattle above the Federal Quarantine Line are worth from one to one and one-half cents per pound more than the same grade of cattle below the line, our people in GeorgUB. can readily see the enormous profits they have lost for years past. By virtue of the fact that most of the counties of our State are tick infested they will see the importance of energetic, systematic and judicious work looking to the suppression of this dreaded pest named by Dr. Cooper Curtice the Boophilus Bovis.

WHEN AND WHERE THE TICK IS FOUND.
The cattle tick is :ound in warm weather. in most of the States that lie south of the 35th paralle'l of latitude. During the heat of summer the Northern distribution is sometimes extended into Northern markets, but it is killed off in the fall or early winter months. In mild 'winters the tick may be found at any time of the year in South Georgia, but in some of the counties in extreme North Georgia the tick is practically exterminated by the frosts of winter and does not reappear until brought back in the course of cattle traffic. In severe winters this extermination extends further southward.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TICKS.
Dr. Cooper Curtice gives the following description of ticks: "The fact that at least three species of ticks may be fo.und on cattle and that one is disease bearing and outlawed, would seem to complicate matters. The existence of the other two species, however, enters very little into the problem practically, :for they are easily told apart and are quite different in habits. ,".All these ticks look alike, especially the large :females, which are those usually seen. They are often as large as a castor oil bean seed, and usually leaden blue in color; have a soft, leathery body provided with four pairs o:f little legs and a hard little head with movable mouth parts. The three varieties can be distinguished by a glance at their heads. In the cattle tick the color is solid chestnut brown. In the variety that also pesters people, hol'!Ses and dogs, the head has a little bright, often golden, spot at its back edge, :from which it has gained the name 'l{)ne star tick,' 'pass or spot tick.' The third variety, which

432

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

is often found on deer, dogs and other animals, has the head nearly white or with a whiite margin. It is commonly called 'deer tick,' 'dog tick' or 'bear tick.' These characters will always serve to distinguish the species. While the male, which is an inconspicuous little fellow~ always accompanies the female, his presence is of no practical importance, sin:ce it is the female which attracts our attention and against which all efforts must be made. Their resemblance, especially in the head parts, to the females, and their association with females, enables, the observer to readily claJSSify them.
"The lone star tick and the dog tick usually attach themselves to animals when the latter are going through the woods or in marshy places,. while the cattle tick rarely gets on man, or other animals save possibly horses, and is always found in pastures where cattle have spread them.
"The star tick and the dog tick usually get about the ears, dewlap and sides of cattle, while cattle ticks are most .numerous on the lower edge of the derwlap, along the underparts and on the thighs of the cattle. This :ii!l because the little ticks are the most numerous where the cow& rest and get 0'11 them from short grass.
"The lone star and the dog 1Jick are most commonly found froon June to August, and then seem to disappear. They are soon followed by 'seed ticks,' which get upon one walking through the pastures and sink their heads beneath the skin. Often at the same time the 'middling' or 'yearling,' an intermediate size between the seed and adult tick, is encountered. These are but different stages otf either of the above ticks. Cattle ticks are not numerous in the spring, but rapidly increase' in numbers as the seasons wear, or until they are said to literally shingle the cows by their hosts. The same steps o growth occur as in the other species, but they rarely if eve'r gelt uporu people rund spend thetir whole existence upon the cattle. It thus happens that the careful inve.,tigator tnay find all the stages from the seed tick, which may be seen by very close examination, up to the unsightly adult female."

LIFE OF THE CATTLE TICK.
Most authorities Rt,OTee that all cattle ticks come from eggs laid by other ticks, and can only reach maturity on cattle; that the tick drops
from the cow and remains passive a few days, then begins to lay eggs,
and in two weeks she has laid soone two thousand eggs to be hatched out in from three 1Jo six weeks according to the temperature of the
weather.' These eggs are generally deposited under a bunch of grass,
leaves or sticks, being sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. When hatched the young ticks, or "seed ticks," spread out short distances, and
attach themselves to the nearest blade of grass OT twig and collect at
their tops, and there appear to merely exist in wait for their future host -the cow.
After arriving on the cattle they remain there from three to four weeks, when the females become mature, and fall from the cattle to the ground wherever the cattle happen to be when the tick becomes

I-ION. R. T. KESBITT, Third Commissioner of P. griculture.

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

435

mature. Hence the places most frequented by the cattle in the pasturage are where you will find the m01:;t infection, yet any place may become infected provided the cattle pass over it and drop the tick at such a
place. In summing up the life history of the tick Dr. Cooper Curtice says: 1. Ticks are introduced on farms by cattle. 2. Seed ticks appear in from twenty-five days to six weeks. 3. Ticks grow to maturity in about four weeks after they attach
to cattle. 4. Ticks when mature fall to the ground to give rise to new multi-
tudes.

SOME REMEDIAL SUGGESTIONS.
If proper and judicious work be done, theTe is no good reason why the farms and counties of North Georgia should remain tinfected longer than twelve months. In point of fact many militia d]stricts, as well ,as almost entire counties, are practically free of the disease-carrying tick. vVe would not advise the discrimination between ticks, as all ticks -are noxious and loathsome. Early spring is perhaps the best time to begin work, for the destructi<m of a single tick in spring is often the means of preventing thousands from coming into lllife. A female tick which lays from two to twenty-five hundred eggs will likely produce Dne thousand pairs of ticks. One tick in spring or summer will be sufli-' cient to stock a farm of ordinary size in one year. Fields used for growing crops must be considered as uninfected, since frequent plowing and turning over the soil destroys the tick to a large degree. Old fields may be disinfected by burning off the dry grass in early spring and <luring the fall; but we would advise that marshy places and corners and small plots of woods that cannot be burned ()ff be fenced from the cattle, as they would furnish a sufficient numbe'r of ticks to re1infect the whole pasture. If a large area now used fo_r pasturing cattle be divided by a fence and use only one"half of the pasture for cattle, not allowing .cattle to trespass upon the other half of the pasture, thiis method would practically free the latter half of the pasture from ticks in twelve months. If, however, the pasture be small and conditions are not suited to the above method, then the cattle must be carefully and continuously picked during the spripg and summer, using from time' to time sulphur and lard, or any grease that is most convenient. If this hand-picking is continued daily a small farm can be cleaned of the ticks in a short while. Oils and grease, however, have their uses on farms, and aid materially in disinfection, and save labor in the hand-pricking process. A little tar mixed with the grease is advisable. The cattle should be thoroughly rubbed from time to time with these ointments. But there can be no successful extermination of the tick unless the county at 1arge co-operates in this matter, to the extent that the .highways and market places and stock yards shall be kept free of infection. So, if cattJe men generally will carefully comply with the rules and regula-

436

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL Al!ID INDUSTRIAL.

tions and adopt the abave suggestions, they will find that the extermination of the tick is but an easy matter, requliring patience and perseverance, with only a small expense.

SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE.
Dr. Curtice says that experiment and observations show that the majority of cases break out and die in from 10 to 21 days after infection. For the :first few days there is no fever or any indication of the disease, but either on the fifth or sixth day a very high fever breaks out, whi<?h often renders the animal delirious or stupid; their heads droop, their ears lop, cud chewing is suspended, and other signs of ill health follow. They usually die towards the end of the first week of fever, although some last into the second week, while a small percentage survive. The urine of diseased animals is usually deeply stained and appears even dark or black red, resembling the color of coffee. The eyeballs and other mucous membranes show a yellow cast. I the animals survive the attack of fever they remain poor and recover very slowly. The virulence of this disease varies at different seasons of the year, and in different animals. All who may desire to study this question fully from a scientific point we would advise to write to Dr. D. A. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C., for bulletins on Texas fever and cattle tick. I this little bulletin should create an interest in the study of this dlisease and the remedies therefor, and bring about co-operation of the people looking to the suppression of this disease, its object will have been accomplished. Get rid of the tick and you get rid of the disease.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
Much of the data given in this paper is taken from a bulletin from the North Carolina Bureau of Agriculture by Dr. Cooper Curtice, who was at the time of issue State Veterinarian of North Carolina.

FERTILIZER LAWS.
To prevent fraud rund impositio!ll! in the sale of fertilizers, all ferbi.lizers and fertilizer material sold, or offered for sale in the State must be registered, inspected and analyzed. Each bag, barrel or package must have branded thereon, or attached thereto, the guaranteed analysis of th~ manufacturer and dealer. In the event it does not come up to the guarantee, failure of consideration can be plead. All complete fertilizers must contain 2 per cent. of ammon!ia, actual or potential, with ~- aum of not less than 8 per cent. of available phosphoric acid and potAh. Other fertilizers must contain 10 per cent. of available plant food. Pailure to come up to the standard of the State voids the sale.
For the convenience of both manufacturer and consumer, the law . regulating the sale of Commercial Fertilizers, passed and approved October 9th, 1891, is given in full below:

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

437

AN ACT.
To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection, analysis and sale of commercial fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal in the State of GeOO'gia and to repeal all other laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith, and for other purposes.

Seotion I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, That all manufacturers of, or dealers in, commercial fertilizers or chemicals, or cotton-seed meal, to be used in manufacturing the same, who may desire to sell or offer for sale <in the State of Georgia such fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal, shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia the name of each brand of fertilizers or chemicals which he or they may desire to sell in said State, either by themselves or their agents, together with the name of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, and also the guaranteed analysis thereof, and if the same fertilizer is sold under different name.s, said fact shall be so stated; and the different brands that are identical shall be named.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That all fertilizers, or chemicals for manufacturing the same, and all cotton-seed meal offered for sale or dilstribution in this State, shall have branded upon, or attached to; each bag, barrel or package the guaranteed analysis thereof, showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain, embracing the following determinations :

Moisture at 212 deg. Fah............... ,, ... per cent. Insoluble phosphoric acid ...... ,,, ............ per cent. Avaii.lable phosphoric acid .. .............,. ..... per cent. Ammonia, actual and potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per cent. Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per cent.

The analysis so placed upon, or attached to, said fertilizer or chemical snail be a guarantee by the manufacturer, agent or person offering the same for sale that it con'tains substantially the ingredients indicated thereby, <in the percentages name therein, and said guarantee shall be binding on said manufacturer, agent or dealer, and may be pleaded: in any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed
meal. Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture to fOO'bid the sale of either of the following: Any acid phosphate which contains less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid; any acid phosphate with potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and potash when the per cents. of the two are added together; any acid pnooph'ate with ammonia which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and ammonia when the per

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

cellts. of the two are added together; any acid phosphate with ammonia and potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid, ammonia and potash, when the per cents. of , the three are added together; that no brands shall be sold as ammoniated l'luperphosphates unless said brands contain 2 per cent. or more of ammonia. And also to forbid the sale of all cotton-seed meal which is shown by offici:U. analysis to contain less than 7 1-2 per cent. of ammonia. Northing in this act shall be construed to nullify any of the requirements of an act entitled an act to require the inspection and analysis of cotton-seed meal.
Sec. IV. Be ~t further enacted, That all pexsons or firms who may desire or intend to sell fertilizers, chemicals or cottoo-seed meal in this State, shall forward: to the Commissioner of Agriculture a printed or a plainly written request for tags therefor, stating the name of the brand, the name of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, the number of tons of each brand and the number of tags required, and the person or persons to whom the same is consigned, the guaranteed analysis, also the number of pounds contained in each bag, barrel or package in which said fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal is put up, and shall at the time o1 said request for tags forward directly to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sum of ten cents per ton as an inspection fee; whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to iSISue tags to parties so applying, who shall attach a tag to each bag, barrel or package thereof, which, when attached to said bags, barrel or package, shall be prima facie evidence that the sellex has complied with the requirements of this act. Any tags left in possession of the manufacturers or dealers at the end of the season shall not be used for another season, nor shall they be redeemable by the Department of Agriculture.
Sec. V. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any person, :firm or corporation, either by themselves or their agents, to sell or offer for sale in this State any fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal without :first registering the same wi.th the Commissioner of Agriculture, as required by this act, and the fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no pr<Jtection to said party so selling or offering the same for sale.
Sec. VI. Be it further enacted, . That the Oommioner of Agriculture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers, or so many inspectorrs as in said Commissioner's judgment may be necessary, who shall hold their offices for such terms as said Commissioner of Agriculture shall in his judgment think best for carrying out the provisions of this act. The greatest compensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector. It shall be their duty to inspect all fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal that may be found at any point within the limits of this State and go to any point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and! shall see that all fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal are properly tagged.

J-10 ~. 0. IJ. STEVENS COMMlSSIONER OF AGRICULTUR E .

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

441

Sec. VII. Be it :further enacted, That each inspector o:f fertilizers

shall be provided ;with bottles in which to place samples o:f :fertilizers,

chemicals Ql' .ootton seed meal drawn by him, and shall also be prc:r

vided with leaden tags, numbered in dupliclllte :from one :upward, and it

shall be the duty of each dnspector of fertilizers to draw a sample of all

:fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal that he may be requested to

inspect, OT that he may :find uninspected, and he shall fill two sample

bottles with each brand, and place one leaden tag of same number in

each sample bottle, and shall plainly write on a label {)Ill said bottles the

number corresponding to the number on said leaden tags in said bot-

tles, and shall also write on the label on one of sruid bottles the name

of the fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal inspected, the name of

the m1mufacture:t, the place where manufactured, the place where in-

.spected, the date or inspection, and the name of the inspector, and shall

send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sample

so drawn by him annexed to a full report of said inspecmon1 written on the form prescribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture, which

report must be numbered to correspond with the number on said sam-

ple bottles and number on the leaden tags placed therein; and it shall

also be the duty of said inspectors of fertdlizers to keep a complete record

of all inspections made by them on forms prescribed by said Commis-

sioner of Agriculture. Before entering upon the discharge of their

duties they shall take and subscribe, before some officer authorized to

administer the same, an oath faithfully to discharge all the duties which

may be required of them in pursuance of this act.

,

Sec. VIII. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agrieulture shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in regard to the inspection, analysis and sale of fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal not inoon'Siistent with the provisions of this act, as in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof.

Sec. IX. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received from the inspection of fertilizers, and to pay the same into the treas- . ury, after paying out of said sum the expenses and salaries of inspectors, and for the tags and bottles used in making such inspectio'llil.

Sec. X. Be it further enacted, That all contracts for the sale of fertilizers or chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any other manner than as required by this act, shall be absolutely void; provided, that . nothing in tills act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate, kainit or other fertilizer material in bulk to each other by importers, manufacturers 'Or manipulators who mix fertilizer. material for sale, or as preventing the free and unrestricted shipment of these articles in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for sale.

Sec. .XI. Be it further enact.ed, That any pefflon selling or offering for sale any fertilizers or chemicals without first havdng complied. with the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con-

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GEORGIA: HISTORJOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

viction thereof shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code 'O.f Georgia.
Sec. XII. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in
conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.

FORMAL REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION.
To 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.: You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution in the
State oi Georgia ................ manufactured by ...... ,........ .
at............................... .

THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE BRAND.

Moisture at 212 deg. Fa:h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per cent. Insoluble phosphoric acid . ............... per cent. Available phosphoric acid ...................... per cent. Ammoma, actual and potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per cent. Potash (K20) . . ..................... ...... per cent. The ammonia is in the form of. .............. .
Nitrate of soda has .......... been used in the manufacture of this brand.
The ........ _............ is put up in.....................of ...................... lbs. each ............................ . It is identical with ........................................... .
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above brand before the official analysis thereof is made ...... ,........ agree and bind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for purchase money therefor, if, after the official analysis is made, the CQmmissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with the law.

2. Under section 4, relating to requests for tags, in order that no delay may occur in shipments, the manufacture.r or dealer need not notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of the name of the purchaser or consignee, but must notify the OQmmissioner in writing of every sale or consignment on the day in which the same is made. This notice must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or the name of the chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons, together with the name of the purchaser {)! consignee and their places of residence. It must request inspection and contaiin an agreement to cancel all sales thereof, in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit its sale in accord'ance with law. The following form may be used, substantial compliance wtith the above rule being regarded as sufficient:

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

443

NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS, AND REQUEST FOR INSPECTION .
. . . . . ,..................... . 190

To 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.!
You are hereby notified that .............. have this day made the following sales and consignments, and request that the same be inspected:

In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above be-

fore the official analysis thereof is made .................... agree

and bind .................... to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all

claims :for purchase money thereorf, i:f, after the official analysis is made,

the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance

with law.

Manufacturers and dealers", by this rule, are not required to delay

shipment in order that the inspection may be made, but are required to

see that their goods are properly tagged, the inspection being made while

the :fertilizer or :fertilizer material lis in the hands of the purchaser or

consignee.

3. All orders :for tags must be sent direct to this department, and

the request must be accompanied with the :fees for inspection at the

rate of ten cents per ton for the :fertilizer or fertiLizer material on which

they are to be used.

Manufacturers and dealers, or their agents, may request tags in such

quantities as they see fit, but each request must state distinctly the brand

or brands on which they are to be used, with the number of tons of the

brands, or of each of said brands.

It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertilizer material be actually

on hand at the time the request is made, but manufacturers or dealers

can ocrder such number of tags as they may need during the season,

bearing in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the de-

partment.



In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is ascer-

tained can be used on the sales and consignments of that brand, by

proper notlice, with the consent of the Commissioner, the tags can be

used on another brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight

and sold or consigned the same season.

4. If a fertilizer be offered for registration, inspection or sale branded

as either of the following:

"Ammoniated Superphosphate,"

"Ammonia Dissolved Bone,"

"Ammoniated Guano,"

"Guano,"

"Fert:ilizer."

or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphae,

444

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per cent. of ammonia (actual or potential).
5. That part of section 3 excepting from the operations of the act an act to require the inspection and analysis of cotton-seed "meal" leaves the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill, which requires that all cotton-seed meal, for whatever purpose to be used, be inspected. It is therefore necessary, and is required, that a request for inspction be sent to the Commissioner, and that the inspection be made in the hands of the manufacturer, dealer or their agent, or, if shipped in the State, at some convenient point, before the meal is sold or distributed. In all cases fees will be sent direct to the Commissioner, who will immedJi-. ately order the nearest inspector to make the inspection.

CALVIN BILL.
COTTON SEED MEAL
.A bill to be entitled an act to require all cotton-seed meal to be subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for sale, and to f{)rrbid the sale in this State of such cottonseed meal if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 7 1-2 per centum of ammonia; to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the provisions of this act, and for other purposes.

Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and

it is here'by enacted by the authority of the same, That from and after

the passage of this act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons

to offer for sale in this State any cotton-seed meal until the same, shall

have been duly analyzed by the State Chemist an:d inspected as nOJW

r equired by law in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manu-

factu:ning or composting purposes; nor shall it be lawful to o,ffer such

cotton-seed meal for sale in this State if it be shown by the official analy-

sis that the same contains less thaDi 7 1-2 per cootum of ammonia; pro-

vided, that the provisions of this act as to the per centum meDJtioned in

this section shall not apply to meal manufactured from sea-island cotton-

seed; but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall, upon the passage of this

act, fix and make public a minimum per centum, which shall control

as to the cotton seed meal referred to in this proviso; provided further,

that if any cotton-seed meal shall not analyze up to the required per

centum of ammonia, the same may be offered for sale as second-class

meal, provid!ed the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped

on the sack.

Sec. II. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That there

shall be branded upon or attached to each sack, barrel or package of

cotton-seed meal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as de-

t ermined by the State Chemist, and the number of pounds net in each

sack, barrel or package.

.

Sec. III. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That it

JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT.

1. T . J. SIMMONS, Chief Justice.

2. SAMUEL. LuMPKIN, Associat.e Justice.

w. 3.

A. LITTJ,E,

"



4. WM. H. FISH,

"

"

5. ANDREW J. CoBB,

,,

6. H. T. LEWIS,

"

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

447

shall be the duty of the Commissioner oi Agriculture to take all steps, necessary to make effective the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this. act.
Sec. IV. Be it further enacted by the authority afo;resaid, That any person or persons violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882.
Sec. V. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be, and the same are,. here'by repealed.
Approved July 22, 1891.

BLALOCK BILL.
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS-HOW BRANDED AND GRADED.
No. 358.
An act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for the branding of same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and! for other purposes.
Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That from and after the passage of this act it shall be unlawful to sell any complete commercial ferti.!Jizer in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters of not less than one inch.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That the grades of such fertilizer
shall be divided iinto three, to wit: "High grade," which shall contain not less than fourteen per cent. of plant food; "Standard grade," whach shall contain not less than twelve per cent. of plant food, and "Low grade," which shall contain not less than ten per cent. of plant food; provided, this act shall not go into elffect until atftett' the first day of August, 1898.
Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That a failure to comply with the requirements of this act shall subject the seller thereof to all the pains and penalties now of force for failure to1 have fertilizers properly inspected.
Sec. IV. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act he, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 21, 1897.
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, HOW BRANDED, ETC.
No. 170.
An act to amend section 1 of an act entitled "an act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for the branding of the same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and for other pur-

448

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

poses"; so as to make it unlawful to sell any commercial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one inch.

Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That from and after the passage of this act, the above recited section be, and the same is, hereby amended by striking from the third line of said section the word "complete," so 'that when amended, said section shall read as follows: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia,
That from and after the passage of this act, it shall be unlawful to sen
any commercial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one inch; provided, that this act shall not be cornstrued as applying to cotton seed meal and German kainit and muriate of potash; and that said act shall not go into effect until the first day of August, 1899.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 22, 18~8.

ELLINGTON BILL.
No. 168. An act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State; to fix a method
for determining the value of the same, and for other purposes.

Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authoa-ity of the same, That from and after the passage of this act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizer from any owner thereof, or agent of such owner, to require of the person selling, and at the time of sale or delivery, to take frbm each lot of each brand sold a sample of its contents.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That said sample so taken shall be mixed together and placed in a bottle, jar or such other receptacle as the purchaser may present. It shall then be the duty of such purchaser and seller to del:iver said package to the Ordinary of the county, who shall label same with the names of the parties and of the fertilizers.
Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That said Ordinary shall ~safely keep said package, allowing neither party access to the 'Same, save as hereinafter provided. The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten (10) cents from the party depositing such sample for each sample so deposited.
Sec. IV. Be it further enacted, That should said purchaser, after having used such fertilizers upon his crops, have reason to believe from the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worthless, he shall notify the seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the said sample deposited with him (or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair analysis) to the State Chemist, without stating the names of the parties, the name of the fertilizer or giving its guaranteed analysis, the cost o sending being prepaid by the purchaser.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

449

Sec. V. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said State Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary.
Sec. VI. Be it further enacted, That should said analysis show that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold, then the statement so sent by the State Chemist shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total failure of consideration. But should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis, then the sale shall be illegal, null ancL void, and when suit is brought, upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer, the statement of such State Chemist, so transmitted to the Ordinary, shall be conclusive evidence of the facts, whether such evidence of indebtedness is held by an innocent third party or not.
Sec. VII. Be it further enacted, That in lieu of the State Chemist, should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said analysis, all the provisions of the act shall apply to his analysis and report to the Ordinary.
Sec. VIII. Be it further enacted, That should the seller refuse to take said sample when so requested by the purchaser, then upon proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure. of consideration and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops, which prood: shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain defendant's plea within whole or in part, whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not.
Sec. IX. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 27, 1890.

ILLu:MINATfNG OILS.
All illuminating oils must be inspected by an officer appointed :for that purpose, and the Department of Agriculture is charged with the supervision and enforcement of the inspection laws concerning fertilizers and oils.
The following is the new Georgia oil law o:f 1899:

NEW GEORGIA OIL LAW.
AN ACT.
To prescribe the method of testing illuminating oils in this State, and the manner in which test shall be made, and to provide for the appointment of a General Inspector to aid in the inspection of such oils, and for other purposes.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly o:f Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this act it shall be the duty 'of the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia to appoint a General Inspector o:f Oils of

450

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

said Sta:te, whose duty it shall be to go from point to point about the State at the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture to inspect such oils as may be desired, instruct the local inspectors in the art of taking fair, correct and impartial samples of oils for illuminating pur poses, and to test the same under provisions of this act; to check up all account'! and books of account of local oil inspectors, and: to see that said moneys due the State from fees paid for oil inspections are paid into the State treasury, and to see that said local oil inspectors fairly, correctly and impartially discharge the duties imposed upon them by this act, and existing laws not in conflict herewith, and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture. If any dispute arises as to the test o.f any oils, then said General Inspector shall take a fair sample of said oil and forward it to the State Chemist, who shall make a final test and his decision shall control in all matters of dispute. Said General Inspector shall be paid a salary not to exceed ($100.00) one hundred dollars per month and actual and necessary traveling expenses while in discharge of his duties, and said salary and traveling expenses shall he palid out of the fees collected from oil, inspections; provided, however, that this act shall not be 'in conflict with sections 1579-1584 and other sections of the Oode of Georgia providing for the appointment and compensation of local oil inspectors.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That no pel'son shall manufacture, or have in his possession, or sell, or give away for illuminating or heating purposes, in lamp or stoves within the State, any oil or burning fluid wholly or partly composed of naptha, coal oil, petroleum or product'! thereof, or of other substances or material emitting an inflammable vapor, which will flash at a temperature below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, when tested in the closed oil tester, known as the New York Stat-e, or Elliott Oil Tester, according to the following formula, to wit: Fill the water bath with fresh well or hydrant water up to the lead mark on the inside; then immerse the oil cup in the water and pour in oil, so as to fill the cup up to within one-eighth of an inch of the flange. Take a piece of blotting paper, and remove all air bubbles from the surface of the oil by lightly touching them with the paper. Next, carefully, with a dry towel or cloth, wipe the upper inner parts of the oil cup, so as to remGve any drops of oil that might have spattered on the upper part of the cup. Then put on the glass cover of the oil cup, pass the thermometer through the hole in the cork to such a point that the mercury bulb will just be covered by the surface of the oil. Next light the lamp and introduce it und'er the water bath. So adjust the flame that the temperature will rise at the rate of two degrees a minute. Wait until the temperature reaches ninety-nine degrees F.; then light a w01oden toothpick and pass the flame through the semicircular opening in the glass plate at such an angle as to clear glass cover and to a distance about half way between the oil and the cover. The motion should be steady and uniform, rapid and without pause. The appearance of a slight blnish flame shows that the flashing point has been reached. If the oil flashes at this point :it should be branded uState

HON. CLARK HOWELL, PRESIDENT OF THE GEORGIA SENATE-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

453

.of Georgia. Rejected." If it does not flash atthis point it should be branded "State of Georgia. Approved." Naphtha and illuminating products of petroleum which will not stand the flash test required by this section may be used for illuminating or heating purposes only in the following cases:
1st. In street lamps and open air receptacles, apart from any buildings, factory or inhabited houses in which the vapor is burned.
2d. In dwellings, factories or other places of business, when vapor
ized in secure tanks or metal generai:Jors, 1nade for the purpose, in which the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heating.
3d. For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas in gas manufac tories situated apart from dwelling'S and other buildings. The inspector shall provide at his own expense instruments for testing oil, and stencils for branding packages to read thus: "State :of Georgia. Approved," with name of inspector and date of inspection. The inspector shall .brand all oils and fluids falling below 100 degrees flash test, in the Elliott tester, "State of Georgia. Rejected," with name of inspector and date of inspection. If the inspector shall find any illuminating oil or fluid under the flash test required by law, or falsely branded, he shall -cause the offender to be prosecuted.
Sec. 3. And it is hereby made the duty of such General Inspector ,of Oils to personally prosecute each and every offender under the provisions of this act, and upon conviction such offender shall be punished as prescribed in section 1039 of the Code of Georgia, and all fines arising from prosecution under this act shall be paid into and become a part of the gSJneral educational fund of this State.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 20, 1899. The organic law of the State is its constitution, which: we here append:

CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA.

BILL OF RIGHTS.
PREAMBLE.
To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the int.erest and happiness of the citizen, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, relying up the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain :and establish this Constitution:

ARTICLE I.
Section I. Paragraph I. All government, of right, originates with the people, 'is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good
20 ga

454

GI!JORGIJ.: HISTORIO.AL .AND INDUS',fRI.AL.

of the whole. Public officers are the trustees and servants of the people,

and at all times amenable to them.

Par. II. Protection to person and property is the paramount duty

of government, and shall be impartial and complete.

Par. III. No person shall be d'eprived of life, liberty or property, ex-

cept by due process 10f law.

Par. IV.. No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute or de-

fend his own cause in any of the courts of this State in person, by

attorney or both.

Par. V. Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this

State shall have the privilege and beMfit of counsel; shall be furnished,

on demand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the witnesses

on whose testimony the charge against him is founded; shall have com-

pulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses; shall be

confronted with the witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a

public and speedy trial by an impartial jury.

Par. VI~ No person shall be compelled to give testimony tending in

any way to criminate himself.

Par. VII. Neither banishment beyond the limits of the State, nor

whipping, as a punishment for crime, shall be allowed.

Par. VIII. No person shall be put in joopardy of life, or liberty,

more than once for the same offense save on his, or her, own motion for

a new trial after conviction, or in case of mistrial.

Par. IX. Excessive 'bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im-

posed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted; nor shall any person

be abused in being arrested, while under arrest or in prison.

Par. X. No person shall be co1:9-pe1led to pay costs, except after con-

viction on final trial.

Par. XI. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended.

Par. XII. All men have the natural and inalienable right to worship

God, each according,to the dictates of his own conscience, and no human

authority should in any case, control or interfere with such right of con-

science.

,

Par. XIII. No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or

property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on ac-

count of his religious opinions; but the right of liberty of conscience

shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify

p.ractices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the State.

Par. XIV. No money.shall ever be taken from the public treasury,

directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denominat'ion of re-

ligionists, or of any sectarian institution.

Par. XV. No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain, the lib-

erty of speech, or of the press; any person may speak, write and publish

his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that lib-

erty.

Par. XVI. The right of the people to 'be secure in their persons,

houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures

shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable

GEORGIA.: HISTOIUOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

455

<Jause, supporrted by oath, or affirmation, particularly de~ribing the

place, or places, to be searched, and the. person or things to, be seized.

Par. XVII. There shall be within the State of Georgia neither

slavery nor involuntary servitude, save as a punishment for crime after

legal conviction thereof.

Par. XVIII. The social status of the citizen shall never be. the sub-

ject of legislation.

Par. XIX. The civil authority shall be superior to tJre military, and

no rsoldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the

consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except by the civil magistrate,

in such manner as may be provided by law.

Par. XX. The power of the courts to punish :for contempts shall be

, limited by legislative acts.

Par. XXI. There shall be no imprisonment for debt.

Par. XXII. The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not.

be infringed, but the General Assembly shall have power to prescribe

the mannerin which arms may be borne.

Par. XXIII. The legislative, judicial and executive powers shall for-

ever remain separate and distinct, and no person discharging the duties

of one .shall at the same time eiXercise the functions of either of the 'oth-

ers, eiXcept as herein provided.

Par. XXIV. The people have the right to assemble peaceably fer-

their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of

government for redress of grievances by petition or remonstrance.

Par. XXV. All citizens of the United States, resident in this State are hereby declared citizens of this State; and it shall be the duty of th~

General Assembly to enact such laws as will protect "them in the full en-

joyment of the rights, privileges an!d immunities due to such citizen-

ship.



Section II.
Paragraph I. In all prosecutions or indictments for l~bel, the truth may be given in evidence; and tl;te jury in all criminal cases shall..be the judges of the law and the facts. The power of the judges to grant new trials in case of conviction. is preserved.
Par. II. Treason against the, State of Georgia shall consist in levying war against her,. adhering to her enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court.
Par. III. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfe'iture of estate.
Par. IV. All lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are hereby prohibited; and this prohibitiorn shall be enforced by penal laws.
Par. V. Lobbying is declared to be a crime, and the General Assembly shall enforce this pr<l!vlision by suitable penalties.
Par. VI. The General Assembly shall have the power to provide for the punishment of fraud; and shall provide, by law, for reaching property of the debtor concealed from the creditor.

456

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Section III.
Paragraph I. In cases of necessity, private ways may be granted upon just compensation being first paid by the applicant. Private property shall not be taken, or damaged, for public purposes, without just and ,adequate compensation being first paid.
Par. II. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law or law impairing the obligation of contracts or making irrevocable grants of special priivileges or immunities, shall be passed.
Par. III. No grant of special privileges or immunities shall be revoked, except in such manner as to work no injustice to the corporators or creditors of the incorporation.

Section IV.
Paragraph 1. Laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation throughout the State, and no spec[al law shall be enacted in any case for which provision has been made by an existing general law. No general law affecting private rights shall be varied in any particular case by special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all persons affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to contract is capable of such consent.
Par. II. Legislative acts in violation of this constitution, or the constitution of the Unlited States, are void, and the judiciary shall so declare them.

Section V.
Paragraph I. The people of this State have the inherent, sole and exclusive right of regulating their internal government, and the police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their constlitution whenever it may be necessary to their safety and happiness.
Par. II. The enumeration of rights herein contained, as a part of this constitution shall not be construed to deny to the people any inherent rights wh~ch they may have hitherto enjoyed.

ARTICI.E II.
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.
Section I.
Paragraph I. In all elections by the people the electors shall vote by ballot.
Par. II. Every male citizen of the United States (except as hereinafter provided), twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding the election, and shall have resided six months un the county in which he offers to vote, and shall have paid all taxes which may hereafter be required of him, and which he may

liON. JOHN D. LITTLE, Speaker of the House of Representatives.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIJL.

459

have had an opportunity of paying, agreeable to law, exceptfor the year of the election, shall be deemed an elector; provided, that no soldier, sailor or marine in the military or naval service of the United States shall acquire the rights of an elector by reason of being stationed on duty in this State; and no person shall vote who, if challenged, shall refuse to take the following oath or affirmation: "I do swear (or affirm) that I am twenty-one years of age, have resided in this State one year and in this county six months, next preceding this election. I have paid all taxes which, since the adoption of the present constitution of this State, have been required of me previous to this year, and which I have had an opportunity to pay, and I have not voted at this election."

Section II.
P aragraph I. The General Assembly may provide, from time to time, for the registration for all electors, but the following classes of persons shall not be permitted to register, vote or hold any office, or appointment of honor or trust in this State, to wit: 1st. Those who shall have been convicted, in any court of competent jurisdiction, of treason against the State, or embezzlement of public funds, malefeasance in office, bribery or larceny, or of any crime involViing moral turpitude, punishable by laws of this State with imprisonment in the penitentiary, unless such person shall have been pardoned. 2d. Idiots and insane persons.

Section III.
Paragraph I. Electors shall, in all cases except for treason, felony, larceny and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance on elections, and in going to and returning from the same.

Section IV.

Paragraph I. No person who is the holder of any public money, contrary to law, shall be eligible to any office in this State until the same is accounted for and paid into the treasury.
Par. II. No person who, after the adoption of this constitution, oeing a resident of this State, shall have been convicted of fighting a duel in this State, or convicted ofsending or accepting a challenge, or convicted of aiding or abetting such duel, shall hold office in this State, unless he shall have been pardoned; and every such person shall also be subject to such punishment as may be prescribed by law.

Section V.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall, by law, forbid the sale, distribution or furnishing of intoxicating drinks within two miles o:f election precincts on days of election-State, county or municdpal--and prescribe punishment for any violation of the same.

460

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Section VI.

Paragraph I. Returns o elections or all civil officers elected by the people, who are to be commissioned by the Governor, and also or the members o the General Assembly, shall be made to the Secretary o State, unless otherwise provided by law.

ARTICLE III.
LEGISLATIVE DEPART:MENT.
Section I.
Paragraph I. The legislative power o the State shall be vested in a General Assembl;r, which shall consist o a Senate and House o Representatives.
Section II.
Paragraph I. The Senate shall consist o forty-four members. There shall be forty-four Senatorial districts as now arranged by counties. Each district shall have one Senator.
The First Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Chatham, Bryan and Effingham.
The Second Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties o Liberty, Tattnall and Mcintosh.
The Third Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Wayne, Pierce and Appling.
The Fourth Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Glynn, Camden and Charlton.
The Fifth Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Coffee, Ware and Clinch.
The Sixth Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Echols, Lowndes and Berrien.
The Seventh Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Brooks, Thomas and Colquitt.
The Eighth Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Decatur, Mitchell and Miller.
The Ninth Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Early, Calhoun and Baker.
The Tenth Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties of Dougherty, Lee and Worth.
The Eleventh Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties of Clay, Randolph and Terrell.
The Twelfth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Stewart, Webster and Quitman.
The Thirteenth Senatorial District shall be composed o the counties o Sumter, Schley and Macon.

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461

The Fourteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Dooly, Wilcox, Pulaski and Dodge.
The Fifteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Montgomery, Telfair and Irwin.
The Sixteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Laurens, Emanuel and Johnson.
The Seventeenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Screven, Bulloch and Burke.
T'he Eighteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Richmond, Glascock and Jefferson.
The Nineteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Taliaferro, Greene and Warren.
The Twentieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Baldwin, Hancock and Washington.
The Twenty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Twiggs, Wilkinson and Jones.
The Twenty-second Senatorial f>istrict shall be composed of the counties of Bibb, Monroe and Pike.
The Twenty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Houston, Crawford and Taylor.
The Twenty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed o:f the counties of J\IIuscogee, Marion and Chattahoochee.
The Twenty-fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties o Harris, Upson and Talbot.
The Twenty-six Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Spald>ing, Butts and Fayette.
The Twenty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties o:f Newton, \!\{alton, Clarke, Oconee and Rockdale.
The Twenty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Jasper, Putnam and Morgan.
The Twenty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Wilkes, Columbia, Lincoln and McDuffie.
The Thirtieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Oglethorpe, Madison and Elbert.
The Thirty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Hart, Habersham and Franklin.
The Thirty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of White, Dawson and Lumpkin.
The Thirty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Hall, Banks and Jackson.
The Thirty~:fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Gwinnett, DeKalh and Henry.
The Thirty-fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Clayton, Cobb and Fulton.
The Thirty~sixth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Campbell, Coweta, Meriwether and Douglas.
The Thirty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Carroll, Heard and Troup.

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The Thirty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Haralson, Polk and Paulding.
The Thirty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Milton, Cherokee and Forsyth.
The Fortieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Union, Towns and Rabun.
The Forty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Pickens, Fannin and G~lmer.
The Forty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Bartow, Floyd and Chattooga.
The Forty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of lfurray, Gordon and Whitfield.
The Forty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Walker, Dade and Catoosa.
Par. III. The General .Assembly may change these districts after each census of the United States; provided, that neither the number of districts nor the number of Senators from each district shall be increased.

Section III.

Paragraph I. The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and seventy-five Representatives, apportioned among the several counties as follows, to wit: To the six counties having the largest population, viz.: Chatham, Richmond, Burke, Floyd, Bibb and Fulton, three Representatives each; to the twenty-six counties having the next. largest population, viz.: Dooly, Bartow, Coweta, Decatur, Houston, Greene, Gwinnett, Harris, Jefferson, Meriwether, Monroe, Muscogee, Pulaski, DeKalb, Hall, Walton, Sumter, Thomas, Troup, Washington, Hancock, Carroll, Cobb, Jackson, Oglethorpe and Wilkes, two Representatives each; and to the remaining one hundred and five counties one Representative each.
Par. II. The above apportionment shall be changed by the General .Assembly at its first session after each census taken by the United States Government, so as to give the six counties having the largest population three Representatives each; and to the tweny-six counties having the next largest population two Representatives each; but in no event shall the aggregate number of Representatives be increased.*
*According to the provision of this paragraph the apportionment by the new cenAus will be as follows:
Fulton, Chatham, Richmond, Bibb. Floyd, Thomas, three representatives eRch. Burke, Muscogee, Decatur, Washington, Oarroll, Dooly, Sumtflr, Lau rens, GwinnPtt, Coweta, Cobb, J ackson, Troup, Meriwether. Houston, Bulloch, Emtmuel, DeKalb. Walton, Wilkes, Bartow, Hall, Monroe, Tattnall, Lowndes, ElbPrt, two representatives each. The remaining one hundred and five counties, one representative. The counties are here arranged in the order of population.

QEORG!A WHEATFIELD.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

465

Section IV.

Paragraph I. The members of the General Assembly shall be elected

for two years, and shall a.erve until their successors are elected.

Par. II. The first election for members of the General Assembly,

under this constitution, shall take place on the first Wednesday in De-

cember, 1877; the second election for the same shall be held on the

first Wednesday in October, 1880, and subsequent elections biennially

on that day, until the day of election is changed by law.

Par. III. The first meeting of the General Assembly, after the ratifi-

cation of this constitution; shall be on the fourth Wednesday in October,

1878, and annually thereafter, on the same day, until the day shall be

changed by law. But nothing herein contained shall be construed to

prevent the Governor from calling an extra session of the General As-

sembly before the first Wednesday in November, 1878, if, in his opin-

ion, the pub1ic good shall require it.

Par. IV. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to

transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day

and compel the presence of its absent members, as each House may pro-

vide.



Par. V. Each Senator and Representative, before taking his seat, shall

take the following oath, or affirmation, to wit: "I will support the con-

stitution of this State, and of the United States; and on all questions

and measures which may come before me, I will so conduct myself as

will, in my judgment, be most conducive to: the interests and prosperity

of this State."

Par. VI. No session of the General Assembly shall continue longer

than fifty days; provided, that if an impeachment trial be pending at the

end of fifty days, the session may be prolonged till the completion of said

trial.

Par. VII. No person holding a military commission or other appoint-

ment or office, having any emolument or compensation annexed thereto,

under this State, or the United States, or either of them, except justices

of the peace and officers of the militlia, nor any defaulter for public

money, or for any legal taxes required of him, shall have a seat in either

House; nor shall any Senator or Representative, after his qualification

as such, be elected by the General Assembly, or appointed by the Gov-

ernor, either with or without the advice and consent of the Senate, to

any office or appdintment having any emolument annexed thereto, dur-

ing the time for which he shall have been elected.

Par. VIII. The seat of a member of either House shall be vacated on

his removal from the district or county from which he was elected.

Secti'DD V.

Paragraph I . The Senators shall be citizens of the United States, who nave attained the age of twenty-five years, and who shall have been citizens of tMs State for four years, and for one year residents of the district from which elected.

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Par. II. The presiding officer o the Senate shall be styled the President o the Senate, and 'shall be elected v:iva voce from the Senators.
Par. III. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. Par. IV. When sitting for that purpose, the members shall be on oath OT affirmation, and shall be presided over by the Chief Justice or the presiding Justice of the Supreme Court. Should the Chief Justice be disqualified, the Senate shall elect the Judge of the Supreme Court to preside. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of twothirds o the members present. Par. V. Judgments, in case o impeachment, shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, within this State; but the party shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law.

Section VI.
Paragraph I. The Representatives shall be citizens of the United States, who have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall have been citizens of this State for two years, and for one year residents of the counties from which elected.
Par. II. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives shall be styled the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and shall be elected viva voce from the body.
Par. III. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power to impeach all persons who shall have been, or may be, in office.

Section VII.
Paragraph I. Each House shall be the judge of the election, returns and qualifications of its members, and shall have power to punish them for disorderly behavior, or misconduct, by censure, fine, imprisonment, or expulsion; but no member shall be expelled, except by a vote of twothirds of the House to which he belongs.
Par. II. Each House may punish by imprisonment, not extending beyond the session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of a contempt, by any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, any person arrested by order of either House.
Par. III. The members of both Houses shall be free from arrest during their attendance on the General Assembly and in going thereto or rET turning therefrom, except for treason, felony, larceny, or breach of the peace; and no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for anything spoken in debate in either House.
Par. IV. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish it immediately after its adjournment.
P ar. V. The original journal shall be preserved, after publication, in the office o Secretary of State, but there shall be no other record thereof.
Par. VI. The yeas and nays on any questlion shall, at the desire o one-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

467

Par. VII. Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times, and on three separate days, in each House, unless in case of actual invasion or insurrection. But the first and second reading o each local bill and bank and railroad charters in each House shall consist o the reading of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed.
Par. VIII. No law or ordinance shall pass which refers to more than one subject-matter, or contains matter different from what is expressed in the title thereof.
Par. IX. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing except appropriations fixed by previous laws, the orilinary expenses o the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Departments o the Government, payment of the public debt and interest thereon, and the support of the public institutions and educational interests of the State. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject.
Par. X. All bills for raising revenue or appropriating money shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur in amendments as in other bills.
Par. XI. No money shall be drawn from the treasury except by appropriation made by law, and a regular statement and account of the receipt and expenditure of all public money shall be published every three months, and also with the laws passed by each session of the General Assembly.
Par. XII. No bill or resolution appropriating money shall become a law, unless, upon its passage, the yeas and nays, in each House, are recorded.
Par. XIII. All acts shall be signed by the President o the Senate and the Speaker o the House of Representatives, and no bill, ordinance or resolution, int~mded to have the effect of law, which shall have been rejected by either House, shall be again proposed during the same session, under the same or any other title, without the consent of two-thirds of the House by which the same was rejected.
Par. XIV. No bill shall become a law unless it shall receive a majority of the votes of all the members elected to each House of the General Assembly, and it shall, in every instance, so appear on the journal.
Par. XV. (By an act approved September 24, 1885, an amendment to the constitution was submitted to vote o the people in October, 1886, and adopted, whereby the original of this paragraph was stricken from this constitution.)
Par. XVI. No looal or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the matter, or thing to be affected, may be situated, which notice shall be given at least thirty days prior to the introduction of such bill into the General Assembly and ~n the manner to be prescribed by law. The evidence o such notice having been published shall be exhibited in the General Assembly before such act shall be passed.

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GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

Par. XVII. No law, or section of the Code, shall be amended or repealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the section of the Code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly describe the law to be amended or repealed, as well as the alteration to be made.
Par. XVIII. The General ASISembly shall have no power to grant corporate powers and privileges to private companies; nor to make or change election precincts; nor to establish bridges or ferries; nor to change names of legitimate children; but it shall prescribe by law the manner in which such powers shall be exercised by the courts. All corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigatJion, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the Secretary of State, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Par. XIX. The General Assembly shall have up power to relieve principals or securities upon forfeited recognizances; from the payment thereof, either before or after judgment thereon, unless the principal in the recognizance shall have been apprehended and placed in the custody of the proper officer.
Par. XX. The General Assembly shall not authorize the construction of any street passenger railway within the limits of any incorporated town or city without the consent of the corporate authorities.
Par. XXI. Whenever the constitution requ':ires a vote of two-thirds vf either or both Houses for the passage of an act or resolution, the yeas and nays on the passage thereof shall be entered on the journal.
Par. XXII. The General Assembly shall have power to make all laws and ordinances consistent with this constitution, and not repugnant to the constitution of the United States, which they shall deem necessary and proper for the welfare of the State.
Par. XXIII. No provision in this constitution, fo-r a two-thirds' vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, shall be construed to waive the necessity for the signature of the Governor, as in any other case, except in the case of the two-thirds' vote required to override the veto, and in case of prolongation of a session of the GeneralAssembly.
Par. XXIV. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days, or to any other place, without the consent of the other; and in case of a disagreement between the two Houses on a question of adjournment, the Governor may adjourn either or both of them.

Section Vill.

Paragraph I. The officers of the two Houses, other than the President and Speaker, shall be a Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House O'f Representatives, and such assistants as they may appoint; but the (llerical expenses of the Senate shall not exceed sixty dollars per day for each session, nor those of the House of Representatives seventy dollars per day for each session. The Secretary of the Senate and Clerk o the House of Representatives shall be required to give bond and security for the faithful discharge of their respective duties.

PACKED PEACHES

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

471

Section IX.

Paragraph I. The per diem of members of the General Assembly shall not exceed four dollars, and mileage shall not exceed ten cents for each mile traveled, by the nearest practicable route in going to and returning from the Capital; but the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall each receive not exceeding seven dolJars per day.

Section X.

Paragraph I. All elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce, and the vote shall appear on the journal of the House of Representatives. When the Senate and House of Representatives unite for the purpose of elections, they shall meet in the Representative Hall, and the President of the Senate shall, in such cases, preside and declare the result.

Section XI.
Paragraph I. All property of the wife at the time of her marriage, and all property given to, inherited or acquired by her, shall remain her separate property, and not be liable for the debts of her husband.

Section XII.

Paragraph I. All life insurance companies now doing business in this

State, or which may desire to establish agencies and do business in th~

State of Georgia, chartered by other States of the Union, or foreign

States, shall show that they have deposited with the ComptroU~-Gen

eral of the State in which they are chartered or of this State, the Insur-

ance Commissioners, or such other officer as may be authorized to re

ceive it, not less than one hundred thousand dollars, in such securities

as may be deemed by such officer equivalent to cash, subject to his order,

as a guarantee fund for the security of policy-holders.



Par. II. When such showing is made to the Comptroller-General of

the State of Georgia by a proper certificate from the State official hav-

ing charge of the funds so deposited, the Comptroller-General of the

State of Georgia is authorized to issue to the company making such

showing a license to do business in the State, upon paying the fees re-

quired by law.

Par. III. All life insurance companies chartered by the State of

Georgia, or which may hereafter be chartered by the State, shall, before

doing business, deposit with the Comptroller-General of the State or

Georgia, or with some strong corporation, which may be approved by

said Comptroller-General, one hundred thousand doilars, ~n such securi-

ties as may be deemed by him equivalent to cash, to be subject to his

order, as a guarantee fund for the security of the policy-holders of the

company making such deposit, all interests and dividends arising from

such securitlles to be pa:id, when due, to the company so depositing. Any

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

such securities as may be needed or desired by the company may be taken from said department at any time by replacing them with other securities equally acceptable to the Comptroller-General, whose certificate for the same shall be furnished to the company.
Par. IV. The General Assembly shall, from time to time enactlaws to compel all fire insurance companies doing business in this State, whether chartered by this State or otherwise, to deposit reasonable securities with the Treasurer of this State, to secure the people against loss by the operations of said companies.
Par. V. The General Assembly shall compel all insurance companies in this State, or doing business therein, under proper penalties; to make semi-annual reports to the Governor, and print the same, at their own expense, for the information and protection of the people.

ARTICLE IV.
POWER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OVER T'A.X.A.TION.
Section I.
Paragraph 1. The right of taxation is a sovereign right, inalieniable,
indestructible, is the life of the State, and rightfully belongs t6 the peo
ple in all Republican governments, and neither the General Assembly, nor any, nor all other departments of the Government established by this constitution, shall ever have the authority to irrevocably give, grant, limit or restrain this right; ai:J.d all laws, grants, contracts and all other acts whatsoever,. by said Government, or any. department thereof, to effect any of these purposes; shall be, and are hereby, declared to be null and void for every purpose whatsoever; and said right of taxation shall always be under .the complete cpntrol of, and revocable by the State, notwithstanding any gift, grant or contract whatsoever by the General Assembly.
Section II.
Paragraph I. The power and authority regulating railroad freights and passenger tariffs, preventing unjust discriminations, and requiring reasonable and just rates o freight and passenger tariffs, are hereby conferred upon the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be .to pass laws, from time to time, to regulate freight and passenger tariffs, to prohibit unjust discriminations on the various railroads of this State, and to prohibit said roads from charging other than just and reasonable rates, and enforce the ,same by adequate penalties.
Par. II. The exercise o:f the riglit of eminent domain shall never be abridged, nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies, and subjecting them to public use, the same as property of individuals; and the exercise of the police power of the State shall never be abridged, nor so

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

473

construed a.s to permit corporations to conduct their business in such a

manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals, or the general well-

being of the State.

.

Par. III. The General Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the

charter of any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same,

nor pass any other general or special law for the benefit of said corpora-

tion, except upon the condition that said corporation shall thereafter

hold its charter subject to thf;l provisions of this constitution; and every

amendment of any charter of any corporation in this State, or any spe-

cial law for its benefit, acepted thereby, shall operate as a novation of

said charter, and shall bring the same under. the provisions of this con-

stitution; provided, that this section shall not extend tq any amend-

ment for the purpose of allowing any existing road to take stock in, or

aid in the building of' any branch road.

Par. IV. The General Assembly of this State shall have no power to

authorize any corporation to buy shares, or stock, in any other corpor-

ation in this.State, or elsewhere, or to make any contract or agreement

whatever, with ,any such corporation, which may have the effect, or be

intended to have the effect, to defeat or lessen competition in their re

spective business, or to encourage monopoly; and all such contracts and

agreements shall be illegal and void.

Par. V. No railroad company shall give, or pay, any rebate, or bonus

in the nature thereof, directly or indirectly, or do any act to misleaa

or deceive the public as to the real rates charged or received for freights

or passage; and any such payments shall be illegal and veid, and these

prohibitions shall be enforced by suitable penalties.

Par. VI. No prorvision of this article shall be deemed, held or taken

to impair the obligation of any contract heretofoTe made by the State

of Georgia.



Par. VII. The General Assembly shall enforce the provisions of this

article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE V.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section I.
Paragraph I. The o:ffi('ers of the Executive Department shall consist of a Governor, Secretary of State; Comptroller-General and Treasurer.
Par. II. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office during the term of two years, and until his successor shall be ~hgsen and qualified. He shall not be eligible to re-election, after the expiration of a second term, for the period o four years. He shall have a salary of three thousand ,dollars per annum (until otherwise provided by a law passed by a two-thirds vote of both branches of. the General Assembly), which shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected;. nor shall he receive within

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

that time, any other emolument from the United States, or either of them, or from any foreign power. But this reduction of salary shall not apply to the present term of the present Governor.
Par. III. The first election for Governor, under this constitution, shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and the Governor-elect shall be installed in office at the next session of the General Assembly. An election shall take place biennially thereafter on said day, until another date be fixed by the General Assembly. Said election shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the several counties of this State, in the manner prescribed for the election of members of t.P.e General Assembly, and the electors shall be the same.
Par. IV. The returns for every election of Governor shall be sealed up by the managers, separately from other returns, and directed to the President. of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives, and transmitted to the Secretary of State, who shall, without opening said returns, cause the same to be laid before the Senate on the day after the two Houses shall have been organized, and they shall be trans~ mitted by the Senate to the House of Representatives.
Par. V. The members of each branch of the General Assembly shall convene in the Representative Hall, and the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives shall open and publish the returns in the presence and under the direction of the General Assembly; and the person having the majority of the whole number of votes shall be declared duly elected Governor of this State; but if no person shall have such majority, then from the two persons having the highest number of votes, who shall be in life, and shall not decline an election at the time appointed by the General Assembly to elect, the General Assembly shall immediately elect a Governor viva voce; and in all cases of election of a Governor by the General Assembly a majority of the members present shall be necessary to a choice.
Par. VI. Contested elections shall be determined by both Houses of the General Assembly in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Par. VII. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor who shall not have been a citizen of the United States fifteen years, and a citizen of the State six years, and who shall not have attained the age of thirty years.
Par. VIII. In case of the death, resignation or disability of the Governor, the President of the Senate shall exercise the executive powers of the government until such disability be removed, or a successor is elected and qualified. And in case of the death, resignation or disability of the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of .Representatives shall exercise the executive powers of the government until the removal of the disability, or the election and qualification of a Governor.
Par. IX. The General Assembly shall have power to provide by law for filling unexpired terms by special elections.
Par. X. The Governor shall, before he enters on the duties of his office, take the following o~th or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

477

{or affirm, as the case may be), that I will :faithfully execute the office {)f Governor of the State of Georgia, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution thereof, and the constitution of the United States of America."
Par. XI. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief oi the army and navy of this State, and of the militia thereof.
Par. XII. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, to .commute penalties, remove disabilities imposed by law, and to remit any part of a sentence for offences against the State, after conviction, ,except in cases of treason and impeachment, subject to such regulations .as may be provided by law relative to the manner of.applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason he may suspend the execution of the sentence and report the case to the General Assembly at the next Jneeting thereof, when .the General Assemby shall either pardon, commute the sentence, direct its execution or grant a further reprieve. He :Shall, at each session of the General Assembly, communicate to that body each case of reprieve, pardon or commutation granted, stating the name of the convict, the offence for which he was convicted, the sen-tence and its date, the date of the reprieve, pardon or commutation, and the reasons foT granting the same. He shall take caTe that the laws are faithfully executed, and shall be a conservator of the peace throughout <the State.
Par. XIII. He shall issue writs of election to fill all vacancies that may happen in the Senate or House of Representatives, and shall give the General Asse:rn:bly, from time to time, information of the state of the .<Jommonwealth, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem necessary or expedient. He shall have power to coovoke the General Assmbly on extraordinary occasions, but no law shall be enacted at call sr;Jssions of the General Assembly except such as shall relate to the object stated in his proclamation convening them.
Par. XIV. When any office shall become vacant, by death, resignation or otherwise, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, unless otherwise provided by law; and persons so appointed shall continue in office until a successor is commissioned, agreeably to the mode pointed out in the constitution, or by law in pursuance thereof.
Par. XV. A person once rejected by the Senate shall not be reap"Pointed by the Governor to the same office during the same session or the recess thereafter.
Par. XVI. The Governor shall have the revision of all bills passed by the General Assembly, before the same shall become laws, but twothirds of each House may pass a law, notwithstanding his dissent; and if any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days (Sun,days excepted) after it has been presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the General Assembly, by their adjournment, shall prevent -its return. He may approve any appropriation, and disapprove any other appropriation, in the same bill, and the latter shall not be effectual~ --unless passed by two-thirds of each House.
Par. XVII. Every vote, resolution or order, to which the concur-
21 ga

478

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

renee of both Houses may be necessary, except on a question of election or adjournment, shall he presented to the Governor, and before it shall take effect be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed by two-thirds of each House.
Par. XVIII. He may require information, in writing, from the officers in the Executive Department on any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. It shall be the duty of the Governor, quarterly, and oftener if he deems it expedient, to examine, under oath, the Treasurer and Comptroller-General of the State on all matters pertaining to theirrespective offices, and to inspect and review their books and accounts. The General Assembly shall have authority to provide by law for the suspension of either of said officers from the discharge of the duties of his office, and also for the appointmeiJ;lt of a suitable person to discharge the duties of the same.
Par. XIX. The Governor shall have power to appoint his own Secretaries, not exceeding two in number, and to provide such other clm-ical force as may be required in his office, but the total cost for Secretaries and clerical force in his office shall not excood six thousand dollars per annum.

Section II.

Paragraph I. The Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer shall be elected by the persons qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, at the same time and in the same manner as the Governor. The provision of the constitution as to the transmission of tlre returns of election, counting the votes, declaring the result, deciding when there is no election and when there is a contested election, applicable to the election of Governor, shall apply to the election of Secr\3'tary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer; they shall be commissioned by the Governor and hold their office for the same time as the Governor.
Par. II. The salary of the Treasurer shall not exceed two thousand dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department shall not exceed sixteen hundred dollars per annum.
Par. III. The salary of the Secretary of State shall not exceed two thousand dollars per annum, and the clerical expenses of his department shil.ll not exceed one thousand dollars per annum.
Par. IV. The salary of the Comptroller-General shall not exceed two thousand dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department including the Insurance Department and Wild Land Clerk, shall not exceed four thousand dollars per annum; and without said clerk, it shall not exceed three thousand dollars per annum.
Par. V. The Treasurer shall not be allowed, directly or indirectly, to receive any fee, interest or reward from any person, bank or corporation for the deposit or use, in any manner of the public funds and the General Assembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties.
Par. VI. No person shall be eligible t.o the office of Secretary of State,

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

479

Comptroller-General, or Treasurer, unless he shall have been a citizen of the United States for ten years, and shall have resided in this State for six years next preceding his election, and shall be twenty-five years of age when elected. All of said officers shall give bond and security, under regulations to be prescribed by law, for the faithful discharge of their duties.
Par. VII. The Secretary of State, the Comptroller-General and the Treasurer shall not be allowed any fees, perquisite or compensation other than their salaries, as prescribed by law, except their necessary expenses when absent from the seat of government on business for the State.

Section ill.

Paragraph I. The Great Seal of the State shall be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, and shall not be affixed to any instrument of writing except b;y order of the Governor, or General Assembly, and that now in use shall be the Great Seal of the State until otherwise. provided by law.

ARTICLE VI.

JUDICIARY.
Section I.
Paragraph I. The judicial powers of this State shall be vested in a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justice of the Peace, commissioned Notaries Public, and other Courts, as have been or may be established by law.

Section II.
Paragraph I. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. A majority of the Court shall constitute a quorum.
Par. II. When one or more of the Judges are disqualified from deciding any case, by interest or otherwise, the Governor shall designate a Judge, or Judges, of the Superior Courts to preside in said case.
Par. TII. No Judge of any Court shall preside in any case where the validity of any bond-Federal, State, corporation or municipal-is involved, who holds in his own right, or as the representative of others, any material interests in the class of bonds upon which the question to be decided arises.
Par. IV. The Chief Justice and .Associate Justices shall hold their office for six years, and until their successors are qualified. A successor to the incumbent whose term will soonest expire shall be elected by the

480

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

General Assembly in 1880; a successor to the incumbent whose term of office is next in duration shall be elected by the General Assembly in 1882; and a successor to the third incumbent shall be elected by the General Assembly in 1884; but appointments to :fill vacancies shall only be for the unexpired term, or until such vacancies are :filled by elections, :agreeably to the mode pointed out by this constitution.
Par. V. The Supreme Court shall have no original jurisdiction, but shall be a Court alone for the trial and correction of errors from the Superior Courts, and from the City Courts of Atlanta and Savannah, and such other like Courts as may be hereafter established in other cities; and shall sit at the seat of government, at such time in each year as shall be prescribed by law, for the trial and determination of writs of error from said Superior and City Courts.
Par. VI. The Supreme Court shall dispose o.f every case at the :first or second term after such writ of error is brought; and in case the plaintiff in error shall not be prepared at the :first term to prosecute the case-unless prevented by providential cause-it shall be stricken from the docket, and the judgment below shall stand affirmed.
Par. VII. In any case the Court may, in its discretion, withhold its judgment until the next term after the same is argued.
Par: VIII. The Suprem.e Court shall hereafter consist of a Chief Justice 01nd five Associate Justices. The Court shall have power to hear and determine cases when sitting, either in a body or in two divisions of three Judges each, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the General Assembly. A majority of either division shall constitute a quorum for that division. The Chief Justice and the Associate Justias of the Supreme Court shall hereafter be elected by the people at the same time and in the sam.e manner as the Governor and the State house officers are elected, except that the first election under this . amendment shall be held on the third Wednesday in Decemb.er, 1896, at which time on.e Associate Justice shall be elected for a full term of six years, to fill the vacancy occurring on January 1st, 1897, by the expiration of the term of on.e of the present incumbents, and three addit-ional Associate Justices shall be elected for terms expiring respectively, January 1st, 1899, January 1st, 1901, and January 1st, 1903. The persons elected as additional Associate Justices shall among themselv.es determine by lot which of the .three last mentioned terms each shall have, and they shall be commissioned accordingly.
After said first election, all terms (except unexpvred terms) shall be for six years each. In case of any vacancy which causes a:n unexpired term the same shall be filled by executive appointment, and the person app;inted by the Governor shall hold his office until the nex~ regular election and until his successor for the balance of the unexptred t.erm shall ~e been elected and qualified. The returns of said special election shall be made to the Secretary of State.
(Approved December 16, 1895.)

MELDRIM AUDITORIUM, GEORGIA STATE" INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE FOR COLORED YOUTHS,

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

483

Section III.
Paragraph I. There shall be a judge of the Superior Court for each
Judicial Circuit, whose term of office shall be four years, and until his successor is qualified. He may act in other circuits when authorized by law.
Par. II. The successors to the present incumbents shall be elected by the General Assembly as follows: To the half (as near as may be) whose commissions are the oldest, in the year 1878; and to the others in the year 1880. All subsequent elections shall be at the session of the Gen eral Assembly next preceding the expiration of the terms of incumbents, except elections to fill vacancies. The day of election may be fixed by the General Assembly.
Par. III. The terms of the Judges to be elected under the constitu tion (except to fill vacancies) shall begin on the first day of January after their elections. But if the time for the meeting of the General Assembly shall be changed, the General Assembly may change the time when the terms of Judges thereafter elected shall begin.

Section IV.
Paragraph I. The Superior Courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction
in cases of divorce; in criminal cases where the offender is subjected to loss of life, or confinement in the penitentiary; in cases respecting titles to land and equity cases.
Par. II. The General Assembly may confer upon the Courts of common law all the powers heretofore exercised by Courts of Equity in this State.
Par. III. Said Courts shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases, except as hereinafter provided.
Par. IV. They shall have appellate jurisdiction in all such cases as may be provided by law.
Par. V. They shall have power to correct errors in inferior judicatories by writ of certiorari, which shall only issue on the sanction of the Judge; and said Courts and the Judges thereof shall have power to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, sci11e facias, and all other writs that may be necessary for carrying their powers fully into effect, and shall have such other powers as ai'e or may be conferred on them by law.
Par. VI. The General Assembly may provide for an appeal from one jury, in the Superior Courts and City, to another, and the said Court may grant new trials on legal grounds.
Par. VII. The Court shall render judgment without the verdict o a jury in all civil cases founded on unconditional contracts in writing, where an issuable defense is not filed under oath or affirmation.
Par. VIII. The Superior Courts shall sit in each county not less than twice in each year, at such times as have been or may be appointed by law.

484

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Par. IX. The General Assembly may provide by law for the ap pointment of some proper person to preside in cases where the presiding Judge is, from any cause, disqualified.

Section V.
Paragraph I. In any county within which there is, or hereafter may be, a City Court, the Judge of said Court, and of the Superior Court, may preside in the Courts of each other in cases where the Judge o either Court is disqualified to preside.

Section VI.
Paragraph I. The powers of a Court of Ordinary, and of Probate, shall be vested in an Ordinary for each county, from whose decision there may be an appeal (or, by consent of parties, without a decision) to the Superior Court, under regulations prescribed by law.
Par. II. The Courts of Ordinary shall have such powers in relation to roads, bridges, ferries, public buildings, paupers, county officers, county funds, county taxes, and other county matters as may be conferred on them by law.
Par. III. The Ordinary shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor is elected and qualified.

Section VII.
Paragraph I. There shall be in each militia district one Justice of the Peace, whose official term, except when elected to fill an unexpired term, shall be four years.
Par. II. Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases, arising ex contractu, and in cases of injury or damage to personal property, when the principal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars, and shall sit monthly at fixed times and places; but in all cases there may be an appeal to a jury in said Court, or an appeal to the Superior Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.
Par. III. Justices of the Peace shall be elected by the legal voters in their respective districts, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. They shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.

Section VIII.
Paragraph I. Commissioned Notaries Public, not to exceed one for each militia district, may be appointed by the Judge of the Superior Courts, in their respective circuits, upon recommendation of the grand juries of the several counties. They shall be commissioned by the Governor for the term of four years, and shall be ex officio Justices of the Peace, and shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL;

485

Section IX.

Paragraph I. The jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and practice of all Courts or officers invested wiih judicial powers (except City Courts), of the same grade or class, so far as regulated by law, and the force and effect of the process, judgment and decree, by such CourtsL severally, shall be unifqrm. This uniformity must be established by the General Assembly.

Section X.

Paragraph I. There shall be an Attorney-General of this State, who shall be elected by the people at the same time, for the same term and: in the same manner as the Governor.
Par. II. It shall be the duty of the Solicitor-General to represent the legal adviser of the Executive Department, to represent the State in the Supreme Court in all capital felonies; and in all civil and criminal cases in any Court when required by the Governor, and to perform such other services as shall be required of him by law.

Section XI.
Paragraph I. There shall be a Solicitor-General for each judicial circuit, whose official term, except when commissioned to fill an unexpired term, shall be four years.
Par. II. It shall be the duty of the Solicitor-General tO> represent the State in all cases in the Superior Courts of his circuit, and in all cases taken up from his circuit to the Supreme Court, and to perform such other services as shall be required of him by law.

Section XII.
Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts and Solicitors-General shall be elected by the General Assembly, in joint session, on such day or days as shall be fixed by joint resO>lution o.f both Houses. At the session of the General Assembly which is held next before the expiration of the terms of the present incumbents, as provided in this constitution, their successors shall be chosen; and the same shall apply to the election of those who shall succeed them. Vacancies occasioned by death, resignation or other cause shall be filled by ap_pointment of the Governor, until the General .Assembly shall convene, when an election shall be held to fill the unexpired portion of the vacant terms.
Section XIII.
Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall have, out of the Treasury of the State, salaries not to exceed three thousand dollars per annum; the Judges of the Superior Courts shall have salaries not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; the Attorney-General shall have

486

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. .

a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; and the ~o licitors-General shall each have salaries not to exceed two hundred and fifty dollars per annum; but the Attorney-General shall not have any fee or perquis,ite in any cases arising after the adoption of this constitution; but the provisions of this section shall not affect the salaries of those now in office.
Par. II. The General Assembly may, at any time, by a two-thirds vote of each branch, prescribe other and different salaries for any, or all, of the above officers, but no such change shall affect the officers then in commission.

Section XIV.
Paragraph I. No person shall be Judge of the Supreme or Superior Courts; or Attorney-General, unless, at the time of his election, he s11all have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been a citizen of the State three years, and have practiced law for seven years; and no person shall be hereafter elected Solicitor-General, unless, at the time of his election, he shall have attained twenty-five years of age, shall have been a citizen of the State for three years, and shall have practiced law for three years next preceding his election.

Section XV.
Paragraph I. No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts of two juries at different terms of the Court.
Par. II. When a divorce is granted, the jury rendering the final verdict shall determine the rights and disabilities of the parties.

Section XVI.
Paragraph I. Divorce cases shall be brought in the county where the defendant resides, if a resident of this State; if the defendant be not a resident of this State, then in the county in which the plaintiff resides.
Par. II. Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where the land lies, except where a single tract is divided by a county line, in which case the Superior Court of either county shall have jurisdiction.
Par. III. Equity cases shall be tried in the county where a defendant resides against whom substantial relief is prayed.
Par. IV. Suits against joint obligors, joint promisors, copartners or joint trespassers, residing in different counties, may be .tried in either county.
Par. V. Suits against the maker and indorser of promissory notes, or drawer, acceptor and indorser of foreign or inland bills of exchange, or like instruments, residing in different counties, shall be brought in the county where the maker or acceptor resides.
Par. VI. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where the defendant resides, and all criminal cases shall be tried in the county

Be lo w -:1.-:1 in ch es. -:1.4_ to -1 Mi n ehc:~ . -:l 8 tn :i 2 in t:hcs . 52 to 5-l in c h es. 54 to G4 inch es . 64 t o GS inches . 48 to 72 inc h es.

LEGEND

-

Over 72 in c: h es.

RAIN MAP
OF
GEORG I A.
ANN UA L.
SHOWING BY ISOl'HYRTAL CURVES THE ME i\N PKEC I P ITATI ON O F RAIN AND MF.LTEIJ SNO W FOR THE Y EAH .

SCAL E
2~3='-="="=:E"~====~2i3~"=""="~"=";;0,CO =====':;'"="=""=""""""I"OSO MILES

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

489

where the crime was committed, except cases in the Superior Courts where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in such county.
Section XVII.
Paragraph I. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal cases shall be vested in the Superior Courts, to be exercised in such manner as has been, or shall be, provided by law.

Section XVIII.
Paragraph I. The right of trial by jury, except where it is otherwise provided in this constitution, shall remain inviolate, but the General Assembly may prescribe any number not less than :five, to constitute a trial or traverse jury in Courts other than the Superior and City Courts.
Par. II. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the selection of the most experienced, intelligent and upright men to serve as grand jurors, and intelligent and upright men to serve as traverse jurors. N evertheless, the grand jurors shall be competent to serve as traverse jurors,
Par. III. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, by general laws, to prescribe the manner of fixing compensation of jurors in all counties in this State.
Section XIX.
Paragraph I. 1The General Assembly shall have power to provide for the creation of County Commissioners in such counties as may require them, and to define their duties.
Section XX.
Paragraph I. All Courts not specially mentioned by name in the first section of this article may be abolished in any county, at the discretion of the General Assembly.
Section XXI.
Paragraph I. The costs in the Supreme Court shall not exceed ten dollars, unless otherwise provided by law. Plaintiffs in error shall not be required to pay costs in said Court when the usual pauper oath is :filed in the Court below.

ARTICLE VII.
FINANCE, TAXATION AND PUBLIC DEBT. Section I.
Paragraph I. The powers of taxation over the whole State shall be exercised by the General Assembly for the following purposes only:

490

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

For the support of the State Government and the public instit11tions. For educational purposes, in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English education only. To pay the interest on the public debt. To pay the principal of the public debt. To suppress insurrection, to repel invasion, and defend the State in time of war. To supply the soldiers who lost a limb, or limbs, in the military service of the Confederate States with substantial artificial limbs during life; and to make suitable provisions for such Confederate soldiers a& may have otherwise been disabled or permanently injured in such service, or who by reason of age and poverty, or infirmity and poverty, or blindness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves; and for _the widows of such Confederate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate States, or since from wounds received therein, or disease contracted in the service; provid,ed, that the act shall only apply to such widows as were married at the time of such service and have remained unmarried since the death of such soldier husband.

Section II.
Paragraph I. .All taxation shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects, and ad valo?-em on all property subject to be taxed within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws. The General .Assembly may, however, impose a tax on such domestic animals as, from their nature and habits, are destructive of other property.
Par. II. The General .Assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation all public property, places of religious worship or burial; all institutions of purely public charity; all buildings erected for and used as a college, incorporated academy, or other seminary of learning; the real and personal estate of any public library, and that of any other literary association, used by or connected with such library; all books and philo~ sophical apparatus; and all paintings and statuary of any company or association, kept in a public hall and not held as merchandise, or for purpose of sale or gain; provided, the property so exempted be not used for purposes of private or corporate profit or income.
Par. III. No poll tax shall be levied except for educational purposes, and such tax shall not exceed one dollar annually upon each poll.
Par. IV. .All laws exempting property from taxation, other than the property herein enumerated, shall be void.
Par. V. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the State shall be a party.
Section III.
Paragraph I. No debt shall be COIJ1tracted by or on behalf of the State, except to supply casual deficiences of revenue, to repel invasion, sup-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

491

press insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, or to pay the existing public debt; but the debt created to supply deficiences in revenue shall not exceed, in the aggregate, two hundred thousand dollars.

Section IV.
Paragraph I. All laws authorizing the borrpwing of money by or on behalf of the State shall specify the purposes for which the money is to be used, and the money so obtained shall be used for the purposes specified, and for no other.

Section V.
Paragraph I. The credit of the State shall not be pledged or loaned to any individual, company, corporation or association, and the State shall not become a joint owner or stockholder in any company, association or corporation.

Section VI.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State to become a stockholder in any company, corporation or association or to appropriate money for, or to loan its credit to any corporation, company, association, institution or individual, except for purely charitable purposes. This restriction shall not operate to prevent the support of schools by municipal corporations within their respective limits; provided, that if any municipal corporation shall offer to the State any property for locating or building a capitol, and the State accepts such offer, the corporation may comply with such offer.
Par. II. The General Assembly shall not have power to delegate to any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for educational purposes in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English education only; to build and repair the public buildings and bridges; to maintain and support prisoners; to pay jurors and coroners, and for litigation, quarantine, roads and expenses of Courts; to support paupers and pay debts heretofore existing.

Section VII.
Paragraph I. The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State, except as in this constitution provided for, shall never exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable property therein; and no such county, municipality or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan or loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of one per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law; but

492

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

any city, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum o the assessed value o the taxable property at the time of the adoption of this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase, at any time, the amount of said debt, three per centum upon such assessed valuation.
Par. II. Any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State, which shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the provisions of this constitution, shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the assessment and collection of an annual tax sufficient in amount to pay the principal and interest of said debt within thirty year~ from the date of the incurring of said indebtedness.

Section VIII.
Paragraph I. The State :shall not assume the debt, nor any part thereof, of any county, municipal corporation, or political division of th& State, unless such debt shall be contracted to enable the State to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend itself in time of war.

Section IX.
Paragraph I. The receiving, directly or indirectly, by any officer of the State or county, or member or officer of the General Assembly, o: any interests, profits or perquisites arising from the use or loan of publicfunds in his hands, or moneys to be raised through his agency for State or county purposes, shall be deemed a felony, and punishable as may beprescribed by law, a part of which punishment shall be a disqualification from holding office.

Section X.
Paragraph I. Municipal corporations shall not incur any debt until provision therefor shall have been made by the municipal government.

Section XI.

Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall have no authority to appropriate money, either directly or indirectly, to pay the whole or any part of the principal or interest of the bonds, or other obligations, which have been pronounced illegal, null and void by the General Assembly, and the constitutional amendments ratified by a vote of the people on the first day of May, 1877; nor shall the General Assembly have ,authority to pay any of the obligations created by the State under laws passed during the late war between the States, nor any of the bonds, notes or obligations made and entered into during the existence of said war, the time for the payment of which was fixed after the ratification of a treaty of peace between the United States and the Confederate States; nor shall the General Assembly pass any law, or the Governor, or other State official enter into any contract or agreement, whereby the State shall be made a party to any suit in any Court of this State, or of the United States, instituted to test the validity of any such bonds or obligations.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

493

Section XII.

Paragraph I. The bonded debt o the State shall never be increased, except to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in time o war.

Section Xill.

Paragraph I. The proceeds o the sale o the Western and Atlantic, Macon and Brunswick, or other railroads, held by the State, and any other property owned by the State, whenever the General Assembly may authorize the sale o the whole or any part thereof, shall be ap plied to the payment o the bonded debt o the State, and shall not be used or any other purpose whatever, so long as the State has any existing bonded debt; provided, that the proceeds o the sale o the Western and Atlantic Railroad shall be applied to the payment o the bonds or which said railroad has been mortgaged, in preference to all other bonds.

Section XIV.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall raise, by taxation, each year, in addition to the sum required to pay the public expenses and interest on the public debt, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which shall be held as a sinking fund, to pay off and retire the bonds o the State which have not yet matured, and shall be applied to no other purpose whatever. I the bonds cannot at any time be purchased at or below par, then the sinking fund, herein provided or, may be loaned by the Governor and Treasurer o the State; provided, the security which shall be demanded or said loan shall consist only o the valid bonds o the State; but this section shall not take effect until the eight per cent. currency bonds, issued under the act o February the 19th, 1873, shall have been paid.

Section XV.
Paragraph I. The Comptroller-General and Treasurer shall each make to the Governor a quarterly report o the financial condition o the State, which report shall include a statement o the assets, liabilities and income o the State, and expenditures therefor, :for three months preceding; and it shall be the duty o the Governor to carefully examine the same by himself, or through competent persons connected with his department, and cause an abstract thereof to be published or the information o the people, which abstract shall be indorsed by him as having been examined.
Section XVI.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution or order, grant any donation, or gratuity, in :favor o any person, corporation or association.

494

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Par. II. The General Assembly shall not grant or authorize extra compensation to any public officer, agent or contractor, after the service has been rendered, or the contract entered into.

Section XVIL
Paragraph I. rrhe office of the State Printer shall cease with the ex piration of the term of the present incumbent, and the General Assembly shall provide, by law, for letting the public printi~g to the lowest responsible bidder, or bidders, who shall give adequate and satisfactory security for the faithful performance thereof. No member of the General Assembly, or other public officer, shall be interested1 either directly or indirectly, in any such contract.

ARTICLE VIII.
EDUCATION.
Section I.
Paragraph I. There shall be a thorough system of common schools for the education of children in the elementary branches of an English education only, as nearly uniform as practicable, the expenses of which shall be provided for by taxation or otherwise. The schools shall be free to all children of the State, but separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored races.
Section II.
Paragraph I. There shall be a State School Commissioner elected by the people at the same time and manner as the Governor and State house officers are elected, whose term of office shall be two years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. His office shall be at the seat of the government, and he shall be p.aid a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars ( $2,000) per annum. The General Assembly may substitute for the State School Commissioner such officer .or officers as may be deemed necessary to perfect the system of public education.
(Act approved December 18, 1894-.)
Section ill.
Paragraph I. The poll tax, any educational :fund now belonging to the State (except the endowment o:, and debt due to, the University of Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and of the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, which the General Assembly is hereby authorized to assess, and the proceeds of any commutation tax :for military service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals as, :from their nature and habits, are destructive to other property, are hereby set apart and devoted for the support of common schools.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

495

Section IV.
Paragraph I. Authority may be granted to counties, upon the recommendation of two grand juries, and to municipal corporations upon the recommendation of the corporate authority, to establish and maintain public schools in their respective limits, by local taxation; but no such local laws shall take effect until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the qualified voters in each county or municipal corporation, and approved by a two-thirds vote of persons qualified to vote at such election; and the General Assembly may prescribe who shall vote on such question.
Section V.
Paragraph I. Existing local school systems shall not. be affected by this constitution. Nothing contained in section first of this article shall be construed to deprive schools in this State, not common schools, from participation in the educational fund or the State, as to all pupils therein taught in the elementary branches of an English education.

Section VI.
Paragraph I. The Trustees of the University of Georgia may accept bequests, donations and grants of land, or other property, for the use of said University. In addition to the payment of the annual interest on the debt due by the State to the University, the General Assembly may, from time to time, make such donations thereto as the condition of the treasury will authorize. And the General Assembly may also, from time to time, make such appropriations of money as the condition of the treasury will authorize to any college or university (not exceeding one in number) now established, or hereafter to be established, in this State for the education of persons of color.

ARTICLE IX.
HOMESTF..AD AND EXEMPTION.
Section I.
Paragraph I. There shall be exempt from levy and sale, by virtue of any process whatever under the laws of this State, except as hereinafter excepted, of the property of every head of a family, or guardian, m trustee of a family. of minor children, or every aged or infirm person, or persons having the care and support of dependent females of any age, who is not the head of a family, realty or personalty, or both, to the value in the aggregate of sixteen hundred dollars.
NoTE-The above provision of the constitution was specially submitted to the people and ratified, as a part thereof, by them, on December l)th, 1887.

496

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Section II.

Paragraph I. No Court or ministerial officet in this State shall ever have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judgment, execution or decree against the property set apart for such purpose, including such improvements as may be made thereon from time to time, except for taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon.

Section III.

Paragraph I. The debtor shall have power to waive or renounce in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in this article, except as to wearing apparel, and not exceeding three hundred dollars worth of household and kitchen furniture, and provisions to be selected by himself and wife if any, and he shall not after it is set apart, alienate or. encumber the property so exempted, but it may be sold by the debtor and his wife, if any, jointly, with the sanction of the Judge of the Superior Court of the county where the debtor resides or the land is situated, the proceeds to be reinvested upon the same uses.

Section IV.

Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, as early as practicable, for the setting apart and valuation of said property. But nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or repeal the existing laws for exemption of property from sale contained in the present Code of this State, in paragraphs 2040 to 2049 inclusive, and the act amenda~ tory thereto. It may be optional with the applicant to take either, but not both, of such exemptions.

Section V.

Paragraph I. The debtor shall have authority to waive or renounce in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in section four, except as is excepted in section three of this article.

Section VI.

Paragraph I. The applicant shall, at any time, have the right to supplement his exemption by adding to an amount already set apart, which is less than the whole amount of exemption herein allowed, a sufficiency to make b,is exemption equal to the whole amount.

Section VII.
Paragraph I. Homestead and exemptions of personal property which have been heretofore set apart by virtue of the provisions of the existing

so

8 0

.LEGEND

r--1 First. Qi' OteMest Degree

L.__J of Density.

.

c:J Second Degree of Density.

Third Degree of Density.

FORESTRY MAP
- - -OF---
GEORGIA .
Showing the Prevailin >< 'rimbers and Relatlve Dens1ty or Existing Forest Areas.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULlURE. a.o

Franldin Prtg. & Pub. Co., Atlanta, Ga.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

499

constitution of this State, and in accordance with the laws for the enforcement thereof, or which may be hereafter so set apart, at any time, shall be and remain valid as against all debts and liabilities existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, to the same extent that they would have been had said existing constitution not been revised.

Section VIII.
Paragraph I. Rights which have become vested under previously existing laws shall not be affected by anything herein contained. In all cases in which homesteads have been set apart under the constitution of 1868, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, and a bon.a fide sale of such property has been subsequently made, and the full purchase price thereof paid, all right of exemption in such property by reason o its having been so set apart, shall cease in so far as it affects the right of the purchaser. In all such cases, where a part only of the purchase price has been paid, such transactions shall be governed by the laws now of force in this State, in so far as they affect the rights of the purchaser, as though said property had not been set apart.

Section IX.
Paragraph I. Parties who have taken a homestead o realty under the
constitution of eighteen hundred and sixty-eight shall have the right to
sell said homestead and reinvest the same by order of the Judge of the Superior Courts of this State.

.ARTICLE X.
MILITIA.
Section I.
Paragraph I. A well regulated militia being essential to the peace :and security of the State, the General Assembly shall have authority to provide by law how the militia of this State shall be organized, o:fficered, trained, armed and equipped, and of whom it shall consist.
Par. II. The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the formation of volunteer companies, and to provide for their organization into battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions and corps, with such restrictions as may be prescribed by law, and shall have authority to arm and equip the same.
Par. III. The officers and men of the militia and volunteer forces shall not be entitled to receive any pay, rations or emoluments, when not in active service by authority of the State.
22 ga

500

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIA.L.

ARTICLE XI.

COUNTIES AND COUNTY OFFICERS.

Section I.

Paragraph I. Each county shall be a body corporate, with such pow

ers and limitations as may be prescribed by law. All suits by or against

a county shall be in the name thereof; and the metes and bounds of the

several counties shall remain as now prescribed by law, unless changed

as hereinafter provided.

Par. II. No new county shall be created.

Par. III. County lines shall not be changed, unless under the opera-

tion of a general law for that purpose.

Par. IV. No county site shall be changed or removed, except by a

two-thirds vote of the qualified voters of the county, voting at an elec

tion held for that purpose, and a two-thirds vote of the General As-

sembly.

,

Par. V. Any county may be dissolved and merged with contiguous

counties by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors of such county

voting at an election held for that purpose.

Section II.

Parllgraph I. The county officers shall be elected by the qualified voters of their respective counties or districts, and shall hold their offices for two years. They shall be removed on conviction for malpractice in office, and no person shall be eligible to any of the offices referred to in this paragraph unless he shall have been a resident of the county :for two years and is a qualified voter.

Section III.

Paragraph I. Whatever tribunal, or officers may hereafter be created by the General Assembly for the transaction of county matters, shall be uniform throughout the State, and of the same name, jurisdiction and remedies, except that the General Assembly may provide for the appointment of commissioners of roads and revenue in any county.

ARTICLE XII.
THE LAWS OF GENERAL OPERATION IN FORCE IN THIS STATE.
Section I. Paragraph I. The laws of general operation in this State are, first, as the supreme law: The constitution of the United States, the laws of the United States in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

501

Par. II. Second. As next in authority thereto: this constitution. Par. III. Third. In subordination to the foregoing: All laws now of force in this State, not inconsistent with this constitution, and the ordinances of this convention, shall remain of force until the same are modified or repealed by the General A8sembly. The tax acts and appropriation acts passed by the General Assembly of 1877, and approved by the Governor of the State, and not inconsistent with the constitution, are hereby continued in force until altered by law. . Par. IV. Local and private acts passed for the benefit of counties, eities, towns, corporations and private persons, not inconsistent .with the supreme law, nor with this constitution, and which have not expired nor been repealed, shall have the force of statute law, subject to judicial decision as to their validity when passed, and to any limitations imposed by their own terms. Par. V. All rights, privileges and immunities which may have vested in, or accrued to, any person or persons, or corpoTations, in his, her or their own right, or in any :fiduciary capacity, under and in virtue of any act of the General Assembly, or any judgment, decree or order,. or other proceeding of any comt of competent jurisdiction in thiS State heretofore rendered, shall be held inviolate by all courts before which they may be brought in question, unless attacked for fraud.
Par..VI. All judgments, decrees, ordm-s and other proceedings of
the several courts of this State, heretofore made, within the limits of their several jurisdictions, are hereby ratified and affirmed, subject only to revision by motion for a new trial, appeal, bill of review, or other proceeding, in conformity with the law of force when they were made.
Par. VII. The officers of the government now existing shall continue in the exercise of their several functions until their successors are duly elected OT appointed and qualified, but nothing herein is to apply to any officer whose office may be abolished by this constitution.
Par. VIII. The ordinances of this convention shall have the force of laws until otherwise provided by the General Assembly, except the ordinances in reference to submitting the homestead and capital questions to a vote of the people, which ordinances, after being voted on, shall have the effect of constitutional provisions.

NoTE-Under the ordinance of the convention submitting the-question of the location of the capital to the people, the city of Atlanta was chosen, December 5th, 1877.

ARTICLE XIII.

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
Section I.
Paragraph I. Any amendment, or amendments, to this constitution may be proposed in the Senate or H ouse of Representatives, and if the same ilhall be agreed to by two-thirds o:f the members elected to eaeh of the two Houses, such proposed amendment, or amendments, shaH be

l))2

GEORGiA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon. And the General Assembly shall cause such amendment, or amendments, to be published in one or more papers in each Congressional district for two months previous to the time of holding the next general election, and shall also provide for a submission of such proposed amendment, or amendments, to the people at said next general election, and if the people shall ratify such amendment, or amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment, or amendments, shall become, a part of this constitution. when more than one amendment is submitted at the same time, they shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment separately.
Par. II. No convention of the people shall be called by the General Assembly to revise, amend or change this constitution, unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General Assembly. The representation in said convention shall be based on population as near as practicable.
Section II.
Paragraph I. The constitution shall be submitted for ratification or 1ejection to the voters of the State, at an election to be held on the first Wednesday in December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven in the several election districts of this State, at which election every person shall be entitled to vote who is entitled to vote for the members of the General Assembly under the constitution arnd laws of f01ce at the ~ate of such election; said election to be held and conducted as is now provided by law for holding elections for members of the General Assembly. All persons voting at said election in favor of adopting the constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "For Ratification," and all persons opposed to the adoption of this constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "Against llatificat'ion. ''
Par. II. The votes cast at said election shall be consolidated in each of the counties of the State as is now required by law in elections for members of the General Assembly, and returns thereof made to the Governor; and should a majority of all the votes cast at said election be in favor of ratification, he shall declare the said constitution adopted, and make proclamation of the result of said election by publication in one or more newspapers in each Congressional district of the State; but should a majority of the votes cast be against ratification, he shall in the same manner proclaim the said constitution rejected.

ORDINANCES.
AN ORDINANCE. Be it ordained by lhe people of Georgia in Conv.ention assembled:
1st. That the question of tbe location of the capital of this State be kept out of the constitution to be adopted by this convention.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

503

2d. That at the first general election hereafter held for members of the General .Assembly, every voter may indorse Qn his ballot ".Atlanta" or "Milledgeville," and the one of these places receiving the largest number of votes shall be the capital of the State until changed by the same authority and in the sameway that may be provided fgr the alteration of the constitution that may be adopted by the convention, whether said constitution be ratified or rejected. .And that every person entitled to vote .for members of the General Assembly, under the present coll'stitution and laws of this State, shall be entitled to vote under this ordinance; and, in the event of the rejection of said constitution, shall (should) a majority of votes cast be in favor Qr Milledgeville, then this pr{)vision to operate and take effect as an amendment to the present constitution.

AN ORDINANCE.

Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled, and

it is hereby ordained by authority of the same.'

1st. That the article adopted by this convention on the subject of

Homestead and Exemption shall not form a part of thi3 Constitution.

except as hereinafter provided.



2d. At the election held for the ratification or rejection of this con-

stitution :it shall be ' lawful for each voter to have written or printed on

his ballot the words, "Homestead of 1877," or the words, "Homestead of

1868."

3d. In the event that a majority of the ballots so cast have indorsed

upon them the words, "Homestead of 1877," then said article so adopt-

ed by this convention shall form a part of the constitution submitted,

if the same is ratified; but in the event that said constitution, so sub-

mitted, shall not be ratified, then the article on Homestead and Exemp-

tions, so adopted as aforesaid by this convention, shall supersede article

seven of the constitution of 1868 on the subject of Homestead and Ex-

emptions, and form a part of this constitution.

4th. If a majority of the ballots so cast as aforesaid shall have in-

dorsed upon them the words, "Homestead of 1868," then article seventh

of the constitution of 1868 shall supersede the article on Homestead

and Exemptions adopted by this convention, and shall be incorporated

in and form (a part) of the constitution so submitted and ratified.

Read and adopted in convention August 22, 1877.

Attest:

C. J. JENKINS,

President Constitutional Convention.

JAMES COOPER NISBET, Secretary.

AN ORDINANCE.
Whereas, A committee has been appointed by this convention to consider and inquire into the ways and means by which the expenses of this convention, over and above those provided for by the General As-

504

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

sembly, can be defrayed; and, whereas, the committee are satisfied that a sufficient sum of money for the same can be procured by an ordinance of this convention; therefore,

Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Conv.ention ass.embled, and it is hereby ordained by authority of the same:

That the President of this Convention shall be, and he is hereby, em-

powered, by authority of this convention, to negotiate a loan of a suffi-

cient sum of money, at seven per cent. per annum, to defray the residue

of the expenses of this convention not provided for by the act of the

General Assembly calling this convention.

Read and adopted in convention August 18, 1877.

Attest:

C. J. JENKINS,

President Constitutional Convention.

JAMES COOPER NISBET, Secretary.

AN ORDINANCE.

Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled:

1st. That the constitution as adopted and revised be enrolled and

signed by the officers and members of this convention.

2d. That the Governor shall issue his proclamation, ordering an elec-

tion for members of the General Assembly, and a vote upon the ratifi-

cation or rejection of this constitution, as therein provided, and a vote

upon the Capital and Homestead questions, as provided by the ordi-

nances of this convention.

Read and adopted in convention, August 25th, 1877.

Attest:

C. J. JENKINS,

President Constitutional Convention.

JAMES COOPER NESBIT, Secretary.

AN ORDINANCE.

There shall be sixteen Judicial Circuits in this State, and it shall be

the duty of the General Assembly to organize and apportion the same

in such manner as to equalize the business and labor of the Judges in

said several circuits as far as may be practicable. But the General

Assembly shall have power hereaft.er to reorgrunize, increase or dimin-

ish the number of circuits; providfd, however, that the cuircuits shall

remain as now organized until changed by law.

Read and adopted in convention August 23, 1877.

Attest:

C. J. JENKINS,

President Constitutional Convention.

JAMES COOPER NESBIT, Secretary

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

505

AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION.
Paragraph 15, of Section 7, Article 3, stricken out. Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, amended by adding at the end of said paragraph the following words: "And to make suitable provisions for such Confed,erate soldiers as may have been permanently injured in such service." See Acts of 1884-1885. Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, also amended by adding at the end of said paragraph the following words: "And to make suitable provision for such Confederate soldiers as may have otherwise been disabled or permanently injured in such service; and for the widows of such .Confederate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate States, or 'since from wounds received therein, or diseases contracted therein." Paragraph 3, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out "biennially" after the word "and?' and before the word "thereafter," and substituting therefor the word "annually." Paragraph 6, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out the words "forty days, unless by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of each House," and substituting therefor "fifty days." (These amendments were construed to apply to Article 3, instead of Article 2.) Paragraph 7, Section 7, Article 3, amended by adding thereto, "but the first and second reading of each local bill and bank and railroad charters in each House shall consist of the reading of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed." Paragraph 18, Section 7, Article 3, amended by striking out, after the word "companies," in the second line, the following words, viz.: "Except banking, insurance, raili-oad, canal, navigation, express and telegraph companies," and substituting therefor, at the end of said paragraph, a':fte'r the word "courts," the following, viz.: "All corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the Secretary of State in such manner as shall be prescribed by law." See Acts of 1890-91, Vol. 1, pages 55 to 60, inclusive. Paragraph 1, Section 1, of Article 7, by adding after the word service in the thirteenth line of said paragraph, the following words, to wit: "Or who, by reason of age and poverty, or infirmity and poverty, or blindness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves." Act approved, December 19, 1893. Adopted by vote of the people October, 1894.

oo6

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

We call attention to the two following important acts relating to adulterated food or drinks:

TO PREVENT THE SALE OF ADULTERAT~D BOOD OR DRINKS, EXCEPT ON CERTAIN CONDTTIONS, ETC.

No. 329.
An Act to prohibit the sale or offering for sale in this State, any adulterated article of food or drink, except on cert.ain conditions, and to prescribe a penalty for so doing, and for other purposes.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That from and aft.er the passage of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any person, in his own right, or as an agent for another, to willfully and knowingly sell, or offer for sale, in this State, runy adulterated article of food or drink, unless the package or vessel containing the same has attached there:to a true and correct analysis of the article or thing therein contained, and notice thereof given to each and every purchaser, when: such article or thing may be offered for sale, that the article or thing is adulterated.
Sec. II. And be it further enacted, 'That any person or persons violating the first section of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished as is prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882 of this State.
Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of each and every grand jury in the several counties of this State to diligently inquire into any violation of the first section of this Act, and true presentments make of all violations of the same, and it shall be the duty of the judges of the superior courts in the State to bring this Act to the attention of grand jurors at each term of the court in the several counties of this State for two (2) years next after the passage of this Act.
Sec. IV. Be it further enaated by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in con:fl:ict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved September 26, 1883.

ARTICLE 16.
SALE OF ADULTERATED MILK, REGULATIONS AS TO IMITATION BUTTER AND CHEESE, UNWHOLESOME PROVISIONS, ETC.
Par. 456. S.elling, of{e1ing lor sale, or delivering, certain kinds of milk, prohibited. No person, corpora.tion or agent shall sell, or expose for sale, or deliver for domestic use, any unclean, impure, unwholesome, adulterated, or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been

GEO.RGI.A.: HIS'l'O.RIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL,

507

held back, what is known as "strippings," or milk taken from an animal

having disease, ulcers, or abscesses, or from an animal within less than

:fifteen days before, or less than five days after, parturition; provided, that

this section shall not apply to the sale of buttermilk, or to skimmed milk,

when sold as such. :Milk which is proven by any reliable test or analy-

sis to contain less than three and one half per centum of but,ter fat,

shall be regarded as skimmed or partially skimmed milk.

Par. 457. Imitation butter and oheese defrned. Every article, sub-

stance, or compound, other than that produced from pure whole milk,

or cream from the same, made in the semblance of butter or of cheese,

and designed to be used as a substitute for butter or cheese made from

pure milk or cream from the same, is imitation butter or imitation

cheese, as the case may be; providl2d, the use of salt, rennet and harm-

less colori'llg-matter for coloring the product of pure milk or cream

shall not be construed to render such product an imitation.

Par. 458. Making, selling, ,etc., imitation butter or cheese, prohibited. No peraoo shall, by himself Ol' employee or agent, produce or mallu~

facture or sell, or keep for sale, or offer for sale, any imitation butter

or imitation cheese made or compounded in violation of this Article,

whe,ther such imitation shall have been made or produced in this State

or elsewhere; but nothing in this Article shall be construed to prohibit

the manufacture and sale of imitation butter or imitation cheese under

the regulations hereinafter provided, not manufactured or colored as

herein prohibited.

.



Par. 459. Sale under pretense of genuineness. No person, by him-

self or agent or employee, shall sell, or offer for sale, any imitation but-

ter or imitation cheese, under the pretense that it is genuine butter or

genuine cheese. And no person, his agent or employee, shall sell any

such imitation, unless he shall notify the purchaser distinctly at the time of the sale that it is such imitation, and at the same time shall de~

liver to the purchaser a statement printed in black letters not smaller

than 4-line pica, in the English language, that the article is imitation

butter or imitation cheese, and give the name and address of its pro-

ducer, and contain no other words.

Par. 460. Use of imitations regulated. No keeper or proprietor of

a bakery, hotel, boarding-house, saloon, restaurant, lunch-counter, or

other place of public entertainment, or any employee or other person

having charge thereof, or any person furnishing board for others than

his own family, shall keep, use, or serve therein or elsewhere, either as

food for his guests, boa.rders, patrons, customers or employees, or for

cooking purposes, any imitation butter or imitation cheese, unless such

keeper, proprietor, or other person in charge of such place of entertain-

ment shall keep constantly posted in a most conspicuous place in the

room or rooms, or other place where such imitations shall be served or

sold, so that the same may be easily seen and read by any person in such

room or place, a white card not less than ten by fourteen inches in size,

on which shall he printed, in the English language, in plain, black

508

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Roman letters, not smaller than one inch in height and one-half inch in width, the words, "Imitation butter used here," or "Imitation choose used here," as the case may be, and said cards shall not contain any other words or expressions.
Par. 461. Use of coloring-matter to produce r.esemblance, p'l\ohibited. No person shall coat, powder, or color with anatto or any coloring-matter whatever, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter or for cheese, whereby such substance or product shall be caused to resemble butter of cheese, the product of pure milk or cream.
Par. 462. Combining substances to produce resemblances, prohibited. No person shall combine any animal fat or vegetable oil, or other substa'llce, with butter or cheese, or combine therewith or with animal fat, or with vegetable oil, or with a combination of the two, or with either one, or with any substance whatever, any anatto or any coloring-matter for . the purpose or with the effect oi imparting thereto a yellow color, or any shade of yellow, so that such substance shall resemble genuine yellow butter or cheese, nor introduce any such coloring-matter or any such substa'llce into any of the ingredients of which such substitute may be composed; provided, that nothing in this Article shall be construed to prohibit the use of salt, rennet, or harmless coloringmatter for coloring the products of pure milk or cream from the same.
Par. 463. Marking substitutes. Every person who lawfully manufactures any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter 01!' for cheese, shall mark by branding, stamping, or stenciling upo'll the top and side of each tub, box, or other vessel in which such substitute shall be kept, or in which it shall be removed from the place where produced, in a clear and durable manner, in the English language, the words "Substitute for butter," or "Substitute for cheese," as the case may be, in printed letters, in plai'll Roman type, each of which shall be not less than one inch in height and one-half inch in breadth.
Par. 464. Possession of substitute regulated. No perso'll shall have in his possession or control, except for the actual consumption of himself or family, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter or cheese, unless the vessel containing it shall be marked as required in the preceding section.
Par. 465. Punishment. A violation of any of the foregoing provisions of this Article shall be a misdemeanor.
Acts of 1895, page 60.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

509

STATE HOUSE OFFICERS.

ALLEN D. CANDLER, Governor.
JOS. M. TERRELL, Attorney-General.
WM. A. WRIGHT, Comptroller-General.
ROBT. E. PARK, Treasurer,
PHILIP COOK, Secretaty of State.
J. W. ROBERTSON, Adjutant-General.
G. R. GLENN, State School Commissioner.
0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner of Agriculture.
R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant Commissioner of Agricul-
ture.
JNO. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

W. M. SCOTT, Entomologist.
GLASCOCK BARRETT, State Oil Inspector.
W. S. YEATES, Geologist.
JAS. E. BROWN, State Librarian.
.JNO. W. LINDSAY, Pension Commissioner.
Prison Commission. JOS. S. TURNER, Chairman. CLEMENT A. EVANS, THOMAS EASON.
Railroad Commission. THOS. C. CRENSHAW, JR., Chmn. SPENCER R. ATKINSON, J. POPE BROWN.

SUPREME UOURT.

T. J . SIMMONS, Chief Justice.
SAMUEL LUMPKIN, Presiding Justice.
WM. A. LITTLE, Associate Justice.

WM. H. FISH, Associate Justice.
H. T. LEWIS. Associate Justice.
A. J. COBB, Associate Justice.

SUPERIOR COURTS.

CIRCUITS.

JUDGES.

SOLICITORS.

Albany Circuit ......... W. N. SPENCE ......... W. E. Wooten.

Atlanta Circuit ..........J. H. LUMPKIN........ C. D. Hill.

Atlantic Circuit ........ PAUL E. SEABROOK... Livingston Kenan.

Augusta Circuit .........E. L. BRINSON ......... J. S. Reynolds.

Blue Ridge Circuit ...... GEO. F. GOBER........ Thomas Hutcheson.

Brunswick Circuit ...... JOS. W. BENNETT~ ..... Jno. W. Bennett.

Chattahoochee Circuit ... W. B. BUTT ...... . .... S. P. Gilbert.

Cherokee Circuit ........ A. W. FITE ............. Sam. P. Maddox.

Coweta Circuit ....... . .. S. W. HARRIS ..........T. -A. Atkinson.

Eastern Circuit ......... ROBERT FALLIGANT .. W. W. Osborne.

Flint Circuit ............ill. J. REAGAN .........0. H. B. Bloodworth.

Macon Circuit .......... W. H. FELTON, Jr..... William Brunson.

Middle Circuit .......... B. D. EVANS .......... B. T. Rawlings.

Northeastern Circuit .... J. B. ESTES ......... W. A. Charters.

Northern Circuit . . . . . . . H. M. HOLDEN ......... David W. Meadow.

Ocmulgee Circuit . . . . . . . JNO. C. HART . . . . . . . . . . H. G. Lewis.

Oconee Circuit ........D. M. ROBERTS ........ J . F. DeLacy.

Pataula Circuit ......... H. C. SHEFFIELD .......J. A. Laing.

Rome Circuit ......... W. M. HENRY .......... Moses Wright.

Southern Circuit ........ A. H. HANSELL ........ W. E. Thomas.
Southwestern Circuit ....z. A. LITTLEJOHN .... F. A. Hooper.

Stone Mountain Circuit...JNO. S. CANDLER ...... W. T. Kimsey.

Tallapoosa Circuit ...... CHAS. G. JANES ....... W. T. Roberts.

Western Circuit ......... R. B. RUSSELL .........C. H. Brand.

510

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

THE GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION.
In 1887 the Congress of the United States passed an Act appropriating $15,000 per annum, from the proceeds of the sale of public lands, to each State and territory for the support and maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station. Under this Act the Station was to be conducted ~n connection with the Agricultural College in each State and Territory. The Governor of Georgia, in behalf of the General Assembly, accepted the tender of the appropriation, in June 1888, and preparations were at once made to organize a Station at Athens, Ga.
!Ill December, 1888, however, the Groleral Assembly of Georgia passed aJJ1 Act taking the Station from the immediate control of the college authorities and providing for a Board of Directors :for its management, consisting of one "practical and suocessful" farmer from each Congressional district, the State Commissioner of Agriculture, the Chancellor of the University and one member of the faculty of the State Agricultural College. The "farmer'' members are appoin:ted by the Governor for terms of five years, and the member of the college faculty is arunually designated by the same authority.
Under authority of the State Act the Board of Directors, in May, 1889, removed the Station from Athens and located it one and a half miles north of the city of Gviffin, the citizens of Spalding county having donated a fine farm of 130 acres and $4,000 in cash. In a short time the Station Staff was orgaruized by the election of R. J. Redding, director; Gustave Speth, horticulturalist and accountant, and James M. Kimbrough, agriculturalist and dairyman. Active operations commenced in September, 1889.
The Station is maintained exclusively by the fund received from the United States Treasury ($15,000 per annum), together with the proceeds of the sale of farm products. The State provides nothing for ita regular support, but has made three appropriations of $5,000 each, for specific purposes, as shown in the >following statement:
1. Dbnations from Spalding county:
Farm of 130 acres, valued at .. .................... $10,000 Cash for building purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000
2. Appropriated. by General Assembly:
In 1888 for estab1ishiing the Station (mainly expemded for buildings) .................................. $5,000
In 1891, for building<s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 In 1892, for buildinga and equipmen.ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000

.
GEORGIA EXPERil\lEN'l' STATION, NEAR GRlFFlN.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

513

The State pays the actual traveling expenses of the Board of Directors in attooding quarterly meetings, but provides no compensation for their services. These expenses, amounting to about $500 per ann:um, consti tute the only r egular charge on the State Treasury.
A quarterly report of all expenditures is made to the Governor, and an annual and detailed report at the close of each year.

PRESENT ORGANIZATION.
T'he organization of the Station at. present (1901) is as follows: R. J. Redding ...................................... Director. H. 0. White ....................... . Vci.ce Director and Chemist. A. L. Quaintance (resigned Aug. 1. '01) .Biologist and Horticulturalist. J. M. Kimbrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agriculturalist. H. J. Wing ....................................... Dairyman. Miss Ruby R. Ritchie ..... '.......... Stenographer and Accountant.

EQUIPMENT.
The Station buildings comprise residences or the Director, Horticulturalist, Agriculturalist rund Dairyman, and six three-room cottages for laborers ; a frame horse-and cattle-table and barn, with annexes for carriage house; calf barn, silo and manure shed; dairy building; ehemic:al and biological laboratory with cellar and annex; propagating and greenhouse; tobacco barn; ginnery and tool house; engine house and stationary engine; carpenter and blacksmith shop; complete system of waterworks; steam pump, hydraulic ra:rn, hydrantiS-, house service, e,tc.
The station owns four mules, 30 head of cattle (mostly registered J erseys), and a small herd of fine Berkshire swine.
The fa1m covers 130 a.cres, 80 of which are under cultivation, 35 in pasture and 15 in parks and lawns. In the above are included about 15 acres in orchards and vineyards.
The Station has a collection of about 2,500 named species of inc sects, besides many not yet determined; 2,000 named specimens in the herbarium, including economic fungi.

LINES OF WORK.
It has been the fixed policy of the Stat~on to consult the immediate wants of the farme:t"S of the Sta;te,. These are, primarily, instruction in soil renovation, improved methods of preparation of soil and culture of the staple crops, and diversified farming. The work of the Station in the field has beelli fertilizer ~sts with different forms and sources and

514

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

combinatiO'Ils of plant !food ingredients; different methods of culture; tests of varieties; improved methods of harvesting and (incidentally) trials of nerw inventions and improvements in farm implements and machinery.
The work in the Druiry and Livestock department has been mainly illustrative rund demonstrative; the improvement of breeds and dissen:cination of young animals of the best strains among Georgia farmers.

SOME RESULTS.
Tile illustrative and demonstrative work of the Station has shown that the natural conditions of soil and climate are admirably adapted to the production of milk, butter and cheese of unexcelled quality, rund the dairying and liv&stock industry of the State has been the~eby gTootly encouraged.
The Station has discovered a method of sowing oats in the fall of the year so that the danger of winter killing is reduced to a miruimum, and has thus greatly encouraged and developed the culture of oats. This method consists, essentially, in first thoroughly preparing the soil (corn stubble) by plowing and harrowing, and t:hen drilling tl1e1 selected seed oats in open furrows, 16 ,to 18 inches apart, at the: rate of 1f to 2 bushels of seed per acre, applying at the same time a liberal amount of properly balanced fertilizer. The seed oats, falling from the drill spot to the bottoni of the fresh furrow, are barely covered by the loose, falling soil and the weight of the operating whe1el of the drill machine.
The Station has sho1vn by careful and repeated e!Xperiments that corn may be successfully harvested in Georgia as it has long be practiced in the North, by cutting down the entire stalk a little later than the "pulling :fodder' period and shucking the same, the whole (excepting the ears) to be afterwards shredded; and that the shreded corn stalks make a:n excellent roughage for horses, mules and cattle. H the entire crop of corn of Georgia he thus harvested the saving of valuable :food that has heretofore been utterly neglected, would amount to 600,000 tons.
The Station has clone valuable work along horticultural lines, and the tests of varieties, the invest,igation of the insect enemies and fungous diseases of fruits and vegetables and the means of combating them have been of great value to the fruit-growers and truck-farmers of the State.
The Station publishes at least orne Bullet~n orf results every three months, or :four to six Bulletins per annum. Some of these are profusely illustrated. These Bulletins are absolutely free to any citizen who is act:ively engaged in any branch of farming, including fruit and vege-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

515

table culture, dairying and stock-breeding, who will request the same to be sent him. The law does not contemplate that they shall be sent at random or as "sample copies," but only to such persons as shall request them sent. Address "Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga."
NoTE-.The above sketch of the Experiment Station was contributed by R. J. Redding, Director.

APPROPRIATIONS TO THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE STATE.
At the last session of the legislature the following sums of money were appropriated for and on account of the public institutions of the State, for each of the fiscal years1901 and 1902:
For support and maintenance of the Academy of the Blind and for salaries of its officers, $18,000, or so mu~h thereof as may be necessary.
For repairs of the Academy for the Blind, $4,000. For suppo:r;t and maintenance of the school for the Deaf rund Dumb, and pay of its officers :and a1:Jt:achees, $25,000, or so much therepf as may be necessary. 'For the support and m:aintenrunce of the Georgi'a State Sanitarium (Asylum for the Insane~), $290,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary. For the State University at Athens, the sum of $8,000. For the State University for the support of the School of Technology, $40,000. For the University of Georgia for the use of the State Technological School, for the purpose of er,ecting an .electrical building, $10,000, and for purchasing and . providing equipment for the Textile Department
of the sameschool, these last two appropriations nm to become available
until the trustees of the school shall have raised the sum of $2 5,000 additionlli in money or equipment, by private subscription for said purpose.
For the State University for the support of the Georgia Normal and Industrial College for girls, at Milledgeville, $22,900;.
For the State Universityfor the support of the North Georgia Agricultural College, a hranch of said Univ.ersity, $7,000.
,For the State University for the support of the State Normal School for t eacherS of both .sexes, at the Rock College, at Athens, $22,500.
For the University for the colored people, $8,000. For the support of the Common Schools, $800,000 in addition to the school fund derived from taxat:ion in the several counties. For the State University at Athens the sum of $22,500, to be used for its support and maintenance and for necessary repairs and buildings and the furnishing and ,equipping thereof; also to the trustees of the Universrty, $5,000 to be used in building and ful'inishing a dormitory

516

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

for girls at the North Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega, and for other purposes.
Also $150,000 for the Georgia State Sanitarium at Milledgeville, to be used in erecting buildings and for other purposes.

APPROPRIATIONS FOR CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS AND THEIR WIDOWS.
The State appropriates to maimed and disabled Confederate soldien; $190,000, and to indigent soldiers, $300,000. .
It a]so appropriates the sum of $200,000 to the widows of such Con f ederate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate States, or since from wournds received therein, OT disease contracted in the service of the ConfedeTate States, and to indigent widows of de ceased Confederate soldiers who were the, wives of such soldiers while they were in service.

THE HOME FOR CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS.
This imtitution, under the patronage of the State, was opened in July, 1901, and in a short while seventy-two veterans had been admitted to its privileges. On September 30, 1901, the Home was destroyed by fire. On the same day the Atlanta Journal rented a t emporary home for the soldiers on Marietta Street, while the. helpless were provided for in the Presbyterian and Grady Hospitals. To the $21,500 insurance on house and furniture, the people of Georgia are adding libe,ral subscriptions, and a new Soldiers' Home will soon be erected and equipped with every modern convenience.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.
Although this is a chapter on the State government of Georgill, such is the influence of the Press in moulding the thoughts of the people and shaping legislation, that it may be fittingly introduced in this connection.
The number and kind of newspapers and periodicals published in a State afford some indication of the character of its people. Judged: by this standard the people of Georgia are entitled to rank among the most progressive of the populations which compose the various commonwealths of the American Union. The enterprise and ability of some of the great daily and weekly journals of the State, both secular and religious, have largely increased th'e influence of Georgia on political and religious lines, and combined with the ability of some of her representatives in the national legislature, have given to our State high rank in the councils of the republic.

PEACH PACKING-HOUSE.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

519

We append here a list of newspapers and periodicals, giving the name and character of each, the place of publication and whether daily or weekly.

Name

Character

How Published Town and County.

Chronicle ............ .Democratic. Weekly .......... Abbeville, Wilcox.

Post .. .... .......... .... "

" . . . . .. .. Acworth, Cobb.

Banner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ....... Adairsville, Bartow.

News ................. .Democratic . ''

... .Adel, Berrien.

Herald.. ... ... . . . . ..... '' .. Daily and WeeklyA~bany, Dougherty.

Dispatch . .... ........ .. Republican .Weekly . . . . . . . . . "

"

Free Press ...........Democratic . " . . ..... .Alpharetta, Milton.

Ev~ning Herald. . ...... " . .. Daily . .. . .. . .. .. Americus, Sumter.

Times-.Recorder ... .-.... " .. .Daily and Weekly "

"

Georgia Investigator .. .Republican .Weekly.......... "

"

Calhoun County CourierDemocratic. " ....... .Arlington, Calhoun.

Advance.......... .. .. . "

. " ........ Ashburn, Worth.

South'nField&Fireside.Agricultural.Monthly... , ..... .Ashwood, Berrien.

Banner................Democratic .Daily and WeeklyAthens, Clarke.

Clipper .. . .. ... . .. . .... Negro, H.ep . .Weekly ...... . ... "

"

Sentinel. .. . ........... .Temperance . "

:;

::

.Southern Farmer . ..... .Agricultural.Monthly ..... ... . Woman's 1Vork ... ... .. Household. . ''

,,

"

Constitution............Democratic .Daily, Weekly and

Semi-Weekly and Sun. Atlanta, Fulton.

Journal .... . .... .. ... . . " . . .Daily, and Semi-

Weekly........ . American Advertiser ... Independent."\-Veekly .. .. ..... .

",,

" "

Benevolent Ensign ..... Negro.. . .. . .. " Business Directory ... , .Business ... .

,, ""

Christian Index ... '..... Baptist .... .

" "

Georgia Record .. . . .. . .. .... ..... .. . " Ga. Staats Nachrichten .German .... . "

" ,,

.Jewish Senti ~nent ...... Jewish ..... . " .Journal of Labor... ... Labor .. .... . "

,", "

Mail & Express . . ...... .. .... . .... . .

"

Market Reporter and
Shippers Guide..... . . ..... .. . .... .. " National. ............... Republican.. "

,,",, "..

Presbyterian ........... Presbyterian
Republican Leader .....Republican . Saturday Review ....... Society .... .

"."

"

",",

Southern Architect and

Contractor .. .. . . ..... Architectur'l "
So. Christian Recorder. African M E.

,, "

Southern Evangelist .. Undenominat'l :: Southern St.ar.... . ... Prohibition.. Wesleyan Chdstian Ad-Methodist
vocate ......... .. .... Episcopal, S. "
Southern Cultivator and

" "

," ,

"

Dixie Farmer. .... ... .Agricultural.Semi-Monthly .. . "

"

Southern Home.... .. .. .. .. .. . .. ''

"

Alkahest . .... .. ..... . ..Literary . ...Monthly.. ..... .. . "

,,

Church in Georgia ... .. .Protestant

Episcopal "

" "

Cotton ... .. . : .. ..... . . .Cotton

Industry " Dixie . . ..... . ...... . ... .Mechanical. "
Georgi a Eclectic . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .. .

" " "

Medical Journal : ... .. .. Medical ... . . "

Georgia Education, ... .Educational. "

Ideas .. .. ...... ...... Literary .. .. Insurance Prospect Insurance .. .

,",

.Journal-Record of Med-

" " " " " " "

icine . . . ....... .. . ... ..Medical ... . . "

"

520

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Name

Character

How Published To nd County.

Pythian Lodge Secret . .Knights of Pythias .... Monthly . . . . .. . .Atlanta, Fulton.

Railroad Herald . ....... Railroads. . . . '' So'ea~t.ern Underwiters.Insurance .. . "

,','

''
"

So. Congregationalist .. Congreg'tionl'st " ....... . "

So. Educational JournalEducational.Monthly .. .

"

" "

Southern Fancier ...... Poultry. . . . .. "

" "

So. Industrial News .... Textile and

Mechanical " Southern Ruralist ...... Agricultural. ;; State, Town & County.... . .. ...... . .

" " ,", ""

Sunny South ........... Literary . . . . "

.. .. ... . "

"

Chronicle .. .. . . .. .. . .. .Democratic .Daily & Semi-

Weekly.Augusta, Richmond.

Herald . ..... . . . . . .. .. . .Ind.-Dem. . .Daily and Weekly "

''

Tribune . . . . . . . .. . .... Populist . . . . ''

" .. "

"

Georgia Baptist . .. ... . .Negro . ..... .Weekly. . . . .... .. "

"

Methodist Evangelist . .Methodist-

Episcopal.. "

0 .

"

"

Voice of Labor ........ TradesUnion "

" "

Mission Field .......... Negro Meth.



Episcopal .Semi-Monthly.. . "

''

Dental Hints........... Dentistry .. .Monthly......... "

"

Democrat . . ........... Democratic. .Weekly .......... Bainbridge Decatur.

Mess<>nger . . . . . . . . . . . . Republican.. " . . . . . . . . "

''

Searchlight .... ........ Democratic . '' Moun tain Oaucassian. .. ........ . .... ''

"

"

....... .Ball Ground , Cherokee .

Gazet te.... .. . . .. ...... '' . . . . " .. . .. .. .Barnesville, Pike.,

Georgia Farmer....... .Agricultural Semi-Monthly . . . "

''

Banner .... ... . . .. ... .. Democratic .Weekly . .. . . . .. . .Baxley, Appling.

Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . " . . . . .. . .Blackshear, Pierce.

Herald .. .. .. - ... .. . . . h Early County News.... "

. . Blairsville, Union. " . . ... . . .Blakely, Early.

Reporter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . . . . '' . . . . . . . . "

''

SouthernPit Games .... Poultry .... . .Monthly.......... ''

"

Post-Record . .. ........ Democratic .weekly .... . ..... Blue Ridge, Fannin.

Southern-World.................. .. " . . . . . . . . '' "

Intelligence.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ........ Bowdon, Carroll.

Times ... .. . . ........... Democratic .Daily............. Brunswick, Glynn.

Evening Call.............. . .. .. .. .. " .. .. .. .. .. "

''

Herald . . ..............Negro .......Weekly.......... "

"

Banner-Messenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;; ........ Buchanan, Haralson.

Tribune . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. Marion County Patriot .Democratic. "

"

"

. . .. .... Buena Vista, Marion.

Alliance Plo\\rBoy . .. ... Populist. . ... :; . ... .. . .Buford, Gwinnett.

Herald . .. ..... . . . . . . . .Dem,ocratic . " ... . ... .Butler, Taylor.

Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,; Clarion . . . . .. . .. . . . . ..

" ..... . ..Calhoun, Gordon: . ..... .. Camilla. Mitchell.

American Union . . .... .Republican .. '' ....... .Canon, Franklin.

Herald ................. Universalist. '' Advance;.............. .Democratic . "

"

"

........ Canton, Cherokee.

Advance............... "

" ....... .Carnesville, Franklin.

Press .. ................ Populist .. .. " Free Press . ............ Democratic. "

"

''

... . ....Carrollton, Carroll.

People's Advocate......Independent ::

Times . .. . . . ... . ........Democratic.

Courant-American..... . Eagle .......... " ...... Republican.. News.. ..... . ... .. ..... . .Democratic.
Advance Courier . . . . . . . "
Standard . ... ... . .. . . .-. ''

" " " " "

Enterprise ..... ...... .. Independent "

Advertiser ... ... . . .. . : .Democratic. Press. .. .. .. . . .......... "

" "

Tribune . ...... : .......-. " Courier .... ........... Independent

" "

Liberal ................ Democratic. "

;:

;;

. ....... Cart,e,rsville, Barto,,w.

" "
.. . ... . .Cedartown, Polk.

"

"

.... . ... Chipley, Harris.

. .... .. .Clarkesville, Habersham.

........ Claxton, Tattnall.

....... .Clayton, Rabun.

........ Cleveland , White.

. .......Colquitt, Miller.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

521

Name

Character

How Published Town and:County

Enquirer-Sun ,.........Democratic .Daily(excpt.Mon)Columbus, Muscogee.

"

" . . . .. . . .. '' .... Sunday.......... "

"

"

"

;; .... Weekly.......... ::

:;

Ledger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ...Daily(excpt Sat. eve.) "

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... Sunday.......... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' .... Weekly.......... ''

So. Unionist............ Labor....... "

''

"

Banner Weekly ........Democratic .Weekly .......... Conyers, Rockdale.

Call.................... " ....Daily ............ Cordele, Dooly.

Sentine! .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ....Weekly . . . . . . . . . . " "

Enterprise .... : .... ~... "

" ......... .Covington, Newton.

Star ......... :. . . . . . . . . ''

'' . . . . . . .. . ''

'' - ~

Advocate-Democrat.... "

" .......... Crawfordville, Taliaferro,

Herald................. "

" .......... Culloden, Monroe.

Baptist ............... Baptist...... " ......... .Cumming, Forsyth.

Leader ................. Democratic. " ......... .Cuthbert, Randolph.

J~iberal Enterprise..... d" d.... :: .. . ....... D hl"

L " k'

Nugget ................In epen ent

.. ..... . . . a onega, ump m.

Sign-al ................. Populist . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

New Era ..... ........ .Democratic. '' ......... .Dallas, Paulding.

Argus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :: Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

" .......... Da~~on, Whi,~field. . ....... .

Herald .................Populist . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Music Teacher ......... Musical.. . . .

Arg~s ................. De~?cratic. ::

Monltor. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

.......... "

"

.......... Daniel,~ville, Ma~/son-

. ........ .

Gazette . . . . . . . . . . ... Independent '' .......... Darien, Mcintosh.

Spectator (Colored).... " . . . " . . . . . . . . .. "

"

News .................. Democratic. " .......... Dawson, Terrell.

Advertiser............. "

" ......... Dawsonville, Dawson.

New Era............... "

" .......... Decatur, DeKalb.

Our Missionary Helper. Populist . . . .

.......... "

"

Standaru ..............Democratic . " . . . . . . . . . "

"

Advertiser....... . . . . ;;

;: .......... Doe Run, Colquitt.

Brees.................. "

.......... Douglas, Coffee.

New outh............. "

" .......... Doubglasville, Douglas.

Courier-Dispatch.......

. ... Semi-weekly .....Du lin, Laurens.

Times~Journal......... " .... Weekly .......... Eastman, Dodge.

Plow Boy .............. Independent " ..........East Point, Fulton.

Messenger ...... . ......Democratic . " ..........Eatonton, Putnam.

Star .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . :: . . . . ;; .......... Elberton, Elbert.

Tribune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.......... "

"

News .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ::

;; .......... Ellaville, Schley.

Courier-Sentinel . . . . . . .

. ......... Ellijay, Gilmer.

Times............... ... ''

'' . . . . . . . . .. ''

''

News . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . :;

:: .......... Fairburn, Campbell.

News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .........Fayetteville, Fayette.

Citizen-Leader. . ...... Republican . " ......... .Fitzgerald, Irwin.

Enterprise ............. Independent " . . . . . . . . . "

"

Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

.... . .....Flowery Branch, Hall.

Advertiser ............. Democratic . " . ........ .Forsyth., Monroe.

Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" .......... "

"

Critic (Colored) ........ Republican . " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Sentinel . , ............. De~?cratic. ;:

~eader a B.............. "

"

1.'ews an anner . . . . . .

. . ........ Fort Gaines, Clay. ... .......Fort Valley, Houston. . .... . .... Franklin, Heard.

Cracker ... . . .. .. .. .. . .. "

" . ......... Gainesville, Hall.

Eagle.................. "

" . . . . . . . . . . ''

''

Journal................ ::

;; ..... . .... Georgetown, Quitman.

Hecord. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..

. ......... Gibson, Glascock.

News .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. "

" .......... Gray, .Tones.

Ilerald. . . . . . ...... .Independent '' ......... .Graymond, En1anuel. Herald-Journal ........ De~?cratic. ;; .......... Greensboro, Greene.

Vindicator.............

. ......... Greenville, :Meriwether.

Call........... . . . .... .. " ... :Daily ............ Griffin, Spalding.

.022

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Name

Character

How Published Town and County

.Farmer ................ Democratic .Weekly ....... . .. Griffin, Spalding.

:Echo (Colored) ......... Republican . " . . . . . . . . . "

"

.News and Sun . ...... .. .Democratic .Daily..... . ...... ''

"

" " " . . . . . . . . . . " .... Weekly... .. .. . .. ''

"

News .. . ... . ........ . .. Independent " .......... Guyton, Effingham.

..Journal . ... . ........... Democratic . '' ...... .. .. Hamilton, Harris.

:People's Cause ......... Independent " ....... . . .Harlem, Columbia.

Sentinel ... .. . .... .. . . .Democratic . " . . . . . .. . . . "

"

Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" .......... Harmony Grove, Jackson.

Sun . ........ . ...... .... "

" .......... Hartwell, Hart.

Dispatch and News. . ... "

" .......... Hawkinsville, Pulaski.

Independent (Colored) .Republican .Bi-Weekly . .. ... .

"

"

Herald .......... . ..... Democratic .Weekly ....... ... Hinesville, Liberty.

Headlight ... . .. ........ Independent " ........ . .Hogansville, Troup.

Farmer and Dairyman . .Agricultural Semi-Monthly .... Holton, Bibb.

Journal .......... . .....Democratic .Weekly ... . ...... Homer, Banks.

News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" .. ..... . .. Homerville, Clinch.

Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ... . . . ....Irwinton, Wilkinson.

News ................. .Independent " ... . .. . .. .Isabella, '\Vorth.

Argus ......... . ........ Democratic. " ......... .Jackson, Butts.

Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" .......... "

"

Progress............... "

" .. .. ...... Ja~per, Pickens.

Herald......... ... ..... "

" ... .. ..... Jefferson, Jackson.

Herald.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

" .... . .. ... Jeffersonvillll, Twiggs.

News . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .

. .. ...... .Jesup, Wayne.

Sentinel ...............Populist .. .. " .. .. .. .. .. "

"

Enterprise ..... .. ...... Democratic. " ... . ..... .Jonesboro, Clayton.

News ................. Populist . . . " .. .. . . .. . . "



Correspondent .... . .... Democratic. " ......... .Knoxville, Crawford.

1\fessenger ............. Independent " ....... .. .LaFayette, Walker.

Enterprise.. . .......... . . . ;: .......... LaG~imge, Tr,~up.

Graphic .. .. .. ........ ..Democratic .

. ........ .

Reporter. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " .... Daily . . .. . . .. .. .. ;;

"

" ...............

. . .. 'Veekly . . . . . . . . . . "

:,

Repub1ican ... _........ Rep'n (Col.). " ......... .

Standard Gauge ....... Independent " ...... ... .Lavonia, Franklin.

News I-lerald . .......... Democratic. '' ......... .Lawrenceville, Gwinnett.

Echo... ... ...... .. ... . . ''

'' .. .. ... . ..Lexington, Oglethorpe.

Journal ................ Populist . . . . '' ... . . .... .Lincolnton, Lincoln.

J..~eader . .. ... . .......... Democratic . '' ......... .Lindale. Floyd.

News and Farmer. .... . ''

'' .. .... ... .Louisville, Jefferson.

Advertiser. . . . . .. . . . . . . . "

" ..........Lumpkin, Stewart.

Independmt .. .. .. .. .. . "

" . . .. . . . . .. "

"

Weekly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . " .. . ....... McDonough, Henry.

Appeal (Colored) ...... . Republican . '' ... . .... .. Macon, Bibb.

Georgia Planter ....... Agricultural Monthly . . . . . . . . . " ;;

News ...... .. .... . ..... Democratic .Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . "

~o. Dental Journal. ... Dental .... . Quarterly..... . ..

"

unday Press.. . . . . . . .. Democratic .Weekly . . . . . . . . . . " "

Telegraph .... :. .. .. .. .. " . . . Daily .. .. .. .. .. . . " "

" .. . .. .. .. .. . .. " .. . .Sunday.... . .... ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. . " .. . .Semi-Weekly.. ... " "

Enterprise...... ....... " ....Weekly ....... . .. McRae, Telfair.

News ... .. . .. ... ... .. .. Independent " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Adviser ............... Democratic. " .......... Madison, Morgan.

Gleaner (Colored) ..... .Republican . :; . . . . . . . . . . ;;

"

Madisonian ..... . ......Democratic .

. .. . .. . .. .

Critic ........ . .. . ... ... Independel)t Daily .... . . . ..... Marietta, Cobb.

Journal . . .............. Democratic. Weekly . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Guidon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

" ......... Meldrim, Effingham.

Union-Recorder. .. ... . .

. . . . " . ........ Milledgeville. Baldwin.

Banner . . ... .. .... .. .. .IJldependent " . ...... 0 , .Mitchell, Glascock.

News and Messenger ... Democratic. " . . ... .... .Monroe, Walton.

Tribune . . o 0 . Independent " Record . ......... ... .... Democratic . ''

:

:

:

::

::

:

~

u

"

:Montezuma,

Macon.

Advocate.............. "

" ........ .. Monticello, Jasper.

News . ... ~... ... . . . . . . . . ''

''

... 0



''

''

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

5~3

Name

Character

How Published Town and County

Courier ................Independent " Observer ...............Democratic. " Protectionist ........... Republican . '' Monitor ............ .. .Democratic. "

..........Moultrie, Colquitt.

.. .. . . .. .. "

"

... . ..... .Mount Airy, Habersham.

......... .Mt. Vernon Montgomery.

GHeelr>rJa1gdianand. Advertl:ser . ''

"" ...... ............. NNeawshnvainll,e,CBowerertiae.n.

News .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . " ... Daily . .. . . . .. . . .. "

"

" . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . " .... Weekly.......... "

"

News .......... . ....... Independent " .......... Newton, Baker.

Tribune ................ Democratic. " ......... .Norcross, G\vinnett.

Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" . . . . .. ... Ocilla, Irwin.

Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ... .Semi-VVeekly.... Oglethorpe, Macon.

Emory College Phamix. College ..... Monthly .......... Oxford, Newton.

Enterprise ............. Democrati~ .Weekly .......... Pembroke, Bryan.

Southern Informer ..... Independent " . . . . . . . . . "

"

Home ,Journal ........ .De1nocratic . '' ......... .Perry, Houston.

Advertiser............. ''

" .. . ....... Quitman, Brooks.

Free Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ....... ... "

"

Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

. . . . . .... Reidsville, Tattnall.

Banner ................ Independent " ........ ~,Richland, Stewart.

New South ............. Democratic. " .......... .Ringgold, Catoosa.

Inquirer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ......... Riverdale, Clayton.

New Era . -.......... . . .

'' .......... Rochelle. Wilcox.

Slate ................. .Independent '' ......... .Rockmart, Polk.

Cherokee Messenger ... Missionary .. Monthly . . ...... Rome, Floyd.

Chronicle .... , ......... Independent Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . "

"

" . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " ... Sunday........... "

"

Commercial Argus ..... Democratic .Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . ::

::

Southern Argus. .. . . . . . " .... Weekly . . .. . . .. . . "

,,

Masonic Herald ...... Masonic .... Monthly . . . .. . . .. "

,,

Tribune ................Democratic .Daily ........... .

" .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. " .... Weekly .. .. . .. . . . ''

"

Herald.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . '' ........... Sandersville, Washington.

Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" . ...... ...

"

''

Baptist Truth ........ .Baptist . . . . . " ......... .Savannah, Chatham.

Bulletin ..............Democratic . " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Gazette (Colored) ...... Republican . " . . . . . . . . . .

"

Journal of Mt>dicine and

Surgery .............. Medical .... Monthly ........ . "

"

Musical Echo ..........Musical. . ... " ......... . News .................. Democratic .Daily ........... .
" . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. . " .... Semi-Weekly .. .. Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ... .Daily ........... .

,""",

South'n Drug and Paint

" " " "

Review . . . . . ....... Pharmacy ...Monthly . . . . . . . . . "

"

Spy .................... Republican .Weekly.... . ..... "

"

Tribune (Colored)...... " . . . . " .. .. . . .. . . "

"

Enterprise-Gazette ....Democratic . " .......... Senoia, Coweta.

Watchman ............. Republican . " ... 0 Sharon, Taliaferro.

Journal ................ Democratic. " ......... .Smithville, Lee.

Sentry................. ''

" ......... .Social Circle, Walton.

lshmaelite . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" .......... Sparta, Hancock.

Jimplecute....... . . . . . . "

" .......... Spring Place, Murray.

Herald. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''

" .. . ....... Statesboro, Bulloch.

.Star ................... Populist .. .. " . . .. .. . . . . "

"

Times ..................Democratic. " . ... ... .. . "

"

News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ........... Summerville, Chattooga.

Blade ................. Independent " ......... .Swainsboro, Emanuel.

Pine Forest ........... Democratic. " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

People's Press ......... Populist.... " ......... .SylVania, Screven.

Telephone ........ . .... Democratic . " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Local............. . .... "

" ....... , . .Sylvester, Worth.

New Era............... "

" .......... Talbotton, Talbot.

Journal . o Independent " .......... Tallapoosa, Haralson.

Echo................... " . .. " .......... Tallulah Falls, Rabun.

News.................. " .. .Semi-Weekly .... Tennille, Washington.

524

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Name

Character

How Published

Town and County

Times .... ..... ....... .Democratic .Weekly .......... Thomaston, Upson.

News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" . ....... ..Thomasville, Thomas.

Times-Enterprise . .. ... " ... .Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . "

"

;!.> "

" .... Weekly .. .. .. .. .. "

"

Journal... .... .. . . ... . . "

" .... . ... . .Thomson, McDuffie.

Gazette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" .......... Tifton, Berrien.

Southern Record.. . . . . . "

" .. ..... ... Toccoa, Habersham.

News .. _.. . . . ...... . ... Independent " .......... Trenton, Dade.

Herald . ..... . ....... ... Democratic . " .. . . . ..... Trion Factory, Chattooga.

P .assport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . . . . :; . . . . . . . . . U nadil1 a, Dooly.

Afro-Am. Mouthpiece .. (Color('d).. . .

. . . .... .. .Valdosta, Lowndes.

Plaindealer . . . . . . . . . . . . " Rep'n

.......... "

"

Times ....... . ......... .Democratic. " . . . . . . . . . . "

"

Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ......... Vienna, Dooly.

Hustler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ... . ..... .Villa Rica, Carroll.

Banner... . ............ "

" ......... .Wadley, Jefferson.

Clipper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ....... . . .vVarrenton, Warren.

Chronicle... ... .. . . . . . "

.......... 'Vashington, Wilkes.

Gazette .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ''

" .. .. .. .. ..

"

"

Georgia Reporter . . . . . . "

" ..........

"

"

Enterprise .. ... ...... .. Independent " ....... .. . \Vatkinsville, Oconee.

Herald................ Democratic .Daily . .. ...... .. .Waycross, Ware.

" .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. " ....Weekly .. ........ "

''

Journal..... .. .. .. .. .. . "

" . . . . . .. .. . "

''

True Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . "

" ...... . . . .Waynesboro, Burke.

News ........ .. .. .. .. Independent :: . ...... .. .West Point, Troup.

Democrat .. . ........... Democratic.

. ....... . .Winder, Jackson.

Jjlckson Economist .. . .Populist . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . " "

Georgian ... .. . . . ... . . .. Democratic . '' . ..... .... Woodbine, Camden.

Messenger ....... ... .. .Independent " ........ . . Woodbury, Meriwether.

Headlight .............. Democratic. '' . . .... .. . .Wrightsville, Johnson.

Record ................ .Populist .. .. " .. .. . . .. ..

"

"

News .... . .. . .. . ...... .Independent " . ........ .Young Harris, Towns.

Journal . .... .. ........ .Democratic. '' . . ... .... .Zebulon, Pike.

Republican .... .... ... .Republican . '' . . . . . . . . . . "

"

GEORGIA EXHIBIT,, AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, NASHVILLE, '.rENN., 1897.

PART II.
SKETCHIES OF THE COUNTIES.
These sketches contain in:formatioo concerni~g the history, soil, productioos, live stock, manufactures, population, eto. of each county in the State.
In e<ach instance the total population of the county is given, and also the population by sex and color. The United States census for 1900 gives the population by sex and color for every place having 2,500 inlrabitrults or more in its corporate limits. There are thirty-orne such places in Georgia, and this in:formation is given c<moorning e'ach of .these in the sketch of its county.
The live stock statistics are from the census of 1890, and in the Appendix will be found the live stock statistics for 1900, if they can be obtained i111 time. I this information cannot be had, before this book is issued from the press, a pamphlet containing this and other useful knowledge will be sent to each one having a copy of this work.
The statistics of domestic animals not on farms or ranges, include all domestic animals in cities, towns and villages; in stock-yards; all employed in manufacturing, lumbering and mining industries, arid kindred enterprises; and all used for pleasure or profit by individuals other than farin proprietors. The number of live stock in cities containing over 25,000 inhabitants in their corporate limits is given separa:tely.
There are three such cities in Georgia: Atlanta, Savannah and Augusta.
Similar statistics have never before boon collected in the United States. The census authorities say: "It was deemed unwise to delay,
for several months, the publication of these tables in order to include
the further statistics" on live stock on farms or ranges in each county in 1900.
m The statistics fw dO'lilestic animals barns and inclosures for the
whole State June 1, 1900 show 29,713 inclosures. Of these there are 17,355 inclosures reporting neat cattle, in which are 36,720 neat cattle, including 8,393 calves under one year old, 1,614 steers one and under two years old, 773 steers two and under three years, 1,624 steelrS three
(525)

526

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDU!$TRIAL.

years and over, 465 bulls one yeatr rund over, 2,052 he~fers one and under two years, 20,806 dairy cows two years and over, 1,893 other cows two years and over. There are 12,052 inolosures reporting horses, in which are 21,016 horses, 117 colts under one year, 222 colts one and under two years, 20,677 horses two years old and over. The 2,395 inclosures containing 7,540 mules, irnclude 30 colts under one year, 106 colts under two years, and 7,404 mules two years old and over. Sixty-eight inclos-
ures contruin 126 donkeys. Ninety-seven inclosures report 5,745 sheep, of which 1,147 are lambs under one year, 2,499 ewes of one year and over, 2,099 rams and wethers of one yeax and over. In 13,209 inclosures there are 39,538 swine and in 608 inclosures are 2,045 goats.
The Appendix contains ma:ny valuable tables. The native born population of Georgia numbers 1,095,598 males and 1,108,330 females; the foreign born, 7,603 males, and 4,800 females. The tOII::alpopulation is 2,216,331. The native white with native pareruts number 573,447 males a:nd 570,728 females. Of native white with foreign parents there are 12,30!} mal8 and 12,604 females. Of foreign white there are 7,283 males and 4, 738 females. The total white population is 1,181,109. Of these there are 593,039 males and 588,070 females. The total negro populatiO'n of the State is 1,034,998, of whom. there are 509,958 males and 525,040 femal8. There are also 204 Chinese--192 males and 12 females, 1 male J ap, 11 male a:nd 8 female Indians.

APPLING COUNTY.
Appling O.oun.ty, in the southeastern part of the State, named after Colonel Daniel Appling, of Columbia county, was laid out in 1818. Part of it was added to Telfair in 1818, part to Ware in 1824 and part again to Telfair in 1825. It is bounded by the following counties : :Montgomery and Tattnall on the north, Wayne on the east, Pierce and Ware on the south and Coffee on the west. On the north are the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers, whic~ streams and their tributaries, with the headwaters of the Satilla rive11, viz.: Dougherty's and Carter's creeks, Little Satilla river, Big Hurricane and Little Hurricane creeks, water the county.
Appling county is in the great pine belt, and therefore the principal industries are turpentine and lumber. Large numbers of logs are yearly rafted down the Altamaha river to Darien.
The lands are level and are especially adapted to long-staple or seaisland cotton, and according to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899 and 1900 was 4,046

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

527

bales, of which 3,778 bales were sea-island and 268 bales upland. Some of the lands under proper cultivation can be made to y,ield tothe acre: sea,island seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds; corn, 15 to 25 bushels; oats, 20 to 30 bushels; rice, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground peas, 15 to 30 bushels; crab-grass and peavine hay, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 to 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 500 gallons. Pears and grapes grow to perfection and many other fruits do well.
The wild native grasses afford splendid pasturage for cattle and sheep, which can be raised at very small expense.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 11,583 sheep, with a wool clip of 23,081 pounds; 16,152 cattle, 4,254. milch cows, 311 working oxen, 17,224 hogs, 40,027 poultry of all kinds, 819 horses, and 307 mules. The county produced 54,456 dozens of eggs, 8,544 pounds of honey, 11,084 pounds of butter, a!Ild 192,070 gallons of milk.
The creeks and rivers abound in fish excellent for the table. Tha climate is warm, but not oppressive, and the people are healthy.
The county is well supplied with churches and schools. Methodists and Baptists predominate. Schools for whites number 60; for colored, 17. Average attendance in white schools 1,417, in colored 487.
There are no large towns in the county. .Baxley, the county seat, on the Southern Railway, is the most important.
There are postoffices at Baxley, Graham, Hazlehurst, Surrency, Blar ney, Peyton, Ritch, Medders, Spencer and Elma.
At Baxley a syrup refinery has been recently completed and incorporated. The proprietor of the refinery guarantees not less than 25 cents a gallon cash. with the same careful and scientific culture that is bestowed by some planters upon the crop, 500 gallons of first-class syrup can be produced to the acre on ordinarily fertile land, and with one-half the labor required for the cultivation of cotton. The people of Baxley are the proprietors of this refinery and expect great results from it. The ponds in the neighborhood of the town, hitherto regarded: as of no practical benefit, will soon be in great demand.
Mr. 0. W. Deen, who owns $1,600 worth of stock in the refinery, proposes to plant this year (1901) 50 acres in sugar cane, and expects to make a clear profit of $100 an acre.
The area of Appling county is 775 square miles, or 496,000 acres. Population by the census of 1900 is 12,336. School fund, $7,993.41. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are 382,828 acres of improved land; of wild lands, 200,263; average value per acre of improved land, $1.42; of wild land, $0.57; city and town property, $120,989; shares in bank, $10,000; money and solvent debts, $138,588; value of merchandise, $73,505; capital invested in shipping and tonnage, $4,020; stocks and bonds, $1,350; cotton manufacton".ies, $11,475; ca:pital invested in mining, $525; value of household and kitchen furniture, $88,260; farm and other animals, $244,092; plantation and mechanical to,ols, $30,880; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $4,989; value of all

528

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

other property, $97,493; real estate, $766,787; personal estate, $707,898; aggregate value of whole property, $1,474,687.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 15,202; value of land, $24,267; city or town property, $6,064; money and solvent debts, $699; merchandise, $410; household and kitchen furniture, $6,376; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $162; farm and other animals, $11,896; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,689; aggregate value of all property, $52,844.
The population of Appling county in 1900 shows an increase of 3,660 over that of 1890. This is a gain of 42.1 per cent.
Populatioo of Appling county by sex and color, according to census of 1900: white males, 4,539; white females, 4,284; to,tal white, 8,823; colored males, 1,961; colored females, 1,552; total colored, 3,513.
Domestic animals kept in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 6 bulls, 8 steers, 118 dairy cows, 81 horses, 58 mules, 286 swine, 37 goats.

BAKER COUNTY.
Eaker Ooun,ty was laid out from Early in 1825, and was named after Colonel John Baker of Revolutionary fame. It is bounded on the north by Calhoun and Dougherty counties, east and southeast by Mitchell, south by Mitchell, Decatur and Miller, and west by Early and Miller. N m,vton, on the west bank of the Flint river, is the county seat. Other postoffices are Cheeverton, Hoggard's Mill, Mimsville and Milford. The county is watered by the Flint river and its tributaries, the Coolewahee, Ichawaynochaway and Chickasawhatchee creeks, all of which abound in fish. The county has lands in which oak and hickory predominate, and others in which the long-leaf pine is the prevailing growth. The former lands are dark and much more productive t han the latter, which are gray. With the exception of the pine lands the county used to be considered unhealthy. But the boring of artesian wells and the use of their water7 instead of the rotten limestone, has brought about a great change for the better. The face of the county is level.
Under the ordinary methods of cultivation the yield per acre is: Seed cotton, 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 10 to 15 bushes; wheat, 15; oats, 20; rye, 8 to 10; upland rice, 25 bushels ; sugar-cane, 300 gallons; sorghum cane, 50 to 75 gallons; Irish potatoes, 50 to 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 to 250; sorghum forage, 10,000 pounds. All grasses and forage crops except clover do well.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 4,039 bales, all upland.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,510 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,849 pounds ; 7,859 cattle, 2,586 milch-cows, 675 working oxen, 9,809 hogs, 30,527 poultry of all kinds, 567 horses, 724 mules and 2 asses. Among the productions were 181,645 gallons of milk, 25,285 pounds of butter, 83,172 dozens of eggs, and 1,660 pounds of honey.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

529

The people are beginning to pay considerable attention to thEI raising of beef cattle and improvement of the breed. Within the last five years there have been imported into the county 5 Hereford, 4 Polled Angus and 6 Shorthorn bulls. For dairy purposes the Jersey cow is preferred.
About 1,500 acres are given to peach trees, 700 to plums, 110 to cherries, 500 to quinc(ls and 300 to apples. About 100 acres are given to the raising of melons, and large watermelons of excellent flavor are grown for the market.
The chief industries of the piney woods section of the county are those connected with turpentine and lumber. Six sawmills are kept busy preparing lumber, 5 turpentine distilleries turn out large quantities of naval stores and 5 grist mills are kept in constant operati,on.
Though no railroads traverse the county, the Central of Georgia has a branch road running near the county line on the north; a branch of the Plant System runs close to the line from the northeast southward, and the Georgia Pine Railroad passes close by the boundary on the western side. Lines of steamboats on the Flint river ply regularly between Newton and Albany to the north, and Bainbridge to the south. The county schools are in good condition. Churches are plentiful, especially those of the Methodists and Baptists.
The area of Baker county is 366 square miles, or 234,240 acres. Population by the census of 1900, 6,704; school fund, $4,515.94. According to report of Comptroller-General for 1900 there are: Acres of improved land, 189,150; of wild land, 15,405; average value per acre of improved land, $1.75; of wild land, $1.00; city and town property, $16,480; money and solvent debts, $21,960; value of merchandise, $24,180; value of household and kitchen furniture, $18,296; farm and other animals, $73,977; plantation and mechanical tools, $11,599; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $1,110; value of all other property, $27,644; real estate, $364,212; personal estate, $183,541; aggregate value of wP,ole property, $547,753. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 6,898; value of same, $12,629; money and solvent debts, $699; household and kitchen furniture, $4,579; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,168; farm and other animals, $17,252; watches. jewelry and silver plate, $67; aggregate value of all property, $38,317. The schools belong to the public school system and number 15 for white pupils and 17 for colored, with average attendance of 280 whites and 430 negroes. , Population o Bakffi' county by sex atnd co1o'l', according to the census of 1900: white males, 957; white females, 977; total white, 1,934; colored males, 2,377; colored females, 2,393; total colored, 4,770. Domestic animals in barns allld inclosures, not on fa;rms or ranges, Jun~ 1, 1900: No report.

GEORGIA EXHIBIT AT NASHVILLE, TENN.

530

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

BALDWIN COUNTY.

Baldwin County was first laid off by the lottery act of 1803. Parts . were added from Washington, Wilkinson and Hancock in 1807; parts again from Washington in 1812, and another part from the same county in 1826. The county was organized in 1805 and named for Hon. Abraham Baldwin, United States Senator, and one of the founders of :Franklin College, the oldest department of the University of Georgia. Baldwin is bounded by the following counties: Putnam on the north, Hancock on the northeast and east, Washington on the east, Wilkinson on the south and Jones on the west.
The Oconee river runs through the middle of the county, and into this empty Town, :Fishing and other creeks. Near JYiilledgeville are shoals which can be cheaply utilized, and which would furnish immense water-power, the gross available horse--power of the county being about 2,859. The water is freestone. The upper portion of the county belongs to the metamorphic region, and has red clay top-soil with a stiff clay subsoil. The lower portions belong to the tertiary formation, and have gray sandy lands. The gray lands give good returns for careful culture. The red lands are fertile, when fresh, and, even when they have been exhausted by careless farming, can be easily renovated and restored to their former high state of cultivation.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: Corn, 10 bushels; oats, 13 bushels; wheat 9 bushels ; field-peas, 10 bushels; groundpeas, 15 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass and berm1t1da hay, 2,500 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. On some .of the best cultivated lands there are much better yields, as for instance, corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat,. 15 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds. According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county of the crop of 18911 amounted to 10,119 bales, all upland.
There are in Baldwin county 33,528 peach trees and 3,039 apple trees. Vegetables are raised in sufficient quantity for home use. The vegetables and fruits sold annually amount to between $7,000 and $8,000. The timber products are small and are mainly hard woods in the northern part of the county, such as oak, hickory, ash, maple, etc. In some sections there still remains a little yellow pine. The annual output of all the timbers is about $8,000 worth. The especial mineral product of this county is pottery clay. Nine miles south of Milledgeville on the Gordon and Covington branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad is Stevens' Pottery, located on one of the finest clay deposits in America, which extends from Augusta southwesterly through Baldwin county, past Macon, in Bibb county, to Columbus, in Muscogee county. The clays of this belt are very pure, of a beautiful white color and capable of standing a greater degree of heat than any other clays of the U,nited States. At Stevens' Pottery brick, sewer-pipe, jars, vases and many kinds of ornamental work are turned out in large quantities.

OLD CAPITOL AT MiLLEDGEVILLE.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND I NDUSTRIAL.

533

The United States census of 1890 showed that there were in Baldwin county 283 sheep, with a wool-clip of 314 pounds; 3,802 cattle, of which 200 were working oxen and 1,$84 milch cows; 6,364 hogs, 34,985 domestic fowls of aH kinds, 507 horses, 1,205 mules and 1 donkey. .AmO'llg farm products were 262,179 gallons of milk, 59,677 pounds of butter, 46,169 dozens of eggs and 6,296 pounds of honey.
Milledgeville, the county site, was the capital of Georgia from 1807, when the legislature held its first session there, until 1868, when the capital was moved to .Atlanta by the reconstruction government. This action was sustained by a vote of the State in 1877. Since, then Millegeville has become a great educational center. The old capitol, a building in the gothic style of architecture, is now a well-equipped school known as the Georgia Military and .Agricultural College. The Georgia Normal and Industrial College for young ladies is also located in Milledgeville, the building being a handsome structure well fitted up for the best kind of work.
The Georgia and Central Railroads cross each other at Milledgeville, the former nmning east and west, and the latter north and south through the county, thus giving the very best of transportation facilities. Milledgeville, which, according to the United States census of 1900, has a population of 4,219, d.oes a thriving commercial business and has sev~ eral manufactoriBS, such as a f ertilizer factory, Oiil-mill, grain mill, repair shops and many small industries. .All the manufactories of Baldwin county number 41 and have an annual output of $242,942. Some of the most important are at and near Milledgeville. This city is lighted by electricity and has successful building and loan associations and banking institutions, with capital adequate for the business of the city; Besides the educational institutions already named, Milledgeville has excellent schools belonging to the public school. system of Georgia, and some good private scho()ls.
The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians have flourishing churches.
.About two miles from Milledgeville, at Midway, is the State .Asylum for the Insanu, which has handsome and convenient buildings fitted up with all modern appliances. The white and colored patients are kept entirely separate in buildings apart from each other, but furnished with equal conveniences.
.At Midway, in ante-bellum days, stood Oglethorpe University, a college under the auspices of the Presbyterian church. .Aftew the civil war the university was removed to .Atlanta, but after a fe:w years its doors were closed, and its exercises have never been resumed.
Scottsborough, four miles south of Milledgeville, is a pleasant summer residence. The village has never been incorporated, but the Bcottsborough militia district contains 5,455 inhabitants.
The public schools of Baldwin county number 46. In the 21 schools for whites the average attendance is 635 out .of a total enrollment of

534

GEORGIA: HIS TORICAL A ND IND USTRIAL.

949 pupils, and in the 25 schools for colored there is an average at-

tendance of 827 out of a total enrollment of 1,479 pupils. In the col-

leges and private schools of Milledgeville there is an attendance of about

700 pupils. By the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900

the school fund of Baldwin county is $10,451.82.

The area of Baldwin county is 250 square miles, or 160,000 acres.

According to the United States census of 1900 the population of Bald-

win county is 17,768, or 3,160 more than in 1890.

The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 is as follows: Acres

of improved land, 145,662; average value per acre, $3.47; value of city

or town property, $549,992; shares in bank, $90,000; gas and electric

lights, $7,500; money and solvent debts, $118,698; value of merchan-

dise, $108,912; stocks and bonds, $3,500; cotton manufactories, $6,680;

iron works, $4,300; household and kitchen furniture, $84,202; farm

and other animals, $82,762; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,254;

watches, jewelry, etc., $10,325; value of all other property, $72,872;

real estate, $1,056,893; personal estate, $660,198; aggregate value of

whole property, $1,717,091.



Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

5,980; value of the same, $24,664; value of city or town property, $45,-

770; merchandise, $700; household and kitchen furniture, $8,079;

watches, jewelry, etc., $154; farm and other animals, $16,046; planta-

tion and mechanical tools, $3,052; value of all other property, $1,075;

aggregate value of whole property, $100,041.

Populatiliorn of Baldwin county by sex and color, according t o the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 3,087; white females, 3,424; total white,

6,511; colored males, 5,400; colored females, 5,857; total colored,

11,257.

Populatiorn of Milledgeville by sex and color, accorrding to the census

of 1900: white males, 697; white females, 858; total white, 1,555;

colored males, 1,138; colored females, 1,526; total colored, 2,664.

Total population of city, 4,219.

Domestice animals in BaldWiin county, kept in hams and inclosures,

not on farrrl5 or ranges, according to the census of 1900: 17 calves, 29

steers, 4 bulls, 99 dairy cows, 156 horses, 35 mules, 182 swine, 3 goats.

There are 5 .flour and grist-mills on the Oconee rund ite tributaries.

There are several sawmills (the exact number not ascertained), and

a very extensive pottery establishment.

BANKS COUNTY.

Banks County was formed from Habersham and Franklin counties in 1858, and belongs to the northeast section of the State. It is bounded by the following counties: Habersham on the north, Franklin on the east, Madison on the south and Hall and Jackson on the west. It was named in honor of Dr. Richard Banks, of Gainesville, who was a noted
surgeon.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL Ai\D INDUSTRIAL.

5;35

The lands are rolling, rich on the water courses and moderately fertile
elsewhere. The timber products are poplar, hickory, pine, maple, ash, walnut,
locust, white, post and mountain oak. There is considerable granite in sections. The Hudson flows from north to south through the county, and the
Middle Fork through its northeast corner. These two uniting with the North :Fork form Broad river, which flows into the Savannah. The Hudson and Middle :Fork afford ample water-power for propelling ordinary machinery for mills and factories.
The climate is healthy and invigorating. The water is pure freestone. Two railroads belonging to the Southern System-one on the northwestern, the other on the southwestern border of the county-give facilities for travel and transportation. Bellton, at the junction of these two lines, is partly in Banks and partly in Hall county. Alto and Baldwin are partly in Banks and partly in Habersham, and Maysville is partly in Banks and partly in Jackson. Homer, five miles from the railroad, is the county seat. The productions of Banks county are corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, peas, sweet and Irish potatoes, cabbages, onions and other vegetables. Under ordinary methods of cultivation the average yield of the various crops to the acre is as follows: Seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn, 8 to 10 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; !lorghum, 25 to 40 gallons of syrup; sorghum forage, 12,000 pounds to the acre; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; hay, from dover, bermuda grass or the ve~hes, 3,000 pounds. Under the best methods of cultivation there are much larger yields of corn and wheat. The United States census of 1900 reported that 8,791 bales of upland cotton were ginned in this county in 1899-1900. About 600 bales from this county were used by cotton mills. The principal forage crops are peavines and sorghum. As far as known one farmer has a silo pit. Bermuda grass is the favorite for summer pasturage. A common feed for stock is cotton-seed meal and hulls, or sorghum, green corn, peas and vines. There are in Banks county three dairy farms, making 540 pounds of butter in a week, for which they find a ready sale. The number of dairy and othe!I' milch-cows is 106, the Jersey being preferred to all others. Renewed interest is being taken in the improvement of the breeds o:f cattle, as is shown by the :fact that Polled Angus and Shorthorn bulls are being introduced into the county. According to the report of the United States census there were in 1890 in Banks county 1,926 sheep, with a wool-clip o:f 2,608 pounds; 8,G80 cattle, 413 being working oxen and 1,254 being milch-cows; 5,053 hogs, 68,194 domestic fowls o:f all varieties, 442 horses, 836 mules and 1 donkey. Among the :farm products were 369,991 gallons of milk, 128,457 pounds of butter, 16,568 pounds of honey and 62,849 dozens o:f eggs. The average value o:f poultry and eggs over and above home consumption is $15,000.

536

GEORGIA: HIS1'0RIOAL AND INDUS1'RIA L.

The acreage of fruits is as follO'Ws: 500 acres for peaches and about

the same for apples; 200 acres each for grapes and cherries, and 50 for

pears.

The game of the county is quail and hares (commonly called rabbits),

of which great numbers are shipped to Atlanta.

For the past few years a great deal of lumber has been cut and

shipped from Banks county, probably about 1,000 cars per annum. The

getting out of this lumber gives employment to 25 sawmills, run mostly

by steam.

The 15 or more grain mills of the county are run by water.

.

At May&ville, which is partly in Banks and partly in Jackson, a cou-

siderable amount of cotton is shipped. Here .there is a bank with a

capital of $20,000. The total population of this town is 453, of whom

309 live in Banks county.

A cotton mill is projected, to be built near Baldwin, on the border

of Banks and Habersham counties.

The Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian

denomination1s, each of them having flourishing churches.

Banks county has some good private schools, and a good system o

public schools, in which there is an average daily attendance o 1,750

pupils in the 35 schools for whites and 400 in the ten schools for negroes.

According to the report o the State School Commissioner for 1900

the public school fund of Banks county was $7,288.81.

By the United States census of 1900 the population of Banks county

was 10,545, an increase of 1,983 since 1890.

The land area o Banks county is 216 square miles, or 138,240 acres.

The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report

for 1900: Acres of improved land, 131,868, with an average value oi

$4.73 per acre; acres of wild land, 202, with no value reported; value o

city or town property, $54,113; money and solvent debts, $80,896;

value of merch~ndise, $22,300; value o hvusehold and kitchen furni-

wre, $45,266; value of farm and other animals, $113,725; of planta-

tion and mechanical tools, $28,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,686; value

o all other property, $19,712; real estate, $639,793; personal estate,

$322,821; aggregate value o whole property, $939,094.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres o land,

3,544; value of lands, $11,294; city or town property, $575; money and

solvent debts, $185; household and kitchen furniture, $2,177; watches,

jewelry, etc., $19; farm and other animals, $6,089; plantation and me-

chanical tools, $1,010; value .of all other property, $119; average value

o whole property, $21,468.

Population of Banks oounty 'by seoc and color, accorrding to the census

of 1900: white males, 4.216; white females, 4,232; total white, 8,448;

colored males, 1,075; colored females, 1,022; total colored, 2,097.

DOI!Uestic animals in barns and inclosures not on farms or ranges, ac-

cording to the census of 1900: 25 calves, 5 ste6'Is, 51 dairy cows, 30

homes, 4 mules, 106 swine. '

There are 25 sawmills, most of them small and run by steam.

There are about 15 flour and grist-mills, most of them run by water.

BEN DAVIS.
(NEW YORK PIPPIN, KENTUCKY RED STREAK , ETc.)
This is a very vigorous, hardy, and productive variety; keeps late. Highly esteemed in the West and Southwest.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

539

BARTOW COUNTY.

Bartow County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was at that time named Cass, in honor of Ron. Lewis Cass of Michigan. . A part wa.s taken from Murray in 1834. During the war between the States the name of the county was changed to Bartow, in honor orf General Francis S. Bartow of Savannah, who fell in the first battle of Manassas at the head of a Georgia brigade (7th and 8th regiments). It is bounded by the following counties: Gordon on the north, Cherokee on the east, Cobb, P aulding and Polk on the south, and Floyd on the west. It is traversed by the Etowah river, Stamp, Allatoona, Pumpkin Vine, Euharlee, Raccoon, Oothcalooga, Salacoa and Pettile creeks. There are immense water-powers available, and many are now in use. There is probcably no county in the State that presents a greater diversity of geology, soil and vegetAtion than Bartow. It would be difficult to find one that is more productive of all the staple crops, grasses and fruits. The forest growth presents a great variety of hardwoods and some pine. The mineral wealth is great, consisting of iron, manganese, ochre~ bauxite and limestone with active and successful operations in all.
The analysis of the soil of the county shows its great fertility. Thirtyfive per cent. is available fQil' plant-food. Of this about one-fifth is soluble silica insuring strength of stalk to all cereals. There is nearly one
per cent. of potash; nearly i of one per cent. of phosphoric acid; over
one per cent. of lime and magnesia; an aggregate of oxide of iron and alumina of more than 11 per cent., which insures moisture by deep plowing and a retentive soil. There is also 10 per cent. of organic matter which renders the soil capable of years of cultivation without fertilization. With fair cultivation the lands will average to the acre as follows: corn, 20 to 35 bushels; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30 bushels; Irish potatoes, 160 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; :field-peas, 20 bushels; peavine hay, 2,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; .clover hay, 6,000 pounds; fodder, 500 pounds; oorghum syrup, 150 gallons; seed cortton, 750 to 1,200 pounds.
Oothcal:ooga valley cannot be surpassed in the State on wheat, both as to yield and quality. There are several planters who harvest from 3,000 to 4,000 bushels. The average, according to location and cultivation, is from 25 to 40 bushels to the acre. Corn yields from 25 to 50 bushels to the acre.
Peach-trees are taking every hill-top. During the season of 1900 more than 100,000 trees bore, and fruit growers realized from three to :five thousand dollars net. It is estimatedthat for the year 1901 with a favorable season, a million trees will be bearing and by three years more, two millio:n. Grapes are raised for domestic use, but not yet in suffi-cient quantities for the market.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county of the crop of 1899 was 12,802 bales, all upland.
Oom;iderable attention is paid to dairying, the J ersey cow being the

2-t ga

p40

GEORGIA: HlSTORIOA[: AND INDUSTRIAL.

favorite. . Aoow-ding to ,the ~ U:t;li'U;fd Staw~ .Gtl'IlSJIS of ,1~90 ~ere . were 1,875 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,342 pounds, ._7,912 cllittJ.e, 3,090 milchcows, 515 .wo:tking oxoo, l;2;,474:ho.gs,132,0(i2 p~liltcyofallkinds, 1,395 horses, 1,995 mules and 8 donkeys. .A.II!,ong {he pr~uctions were 952,~ 366 gallons of milk, 319,6\W pou:t;~.Q.s of l,mt4lr, 40 pounds o cheese, 26,936 pounds of honey, and 191,533 . dolZ~ns . o egge. ,
Bartow county enjoys the best of tra.IU!po:rtation .facilities through the
Western and Atlruntic, the.Rome and Kingston and the East and West
Railroads. On the Western .and .Atlantic is .the .thriving city o CarteIsville, which, is the terminus .of the ;East and West Railroo:d:, which runs
in a sout}fwesterly direction futo ,the State of Alab;ama. The Cartersville
militia district, which includes the city, contains 6,070 inhabitants, of
whom 3,135 live in the city, which possesse8 the conveniences o largex places, su,ch as gas and electric l~ghts, w!lter-works, an ice factory, two
banks with an aggregate capitalof $75,QOO, and a fine system of public
schools. O,artersville has a wagon, carriage and buggy factory, a flour-
mill, a tannery, and in its vicinity .s stave iiJ.d barrel factory. The Pitts-
burg and Georgia Mining Compe.ny for the manufacture of pig-iron and
steel has been lately organized.. The Clifford Stone Company is another new enterprise with a capital of $30,000. . '

Around Call'tersville are .fine cotton. corn and wheat lands. .In ciooo

proximity there are beds of iron ore a:nd manganese. Methodists, Baptists,

Presbyterians and Episcopalians have flourishing churches in Carters-

ville. Kingston; whence a branch railroad runs to Rome in Floyd coun-

ty, is a 1:1\)IWll of 512 inhabitants, while the whole Kingston district has

1,664 people.



Adairsville, also on the W estero.and Atlantic Railroad, has a bank, a
crate factory and the Veach Flouring-mil'l, .one of the largest in Georgia,
and in close proximity rich -veins of:lronore. The Adairsville district contains 2,245 inhabitants, 616 of whom live in the town.
AtEmerson, on the same railroad is.afactory for the rn.a;n.ufacture of hydraulic cemoot, a mill. for the pr~uction :of guano filt~r known as
an the Southern Company's plaster works; and a large oohre:idying estab-
lishment. Th~ cement works have output of 200 barreiiSi a day and
the Southern Company's Plaster Works turn out 10,000 tons per an-
num. Near by Emerson are quantities of iron ore. At Cassville, which was once the eo,rirnty town, .the~e lis a f!:ourishing tannery, and a:t Allatoo:qa is a gold stamping milL There are .twenty-six flour and grist-mills
in Bartow county, three ofwhich are rim hy steam. There are five saw
or lumber mills. Gold, iron, baUxite, -limestone, manganese, oohre, graphite and sand~
stone are more or leSs extensi_vely nii:iuid in. Bartow county. From one of the mines, abO;ut 1)200 io:ii~ of iron were shipped last yea:r. . In every c,pmmm;dty throughout the . courity are churches :o.f one or
!llore of the 'leading Ohristiari denominations;
In: the 57.schools 'Gr. wbites thete .is an aveiage .daily attendance of

DR. W. H. FELTON'S ORE BANK NEAR CARTERSVILLE, GA.

. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

543

1,700 pupils, and in the 18 for negroes an average daily attendance of 421. In 1900 the school fund of Bartow county was $13,977.09.
rrhe land area of Bartow county is 485 square miles, or 310,400 acres. The population, accQrding to the United State census of 1900 was 20,823. The foHo!Wing items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report for 1900: acres of improved land, 267,923; of wild lands, 25,903; average value of improved land per acre, $6.55; of wild land, 83 cents; value o:f city or town property, $617,430; shares in bank, $82,000; sinking-fund or surplus, $15,400; building and loan associations, $2,000; money and solvent debts, $386,354; value of merchandise, $129,920; stocks and bonds, $8,490; cotton manufactories, $38,697; capital invested in mining, $600; value of household and kitchen. furniture, $163,892; value of farm and other animals, $271,202; plantation an& meehanical tools, $81,871; watches, jewelry, etc., $15,297; value of alL other prDperty, $80,044; real estate, $2,394,805; personal estate, $1,296,494; aggregate value of whole property $3,481,605. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number qf acres of~ land, 5,475; value of land, $19,437; city or town property, $29,320;:; money and solvent debts, $1,588; merchandise, $750; household and kitchen furniture, $8,492; watches, jewelry, etc., $291; farm and other animals; $13,852; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,330; value of all other property, $538; average value of whole property, $76,843., Population of Bartow county by sex and color, acoording to the oonsus of 1900: white males, 7,305; white females, 7,330; total white, 14,635; colwed males, 3,092; colored females, 3,096; total colored; 6,188. Population orf Ca.rtetrSville by sex and colorr: white males, 820; white females, 860; total white, 1,680; colored males, 651; colored females, 804; total colorred, 1,455. Total population of Cartersville, 3,135. Domestic animals in Bartow county, kept in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 50 calves, 21 steers, 215 dairy cows, 234 ho11ses, 44 mules, 7 asses, 397 swine, 1 goat. There are in the county 2 woolen-mills, 26 flour and grist-mills, 5 sawmills, a cement factory, a mill for the pi"oduction of guano filler, 1 gold stamping mill, one large tannery, one ochre drying establishment, one ice factory, one water-works plant and one electric light plant. A more complete statement of the industries of the county will be given when complete returns of the United States census for 1900 have
come in.

BERRIEN COUNTY.

Berrien County, in South Georgia, and one of the most progressive in.
the wire-grass section, was named in honor of John McPherson Berrien, who for many years represented Georgia in the United States Senate. It is bounqed by the following countioo: Irwin on the north, Qo:ffe~ ll,D:_d

544

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Clinch on the east, Lowndes on the south, Worth and Oo!quitt on the

west. It is watered by the Allapaha, Withlacoochee and Little rivers,

and Oat, Allapacoochee and other creeks. It is traversed by the fol-

lowing railroads: Brunswick and Western of the Plant System; Geor-

.,gia Southern and Florida; Tifton and Northeastern; Tifton, Thomasville

.and Gulf; and the Sparks, Moultrie and Gulf. The first four of these

"Cross each other at Tifton in the northwest corner of the county. This

is the most important town of the county, thriving and rapidly increas-

ing in population, which by the census of 1900 was 1,384 in the corpor-

ate limits and including the whole district, 3,145. Here are large saw-

mills, a canning establishment, foundry and machine works. Near the

town are several large vineyards, whose grapes are unsurpassed in flavor.

The Delaware grape grows to perfection, and matures earlier than in any

other locality where it is at this time (1901) cultivated.

Peach orchards are very successful, the :fruit enjoying great exemption

from injury by frosts.

The forest growth of the county is the long-leaf pine, the immense

forests of which are furnishing great quantities of naval stores and tim-

ber. As the forest disappears, a fine agricultural and horticultural in-

terest is being built up. All through the county the wire-grass grows

in profusion, affording splendid pasturage, on which sheep and cattle

can be fed at very little expense.

The face of the county is generally level. The soil is gray and sandy

in many parts, but in others is rich loamy and dark with a good clay sub-

soil. The lands will yield to the acre according to location and cul-

tivation, oo;rn :from .10 to 20 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish pota-

toes, from 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels; field

peas, 10 to 15 boohels; ground-peas, 20 to 35 bushels; seed cotton (up-

land), 750 pounds and sea-island cotton, 500 pounds; hay from native

grasses, 2,000 pounds.

Accord-ing to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in

the county of the crop of 1899 was 6,086 bales, of which 1,142 were up-

land and 4,944 sea-island cotton.

According to the United States census of 1890 there were 13,699

sheep with a wool-clip of 28,161 pounds, 15,323 cattle, 3,928 milch-

cows, 347 working oxen, 21,323 hogs, 50,191 poultry of all kinds, 824

horses, 696 mules and 3 asses. Among the productions were 213,943

gallons of milk, 20,192 pounds of butter,. 16,564 pounds of honey and

63,215 dozens of eggs. Fifty~three schools for whites have an average

atten:d~ance of 1,717 pupils, and 17 schools :for colored have an average

attendance of 543.

I

According to the report of the State School Commissioner rendered

in 1900, the public school fund of Berrien county was $10,688.24.

Nashville, connected with the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad

by the Nashville and Sparks, a short road 11-! miles long, is the county

seat. The district of the same name has 1,821 inhabitants, of whom 293

live in the town.

Sparks, Adel and Cecil are towns on the Georgia Southern and Flor-

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

545

ida Railway. The population of each is as follows: Sparks, 683 in the corporate limits and in the entire district 2,170; Adel, 721 in the corporate limits, and in the entire district 1,799; Cecil, 394 in the corporate limits, and in the entire district, 1,178.
The town of Allapaha, on the Brunswick and Western Railroad of the Plant System, has in the corporate limits a population of 429, and in its entire district 1,986.
Thus we have in Berrien county five good towns, the largest of which,
Tifton, described in the beginning of this sketch, did not appear on the
census report of 1890, but in the last ten years has shown a rapid growth. Near Lenox on the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad is a large
brickyard. At Sparks a company has been organized for manufacturing brick
and building materials, and for operating gins and planing-mills. According to the United States census of 1900 the population of Ber-
rien county was 19,440, a gain of 8,746 since 1890. The area of the county is 810 square miles, or 518,400 acres.
The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report for 1900: acres of improved land, 481,174; of wild land, 18,998; average value per acre <)if improved land, $2.11; of wild land, $1.00; city or town property, $420,250; shares in bank, $23,150; money and solvent debts, $379,544; value of merchandise, $183,388; stocks and bonds, $3,430; cotton manufactories, $15,938; iron works, $50.00; capital invested in mining, $650.00; value of household and kitchen furniture, $185,653; value of farm and other animaffi, $339,397; plantation and mechanical tools, .$63,013; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,549; value of all other property, $2841635; real estate, $1,458,659; personal estate, $1,496,759; aggregate value of whole property, $2,955,418.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 4,531; value of land, $10,233; city or town property, $10,522; money and solvent debts, $161.00; merchandise, $225.00; household and kitchen furniture, $11,646; watches, jewelry, etc., $377.00; farm and other animals, $9,578; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,007; value of all othe;r property, $1,839; aggregate value of whole pl'operty, $46,618.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of all property in the county amounting to $307,781.
Population of Berrien county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 6,908; white females, 6,586; total white, 13,494; colored males, 3,248; colored ferrulies, 2,698; total oolored, 5,946.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in Berrien county, June 1, 1900: 223 calves, 90 steers, 22 bulls, 298 dairy cows, 187 horses, 121 mules, 400 sheep, 829 s.wine, 8 goats.
A partial list of the Industries of :Berrien county: sawmills and turpentine distilleries (the exact number of neither being accurately ascel'tained), one woolen-mill, two large brickyards, several gins, ten flour and grist mills operated by water (the number by steam not ascertained), a canning establishment and foundry and machine works.

546

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

BIBB COUNTY.

Bibb County was organized in 1822, being set off from Houston
county, and was named in honor of Dr. Wm. W. Bibb. A part a!
Twiggs county was added to it in 1833 and a part of Jones in 1834. It is bounded by the following counties: Jones and Monroe on the no'I"th and northwest, Jones and Tvvjggs on the east, Houston on the south and Crawford on the west and scmthwest. It is watered by the Ocmulgee rive'I" and by Tobesofkee, Echeconnee, Rock, Savage, Beaver Dam and Walnut creeks. The Ocmulgee river has fine water-powers, those at Park Shoals being estimated as 4,000 horse-powem, while the total unutilized powers near Macon are 11,070 hoo-se-powers. This river is navigable to Macon for light draught steamboats.
The red clay soil of the northern part of the county belongs to the metamorphic and the gray, sandy land of the southern section to the tertiary formation. .A ridge of sand hills runs diagonally through the county from northeast to southwest. The lands along the Ocmulgee river are especially productive: Including all kinds, the best and poorest, the average yield to the acre of the varioUJS crops is: seed cotton, 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 12 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; barley, 40 bushels; rye, 13 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; spgar-cane syrup, 100 to 300 gallons; field peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels. Bermuda grass arrd: clover do well in the northern part of the county. On some o.f the lands 1,500 pounds of seed cottoill are raised to the acre, and in other :sections from 900 to 1,200 pounds are easily produced. The river bottom lands readily yield 60 bushels of corn to' the acre. On some of these "bottom" lands 7,000 pounds of Bermuda hay arrd: 8,000 of German millet have been cut to the acre.
The finest peaches, plums and pears can be raised in this county. .All the varieties of vegetables do well, and the truck sold in the county averages yearly between $35,000 and $40,000. The county raises 5,000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 66,000 bushels of sweet potatoes, and 1,000 pounds of upland rice. There a,re 32,000 peach-trees, 4,600 apple-trees and of plum and peartrees about 2,000 each. There are 25 dairy farms well stocked with Jerseys and doing a thriving business.
About 20 per cent. of fertilizers used is produced on the farms. Many farmers, especially those who have dairies, have silo pits and use ensilage profitably. Bermuda grass furnishes good summer pasturage, while clover, Texas blue-grass, barley, rye, oats and wheat are used for winter pasturage.
More intere.st than formerly is being taken in the imprOIVement of bee cattle. The timber products are small, consisting mostly of oak, hickory, cherry, walnut, etc., in the northern part. A little yellow pine is stm left. The principal game of Bibb county is quail and doves.

WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCK COC K.
From liul . .J\ 'o . .:!<) . ( . S . h'u . . !11. / ,1d.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

549

The Ocmulgee river and the numerous creeks furnish a considerable quantity of fish.
Amcxng the minerals are pottery clay (in abundance), 'some ochre, granite and limestone. There are two granite quarries.
According to the United States census of 1900 the county in 1899 produced 6,568 bales of upland cotton.
According to the census of 1890 there were 343 sheep, with a woolclip of 834 pounds, 2,683 cattle, 1,137 milch-cows, 57 working oxen, 6,024 hogs, 27,124 poultry of all kinds, 482 horses and 1,324 mules. These statistics do not include live stock in the city of Macon.
AmQillg the farm products were 253,507 gallons of milk, 48,042 pounds of butter, 5,105 pounds of honey, and 41,192 dozens of eggs.
Macon!, the county seat, named for Honorable Nathaniel Macon, is approp:niately caUed the "Central City," for it is very near, if not in the exact geographical center of Georgia. In 1806 in what is now East Maoon, was established an Indian trading post and Fort Hawkins was erected at this western outpost of civilization. Seventeen years later (1823) a town had grown up, most of it on the west of the Ocmulgee, which was incorporated as the town of Macon. The next year the first Macon academy was built. Until the coming of the railroad Macon's steamboat business was considerable. After the city became a railroad center, steamboat navigation ceased, but in the last few years has been resumed.
Macon is now a beautiful city with well-paved streets, lighted by electricity, handsome public buildings, elegant private residences, pretty parks, a first-class <system of water-works, an up-to-date electric plant system, two distinct lines of electric railway with tracks permeating every section of the city and its suburbs. The population in the corporate limits, accordiing to the United State census of 1900, is 23,272, in the suburban district of Vineville, 7,787, and of East Macon, outside of the corporate limits, 5,078, making a total populatiO!Il of 36,137.
In the city and suburbs are 48 manufacturing establishments in. active operatiQill, having an aggregate capital of $5,000,000, employing 4,500 operatives, paying out annually in wages between $700,000 and $800,000 with an annual output of ten or eleven million da:llars. Among these leading manufacturing establishments are: five cotton-mills for spinning yarns; three knitting-mills, one for making stockings and socks and two for making underwear; three iron foundrieis, f'O\r iron castings of every description; brass and bronze machinery, repairing of engines and machinery; three cotton compresses; three establishments for making cornices ; three cotton-gin manufactories; six cotton press manufactories; two large cotton-oil companies, one o.f them having a capital of
$500,000, employing 460 people with a weekly pay-roll orr $1,000 and
an annual output of between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000; the other employing 100 hands with a weekly pay-roll of $700; a large f ertilizer factory .with a capital of $145,000, a weekly pay-roll of about $500, and an output wa:rth $300,000. There are also large sash, door and blind factories, a large candy and cracker factory and a large and succeSISful

550

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

ice plant. There is also a barrel factory, one for making pants and one

for harness.

Counting every establishment engaged in any kind of manufacturing

there are 182 manufactories, with an annual output worth $6,485,767.

The Rutland Manufacturing Company operates a grist-mill, gin and

stave factory.

Macon's eight banks have an aggregate capital, surplus and undivided

profits of $2,063,500.

.

Among her commercial houses are some of the most extensive in

Georgia, reaching out for the trade of a very large section :orf the State.

The fire department is unsurpassed in efficiency.

The very best educational facilities are afforded by a sploodid system

of public schools for city and county, and by private schools and col-

leges. The public schools number 31 for whites and 18 for negroes,

with an average attendance of 3,296 white pupils and 2,200 colored.

Mercer University for boys, Wesleyan Female College, the oldest col-

lege for ladies in the United States, and probably in the world, are first-

class institutions. St. Stanislaus (formerly called PioNono:), is a Roman

Catholic college for priests, and the Mount de Sales Academy is a school

for girls under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. There is

also a N'Oil'IIlal school for ladies at the Alexander school building. The

Ballrurd Normal School is for colored pupils.

The Academy for the Blind is a State institution with two depart-

ments, one for whites and one for colored, under the same management

and superintendence, but located on separate lots in sections of the city

remote from each other.

In Macon is the Appleton Home, an orphan house under the auspices

of the Episcopal Church, and in Vineville and vicinity are two similar

institutions, the Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference of the

Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mumford's Industrial Home.

Other charitable institutions are the City Hospital, on Pine Street, the

Julia Parkmrun Jones Home for indigent ladies, under the auspices

of the Episcopal Church, the Rofi Home, with hospitals attached for

the poor of Bibb county, The Home for the Friendless, and the Door of

Hope, a place of refuge for fallen women who seek to be restwed to a

life of purity.

Through the Central of Georgia Railroad Macon has connection with

Atlanta on the north and with Savannah and ocean transportat1on on

the south; through the Southern system with Brunswick and the ocean

on the south and with Atlanta and the cities of the north and west. The

southwestern branch of the Central of Ge10rgia system gives direct com-

munication with Columbus, Americus, Albany, and all southwestern

Georgia. The Macon and Birmingham connecting w:ith lines to the

west gives a direct route to Montgomery and New Orleans. The Geor-

gia Southern and Florida, passing through some of the richest sections Of the State, connects Macon with Tifton, Valdosta and the chief cities

of Florrda. The Maeon and Northern, another branch of the Central

of Ge.orgia systeun, connects it with Athens; a branch of the Georgia

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'I'RIAL.

551

Railroad connects with Augusta, while the Macon and Dublin and ita connecting roads gives still another route to Savannah and the ocean.
The area of Bibb oounty is 254 square miles or 162,560 acres. By the United States census of 1900 the population is 50,473, an increase of 8,103 over that of 1890. According to the report of the Commissioner of Education the school fund is $30,369.34. By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there were returned for taxation as follows: acres of improved land, 151,093; acres of wild land, 428; average value per acre of improved land, $20.73; of wild land, $1.40; money invested in cotton factories, $1,321,725; city and town property, $6,889,190; money and solvent debts, $834,433; merchandise, $1,162,, 890; gas and electric lights, $566,652; building and loan, $105,000; household furniture, $652,335; value o::f farm and other animals, $189,915; plantation and mechanical tools, $69,480; watches, jewelry, etc., $76,810; stocks and bonds, $149,871; shipping and tonnage, $2,505; real estate, $10,025,025; personal estate, $6,402,661; aggregate value of property, $16,427,686.
Property returned by colored ta:J.'Payers: numbex of acres of land, 4,084 valued at $387,345; city property, $214,070; money, etc., $2,640; merchandise, $97,253; hoUJSehold furniture, $41,080; farm and other animals, $25,290; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,045; watches, jewelry, etc., $215.00; aggregate value of property, $683,990.
The tax returns for 1901 show a total increase over 19~0 of $339,764.

LIST OF COTTON-MILLS OF BIBB COUNTY.

Capital. Spindles.

Bibb Mill No. 1 ............. $1,705,000 10,000

Bibb Mill No. 2.

Manchester Manufacturing Co.... $ 100,000 10,000

Payne Cotton-Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000

6,328

Willingham Cotton-Mills . . . . . . . 100,000

8,200

All these mills manufacture yarns, warps and twines.

KNITTING MILLS OF BIBB COUNTY.

Macon Knitting Company .......... $200,000 350

Schofield Manufacturing Company . . . 35,000

26

The Macon Knitting Company manufactures seamless cotton. hosiery, while the Schofield Manufacturing Company makes men's ribbed underwear. The Manchester Manufacturing Company also makes hosiery.
The McCaw Manufacturing Company, with a capital of $500,000, makes cotton seed oil soap, and several by-products from the manufacture of the oil, among which is nitroglyceri'lle.
The Central Ice Company has the largest ice plant and cold storage
ware-houses south of Cincinnati. Population of Bibb county by sex and co~or, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 11,373; white females, 11,705; total white,

552

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

23,078; colored males, 12,003; colored females, 14,952; total colored, 27,395.
Population of Macon by sex and color: white males, 5,771; white females, 5,940; total white, 11,711; colored males, 4,886; colocoo females, 6,675; total ooJored, 11,561.
Total population in the corporate limits of Macon, 23,272. Domestic animals of Bibb county, kept in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 111 calves, 15 steers, 4 bulls, 679 dairy cows, 1,105 horses, 301 mules, 5 donkeys, 2 sheep, 1,282 swine, 38 goats. There are five cotton-mills, 3 iron foundries, 3 cotton compresses, 3 cornice making establishments, 3 cotton-gin manufactories, 6 cotton press manufactories, 2 large cotton-oil companies, 1 large fertilizer factory, 1 large candy and cracker factory, 1 large ice plant, 1 barrel factory, 1 harness factory, 1 pants factory, 3 large lumber mills, including sash, door and blind factories, besides 4 flour and grist-mills on the Ocmulgee and tributaries.

BROOKS COUNTY.
Brooks County, named in honor of Preston S. Brooks of South Caro.lina, was laid off from Thwnas and Lowndes in 1858. It is bounded by the foUowing counties: Colquitt on the north, Lowndes on the east, and Thomas on the west. It is bounded on the south by the State of Florida. Little river runs along the east and falls into the Withlacoochee river, which separates it from Lowndes to the Florida line. This river is a branch of tlhe Suwannee of Florida. Ocopilco creek, passing north to \South through the center of the county falls into Withlacoochee river about twelve miles from the Florida line. Piscola creek, flowing through the western part of the county, empties into the Ocilla river of Florida.
Quitman, the county seat, named for General John A. Quitman o Mississippi, a gallant soldier of the Mexican war, is located on the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, the mruin line of the great Plant System. It lis a thriving, progressive town, the market for a prospero113 farming country, with two banks having an aggregate capital of $175,000, an ice factory, a water-works system, an electric light plant, good schools and churches and an intelligent, moral and industrious population of 2,281 people in the town and 5,286 in the entire district. There is at Quitman a cotton-mill with a capital 10f $75,000. The court-house is valued at $30,000 and a jail at $10,000. The county enjoys exoelle[lt facilities for travel and transportation through three mihoads; the Savannah, Florrida and Western, the Georgia Northern completed from near Boston to Carlisle, and the South Goorgia from Quitman to Heartpine. The rivem and creeks afford an abundant supply of fish. The pine forests afford the best lumber for building purposes and abundance of rosin and turpentine. On account of the mild climate and fine grazing, cattle, hogs and sheep especially can be raised at very little

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

553

cost. The face of the country is level. The soil is in some parts sandy, with red clay subsoil, and in some sections consist:Js of hummock lands. Each of these is productive and gives abundant crops of cotton, long-and short-staple, rice, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and sugar-cane. Superior oranges, figs and melons are raised.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: seed cott1on, 500 to 800 pounds of upland, and a:bout 350 pounds of sea-island cotton; corn, 10 to 20 bushels; upland rice, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 10 to 15 bushels; rye, 8 to 10 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bwshels; sugar-cane, 300 to 600 gallons of syrup; field-peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 15 to 30 bushels. Careful and scientific cultivatiorn will produce still better yields. Crab-grass and peavine hay do well.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 8,731 bales of cotton, of which 6,396 were upland and 2,335 sea-island oOitton. The receipts of the entire county for 1900 were 11,000 bales, of which Quitma:n received 9,500.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,946 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,488 pounds, 11,319 cattle, 3,072 milch-coW'S, 257 working oxen, 22,766 hogs, 55,952 poultry of all kinds, 956 horses and 1,325 mules.
Among the productions of the county there were 284,937 gallons of milk, 52,413 pounds of butter, 6,084 pounds of honey and 108,597 dozens of eggs.
The lumber trade is large wit.h an annual output of 10,000,000 superficial :fe:et, valued at $10.00 a thousand feet. There are 10 turpentine distilleries, with outputs valued at $10,000 each. There are also 12 sawmills and 40 grist mills.
Brooks is a healthful county, and during the winter months many invalids from the North, as well a:s others, resoxt thither to breathe the health-bestowing aroma of its piny woods. Artesian wells add to its healthfulness.
Churches of the various Christian denomirnations abound, exerting their saving influences in every community.
In addition to good private schools, the people are well prorv:ided witH educational advantages by the public school system of Georgia. The public school fund of Brooks county was stated in the report of the State School Oommissioner published in 1900 to be $12,171.15. In the 40 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 1,139 pupils, and in the 30 :far negroes, 1,038. The area of Brooks county is 463 square miles or 296,320 acres.
By the United States census of 1900 the population wa:s 18,606, an increase of 4,627 over that of 1890.
The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report for 1900: acres of improved land, 298,159 (too high, if the report of the census bureau at Washington is correct); acres of wild land, 5,655; average value per acre of improved land, $3.54; of wild land, $1.97; value of city or town property, $359,973; merchandise, $145,783; money and solvent debt<!, $261,158; value of shares in bank, $117,500; stocks and

554

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

bonds, $64,812; cotton manufactories, $77,900; iron works, $1,500; household and kitchen furniture, $145,718; farm and other animals, $249,420; plantation and mechanical tools, $57,864; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,047; value of all other property, $103,555; real estate, $1,416,780; personal estate, $1,295,070; aggregate value of whole pvoperty, $2,711,850.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 13,698; value of land, $54,651; city or town property, $15,479; money and solvent debts, $2,071; household and kitchen furniture, $19,766; farm and other animals, $37,634; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,612; value of all other property, $1,450; aggregate value of whole property, $137,872.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value 1of all property over that of 1900 amounting to $206,545.
Population of Brooks county by sex and color, according to the census o 1900: white males, 3,794; white females, 3,908; total white, 7,702; colored males, 5,515; colored females, 5,389; total colored, 10,904.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 99 calves, 28 steers, 3 bulls, 152 dairy cows, 130 horses, 35 mules, 12 donkeys, 435 swine, 44 goats.
Partial list of manufactories: 40 flour and grilst-mills (about ten operated by water), 12 sawmills, 10 turpentine distilleries, one cottonmill and one woolen-mill.

BRYAN COUNTY.
Bryan County was laid: out in 1793, and named for Jonathan Bryan, who came to Georgia in 1752, and was three years later commissioned by the king judge of the general court, and in addition appointed one of the royal counselors of the colony. During the Revolution he heartily espoused the cause of American independence.
Bryan is bounded as follo,ws: northwest by Bulloch county, northeast by Effingham and Chatham, e~st and southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, south and southwest by Liberty and Tattnall, and west by Tattnall.
The Ogeechee river runs along its northeastern border and turning eastward empties into Oasabaw Sound. The Oannouchee river runs along its western and southwestern border, and then flows easterly acros1s the county into the Ogeechee river. Ossabaw Island is separated from it on the east by a rravigable inlet. The lands along the rivers aQe especially adapted to rice and are very productive. Cotton, both longand short staple, does well. The quantity o upland adapted to corn and cotton is very limited. Truck farmers have a great advantage in their proximity to the Savannah market, where they :find a ready sale for their produce.
The streams supply the markets with large quantities o :fish. The people of Savannah who like .hunting and :fishing make the southern part of the county a resort for their favorite sport.
The Georgia and Alabama Railroad, which is one o the main lines

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

555

of the Seaboard .Air Line system, with a road from Cuyler, one o its

stations, to Dover on the Central, the Savannah, Florida and Western

of the Plant System, and the Florida, Central and Peninsular, give to

the county the best of facilities for travel and transportation.

There are no large towns in Bryan county. Clyde, near the Oannou-

chee river, is the county seat. The usual Christian .denominations have

churches in every "community, Methodists and Baptists predominating.

The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, 700

pounds of upland and 350 pounds of sea-island; corn, 10 to 15 bushels;

sweet and Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 12 to 15 bushels;

ground-peas, 25 to 75 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons; rice 12 to

15 bushels.
.According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in

the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 479 bales, of which 227 were

upland and 252 sea-island.

.According to the United States census of 1890 there were 3,685 sheep

with a wool-clip ,of 6,865 pounds, 6,612 cattle, 1,939 milch-cows, 82

working oxen, 7,909 hogs, 22,199 poultry of all kinds, 396 horses, 316

mules and 4 donkeys.

.Among the productions were 82,710 gallons of milk, 8,301 pounds

of butter, 15,797 pounds of honey and 25,406 dozens of eggs.

The area of Bryan county is 472 square miles or 273,280 acres.

The population by the United States census of 1900 is 6,122, a gam of

602 since 1890.

.According to the report of the State School Commissioner the school

fund is $4,669.87. The average daily attendance of pupils is 546 in the

27 schools for whites, and 450 in the 16 for negroes.

By the Comptroller-General's report f:)r 1900 there.are in the county

187,518 acres of improved land; 12,196 acres of wild land. By the

same returns the following values are reported: city and town propert.y,

$19,993; tonnage, $65.00; money and solvent debts, $64,373; merchan-

dise, $32,600; money invested in cotton factories, $150.00; household

furniture, $32,417; farm and other animals, $121,072; plantation and

mechanical tools, $15,657; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,474; real estate,

$330,025; personal estate, $325,404; aggregate of property, $655,429.

By the same report the property returned by colored taxpayers was aa

follows: 11,691 acres of land, valued at $15,779; city or town property,

$702.00; money, etc., $152.00; household and kitchen furniture, $3,-

712; farm and other animals, $10,381; plantation and mechanical tools,

$1,2.31; value of all to,ther property, $1,377; aggregate value of whole

property, $33,855.

.

.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property

over 1900 amounting to $40,705.

.

Population of Bryan county by sex and color, according to the census

of 1900: white males, 1,517; white females, 1,452; total white, 2,969;

colored males, 1,643; colored females, 1,510; total colored, 3,153.

Domestic animals in ba.rns and inclosures, not <>n farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900; !110 report.

556

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

BULLOCH COUNTY.

Bulloch County wa,s laid .out in 1796 and named for Archibald Bul-

loch, Governor of Georgia from January 20, 1776 to February 22, 1777,

and a devoted. champion of the liberties. of America. This county runs

up into a point at the north. It is bounded by the f10lllowing counties:

'Screven on the northeast, Screven and Effingham on the east, Bryan on

the southeast, Tattnall on the southwest and west, and Emanuel on the

west and northwest. The river Ogeechee flows along its northeastern

and eastern bo!l'ders, and the Cannouchee along its western and solith-

western boundary. Several creeks flowing into these rivers traverse the

county. The most important are Belcher's Mill creek, Black creek,

Bird':s Mill creek, Big Lott's and Little Lott's creeks, Sculls, Meril's,

Dry and Hound creeks. TheTe is also near the Ogeechee river a lake

about ten miles long. From this and the rivers and creeks abundance o:f

:fish are caught. The county is level and is composed of pine-gray up-

lands and hummock lands. About one-fifth of the soil is sandy and light

loam, one-fifth a stiff dark soil, and one half a red clay soil. The hum-

mock lands are ve~ productive, yielding cotton, long-and short-staple,

corn, wheat, oats, rye, sugar-mine, rice and potatoes. The climate is

healthy and pleasant. Many instances of longevity have been recorded.

In the records of the county are the names of several who lived more

than a hundred years.

Religion and education are represented by prosperous churches and

schools.

.

The pine and cypress timbers furnish lumber and shingles for the

markets. These are cut up by 20 lumber mills in different parts of the

county. There is a good business also in rosin and turpentine. There

are 15 turpentine distilleries. There are 25 flour and grist-mills. Rice

culture on the hummock lands is prorfitable.

For travel and transporlation the people have the advantage of the

following railroads: the Savannah and Statesboro, the former Dover and

Statesboro and Pineora ro\lds, now a part 10 the Central of Georgia sys-

tem, and Foy. 'fhe county site is Statesboro at the junction of the Sa-

vannah and Statesboro Railroad with the Central. The court-house cost

$20,000 and the academy, $15,000. There are in this town a bank with

a capital of $50,000 and a blind and sash factory. A company has beer...

organized here to build a cotton factory.

The Statesboro district contains 3,706 inhabitants, of whom 1,197 live

in the town. Both the district and town have doubled in population

since 1890.

The Methodists, Baptists and Presby;terians predominate, though other

Christian sects are represented. The schools belong to the public school

system of Georgia, and number. 77 for whites and 42 for colored, with

an average attendance of 1,877 white and 1,133 colored pupils.

The average yield per acre of the var~ous crops is: seed 0otton, 350 to

500 poundls of sea-island and 500 to 850 po1;mds of upland; corn 10 to

14 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish and sweet pot.atoes, 75 to 20<J

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

557

bushels; field-peas, 10 to 12 bushels; gr~ound-peas, 25 bushels; sugar-cane

.syrup, 400 gallons.

The annual output o:f lumber is very great, and the average price per

thousand feet is from $8.00 to $15.00.

According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in

this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,792 bales, of which 1,924

were upland and 7,868 sea-island.

According to the United States census of 1890 there were 15,728

sheep, with a wool-clip of 31,135 pounds, 16,325 cattle, 4,543 milch-

cows, 141 working oxen, 27,913 hogs, 85,308 poultry o: all kinds, 1,460

horses, 1,046 mules and 1 donkey. Among the productions were 261,-

175 gallonds lof milk, 39,221 pounds of butter, 19,751 pounds of honey

and 97,788 dozens 'of eggs. The Jersey is constantly growing in favor

as a cow for producing milk and butter.

Peaches, pears, plums, grapes, berries and melons yield good profits

to their owners. Abundance oi good native grasses for hay and pastur-

age, the wide range and the mild winters enable the farmers to raise

sheep and cattle in great numbers at small expense and good profits.

The area of Bulloch CIO'lmty is 980 square miles or 627,200 acres. The

population by the United States census of 1900 was 21,377, an increase

of 7,665 since 1890.

By the last report of the Commissioner of Education the school fund

was $12,357.60.

'The report of the Oomptroller"General for 1900 gives: 458,823 acres

of improved lands; 53,971 acres of wild lands; average value of im-

proved lands to the acre $2.35; of wild lands, $0.93; value of city and

town property, $185,860; shares in bank, $50,000; money and solvent

debts, $379,478; merchandise, $145,975; household furniture, $138,-

322; farm and other animals, $353,706; plantation and mechanical tools,

$72,240; watches, jeyelry, etc., $8,302; real estate, $1,308,375; personal

estate, $1,330,089; aggregate property, $2,638,460.

Property returned by colored tax-payers: 13,364 acre~ of land valued

at $28,209; city property, $2,245; money, $1,908; household furniture,

$11,878; watches, etc., $263.00; farm and other animals, $22,219;

plantation and mechanical tools, $4,039; aggregate property, $72,512.

The tax returns for 1901 sh!ow an increase in the value of all property

over 1900, amounting to $265,013.

Population of Bulloch counu:t,y by sex and coJor, according to the

census of 1900: white males, 6,3{)5; white females, 15,818; total white,

12,213; colotred males, 4,944; co1ored females, 4,224; total colored,

9,1<54.

Domestic animals in barns and :inclosures not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 79 calves, 24 steers, 4 bulls, 111 dairy cows, 127 horses,

119 mules, 1 donkey, 408 swine and 7 goats.

.

Partial list of manufactories: 1 sea-ishmd gin fac1Jory, 1 sash and blind

factory, 25 flour and grist-mills, 20 lumber and sawmills ,and 15 turpen-

tine distilleries.

.558

GEORGIA: HISTORI(JAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

BURKE COUNTY.
Burke County was laid out in 1758 as St. George's Parish. In 1777 it received its present name in honor of Edmund Burke, the great champion of American liberty, a native of Dublin, Ireland, and a member of the British parLiament. In 1793 part of it was set off to Screven e~:>unty, and in 179 8 a part to J e:fferson. The Savannah river separates it from South Carolina on the east and the Ogeechee from Emantlel county. Richmond county bounds it on the north, Screven oo the southeast, Emanuel on the south, and J effffi'Son on the west. Brier creek traverses the county from northwest to southeast and is noted for the rich lands along its borders. The county is also watered by Beaver Dam, Brushy, Horse, Rock and Buckhead creeks. On Brushy and Brier creeks and at Shell Bluff are beds of marl. Much of the subsoil !Consists of calcmeous marl from many of the springs and in the banks of the streams. At Shell Bluff is found an almost inexhaustible quantity of limestone
m o'f the best quality for making lime. Buhrstone is also very abundant
in the county. Chalcedony and jasper have been found. The water the county is impl'f3o<>ilated with rotten limestone. This adds to the productiveness of the soil, but detracts from the taste of the water. The introduction of artesian wells is proving a remedy for this. ,The artesian well at Waynesboro furnishes to that town a large quantity of wholesome, hard water, good not only for drinking, but also for general domestic purposes.
Waynesboro, the county site, on the Central of Georgia Railway, named :in honor of General Antlmny Wayne of Revolutionary fame, is a thriving town containing 2,030 inhabitants in its corporate limits. lt has_good schools and churches of the denominations usually found in our Georgia towns, Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. The town has a bank with a capital ,of $50,000. It has two fertilizer factories and )two -cottonseed-oil mills.
Burke county has good private schools and ernjoys the advantages Jalso .of the public scho1ol system of Georgia. There are in the whole county 105 schools, 40 for whites and 65 for colored. The average daily attendance, as reported by the State School Commissioner is '789 in the schools \for whites, and 2,419 in the schools for negroes. The school fund for 1900 was $22,063.73.
The Centrail Railroad on the southern border and running through the county to Augusta and a branch of the Southern running through the northwest corner, give ample C'Onvenience for travel and transportation. The proximity of Augusta to the northern part of the county encourages the trucking business, the value of which amounts to nearly $20,000 per annum. The tributaries of the Ogeechee ful'lhlsh wa:t.erpower which has been utilized by nine.grist-mills; those of the Savannah operate 8 mills. Long-leaf pine and wire-grass cover a large area; the timber growth o the north and northwest portion& o the county is of the -different hardwood varieties. The timber pl'IOducts are valued at $75,~

GEORGIA.: HIS'l'ORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

559

{)00; nearly all yellow pine, also some naval stores. There are 10 or 12 steam sawmills and 3 turpentine distilleries.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 46,152 bales, of .which 45,977 were upland and 175 sea-island.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,100 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,609 pounds, 8,007 cattle, 2,661 milch-cows, 392 working oxen, 30,248 hogs, 95,732 poultry ,of all kinds, 1,633 homes, 3,665 mules and 5 donkeys. Among the productioos were 438,533 gallons of milk, 70,027 pounds of butter, 600 pounds of cheese, 15,444 pounds of honey and 177,034 dozens of eggs. The yields of the various -crops to the acre under ordinary cultivation average about aJS follows: seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 15; sugar-cane, 150 gallons of syrup. The grasses are Bermuda, crab and wire-grass.
The pea-vines also furnish hay. The production of hay is 2,500 pounds to the acre. In 1898 the production of Irish potatoes was 998 bushels; of sweet potatoes, 92,366 bushels. Fruit trees in the county: 4,853 apple-trees, 23,890 peach-trees.
The area of Burke county is 1,043 square miles, or 667,520 .acres. The following :items are furnished by the report of the ComptrollerGeneral for 1900: acres of improved land, 589,198; average value per acre of improved la111d, $2.53; city or town property, $361,876; value of <Shares in bank, $75,000; sinking-fund, $6,000; money and solvent debts, $147,396; cotton manufactories, $11,250; value of merchandise, $108,410; stocks and bonds, $3,000; household furniture, $113,119; farm and -other animals, 284,107; plantation and mechanical tools, $61,303; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,666; value of all other property, $59,371; real estate, $1,853,419; personal estate, $948,866; aggregate of all prop,'Brty, $2,802,285. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number 'Of acres of land! 30,543; value, $77,660; city property, $21,811; money, etc., $770; merchandise, $625; household furniture, $29,730; watches, jewelry, ere., '$963; farm and other animals, $90,146; plantation and mechanical tools, '$20,439; all other property, $6,925; aggregate, $276,274. Burke has always been considered 'One of the finest agricultural c'Ounties in the State. The tax returns of 1901 show a gai111 in the value of all property over 1900 amounting to $286,036. Bnrke jail is noted for a skirmish which took place in 1779, between the Briti,sh, led by Colonels Brown and McGirth, and the Americans commanded. by Colonels Twiggs and Few, in which the Americans were the V'ictors. In this affair Captain Joshua Inman, an American. officer, killed three of the British with his own hand. According to the Untied States census of 1900, Burke county had a population 'Of 30,165, a gain of 1,664 over that of 1890. Population of Burke county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,869; white f emales, 2,653; total white, 5,522; coliO'!'ed males, 12,147; colored females, 12,496: total colored, 24,643.
2o ga

560

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 54 calves, 20 steers, 10 bulls, 102 dairy cows, 119 horses, 14 muleJS, 254 swine and 34 goats.
Partial list of manufactories: 2 cotton oil mills, 2 fertilizer faetories, 1 cotton mill, 17 flour and grist-mills, about 12 sawmills, 4 turpentine distilleries.

BUTTS COUNTY.

Butts :County was laid off from Monroe and Henry in 1825, and was named in honor of Captain Samuel Butts, who was killed in the battle o: Ohalibhee (January 27, 1814), where the Georgia brigade of General John ,Floyd inflicted a severe defeat upon the Indians who', taking advantage of the war with Great Britain, had risen against the whites and had committed many horrible atrocities in Alabama. This county is bounded by the following counties: Newton on the northeast, Jasper on the east, Monroe on the south, Spalding on the west and Henry on the northwest. The Ocmulgee river runs along its norrtheastern and eastern borders. A considerable stream called the Towaliga flows through the southwestern ,part of the county. Tussahaw, Yellow Water and Sandy creeks also water the county.
Jackson, the county site, on 1one of the main trunks of the Southern Railway, has within the last few ye,ars grown rapidly in population, in every line of business and in the character of its buildings. There is in Jackson a flouring mill with patent roller process, and turning out the best of flour. It has amtmg its other !industries a flourishing cotton-mill, built by Georgia capital. The bank hais a capital of $50,000. The courthouse is new and cost $30,000. The jail cost $6,000. The residences bespeak the progressiveness of the town. In fact, throughout the county the residences and all the outbuildings are above the average in appearance and comfort.
Flovilla, a town of 523 tinhabitants, on the Southern, :iJs connected by a short railroad with Indian Spring, a noted fashionable summer resort, celebrated for the healing properties of its sulphur water. The spri:ngs are situated in the forks of Sandy creek. Herre in 1825 was made the treaty between the whites and IndiaDIS which led iJo, the murder of the Indian chief, Mcintosh, by his own people. The climate is healthy, as is proven by the advanced age attained by many of its inhabitants. Four miles from Flovilla is the Lamar flour-mill with patent roller process. This mill turns out flour of the best grade.
Besides the important points already named, other post-offices are J enkinsburg, Cork, and Lofton's Store. Other places are Towaliga, Elgin, Stark, Maystown and Worthville. Though there are hills in some sectiions, the general face of the county is level. The predominant soil is gray, well adapted to' cotton, the grasses, and the different grains. The average yield per acre of the various crops is as follows: seed cotton, 600 to 700 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels;

GBORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

561

field-peas, 10 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 100 to 200 busheLs. The

best lands yield to the acre 1,500 pounds lox seed cotton; 40 bushels of

corn and wheat and other crops in like proportion. On an island in the Ocmulgee river there are 40 acres which yield 40 bushels of oats and 60'

of corn to the acre without fertilizing.

According to the United States census {)X 1900 the cotton ginned in

Butts county for the season of 1899-1900 was 14,415 bales, all upland.

According to the United States census for 1890 there were 251 sheep

with a -vvool-clip of 381 pounds, 3,025 cattle, 1,308 milch-cows, 78 work-

ing oxen, 4,783 hogs, 54,338 poultry of all kinds, 651 horses, 1,225

mules and 3 donkeys. Some of the productions were: 382,962 gallons of

milk; 131,483 pounds of butter; 11,979 pounds of honey and 84,935 dozens of eggs.

The products tof the county are marketed chiefly at Jackson, the cot-

ton receipts and shipments from which place amount tn 13,000 bales

annually. The mills at Jackson use 3,500 bales.

Jackson and Pepperton are neighboring to,wns, the former contain-

ing by the census of 1900 a population of 1,487, and the latter 500 pero-

ple. The district of Jackson, embracing both these towns and the inter-

vening country, contains 3,663 inhabitants. The Indian Spring district

includes the towns of Flovilla and Mcintosh, the former with 523 in-

habitants and the latter with 262. The whole district has 1,517.

The area of Butts county is 179 square miles, or 114,560 acres.

According to the United States census of 1900 the population of

Butts county was 12,805, a gain of 2,240 over that of 1890.

Every community is supplied with churches and schools.

The State School Ocimmissi10ner reported in 1900 a total of 46 schools.

The daily average attendance was 960 in 23 schools for whites and 677

in 23 for. negroes. The school fund was $8,314.28.

The follK:Jrwing items are taken from the report of the Comptroller-

General for 1900: acres of improved land, 113,794; average value per

acre, $5.50; city or town property, $235,372; shares in bank, $35,000;

money and solvent debts, $147,089; value of merchandise, $81,795;

cotton manufactories, $60,940; household and kitchen furniture, $78,-

630; farm and other animals, $99,772; plantation and mechanical tools,

$34,468; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,151; real estate, $832,691; personal

estate, $616,371; value of all other property, $33,854; aggregate of

whole property, $1,446,062.



Property returned hy colored taxpayers: number of a:cres of land, 1,204; value of land, $8,688;~city or town prroperty, $7,495; watches,

jewelry, etc., $145.00; household and kitchen furniture, $8,508; farm

and other animals, $13,044; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,251;

value of all other property, $481.00; aggregate value of whole property,

$45,441.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property

over 1900 amounting to $143,537.

Population of Butts county by sex a:nd colm, accmding to the census

.562

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL

-of 1900: white males, 2,937, ~lored males, 3,251; colored

white females
females, 3,556';

3 061 total white 5
to' tal c' ola<red 6 80'7. '

998'

Domestic animals in barns. and inclosures, not on fan~s 'or ranges,

.June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 53 drury cows, 92 horses, 18 mules, 19 swine, 7 ,goats.

Partial list of manufactures: 4 flour and grist-mills, and 1 sawmill

operated by watm, 2 large flour mills with patent roller process 1 cotto~

mill.

'

CALHOUN COUNTY.
Oalhoun County was formed out of the northern part 'Of Early in 1854, and was named for John C. Calhoun, the celebrated South Carolina statesman. The counties which bound it are: Randolph and Terrell on the north, Dougherty on the east, Baker and Early on the south, Clay and Early on the west. Morgan, a small town, remote from any railroad, is the county site. A branch of the Central Railroad runs entirely across the southern part of the county. Ichaway-nochaway creek is the largest stream in the county. It runs centrally through it, being formed by two streams, one coming from the northwest, the other from the northeast. Along its eastern border is Chickasawhatchee creek. These streams furnish abundance oi fish. Wild turkeys are the principal game.
The lands are generally level, having a gray soil, best adapted ' to CAtton and corn. Out of 187,568 acres in the county, about 95,000 are under cultivation. Of those cultivated 60,000 are upland, 30,000 lowland; 5,000 bottom land. The best lands average from $5 to $6 an acre, the wild lands from $1.28 to $3.00 to the acre. The average yield to the acre for the several crops is: for cotton, 600 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; wheat and oats, 8 bushels each; rye, 6 bushels; sugar-cane, 150 to 350 gallons of syrup; field-peas, 8 bushels; ground-peas, 12 bushels. Of vegetables only enough are raised for home consumption. A fine hay is cut from crowfoot-grass. Bermuda grass also gives excellent pasturage. The range for cattle, sheep and hogs is f airly good, and enables the farmers to raise their own supply of meat at small cost.
Accmding to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county :for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,472 bales (upland).
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 248 sheep with a wool-clip o 587 pounds, 4,154 cattle, 1,486 milch-cows, 178 working oxen, 10,233 hogs, 26,251 of all kinds of poultry, 546 horses, 1,412 mules, and 1 donkey.
Among the productions of the county there were 184,604 gallons o milk, 24,644 pounds of butter, 109 pounds of cheese, 6,914 pounds of honey and 52,489 dozens o eggs.
Two canneries at Morgan put up during the last season about 2,000 crates of fruit. Arlington and Leary on the railroad are growing well.
0 the original forests there are still standing in the county: of pine 50,000 acres, of oak and gum 20,000 acres, and of swaiDp timber 20,000 acres. There are eight sawmills in the county. The annual output of

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

563

lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial fe1et per annum. There are two turpentine distilleries, one at Leary and one at Arlington. There is a good water-power at Cordray's Mill. This is a flour and grist-mill and is valued at $2,500. There is a cottonseed-oil mill at Arlington, valued at $20,000. From the entire county there are shipped annually about 8,000 bales of cotton.
Arlington, the largest town, is at the junction of the Georgia Pine Railway, with a branch of the Central, and lies partly in Calhoun and partly in Early county. Of its 755 inhabitants 655 are citizens of Calhoun county. The militia district in which it is situated has a population of 1,990.
Leary, on the Central of Georgia Railway, has inside the corporation 396 inhabitants and in the whole district 1,962.
:Morgan, the county site, is about 7 miles north of the Central Railway. The area of Calhoun county is 276 square miles, or 176,640 acres. Its population, by the United State census of 1900, was 9,274, a gain of 836 in the last decade. Churches of one or more of the leading Christian denominations are found in every community. There are 37 school buildings belonging to the public school system of Georgia. The daily average attendance is 421 pupils in the 15 schools :for whites and 823 in the 22 schools for negroes. The school fund is $6,684.94. The county is supplied in many sections with artesian wells which, with good, pure water have added greatly to its healthfulness. The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 contains the folLowing items: acres of improved lands 174,275; of wild lands, 1,560; average value per acre of improved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.12; value of city or town property, $123,248; money and solvent debts, $61,301; merchandise, $65,585; cotton manufactories, $12,125; iron works, $2,200; value !Of household and kitchen furniture, $50,737; fa:::"'ll and other animals, $108,696; plantation and ~echanical tools, $23,575 ~ watches, jewelry, etc., $1,866; value of all other property, $24,675; real estate, $589,994; personal estate, $353,183; aggregate value of whole property, $943,177. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 7,242; value of land, $17,083; city or town property, $10,250; money and solvent debts, $423.00; household and kitchen furniture, $16,780; farm and other animals, $20,691; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,237; value of all other property, $975.00; aggregate value of whole property, $70,593. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over 1900 amounting to $83,286. Population o Calhoun county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,215; white :females, 1,184; total white, 2,399; colorred males, 3,425; colored females, 3,450; tot>al oolored, 6,875. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 59 calves, 16 stem-s, 4 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 72 horses, 14
mules, 3 donkeys, 310 swine.

564

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IND USTRIAL.

CAMDEN COUNTY.
Camden County was formerly embraced in the parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary's. ln: 1777 these were formed into a county and named in honlor of the Ead o Camden who, in the British parliament, so boldly plead for the liberties of America. Part of it was taken from Wayne in 1805, and a part added to Wayne in 1808. It is bounded on the north by Glynn and Wayne counties, on the east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by :Florida, from which it is separated by the St Mary's river, and on the west by Charlton county. The Satilla (formerly called St. lila) river flows along its western border, then tul"lling to the northeast flows almost centrally across the county and empties through St. Andrew's sound into the Atlantic ocean. The Little Satilla, along its northeastern boundary, also empties into St. Andrew's sound. The county is also watered by several creeks.
St. Mary's, the county seat, is beautifully situated on the river of the same name, in full sight of the ocean, from which it is distant nine miles. Its harbor lis accessible to the largest vessels, and St. Mary's enjoys considerable trade. The sawmills, constantly busy, impart to the place an air of thrift. The streets are broad and adorned with shade-trees, among which are orange-trees, laden in their season with golden fruit, and sycamore and wild olive-trees, clad in a foliage of perpetual green. In the winter season the town is thronged with Northern visitors seeking health or pleasure. It is well supplied with churches of the different denominations, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Roman Catholics. St. Mary's besides its excellent harbor has easy access by the river to the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, which traverses the county from north to south. The St. Mary's district has 1,291 inhabitants, of whom 529 live in the town.
In Camden county are 26 white and 22 colored schools with an average attendance of 219 white and 372 colored pupils.
The soils o Camden county a.Te of different kinds; gray, yellow and dark, and some blue clay bottom land. Only 50 acres were during the last season planted in cotton, 5,000 acres were planted in corn, none in whe,at, 1,000 in barley, 3,000 in rice,, 100 in sugar-cane, 20 in sorghum, 100 in Irish potatoes, 1,000 in sweet potatoes, 1,000 in field-peas, 500 in ground-peas, 200 in chufas and 1,000 in vegetables of every kind. The average yield by the acre was: 600 pounds of seed cotton; 15 bushels of corn; 20 bushels of oats; 30 to 35 bushels of rice; 160 bushels of Irish potatoes; 230 bushels of sweet potatoes; 10 bushels of field-peas; 60 busheLs of ground-peas; 170 bushels of chufas. The ribbon-cane aver ages from 130 to 200 gallons of syrup to the acre, and the sorghum 40 gaUons. The rice acreage :fnr 1901 was unusually large.
Though no attention is paid: to the making of hay, the soil is well adapted to all the grasses. The wooded lands, carpeted with grass, afford pasturage all the year. Cattle require but little attention, and the cost of raising a yearling calf is nothing. About 75 per cent. of the fertilizers used is produced on the farm. Some improvement has been

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

565

made in the breeds of cattle, and more attention than formerly is being

paid to the raising of beef cattle. By the census of 1890 there were in

the county 407 horses, 49 mules, 2,354 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,972

pounds, 9,668 cattle, 969 being working oxen and 2,397 milch-cows;

17,411 of all kinds of poultry and 6,542 hogs.

Among the farm products were: 84,395 gallons of milk, 8,526 pounds

of butter, 21,577 dozens of eggs and 3,656 pounds of honey.

The fish are of all kinds, both salt-wa.teir and fresh. The;re is also an

abundance of shrimp, crabs, clams and oysters, though the demand for

the last-named by the canning fact1ories has diminished greatly the sup-

ply in the oyster-beds. The county abounds in game, such as deer, wild

turkeys, quail (or partridge), doves and snipe.



In the gardens all the usual vegetables, and common varieties of ber-

ries are raised. Markets are found for them in Fernandina, Jackson-

ville, Brunswick and New York. Every farm has an orchard in which

are raised fruits for home consumption. In addition to peaches, plums,

chenies, etc., they produce oranges, lemons, figs, olives, pomegranates

and melons. Great quantities of grapes are also raised.

Camden county is well supplied with artesian wells, and has several

mineral springs. There are 3 grist-mills and the same number of saw-

mills, also 9 turpentine di'Stilleries, and one buggy factory. The navig-

able rivers, Satilla and St. Mary's, and the railroad give good facilities

:for travel and transportation, by steamboat and train. The lands along

the rivers are noted for their fertility in the production of rice and the

long and short staple cotton.

The area of Camden county is 718 square miles or 459,520 acres. Its

population by the census of 1900 was 7,669, a gain over 1890 of 1,491.

By the State School Commissioner's report of 1900 the school fund was

stated to be $4,864.99.

The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following

items: acres of improved land, 18,555; of wild land, 298,272; average

value orf imp1roved land, $14.02; of wild land, $0.60; city and town prop-

erty, $67,592; money, etc., $103,319; capital invested in shipping,

$8,351; stocks and bonds, $12,250; merchandise, $50,004; cotton

factories, $6,500; household furn~ture, 543,554; farm and other animals,

$136,681; plantation and me~hanical tools, $14,779, watches, jewelry,

etc, $3,568; value of ail other property, $52,103; real estate, $506,564;

personal estate, $435,691. Aggregate, $942,255.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 4,643; value,

$37,589; city property, $11,457; money, $128.00; merchandise,

$300.00; household furniture, $13,172; farm and other animals, $33,-

937; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,568; value of all other property,

$3,138; aggregate property, $103,495.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $334.00 in value of all

property over 1900.

There are several islands in the county, the most important 'Of which

are J ekyl and Cumberland. The latter is eighteen miles long and one

hal to three miles wide. The Indian name for it was Missoe. This

566

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

name was changed when Oglethiorpe visited it, at the request orf an Indian chief, who had received some kindn\SS from the Duke, of Cumberland. Dungeness, fwmerly the property of General Nathaniel Greene, is. on this island. It was on a visit to Mrs. Shaw, daughter of General Greene, that General Henry Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee, and familiarly known as "Light Horse Harry," died, and from this hospitable home his body was borne to its last resting place.
On the 11th of January, 1815, before news of the treaty of peace haCi reached America, a force of about 1,500 British troops landed on Cumberland Island, where they had quite .a sharp skirmish with something less than one hundred Americans.
During this same month twenty-three barges, filled with British soldiers ascended St. Mary's river for the purpose of burning Major Clarke's mills, whom they accused of breaking his parole. A detachment of 28 Americans under command of Captain William Cone, screening themselves behind the palmetto on both sides of the river, made it so hot for the enemy that they retreated. The British reported a loss of over 300 men killed and wounded.
In Camden county lived and died General John Floyd who, at the head of a Georgia brigade, won great distinction as an Indian fighter during the second war with England. He was born of Virginia parentage in Beaufort district, South Carolina, October 3, 1769. About 1791 or 1792 both father and son moved to Georgia and settled in Camden county on the Satilla river. After the close of the second war with England General Floyd represented his county in the State Legislature, and the State in the Federal Congress. He died J un:e 24:, 1824:.
Among the ratifiers of the Constitution of the United States in the convention which met in Augusta, January 2, 1788, were Henry Osborne, James SeagrQIVe and Jacob Weed of Camden.
On Little Cumberland Island is a light-house sixty feet high, with a revolving light which can be seen at sea a distance of 20 miles.
Population of Camden county by sax and color, 3JCCOO'ding to the cen~ sus of 1900: whtite males, 1,299; white females, 1,124:; total white, 2,4:23; CJOiloiJ'ed males, 2,725; colored females, 2,521; total colored, 5,24:6.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges June l, 1900: 61 calves, 83 steers, 3 bulls, 134: dairy cows, 67 horses, 37 mules, 21 sheep, 4:30 hogs, 9 goats.

CAMPBELL COUNTY.
OampbeZl Ooun~y was laid out from Coweta, Carroll, DeKalb (that part now called Fulton) and Fayette in 1828, and a part was added from Cherokee in 1832. It is watered by the Chattahoochee river and the creeks that flow into it and in:to the Flint. It is bounded by the following counties: on the niOrth by Douglas and Fulton, east by Clayton, south by Fayette and Coweta, west by Carroll, and northwest by Douglas. Ilt was named in: honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a distinguished lawyer and

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

567

member of the Georgia Legislature, a great advocate of the higher education of females, a oommissioner to treat with the Indians in 1823, and one of the signers of the treaty with the Creek nation at Indian Spring in 1825. The original county site was Campbellton, situated upon a commanding eminence em the Ohattahooohee river. The present county seat is Fairburn, a prosperous little town on the vVest Point Railroad about 22 miles from Atlanta. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians predomill!ate throughout the county. The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia and are in a prosperous condition. The 26 for whites have an average attendance of 978 pupils; the 16 for colored have an average attendance of 625.
The soil is varied. On the rivers and creeks tit is a black loamy soil, suited for the raising of coTn, cotton, wheat am.d oats. The red and gray lands are productive of peaa, potatoes, onions, cabbage, turnips, and many other vegetables.
Within easy reach of the two principal towns, Fairburn and Palmetto, are inexhaustible supplies of granite, some of which is so fine-grained and hard that it takes the highest polish.
The average yield.per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, from 500 to 800 pounds; corn, 12! bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 18 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 to 150 bushels; hay from native and other grasses, 2,500 to 3,000 pounds. Clover, wherever tried, does well. Of fruits, apples and peaches make especially fine yields. For fall and winter pasturage Bermuda is the great reliance of the farmers. There are some 20 small dairy farms, and the Jersey is the favorite milch-cow. Some of these dairies make fair profits ron butter shipped to Atlanta.
There are many market gardens from which cabbages, turnips and watermelolliS are gathered and sold in Atlanta. There are some cultivated strawberries, but for the most part they grow wild, and like the blackberries, dewberries and cherries, cost the sellers nothing but the picking.
There are about 500 acres devoted to the raising of melons for the market, which bring an average net profit of $15.00 to the acre. About 1,000 acres are devoted to peaches, and very near the same number to apples.
There are about 20 vineyards oontaining 250 acres, and the value of grapes sold in the county is about $500.00.
Campbell county has about 2,500 acres of f orest land, mostly pine and oak. The annual output of lumber is about 800,000 superficial feet, at an average price of $10.00 per thousand f eet.
At Palmetto is a cotton factory with a capital of $100,000, containing 5,500 spindles and 100 looms, using about 3,000 bales of cotton annually, and producing material worth about $75,000.00. Here also are extensive wood-working and blacksmith shops and a public ginnery. This town has a populaltion of 620 in its corporate Limits, and its entire militia district has 1,478 inhabitants.
Fairburn, the county site, has a populati10n. of 761, but including the Fairburn district the population is 2,461. Here is a large harness and saddle factory which employs 60 hands, with a weekly pay-roll of

568

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

$450.00, and through its traveling salesmen disposes of its annual product of more than $150,000 in the States of Virginia, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.
Nea'r Fairburn is the Trentham Spring, a lithia water helpful to kid- ney and nervous troubles.
According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton ginned in the dounty :for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,614 bales, all upland.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 464 sheep with a wool-clip of 883 pounds, 2,777 cattle, 1,133 milch-cows, 110 working oxen, 3,264 hogs, 58,619: poultry of all kinds, 390 horses, 1,057 mules and 2 donkeys.
Among the productions were 382,048 gallons of milk, 141,835 pounds of butter, 13,039 pounds of honey, and 78,445 dozens of eggs.
The area of Campbell county is 205 square miles or 131,200 acres. The population by the United States census of 1900 is 9,518.
According to the report of the Department of Education the school :fund is $7,501.28.
By the Comptroller-General's report :for 1900 the taxable property returned is as follorws: acres of improved land, 130,141; average value per acre, $5.94; city and town property, $148,989; money and solvent debts, $213,569; merchandise, $41,125; stocks and bonds, $2,050; cotton manufactories, $25,500; household and kitchen furniture, $62,076; :farm and other animals, $106,898; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,585; real estate, $922,469; personal estate, $526,289; aggregate property, $1,433,496.
Property returned by calmed taxpayers: 2,500 acres of land, valued at $15,103; city or town property, $8,759; money, etc., $15.00; household and kitchen furniture, $5,388; watches, etc., $124; :farm and othe,r animals, $8,816; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,775; aggregate property, $40,322.
The tax returns :for 1901 show an increase of $47,807 in the value o all property over the reported values of 1900.
Opposite the village of Campbellton on the western bank of the Chattahoochee, in a tuft of trees, on a mound like those so common in Georgia, rest the remains of Anawaqua, an Indian princess, once the proprietor of the land in that neighborhood. This mound is in a meadow, in a bend of the river, near the :foot of a hill. Traces of ancient fortifications can be discerned all around the plain, :from the river to the hill.
The towns of Fairburn and Palmetto are both situated on the dividing ridge between the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. Hence the rains :failing on the east side of these towns run into the Flint river and those on the west side, into the Chattahoochee.
Population of Campbell county by sex and colar, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,186; white females, 3,164; total white, 6,3 50; colored males, 1,619; colored females, 1,549; tO'tal co~l()rred, 3,168.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1. 1900: 57 calves, 9 steers, 1 bull, 97 dairy cows, 36 horses, 7 mules, 21
sheep, 187 swine.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

569

CARROLL COUNTY.
Carroll County was laid off in 1826, a part set off to Campbell in 1828; and portions successively set off to Heard in 1830, 1831 and 1834. It was :organized in 1826 and named after Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence from Maryland. It is bounded by the following counties: Paulding and Haralson on the north, Douglas, Campbell and Coweta on the east, Coweta and Heard on the south, and the State of Alabama on the west. A little strip of the northern part of the county is bounded west by Haralson.
Carroll county is watered by the Chattahoochee and Little Tallapoosa rivers and their tributaries, the largest of which are Big Indian and
Sweet vVater cu.'eeks. The soil is varied; rolling red and gray lands with
rert;entive day subsoil. The lands are very fertile, especially along the Chattahoochee, Little Tallap01osa and the bottoms along the creeks. The average yield per acre of the va11ious crops, taking all the lands, the best and the poorest, is about as follows: corn, 15 and one-third bushels; oats, 10 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; cotton, 700 'Or 800 pounds seed cotton; 8ugar-cane, 20 pounds of sugar, and 122 gallons of syrup; hay, 2,260 pounds. The county also raises about 8,000 bushels of cowpeas, 1,219 lmshels of peanuts, 2,800 bushels of Irish potatoes, 66,313 bushels of sweet potatoes, and 3,000 pounds of tobacco. The truck sold is somewhere near $10,000 worth per annum.
Of fruit trees, about 33,000 are apple and 59,300 peach-trees. Fruits and vegetables do well.
According to the'United States census of 1900, the cotton production of the county for 1899 was 28,504 bales, all upland.
In 1890 there were in the county 1,276 horses, 2,407 mules, 11,903 swine, 159,548 of the various kinds of poultry, 9,055 cattle, 3,542 milchcoWlS, 57 working oxen, 1,897 sheep with a wool-clip of 2,761 pounds. There were produced 1,097,167 gallons of milk. The butter production of the county was 401,138 pounds, the honey, 28,111 pounds, and the eggs, 63,500 dozens.
The timber growth is chiefly oak and hickory; on streams, aSh, maple, walnut, poplar and gum. The timber products amount to about $10,000 per annum.
Ninety,threa manufactories have an annual output of $342,445: Along the Little Tallapoosa and tributaries are 17mills (flour and grist), and along the tributaries of the Chattahoochee 16 mills. The water is pure freestone. The climate is delightful. Gold, copper, iron, pyriteB, mica and asbestos are found, all in workable quantities. The gold of this county is said to be very :fine. Near Villa Rica, in the northerustern part of the county on the Southern Railway, there is an extent of country six miles long and one mile wide in which are numerous mines yielding large amounts of gold. Quartz and granite are also found.
There is no more healthful region anywhere. Among other attractions to home seekers are good schools and churches. Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians are in the lead, the two former being the more numerous.

570

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

There are 76 white schools and 16 colored, with an average attendance of

3,425 white and 929 colored pupils.

f

Carrollton, the county site, a thriving town of near \ooo inhabitants,

has a good trade and is growing in business and population. , Here the

Chattanooga, Rome and Southern and a branch of the Central Railroad

meet. Here is also a flourishing cotton 'factory with a capital of $100,-

000, and a cotton oil-mill. Carroll is one of the most prosperous counties

of Georgia. Arl3a is 486 square miles or 311,040 acres: Population in

1900, 26,576; school fund, $17,903.34. By the Comptroller-General's

report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 282,181; of wild land,

6,775; average value per acre of improved, $5.12, and wild, $1.26; city

property, $378,574; value of shares in bank, $113,300; gas and electric

lights, $4,000; money, etc., $333,851; merchandise, $134,499; cotton

manufactories, $89,000; household furniture, $140,333; farm and other

animals, $270,555; plantation and mechanical tools. $71.578: jewelry,

$6,883; value of all other property, $35,805; real estate, $1,831,994;

personal estate, $1,214,296. Aggregate property, $3,046,290.

Property given in by colored taxpayers: 5,127 acres; value, $19,432;

city pr!operty, $5,449; household furniture, $1,066; farm and other ani-

mals, $8,789; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,773; value of all

other property, $191.00. Aggregate, $36,956.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of the value of all property

over 1900 amounting to $595,839.

In Carroll county lived General William Mcintosh, a half breed of the

Muscogee or Creek nation. He commanded a force of friendly Creeks

in the war of 1812-1815, and was greatly distinguished in the battles 0' Autossee, the Horse-Shoe Bend, and later ~n the Florida campaign.

Chiefly through his agency was effected the treaty with the Georgians

at Indian Spring on the 12th of February, 1825, by which the Creeks

ceded to the whites the balance of the lands owned by them in Georgia.

The faction of the Creeks opposed to this treaty came in large force to

the house of General Mcintosh, set it on fire and shot the general. They

also killed the son-in-law of Mcintosh, Colonel Samuel Hawkins, and

another one of the chiefs, Etommee Tustunnugge; who had signed the

treaty. Out of these troubles came the controversy between Georgia and

the general government, with regard to the Indian lands, in which Geor-

gia, through the firmness of Governor Troup, maintained successfully

her position.

There are several thriving towns in Carroll county. Carrollton, O'll the

Central of Georgia Railway, has a population of 1,998 in its corporate

limits, while the whole district has 5,934 inhabitants. A company has

recently been organized to put in an electric light plant.

The population of the other towns and their including districts :is as

follows:

Villa Rica district, 2,535; Villa Rica town, 576; Temple district,

2,795; Temple town, 397; Whitesburg district, 1,156; Whitesburg town,

296; Bowdon district, 1,547; Bowdon town, 397; Roopville district,

1,309; Roopville town, 109.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

571

The population of the whole county, 25,576, shows a gain of 4,275 over that of 1890.
Populati0'!1 of Carroll county by sex and color, accOTding to the census of 1900: white males, 10,825; white females, 10,714; wool white, 21,539; colored males, 2,573; colored females, 2,464; total colored, 5,037.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farn'ls or ranges, June 1, 1900: 169 calves, 45 steers, 5 bulls, 291 dairy cows, 207 horses, 57 mules, 24 sheep, 460 swine, 7 goats.

'\CATOOSA COUNTY.
Catoosa :Oounty in the northwestern part of the State was set off from W alktlll.' and is bounded as follows: Tennessee on the north, Whitefield county on the east and south, and Walker county on the south and west. The soils are varlied; the valley lands being gray and dark; the bottom lands, black; the uplands, gray and gravelly, and red. .
Of 96,000 acres in the county, about 24,000 are under cultivation, of which 15,500 are upland, 6,000 valley (or lowland), and 2,500 bottom land. About 66 per cent. is timber land. The uplands average about $4.00 to the acre; .the valley lands, $10.00; the bottom lands $20.00, About 1,000 acres are planted in cotton, 6,000 in corn, 3,000 in wheat, 1,000 in oats, 500 in sorghum-cane, 500 in Irish potatoes, 300 in sweet potatoes, 2,000 in field-peas and 5,000 in garden vegetables.
Under ordinary methods of cultivation cotton yields from 500 to 800 pounds of seed cotton to. the acre; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels. All vegetables give abundant yields. Timothy Herd-grass and Orchard-grass, clover and German millet, do well and are extensively raised. From 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of hay to the acre is about the average; ro9,der about 300 pounds. Sorghum-cane yields about 250 gallons of syrup to tha acre. From 100 acres, devoted to raising melons for the market, the profit for last season amounted to $25.00 to the acre. l;arge quantities of strawberries a:re raised. Most of the early ones are shipped to Cincinnati, and the later ones to Atlanta. The proximity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, has given rise to; a large dairying and trucking business, the value of the latter being about $15,000. Through the instrumentality of the Trucker's Associatio~, coJd storage cars convey vegetables, melons and berries to Cincinnati and other points in the northwest. About 1,200 acres are devoted to pe:aches, the net value or: which is about $3.00 a crate.
Facilities for travel and transportation are afforded by the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which connects at Chattanooga with lines branchling out in every direction.
Many fine deposits of building and other stones are :found in this county. The sand and limestones are of ~Superior quality. Large works have been in operation :for years at Greysville, converting limestones into carbonate of lime. There is abundance of iron ore in Taylor's Ridge.

572

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

In this county is located the noted health resort, famed for its varied waters, the Catoosa Springs, from which the county derives its name.
Ringgold, the county site, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, carries on a fine commercial business with the farmers of the vicinity.
Much attention is being given of late to the raising of beef cattle and improvment of the breed. The cattle of the county numbered in 1890, 3,410. There were 1,312 milch-cows and 57 working oxem The summer pasturage lasts about six months, from May to October. For fuur months cattle must be fed. The chief food is cotton seed meal, hulls and bran, with some rye and hay. It costs about $1.50 to raise a yearling calf. Other farm animals in the county were in,1890, 644 horses, 722 mules, 1,914 'Sheep with a wool-clip of 3,335 pounds, 3,871 swine and 500 goats. Good crops and good ranges have improved all stock. The cost of raising a three-year-old mule or horse is $20. The poultry in 1890 numbered 49,724 of all kinds.
There are in the county 21 donke~s. There is a production of 121,000 pounds of butter, 6,651 pounds of honey, and 64,000 dozens of
eggs. Three-fourths of the acreage of the county is in forests, oaks, hickory,
poplar and pine. .A. great deal of the salable timber has been cut for the mill at Chattanooga.
There are in Catoosa county five flour and grist-mills and six lumber ()lr sawmills, the former operated by water-power and the latter by steam.
Among the products of the county are 466,395 gallons of milk. The county has good schools, and the Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians have churches. There are 24 schools for whites and 4 for negroes, having an average attendance of 695 whites and 91 colored pupils. The condition of roads is good. There are about 20 miles of macadamized 'road built by the government.. According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton production of the county for 1899, was 810 bales, all upland. Ringgold, named for the gallant Marylander, Major Ringgold, who fell mortally wounded at Palo Alto, the first battle of the Mexican war, was the scene of a fierce conflict in November, 1863. .A.s General Bragg was retreating from Missionary Ridge after his disastrous defeat, General Cleburne halted his division at a gap in Taylor's Ridge, and inflicted a decisive repulse upon the pursuing Federal army under Hooker, thus saving the artillery and trains of :the Confederates. For this gallant battle of Ringgold, General Cleburne received the thanks of the Confederate ~ngress . .A.rea of the county is 171 square miles or 109,440 acres. _ Population of Catoosa county in 1900, 5,823; school fund, $3,858.84. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of improved land, 95,167; of wild land, 3,977; average value per acre of improved land, $5.55; of wild land, $1.60; city property, $45,130; money, etc., $70,835; merchandise, $14,165; mining, $375; household and kitchen furniture, $36,766; farm and other an:imal&, $109,918; planta-

GEORGIA: IIISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

573

tion and mechanical tools, $27,613; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,167; value of all other property, $10,053; real estate, $578,882; personal estate, $273,458. Aggregate of all property, $853,340.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 676; value, $1,780; city or town property, $1,682; household and kitchen furniture, $760.00; farm and other animals, $2,976; plantation and mechanical tools, $504.00; value of all other property, $33.00. Aggregate of whole property, $7,734.
The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $354 in the value of all property within the last year.
fl'he county site is Ringgold, which has a population of 437 in the town and 1,221 in the whole Ringgold district.
Population of Catoosa county by sex and color, according to1 the census of 1900; white males, 2,767; white females, 2,574; total white, 5,341; colored males, 280; colored females, 202; total oolored, 482.
Domestic animals i:n barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 20 calves, 3 steers, 51 dairy cows, 35 horses, 10 mules, 1 donkey, 143 swine, 31 goats.

CHARLTON COUNTY.
Charlton County was laid off from Camden in 1856 and named for Judge T. U. P. Charlton of Savannah. It is bounded by thG follow~ng counties: Wayne, Pierce and Ware on the north., Camden , on the east, and ware on the west. The northeastern part of the county runs up between Camden on the east and Pierce on the west. The southeastern part runs down in such a way as to have Florida on three sides of it. For some distance along its eastern border runs the Satilla. The St. Mary's river rising in the southern part of the county runs along the western, southern and eastern sides of that part of it which projects into Florida. Okefinokee Swamp occupies a large part of the county.
On the neck of land between Okefinokee Swamp and the Florida line melons, potatoes, long-staple cotton, sugar-cane and tobacco give good yields. Oranges and figs are plentiful. By far the greater portion oi lands in this county are wild lands and are devoted to stock-raising. There is no section of the State better adapted to raising sheep, cattle and hogs at small cost.
Travel and transportation of products are over the Plant System, tne Atlantic, Valdosta and Western.
T:rader's Hill, about four miles from the Savannah, Florida and W estern Railway of the Plant System, and also on the St. J\fary's river, is the county site. The lumber business of this town is considerable. -- ThP. streams supply 'abundance of fish, and the wild lands afford game orf every sort, such as deer, bear, turkey, wood-cock, partridge, snipe, etc.
The people of Charlton do not raise much cotton, as is shown by the statistics of the United States Department{) Agriculture.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in

.574

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Charlton county for the season of 1899-1900, was 302 hales, all seaisland.
By the census of 1890 there were 2,983 sheep with a wool-clip of 4,903 pounds, 9,255 cattle, 2,406 milch-cows, 831 working oxen, 7,094 hogs, 12,247 poultry of all kinds, 300 horses, 34 mules and 1 donkey.
Among the farm products were 63,017 gallons of milk, 9,045 pounds
of butter, 5,556 pounds of honey, and 14,763 dozens of eggs.
The lumber business occupies the attention of many peiOple in the neighborhood of the great Oke:fi.nokee Swamp, where millions of feet of yellow pine and cypress are to he obtained. Large sawmills are in operation near the edge of the Swamp.
This county has 24 'S<lhools for white and 4 for colored pupils, with an average attendance of 467 white and 118 colored.
The school fund as stated ill the report of the State School Commissioner, ~endered in 1900, was $2,902.95.
The area of Charlton county is 1,063 square miles, or 680,320 acres. The population by the United States census of 1900 was 3,592, an increase of 257 in the last decade. The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report :for 1900: acres o:f improved land, 146,262; of wild land, 532,528; average value per acre of improved land, $0.68; of wild land, $0.14; city or town property, $4,415; money and solvent debts, $32,087; merchandise, $15,950; cotton manufactories, $6,000; household and kitchen furniture, $20,816; farm 11nd other animals, $98,057; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,795; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,888; value of all other property, :$22,818; real estate, $179,368; personal estate, $207,446. Aggregate value of whole property, $386,814. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 5,017; value of land, $4,502; household and kitchen furniture, $1,012; farm and other animals, $3,262; plantation and mechanical tools, :$322.00; value of all other property, $190.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $9,783. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $1,917 in the value of all property over that of 1900. Population of Charlton county by sex and color, according to the census ,orf 1900: white males, 1,468; white females, 1,381; total white, 2,849; colored males, 419; colored females, 324; total colored, 743. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 14 steers, 1 bull, 15 dairy cows, 6 hoTSes, 10 mules, 86 swine.

CHATHAM COUNTY.

Chatham County is on the Georgia coast with the Savannah river :forming the boundary between it and the State of South Carolina. It is a portion of what was once called Savannah county; for in 1741 by order of the trustees the colony of Georgia, was divided into two counties, one of which was called Savannah and embraced all the territory north

WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCK HEN.
_From IJ ul JVo. 2() 1
1. S . 1/n . . ln. Ind.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

575

o0f Darien. It was laid out in 1758 into St. Philip's and Christ Church parishes.
When Georgia cast in her lot with the other colonies in the struggle fm- independence, the new State government formed Christ Church and a part of St. Philip's parishes into a county and named it Chatham in honor of the noble earl who so bravely stood up for the rights of the people of America.
Northwest of this county is Effingham, on the east and northeast the .State of South Carolina, on the east and southeast the Atlantic Ocean, on the south and west the county of Bryan. The chief streams are the Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee rivers. The smaller are the St. Au_gustine, Vernon, Pipemaker, etc. The face of the county is flat, interspersed with many swamps. Along the Savannah river the bodies of tide swamp lands are extensive and are considered among the best in the State.
Savannah, the county site, is the great maritime mart of the South Atlantic coast. It is the third cotton port in the Union, and is the chief shipping point for naval stores in the world. Its population by the cen-
sus of 1900 is 54,244. It msituated on the southwest bank of the Sav-
annah river, on a bluff forty :feet above l<>w water mark, twelve miles by a direct line from the 'ocean, and eighteen miles by the course of the river. Five lines of ocean steamships connect it with the great seaport cities of the North. Four lines of river steamers ply upon the Savannah, and on the sounds and inlets that flow between the mainland and the beautiful islands skirting the Georgia coast. H ere also converge five :great railroad li!J.es, the Plant System, the Georgia & Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line System, the Florida Central and P eninsular of the same system, the Southern System, and the Central of Georgia system. The numerous arms of these great trunk lines streltch out into all sections of Georgia and Florida, and many parts of Alabama, also giving through routes to the North and East and a continuous line to the West. The Central has the distinction of being the oldest railroad in Georgia. All these grand highways of travel and commerce pour into the lap of 'Savannah the rich products of Georgia, Alabama and Florida, which, by :great ocean steamers and sailing vessels, large and small, find their way to American and foreign ports. The commerce lof Savrunna:h for the year ending September 1, 1900, is valued at $165,775,000. In 1874 the usual high water draft of vessels to the city was about fourteen and a half feet. At that time the United States Engineering D epartment took charge of the work of improving Savannah Harbor. In 1890 a navigable channel 22 feet deep at mean high tide from the city to the sea had been secured. To-day (1901) Savanrnah has a clear depth of 26 foot. 'The tonnage of the port, which in 1873 ;was 1,074,367 tons, had grown by 1890 to 1,828,614 tons, and :for the yerur 1899 was 2,797,626 tons. For 1900 the tonnage of the port was 2,958,718, an increase of 161,092 tons. Vessels of from 2,000 to 5,000 tons now enter the harbor and load at the whwveiS of Savannah. It is expected that further im'Provement in the river and harbor will be accomplished through the
26 ga

576

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

South channel, by which 26 to 28 feet at mean low water can be obtained and maintained without jetties. This course would shorten the distance by about three miles between the city and the sea.
For many years past the annual receipts of cotton at the port of Savannah have beoo more than a million bales. For the season of 1899-1900 they were again more than a million, notwithstanding the great falling off in cotton production and the deficit of 22 per cent. lin general receipts, "a high complimoot," says the Savannah Board of Trade, "to the railways entering here, the persistent efforts 1of which with the cooperation of the shipping agents of the port, have achieved this. enviable preerminence for Savannah." About 80 per cent. of the enti'I'e crop of sea-island cotton is received at Savannah.
It is notable that during the past year there has been an increase weekly of the cotton fa0tory products of the different Southern mills through Savannah to China and Japan. These products are sent by rail to Savannah and from there by steamer to the Eastern ports, and are there forwarded direct to the above-named countries.
The average annual receipts of naval stores at Savannah for the four years ending March 31, 1900, amount to 320,543 casks of spirits of tur pentine and 1,159,732 barrels of rosin. These products are carried from Georgia's great port in vessels under every flag to leading markets on the corust of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America, while coastwise steamships and great railroad lines supply Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, 1Iontreal and commercial cities of the interior. vVherever naval stores are needed for any purpose whatever, Savannah supplies by far the largest per cent. of that need.
The shipments of lumber from Savannah have grown to immense proportions. For the year ending March 31, 1890, the shipments were 107,371,082 feet, which in two years increased to 140,243,603. Something
over i of this was shipped to foreign ports. The largest foreign ship-
ments were to Spain and the Argentine Confederation. The shipments of lumber for the year ending September 1, 1900 were 167,000,000 feet.
The bank clearings of Savannah for the year ending September 1, 1900, !Show an increase of $65,730,295.51 over the previous year. The clearings for the year made up a grand total of $200,270,626.63. The revival of the sugar-cane industry in Georgia and Florida will soon give to these States a companion money crop with cotton, that can be made profitable even against free trade with Cuba and Porto Rico. This will add to the commercial importance of Savannah.
The favorable year for the rice planters of Georgia increased the receipts of r~ce at Savannrah, which were for 1900, 270,000 bushels. Thme are at Savannah three large mills for cleaning rice, and the total output of these mills is valued at $300,000.
The market gardens and truck :farms of Chatham county add, of course, to the prosperity of Savannah. A great deal of the best land of the county is being used to grow vegetables, melons, and berries for the Northern markets. In 1900 the shipments amounted to 100,000 crate&

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

577

:and 50,000 barrels of the truck farms, bringing to the farmers a revenue
of $225,000. The shipments of the market gardens and truck farms commence to
be forwarded by steamer from Savannah to the markets of the East between the first .and middle of April each year. While many of these products are shipped by rail, a large number go by water, as the steamship lines have averaged a daily sailing from Savannah to the ports of the East. The vessels of the Ocean Steamship Company often take
60,000 melons at one time to New York. Under the liberal sanitary appropriation all garbage is disposed of by
cremation. The most improved plans for disinfecting purposes in maritime sanitation have been adopted, and the quarantine system is very thorough. The care of the city government for the health of the people has placed Savannah in the front rank of seaport towns in point of healthfulness. Pure water is furnished by arte'sian wells, with which.
Savannah is well supplied. Of course Savannah and the county of Chatham have a fine system
of public schools. The average attendance is: of white pupils 3,595, of colored pupils 2,914. Churches of every Christian denomination are numerous and well attended and maintained. The city has all the modern conveniences; electric lights, gas, ice :factories, electric street railroads, city and suburban, a splendid system otf water-wmks, and a firstclass paid fire department. In manufacturing, Savannah has every advantage. The raw materials :for the manufacture of cotton and WQolen -goods are at her very doors. Among her manufacturing establishments in successful operation are: a cotton yarn mill, a knitting mill, cotton seed oil mills, works for making agricultural implements, ice factories, boiler works, machine shops, brass foundry, brick manufactories, .s,ash, door, 'and blind factories, carriage works, :flour and grist-mills, rice--mills, fertilizer worke, cigar manufactories, soap works, and planing-mills. The Southern Rubber :Manufacturing Company has been lately organized.
There are four oy5ter canning :factories in Chatham county which, in tlle season of 1899-1900, packed 2,550,000 cans.
Not only is Savannah a great commercial mart. It is also one of the most attractive cities of the Union. With its many beautiful parks and neat residences it has an air of elegant refinement that charms the stranger. The favorite promenade of the citizens is out Bull street to Forsyth Park. F11om Bay Street out, one passes through five little parks, or squares. In Johnson Square is a neat marble obelisk, erected in 1829 to the memory of General Nathaniel Greene who, as second in rank nrider W as'hirngton, commanded the department of the South and rescued the Carolinas and Georgia from the grasp of the British invader. He was born in Rhode I sland, but after the close of the war for independence settled in Georgia upon land granted him by the State. The plain, unornamented style of this monument was meant to carry Nit the design of a Roman sword, which it was built to represent. The next monument
on Bull street is one erected to the memory of W. Vv. Gordon, a pioneen.
in railro'ad development in Georgia. Irr Madison Square stands the

578

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

monument of another Revolutionary hel'o, Sergeant -William Jasper. This was unveiled lin 1888 in the presence of President Cleveland and party, andthe local officials and dignitaries. In Monterey Square stands anothen' and very elegant monument to Oount Pulaski, the noble Pole, who gave his life for American freedom on the 9th o October, 1779, when the combined French and American armies met a disastrous re:pulse in their assault upon the British lines. In the extension of Forsyth Park is yet another handsome monument erected to the memory of the Donfederate soldiers who fell in the Civil War. This park is the large8t of about thirty, which give comfort and beauty to Georgia's lovely Forest 'City. In its center stands a fountain modeled after that in the Place de
la Concorde at Paris. So:i:ne of :the pm:ks are ornamented with banana
trees, and several of the gardens with orangetrees. Among the many lovely flowers the most beautiful is the Camellia J aponica, which here blooms in midwinter in the open air.
Savan'n1ah is well supplied with suburban retre'ats. Tybee is reached by one of the branches of the Central of Georgia Railway, eighteen miles in length. The beach at Tybee is one of the best in the country, and the hotel accommodations are excellent. An electric _railway leads to Thunderbolt, a small, picturesque town on Warsaw river, famous for fish and oysters. On the same line of railway is Bonaventure, once a noble estate of the Tattnall family, now a beautiful cemetery. Its avenues of great live oaks, festooned with gray moss, give to the place an air of solemn grrundeurr well befitting the silemt resting p}ace of the dead. The plaoo was first settled by Colonel John Mullryne, an Englishman. By the marriage of his daughter Mary in 1761 to JO'Siia:h Tattnall of Ohmleston, it came into the pOISSession of the latter family. Tradition says that the marriage was the occasion of planting these magnificent oaks so arranged that the avenues by which they are lined would form the letters "M" and "T," to typify the union of the two families. In 1847 the estate passed into the hands of Captain P. Wiltberger, by whom it was adapted to its present use. The electric cars also run to the Isle of Hope, another summer resort of the people of Savannah. About two miles from Savannah is the Jasper Spring, the scene of a daring exploit of Sergeant Jasper, when he and Sergeant Newton rescued from the British guard an American prisoner who was being carried to Savannah for execution. On the banks of the Ogeechee river are some of the largest rice plantations in Georgia. A canal connects rthis river with Savrurunah.
The area of Chatham county is 400 square miles or 256,000 acres. The population rin 1900 was 71,239; school fund $37,306.
By the Oomptrolle'r-General's report .for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 189,026; value 1af improved land per acre, $15.10; city property, $19,037,370; money, etc, $2,057,990; gas and electric light companies, $201,420; merchandise, $1,652,800; value of' shares in bank, $2,537,625; stocks and hoods, $859,275; building and loan associations, $489,110; hous~hold furniture, $574,110; :farm and other animals, $178,200; capital invested in shipping and to1mage, $568,950; plantat.i:on and mechanical tools, $100;855; watches, jewelry,

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

581

etc., $50,125; ootton manufactories, $60,'750; value iOf all other property, $235,990; real estate, $21,881,803; personal estate, $9,449,690. Aggregate value of whole property, $31,331,493.
Property, returned by colored taxpayers: ,number o acres of land 5,899; value, $266,625; city or town property, $632,4'75; household fur~ niture, $2,'785.; merchandise, $2,625; farm and other animals, $9,810; plantation and mechanical tools, lliO report. Aggregate value of whole
property, $914,320. The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 o:f $328,319 in the
value of all property. Yields of crops in Chatham to the acre with :fair cultivation: corn, 20
bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; crabgrass hay, 4,000 pounds; ribbon-cane syrup, 350 gallons. The county had i'll 1890 1,000 sheep with a wool-clip of 1,220 pounds; 3,866 cattle, 1,499 milch-cows, 520 horses, 590 mules, 4 donkeys, 4,320 swine, 10,399 poultry. There was a production of 25,000 dozen eggs, 1,855 pounds of honey, 9,000 pounds 0' butter, and 16'7,'762 gallons of milk and 500 pounds of cheese TheiSe statistics do not include horses and mules in Savannah.
In the brief historical sketch with which this work opens are men'tioned several of the important events that have transpired in the history of Savannah and Chatham county. Another event worth mentioning is the fact that the :first steamship that ever crO'SSed the Atlantic sailed from Savannah in 1819. It was owned in Savannah, thO'Ugh built in New York. It made a successful voyag.e to Liverpool, England, and then to St. Petersburg in Russia.
Savannah has always been among the most patriotic o American cities. She bore her full share of the dirsasters and glories of the war for independence, and during the great Civil War her sons were among the foremost in responding to call of their State. Fort Pulaski, on Cockspur Island, was in 1862 the scene of a breve but fruitless defenoo by a Savannah garrison, commanded by CoLonel Olmstead. Fort McAllister, sixteen miles from the city on the Ogeechee river, scored several victories over Union fleets, and, when Sherman app.eared before the city. in 1864, this fort was held byMajor Geo. W. Anderson with 150 men. .Arr1 assault was made upon the fort by nine regiments numbering between 3,000 and 4,000 men, led by Brigadier-General Hazen. The greatest compliment that could be paid the brave garrison is contained in the words of the Federal general who made the assault. "We fought the garrison through the port to their bomb-proofs, from which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered." The Federals in this affair lost 134 officers and men killed and wounded, and the total loss of the garrison was 48.
During the Spanish-American war the best families of Savannah were represented in the Savannah Volunteer Battalion which enlisted in a body and under its own officers. Savannah was made by the War Department a port for embarkation and debarkation of troops. The result greatly promoted the business interests of Savannah and advertised her splendid advantages in an extra:ordinary manner.

EXPORTS.
General statement by a1ticles and count?ies, of merchandise, the g1owth, produce and manufactu1e of the United States, exported to foreign countries from the customs district of Savannah, Ga., for the year ending August 31, 1900.

COUNTRIES.

COTTON.
Sea Island.
I I Bales./ Pounds. Dollars. Bales.

Upland. Pounds.j Dollars.

COTTON SEED.

All
other Cotton PHOSPHATE ROCK. Seed Prod'cts

I Pounds. Dollars. Dollars. ',l'ons.j Dollars.

Argentine Republic ... ..... ..... . . .. ...... . . . ................................... . .................. ........ .......

Austria .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . 12,400 6,147,578$ 467,434

600$ 25 51,200 1,653 24,800

Belgium . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 6,275 3,107,361 288,919......... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 11,803 118,530

Brazil.. . ..... . .... . .. .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. . . .. ... . . . ....... ... ..... .. .. . France . ................ . ... 2,155 854,570 133,5~3 37,124 18,591 ,613 1,331,432....... .. . . . . . . . . 73,622 ............... .

Great Britain .... ....... ... .. 33,167 13,167,686 2,055,373 148,083 74,824,4.48 5,810,336 17,184,241 140,851 122,81(1 17,457 174,570

Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 398,025 56,808,358,i!l6 176,613,612 14,009,946 846,207 6,1 90 1,950 65,209

Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,6\J7 23,788,154 1,844,201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,012

Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

650 318,598

23,245......... . . . . . . . . . 15,300 17,o50

673,821 20,120 193,436

Rus.sia..... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 39,882

6,500 16,925 8,439,266 649,599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ..... .... .

Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,497 23,167,125 2,014,708 . . . . . . . . . . ... . .................... .. .... .

Sweden and Norway ... . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400 1,192,805

83,373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,319 82,571

'\Vest Indies .... ..... . ...... . ............ . . ........ . . .... . .. . ..... Japan............... .. . .... .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 14,352 7,137,024 536,652.. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 2,687 26,870

All others... ... ......... .. .. -. . .-. . .-. .-. . .-. . .-. - . .- - ..- - ..-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - .- - - - - -
Totals ................... 36,404 14,459,963$ 2,252,214 692,199 343,327,579$27,095,848 18,031,048 .147,066 $ 264,888 126,790$ 1,314,718
- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Totals 1898-'99. . . . . . . . . . . 7,940 3,188,946$ 43!,372 603,742 16,316,028 $ 16,261,028 1,273,627 $ 12,281 . . . . . . . . 72,270$ 723,724
1

EXPORTS FROM PORT OF SAVANNAH.-Continued.

COUNTRIES.

NAVAL BTOBES.

Rosin.

ISpirits Turpentine.

I I Barrels. f Dollars. Gallons. Dollars.

PIG IRON.

ALL OTHER IRON.

LUMBER.

SAWN TIMBER.

HEWN TIMBER.

I I I Tons Dollars. Tons Dollars F1,e00e0t/DoIIarsi1F,0e0e0t/DoIIar~ CFuebetic. Dolls.

ALL OTHER.
Dollars.

Tot'l Value of
Domestic Merchan-
dise.
Dollars.

.... . Argent'e Rep.
Austria ...... Belgium..... .
Brazil. ....
France Great Britain Germany .... Italy .......
Netherlands . Russia ..... ..
. Spain . . .. .. ..
Sweden&Nor.
West Indies..
.Tafan .. . ... . AI others....
-- - - - - - - - - --- -- ----- Totals ......
- - - -::'T' :"' , : --- Totals1898-9

44,756$ 74,M6 87,975 32,462
214,671 274,195
61,931 104,147 108,871 10,228
6,43-5
... .. ..... .
35 71,001
1,091,3531$
---
1,109,~29,$

82,901 102,025 134,000 . 43,966 ......... 348,003 395,102 85,475 138,114 181,985 14,ti00
9,075 . ..
46 100,640
1,6X5,932
---
1,531,046

... . . .... .. ...

21,208 $ 11,217

2,562,505
. . .. .... ..
.... ..

1,172,683
...
0

5,595,632 2,607,310

1,620,975 746,079

129,656 61,640

..1.,8.1.3..,4.7..5

.

700,418
....... ..

.. . . ... ... . .. . .... . . ........ .. . ....... ..

. .

. .

.

.



..

500

250

-11-,743-,95-1 -$ 5-,38-9,5-97
10,169,6591$ 3,929,417


4,755

.. ... ..

3,262

348

.

1,663 .. ...

. ....

.. . .. .
...... . .. . .. . .....

--
10,028



$103,120 . . . .. . . . .. . ... . .. . .....
67,179 6,550
. . .2.8.,7.8.5. ... ... .. ... .... . ...... .. .. ... .. . .........
--
$205,634
.. .

744 . .. . . . .. . .
. .-.. .
... ..
. ....
5,175 . .. .. . ... . . .. . .
. .. . .
. .... . .. ..
. ....
---

$ 14,890 . .... ...
0 0
. ....... .. .
. .1.0.1.,4..7.8
. ....... . . .. ...
----

. .,..
. ... .
204 10 95() 509 137 40
1,902
746
1,706
---
6,210
3,022

. .. ....
. ... . . .
$ 2,809 180
14,695 7,244 2,110
soo
29,926
11,006
2S,l52
----
$96,922
$39,394

. ....
145 . .... .
115 1,822 2,344
147 24 . .. . .
. ....
. ... .
---
4,597

. .. . .. .
$ 1,815
1,380 23,776 28,415 2,539
305
.. ......
. .. ....
. .... ..
. ..... . . ... . ..
--$-58-,2-3.0.

. .... .
... . ..
. ....
913 51,749
.... .. .. .. .... ... . ... . .
...... . .. ..
--
52,662
. ....

. . . .
$ .
. .
. . .
1$ .

... ..
. . ... .. . ..
.... .
145 7,792 .. ... .. .. .
.....
... .. .. ..
.....
.. . .. .....
7,937
. . ..

$

228

. . . ... . ...

3,439

. .. ..... . .

450

54,286

58,540

1,100

38,803

........ ..

29,420 . . .... .. ..

17,288

. . .... .

4,137

$ 207,691

$ 1,532,635

$ 83,129 774,714
1,719,386 46,775
1,540597 11,419,340 15,998,437 2,147,448 1,200,421
838,084 2,01;8,654
175,019 28,294 563,.568 133,171}
$-38-,75-7,0-J5
$ 24,498,297

584

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

IMPORTS.
Port of Savannah, Ga., from September 1, 1899, to August 31r 1900:

MERCHANDISE.

\Quantity.! Value.

I
Cement, pounds ....... .... ....... ... ................. . .. . .. 36,147,449'$

Fertilizers, tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,438

Muriate of potash, pounds..... ...... .. . .. . . . ... .... ... .. .. 4,132,721

Pyrites, tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,307

Nitrate of soda, tons... . ................ ... ...... . ..... ... .

1,476

Jute bagging.................................. . ..... . .......... . ... .

Iron and steel manufactures ..... . ......... ... . ...... .. ........... . . .

Brimstone, tons... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

751

Salt, ponnds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,291,125

China clay, tons . .................... . ......... .. ...........

888

Sulphate of potash, pounds......... . . . .... . ......... . ...... 169,151

Wines and liquors, gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,660

Carbolineum .. .. ....... . ....... . .. . ............ . ....... . .. . ...... . .. .

Mineral water, gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,989

Cotton manufactures ...... . . ...... . .. . . .............. .. ............ .

Leather manufactures ...................... . .. . ......... . . . ......... .

Oranges ..... . ......... .... ....... . . .. ........... . ... . .. .. . . .... .. ... .

Aniline dye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .

Malt liquors .. ......... . .. . . .. . ... .. .. .. . ...... . . . . . ... ........ .. ... .

All other articles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .................. .. ... .

106,431 94 .703
es;o01
58,227 40,411
29,111 20,017
13,675 7,317
3,681 2,826
2,ti52 2,494 1,953 1,285
1,148 802
688 677 3,127

'fotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :$ 461,676

Populatioo of Chatham county by sex -and colo'l, aCC{)['ding to the census of 1900: white males, 15,223; whi:te females, 14,707; total white, 29,930; colorred males, 19,559; colored females, 21,750; total colored, 41,309.
Population of Savannah by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 13,134; white females, 12,975; tortal white, 26,109; colored males, 12,791; colored females, 15,344; total co1ored, 28,135.
Total population of Savannah, 54,244. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 172 calves, 156 steers, 16 bulls, 655 dairy cows, 1,897 horses, 636 mules, 3 donkeys, 177 sheep, 669 swine, 112 go-ats. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures in the limits of the city of Savannah, June 1, 1900: 51 C'alves; 17 steers, 3 bulls, 343 da~lry cows 1,561 horses, 504 mules, 2 donkeys, 77 sheep, 1 hog, 80 goats.
CHATT1AHOOCHEE COUNTY.
Chattahoochee County was formed from Muscogee and Randolph in 1854, and was named for the river, whose waters wash its western border. It is bounded on the north and northwest by Muscogee county, east by Marion, south by Webster and Stewart, and west by the State of Alabama. It contains 231 square miles and its mean elevation is 375 feet.
Cusseta, the county site, is a small town on a branch of the Georgia

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

585

and Alabama Railroad, now a part of the great Seaboard Air Line system.

A branch of the Central of Georgia system also traverses the county,

bringing its people into close business relatkms with Columbus, Americus

and Albany, the three leading cities of Southwest Georgia. Besides the

two railroads the steamboats on the Chattahoochee river afford excellent

facilities for freight and travel. The face of the country is level. The

soil is entirely cretaceous, a gray, sandy loam with clay subs01lr The

average yield to the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats,

15 bushels; cotton, 500 to 600 pounds; sugar-cane, 14 to 16 pounds of

sugar and 150 to 200 gallons of syrup. Therre are also raised !l!Illllually

about 1,000 pounds of upland rice, 9,166 bushels of cow-peas, 1,485 bush-

els of peanuts, 250 bushels of Irish potatoes, 13,235 bushels of sweet po-

tatoes. 'There are 4,000 apple-trees, 17,126 peach-trees, 6,651 plum-

trees. Truck raised above home consumption and sold amounts to

$3,000,

The people are waking to the fact that it costs no more to raise a good

cow than a poor one, and are beginning to pay more attention to breed.

This is true of all other kinds of stock in the county.



According to the United States census of 1900 the ootton ginned in

this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 5,039 bales, all upland.

By the census of 1890 there were 22 sheep with a wool-<;~lip of 250

pounds, 2,629 cattle, 870 milch-cows, 161 working oxen, 3,373 hogs,

16,005 poultry 10f all kinds, 248 horses and 639 mules.

Among the farm products were 132,855 gallons of milk, 38,878

pounds of butter, 6,082 pounds of honey and 31,028 dozens of eggs.

'The mmnufactories consist of flour and grist-mills, run by water and

sawmills run by steam. On the tributaries of the Chattahoochee river

there are seven mills (:flour and grist), al).d there are good water-powers

on Woolfolk's branch and Oswichee creek. The growth is chiefly piney

woods. The timber products are not extensive. Some yellow pine and

hardwood~ are lumbered, the annual output being worth about $8,000.

There are six sawmills run by sterun.

The churches are mostly Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian. The

schools belong to the public school system of the State, and numbeT 12

for whites and 15 for negroes, with an average attendance of 268 white

and 441 colored pup1ls.

Area of Chattahoochee county, 231 square miles, or 147,840 acres.

Population in 1900, 5,790; school fund, $4,155.95.

By the Comptroller-Gerrreral's report forr 1900 there were: acres :of im-

proved land, 188,340; average value per acre of improved land, $2.28;

cotton manufactories, $1,600; value of city property, $14,553; money,

etc., $17,959; value of merchandise, $6,845; iron works, $400;,value of

household and kitchen furniture, $24,280; mining, $411.00; farm

animals, $65,832; plantation and mechrun:ical tools, $14,663; watches,

jewelry, etc., $6,405; value of all ortherr property, $8,380; real

estate, $366,566; personal estate, $167,430. Aggregate, $533,996.

Returns of property by color~d taxpayers: number of acres of land,

7,955; value of land, $14,399; city or town property, $75.00; merchan-

586

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

dise; $300.00; househiold and kitchen furniture, $5,207; farm and other

animals, $10,962; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,504:; value of all

other property, $655.00. Aggregate value of all property, $34:,193.

: The tax.returns for 1901 show a gain OVeT 1900 of $27,254: in the

value of all propwty.

The county seat is Cusseta, on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad.. The

population of the Cusseta milita district in 1900 was 1,078, of which 301

lived in the town.



The population of the whole county (5,790) shows a gain of 888 over

that of 1890.

On the Seaboard Air Line to the northwest of Cusseta is the village of

Sulphur Springs, p.oted for its mineral waters.

.Population of Chattahoochee counrty by sex and color, aC<}ording to

the cens1ls of 1900: white males, 94:3; white females, 909; total white,

1,852; coldred males, 1,922; colored females, 2,016; total colored,

3,938.

.

No report of domestic animals in barns or inclosures June 1, 1900.

OHATTOOGA COUNTY.
OhaetOQga Qounty was laid off from Walker and Floyd in 1838 and (}erived its name from its principal river. The county is traversed by mountains and ridges running northeast and southwest, and is interspersed with rich and beautiful valleys, the most noted being Broomtowu, Ohattooga and Armuchee. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge, John's Mountain and a high, solitary peak called Dirtseller Mount11in, whose Indian name was Kunteesky.
Chattooga is bounded by the9 following counties: Walker on the north, Gordon on the east, Floyd on the south and southeast. The State of Alabama bounds it on the west.
The bottom and valley lands are very fertile, having a dark mulatto soil, which produces cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoeS, clover, barley, tobacco and almost every kind of vegetable. Taking all the lands; good and poor, theaverage yield of the various crops per acre is as fol lows: seed cotton, 750 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; crab-grass and clover, each 5,000 pounds of hay.
On some .of the best lands 30 bushels of wheat to the acre are the ordinary yield. Those same la!Ilds produce 40 bushels of corn to the acre and in a few instances as high as90 bushels have been raised on one acre in especially good seasons. The people are beginning to realize the profit in hay and are raising it for the market. The cotton ginned in this county during the season of 1899-1900 was 7,079 bales, all upland.
The market gardens near the towns are doing well. The shipments o strawberries during the seasons of 1900 and 1901 have demonstrated the
fact that Chattooga county is especially adapted to the production of this
luscious fruit. This year (1901) this county shipped 38 car-loads of her-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

587

ries to northern markets, bringing in every instance a handsome profit to the shippers.
The ridges, which, running in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction and pareUel to Lookout Mountain, tmverse the county, form the fruit lands of Ohattooga. No :finer peaches and strawberries are grown than on these hills and ridges. Even now they are dotted by 600,000 peach-trees, and the number is being increased every year, and when all these come into bearing it is estimated that Ohattooga county alone will send 2,000 car-loads of peaches to the northern markets annually.
There are also vineyards producing :fine grapes. Upon the northwestern border of the county is the famous Lookout Mountain, whose tableland twelve miles wide and extending along its entire length, is unexcelled in the growth of apples, and large apple orchards are being set out now.
The table-lands of Lookout and of the parallel ridges furnish an almost inexhaustible range for cattle which thrive without additional food fot two-thirds of the year.
By the census of 1890 there were in Ohattooga county 3,116 sheep with a wool-clip of 5,558 pounds, 6,032 cattle, of which 478 were working oxen, and 2,159 milch-cows (175 of these being of improved breeds); 10,614 hogs, 92,996 domestic fowls of all kinds, 1,030 horses, 1,217 mules and 5 donkeJIS.
Among farm products were 739,177 gallons of milk, 242,897 pounds of butter, 19,168 pounds of honey and 134,019 dozens of eggs.
More attention is being paid to beef cattle and several Devon bulls have been imported from Tennessee and Kentucky.
About one half of the county is in original forest, pine and hardwoods, all available for market, and giving employment to about 24 sawmills which prepare timber for the local markets. Taylor's Ridge, which runs from High Point in Ohattooga to Ringgold in Catoosa county, a distance of 40 miles, is well-wooded with white oak, chestnut, oak an<1 poplar. From the chestnut oak is obtained a tan bark that :is always in demand, and the poplar is used in the manufacture of fruit crates. The price of the timber :iJs from $8.00 to $10.00 a thousand feet.
Iron, bauxite, clay, limestone, manganese, coal, slate, talc and sandstone are found in large quantities. Iron is mined at Dirtseller Mountain, near Lyerly; Shinbone ridge, near :Menlo and Taylor's ridge near Summerville. All this irorn: is shipped to other points. Bauxite is mined in the town of Summerville, and there are outcroppings of this metal in ridges entirely through the county. Red iron ore is found in great abundance in six different veins and is being mined in some localities. Mining property, though cheap, is steadily advancing. During the last two years an immense amount of iron ore has been shipped from the mines on Taylor's ridge.
Some of the marnufactories of Ohattooga county are: The Trion Manufacturing Company's mills, the Raccoon Mills, a chair factory at Lyerly, 6 flour-mills operated by water-power, 12 grist-mills, some by water and

588

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

some by steam; 24 sawmills, about one half being operated by water and ha"lf by steam; and 6 tanneries.
Summerville, the county site, on that part of the Central of Georgia system, formerly known as the Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, is situated about half way between Rome and Chattanooga. The business houses and residences are handsome in appearance, and the streets have heen put in iine condition by the free use of che1:t. The town is surrounded by farms which are cultivated in a thoroughly scientific manner. The region in its immediate vicinity is rich in hardwoods and iron ore. During the spring of 1901 there were shipped from this point 157 cars of iron ore, 65 cars of logs and over 100 cars of chert. It is claimed that within the last five years about 10,000 cars of chert have been shipped from this neighbo.rhood to various cities to be used in improving their streets, and for roads and railways.
Although by the census of 1900 there were only 486 persons living in the town of Summerville, the entire Summerville district has a population of 2,261, and includes also Raccoon Mills, with 441 people, many of whom are employed at the Raccoon Cotton Mills, which has 104 looms, 3,400 spindles and a capital of $164,700.
Lyerly, in the midst of the productive valley of the Chattooga river, is also on the Central Railway, southwest of Summerville. Here there is a chair factory whose products find a ready sale throughout this section. The Lyerly district has 729 inhabitants, of whom 234 live in the town. Lyerly has also a first-class grist-mill on the Chattooga river.
Trion is the largest town in Chattooga county, having in 1900, a population of 1,926 in the town and in the entire Trion district, 3,020. Here is the Trion Manufacturing Company's plant, consisting of three mills with an aggregate of 1,422 looms, 50,016 spindles and a capital of more than $600,000. The capital stock and surplus of the company approximate $1,000,000, a!Ild the yearly booinesrs amounts to $1,200,000. These mills consume daily 20 tons of coal and use 60 bales of cotton. They manufacture sea-island sheeting, shirting, drills and r:orpe.
The first mill was built here in 1847 by Judge A. P. Allgood of Walker county, and Judge Spencer Marsh of LaFayette, in partnership with Colonel W. K. Briers, who began with a capital stock of $25,000, This factory escaped destruction during the war but was destroyed by fire in 1875.
In 1876 the Trion Manufacturing Company built number 1 of its present plant and have been steadily adding to their property. The name Trion was given to the factory and town from the trio otf men, Allgood, Marsh and Briers, who were the origina:tors of this great enterpr ise, built and operated by Georgia capital.
Menlo, on the Chattanooga Southern Railroad, about forty miles from Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the same distance from Gadsden, Alabama, is in the midst of a fine farming and fruit section. It has fine mineral springs, possessing excellent medidual p roperties. Near by are also valuable iron ore deposits.
All these towns are provided with good schools and churches of the

GEORGIA: Hll:J'l'URIGAL AND INDUS'I'RIAL.

589

Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. In fact, every section of the county is well provided with educational and religious advantages.
In the 33 public schools foi: whites there is an average daily attendance of 1,169 pupils and in the 12 schoGls for negroes a daily attendance of 256 pupils.
The State School Commissioner, in his report published in 1900, gives the public school fund of Chattooga county as $8,758. 72.
The area of ChattoGga county is 326 square miles or 208,640 acres. Population of the county in 1900, 12,952; a gain of 1,750 since 1890. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 170,644; of wild land, 40,957; average value per acre of improved land, $4.85; of wild land, $0.53; city or town property, $76,717; value of shares in bank, $18,650; money, etc., $234,512; merchandise, $73,860; stocks and bonds, $30,640; cotton factories, $558,070; capital invested in mining, $50.00; value of household and kit<lhen furniture, $83,035; farm and other animals, $181,961; plantation and mechanical tools, $40,485; jewelry, $6,405; value of all other property, $19,293; real estate, $916,069; personal estate, $1,252,675. Aggregate, $2,168,7 44. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 3,919; value, $11,539; city or town property, $3,810; money, $573.00; household furniture, $4,444; farm and other animals, $10,713; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,415; value of all other property, $331.00. Aggregate, $32,971. The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $13,136 in the value of allproperty. Broomtown Valley is named from a little Indian settlement so called from its chief, "The Broom," one of the signers of a treaty concluded between the Cherokees and Whites at Tellico, October 24, 1804. Sequoia or George Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, formerly resided in Chattooga county. Though in appearance a full Cherokee, his paternal grandfather was a white man. One day ,he heard some Cherokee young men talking about the superior talents of the white people, and expressing particular wonder at the fact that white men could put a talk on paper and send it to any distance, and it would be understood by those who received it. Mr. Guess determined that his people should have an alphabet too. He had no knowledge of wy language but the Cherokee, and had to depend upon his own native resources. He first tried to invent a sign for every word, but soon found that such an alphabet would be too cumbersome. He at length conceived the idea of dividing the words into parts. He had not proceeded far on this plan before he discovered to his great delight that the same characters would applyin different words. He finally discovered all the syllables of the language. After this he completed his system in about a month. In forming
his charactetrs he used some of the English lettm-s which he found w a
spelling-book. But he made his characters represent syllables, not letters Hence they expressed in Cherokee very different sounds from what they did in English. At last he succeeded after much oppositi<on in getting a

590

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

few of his people to learn the use of his syllabic alphabet. Finding that it worked all right they were so delighted that in the course of a few months the great majority of the Cherokees were able to read and write in their own language.
Populati()II)j of Chattooga county by sex and color, acco:rding to the census of 1900: white males, 5,277, white females, 5,437; total white, 10,714; colored males, 1,146; colored females, 1,092; tortal colored, 2,238.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or range:., June 1, 1900: 128 calves, 113 steers, 2 bulls, 226 dairy cows, 111 horses, 29 mules, 3 donkeys, 20 sheep, 451 swine, 2 goats.
CHEROKEE COUNTY. Ohe1okee 'County was laid out in 1832 and was named for the nation of Indians who inhabited that section of Georgia and large portions of N ort:h Carolina before the pmchase of their lands by the whites and their removal beyond the Mississippi river. The word Cherokee is derived from Ohera, fire, and the prophets of the nation were called Oheral.aghye, which signifies men of divine fire. The following counties bound Cherokee: Pickens on the north, Dawson and Forsyth on the east, Milton on the southeast, Cobb on the south and Bartow on the west. The Etowah river flows almost through the center of the county. Little river empties into the Etowah. The creeks are Cooper's, Sandy and Chicken. That part of the county west of the Etowah and south of Long Swamp is very hilly, the part traversed by Little river and its tributaries is undulating, while most of the county east of the Etowah is hilly, except portions bordering on Forsyth county. Lands of excellent quality are on the Etowah river and Long Swamp. Irt the northwestern part of the county a peak, called Sharp Mountain, runs up like a sugar loaf. The county abounds in fertile valleys. The soil of the bottom or lowlands is generally a rich, black loam with a little sandy land close to the water courses. That of the upland is partly red and mulatto, and partly gray. The staple crops are cotton and the cereals. In the western part of the county a high grade of chewing tobacco is grown, and upon this product the people o that section largely depend f10r their money crop. The number of acres planted in cotton last season was 20,000: in corn, 35,000; in wheat, 10,000; in oats, 10,000; in rye, 2,000; .in sorghumcane, 1,000; in Irish potatoes, 500 ;' in sweet potatoes, 1,000. .After the wheat and oats had been cut off, 5,000 ames were planted in field-peas. The average yield of these crops to the acre were: corn, 20 bushels; cottion, 700 or 800 pounds seed cotton to the acre; wheat, 12 to20 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye, 10 bushels ; sorghum, 200 gallons; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas 12 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 polmds; clover hay, 5,000 pounds. !1:uch of the land is well adapted to clover, orchard and other grasses, but very little attention has yet been given to them. Where cultivated they do well. For summer pasturage the native grasses chiefly are used. This la.c;ts about six months. Some of the farmers use rye for winter

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

591

pasturage. Very few use ensilage. Cotton seed meal, wheat bran and peas are chiefly used as food for stock. Under the best systems of agriculture some of the best lands yield crops far ahead of the averages given above. Some attention is paid to dairying, for which the Jersey cow is preferred. There were i~1 Cherokee county in 1890 7,600 cattle, 2,705 milch-cows, 806 horses, 1,609 mules, 3,362 sheep with a woolclip of 5,616 pounds, 13,242 hogs, 130,000 poultry. tThere is a produc-
tion of 174,000 dozens of eggs, 30,162 pounds b honey, 235,908
pounds of butter, 794,764 gallons of milk and 89 pounds of cheese. Although the farmBrs sell some vegetables, berries and fruit, there
are no regular market gardens in the county. There is about 60 per cent. of original forest timber still standing. The g1owth is hickory, oak, pine, poplar, some beech and ash, and a variety of other kinds. There are about si" little sawmills, four or five small flour-mills, and about 30 small grist-mills and two tanning establishments.
Canton, the county seat, on the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, is beautifully situated on an eminence, around whose base flows the Etowah river. It is a thriving little town of 847 inhabitants, with a flourishing bank and several manufacturing enterprises. One of the most important of these is a marble mill for sawing and finishing marble a;nd for monumental work. Anothea: of great importance is the new cotton factory with a capital of $100,000. There is also a rope factory. There is another cotton-mill at Toonigh, in the southern part of the
county. According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton ginned in
the season of 1899-1900 was 6,760 bales, all upland. Woodstock, Holly Springs and Ball Ground, are thriving vtillages on
the railroad. From Ball Ground a little railroad, about eight or ten miles long and owned by one of the ma:rble companies, runs out to the quarries.
At Waleska, eight miles west of Canton, is a fine school, known as Reirrhardt Normal College. The public schools of the county are in good condition. They number 65 for white and 6 for colored, wit}:l an average daily attendan,ce of 2,057 whites and 211 colored. 'Jlhere are Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian Churches and one Unive:rsalist.
In minerals this county is very rich. There are depl:lsits of gold, copper, iron, mica, talc, marble and other minerals. Che:rokee is one of the chief gold-mining counties of Georgia.
Near Canton is a spring, strongly impregnated w:ith alum, and noted for its great curative powers.
The area 'Of Cherokee county is 434 square mil.es or 277,760 acres. Population in 1900, 15,243; school fund, $10,627.53.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved ]a~d, 255,457; of wiJd land, 20,019; average value per acre of improved lands, $4.01; of wild lands, $0.78; city or town property, $148,913; shares in bank, $21,700; money, etc., $321,776; merchancl'ise, $81,485; stocks and bonds, $5,080; cotton manufactories, $6,050; household furniture, $90,554; farm and other animals, $188,473; plant-

.592

GEORGIA: HIS1'0Il!OAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

ation and mechanical tools, $47,848; irorn works, $7,500; mining, $1,400; "\\latches, jewelry, etc., $5,617; value of all other property, $41,562; real estate, $1,190,038; personal estate, $845,506. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,035,544.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 3,405; value, $6,540; city property, $2,520; household furniture, $1,694; farm and other animals, $3,173; money, $1,150; plantation and mechanical tools, $557.00; value of all other property, $153.00. Aggre_gate value of whole property, $15,888.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $105,355 in the value 'Of all property.
Cherokee county in common with the greater part of Northwest Georgia, is beginning to pay great attention to fruit-growing. Judge Gober of Cobb county, owns 75,000 peach-trees ofthehest variety in Cherokee county, and besides these are many smaller orchards. There are also many apple-trees.
The population of the leading towns and thetir including militia districts by the United States census of 1900 was as follows:
Canton district, 1,827, of whom 847 live in the town of Canton; W01odstock district, 1,240, of whom 276 live in the to.wn of Woodstock; Harbin's district, 1,033, of whom 170 live i'll' the town of vV.alooka; Ball Ground district, 1,101, of whom 302 live in the town of Ball Ground.
Population of .Cherokee county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 7,032; white females, 6,926; total white, 13,958; co1ored males, 645; colored females; 640; total colored, 1,285.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, Jun'e 1, 1900: 87 calvoo, 21 steers, 8 bulls, 137 dairy cows, 106 horses, 49 mules, 3 donkeys, 293 sheep.

CLARKE COUNTY.
ClMke County was laid out from Jackson in 1801. A part was taken from Greene in 1802 and again in 1807. Part was set off to Madison county in 1811, part to Oglethorpe county in 1813. Anot4er part was added to Madison county in 1829. Still later an'orther part was taken to help form the new county of Oconee. Clarke county. is bounded by the folloWing counties: Madiso.11 on the north, Oglethorpe and Madison on the east, Oconee on the south and southwest, and Jackson on the northwest.
It was named in honor of General Elijah Clarke, the Marion of Georgia. The principal streams flowing through the county are Oconee river, Middle Oconee river, Sandy, Bear and Barber's creeks.
Athens, the county seat, is a flourishing city of 10,245 inhabitants in the corporate limits, or; c'Ounting the whole Athens district, 11,018. It is one of the chief seats of learning in Georgia. The founding of this city was simultaneous with that of the University of Georgia. Here are the main departments of the State Univernity, the State Normal School, .

PEM'H TREES.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

593

and Lucy Cobb. Institute, all of wlrich are discussed fully in the chapter

on education. Besides these are the Home School, several other private

schools and the city public schools.

Cfhe :Methodists, Baptists, Pre:,;;byteri'ans, Epliscopali~ns, Catholics and

Christians or Disciples, have :flourishing churches. The two first named

are the most numerous, having more than half of the entire church mem-

bership of the county, occupying almost the entire field outside of the

city.

Athens :is the commercial center f'0r several counties, and enjoys a

large and growing trade. It has three banks with an aggregate capital

of $600,000. It is provided with gas and electric lights, electric street

cars, a paid fire department with electric fire alarm, a splendid system of

water-works, sewers and paved streets and sidewalks. Athens owns both

her electric light pl'ant and water-works. Here center branches of the

Georgia Railroad and of the Central Di Georgia and Southem Railway

systems, also of the Seaboard Air Line systBm. The commerce of the city

and county aggregate $13,000,000 annually. The cotton receipts at

Athens are from 65,000 to 90,000 bales per annum. From the entire

county the <Shipments are about 100,000 bales a year. The cotton-mills

<if the county use about 12,000 hales pel' annum. The manufactories of

every kind number about 100. There are five cotton-mills, in one of

which (the Athens Manufacturing Company), woolen cloth is also made,

one knitting mill, orle bobbin mill, one cortto;ru seed oil-mill,

two foundries, two sash, door and blind factories, two ice

plants, one establishment for the manufacture of fertilizers, and a

wagon and carriage factory. There are also in Clarke county 15 grist

and three :flour-mills. The cotton mills have an annual output valued

at $1,500,000, and the product of the cotton seed oil-mill is worth about

$50,000. These are all run by water. There are in the county nine or

ten valuable water-powers, ranging from 100 to 3,000 horser-power. Two

of these, one IQif about 800, the other 3,000 horse-power, have beem. util-

ized since 1892.

There are some minerals, chiefly, graphite. Deposits of galena are

in the northern part of the county. A fine quality of granite is found.

About 25 per cent. of the original forests of the county are still stand-

ing. The timber products are small, the lumbm output not amounting to

more than $2,000 annually. The growth is pine, oak, poplar, hickory,

birch, maple and ash.

The soli1 is principally a strong red clay, naturally fertile and retentive

o fertilizers, and with intelligent cultivation yields abundantly of all

staple crops and garden products.,A belt of gray, sandy land, about three

miles wide passes through the center of the county. The soil of these

gray lands is about 16 inches deep with a yellowish or reddish clay sub-

soil, not so retentive of moisture as that l()f the red lands. This soil is bet-

ter adapted- to cotton am:d oats, while corn, clover and wheat do best in

the red land.

'

According to the United StateJS census of 1900 the cotton ginned in

the county for the season tOtf 1899-1900 was 3,532 bales, all upland.

'fl ga

594

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIA.L.

The average yield to the acre of the various crops is about as follows:

cotton, 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 11

to 18 bushels; rye, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota-

toes, 125 bushels; hay from, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds, cow-peas, 20 bush

els; ground-peas, 50 bushels.

The Irish potatoes raised, amount to 3,774 bushels, and the sweet po-

tatoes to 18,422 bushels. On some of the lands under the best culture

the above yields are more than doubled.

The county had in 1890 149_ ~heep, with a wool-clip of 277 pounds,

1,600 cattle, 786 milch-<Jows, -473 liorses, 627 mules, 1,743 swine, and

24,210 poultry of all kinds. These statistics did not include horses and

mules in the city of Athens. There are three dairy farms in prosperous

condition. The Jersey cow is preferred. Ensilage is used to some ex-

tent for winter food. Bermuda grass is depended on, a great deal for

summer pasturage. Luoorn and clover do well and a great deal of home-

made hay is being marketed. A few farmers put it in bales which they

find to be a profitable way to handle it. Other productions in 1890

were 198,263 gallons of milk, 66,296 pounds of butter, 440 pounds of

cheese, 27,160 dozens of eggs, and 4,282 pounds -of honey.

Truck sold amounts to $10,000 dollars, the products being vegetables,

be:rries and melons. There are in the orchards 2,679 apple-trees.

[The public schools of Clarke county number 28. In the 11 schools

foi> whites the average daily attendance is 288 pupils, and in the 17 for

negroes, 448. In the local schools for whites in the city of Athens there

are 871 pupils, and in those for negro,es, 717. In the private schools for

whites including pupils in the State University, Lucy Cobb Institute,

Home School and others, there are 600 or more white pupils, and in two

schools for negroes 484 pupils.

_

The school fund for the county is $5,005.91 and for the Athens city

schools, $6,744.64.

The area of Clarke county is 159 square miles, or 101,760 acres.

By the United States census of 1900 the population was 17,708, an

increase of 2,522 since 1890.

The following are the towns in Clarke county besides the city of

Athens (already given), with their population and that of theJr including

militia districts: Whitehall, 660, and in its entire district, known as

Georgia Factory, 1,098; Princeton, 244, and in its entire district of the

same name, 873.

The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gtives the following items:

acres of improved land, 70,016; average value per acre of improved

land, $10.37; value of city or town property, $2,752,670; shares in

bank, $460,000; money and solvent debts, $746,035; stocks ~nd bonds,

$399,695; merchandise, $528,985; cotton manufactories, $305,000;

iron works, $15,000; household and kitchen furniture, $265,105; farm

and other animals, $100,750; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,980;

wat{)hes, jewelry, etc., $60,715; value 'Of all other property, $43,425;

real estate, $3,472,495; personal estate, $2,945,252; aggregate value of

whole property, $6,418,020.

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIA.!J.

595

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,

5,258; value of land, $57,430; household and kitchen furniture, $24,-

360; farm and other animals, $12,490; city ortown property, $165,005;

watches, jewelry, etc., $720.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,790;

value of all other property, $390.00. Aggregate value of whole prop-

erty, $263,795.

.



The tax returns for 1901 show a falling off in the value of all property

amounting to $1,985 since the return of 1900.

In the city of Athens is a tree which has a peculiar history. A beauti-

ful oak was so admired by its owner that he made a deed to the tree itself

of the ground in which it grew, so that it might be secured from molesta-

tion so long as it lived. The tree is surrounded by a little fence to pro-

tect it from trespassers.

There are exclusive of the city of Athens more than twenty miles of

macadamized roads in Clarke county, to the extent of which constant ad.

ditions are being made.

Populatioo of Clarke county by sex and colorr, acco~ding to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 3,878; white females, 4,352; Wtal white,

8,230; colored males, 4,387; colored females, 5,091; total colored, 9,478.

Populatioo o the city of Athens by sex rund color, according to the

census of 1900: white males, 2,387; white females, 2,666; total white,

5,053; colored males, 2,253; co:lored females, 2,939; total oolored,

5,192. Total population of Athens, 10,245.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

in Clarke county, June 1, 1900: 120 calves, 17 steers, 5 bulls, 522 dairy

cows, 475 horses, 86 mules, f donkey,''"715 sheep, 21 goats.

CLAY COUNTY.
Clay County was formed in 1854 from Early and Randolph, and was named in honor of Henry Clay of Kentucky, one of the greatest statesmen and most el:oquent orators of the nineteenth century. The follow..; ing counties bound it: Quitman on the north; Randolph on the east and also on the north of the lower section; Calhoun on the east 'Of the lower section, and Early on the south. On the western side is Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. Col:omokee creek forms part of the boundary between Clay and Early counties. Through the northwest runs Pataula creek. Each of these creeks flow into the Chattahoochee river.
This was one 'Of the three counties ill Southwestern Georgia laid off in 1854 and named in honor of America's immortal trio, Clay, Calhoun and Webster. Clay county has two towns, Fort Gaines and Bluffton, the former havting 1,305 inhabitants in its limits, and 2,775 in its entire district, and the latter 312 in the corporation and 2,232 in its entire district.
Fort Gaines is the county site and is beautifully situated on a bluff of the Chattahoochee, 160 feet above common water mark. The name

596

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

of the town is derived from a fort built here against the Indians in 1816, by ()rder of General Gaines. It is the terminus of a branch of the Central of Geor~ia Railroad system. The Baptists and Methodists have churches in the town and county. The Presbyterians also have a church in :Fort Gaines.
The public schools are well attended. There are 15 for white and 14 for colored pupils with an average attendance of 410 white and 650 colored pupils. .
The bank has a capital of $50,000. The court-house is valued at $20,000. The value of the gas plant is $5,000.
The ooruntry is comparatively level, an:d the most of it has an abundant growth or long-leaf pine. Along the Chattahoochee and some creeks the timber is oak and hickory.
The soil is gray in the uplands, and somewhat sandy on the lowlands. Some of the pine lands have a red clay formation and produce cotton finely. Under ordinary cultivation the average production to the acre of these lands is: com, 10 bushels; 600 or 800 pounds of seed cotton; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rice 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons.
Acc<mding to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county for 1899-1900 was 9,345 pounds, all upland.
Bermuda, Johnson an.d crab-grass, sorghum forage~ and pea-vine hay, fumish excellent food for stock. The people are paying more attention to grasses, and the hay industry is growing every year. T en per cent. of the :fertilizers used is produced on t he farm, and 50 per cent. of the cotton seed raised is returned to the land ars a fertilizer, either in the form of meal, or as green seed. Ther.e is one dairy farm having about 30 cows, which sells about 15 pounds of butter daily. The Jersey cow is the favorite. The feed used in addition to the grasses is cotton seed hulls arid meal mixed with bran.
By the United States census of 1890 there were in the: county 299 horses, 764 mules, 5,576 sw!ine, and 21,403 domestic fowls of all kinds. The county produced in 1890 24,393 dozens of eggs, 1,101 pounds of honey, and 52,161 pounds of butter, and 174,322 gallons of milk.
All the cattle numbered 2,337, of wh~ch 134 were working oxen and 786 were milch-cows. There were no sheep reported for this county,
Melons, peaches and grapes grow well and are profitable. All kinds of vegetables and berries are raised successfully.
There are some good water-powers in the county. At Fort Gaines there is an artesian well, and ~n the county are several mineral springs.
At Fort Gaines ther.e is one cotton seed oil-mill and guano facoorry, with a capital of $50,000. There are also in the county ten :flour and grist-mills, and five sawmills.
With the railroad running across the county and steamboats daily passing up and down the river, the freight rates are very satisfactory.
Area of Clay county, 216 square miles, or 138,240 acres. Population in 1900, 8,568, an increase of 751 since 1890; school fund, $5,929.48.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

597

By the Comptroller-General's repo:rt for 1900 there were: acres of improved land, 132,608; average value per acre oif improved land, $2.93; city ';::or town property, $127,172; bank stock, $50,000; money, etc., $61,998; merchandise, $54,080; stocks and bonds, $30,000; value of household furniture, $57,030; farm and 'other animals, $83,875; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,166; watches, jewelry, e'tc., $4,351; value of all other property, $17,426; real estate, $515,860; personal estate, $375,983. Aggregate, $891,843.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 6,442; value, $16,170; city or town property, '$6,567; merchandise, $350.00; household furniture, $8,194 ;::_farm and othell' animals, $13,496; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,220; value of all other property, $802. Aggregate value, $47,869.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $115,998 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Populatiorn of Clay county by sex and color, according to the cernsus of 1900: white males, 1,405; white females, 1,460; total white, 2,865; colored males, 2,675; colored females, 3,028; total colored, 5,703.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 56 calves, 4 steers, 4 bulls, 85 dairy cows,.120 horses, 15 mules, 2 donkeys, 316 swine, 7 goats.

CLAYTON COUNTY.
Clayton County was formed out of Fayette and Henry in 1858, and was named for Ho,n. Augustine S. Clayton of Clarke county, judge of the superior court, and in 1833 member of Congress. This gentleman was a student at the Academy of Richmond county in Augusta at the time of a visit to that city by George Washington, pre$ident of the United States in May, 1791. While in Augusta the president attended an examination of the students of the academy. Young Clayton was one of the several students appointed to speak upon that occasion. So well pleased was the president that upon his return to the capital he sent a book to each of the young orators, and the volume presented to Mr. Clayton was a copy of Cresar's Commentaries.
Clayton county is bounded by the following counties: Fulton and DeKalb on the north; Henry ~n the east and on the south of the easteJ.'II section of the county and on the east of its western projection; Spalding on the south of this western proje1ction, and Fayette and Campbell on the west. The aoil belongs to the metamorphic formation, rolling red clay lands with retentive clay subsoil, and some gray, gravelly lands.
The water is pure freestone. The timber growth is chiefly oak and hickory, with ash, maple, walnut, poplar, gum and some second growth pine. The water-powers utilized are furnished by the Flint river and its tributaries. There are along these about 16 .mills (flour and grist), using 228 'horse-powers.
There are in the county about 13 manufacturing establishments of

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GEORGIA: HISTOIUOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

various kinds, with an annual output of about $50,000. The timber products have an output of about $6,000 annually.
Asbestos is found in Clayton county. J-onesboro, the county seat, 23 miles south of Atlanta on the Central of Georgia Railroad, is a thriving ilown, doing a good business and well supplied with churches and schools, and having a handsome court-house valued at $25,000. Lovejoy and 1forro.w are each prosperous little villages on the same railroad as Jonesboro. The Southern Railway also crosses the northwestern part of 'the county, while another branch of the same railroad runs through its northeastern section. Thus by three distinct lines the people of Clayton county are brought into close touch with the city of Atlanta. Truck-farming should, for this reason, pay well. Rex, on the Southern Railway, has an establishment which manufactures grain cradles, sash, blinds, wagons and other articles. Some of the lands are very productive, especially on creeks and in valleys. The average yield to the acre of the staple crops is: corn, 13 bushels; seed cotton, 600 pounds; oats, 8 bushels; wheat, from 6 to 10 bushels. It must be remembered that all these county averages include poor as well as good farming. The first-class farmers produce results far ahead of these figures. According to the United States census of 1900 there were girmed in 1899, 9,345 bales of upland cotton. . Those who have paid attention to hay average mo:re than 3,000 pounds to the acre, while some go far beyond that. All the grasses, such as Bermuda, crab, clover, orchard, red-top, timothy, blue and pea-vines, do well. A recent report showed ~~:mong other products of the county nearly 7,000 bushels of cow-peas, 386 bushels of peanuts (ground-peas): 1,500 bushels of Irish potatoes, 26,600 bushels of sweet potatoes. There were in 1890, 8,253 pounds of honey, 451,214 gallons of milk, 157,905 pounds of butter, 285 pounds of cheese, poultry to the number o 47,027, and 76,281 dozens of eggs. Of farm and other animals there were in 1890, 88 sheep, with a woolclip of 154 pounds, 2,860 cattle, 77 being oxen, and 1,238 milch-cow3, of which 317 are 'Of improved breeds. There were also 352 horses, 1,064 mules, 4 donkeys and 2,688 swine. The area of Clayton county is 142 square miles, or 90,880 acres. Population in 1900 was 9,598, an increase o 1,303 since 1890; school fund, $6,436.79. From the Comptroller-Generals report for 1900 we gather the following items: acres of improved land, 91,862; value per acre, $8.25; city or town property, $132,915; money, etc., $92,963; merchandise, $42,365; household furniture, $66,311; farm and other animals ,$96,356; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,561; watches, jewelry, etc, $3,692; value of all other property, $27,577; real estate, $887,963; personal estate, $396,950. Aggregate of whole property, $1,284,913. Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 1,624; value,

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

599

$11,773; city or town property, $3,200; merchandise, $600.00; household and kitchen furniture, $5,023; farm and other animals, $7,375; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,613; value of all other property, $189.00. Aggregate of property, $30,021.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $103,052 in value 'of property over the returns of 1900.
Peaches, apples, other fruits, berries, melons, and all kinds of garden vegetables do well. There are in the county about 22,000 apple and 58,000 peach-trees.
The vicinity of Jonesboro was the scene vf fierce battles August 31st .and September 1, 1864. Sherman, after trying in vain for more than six weeks to force his way into Atlanta, marched with his main army to the rear of the Confederates and threw a strong f10<rce across the Central Railr:oad, the last line of supply for Hood's army. General Wm. J. Hardee, being sent to dislodge him, was unable to do so, but by a desperate fight against tremendous odds, secured Hood's safe retre,at from .Atlanta.
In Clayton county the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Disciples or Christians, have good churches in town and county, the two first largely predominating.
There are 50 public schools in this county. In the 34 for whites there i'S an average daily attendance of 879, and in the 16 for negroes, an attendance of 263.
Although Jonesboro, the chief town, has only 877 inhabitants, the district of Jonesboro, which includes it, contains a population of 3,574.
Population orr Clayton county by sex and coJor, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,758; white females, 2,814; total white, 5,572; colmed males, 2,041; c:olored females, 1,985; total colored, 4,026. '
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not IQn farms or ranges, J nne 1, 1900: 22 calves, 48 dairy cows, 30 horses, 3 mules, 59 swine.

CLINCH COUNTY.
Clinch County was laid off from Ware in 1852 and was named for General Duncan L. Clinch, who in the war with the Seminole Indians in Florida was distinguished for gallantry at the battle of Withlacoochee, and was also a member of Congress from Georgia in 1843-45. Clinch is bounded by the following counties: Coffee on the north, Ware on :the east, Echols on the south, and Lowndes and Berrien on the west. It is also bounded by Florida on the south.
The Allapaha river, a tributary of the Svwannee river, runs along its i.vestem boundary. The cournty is watered by several large creeks: Su wanoochee and its east fork, and J ones, tributaries of the Suwannee river; Reed Bluff and its north fork, tributaries of the Satilla.
Two branches of the Plant System of Railroads, the Atlanta, Val<losta and Western and a short branch railroad give travel and transportation facilities. Homerville, the county seat, located on the main

600

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

stem of the Plant System, is a pleasant town of .about 434 inhabitants. Homerville district, which includes the town, contains a population of 1,039. Dupont district, including the town of that name, has a population o.f 1,032. This place has a large sugar refinery just completed. About five-sixths of this county is wooded, and the land is covered with virgin forests of yellow pine, cyprees and live oak. On one tract of 51,000 acres there are 150,000,000 feet of pine. 'SomE' of the trees will afford 1,000 feet of lumber. The average cut of yel1mY pine varies from 2,000 to 30,000 feet to the acre.
Turpentine lands are generally leased for three years. Each tree will produce on an average one gallon of spirits of turpentine a year, valued at 40 cents a gallon, while the resin is valued at about thE' eame.
After the timber has been cut off, there i!s ruo better cNp for these lands than sugar cane. Some of them will produc~ 2,400 gallons to the acre, .and they will average between 400 and 800 gallons to the acre.
The face of the country is level and the soil gray, well adapted to the growth of cotton, corn, sugar-cane, tobacco and potatoes. The cotton is of the long staple or sea-island variety and brings about double the price of the upland cotton~ One acre, under ordinary cultivation, will produce 300 pounds of seed cotton (long-staple), which is worth double the price of upland. Other crops will average : corn, from 10 to 25 bushels; sugar-cane, 800 gallons to the acre; tobacco, 400 pounds and potatoes, 150 bushels.
The large number of acres 10 wild grass lands give splendid opportunitioo for raising, almost without cost, cattle, sheep and hogs for the market. There were in 1890, 2,927 sheep, with a wool-clip of 5,537 pounds; 11,337 cattle, 3,011 milch cows, 163 working oxen, 344 horses, 261 mules, 10,796 swine, 24,835 otf all kinds of poultry. There was a product o.f 38,595 dozens of eggs, 20,584 pounds of honey, 140,858 gallons of milk, 8,538 pounds of butter, and 100 pounds of cheese. According to the United States census ,mf 1900 theTe were ginned in the season of 1899-1900 only 592 bales of sea-island cotton.
'The are'a of Clinch county is 1,077 square miles, or 689,280 acres. The population in 1900, 8,732. The school fund is $4,992.90.
According to the Comptroller-General's r~ort for 1900, the:re are : acres of improved land, 297,656; of wild land, 584,650 (an error by several thousand); value per acre of impr<YVed land, $0.91; of wild land, 19 cents; city property, $50,375; household furniture, $63,520; of farm and other animals, $186,395; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,272; watche:s, jewelry, etc., $4,717; money, etc., $56,776; me!I'chandise, $55,405; value of all other property, $64,533; real estate, $438,252; personal estate, $458,927; aggregate of all property, $897,179.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land~ 5,288; value 1o same, $6,692; city property, $2,250; money, etc., $122; household furniture, $10,548; farm and other animals, $4,686; plantation and mechanical tools, $925; value of all other property, $565; aggregate, $20,000.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

601

The tax returns for 1901 show .an !increase of $38,113 in the value of all property over the returns 10 1900.
The public schools of Clinch county number 37 for white and 9 for colored pupils. The average attendance is 1,100 white and 375 colored pupils.
The growing of pecans would prove a profitable industry in this county. There is one tree near Homerville which yields every year $30.00 to its owner.
Population of Clinch county by sex ,and color, acording to the census of 1900: White males, 2,681; white females, 2,461; total whites, 5,142; colored males, 2,292; colored females, 1,298; total colored, 3,590.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900, only 5 h:orses and 14 mules reported.

COBB COUNTY.
Cobb County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832 and named after Judge Thomas W. Cobb. The counties bounding it are: Bartow and Cherokee on the north, Milton on the east, Fulton \ln the east and southeast, a little edge of Campbell on the southeast, Douglas on the south, and Paulding on the west. The Chattahoochee runs along its eastern and southeastern border. The county is well watere,d by several creeks, the most important of which are Sweetwater, Nickajack and Soap. The very best of facilities are afforded by the following railroads: The Western and Atlantic (State road), running almost through the center of the county; two branches of the Southern System, traversing the southern and southwestern parts of the county, and the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern, running northeasterly from Marietta.
This is one of the most favtOII'ably located counties in the State. Just north of Fulton county, it has both its own thriving little city of Marietta and the great city of Atlanta as home markets for the products of its fields and gardens. Besides it has c1ooe at hand for its factories the minerals and raw cotton of Bartow and Cherokee, and for its marble yards and finishing plant the marble of the splendid quarries of Pickens and Cherokee.
The soil is varied, being one of the types peculiar to the crystalline belt. Some of it is gray with mulatto subsoil, and well adapted for small grain. A large part is red land productive of cotton and corn. Clover and the grasses grow to perfection. Vegetables, fruits and berries are produced with such ease that, after they have afforded an abundant home supply, there is enough left for a good money crop. A dozen market gardens are in successful operation. The average yield to the acre is: Seed cotton, 750 to 1,200 pounds; corn, 15 to 30 bushels; oats, 25 to 30 bushels; wheat, 13 to 18 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, from 100 to 150 bushels; field peas, 18 to 25 bushels; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons; crab grass hay, 5,000 pounds; clover hay, from 5,000 to 6,000 pounds; peavine hay, from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds. Bermuda grass is used :for

602

GEORGIA: BISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

pasturage during six months o the year, crab grass four or five months and cloverr the year round. 0 the fertilizers used 20 per cent. is produced on the farm, and one-half of the cotton seed raised is returned to the land as a fertilizer, either in the form of green seed or cotton seed meal. On some of the lands 50 bushels of corn and 40 o wheat to the acre are a common yield. On the dairy farms, of which there are 5, the favorite breeds are the Jersey and Shorthorn Durham, the latter being also one of the best bee breeds, to which s1ome attention is being given. In 1890 there were in Cobb county 997 hol'lses, 1,862 mules, 5 donkeys, 8,302 swine, 467 sheep, with a wool clip of 962 pounds; about 7,000 cattle, 2,800 milch-cows, and o poultry o all kinds, 130,847, producing about 181,592 dozen eggs. There were also produced 983,783 gallons of milk, 302,018 pounds of butter and 100 pounds of cheese, and about 21,289 pounds of honey. Three hundred acres are devoted to grapes and excellent wines are made.
Peach growing is becoming a great industry in Cobb county. Judge Gober, o Marietta, who owns large orchards in Cherokee and Pickens counties, has more than 100,000 peach trees in this county, besides apple-trees and many varieties o grapes.
The poultry industry o Georgia is being rapidly developed in this State, and numerous large plants, as well as small breeders, are furnishing a large amount o the very best food (poultry and eggs) to the steadily increasing population o Georgia, besides shipping great quantities to the Florida and Cuban markets. We see at all our county and State fairs, as well as our large expositions, that the poultry department is becoming one o the leading features. Liberal cash premiums are offered at these shows, and during the Atlanta Exposition of 1900, ove!r four thousand birds were entered, and cash premiums aggregating $2,000 were paid out in this department. The premiums this year have been increased, and we may expect a much larger show than' last year. Every city of note in Georgia has its annual poultry show, which has done much to educate and stimulate our people to one of America's greatest farm productions, it being exceeded by only one industry in actual value. The cattle products stand first, and poultry and eggs come ne,xt. One can be fully impressed with the possibilities in Georgia, and find out something of its workings, by a visit to Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Cobb county, Georgia, near Atlanta, where can be seen one of the most complete plants in the world. This plant is incorporated under the laws of Georgia with a capital stock of $40,000 all paid in, $50,000 having alre,ady been expended on this farm of two hundred acres, where you will find all the leading varieties of chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, pheasants, pet stock Jersey cattle, and Berkshire hogs of the most noted American and imported families. We see stock being developed here, that we believe to be the equal of any in the United States. It is not only a treat, but an object lesson, and every one interested in this should make it a point to visit and study the workings o this plant and farm. Col. Ed. L. wight, member of the present House of Representatives, and one of the most successful business men in Georgia, is president of this

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

603

plant, with his son, Ed. L. Wight, Jr., vice-president and general ma111ager, and Mr. Loring Brown, one of Georgia's old poultry !:fanciers, general supenintimdent. On this plant can be seen thousands of the finest thoroughbred fowls, and a large two-story, six hundred-foot incubator and nursery, where for twelve months of the year twenty of the largest size Prairie State Incubators are constantly lin operation,, turning out seven thousand little chicks eveiry three weeks. After 'being hatched they are systematically worked through seventy rooms'-One room each day, that are properly heated to the required degree of temperature. They are fed on the best and most wholesome balmced ration, and with plenty of warmt'h and proper food these thousands of little Q!nes are turned out a finished article, ready for market, at sixty to seventy days from the timE! they leave the incubator. Another paying iindustry of this plant is the large amount of fresh Leghorn eggs tha.t are shipped to market eac:h day, every egg stamped and guaranteed fresh, for which are received from five to ten cents over t'he highest market price for every one they have been ruble to produce. Plymouth Rocks are principally used for the broilers, as they have proven to be the quickest growers and most profitable to turn food into money in the shortest possible tlime. It is useless to say that this plant is a paying investment, for we believe from what we have seen and can learn, that it will prove to be one of the most profitable industries conducted i'n the State. T'his is the largest plant of its kind in Georgia, but there are numerous other smaller ones .equally as profitable.
We especially invite the farmers and all interested to give this business a more careful study and more attention, as we believe it to be ooe of Georgia'smost profitable resources.
On another page of this hook will he found a cut representing a Berkshire hoar, owned by Belmont Farm, near Smyrna, Georgia. This boar represents a type of hogs that after ye~:ws of experimenting by the best breeders of the South, nave proven to be by far the best sort for this seet:ion of the country. They are healthy, easily kept and good foragers; and, when put in a pasture, they will make their own living and grow fat, where other breeds will not thrive. To illustrate what can be done with hogs in Georgia: the president of the company owning Belmont Farm states that from twelve Berkshire sows he has this year sold over $2,000 worth of pigs, at an e:h'}lense of not exceeding $500.00 for labor and feed, leaving a net balance of about $1,500 in favor of the farm. Several of the sows were imported from England and the balance are American bred. Two of the former cost a little over $300.00 besides freight. The raising of hogs is an industry that should receive more attention from the farmers of the State than has been the case heretofore. The price of meat is very high and likely to remain so for some years to come; yet a farmer with a few Berkshire hogs could produce enough meat at a very small cost to supply his own family and farm, thereby saving the money obtained from other crops, that he would otherwise have to UEe in buying his meat.
Georgia js a country in which Bermuda grass, burr clover, rye, sweet

604

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

potatoes, peas and other crops can be produ~ed at a comparatively small

cost, and each of these can be utilized in raising hogs.

This Department feels that there is no industry that the farmers of

the State can follow, that will bring the same returns for the money in-

vested as the raising of hogs will. A visit to Belmo'Illt Farm Will con-

vince the most sceptical that we are right in urging this upon our peo-

ple. They can see how easily it can be done and how profitably.

To illustrate the difference between the better breeds of hogs and those

that people generally raise : the manager of Belmont Farm stated that

about a year ago he had two pigs of practically the same age, ooe being

a pure bred Berkshire and the other fairly good specimen of the com-

mon hog of the country; he put them in the same pen, fed them precisely

alike, and at the end of several months, after the~ had become fat enough

to lcill, they were slaughtered and carefully weighed. The common hog

weighed 167 pounds, the other, 283 pounds, thus giving an advantage

to the thoroughbred hog of over 100 pounds, which was worth at least

from $7.00 to $8.00. This would mean that a man having twenty-five

hogs to kill would save $200.00.

The people of this State are f'astrealizing the necessity of diversifying

their crops and products, and, while doing so, they should secure the

very best stock, from which to produce the good results thatthey hope

for.

The beautiful city of Marietta, 1,100 feet above sea level, noted as a

health res()rt and for the excellent character of its population, is the

county site. It is blessed with pure water and a delightful climate. It

has a'thrifty population, which in 1900 numbered 4,446 in the corporate

limits, and 7,814 in the entire Marietta district; does a finebusiness, pos-

sesses an excellent school system, good hotels, successful mercantile es-

tablishments, prosperous manufactories of vari>ous kinds, and adequate

banking facilities. It is lighted by electricit y, has the largest .chair fac-

tory and largest paper mill in the State, four marble yards and: a large

plant for finishing marble. There is also a canning factory, a creamery

and a knitting mill, a foundry and machine shop. The courthouse is

valued at $40,000. In the northeastern part of the county on a branch

of the Southern Railway, is the manufacturing town of Roswell with

a popp.lation of 1,329. The water powers of the Qhattahoochee are here

utilized in two large cot ton factories, one of which uses steam also. The

Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company operate a woolen factory, run by

water, which makes jeans, cassimeres and tweeds. Here is also' a wagon

and harness factory.

At Nickaja.ck, in the southwestem part of the county, on the South-

ern Railway, are the Concord Woolen :M:ills, using both water and st eam.

In the southwestern part of Cobb, on the Southern Railway, is the

town of Austell, with a population of 648. The entire Austell district

contains 1,017 inhabitants. On the same railway about five miles north-

west of Austell, is the t<Own of Powder Springs, which derives its name.

from its mineral springs, which are highly impregnated with sulphur

and magnesia. The Powder Springs district has 2,017 inhabitants, o

which 280 live in the town.



CANTALOUPE .

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IND USTRIAL.

607

Acworth, a thriving town of 937 inhabitants, is on the Western and Atlantic Hailroad in the midst of a fine mineral and agricultural country. It has a hrge flouring mill, a chair factor;y and variety works for turning out mantels, wheelbarrows, etc. The whole Acworth district has 2,294 people.
The other towns in the county are Kennesaw and Smyrna. The former is located in the Big Shanty district and has in its corporation 320 of the 1,399 people who live in the district. The latter is in the Smyrna district and has in its corporate limits only 238 of the 1,185 people of the district. Both these towns are on the Western and Atlantic Railway. All the towns of Cobb county have good schools, and the leading Christian denominations supply them with churches.
In Marietta there is a large national cemetery, beautifully laid out and well kept. In it lie buried 10,000 Federal soldiers, who lost their lives south of the Etowah in the campaign between Sherman and Johnston in 1864. In full view of Marietta stands d~:>uble-peaked Kennesaw Mountain, from whose summit there is spread out before the eye of the beholder a comprehensive view of the country over which for six weeks the Union and Confederate armies met in daily combat. On Pine Mountain fell General Leonidas Polk, while he, with Generals Johnston and Hood, were reconnoitering the enemy's position. Kennesaw Mountain ~vas itself the scene of constant skirmishing and minor combats until the 27th of June, when Sherman's grand assault met disastrous repulse at every point. Of this battle General Sherman, the Federal commander, said: "We failed, losing 3,000 men to the Confederate loss of 630."
About one-third of Oobb county is timber land. In its :forests are found yellow and white hickory, post and red oak, maple, ash and some short-leaf pine. The average price of lumber is $8.00 a thousand feet.
Some gold and copper are found in Cobb county, the eastern portion of the Carroll county gold belt, extending through its northwestern corner. Some of the veins are one and a half miles east o:f Acworth and others seven miles south of the same town near Lost Mountain.
The streams are tolerably well supplied with fish. The principal game of the county is quail and wild turkeys, or which the fo.rmer are very plentiful, the latter not as abundant as in former years. Nearly one-half the land under cultivation in Cobb county is devO<ted to cotton. By the United States census of 1900 there were ginned' 14,979 bales, which approximates closely the production of the cotton. The schools belonging to the excellent system established by the State number 65 for white pupils, with an average attendance of 2,144, and 32 for colored pupils with an average attendance of 936. According to the report of the State School Commissioner, the school fund for Cobb coonty is $13,385.23. The population, according to the United States census for 1900, was 24.664, an increase of 2,378 over that of 1890. The area is 341 square miles, or 218,240 acres. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 the following are the

608

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

returns made for taxation: Acres of improved land, 186,817; of wild land, 921 acres; average value per acre of improved land, $9.32; of wild land, $2.48; city or town property, $1,359,720; shares in bank, $70,250; money and solvent debts, $54,510; merchandise, $239,915; st.6cks and bonds, $59,500; cotton factories, $207,345; iron works, $8,700; value of household and kitchen furniture, $212,915; value of farm and other animals, $227,980; plantation and mechanical tools, $70,850; watches, jewelry, etc., $18,070; value of all other property, $75,600; real estate, $3,104,795; personal estate, $1,734,955; aggregate value of whole property, $_4,823,765.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 6,602; value of the same, $49,270; city or town property, $71,410; money and solvent debts, $500; merchandise, $800; household and kitchen furniture, $9,815; watches, jeyerly, etc., $230; farm and 'Other animals, $12,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,660; value of all other property, $280; aggregate value of all property, $147,950.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $164,505 in the value of all property over the returns l()f 1900.
In addition to the regular passenger trains on the Western and .Atlantic Railroad, an accommodation train between Marietta and Atlanta brings the two places so close together that many citizens of Marietta go daily to their business offices in Atlanta.
Population of Cobb 0ounty by sex and color, acording to the census of 1900: white males, 8,574; white females, 8,760; total white, 17,334; colored males, 3,599; colored females, 3,731; total colored, 7,330.
Population of the city of Marietta by sex and color, according to the censusof 1900: White males, 1,222; white females, 1,294; total whites, 2,516; colored males, 864; colored females, 1,066; total colored, 1,930.
Total population of city, 4,446. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in Cobb county, June 1, 1900: 134 calves, 35 steers, 4 bulls, 432 dairy cows, 347 horses, 40 mules, 6 sheep, 603 swine, 3 goa.ts.

COFFEE COUNTY.
Coff.ee County was laid off in 1854 out of Irwin, Telfair and Appling. It was named- for General John E. Coffee, who had served with great credit in the war of 1812-15, and was afterwards a representative from Georgia in the Congress of the Unrited States (1833-1835). It is bounded by the following counties: Telfair on the north, Appling and Ware on the east, Clinch on the south and Berrien and Irwin on the west. It is watered by the Satilla river and its tributaries, Seventeen Mile Creek, Rog Creek, Big Hurricane and Little Hurricane Creeks. The Ocmulgee also runs along its northern border, and together with some of its tributaries waters that part of the county. Fish are plentiful in the streams.
One of the branches of the Plant System of Railways crosses the southern part of the county. The Waycross .Air Line connects Douglass, the colmty site, >Vlith the growing city of Waycross in Ware cournty.

GEORGii!: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

609

A little to the north of this road the Brunswick and Birmingham Railway crosses the county. Altogether there are about 90 miles of railroad in Coffee county and 30 miles of steamboat transportation on the Ocmulgee river. The public roads are being worked under the system p:r<ovided by the State law.
The lands of this county are gray, except on the borders of the rivers. The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes and melonS<. With proper attention peaches do well, and several small vineyards yield grapes of the most luscious varieties.
vVith good cultivation the average yield per acre of-the staple crops is: Sea-island cotton, 1,000 pounds; corn, 30 to 40 bushels; sugar-cane, 400 gaUons of syrup; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; crab grass and peavine hay, 4,000 pounds. The lands possess great advantages for peach growing. Pears yield abundantly when not affected by blight.
Market gardens can be run very profitably in this county, supplying early vegetables, strawberries and melons of fine quality.
About one-third of the original yellow pine timber is still standing, and unlimited quantities of hard wood timbers of various varieties in the swamps have not yet been touched. Among these are hickory, gum, the varieties of oak, cypress, etc. The annual output is 100,000,000 superficial feet, selling on the average at $10 a thousand feet. The lumber is being cut by six large sawmills, averaging 60,000 feet a day. A dozen or more smaller mills saw about 10,000 feet a day. All these mills are operated by steam. In close connection with the lumber business are 36 turpentine distilleries. The county enjoys an extensive trade in lumber, rosin and turpentine.
The great area still covered by the piney woods gives to the county a good range for sheep, hogs and cattle, in the raising of which there is little expense and much p:r<ofit. Among the pure bred cattle that have
been introduced J e:r<seys and Holsteins are the favorite cows for butte.r
and milk. Of the 19,489 cattle reported in the census of 1890 there were 509 working oxen and 4,622 milch-cows. By t.he same census there were 31,212 sheep, with a wool-clip of 66,860 pounds; 52,327 do.mestic :llowls of all kinds, 24,357 swine, 645 horses, 878 mules and 2 don-
keys. Some of the farm products were 155,508 gallons oo milk, 10,674
pounds of butter, 13,568 pounds of honey and 54,029 dozens of eggs. There are numerous grist mills in Coffee county.
According to the census of 1900 there were ginned 3,350 bales of sea-
island and 19 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899. There are three towns in Coffee county, Douglas, Willacoochee and
Peai'son, each located in a militia district bearing the name of the town. The population of each of these districts and towns is as follows: of Douglas district, 2,367, and of the town, 617; of the Willacoochee district, 2,754, and of the town, 471; of the Pearson district, 2,307, and of the town, 336.
Douglas, the county site, on the Waycross Air Line Railroad, has a new brick court-house valued at $20,000, and a new jail, also of brick,

610

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

which cost $8,000. It has a bank with a capital of $30,000, and the new brick building of the Southern Normal Institute, erected at an expense of $6,000, one of the best schools of its kind in Georgia.
Willacoochee and .Pearson are both located on the Brunswick and vVest-ern Railroad, one of the lines belonging to the Plant System.
The :Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations and have live churches and :flourishing Sunday schools in every town and in nearly every neighborhood.
T he schools of Coffee county belong to the public school system of Georgia. There is an average att-endance of 1,274 in the 61 schools for whites and of 911 in the 26 schools for negroes. The report of the State School Commissiioner for 1900 gives the assessment of Coffee county for school purposes as $8,843.27.
The population of the county by the United States census of 1900 was 16,169, a gain of 5,686 over that of 1890. The total land area is 1,123 square miles, or 718,720 acres.
In the report, of the ComptroUer-Gen~ral for 1900 are given the following returns for taxation: Acres of improved land, 530,906; of wild land, 173,324; average value per acre of improved land, $1.35; o.f wild land, $0.40; value of city or town property, $84,596; shares in bank, $19,675; money and solvent debts, $342,17 5; merchandise, $105,557; tonnage, $200; ootton factories, $33,500; household and kitchen furniture, $100,169; value o farm and other animals, ,$333,644; plantation and mechanical tools, $44,349; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,378; value of all other property, $419,617; real estate, $907,701; personal estate, $1,408,848; aggregate value of whole property, $2,316,549.
Pvoperty returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 27,656; value of land, $36,977; city or town property, $2,276; money and solvent debts, $4,905; merchandi<Se, $100; household and kitchen furniture, $12,914; watches, jewelry, etc., $489; farm and other animals, $19,010; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,070; value of all other property, $2,847; aggregate value of whole property, $82,588.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $154,026 in the value of all property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Coffee county by sex and color, ae0ording to the census of 1900: vVhite males, 4,988; white females, 4,570; total whites, 9,.558; colored male!S, 3,657; colored females, 2,954; total colored, 6,611.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in Coffee county, June 1, 1900: 14 calves, 10 steers, 1 bull, 11 dairy cows, 22 h1orses, 5 mules, 56 swine.

COLQUITT COUNTY.
Colquitt County, created from Irwin and Thomas in 1856, was named in honor of Walter T. Colquitt, a ll'ative of Vlirginia, who camH with his parents to Ge,orgia and settled in Hancock county. He went to school 1/o Dr. Beman at Mount Zion Academy; then was at Princeton College and later studied law at Milledgeville. He was elected judge of the Chattahoochee circuit at the age of 27. He served Georgia in the Fed-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

611

eral House of Representatives in 18'3'8 and became United States Senator in 1842. He died in 1855.
Ool.quitt county is bounded by the following counties: Worth on the north, Bernen on the east, Brooks and Thomas on the south, 'l' homas .and Mitchell 10n the west. Little River, a tributary of the Withlacoo.chee, forms its eastern boundary. This and the numerous creeks which water the county supply the people with fish. Moultrie, the county .site, is at the junction of three railroads, the Sparks, Moultrie and Gulf, the Georgia Northern, the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf. It is situated between two creeks, the Ochlochnee and Ocopilco. Other streams in the county are Tyty, Indian and Bridge Creeks. The face of the country is generally level. The soil is gray and in most places sandy, but much of it is rich, loamy and dark, with clay foundation. According to location and culture the lands will yield per acre: Com 8 to 20 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, ]50 to 200 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, . 35 bushels; upland seed cotton, 750 pounds; sea-island seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons; about 1,500 tons, or 3,000,000 pounds 10f hay per annum are obtained from native grasses. Melons and grapes do splendidly, and grape culture is being largely introduced. There is one vineyard of 25 acres. Much of the land will produce one bale of cotton to the acre. The timber is mostly long-leaf pine. Hence there is considerable business in lumber, rosin and turpentine, shipments of which are made to Savannah and Brunswick. There are 20 steam sawmills, with an annual output of 40,000,000 superficial feet of lumber, averaging $7 a thousand. The large a;rea of wild lands, with their thick carpet of native grass, makes stock ra:ising a profitable business. By the census of 1900 there were 15,407 shee;p, with a wool-clip of 29,189 pounds; .10,009 cattle, 1,791 rruilchcows, 177 working oxen, 28,000 swine, 200 goats, 26,000 poultry, 442 homes and 357 mules. There are in the county 5 donkeys. There was a production 10f 42,000 dozens of eggs, 6,000 pounds of honey, 73,665 gallons of milk and 6,343 pounds oJ butter. There are three dairy farms, whose products are disposed of in the town of Moultrie. The Jersey is the favorite on these farms. All the butter and milk are consumed in the county. This is also true of the poultry and eggs.
Considerable tobacco is grown inJ Colquitt county and the authorities of the Tlifton and Moultrie Railroad are making efforts, whtich they think will be successful, to get the, relight rates to various points in Georgia, the Carolinas and Virginia reduced from $1.25 to 65 cents per hundred-weight.
Mr. Robert Davis, a native of South Carolina, now a citizen of Oolquutt county, during the season of 1901 raised OIIli six acres of what is considered poor land, between three and four thousand pounds of tobacco alt an average of fourteen cents a pound.
Population in 1900, 13,636; school fund, $5,734.36. Area of Colquitt county, 565 square miles, or 461,600 acres. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of
28 ga.

612

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

improved land, 305,286; of wild land, 65,505; average value per acre of improved land, $1.7 6; of wild land, $1,12; city or town property, $223,671; shares in bank, $25,300; money, etc., $181,102; value of merchandise, $119,864; stocks and bonds, $6,712; cotton manufactJories, $9,267; iron works, $500; household furniture, $87,521; farm and other animals, $214,267; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,421; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,467; value of all other property, $264,761; real estate, $832,496; personal estate, $955,444; flggrega.te of entire property, $1,787,940.
Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres of land, 167; value, $490; city or town property, $1,152; money, etc., $150; household and kitchen furniture, $2,657; watches, etc., $154; farm animals, $1,140; plantation and mechanical tools, $164; value of all other property, $316; aggregate, $6,223.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $645,631 in the value of all property over the returns for 1900.
The pevple are provided with good schools, and with churches of the leading Christian denominatrons. Colquitt county is blessed with a hospitable, moral, temperate and industrious people. At Moultrie there is a flourishing new cotton mill with a capital stock of $100,000. Other manufactories are: An ice factory, water works and electric lights, the two latter plants being owned by the city o :1foultrie; one iron fvundry, worth $2,500; one railroad workshop, belonging to the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railway, employing about 50 men; one wagon and buggy factory, valued at $4,000; one barrel factory, valued at $6,000. There are 20 turpentine distilleries in the county, employing 2,000 hands, shipping 20,000 casks of spirits of turpentine, each containing 50 gallons, and 75,000 barrels of rosin; 10 grist mills in the oounty for home use, and the 20 steam sawmills previously mentioned.
The Blanchard Land and Lumber Manufacturing Company will build during 1901 a eyn1p and sugar mill and new sawmills.
The court-house at Moultrie is valued at $20,000, and the jail at $5,000.
In addition to the railroads there are some 30 or 40 miles of tramways for saw-mills. The county roads are in good condition.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for season of 1899-1900 was 1,785 bales of upland and 2,562 bales of seaisland cotton. The receipts and shipments from the entire county are about 4,500 bales, about two-thirds being sea-island. About 4,000 of these were handled at Moultrie. Some of the products of the county are marketed at Albany, Pelham and Thomasville, but most of them at l\foultrie. There are in Moultrie 3 banks with an aggregate capital 10f $70,000; several fine mercantile establishments and life and fire insurance agencies. The 38 schools for whites have an average attendance of 1,198, and the 11 for colored have an average attendance of 289.
The population of Colquitt county, which in 1890 was 4,794, has, according to the census of 1900, :ncreased to 13,636, a gain in the last

GEORGIA: HISTORIC-'lL AND INDUSTRIAL.

613

ten years of 8,842. The population of district 1151, including thB town of Moultrie, and known as Moultrie district, is 3,493. The population of the town of Moultrie is 2,221.
Population of Colquitt county by seoc and colorr, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,234; white females, 4,800; total white, 10,034; colored males, 2,046; colored females, 1,556; total colored, 3,602.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 20 st,eers, 4 dairy cows, 8 horses 89 mules, 8 swine.

COLUMBIA COUNTY.
Columbia County was laid out from Richmond in 1790, and was named for Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America. It is bounded by the following counties: Lincoln on the northwest, Richmond on the southeast and McDuffie on the southwest. The State of South Carolina bounds it on the northeast and is separated from it by the Savannah river. Little River separates it from Lincoln county. It is watered by several creeks, among which the most important are Uchee, Big and Little Kiokee, Greenbriar and Germany.
The climate is pleasant and healthful. Several cases of longevitj"" might be given. One of them was a Mr. David Hodge, who at the age of 102 married a Miss Elizabeth Bailey, aged 40 years. Captain Thomas Cobb, a sucessful agriculturist, who managed his farm for nearly 90 years, was 110 years old at the time of his death.
Appling, the county site, is 23 miles from Augusta, and about 12 or 13 miles by wagon road from Harlem on the Georgia Railroad. Two and a half miles from Appling was located Carmel Academy, where Dr. Moses Waddell, aft;erward president of the State University, assisted by W. H. Crawford, in 1794 taught John C. Calhoun, the famous South Cal"'olina Senator, and Thomas W. Cobb, afterwards Representative and Senator from Georgia. The town of Appling was named in honor of Colonel Daniel Appling, a native of Columbia county, who at the age of 18 entered the army of the United States and was distinguished in several engagements during the war of 1812-1815. He died in 1818, in which year a new county was laid out and named for him. The most thriving towns in the county are Harlem and Grovetown, on the Georgia Railroad, which have a population of 527 each, and enjoy a considerable trade. Harlem has a flourishing manufacturing establishment wher~ doors, sashes, blinds, wagons and plowstocks are made. Other places on the Georgia Rairoad are Forrest, Berzelia and Saw Dust. The county has also water transportation by pole boats on the Savannah river to Augusta. In the Savannah river great quantities of fish are caught for the Augusta market. There are five flour and grist mills run by waterpower and six steam sawmills. Besides the Georgia Railroad in the southern part of the county the Charleston and Western Carolina runs

614

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

through the eastern section. The wagon roads are in good condition,, and are worked by the new road law.
The face of the country is broken. The inhabitants are intelligent and hospitable, and before the civil war there was much wealth in the county. The soil of two-thirds of the land is red clay. In the pine lands of the southern part of the county the soil is sandy with clay subsoil. On the river the lands are fertile and produce good crops of cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, melons and peas. Though some of the lands are much worn from bad tillage, intelligent cultivation is in many places restoring its fertility. The average yri.eld per acre is: Seed cotton, 600 pounds; corn, 14 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye and barley, 10 bushels each; peas, 10 bushels; Irish .potatoes, 100 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; sugar-cane, 300 gallons o syrup; sorghum cane, 200 gallons of syrup. It is well suited to all the forage crops. Red clover, lucern and vetches do well when properly put in in the fall. These lands make fine peavine hay after wheat, oats and rye. Velvet beans also make excellent forage and are very useful as renewers of the soil. Peaches grow well, as do also an endless variety of vegetables, About 3,000 acres are devoted to raising melons for the market, the net profit on which is about $25 an acre. According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,354 bales of upland.
There are four dairy farms which make butter or the Augusta market. Jerseys and Devons are the favorite cows. The butter products of the county amounted in 1890 to 63,174 pounds, and the milk to 221,775 gallons. Other products were 12,345 pounds of honey and 67,249 dozens of eggs. By the census of 1890 there were 428 sheep, wti.th a wool-clip of 977 pounds; 2,856 ~attle, 1,226 milch-cows, 100 working oxen, 615 horses, 1,033 mules and 5,364 swine, and 45,499 poultry of all kinds.
Much attention is paid to education. In every neighborhood are :Methoclist and Baptist churches. There are also some Christians of other denominations.
The area of Columbia county is 306 square miles, or 195,840 acres. Population in 1900, 10,653, a loss of 628 since 1890; school fund, $7,290.98. By the Comptroller-General's report thme are: acres of improved land, 180,199; average value, $3.05 an acre; city or town property, $59,660; money, etc., $19,321; value of mercha!lldise, $15,895; stocks and bonds, $25,500; household aml kitchen furniture, $29,787; farm and other animals, $75,769; plantation and mechanical tools, $15,075; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,610; value of all oth1l" property, $17,559; real estate, $611,547; personal estate, $202,887; aggregate, $814,434. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 6,119; value of same, $18,825; city or town property, $575; household and kitchen furniture, $3,042; farm and other animals, $17,463; plantation and mechanical Mols, $2,873; value of all other property, $1,042; ag-
gregate of all property, $43,875.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

615

The tax retums for 1901 show an increase of $71,884 in value of all property since 1900.
There are 23 schools for white and 23 for colored pupils, the average attendance on the white schools being 531 and on the colored 911.
Population of Columbia 0ounty by sex and colorr, according to the census of 1900: wh~te males, 1,482; white females, 1,418; total white, 2,900; colord males, 3,873;colored females, 3,860; total oolored, 7,753.
Domestic animals in bams and inclooures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 5 calves, 24 dairy cows, 13 horses, .4 mules, 2 donkeys, 24 swine.

COvVETA COUNTY.
Coweta Qounty was laid out in 1826. A part was set off to Campbell in 1828 and a part to Heard in 1836. It is bounded by the following counties: Campbell on the north, Fayette on the east, Meriwether and Troup on the south, Heard on the west and Carroll on the northwest. It derives its name from an Indian tribe that once lived in that section of the State. Itjs_.wa~~r:ed by the Chattahoochee river and its tributaries and by tributaries of the Flint. The people are intelligent and progressive, and are engaged in many lines of industry-farming, fruit growing and manufacturing. All the leading Protestant denominations are represented in the numerous churches in town and country. Besides the publuc schools there are many private schools.
Newnan, the county seat, with a population of 3,654, one of the strongest of the smaller cities of Georgia, has all the conveniences of a modem city-electric lights, an ice plant, water works, good sewerage, fire department, an excellent public school system, and elegant churches. Here two railroads, the Central of Georgia and the Atlanta and West Point, intersect, giving excellent passenger and freight service. With the use of local capital alone Newnan has established factories which give employment to more than 1,000 people, and pay out annually several hundred thousand dollars in wages. The Newnan Cotton Mill, established in 1888 with a capital of $70,000, now represents $300,000 and employs 400 operativ8. It has made annually 25 per coot. for the past four years. Another enterprise of this sort is the Lodi Cotton MUll, representing a capital of $50,000. The city has also a large cotton seed oil-mill, a guruno factory, an ice factory, an iron foundry and railroad machine shops, a cigar factory, a wagon and buggy factory, a tannery and hamess shop, a canning factory and a shoe :factory. The R. D. Cole Manufacturing Company makes en-
gines, boilers, sawmills, grist-mills, power-pi'esses, shafting, ete. The
orders on this company for boilers alone aggregated in 1900 several hundred thousand dollars. The annual product of the Coweta Fertilizer Company averages 15,000 tons. The large flouring mill runs day and night to satisfy the demand or its product. The two banks o Newnan have an aggregate capital of $250,000. Fire and life insurance agencies

616

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

do a large business at Newnan and in the other towns of the county. The district which includes the city of Newnan had 5,375 inhabitants by the census of 1900.
The town of Grantvme, which contalins a population of 769, is on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad and in the district of the same name whose total population in 1900 was 1,884. In this town are two grist mills, a public ginnery and a hosiery mill which employs 50 hands and makes 2,000 dozen pairs of hose in a week. There are Methodist and Baptist churches and good schools.
Senoia, on the Central of Georgia Railway, had in 1900 a population of 782 in its corporate limits and in its entire district 2,290 people. There are here a cotton :factory, grist mill, a public ginnery, a bank with a capital of $25,000, good schools and churches of the Methodists and Baptists.
Sharpsburg and Turin are other towm on the Central of Georgia Railway, at each, of which are a grist-mill and several ginneries. The district, including Sharpsburg, contained 2,414 people in 1900, of whom 137 dwell in the corporate limits. The Turin district contains 879 people, of whom 196 have their homes in the town. Both these towns are supplied with schools and churches.
The second militia district of Coweta county, which in 1900 had 2,981 inhabitants, includes two towns, Moreland, with 229 people in its corporate limits, and St. Charles, with 66. At Moreland there are a crate and basket :factory, two ginneries, a sawmill, a grist-mill and a general repair shop :for wood and iron work. St. Charles also has a public ginnery and good orchards near by. Of course there are churches and schools at these towns. Moreland and St. Charles are a short distance apart on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad.
The Sargent :factory is to the northwest of Newnan on the Central of Georgia Railway.
At Powellsville, 'On the Atlanta and West Point Railroad, are two churches, a good school, two flourishing stores, a public ginnery, where 1,200 bales of cotton are ginned annually, and within a radius of a mile more than 40,000 grape vines are in bearing. Though Powellsville contains only 79 people, the Cedar Creek district, which includes it and for which it is a shipping point, had 1,150 inhabitants in 1900.
The fruit irrdustry of Coweta county is steadily growing, and several thousand acres are devoted to peaches, grapes and strawberries. The largest fruit :farms are in the districts in which are located Newnan, Moreland, Senoia, Turin, Powellsville and Coweta. At the last named place, nine miles east of Newnan, a company of Newnan gentlemen have 125 acres planted in peaches and an equal number in grapes. Here is located one of the most complete '\Vineries in the South, known as Vina Vista, having a capacity of 100,000 gallons of wine in a season. Excellent fruit lands can be bought in this county at :from $8 to $50 an acre, according to degree of improvement or proximity to one ,of the larger towns.
Coweta county has excellent mineral resources. Immense beds of

GRAPE VINEYARD.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

617

granite of a superior quality are found in the vicinity of Newnan, and

near Grantville are mines from which gold is obtained in paying quan-

tities. Two miles from Grantville is the Wilkes gold mine, operated by

Boston capitalists, equipped with modern machinery and producing a

good output.

.

.

The character of the soil of Coweta county varies from a light loam

to a heavy clay. Taking all lands, good and bad, the average produc-

tion to the acre of the varvous crops is: Seed cotton, from 600 to 800

pounds; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, from 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 11 bush-

els; sugar cane, 100 gallons; sorghum cane, 200 gallons; Irish potatoes,

from 50 to 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 100 to 150 bushels. On

the best lands and under the best methods of culture, the production is

frequently 1,500 pounds of seed cotton (equivalent to 500 pounds of lint

or 10ne bale) to the acre, 30 or more bushels of wheat to the acre and

other crops in like proportion.

The forage crops are peavine hay, sorghum, millet, common fOdder

and shredded corn. Bermuda grass furnishes the principal hay crop, of

which the average is 3,000 pounds to the acre, though much more is pro-

duced on many farms. By the census of 1890 there were in Coweta

county 437 shoop, with a wool-clip of 684 pounds; 6,224 cattle, of which

307 were working oxen and 2,541 were milch-cows ; 903 horses, 2,827

mules, 2 donkeys, 7,778 swine and 119,485 of all kinds of poultry. The

county produced, by the same census report, 175,060 dozens of eggs,.

28,075 pounds of honey, 811,186 gall!Qns of milk and 237,287 pounds

of butter.

Between 40,000 and 50,000 bales of cotton are shipped a111nually, the

largest proportion being from Newnan. According to the United States

census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county was 24,680 bales upland,

which represented very nearly its cotton production.

J\hgnificent water-powers are located 001 the Chattahoochee, eight

miles west of Newnan. Of the dozen or more sawmills of the county

the large majority are operated by steam.

The area of Coweta county is 443 square miles, or 283,520 acres.

The population in 1900 by the United States census was stated to be

24,980, a gain o2,626 over that of 1890.

By the report of the State School Commissioner for1900 the school

fund for the county was stated as $14,551.61, in addition to which for

the city of Newnan a special fund of $2,059.60 was assessed.

The following returns and valuations are given in the report of the

Comptroller-General for 1900: Acres of improved land, 266,937; av-

erage value of improved land, $5.68 an acre; value of city and town

property, $1,001,903; shares in bank, $206,675; money and solvent

debts, $640,137; inerchandise, $189,132; stocks and bonds, $68,752;

cotton manufactories, $371,679; value 'Of household and kitchen furni-

ture, $186,581; value of farm and other animals, $235,799; plantation

and mechanical tools, $66,216; watches, jewelry, etc., $16,343; all

other property, $62,918; real estate, $2,517,409; personal estate, $2,-

163,049; aggregate value of whole property, $4,498,346.

618

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

Property returned by colored taxp'ayers: Number of acres of landr 5,082, and value of same, $35,042; city or town property, $53,785; money and solvent debts, $1,680; merchandise, $20; household and kitchen furniture, $25,246; wa.tches, jewelry, etc., $400; farm and other animals, $33,743; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,527; value of all other property, $2,572; aggregate value of whole property, $176,H8.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $165,329 over the returns for 1900.
Of the public schools of Coweta county the 42 for whites have an average attendance of 1,457 pupils and the 44 for colored have an average attendance of 1,738 pupils.
Popula.tion of Coweta oounty by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,396; white females, 5,363; total whitt>1 10,759; colored males, 7,016; colored females, 7,205; total colored, 14,221.
Population of the city of N ewnwn by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,070; white females, 1,072; total whiter 2,142; colored males, 681; colored females, 831; total colored, 1,512.
Total popula,tion of city, 3,654. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 107 calves, 2 steet"S, 4 bulls, 307 dairy cows, 232 horses, 61 mules, 589 swine, 2 goats.

ORAWFORD COUNTY.
Crawford O<Junty was laid out in 1822 and named in honor of Ron. William H. Crawford, for many yea1:1s United Sta:t.es Senator from Georgia. Part was set off to Upson in 1824; part was taken from Talbot and Marion in 1827 and a part from Houston in 1830. The following counties bound it: Monroe on the north, Bibb on the northeast, Houston on the southeast, Macon on the south, Taylor on the southwest and south and Upson on the west. Along its southwestern border flows the Flint river. It is also watered by fficohatchee, Spring, '\Valnut, Sweetwater,. Deep, Beaver and Echeconnee Creeks, the last named stream dividing it from Bibb county.
The surface of the country is generally un17ven. The northern part of the county is productive and of a dark gray soil, adapted to cotton. The bottom lands are fertile, but liable to overflow. In the pine section, about seven miles southeast of Knoxville, there is an elevation of about 300 feet above the surrounding country, embracing between 20 and 30 acres of rich mulatto soil, well wooded. On this elevation, known as Rich Hill, is an inexhaustible supply of limest~:me. Here are seams of fine-grained, plastic clay, which has been much used for the manufacture of common pottery, carried on in a primitive way. A company is being organized for the establishment of a wall paper factory. This would develop the clay beds of the county.
The county is traversed by a branch of the Southern Railway System,

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

619

and for a ifew miles in the extreme south runs a branch of the Central of Georgia System. The Macon and Birmingham Railroad also crosses the northern part of the county. ' Knoxville, the county seat, on the Southern Railway, was, like the Tennessee city of that name, called after General Henry Knox, of Revolutionary memory and a citizen of Massachusetts. It has a court-house costing $15,000.
The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have churches. The county has good schools, there being 24 for whites, with an average attendance of 715, and 19 for colored, with an average attendance of 503.
The average yield per acre of the various crops is as follows: Seed cotton, 500 to 600 pounds ; corn, 10 bushels; cow-peas, 15 bushels; ground peas, 30 bushels; chufas, 25 bushels; oats, 25 t o 50 bushels ; rye, 12 bushels ; wheat 10 to 30 bushels; rice, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels. All the forage crops are cultivated and do well. From 8 to 9 months of the year broom sedge, Bermuda and other grasses give abundant food to stock, which during the three or four winter months are fed mostly on cane, rye and barley. According to the United Sta1tes census of 1900 the cotton g1inned for the season of 1899-1900 was 7,158 bales (upland). While there are no regular dairy farms, most families make butter and many of them send it to market. The product of milk in 1890 was 288,668 gallons; of butter, 96,186 pounds, and of honey more than 10,000 pounds. By the census of 1890 there were 648 sheep, with a wool-clip of 619 pounds; 4,797 C"a,t tle, 6,374 milch-cows, 98 worki~1g oxen, 472 horses, 1,458 mules, 7,766 swine and 37,000 poultry, with a production of 44,000 dozens of eggs. It is estimated tha,t there are 500 goats.
About 2,500 acres are devoted to peaches, 50 to plums, 25 to apples and 10 to pears.
Fish 'are abundant and many of them are marketed. There are about 500 acres devoted to peaches and 100 to plums. There are ahout 20 vineyards raising fine varieties of grapes, from 75 per cent: of which wine is made, while 25 per cent. are sold in the market. The county has asbestos, sandstone, limestone and clay. There are 2 flour, 1 flour and grist mill and 9 grist mills, 13 sawmills and 1 planing-mill. All the flour and grtist-mills except 2 are operated by water; the sawmills by steam. There are also 3 turpentine distilleries. The cotton receipts from the entire C'ounty are 7,500 bales; The area of Crawford county is 334 square miles, or 213,760 acres. Populatio~ in 1900, 10,368, an increase of 1,053 sincB 1890; school fund, $7,063.34. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of improved land, 198,926; of wild land, 1,796; average value per acre of improved land, $2.84; of wild land, $0.52; city or town property, $39,555; money and solvent debts, $39)535; value of merchandise, $26,115; household and kitchen furniture, $48,315; farm and other animals, $117,615; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,654; watches, jewelry,

620

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

etc., $2,094; value of all other property, $21,459; real estate, $616,918; personal estate, $285,630; aggregate value of whole property, $902,548.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres 'of land, 9,048; value of land, $26,321; city or town property, $595; money and solvent debts, $300; household and 'kitchen furniture, $9;351; farm and other animals, $23,984; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,117; value of all other property, $1,862; aggregate value of whole property, $66,652.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $70,296 i!ll the value of all property over the returns of 1900.
There are two small towns in Crawford county, Knoxville and Roberta, the former containing 300 and the latter 252 inhabitants. These two towns are in the same militia district, which has a population of 2,408.
For many years there lived in this county Colonel Benjamin Hawkins, a native of North Carolina, an excellent French scholar, a member of General Washington's military family, member of Congress from North Carolina (1782-1783), and later superintendent of Indian affairs in the south.
Population of Crawford ~ounty by sex and co1or according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,333; white females, 2,217; total whiw, 4,550; colored males, 2,905; colored females, 2,913; total colored, 5,818.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in Crawford county, June 1, 1900: 4 calves, 6 steers, 7 dairy cows, 10 horses, 13 mules, 37 swine.

DADE COUNTY.
Dade County was laid ,off from Walker in 1837. It was named in honor of Major Francis Langhorne Dade of the United States Arn1y, who while on a march to Fort King, in Florida, was killed by the Seminole Indians, December 28, 1835. All but two of the detachment shared his fate.
Dade county is triangular in shape, with its base on the Tennessee line and its apex on the boundary between Georgia and Alabama, and a little northwest of the line that divides vValker from Chattooga county. Tennessee is on the north, Walker county on the east and southeast and Alabama on the west. The principal stream is Lookout creek. The Alabama Great Southern Railroad runs through Lookout valley from the Tennessee to the Alabama line. On this road is Trenton, the county seat, located on Town creek between Lookout and Raccoon !fountains. Other towns on this road are Morganville, Rising Fawn, Clover Dale and Smith. The county is well wooded with oak, hickory, cedar, poplar, gum, pine, walnut, chestnut, locust and mountain birch. Sulphur and chalybeate springs abound.
The lands in Lookout valley, which extends through the county, are very fertile, producing the staple crops, grasses and clover, almost every

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

621

variety of vegetables, and such fruits as apples, peaches and grapes, all

of excellent flavor. The average yield of the different crops per acre is:

Seed cotton (upland), 600 to 700 pounds; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; corn,

25 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; barley, 20 bushels; rye, 15 to 20 bushels;

crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 600

pounds; sorghum syrup, 250 to 275 gallons; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels.

The mountains furnish fine summer range for s0'Ck. On them are

many acres of rich lands. In 1890 there were in this county 1,114

sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,359 pounds; 2,277 cattle, 755 milc'h-cows,

146 working oxen, 437 horses, 426 mules, 7 donkeys, 4,061 swine and

29,433 poultry of every kind. The county also produced 9,547 pounds

of honey, 60,223 dozen eggs, 258,662 galll()nS of milk, and 66,896

pounds of b:utter.

In the forests are found deer, wild turkeys and other game, and in

the creeks plenty of fish.



Bituminous coal, an excellent quality of iron ore and other valuable

minerals abound. The Dade coal mines, worked by convict labor, fur-

nish great quantities of coal and coke for factories, foundries and other

uses.

The climate of Dade .is cold in winter, but delightful in the spring

and summer, bracing and healthful the year round.

The area of Dade county is 188 square miles, or 120,320 acres.

Population in 1900, 4,578, a loss of 1,229 si'lloo 1890; school fund,

$3,184.79.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of

improved land, 96,515; of wild land, 1,050; average value per acre of

improved land, $4.18; of wild land, $0.47; city property, $52,870;

money, etc., $73,794; merchandise, $23,620; stocks and bonds, $7,300;

cotton manufactories, $3,496; iron works, $10,000; capital invested in

mining, $12,000; household and kitchen furniture, $31,745; :farm and

other animals, $69,620; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,356;

watches, jewelry, etc., $2,482; value of all other property, $6,302; real

estate, $509,273; personal estate, $258,461; aggregate value of whole

property, $767,734.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

472; value of land, $1,362; city or town property, $125; household and

kitchen furniture, $525; farm and other animals, $846; plantation and

mechanical tools, $67; value of all other property, $23; aggregate value

of whole property, $3;004.

The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease in the value of all property

since 1900 amounting to $39,557.

The public school system embraces 23 schools for white and 1 for ne-

groes, with a daily average attendance of 700 in the white schools and

27 in the one for negroes.

There are 689 inhabitants in the Trenton district and 349 in the town

of Tre~ton.

The Rising Fawn district has 740 inhabitants, of whom 212 live in

the town o Rising Fawn.

622

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

.McMahon district contains 391 people, of whom 138 live in a village called New England City.
Population of Dade oounty by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,101; white females, 2,039; total white, 4,140; colored males, 298; colored females, 140; total colored, 438.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 43 steers, 2 bulls, 131 dary cows, 48 horses, 40 mules, 1 donkey, 93 sheep, 518 swine, 102 goats.

DAWSON COUNTY.
Dawson County was formed from Lumpkin, Forsyth and Gilmer counties in 1857, .and was named in honor of Hon. William C. Dawson, a representative from Georgia in the United States Congress, later United States Sena:tor from his native State, and still later, judge of the Ocmulgee circuit. The following counties bound it: Fannin and Gilmer on the north, Lumpkin on the northeast and east, Hali on tne east, Forsyth on the south, Cherokee, Pickens and Gilmer on the west. The Etowah river flows thl'lough the county, and into this empty several tributary creeks, the largest of which, A,micalola, rises in the northwestern part of the county and runs through it in a southeasterly direction. It has a fall of several hundred feet. The appearance of the range of mountains to the south and west, as viewed from the summit of the falls
is.scarcely surpassed in grandeur.
Dawson county is in the heart of the gold region. On nearly every branch on the north side of the Etowah river is a placer gold mine. From the bed of the river itself large quantities of gold have been taken and washed out with an iron pan, rewarding well the labor thus employed.
The forest growth is oak of the various kinds, hickory, cedar, poplar, chestnut, locust, gum, walnut, mountain birch and pine. Thus there is abundance o hardwoods for manufacturing purposes.
The bottom lands of the Etowah are rich and very productive. Taking all the lands of the county, the average yield per arce is: seed cotton, 600 pounds; corn and rye, 20 bushels; oats; 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels;' field-peas, 10 bushels, ,crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons. The best lands show yields far above these averages. Tobacco also gives a remunerative yield. .
According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 1899 and 1900, there were ginned 1,297 bales of upland cotton.
Vegetables of all kinds do well. So also do apples. In 1890 there were in Dawson county 2,479 sheep, with a wool-clip of 3,619 pounds; 3,122 cattle, of which 447 were worlcing oxen, and 1,196 milch-cows, 365 horses, 606 mules, 14 donkeys, 6,510 swine and 47,467 domestic :fowls of all kinds. Some o the farm products were 361,077 gallons of milk, 102,105 pounds of butter, 60,696 dozens of eggs, and 13,449 pounds of honey,

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

. 623

There are 30 schools in the county belonging to the public school systr:'m of Georgia. The average daily attendance is 780 in the 29 schools

for whites and 12 in the one for negroes. The school fund of the county is $3,737.63.

There are no railroads in the county. Dawsonville, the county site, is a small town of 217 inhabitants. . The

Dawsonville district which includes the town has a population of 808.

The area of DaWEIOtn county is 209 square miles, or 133,760 acres. Its

population by the census of 1900 was 5,442, a slight falling off from

1890 when it was 5,612.

The following returns are taken from the Oomptl'loHer-General's report for 1900: Acres of improved land, 128,069; of wild land, 14,842

(these returns not agreeing with the United States government survey,

as seen above); average value per acre of improved land, $2.85; of wild

land, $0.48; city or town1property, $10,700; money and solvent debts,

$46,697; merchandise, $13,344; invested in cotton manufactories, $1,200; invested in mining, $30.00; household and kitchen furniture, $25,262; farni and other animals, $70,984; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,805; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,035; value of all other property, $3,959; real estate, $384,226; personal estate, $180,358. Aggregate value of whole property, $564,584.

Propel'lty return.ed by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 320;

value of land, $460.00; money and solvent debts, $15.00; household and

kitchen furniture, $250.00; watches, etc., $5.00; farm and other animals, $911.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $1-46.00; value of all other property, $32.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,819.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $3,767 in the value of all

property, over the returns of 1900.

Population of Dawson county by sex andcolor, acco,rding tlo the census

of 1900: white males, 2,531; white females, 2,740; total white, 5,271;

colored males, 91; colored fiemales, 80; total colored, 171.



Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 2 steers, 11 dairy cows, 5 horrses, 3 mules, 16

swme.

DECATUR COUNTY.
Decatur County was laid off from Early in 1825 and was named for Commodore Stephen Decatur, of Maryland, an officer of the United States Navy, distinguished in the war with the Barbary Powers, and later in the secood war with England (1812-1815). It is bounded by the following counties: Early, Miller, Baker and Mitchell on the north, and Thomas on the east. The State of Florida bounds it on the south, and west. The State of Alabama also bounds it on the west for a few miles. The Flint river runs across the county and the Chattahoochee all along its western boundary, the two streams uniting at the southwest <Jorner of the county 1Jo form the Apalachicola river. Two branches of

624

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

the Plant System and the Georgia Pine Railway traverse the county in

different directions. Thus the people have not only excellent railroad

advantages, but also splendid water transportation by its two great rivers.

Other streams are Musquito, Willacoochee, Spring, Swamp and Tired

creeks, and in the southeast corner Ochlockonee river. There are also

many small lakes and ponds. It would be difficult to find a better wa-

tered country. In all the streams fish abound. The climate is pleasant,

even the summer heat being greatly modified by breezes from the Gulf

of Mexico.

The ooil of the eastern section is mostly red clay, with a good subsoil

and adapted to cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, corn, fruit and potatoes. In

the western section the soil is generally sandy, and adapted to the same

crops, except tobacco. The average yield per acre under ordinary cul-

ture is: 10 bushels of corn; seed cotton, 400 to 500 pounds; sweet pota-

toes, 50 to 75 bushels, etc. Under good culture the average per acre is

much higher, as for instance, corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; sweet

potatoes, 200 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels; ground peas, 25 bushels;

seed cotton, 750 pounds; sea-island cotton, 400 pounds; sugar-cane sy-

rup, 350 gallons; Cuba and Sumarta oigar tobacco, 600 pounds. The

grasses and all the forage crops grow luxuriantly. There is such good

pasturage the year round that hay is not made in all parts of the county.

It does splendidly where it is cultivated. Vegetables of all kinds,

fruits and berries do well; 5,000 acres are devoted to peaches and 250 to

plums. There are 22 dairy farms, and the Jersey is the favorite cow.

During the short time in winter when cattle must be fed, the daily ra-

tion for each cow costs about 15 cents.

By the census of 1890 there were 10,363 sheep, with a wool-clip of

28,961 pounds; 22,247 cattle, 5,101 milch-cows, 1,835 working oxen,

2,188 horses, 589 mules, 25,204 swine, and 70,000 poultry of all kinds.

Among the farm products are 204,586 dozen eggs, 6,632 pounds of

honey, 413,248 gallons 'Of milk, 75,000 pounds of butter and 60 pounds

of cheese,

Bainbridge, the county site, named for another gallant com-

modore of the early days o the republic, and a n'ative of

New Jersey, is located on the Flint river and at the junc-

tion of two railroads. It is a growing, prosperous town, with an

electric light plant, an ice factory and two banks, whose capital aggre-

gate $65,000. The Georgia Pine Railway has its shops here. This is a

good point for shipping goods by either steamboat or rail. The popula-

tion of Bainbridge by the census of 1900 was 2,641 in the corporate

limits, or, if the whole Bainbridge district is included, 3,669.

Climax is another thriving town at the junction of two branches of

the Plant System.

.There are in Decatur county a buggy factory, novelty works, a barrel

factory, four large sawmills, eight smaller ones, and about 12 still small-

er scattered through the county; 21 turpentine stills, and nearly 100 grist

mills, large and small.

'

A company has been formed to build a cotton fact'Ory at Bainbridge.

TOBACCO !'ARM; IN DECATUR COUNTY.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

627

According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for 1899 was 4,551 bales of upland, and 340 of sea-island.
The shipments of cotton from this county and vicinity am~mnt to near 7,000 bales annually, about 3,000 of which are shipped from Bainbridge. In the southern section of the county tobacco is coming to the front. There are also heavy shipments of sugar-cane syrup from Bainbridge and Climax. This industry is rapidly coming to the foremost place in Decatur and other oounties of this part of Georgia.
The timbers of this county are pine, cypress and a variety of oaks. Schools and churches abound in town and country. There is an average attendance of 1,967 pupils in the 78 white schools, and 1,821 in the 57 colored schorols. The area of Decatur county is 1,010 square miles or 646,400 acres. Population in 1900, 29,454, a gain of 9,505 since 1890; school fund, $18,280.57.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of improved la:nd, 650,150; of wild 'land, 37,448; average value per acre of improved land, $2.14; of wild land, $1.56; city property, $567,176; gas and electric light, $10,260; money; etc., $436,309; value of merchandise, $197,282; shipping and tonnage, $2,900; stocks and bonds, $600; cotton manufactories, $80,000; household furniture, $219,835; farm a1n~mals, $389,993; plantation and mechanical tools, $88,149; wat,ches, jewelry, etc., $20,055; ,value orf all other property, $208,070; real estate, $2,020,721; personal estate, $1,732,442; aggregate value of whole, $3,753,663.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 41,642; value, $87,956; city property, $52,000; money, etc., $549; merchandise, $625; household furniture, $31,190; watches, silver, etc., $829; farm animals, $62,556; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,397; value of all other property, $4,954; aggregate value of whole, $263,191.
The tax returns of 1901 show an icrease of $404,263 over the returns of 1900.
The tobacco farm of A. Cohen & Co., in this county, is o extensive proportions. This company owns 15,000 acres in the county and nearly 1,000 of these are planted in tobacco. In order to produce the rare Sumatra tobacco which brings the highest 'price in the market nearly 1,000,000 yards of canvas are used to cover this area. Nearly 451,000 pounds of tobacco were taken from the farm last year, and the prices obtained for it ranged between 25 cents and $4 a pound. The yield varied from 800 to 1,400 pounds to the acre.
During the busy season 1,500 people are employed on this plantation and 900 hands are regularly employed the year round; 2,000 people live on the plantation. Three stores are roperated for them which sell to none but those connected with the farm. The merchandise account last year was $60,000. On the place are kept 1,260 cattle which largely enrich the soil.
On this great plantation corn, cotton and other crops are raised.

628

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The. soil necessary fur this special kind of tobacco is a light gray, free from lime. The great canvas covering is spread at a height of nine feet and remains over the plants during the entire time of their growth. Under it~ done all the plowing and .otheT work. Only such sunlight as gets througli this canvas reaches the plants and the necessary water seeps through it.
It has been proved by experiments that this method of covering the crop makes the leaves a light yellow oolor, imparts to them a sufficient degree of toughness and a light, thin texture, and makes the most highly prized tobacco . It is used chiefly for wrappers for fine cigars.
The total population of Decatur county in 1900 has already been stated as 29,454, an increase of 9,505 sine~ 1890.
Population of Decatur county by sex and color, acc:oo-ding .to the census of 1900: white males, 6,895; white females, 6,781; total white1 13,676; colored males, 7,869; colored females, 7,909; total colored, 15,778.
Populatioo of Bainbridge City by race and cohlfl, aooorrding to the census of 1900: white males, 598; white females, 572; total white, 1,170; colored maim, 656; colored females, 815; total oolored, 1,471.
Total population of 'Bainbridge, 2,641. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not OI\ farms or ranges, .June 1, 1900: 94 calves, 32 steers, lbull, 142 dairy cows, 207 horses, 29 mUles, 22 donkeys, 218 swine, 26 goats.

DEKALB COUNTY.

DeKalb Oounty was formed in 1822 and named for the Baron de

Kalb, who died for the liberties of America at the battle of Oamden,

South Carolina, on the 19th of August, 1780. The following counties

bound it: Milton on the nort:h, Gwinnett on the east and northeast,

:Rockdale on the southeast, Roclrdale, Henry and. Clayton on the south,

and Fulton on the west. . The Chattahoochee river runs along its north-

em boundary. . South river and its tributaries water the central and

southern parts of the county and Yellow river runs across its eastern

an~

,

The western borrder o the county is so close to the city of Atlanta that

the people of DeKalb enjoy all the benefits that accrue to those living

in the neighborho1od Of a great city.



Three great railroad lines, traversing the county in different .directions,

center in Atlanta. All,those liv1ng on the lines of these different roads

have superior advantages for trucking, fruit-growing and dairying.

Decatur, the county site, is only six miles from the union depot in At-

lanta. Three lines of electric railway and the Georgia railroad afford

constant and rapid communiGation between the town and 'city, and all

~e intervening country is thickly settled. Manywho have their homes

in Decatur orr along the diff~t lines running from that point into the

AGNES SCOTT INSTITUTE, DECATUR, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

631

city, transact their business in Atlanta. The new court-house at Decatur, just completed, is a handsome structure, built at a cost of $60,000. The Agnes Scott Institute for young ladies, whose handsome building shows to g1eat advantage, is one of those e.,'{cellent schools for girls, fO'r which Georgia is so noted. The North Georgia Orphans' Home is also located at Decatur.
At Ingleside, a few miles from Decatur, is the cotton-mill of the Scottdale Manufacturing Company. Several fertilizer factories are located in this county, and one of them is of mammoth proportions.
The Decatur militia district, which includes the town and the adjacent thickly settled territory, contains, 4,360 inhabitants, of whom 1,418 live in the town.
Stone Mnuntain, on the Georgia Railroad, about ten miles northeast of Decatur, derives its name from the mountain of granite which rises to about 1,500 feet above the level of the sea, and 900 feet above the surrounding count.ry. The Stone }.:fountain district has 1,556 inhabitants, 835 of whom live in the town.
Lithonia, in the southeastern part of the county, :is also on the Georgia Railroad. There are in the Lithonia district 2,548 inhabitants, of whom 1,208 live in the town.
The quarries of granite and gneiss at and near Stone M10untain and lithonia are sources of great profit to the people of this section of Georgia.
The timbers of D eKalb county are the various hardwoods and some pine, the same as in other oounties of the crystalline belt of Georgia.
The average yield of the lands to the acre is: seed cotton, 600 to 700 pounds; corn, 10 to 12 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat and rye, 10 bushels each; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; crab-grass hay,. 3,000 pounds.
According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 6,981 bales of upland cotton in DeKalb county.
The public schools number 72, and have an enrollment of 2,750 pupih in the 55 schools for whites and 1,500 in the 17 schools for negroes.
There are several fine dairy farms in DeKalb county, on which are more than 300 milch-cows, the Jersey being the favorite.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county 290 sheep, with a: wool-clip of 482 pound:s; 5,916 cattle, of which 170 were. working oxen and 2,841 milch-cows. Of the cows 195 were pure-bred, recorded, and 1,177 were graded as one half blood or higher. There were also 1,043 horses, 1,465 mules, 2 donkeys, 5,746 swine and 74,482 domestic fowls .of all kinds. Among the farm products were 1,167,319 gallons of milk, 331,022 pounds of butter, 167,848 dozens of eggs and 21,294 pounds of honey.
The public school fund of DeKalb county is $11,256.25. The area of the county is 271 square mi1es, or 173,440 acres. The oopulation, by the census 10f 1900, was 21,112, a gain of 3,923 since l890.
29 ga

632

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l.'RIAL.

The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gives the following returna of property: Acres of improved land, 165,990; average value per acre, :$1.73; value of city or town property, $844,574; merchandise, $136,615; money and solvent debts, $428,247; household and kitchen furniture, $215,017; farm and other animals, $215,533; plantation and mechanical tools, $62,382; watches, jewelry, etc., $17,691; value of all other property, $59,442; real estate, $3,773,088; personal estate, $1,231,101. Aggregate value of whole property, $5,004,189.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 1,979; value of lalll.d, $29,859; city or town property, $30,750; money and solvent debts, $200.00; merchandise, $10.00; household and kitchen furniture, $9,628; watches, jewelry, etc., $159.00; farm and other animals, $9,449; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,918; value of all other property, $144.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $82,117.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $4,219 in the value of all _property over the returns of 1900.
Population <Yf DeKalb oounty by sex and colOT, according to the census of 1900: white males, 6,991; white females, 7,077; total white, 14,068; colo'l.'ed males, 3,541; colored females, 3,503; total colored, 7,044.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 105 calves, 15 steers, 8 bulls, 312 dairy cows, 198 horses, 83 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 :sheep, 452 swine, 10 goats.

DODGE COUNTY.
Dodge County was cut off from Telfair, Pulaski and Montgomery in 1871, and named in honor of William E. Dodge of New York, who had made very liberal investments in that section. It is bounded by the following counties: Pulaski on the north and northwest, Laurens on the northeast, Montgomery and Telfair on the southeast and south, Wilcox and Pulaski on the southwest and west. The Ocmulgee river runs along its western and southwestern border. Little Ocmulgee, a tributary of the Ocmulgee, runs through the county. The county is also watered by Cypress, Crooked, Sugar and Turnpike creeks.
Eastman, the county seat, is on the Southern Railway at a point which was selected for a depot and station in 1871. It is. a flourishing little city containing 1,235 people,'and is blessed with a splendid supply of pure water from Artesian wells. The water is distributed in mains on the various streets and supplied to the houses just as in large cities. It also boasts an ample fire department. Its export trade reaches $2,000,000. These exports are 10,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 car-loads of lumber, potatoes, peas, peanuts, cane syrup, cattle, wool, chickens and vegetables.
Just outside of Eastman is a large saw and lumber mill, and ten miles below it is another, which does most of its business through the banks of Eastman, of which there are two, with an aggregate capital of $50,000.
Eastman has a splendid public school system, and churches of the

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

633

leading denominatrons. The public schools of the county are flourishing.

In the 45 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 1,306, and

in the 26 for negroes, an average attendance of 932. It has also a large

furniture factory, and at Cox, just below the city, is the Colville Crate

factory.

This enterprising little city was named in honor of of William Pitt

Eastman of New York, one of the most tireless promoters of its interests.

The lands along the Ocmulgee, Little Ocmulgee and their various

tributaries, are very productive. Their average yield per acre is: corn,

15 bushels; oats, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels, rye, 10 bushels, sweet

potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 8 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 .

bushels ; seed cotton, upland, from 500 to 1,100 pounds; sea-island,

350 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; corn forage, 2,000

pounds; German millet, 4,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons.

According tJo the United States census of 1900, the production of cot-

ton in 1899 was 10,729 bales (upland).

The lands of the county are especially valuable on account of the fine

timber which is sawed into lumber and sent to the markets. The naval

stores obtained from the same source are of great value. All the enter-

prises of the county are pl'osperous, and the population is increasing

rapidly. The winter climate is delightful. Eastman, though consider-

ably below the !fiddle Georgia belt, is 356 feet above sea level. The

thermometer in Dodge county has never been known to register 100,

and sunstrokes are unheard of here.

By the census of 1890 Dodge county had 11,500 sheep, with a wool-

clip of 24,634 pounds; 7,366 cattle, 434 working oxen, 2,525 milch-cows

with a production of 3,980 pounds of butter and 172,435 gallons of milk;

600 horses, 640 mules, 12,000 swine, 32,000 poultry pi'oducing 46,000

dozen eggs. The production of honey is small, only 550 pounds.

Area of Dodge county is 495 square miles, or 316,800 acres. Popula-

tion in 1900, 13,975; school fund, $10,083.52.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres o:! im-

proved land, 233,234; of wild land, 112,828; average value per acre of

improved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.23; city property, $208,663;

shares in bank, $44,718; gas and electric light companies, $10,000;

money, etc., $152,093; merchandise, $64,117; cotton manufactories,

$3,500; value of household furniture, $87,170; farm and other animals,

$193,118; plantation and mecharnic:al tools, $93,859; watches and jew-

elry, $5,366; valueo all other property, $81,773; real estate, $967,601;

person:al estUJte, $676,723. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,644,-

32 4.

Property returned by colored taxpayers : number o:f acres o:f land,

16,914; value of land, $45,017; city or t own property, $6,6 68; value o:f

merchandise, $472.00; money and solvent debts, $779.00; household and

kitchen furniture, $0,405; watches, jewelry, etc., $274.00; fRrm and

other animals, $23,124; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,069; value

of all other property, $917.00, Aggregate value of whole property,

$90,824.

.

634

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The tax returns :f)or 1901 show an increase over the returns of 1900r amounting to $107,186 in the~. value of all property. .
Population of Dodge county by sex and color, according to the censusor 1900: white males, 4,193; white females, 4,077; total white, 8,270; colored males, 2,928; colored females, 2,777; total colored, 5,705.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 69 calves, 48 steers, 150 dairy cows, 67 horses, 27 mules,., 296 sheep, 680 swine, 13 goats.

DOOLY COUNTY.
Dooly County was described in the lottery act of 1821. Part of it was added to Pulaski in 1826, and a part to Lee in 1827. It was named in honor of Colonel John Dooly, a gallant Georgia leader in the Revolution, who was murdered by the Tories in his own house and in the presence of his family in 1780. The following counties bound it; Houston and Macon on the north, Pulaski and Wilcox on the east, Worth on the south, Lee, Sumtecr and Macon on the west. The Flint river runs along its western border. Hogacrawl, Lampkin's, P ennahatchee, Gum, Swift and Cypress creeks also water the county. The river and creeks supply abundance of fish.
The soil is a sandy loam, but red in the upper part of the county. With good culture these lands will yield by the acre: seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; Irish pota toes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 225 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels;. ground-peas, 30 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons; crab-grass hay, 1,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds.
According to the census of 1900 this county g1inned in 1899 the amount of 18,573 bales of upland cotton.
Not only are the pine lands fertile, but the timber is very valuable, . the annual output being about 150,000,000 feet, valued at $1,350,000. There are six large sawmills with a total valuation of $400,000.
Vienna, the county site, is largely engaged in the lumber bminess. So also is Cordele, where there is also a cotton factory with a capital of $60,000 or $80,000. Both these thriving towns are located on the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad. Through Cordele also passes the Georgia Alabama Railroad of the Seaboard Air Line system. The Albany and Northern is another railroad connection of Cordele. This town has a fine water-works system and an ice plant. The population or Cordele by the census of 1900 is 3,473.
a Dool:v county has five banks, of which there are three at Cordele and
two at Vienna. It has two foundries, sash, d01or and blind factory, six turpentine distilleries, a large guano plant where acid phosphate is made, several fire and life insmrunce agencies. All the manufactories of the county have an aggregate capital o:f about $600,000.
There are Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Episcopal churches, several private schools and a fine syRtem (}f pnhlic schools, the l::~tter h:nring 52 schools for wMtes, with an averag-e atterndance of 1,634 pupils,.. and 36 :for colored, wit~h an average atterndance of 1,421.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

635

The cotton receipts and shipments for the entire county are 25,000 rbales, of which Cordele handles about 20,000.
In 1890 there were in the county 8,619 sheep, with a wool-clip of 16,576 pounds, 8,498 cattle; 2,379 milch cows, 228 working oxen, 906 -horses, 1,882 mules, 20,784 swine, 62,000 poultry of all kinds.
Among the products are 53,000 pounds of butter, 65,000 dozen .eggs, 6,000 pounds of honey, and large quantities of fine syrup made for the market and for home consumption. There are four dairy farms. J"erseys are preferred for butter and Holsteins for milk.
The area of Dooly county is 710 square miles, or 454,400 acres. Population in 1900, 26,567, a gain of 8,421 since 1890; school fund, $16,728.28. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 343,618; of wild land, 91,950; value per acre of improved land, $3.41; of wild land, $1.38; city property, $588,614; bank stock, $80,000; money, etc., $407,221; value of merchandise, $204,192; iron works, $12,700; household and kitchen furniture, $193,398; farm and other animals, $326,683; plantation and mechanical tools, $71,386; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,965; value otf all other property, $175,155; real estate, $1,889,884; personal estate, $1,500,134. Aggregate value of wh10le property, $3,390,018. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 10,573; value of land, $30,248; city or town property, $33,661; money :and solvent debts, $1,175; merchandise, $2,965; household and kitchen furniture, $19,300; watches, jewelry, etc., $256.00; farm and other animals, $26,627; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,380; value of all other property, $1,548. Aggregate value of whole property, $122,160. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property OVer the returns for 1900, amounting to $311,572. P opulation of Dooly county by sex and color, according to the census 0' 1900: white males, 6,042; white females, 5,841; total white, 11,883; co]ored males, 7,505; colored females, 7,179; total colored, 14,684. Population of Cordele City by sex and color, according tb the census of 1900: white males, 731; white females, 769; total white, 1,500; colored males, 947; colored females, 1,026; total colo!l'ed, 1,973. Total population of Cordele 3,473. Domestic animals of Dooly county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 153 calves, 78 steers, 1 bull, 260 dairy cows, 190 horses, 28 mules, 516 swine, 5 goats.

DOUGHERTY COUNTY.
Dougherty Oau,;,ty was formed out of Baker in 1854, and was named fur Charles Dougherty of Athens, Georgia, one of the most noted men
Of the State. It is bounded by the following counties: Terrell and Lee
on the north, Worth on the east, Baker and Mitchell on the south, and Dalhoun on the west. The Flint river flows through the eastern part
-of the county, and into it in the northern part empties Kinchafoonee

636

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

creek. Along its western border :flmvs Ohichasawhachee creek. These streams and their tributaries abound in fish.
The Brunswick and W estern, and the Savannah, Florida and INestern, both of the Plant System, the Georgia Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line
system, the Central of Georgia and Albany and .Northern, give to the county abundant facilities for travel and freight, while the Flint river gives a splendid water transportation.
Albany, the county site, situated on the west bank of the Flint river, is at the intersection of all these railroads, and hence has the very best
of facilities for trade. It is a growing city, having in its corporate limits
4,606 inhabitants, or, including its immediate suburbs, 8,139, nearly double the population which appears in the census return. It has four banks, gas and electric lights, an artesian water-works plant, .two good hotels, churches of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Roman Catholics, a Jewish synagogue, an excellent high school, a fine public school system and a Normal scho1ol for negroee
.Steamers ply regularly between Albany and Bainbridge. The public 11oads leading from every part of the county into Alban:r are well graded and in good condition. The wagon trade is large, the receipts of cotton at the warehouses by this method of conveyance being 35,000 bales. The.ralilroads brirng 50,000. Albany has two large, brickyards, two cotton compresses, two fertilizer factories, a cotton seed oil- mill, valued at $40,000, a canning factory with a capacity of 10,000 cans a day, and this city claims the largest grocery house in Southwest Georgia. The streets are wide and well-kept, lined with handsome stores and pretty residences. The court-house cost $30,000. Few. cities of its size have so maniJ symmetrical buildings. The first house was built in 1836 by Oolonel Nelson Tift. The site of the city was at one time considered unhealthy and this retarded its growth. But the introduction of artesian wells has made it a healthy and desirable location. Hence its steady growth in recent years. The rich agricultural and fruit section surrounding it give it great advantages. Albany hay-day carnival has become an attractive occasion to the people of city and country. The great abundance of good native grasses, especially of the crab and crowfoot varieties, a:fford opportunities for excellent hay, and the farmers 'Of this section produce it in large quantities. Egyptian corn, German millet and sorghum forage are cultivated with great success. Dougherty county has some of the most productive lands in Georgia. Under skillful farming the lands will yield to the acre : seed cotton, 1,500 pounds; corn, 20 to 30 bushels; wheat, 30 to 40 bushels; oats, 30 to 40 bushels; upland rice, 50 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota toes, 200 bushels, and sugar-cane syrup, 300 to 60(} gallons. There are in the county three vineyards producing the best varieties of grapes. Melons, peaches, pears, and all varieties of vegetables do well. The county is weU timbered and has an annual ~utput of 1,000,000 superficial feet. There are three large sawmills valued at $40,000. According to the United States census of 1900 Dougherty county

PUBLIC ARTESIAN WELL AT ALBANY, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

639

ginned in 1899, 12,493 bales of upland and 342 bales of sea-island cotton.
By the United States census of 1890 there were 2,672 cattle, 972 milch-cows, 146 working oxen, 4,110 hogs, 14,215 poultry of all kinds; 368 hol"Ses, 1,318 mules and 1 donkey. Among the farm productions are 94,810 gallons of milk, 6,933 pounds of butter, 851 pounds of honey and 31,651 dozens of eggs.
The area of Dougherty county is 339 square miles, or 216,960 acres. The population by the United States census of 1900 is 13,679, au increase of 1,473 since 1890. According to the report of the Commissioner of Education the school fund is $8,656.82.
In the 6 schools for whites there is au average attendance of 276 pupils,
while 24 schools for negroes show an average attendance oi 1,110.
Accmding to the r eport of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there are : acres of improved land, 201,898; of wild land, 6,000; average value per acre of improved land, $4.19; of wild land, $1.69; city or town property, $1,317,582; shares in bank, $165,500; building and loan associations, $46,070; money and solvent debts, $382,439; value of merchandise, $252,282; stocks and bonds, $4,600; household and kitchen furniture, $176,812; farm and other animals, $100,597; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,483; watches, jewelry, etc., $28,582; value of all other property, $234,849; real estate, $2,172,695; personal estate, $1,532,186. Aggregate value of all property, $3,704,881.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 10, 385; value of land, $64;871; city or town prope'liy, $53,945; money and solvent debts, $2,412; value of merchandise, $5,677; household aud kitchen furniture, $45,043; watches, jewelry, etc., $485.00; f arm and other animals, $25,827; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,112; value of all other property, $2,746. Aggregate value of whole property, $239,393.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, amounting to $64,927.
Population of Dougherty county by sex and color, according to the ce!Dsus of 1900; .white males, 1,238; white females, 1,213; total white, 2,451; colored males, 5,437; colored females, 5,791; total colored. 11,228.
Population of Albauy City by sex aud color, according to the census 1900: white males, 841; white f emales, 862; total white, 1,703; colored males, 1,268; colored females, 1,635; total colored, 2,903.
Total population of Albany, 4,606. Domestic animals in Dougherty county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or rauges, June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 114 dairy CJows, 164 horses, 13 mules, 25 swine, 7 goats.

640

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

DOUGLAS COUNTY.

Douglas O.ounty was named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas

of Illinois, United States Senator, and a zealous champion of the constitutional rights di the Southern States. It is boundoo by the following counties: Cobb and Paulding on t.he north, Campbell

on the east and southeast, Oarroll on the south and we8t. The Chattahoochee river runs along its eastern and southeastern border and together with some tributary creeks affords abundance of fish.

The Southern Railway traverses the northern section of the county. On this is located Douglasville, the county site, a thriving town with a State bank having a paid in capital of $25,000. Here is located a :flourishing school, kniOWn as the Douglasville College, connected with the

public school system of the county. Salt (or Lithia) Springs, on the same

road, noted for its health-bestowing waters, is a favorite resort, both summer and winter. This is a healthy county with a good soil and an industrious, moral and hospitable people. It is also blessed with good schools and churches.

With fair tillage the land will produce to the acre 600 or 700 pounds

.of seed cottJon, 12 bushels of corn, 20 of oats, 10 of wheat, 10 of rye, 100

of Irish potatoes, 75 of sweet potatoes, 10 of field-peas, 15 of groundpeas, 2,000 pounds of crab-grass hay, 300 pounds of corn f10dder and 150

gallons of sorghum syrup. According to the United States census of

1900 during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned 8,091 bales of upland cotton.
In 1890 there were 658 sheep, with a wool-clip oif 1,113 pounds, 3,4:52

cattle, 1,379 milch-cows, 232 working oxen, 308 horses, 922 mules, 1

donkey, 4,446 swine and 64,381 poultry of all kinds.



The county produced 518,669 gallons of milk, 162,627 pounds of ;but-

ter, 93,299 dozens of eggs and 12,922 pounds of honey. The forest grow:tlh of Douglas county consists in the main of hard-

woods, such as the various kinds of oaks, hickory, chestnut, gum, birch, maple and some pine.
The area of Douglas county is 212 square miles or 135,680 acres.

Its population in 1900 was 8,745, a gain of 951 since 1890.

The public school system of the county embraces 45 schools, with an average daily attendance of 1,312 pupils in the 34 schools for whites and

338 in the 11 schools for negroes. The report of the State School Com missioner, issued in 1900, states the school fund o Douglas county to be $6,035.71.
The report o the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the foUowing

items: acres of improved land, 121,499; of wild land, 1,323; average

value per acre o improved land, $5.66; of wild land, $1.60; value of .city or town property, $127,641; stooks and bonds, $2,289; money and solvent debts, $62,283; value of merchandise, $18,925; invested in cotton factories, $600.00; iron works, $200.QO; household and kitchen fur-

niture, $45,632; farm and other animals, $89,366; plantation and me-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 1

641

<1hanical tools, $24,963; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,049; value or all other property, $21,110; real estate, $816,022; persooal estate, $276,074. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,092,096.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 4,988; value of land, $20,395; city or town property, $4,491; money and solvent debts, $94.00; household and kitchen furniture, $4,345; watches, jewelry, etc., $136.00; farm and other animals, $7,970; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,356; value .of all other property, $253.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $40,374.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain over the returns of 1900 in the value of all property, amounting to $53,947. The Douglasville district .has 2,176 inhabitants, ofwhom 1,140 live in the town of Douglasville.
Salt Springs district eontali!ns a population oif 1,200, of whom 330 live in the town of Lithia Springs.
Population of D<YUglas cormty by sex and cio1lor, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,269; white females, 3,321; total white, 6,590; colored males, 1,097; colored females, 1,058; total colored, 2,155.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, .June 1, 1900: 31 calves, 1 bull, 72 dairy cows, 29 horses, 8 mules, 71 swine, 1 goat.

EARLY COUNTY.
EaTly County was laid out in 1818, a part set off to Decatur in 1823 and a part to Baker in 1825. In this latter year it was organized and named afterGovernor Peter Early, who came from Virginia to Georgia in 1795, and rose rapidly from one office to another until he became Governor of the State in 1813. It is bounded on the north by Clay and Calhoun counties, on the east by Baker and Miller, on the south by Miller and Decatur, and west by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee riveT. It is watered by Spring, Oolomokee, H arrods, and Sowhatchee creeks. The uplands are gray andsandy, with a yellow sand sub-oil. On the streams :are rich hummock lands. The surface is level or slightly rolling. The yield per acre is about as follows: in corn, 15 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels, field-peas, 12 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; upland seed cotton, 600 to 700 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gl!-llons; rice, 800 pounds. According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned 6,302 bales of upland cotton.
By the census of 1890 there were 7,054 sheep, with a wool-clip o 14,493 pounds,: 8,353 cattle, 2,054 milch-cows, 375 working oxen, 894 horses, 751 mules, 13,090 swine and 15,760 of all kinds of poultry. Some o: the farm products were 8,760 pounds of honey, 197,710 gallons of milk, 9,200 pounds of butter, arnd 34,705 dozoos of eggs.
The streams abound in fish, ,and the woods in game, such as qu:ail, tur!k:eys, doves, squirrels, rabbits, raccoons and oppossums.
The timber products are extensive; yellow pine lumber, cypress shing-

642

GEORGIA.: HIS'l'ORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

les and hardwoods, walnut and red cedar. There are 13 steam sawmills with an output of about $60,000 annually. There are also seven gristmills run by water. There are two planing-mills making sashes, doors and blinds, and five turpentine distilleries. There are good horse-powers on the tributaries of the Chattahoochee and the Flint.
The usual public schools prevail, supplemented by some private schools. Blakely Institute, run in connection with the public schools, is noted in that section of the State. In the public school system are 26 schools fo!l. whites, with an average attendance of 910 pupils, and 22 for colored with an average attendance of 791.
The Methodists and Bapt.ists have the greatest number of churches 31nd members. There are also some Presbyteri.aJml.
The Central and Georgia Pine Railroads give f acilities for freight :tnd. travel, as does also the Chattahoochee river, on which are several landings, and whose steamboats carry on a considerable traffic summer and winter. The home markets 'Of the county are Arlington, Damascus, Cedar Springs, Hilton and Blakely, the county site, which, from its po sition 'On the Central Railroad, does a thriving business. H ere there is a bank with a capital of $50,000. Of the 11,000 bales received and shipped in the county during the season of 1899-1900, Blakely handled 7,000. The Blakely district has 3,274 inhabitants, 804 of whom live in the town of Blakely.
This is a good county, and healthy, especially on the pine ridges. Considerable attention is paid to fruit. There are 15,000 peach-trees, 2,000 pear-trees and 1,000 apple-trees.
Six miles north o Blakely on Little Colomokee creek are some Indian mounds. One of these is said to be the largest in America. It is
seventy feet in height and 600 feet in circumference. Area of Early county, 503 square miles or 321,920 acres. Population
of Early county in 1900, 14,828; school fund, $9,066.57. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
p11oved land, 318,998; o wild land, 3,362; average value per acre o improved land, $2.61; of wild land, $1.82; city or town property, $182,980; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $187,475; merchandise, $70,660; cotton maufactories, $6,250; household and kitchen furniture, $103,980; farm and other animals, $218,800; . plantation and mechantical tools, $40,290; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,690; value of allother property, $174,340; real estate, $1,024,165; personal estate, $890,515. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,914,680.
Property returned by colored taxpayera: number of acres of land: 19,144; value of land, $62,630; city or town property, $8,740; money and solvent debts, $720.00; household and kitchen furniture, $24,420; watches, jewelry, etc, $100.00; farm and other animals, $42,245; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,035; value of all other property, $3,180. Aggregate value of whole property, $150,070.
The tax returns for 1901 show mn. increase over the returns of 1900
in the value of all property amounting to $204,670. . 'Populatilon of Early county by sex and oolor, according to the census

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

643

of 1900: white males, 2,938; white females, 2,925; total white, 5,863; colored males, 4,564; colored :females, 4,401; total colored, 8,965.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on :farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: no report.

ECHOLS COUNTY.

Echols County was laid out :from Clinch and Lowndes in 1858, and was named :for Colonel Robert M. Echols of Walton county, president o:f the Senate of Georgia, and afterwards Colonel o:f a Georgia regiment in the war with Mexico, in which country he died. Echols is bounded by Clinch and Lowndes counties on the north, by Clinch on the rrortheast and east, by the State o:f Florida 0'111 the south, and by Lowndes county on the west. The Suwannee river with its tributaries, Toms creek and the east and west :forks of Suwarroochee creek in the east, and the Allapaha river, and tributary creeks in the center and west water the county and give it an abundant supply o:f :fish.
The county is well timbered and the sawmills do a good business prepal'ling the lumber :for market. Rosin and turpentine are shipped in large quantities. Game, such as quail and wild turkeys abound i'll the woods.
Statenville, the county seat, is located on the Allapaha river. Statenville station is on the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway. The Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway also traverses this county.
According to the census o:f 1890 there were 893 sheep, with a woolclip o:f 1,455 pounds; 4,325 cattle, 43 working oxen, 1,600 milch-cows with a product o:f 5,204 pounds of butter and 49,865 gallons o:f milk; 215 horses, 287 mules, 6,136 swine, 13,944 o:f all kinds of poultry, producing 7,973 dio!Zens o:f eggs. There were also produced 6,503 pounds of honey and 374 pounds of cheese.
The lands, climate and soil are about the same as in adjoining counties. The average yield per acre o:f the various crops is: seed cotton, 600 to 700 pounds; corn, :from 12 to 20 bushels; rice, 40 bushels; sugar-cane, from 300 to 500 gallons of syrup.
.According to the United States census of 1900, during the season o:f 1899-1900 there were ginned in this county 795 bales o:f sea-island cotton.
There are 13 public schools in Echols county, and the daily average attendance is 209 pupils in the 10 schools for whites, and 53 in the 3 :!lchools for negroes. .According to the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900, the school :fund :for Echo~s is $1,998.89.
The area of Echols county is 365 square miles, or 233,600 acres. The population by the census of 1900 is 3,209.
The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the :following items: acres of improved land, 119,665; of wild land, 318,538 (evidently a mistake, if the statement of the United States Census Bureau about the area of the county is correct); average value per acre of improved land, $1.12; of wild land, $0.23; city or town property, $2,127; money and

-644

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

solvent debts, $29,781; merchandise, $6,351; C'Otton manufacto~es, $30,-

800; household and kitchen furniture, $21,080; farm and other animals,

$74,887; plantation and mechanical tools, $12,694; watches, jewelry,

etc., $2,005; value of all other property, $31,975; real estate, $210,504;

personal estate, $209,273. A~rtn'e~rate value of whole lLroperty,

$419,777.

.

Property returned by col'Ored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 2,930; value of land, $2,565; city or town prope;rty, $75.00; househ<)ld and kitchen furniture, $2,069; watches, jewelry, etc., $152.00; farm and other animals, $3,654; plantation and mechanical tools, $557.00; value of all other property, $318.00. Aggregate value of all property, $9,413.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property of $779 over the returns for 1900.
Population of Echols county by sex and ciQ!lor, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,190; white females, 1,028; total white, 2,218;

colored males, 604; colored females, 387; total colored, 991. There is no report of the number of domestic animals in barns and in-

dosures.

EFFINGHAM COUNTY.
Effingham Oounty formerly constituted a part of the parishes of St. Matthew and St. Philip, which were funned in 1758. In 1777, during the war for American independence, it was laid off as a county and named in honor of the Earl of Effingham, an ardent supporter ofcolonial rights. A part of this county was added to Screven in 1793 and a part to Bryan in 1794. 'It is bounded by Screven county on the north, the State of South Carolina on the east, Chatham county on the south, an<! Bryan and Bulloch C'Ounties on the west. The Savannah river separate, it from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee is on its western border. These rivers and the creeks that flow into them furnish to this county a plentiful supply of fish, and in the proper season some of the finest shad found in the Savannah market are fresh from these rivers.
Springfield, the county site, is situated in a healthy pine region about 27 miles from Savannah.
Pine and cypress lumber, obtained from the forests, find a convenient market in Savannah. _The annual output of lumber and naval stores amounts to $150,000.
The productiO'IlS C1f the cou!llty are cotton, corn, peas, potatoes, rice, melons, peaches, apples, pears, qlllinces (lnd grapes. The average yield per acre with good culitvat~!)lll is about as follows: corn, 12 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to 15 bushels; cotton, 400 pounds long-staple and 800 pounds upland; sugar-cane, 250 pounds <Yf sugar and 250 to 500 gallons of syrup. The total number of Irish potatoes raised is 6,000 bushels, and of sweet potatoes 23,172 bushels. The apple-trees number 4,614, and the peach-trees 8,360. There are some truck farms whose aggregate sales amount to

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

64&

$7,000. According to the United States census of 1900, during the sea-

son .of 1899-1900, there wer.e ginned 795 bales of upland cotton.

By the census of 1890 the county had 1,852 sheep, with a wool-clip

of 3,435 pounds; 6,300 cattle, 34 working oxen, 1,8D8 milch-<Jows, 572

horses, 377 mules, 10,492 swine and 16,364 poultry of various kinds.

There was a product of 91,598 gallons of milk, 7,122 pounds of butter,

6,724 pounds of honey and 24,325 dozens of eggs.

The land is generally level. The soil is varied; gray }oam underlaid

.by yellow tertiary sand; hummock land on streams. The water iA1

generally freestone, but in some places limestone.

The Central of Georgia Railroad runs through the western part of

the county, and the Florida Central and Peninsular through the eastern.

On the former are several towns and villages, of which the: most import-

ant is Guyton. Other postoffices are Clio, Eden, Egypt, Marlow, Oaky,

Kinson and Tusculum. The Guyton d:istriot has 2,379 inhabitants, of

whom 500 live in the town of Guyton.

Ebenezer, an old German settlement, founded by the Salzburger.:> in

1734, is about 25 miles from the city of Savannah. Some of the des-

cendants of these people still cultivate the silkworm. The Lutheran

church was used by the British as a hospital during that period of the .

Revolution when they had possession of Savannah ' and the greater part

of the State.

There are in Effingham county 48 schools belonging to the public

school system. The average daily attendance of pupils is 680 in the 33

for whites, and 379 in the 15 for negroes. The school fund of Effing-

ham county was given in the report of the State School Commissioner

for 1900, as $5,018.92. The area of Effingham county is 419 square

miles, or 268,160 acres.

.

According to the United S,tates census ,of 1900, the population is

8,334 a gain of 2,735 since 1890.

.

The ComptrGller-General repGrts for 1:'900 as .follows: acres of im-

proved land, 250,287; of wild land, 24,515; average value per acre of

improved land, $1.78; of wild land, $0.54;. city or town property, $146,-

315; shares in bank, $20,283; money and solvent debts, $143,239; mer-

chandise, $32,570; stooks and bonds, $17,536; cotton manufactories,

$16,800; household and kitchen furniture, $66,560; farm and other ani-

mals, $141,461; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,613; watches,

jewelry, etc., $9,129; value of all other property, $53,825; real estate,

$606,016; personal estate, $549,332. Aggregate value of whole prop-

erty, $1,035,531.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,

12,273; value of lrund, $27,243; city or town property, $815.00; money

and solvent debts, $1,052; household and kitchen furniture, $4,753;

farm and other animals, $8,630; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,-

467; watches, jewelry, etc., $209.00; value of all other property, $1,008.

Aggregate value of whoie property, $48,472.

The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $2,107 in the value of

.all property since 1900.

646

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L.

Population of E:ffi!ngham county by sex and oolor, accorrding to the census of 1900: white males, 2,349; white females, 2,281; total white, 4,630; colored males, 1,917; colorred famales, 1,787; total colored,.3,704.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 5 steers, 3 dairy cows, 6 horses, 80 mules, 107 swine.

ELBERT COUNTY.

Elbert County was laid out from Wilkes in 1790. It is bounded <m.

the north by Hart county, on the northeast and east by the State of South

Carolina, from which it is separated by the Savannah river; ro the south

by Lincoln, Wilkes and Oglethorpe, and on the west by Madison and

Oglethorpe. It was named in honor of Colonel Samuel Elbert, com-

mander of Georgia Continentals in the ReVIolution, and afterwards gov-

ernor of Georgia.

Broad river flows along its western and southern border and empties

into the,Savannah river. Beaver Dam creek flows centrally through the

county from northwest toward the southeast and empties into the Sav-

annah river. Other streams are Bertram, Falling, Deep and Cold

Water creeks. Along each of the rivers the lands are rich and very pr<r

ductive. .Remote from them the lands are not so good, and yet with

proper cultivation, yield very remunerative crops. Although in some

sections, under ordinary methods, the lands do not yield more than 50(!

pounds of seed cotton to the acre, 10 bushels of oorn and 8 of wheat,

yet under rotation of crops and scientific cultivation the aver.age yield

to the acre is: seed cotton, 800 to 1,000 porunds; corn, 20 bushels; oats,

25 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; barley; 25; Irish and

sweet potatoes, each 100 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas,

50; Bermuda grass hay, 6,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons.

Vegetables of every variety do well, and apples and peaches are of ex-

cellent flavor. The different kinds of berries grow and mature to per-

fection; but nearly all these product!! are for home consumption. Ac-

cording to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Elbert

county for the season of 1899-1900, 14,945 bales of upland cptton.

There are 931 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,227 pounds; 6,493 cattle,

4:20 working oxen, 2,564 milch-cows with a product of 590,205 gallons

of milk and 201,421 pounds of butter; 1,258 horses, 1,340 mules, 4

donkeys, 7,077 swine, 114,606 poultry of various kinds. Some of the

other products are 77,698 dozens of eggs and 18,808 pounds of honey. .

The water-powers of the county are immense. There are two cotton-

mills, one at Elberton and the other at Beverly on Beaver Dam creek,

both built by Georgia capital. There are also a large cotton seed oil-mill,

3 small flour and grist-mills, several sri:tall sawmills, 3 guano factories and

a new $10,000 flouring-mill with patent roller P'rocess, having a capacity

of 100 barrels a day; 2 carriage f actories, and 4 quarries of the best

granite for building purposes.



Elberton, the county site with a population of 3,834, at the junction

EARLY RICHMOND.
One of the hardiest of all cherries ; bears early and abundantly ; a most valuable market fruit : excellent for cooking or drying; desirable for the extreme North and popular everywhere. May and June. Trees of this class , 5 feet .

GEORGI.!: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

6-4:9

of the Seaboard Air Line and one of the numerous branches of the great

Southern system, :is one of the best built and m~st progressive towns of

Georgia. It has electric lights and two banks with adequate capital to

give it excellent commercial advantages. A fine system of water-works

is in process of construction. Here are located the majority of the manu-

facto,ries of the county. The handsome court-house cost $35,000. Out

of 30,000 bales of cotton received and shipped from this county, Elber-

ton handles 23,000 bales. About 6,000 bales per annum are used by the

two cotton-mills. The population of the Elberton district by the census

of 1900 was 4,841.

Schools and churches are in every neighborhood. The average at-

tendance on the schools is 1,350 in the 47 for whites, and 1,217 in the 31

for colored. Methodists and Baptists predominate.

The area of Elbert county is 388 square miles, or 248,320 acres. Popu-

latoin of Elbert county in 1900, 19,729, an increase 'of 4,353 since 1890.

School fund $12,073.59.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 220,296; average value per acre, $4.07; city property,

$465,492; shares in bmnk, $55,000; money etc., $264,139; value of

merchandise, $94,633; stocks a:nd bonds, $2,000; value of household

furniture, $109,490; farm and other animals, $144,645; plantation and

moohan.ical tools, $41,751; watches, jewelry, ete., $6,500; value of all

other property, $118,305; real estate, $1,363,042; personal estate,

$886,803. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,247,845. .

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,

8,769; value, $35,353; city property, $16,630; merch:an<lise, $55.00;

money, $682.00; household furniture, $8,938; farm and other animals,

$20,872; watches, silver, etc., $127.00; plantation and mechanical tools,

$628.00; value of all other property, $4,621. Aggregate value of whole

property, $87,906.

.

The tax returns for 1901 show a gain over those of 1900 amounting to

$65,779.

Population of Elbert county by sex and color acoording to the census

of 1900: white males, 4,981; white females, 4,955; total white, 9,936;

c10lored males, 4,994; colored females, 4,799; to1tal colored, 9,793.

Population of Elberton City by sex and color, according to the census

of 1900: white males, 1,104; white females, 1,120; total white, 2,224;

colored males, 769; colored females, 841; total colored, 1,610.

Total populaticm of Elberton, 3,834.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms 'Or ranges in

Elbert county, June 1, 1900: 5 calves, 2 bulls, 17 dairy cows, 57 horses,

25 mules, 61 swine, 1 goat.

Other postoffices besides Elberton are Bowman, Cold Water, Con-

cordia, Critic, Dewyrose, Dove's Creek, Flatwoods, Academy, Goss,

H eardmont, Nickvi11e, Middletown, Hulmeville, Overton, Rockfield,

Ruckersville, Stanse11, Webster, Place, and W ych.

A t the junction of of the Savannah and Broad rivers once stood the

town of P et ersburg. It is now almost deserted.

650

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

About three miles above this place on the Rembert plantation now (1900) owned by Mr. Tate, is a coruical-haped mound 40 or 50 feet high7 the circumference of whose base is two or three hundred yards. This mound is entirely composed of the loamy, rich earth of the low grounds. The top or' apex of the mound is flat, a spiral path leading from the ground to the top. There are four niches or sentry boxes, excavated out of the sides of this mound, at different heights from the base, facing the four cardinal points, which are entered from the winding path, and appear to have been designed for look-outs Ol' resting places. Bartram, the celebrated botanist, who visited this mound, and from whose de-
scription the above is somewhat condensed, stated on the authority oi
the owner of these lands, that the mound itself in one season yielded more than 100 bushels of corn.
In the period immediately following the Revolutionary War, the people of this section of Georgia suffered much from the depredations of the Indians. One day a party of savages attacked the home of Mr. Richard Tyner on Coody's creek in the flat woods, when Mr. Tyner was absent from his home. The red-skins killed Mrs. Tyner, dashed out the brains of the youngest child against a tree, and scalping another little one left it for dead. A little son of Mr. Tyner, named Noah, amidst the confusion escaped and hid in a hollow tree, which for many years afterwards was called Noah's Ark. Another son, fleeing to the Savannah river, made his escape. Mary and Tamar Tyner were carried off by the Indians to the Coweta towns. After many years a man named John Ma:nack, trading with the Ind~ans purchased Mary, who returned with him to Elbert county and became his wife. He tried also to purchase Tamar, but the Indians would not sell her. One day an old Indian woman learning that her countrymen intended to burn Tamar alive on account of a suspicion that she was planning her escape, helped the poor white girl to escape down the Chattahoochee river in a canoe. Tamar, after many narrow escapes, finally reached Appalachicola Bay. From thence she went hy a vessel to Savannah f1om which city she made her way back to Elbert county. There sheafterwards married a Mr. Hunt.
Another remarkable incident was this: During one of the Indian attacks upon the frontier settlements, the savages, after killing several persons, carried off a little girl about 12 years old. A man by the name of William Suttle determined to rescue the child or die in the attempt. In the middle of the night he came upon the party and saw the little girl seated upon the lap of a brawny Indian, who appeared delighted with his prisoner. After a while the Indian arose and stood erect. Instantly Suttle fired and shot the Indian through the heart. In the midst of the alarm consequent upon this sudden attack, the little girl ran in the direction from which the gun was fired, and was received by Suttle, who, putting her upon his horse and springing into his saddle, carried her back safely to her friends.
One of the most remarkable women that any country has ever produced resided in Elbert county. This was Nancy Hart, whose maiden name was Morgan. Her husband was brother of Colonel Thomas

PUBLIC ARTESIAN WEI.LS AT CGLE'IHORJ'E GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

653

Hart of Kentucky, who married a Miss Gray of Orange county, North

Carolina, and who was father-in-law of Henry Clay and maternal unole of

the Hon. Thomas Hart Benton. Nancy Hart removed with her husband

to Georgia before the Revolution and settled on Broad river in Elbert

county. An apple oi chard marks the spot where thyy dwelt. Near by

them was a creek emptying into Broad river which, during the war of

the Revolution, was called "War Woman's Creek," on acoount of the

many marvelous exploits of Nancy Hart. She was an ardent partiot in

whose untutored bosom dwelt the heart of a hero.

One evening, as she and her children were seated around a log fire, on

which was boiiing a pot of soap, one of the family discovered some one

peeping through the crevices of the chimney, and quietly informed

Nancy of it. She talked on unconcernredly .and stirred the soap, watch

ing for the reappea.rance of the spy. Suddenly, like a flash, she

.dashed a ladle of boiling soap into the face of the eavesdropper,

who, before he could recover, was seized by the dauntless woman and

oound fast as a prisoner.

On another occasion a party of Tories. came to her house and ordered

her to cook dinner for them. She stormed and raged, but making a vir-

tue of nooessity did as she was told. While they were seated at the table

Nancy, with the help of her little daughter, managed to secure their

guns. When they attempted to recover their arms she killed one, and

quickly seizing another gun wounded another. Thereupon the other

three Tories surrendered at discretion, and were hanged by Mr. Hart

.and the neighbors who had just come in. The tree upon which they

were hanged was pointed out as late as 1838.

On one occasion when information was needed of what was transpiring

in South Carolina, Nancy went to the Samnoo.h river, procured two logs,

and tied them with a grape-vine, thus constructing a raft. Upon this she

-<Jrossed the river, obtained the desired information and returning com-

municated it to the Georgia troops.

At another time she defended successfully a small fort against the

attack of a ba!Ild of Tories and savages.

,

While Augusta was in the hands of the British, Nancy, assuming the

.garments of a man, went into the British camp at that post and, pre-

. tending to be crazy, obtained valuable information which she hastooed

to lay be:fore the CQIJIJ.mander of the Georgia troops, then in Wilkes

county, Colonel Elijah Clarke.

EMANUEL COUNTY.
Emanuel County was la:id out from Bulloch and Montgomery in 1812, and was named after the Hon. David Emanuel, who was a brotherin-law o:f General John Twiggs, and fought bravely under him for the liberty of his country. He was several times a member of the legislature from Burke county and president of the Senate.
Emanuel county is bounded on the north by Burke and J e:fferson
SO ga

654

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

counties, on the east by Screven and Bulloch, southeast by Bulloch and Tattnall, southwest by Montgomery, west by Laurens and northwest by Johnson county. The Ogeechee river separates the county from Burke. The Cannouchee river flows through the center, the Ohoopee river through the western part. Along its western and southwestern border flows Pendleton's creek. Other streams are Yamgrandee, Sartain's and Tump's creeks. The rivers and streams supp1y abundance of :fish.
The timbers are fine. The pine and cypress yield excellent lumber and shingles, which, with turpentine and rosin, are shipped in large quantities to Savannah. There are five turpentine distilleries and 10 lumber mills.
The land is level arid along the rivers and creeks is productive. The average production per acre for the county is: corn, 12 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; seed cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea-island cotton, 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 500 gallons. According to the United States census of 1900 this county in 1899 produced 9,525 bales of upland and 4,062 of sea-island cotton. The summer range for cattle and hogs is excellent. Fine hay is made from pea-vine and grass. The gristmills number 10.
In 1890 Emanuel county had 19,721 sheep, with a wool-clip of 53,955 pounds; 17,222 cattle, 478 working oxen, 5,251 milch-cows, 1,473 hicxrses, 1,264 mules, 31,025 swine, and 81,343 poultry of various kinds. The number of goats is estimated at 200. There was also a production of 76,638 dozens of eggs, 14,928 pounds of honey, 377,608 gallons of milk and 57,968 pounds of butter. Vegetables and fruits are raised for home consumption.
The means of transportation and travel are by the Millen and Southem, Midville, Swainsboro and Red Bluff, Wadley and Mount Vermm, Stillmore Air Line, and the Pineora (now a part of the Central) Railroads, about 100 miles in all. The county roads are in good condition.
Swainsboro, the county site1 is at the junction of th~_ Midville, Swainsboro and Red Bluff Railroad, with the Stillmore Air Line. Here a new company is organized for the erection of a cotton-mill. There is one bank with a capital of $50,000, and a court-house worth $30,000.
Of the 15,000 bales of cotton shipped from the county, 5,000 are bodied at Swainsboro.
Area, 936 square miles, or 599,040 acres by the census of 1900. Population of Emanuel county, 21,279; school fund, $12,973.31; school :fund of Adrian, $583.19.
By the Comptroller-General's report :for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 405,424; of wild land, 115,675; average value per acre of improved land, $2.04; of wild land, $1,00; city property, $197,365; money, etc., $305,859; value of merchandise, $117,286; stocks and bonds, $3,035; cotton nmnui'actories, $21,000; iron works, $500; household :furniture, $174,753; :farm animals, $338,457; watches and jewelry, $8,176; planta1tion and mechanical tools, $64,312; real estat~,

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

655

$1,142,710; personal estate, $1,140,970. Aggregate value of whole

property, $2,283,680.

.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres o land,

22,625; value, $43,117; city property, $6,476; money and solvent debts,

$2,469; merchandise, $200; household and kitchen furniture, $12,837;

watches, jewelry, etc., $295.00; farm and other animals, $27,142; plan-

tation and mechanical tools, $4,285; value of all other property, $1,399;

aggregate value of whole property, $103,480.

The tax returns :for 1901 show a gain in the value o all property ovell'

the returns of 1900, amounting to $181,713.

There are 93 schools in the county belonging to the public school-sys-

tem, arnd the avell'age daily attendance lis 1,757 pupils in the 62 schools

for whites, and 1,167 in the 31 schools for negroes.

Population of Emanuel county by sex and colOil', aooording to the cen-.

sus of 1900: white males, 6,598; white females, 6,275; total white,,

12,873; colored males, 4,468; colOil'ed females, 3,938; total co1oTed,,

8,406.

The total population, 21,279, shows a gain of 6,576 over 1890.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on :fanns or ranges,.

June 1, 1900: 83 calves, 54 steers, 9 bulls, 111 dairy cows, 99 horses:.

169 mules, 508 swine, 77 goats.

FANNIN COUNTY.
Fannin County was laid off from Unioo and Gilmer counties in 1856, and was named in honor of J. W. Fannin who, with his whole command, were put to the sword at Goliad while fighting for the freedom of Texas. It is bounded on the north by the States of North Carolina and Tennessee, east by Union county, southeast by Lumpkin, southwest and south by Dawson and Gilmer counties and west by Murray. Toccoa river rises in the southeastern part of the county and flows northward into Tennessee.
The Atlanta, Knoxville and NOII'th: Georgia Railroad traverses the county dividing at Blue Ridge into two diverging branches, one going into Tennessee, the other into North Carolina. Thus the pe10ple enjoy :facilities :for travel and for shipping to market chickens, eggs, apples, and such other products as they may have for sale.
The lands are hilly and mountainous, and contain such minerals as gold and copper.
Blue Ridge is the county site, the court-house having been transferred to that point from Morganton in 1899.
The lands produce well, and with proper cultivation will yield per acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels: Irish potatoes, 100 bushel-s; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds; clover, 1,200 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sOil'ghum syrup, 75 gallons. The apples o:f thi~ county are of superior flavor, and can be kept almost from one end of the year to the other.

656

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

By the census o 1890 there were in this county 7,826 sheep, with a

wool-clip of 9,549 pounds; 6,949 cattle, 1,430 working oxen, 2,165

milch-cows, producing 641,893 gallons of milk and 146,974 po~ds o

butter, 71,897 poultry of all sorts with an egg production of 98,532

dozen. The county also produced 15,469 pounds of honey. There were

also 749 horses, 386 mules and 11 donkeys.

The people are kind, hospitable and hardy. They manufacture at

home most of their cloth, jeans and linsey, for winter wear, and live

<Jhiefl.y on home supplies.

The forest growth is white oak, post oak, hickory, ash, poplar, maple

and other hardwoods and some pine.

,

The area of Fannin county is 390 square. miles, or 249,600 acres.

Population in 1900, 11,214; school fund, $6,957.11.

By the Oomptroller~General's report for 1900 there are: acres o im-

proved land, 219,573; of wild land, 73,038; average value per acre of

improved land, $1.51; of wild land, $0.30; city or town property,

$77,173; money, etc., $72,625; value of merchandise, $31,092; cotton

manufactories, $1,283; mining, $60.00; household and kitchen furni-

ture, $39,066; farm and other animals, $115,960; plantation and me-

chanical tools, $15,256; watches,. jewelry, etc., $2,167; value of all other

property, $8,807; real estate, $432,653; personal estate, $288,519. Ag-

gregate value of whole property, $721,172.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 168;

value, $105.00; city or town property, $425.00; money, $1,200; house-

hold and kitchen furniture, $549.00; watches, silver, etc., $21.00; farm

and other animals, $482.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $40.00;

value of all other property, $12.00. Aggregate value of whole prop-

erty, $1,646.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property

over that reported in 1900, amounting to $86,858.

The public school system has 57 schools for whites, with an average at-

tendance of 1,684 pupils, and2 for colored with an average attendance

o48.

At Morganton, the former county site, is located the North Georgia

Baptist College, which is doing a splendid work in that section. They

and the Methodists are the leading denominations of the county.

The railroads have greatly developed the county in the last few yeaa

The town of Blue Ridge, which in 1890 had only 264 inhabitants, had

by the census of 1900 a population of 1,148, and the district of the same

name had g.rown from 868 in 1890 to 2,048 in 1900.

The population of the county, which was 8,724 in 1890, was in 1900

11,214, an increase of 2,490.

Population of Fannin county by sex and color, according to the cen

sus of 1900: white males, 5,346; white females, 5,572; total white,

10,918; CiOlored maleE, 143; colored females, 153; total colored, 296.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 34 calves, 12 steers, 4 bulls, 109 dairy cows, 47 horses, 19

mules, 2 donkeys, 6 sheeE, 264 swine.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

657

FAYETTE COUNTY.
Fayette County is a portion of the territory acquired by the United States for the use of the State of Georgia from the Creek Indians, by a treaty made at the Indian Spring. It was organized in 1821 and named in honor of the Marquis de la Fayette, the gallant French nobleman who so heartily espoused the cause of American freedom during the long struggle f'or independence. This county is bounded by the following counties: Campbell on the north, Clayton on the east, Spalding on the aast and southeast, and Coweta on the west. Flint river divides it from Clayton and Spalding counties and Line creek from Coweta.
The Southern Railway traverses it from north to south, and a branch of the Central system cvooses its southern part.
The face of the country is generally level. The soil is gray; the water pure, cool freestone.
Lands in this county yield per acre, under fair cultivation: seed cotton, from 800 to 1,200 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 10 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; Irish potatoes, 250 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 350 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-<Jane syrup, 250 gallons. But some of the lands under a state of scientific cultivation make 60 bushels of corn to the acre ; 75 of oats; 30 of wheat; 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and 400 gallons of cane syrup. Scientific or intensive farming will raise in like proportion the averages in every county in the State.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in th& county for 1899-1900 was 9,449 bales, all upland.
Peaches and apples clio well in this county. The Yated and Shockley apples, of which large quantities are raised, have prcwed very remunerative.
The county possesses abundant water-power and a fine supply of timber for building and mechanical purposes. Consequently there are many grist and sawmills.
By the census of 1890 there were in the county 163 sheep, with a wool-clip of 292 pounds; 2,843 cattle, 131 working oxeu; 1,197 milchcows with a production of 355,093 gallons of miuk and 117,098 pounds of butte:r; 425 horses, 1,245 mules, 3 donkeys, 4,151 swine, 54,991 poultry of various kinds with a production of 70,625 dozen eggs. The county also produced 10,300 pounds of honey.
Fayetteville, the county site, is on a bramch of the Southern Railway. Brook's station, Inman, Lowry and Woolsey, are some of the other postoffices.
The area of Fayette county is 215 square miles, or 137,600 acres. Population in 1900, 10,114; school fund, $6,731.64.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 119,084; average value per acre, $5.12; city property, $46,325; money, $37,309; merchandise, $31,694; stocks and bond'S,

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GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

$500; cotton manufactories, $690; iron works, $110; household furniture, $48,579; mining, $25; farm and other animals, $90,888; plantation and mechanical tools, $25,362; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,127; real estate, $656,085; personal estate, $264,737. Aggregate value of whole property, $920,817.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 1,541; value, $7,964; city property, $550; money, etc., $767; household furniture, $4,199; watches, silver, ete., $83; farm animals, $6,128; plantation and mechanical tools, $908. Aggregate value of whole property, $21,780.
There are about 25,000 acres of forest in the county, with such trees as pine, oak, hickory, gum and poplar. About 20 small sawmills work this timber and prepare it for the market. At Fayetteville there is a amall private bank, a court-house worth $15,000, 2 life and fire insurance agencies and several successful stores. There are also 2 broom factories.
There are 43 schools belonging to the public school system of Geor-gia. The daily average attendance is 865 in the 27 sehools for whites, and 300 in the 16 for negroes.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian denominations.
The Fayetteville district contains a population of 2,265, of whom 430 live in the town. The population of the county, 10,114, is a gain of 1,386 since 1890.
Population of Fayette county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,254; white females, 3,299; total white 6,553; colored males, 1,788; colored females, 1,773; total colored, 3,561.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 33 dairy cows, 17 horses, 11 mules, 2 sheep, 74 swine.

FLOYD COUNTY.
Floyd County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was named in honor vf General John Floyd of Camden county, who was greatly distinguished for his victories over the Indian allies of the British in the war of 1812-1815. Floyd county is bounded on the north by Chattooga and Gordon, east by Gordon and Bartow, south by Polk, west by the State of Alabama and nothwest by Chattooga county. The EtD'Wah and Ostenaula rivers enter this county from different directions, and, uniting at Rome in the east central portion, form the C'Oosa, which flows westward into Alabama. The Etowah river is not navigable, but is a swift flowing mountain stream with immense water-powers that can be utilized for running factories and flour and grist mills. The Oostenaula is navigable for 105 miles northward and uortheastward from the city. The Coosa is navigable for 250 miles below the city, and the United States government is making large appropriations to open it to the Gulf

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of Mexico. The steamboats on these two rivers bring to Rome the productions of the Coosa Valley, consisting of lumber, iron, grain, cot-
ton, and all those of the Oostenaula Valley, including large quantities o
walnut, poplar and oak lumber. Railroad trarrsportation in the county is all that could be desired. The
great Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis system comes in by the old Rome Railroad, now a branch of the Western and Atlantic (State road), connecting Rome with Atlanta on the south and Chattanooga on the north. The Southern Railroad, one of the greatest railway systems in the Union, goes through Rome, giving a connection on the north to Chattanooga and all points in the northwest, and through East Tennessee to all points northeast, including New York, Philadelphia and Washington City. One division of this same system goes from Rome southward to Atlanta, Macon, Brunswick and Savannah, and all points in Florida. The Alabama divi'Sion of the Southern system connects Rome with lines at Anniston, Alabama, to :Montgomery and Mobile, and also to Selma, Meridian, Vicksburg, New Orleans and all points south and west. The Rome and Decatur (Alabama), now operated by the Southern, runs -~hrough the valley of the Coosa to Gadsden and Attalla, Alabama. The 0ld Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad, now a part of the great Central of Georgia system, gives another connection to Chattanooga and the northwest, and also affords direct communication with Savannah and all points in Georgia and Fmlfida. All these great arteries of freight and travel, meeting at Rome, make it one of the greatest railroad centers of the South. The miles of splendid macadamized county roads give to those citizens not living on any one of the numerous railroad lines easy access to their own thriving, glowing city. Besides all these advantages an elegant electric street car system reaches out from the city to the suburbs, extending along the cardinal points of the compass.
Rome is not only the commercial, but al'So the manufacturing center of this part of the State. Among the important industries should be mentioned: the Rome Rolling Mill, making merchant bar iron and manufacturing cotton ties; Rome Foundry and Machine W arks, Brick Works, Standard Scale Company, Stove works, Cotton factory, Rome HoUowware and Iron Factory, steam ginners, cotton compress, plow factory, gas works, electric light plant, electric street railroad, cotton seed-oil mills, ice factory, harness and saddle factories, 2 planing-mills, Garlock Rubber Packing Factory, steam tannery, a furniture factory, excelsior works, broom factory, mattress factory, carriage and wagon factory, acid phosphate works, and the Rome Charcoal Iron Furnace.
Besides the State public school system the city <orf Rome has an excellent system of its own, and Shorter College for young ladies. _
Rome has a population of 7,291 by the census of 1900; but Rome district, which embraces the city and the towns of East Rome and North Rome with their respective suburbs, contains by the same census 14,035
inhabitants. The soil of Floyd county is very productive, especially in the three
great river valleys, producing in abundance cotton, corn and the small

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

grain and hay crops. Though the higher lands are less fertile, they are better adapted to the growing of such fruits as peaches, pears, plums, cherries and all varieties of berries. Apples flourish best on the1 lower lands. Upon the mountain tops grapes grow in great perfection.
"'With fair cultivation the lands yield to the acre: seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; corn, 25 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 20 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; fieldpeas, 15 bushels; crab-grass and clover, each 5,000 pounds of hay; fodder, 600 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons. As in Bartow and Cobb, there are lands which yield 50 bushels of corn and 40 of wheat to the acre. Stock-raising and the improvement of the breeds is attracting considerable attention. There are excellent dairy farms in the county.
By the census of 1890 there were 3,623 sheep, with a wool-clip of 7,052 pounds; 10,352 cattle, 619 working oxen, 3,932 milch-cows with a production of 1,266,971 gallons of milk, from which were made 381,573 pounds of butter and 1,270 pounds of cheese. There were by the same census 137,106 poultry of all kinds with a product of 216,015 dozens of eggs. The honey produced amounted to 24,785 pounds. There were also in the county 1,519 horses, 2,118 mules, 11 donkeys, and 16,330 swine. Of the cattle 187 were pure bred and 909 were half bLood and higher. .These statistics do not include live stock in the city of Rome.
In minerals Floyd is rich. The following have been found: brown and red iron ores, manganese, bauxite, marble (variegated and black), slate, limestone, cement rock, lithographic stone, brown stone kaolin, ochre, brick clay, bituminous shale, extensive iron pyrite, gold, silver and lead.
Besides Rome, East Rome and North Rome, there is in the southwestern part of the county the growing town of Cave Spring, on one of the branches of the Southern Railway, 16 miles from Rome. It is situated in Van's Valley, one of the most charming in all Georgia. In the southeastern end of the town is a large limestone cave in the side of a wellwooded hill, from the foot of which is a spring of clear, mild limestone water, from which the town derives its name. At Cave Spring are located Hearn Institute, Hearn Female Seminary, Wesleyan Institute and the Georgia Academy f'Or the Deaf and Dumb. Though the town proper had by the census of 1900 only 824 inhabitants, the Cave Spring district, which includes the town, contains a population of 2,283.
The Southern Manganese and Steel Company has completed at this town a $20,000 plant for treating manganese, of which it produces 50 tons a day. An electric light plant is also approaching completion.
In the Lindale district, having a population or 2,643, is the great Lindale Cotton Factory, having 1,726 lo'oons, 51,264 spindles and a capital of $1,000,000. The proprietors have erected an elegant $15,000 sC'hool building for the children of the operatives, aond havefitted up a handsome library and reading-room, lighted by electricity, for the benefit of their employees. In the school building is a large, well-equipped lectureroom, elegant in all its appointments, lighted by electricity and suite~ to any kind of public ente:rtainment.

ROME BEAUTY.
A very handsome and valuable winter apple, ripening from mid-winter to late spring. Tree hardy and productive.

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663

Floyd county abounds in churches o the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians. The Roman Catholics also are well represented. The Jews have a synagogue at Rome.
The area of Floyd county is 506 square miles, or 323,840 acres. The population by the United States census o 1900 was 33,113, an increase o 4,722 since 1890.
According to the report of the Department of Education the school fund of the county is, $16,392.25; of the city of R:ome $5,186.02; o North Rome $1,042.80.
According to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 the property returned for taxation is as follows: acres of improved land, 266,815; acres of wild land, 17,847; average value per acre o improved land, $7.26; of wild land, $0.80; city property, $2,716,909; shares in bank, $441,325; money, etc, $815,427; merchandise, 513,115; tonnage, $4,000; stocks and bonds, $39,800; cotton manufactories, $1,024,850; household furniture, $306,542; iron works, $1,600; mining, $14,380; farm and other animals, $301,472; plantation and mechanical tools, $91,032; watches, jewelry, etc., $39,144; value of all other property, $60,293; real estate, $4,669,618; personal estate, $3,837,326. Aggregate value o whole property, $8,506,944.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres o land, 12,884; value, $43,071; household furniture, $67,655; money, $185.00; merchandise, $1,155; farm and other animals, $20,857; watches, silver, etc., $238; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,345; value o all other property, $1,121. Aggregate value of whole property, $168,057.
The taxretru'lls for 1901 shnw a decrease in the value o all property of $200,975 since the returns of 1900. The apparent decrease was probably owing to an error in the compilation of the returns, for Floyd is one of the most progressive counties of Georgia.
Colonel A. J. Pickett, whose researches into the early history of Georgia and Alabama are very interesting, came to the conclusron from a description written by one of De Soto's followers that Rome occupied the site of the Indian town called Chiaha. Here De Soto on his wonderful march from Florida across Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, rested for 30 days, while men and horses recuperated and recovered strength.
Accordil).g to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in Floyd 0ounty during the season of 1899-1900, 11,864 bales of upland cotton.
In the public school system are 75 schools for whites and 33 for colored. The average attendance on the former is 1,748 pupils, and on the latter, 859. In the white schools 'Of Rome are 997 pupils, and in the colored schools, 536.
Population of Floyd county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 10,900; white females, 10,733; total white, 21,633; colored males, 5,651; colored f emales, 5,829; total colored, 11,480.
Population of the city o Rome by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,147; white females, 2,310; total white,

664

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

4,457; colored ~ales, 1,243; colored females, 1,591; total colorred, 2,834 Total populatiOn of Rome, 7,291. Domestic animals in Floyd county, in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 276 calves, 122 steers, 749 dairy cows, 566 horses, 205 mules, 2 donkeys, 33 sheep, 812 swine, 19 goats.

FORSYTH COUNTY.
Forsyth County was laid out from Cherokee in 1834, and named after the Hon. John Forsyth, a native of Virginia, who carne with his father to Georgia at four years of age, rose to pJ0minence while a very young man, became attorney-general of Georgia, then representative in Congress, then senator, then Minister of the United States to Spain, again representative in Congress, next Governor of Georgia, then a second time its senator at Washington, and finally Secretary of State of the United States. This county is bounded by the following counties: Dawson on the north, Hall on the east, Hall and Gwinnett on the southeast, Milton on the south and Milton and Cherokee on the west. The Etowah river flows through its northwestern corner, while the Chattahoochee and one of its braTich6 bMders the county on the east and southeast. Tributaries of these rivers water the western and northern sections of the county. The bottom lands of the rivers are very fertile, and the valley lands also produce good crops of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. The average production to the acre of the lands of this county under improved methods is about 25 bushels of corn, 25 of oats, 15 of wheat, 15 of barley, 10 of rye, 200 bushels each of hish and sweet potatoes, 10 to 15 bushels of field-peas; 50 bushels of ground-peas; 500 pounds of seed cotton; 400 pounds of crab-grass hay, 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of Bermuda
grass hay, 6,000 pounds of clover, 500 pounds orr corn fodder and 100 gal-
lons of sorghum syrup. The best hay made in the county is pea-vine mixed with sorghum and crab-grass. Vegetables of every kind, apples, peaches, plums and other fruits mature well and in great profusion. There are no fruit farms, but nearly all the farmers have orchards and sometimes carry a wagon load of apples to Atlanta. There are no dairy farms, but almost every family has one, and some, two or more, milch-cows. The Jersey is regarded as the best milker. The Durham and the Devon are preferred for beef. By the census of 1890 the cattle numbered, 4,985, of which 403 were working oxen, and 2,133 were milch-cows, yielding 602,371 gallons of milk, from which were made 210,081 pounds of butter and 75 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all varieties aggrergated 98,297 and produced 107,427 dozens of eggs. The honey collected amounted to 20,187 pounds. There are 820 horses, 1,460 mules, !:5 donkeys and 7,683 swine. The sheep numbered 1,006, and yielded 1,293 pounds of wool.
For summer pasturage, Bermuda, crab-grass and broom sedge grasses are used; for winter, rye chiefly. The feed f'Or cattle is pea-vine hay

GEORGIA: HISTORICaL aND INDUSTRIAL.

665

forage, fodder, shucks, oo'tton seed, cotton seed-meal and corn meal bran.
The forest growth is chiefly second growth pine, hickory, and the varieties of oak. There are two small sawmills run by water and nine steam sawmills. Mo:st of the mills are portable and saw by lots for those who use lumber. There are nine flour and grist-mills, and twelve corn mills. There is also in Forsyth county one tannery. The Chattahoochee river affords water-power sufficient for any number of factories.
According to the United States census of 1900 Forsyth county in 1899 ginned 7,449 bales of upland cotton.
Most of the products of the county are marketed at Buford, on the Southern Railway; some in Atlanta.
The climate is healthy, the water clear and pure. The people are kind and hospitable. There are public and private schools, and churches of the Methodists and Baptists. The latter are the most numerous. Hightower Institute is a Baptist school, and Hopewell Academy belongs to the Methodists.
Although rw railroads traverse the county, the Southern runs within a few miles of its eastern boundary, the nearest point being at the southeast corner.
Cumming, the county site, named in honor of Colonel William Cum-
ming of Augusta, is located on Vickery creek, 2f miles from Sawnee
Mountain, which is said to be rich in gold. Some mines in the county have yielded large amounts of gold. Some silver and copper have been found. Three huncll'ed thousand dollars in gold has been taken from the Strickland mine, which is not now being worked. The Green mine near Coal Mountain, is a rich placer. It is being daily operated by a few men using primitive methods.
There is much beautiful scenery, especially in the vicinity of Cumming, This town has a population of 239, but the Cumming district, which includes it has 1,808 people.
In the schools of the public school system the average attendance is 1,398 in the 48 schools :Jh r whites and 115 in the 7 for negroes.
The area of Forsyth county is 252 square miles, or 161,280 acres. Population in 1900, 11,550, a gain of 395 since 1890; school fund, $8,273.08.
By the Comptro1ler-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 152,981; of wild land, 2,280; average value to the acre o! improved land, $4.03; of wild land, $0.66; city property, etc., $31,515; money, $156,092; merchandise, $46,294; household furniture, $57,100; farm animals, $141,237; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,545; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,863; value of all other property, $24,846; real estate, $772,715; pel'SK)nal estate, $471,654. Aggregate value o whole property, $1,244,369.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 1,991; value, $6,320; money, $285.00; city property, $275.00; household furniture, $1,469; watches, silver, etc., $22.00; farm animals, $3,482; planta-

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

tion and moohanical tools, $554.00; value of all other property, $102.00. .Aggregate value ofwhole property, $12,509.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $70,829 in the value of all property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Forsyth county by race rund color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,161; white females, 5,306; total white, 10,467; colored males, 544; colored females, 539; total colored, 1,083.
No report of domestic animals in barns or inclosures, all being probably on farms or ranges.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.
Franklin County is one of the oldest in the State, and from it several counties have been formed. It was named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, who was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 17, 1706. Whe~ a young man he removed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and soon rose to prominence as a philosopher and a statesman. Through him was brought about the treaty of alliance with France in 1778, and he was one of the commissioners who negotiated with England the final treaty of peace.
Franklin county is bounded on the northeast by South Carolina, from which it is separated by the Tugaloo, a branch of the Savannah river; on the east by llart county, on the south by Madison county, on the west by Banks county and northwest by Habersham.
On its southern border flows Hudson's Fork, commonly called Hudson river, a tributary of Broad river, which empties into the Savannah on the border of Elbert and Lincoln counties. North Fork and Middle Fork, tributaries of Broad river, flow through the county. The lands along the rivers and creeks are rich and produce abundant crops of cotton, corn and the small grains, as well as a great variety of vegetables. The average yield to the acre under good cultivation is: seed cotton 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 10; oats, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 100; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; Bermuda grass 4,000 pounds; shredded corn, 4,000; sorghum syrup, 75 to 100 gallons.
In 1890 there were in the county 1,669 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,491 pounds, 5,940 cattle, of which there were 630 working oxen, 2,227 milch-cows, produoing 730,701 gallons of milk, 232,615 pounds of butter, and 25 p'OUI).ds of cheese. There were also 108,222 of all kinds of poultry, producing 72,307 dozens of eggs. The honey produced amounted to 18,939 pounds. There were also 990 horses, 1,323 mules, 3 donkeys and 7,763 swine.
The :forest growth is chiefly of hardwoods, viz.: the different varieties of oaks, hickory, maple, ash, birch, gum and other trees common to this section of the State.
The climate of Franklin county <is pleasant and healthy. The people are industrious, kind-hearted and hoopitable. Methodists and Baptists

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

667

are the most numerous of the Christian denominations, though there are also many Presbyterians and a few of other sects.
There are some good private schools besides the excellent ones belonging to the system provided by the State. In the 50 public schools for whites there is an average attendance of 1,753 pupils, and in the 19 for negroes an average atteiJldance of 529.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 13,998 bales of upland cotton, representing very nearly the entire production of the county for 1899.
Carnesville, named for Thomas B. Carnes, an eminent lawyer and judge, is the county site, located about ten miles from one of the branch roads of the Southern Railway system. It has, according to the United States census of 1900, a population of 305 in the corporate limits, and in the entire Carnesville district, 2,202. The Franklin Springs are about 9 miles southeast of Carnesville.
The largest town in the county is Lavonia, in Bryant district, which contains a population of 2,093, while in the town there are 699 inhabit-
ants. It is on a branch of the Southern Railway between T occoa and
Elberton, and being on a ridge leading from the base of the Blue Ridge, has a delightful summer climate. On either side are fruitful plains yielding cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peaches, etc., one plain stretching toward the Tugaloo river on the north, the other toward the Broad on the south.
The business portion is built of brick. There are several manufacturing establishments: the Lavonia Oil Mill, with $2 5,000 capital; the Lavonia Milling Company, a modern roller flouring mill with $10,000 capital; the Lavonia Gin Company with a capital of $10,000; Stevenson's Brick Mills with an output of 50,000 first-class brick in a day; Mason, Randall & Co's. lumber yard and sawmills with dressers and other modern equipments, and the Lavonia Cotton Mill, with a capital of $65,000. There are in the town 2 hotels; Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches, the Lavonia Institute, a $4,000 brick building, well patron1ized and the Bank of Lavonia, with a capital adequate to the needs of the community.
Another town is Royston, on the Southern Railway, with 579 inhabitants in the corporate limits, while in the Manley district, which includes it, are 1,321 people. This town has four fertilizer establishments which carry on a successful business. It is also well supplied with religious and educational advantages.
Other postoffices. are Ashland, Avalon, Bold Spring, Mize, Cromer, Eastonollee, Garlan.dville, Goodwill, Henry, Iron Rock, Martin, Red Rill, Salubrity, Walnut Hill and West Bowersville.
The area of Franklin county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres. By the United States census of i900 the population was reported at 17,700, a gain of 3,030 over that of 1890. According to the r eport of Hon. G. R. Glenn, State School Commissioner, the school fund of Franklin county for 1900 was $11,919.66. By the report of Ron. W. A . Wright, the Comptroller-General, th<> following items were returned for taxation in 1900: acres of improved

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

land, 195,179; average value per acre, $4.71; city or town property, $132,503; shares in bank, $12,000; money and solvent debts, $180,074; value of merchandise, $67,241; cotton manufactures, $15,000; household and kitchen furniture, $81,472; farm and other animals, $186,511; plantation and mechanical tools, $46,616; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,151; cotbon, corn, annual crop, etc., $9,255; value of all other property, $39,590; real estate, $1,090,075; personal estate, $641,372. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,731,447.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 2,626; value ofland, $9,539; city or town property, $1,263; money and solvent debts, $157; merchandise, $208; household and kitchen furniture, $4,740; watches, jewelry, etc., $68.00; farm and other animals, $10,894; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,071; value of all other property, $1,492. Aggregate value of whole property $30,432.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $119,789 over thereturns of 1900.
One 'Of the early settlers of this county was Captain James Terrell, who died in the 77th year of his age. During the Revolutionary struggles, though living in the midst of royalist neighbors, he was among the first to embrace the cause of America, and served with distinction until disabled by a musket ball which shattered his hip.
There are in Franklin county several Indian mounds. This section of the State was long exposed to the ravages of the Indians. In almost every part of it the settlers found it necessary to erect forts and blockhouses to protect themselves against the savages who, wjhenever opportunity offered, inflicted upon helpless women and children cruelties, the very record of which would chill the blood. The remembrance of these thing~ was still fresh, when in 1837 the Creek warriors in Alabama gathered to do battle against the whites. One of the most gallant companies that V1oJunteered for this war was from Franklin county, and was commanded by a Captain Mornis. At the battle of Pea River Swamp in Alabama (March 25, 1837), the Franklin Volunteers greatly distinguished themselves. One of their number, after the Indians had boon routed, while pursuing a :fleeing savage, got into their camp when two I'l!-dian women seized him. Disdaining to strike a woman, he made every effort to escape, but finally when they were about to dispatch hrim with knives, he drew his bowie, and killing them both made good his escape.
Population of Franklin county by sex and color, according to ~he census of 1900: white males, 6,783; white females, 6,713; total wh1te, 13,496; eiolored males, 2,146; colored females, 2,058; total colored,
4,204. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, niQt on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 40 calves, 14 steers, 1 bull, 123 dairy cows, 81 horses, 24
mules, 1 donkey, 7 sheep, 179 hogs.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

669

FULTON COUNTY.
Fulton County was set off from DeKalb in 1853 and was named in honor of Robert Fulton, of New York, who first demonstrated the fact that steam could be used in the propulsion of vessels large enough to carry freight and passengers, (1807). This county is bounded on the north by Milton and Cobb, on the east by DeKalb, on the south by Clayton and Campbell a[}d on the west by Campbell and Cobb.
The Chattahoochee river flows along its northern and western border. South river, one of the headwaters of the Ocmulgee, rises in the southern part of this county. Other streams are Peachtree, Clear, Woodall, Shoal, Proctor's, Sugar and Utoy creeks.
The face of the country is rolling and broken. The soil is red clay, interspersed with gray, gravelly ridges and bottoms.
The average yield of the various crops to the acre is: Seed cotton, 700 to 800 pounds; corn, 19 to 20 bushels; oats, 24 bushels; rye, 13 bushels; wheat, from 6 to 10 bushels; hay, 4,000 pounds. The grasses from which hay is made, are clover, blue grass, Bermuda, crab, orchard, red top, timothy and peavine. All these do well. There is an annual product of about 7,000 bushels of cowpeas, 500 bushels of peanuts, 52,000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 124,000 bushels of sweet potatoes. The proximity of Atlanta causes a great demand for vegetables, and the amount of truck sold from the market gardens is valued at $150,000. There are in Fulton county 47,000 peach-trees, 1,500 cherry-trees, 25,700 apple-trees, 1,700 pear-trees and 2,356 plum-trees.
The suburbs of Atlanta enjoy unrivalled advantages for profitable dairying, bee-keeping, poultry farming and trucking, and there is a steady growth all along these lines of industry.
By the census of 1890 there were 157 sheep, with a wool-clip of 487 pounds; 3,291 cattle, of which 72 were working oxen, and 1,839 were milch-cows, producing 817,310 gallons of milk from which were made 201,435 pounds of butter. There were reported 649 horses, 1,112 mules, 4 donkeys, 3,617 swine, 56,969 poultry of all kinds, 146,074 dozens of eggs and 16,812 pounds of honey. Of the cattle 380 were recorded as pure bred and 890 were graded as half blood or higher.
In these statistics horses and mules in the city of Atlanta were not recorded, but only those on farms.
The minerals are some copper, iron pyrites, asbestos and gold. None are being mined. The clays for making brick and terra cotta are profitably worked.
The timber products are small; some oak and walnut, used in shops which manufacture various articles of wood work. The output of lumber, shingles, staves, etc., amounts to about $8,000 per annum.
The gross horse-powers of the Chattahoochee not utilized are 31,677. The utilized water-powers are: On the Ohattahooche 159, running 14 small grist-mills; on Sourth river 33, running 3 small grist-mills.

670

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

In the city of .Atlanta is one of the largest steam flour mills in Georgia, with patent roller process.
The county site and also the capital of Georgia is Atlanta, with a population in the city limits, according to the United States census of 1U001 of 89,872, or in round numbers, 90,000. If we add to these figures the populat~on of the immediate suburbs, we would have over 103,000 peo.ple whO\Se living depends upon the various industries of the City of Atlanta. Besides these, many of the business men of .Atlanta have their homes in the small cities, towns and villages scattered about within a radius of 20 and more miles in every direction, going to their homes every evening and returning in the morning, on numerous lines of steam or electric railways. Although the youngest of all the great commercial centers of Georgia, Atlanta is now the largest city between Washington, D. C., and New Orleans, La.
In 1837 the southeastern terminus of the Western and Atlantic Railroad was established near where the union passenger depot now stands (1901). It was chosen as being the best point for "the running of branch roads to .Athens, Madison, Milledgeville, Forsyth and Columbus." Terminus was the name given to the site thus chosen. In 1843 the village was called Marthasville, in compliment to the daughter of ex-Governor Lumpkin, who had been distinguished by his deep interest in the development of railroad enterprise in Georgia. In 1846 Atlanta, derived from the word Atlantic, was suggested as an appropriate name for the embryo city, by Mr. J. Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, in a letter to Mr. Richard Peters, also an engineer of the road. Mr. Peters and Mr. Garnett decided upon this name, and on the 29th of December, 1847, the Georgia legislature incorporated, as the "City of Atlanta," the new town, which had begun to give evidence of rapid growth. The population at that time numbered about 500. By the census of 1850 the population was shown to be 2,572. Up to 1853 the people of .Atlanta went to Decatur to transact their legal business; but in that year the county of Fulton was formed with Atlanta as its oounty site, and a city hall was erected where the State capitol now stands. It was about this time that Rev. George White was superintending the publication of his "Historical Collections of Georgia," in which appears a statement from Mr. Jonathan Norcross to the effect that the population of .A.tlanta was not then precisely known, "but placed by none under 4,500, and still increasing." When the census of 1860 was taken, .Atlanta was shown to have 9,554, or in round numbers, 10,000 inhabitants. During the civil war Atlanta was the seat of important industries, whose principal object was to sustain the military operations of the Confederate States. In July, 1864, .Atlanta and vicinity became the scene of a fierce struggle between opposing armies and the battles of Peachtree Creek, Atlanta and Ezra Church were fought without decisive results. On .August 6th another fierce engagement occurred between portions of each army at Utoy creek. From the 9th to the 25th of .August the city was subjected to a furious bombardment, and women and children had to seek shelter in cellars night and day. But

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

671

the women and children had the '&pirit of heroes, to which General. Hood

bore testimony in these words, "I can not recall one word from their lips

expressive of dissatisfaction or willingness to surrender." When all his

efforts to capture .Atlanta by direct attack had failed, General Sherman

moved the bulk of his army to Jonesboro, across the only line of supply

in possession of the Confederates. Then Hood, being unable to dislodge

him, was compelled to let go, and Sherman entered .Atlanta on the 2d

of September, 1864. When he started on his march to the sea, Sher-

man ordered everything burned except the mere dwelling houses and

the churches. Only 450 houses, including some of the churches, es-

caped. .All the stores, workshops, mills, depots and most of the dwell-

ings were reduced to ashes. The city just befor:re its capture had 14,000

inhabitants. Before the close of hostilities, in the following spring, the

people began to return and prepared to rebuild the ruined city. By

1870, a little over five years from the time of its destruction, .Atlanta

bad arisen from her ashes and had a population of 22,000. In 1880 it

had increased to 37,000, and in 1890 to 65,533. This growth from

less than 3,000 in 1850 to 90,000 in 1900 has no parallel outside of the

Northwestern States.

Nearly 1,100 :feet above sea level, .Atlanta ha~s a bracing atmosphere,

with breezes blowing over the foothills of the Blue Ridge.

The public buildings, whose cost aggregates nearly $8,000,000, are

imposing structures, and the business edifices compare favorably with

them. Few cities in any part of the United States can show more attrac-

tive residence streets or more beautiful homes; and by the United States

census .Atlanta is accredited with a larger percentage of home owners

than any city of its size in the Southern States. The streets are well

paved, and macadamized roads extend :far out from the city limits into

the country.

.

The city is supplied with water works, gas and electric light plants,

street and suburban electric railways, long distance telephones to the

leading cities and towns of the State, and other great cities in different

sections o:f the Union, and enjoys telegraphic communication with every

quarter o:f the globe.

\Vith no advantage of water transportation .Atlanta enjoys, through

her magnificent railroad connections, a great trade north, south, east

and west. In several specialties the trade of .Atlanta extends throughout

the United States. This is particularly true of cotton and paper bags,

furniture and proprietary medicines.

Groceries and dry goods are the two largest items in Atlanta's whole-

sale trade. The sale of groceries for 1899 amounted to over $12,000,-

000 and those o:f dry goods to $10,000,000.

In Atlanta and vicinity there are 9 cott-on mills, _and the .Atlanta woolen mill, with an aggregate invested capital o:f $1,860,000; 13 iron manufactories, making machinery, agricultural implements, boilers, gins and castings, with a capital of $1,467,000; 12 manufactories of sash, doors, blinds and interior finish, with a capital of $694,000; 5 establishments working in sheet metal, producing cornices, wirework and tinware,

31 ga

672

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

with a capital of $222,000; 8 making brick, tile and terra cotta, from clay, with a capital of $301,000; 10 manufactories of commercial fertilizers, with a capital of $1,215,000 in operation and a new plant approaching completiO'll; 5 wagon and carriage factories, with a capital of $126,000; 14 manufactories of proprietary medicines,. with a capital of $248,000; 13 furniture factories, with a capital o $532,000; 7 candy and cracker factories, with a capital of $2o5,000; 10 tobacco factories, with a capital of $::18,000; 3 collin factories, with a capital of $260,000; 6 bottling and carbonating establishments, with a capital of $5::1,000; 5 paper and paper bag factories, with a capital of $480,000; 4 paint and oil manufactories, with a capital of $114,000; 4of cotton seed oil and by-products, with a capital of $750,000; 1 ice factory, with a capital of $140,000; 26 miscellaneous establishments representing $718,000. The aggregate invested capital of all these establ~shments is $1),454,000. Be:>ides these are nearly 400 small manufactories of various articles not estimated. The manufactories above enumerated employ more than 10,000 operatives, with an annual payroll o over $3,000,000. The value of the raw material consumed is more than $10,000,000, and the product between $15,000,000 and $20,000,000. The factories of Atlanta take the cotton crop of four average Georgia counties.
The lumber interest is the third largest in the south. The raw material consumed by the lumber mills amounts to $500,000, and has a. market value, when manufactured, of $1,500,000.
The tannnng industry is yet in its incipiency, but the quality of the goods produced is of such a high standard, that they are always in demand at high price~?.
There are in Atlanta 20 banking institutions, with a capital of mora than $3,000,000.
There are upwards of 20 building and loan associations representing nearly $2,000,000 capital.
The hardware business of Atlanta amounts to wmething more than $6,000,000 annually.
The largest wholesale and .retail seed growing establishments in the south are located in Atlanta. They grow their own seed and guarantee them.
In fire insurance Atlanta has long led all other Southern cities. Here is the home of the Southeastern Tariff Association, which is composed of 60 of the leading fire companies doing business in the south. It has in the last 15 years done a splendid work in equalizing rates, liberalizing policies, driving orut irresponsible agents and wild cat companies and improving building laws. Sixty companies through their Atlanta agencies report Georgia business for the year ending April 30th, 1!100, as follows: New business written, $184,000,000; premiums received, $2,400,000; losses paid, over $2,000,000. The Georgia Insnrance C'ommi~ionPr's report shows that 28 accident, marine, g-uarantee anfl nlllte g1ass companies, through their Atl::mta ag-ents, report Geor!!ifl hnsinPRBfor the year ending April 30th, 1900, amounting to $75,000,000, with

BRIGHTON.
Our ten years' experience with this valuable variety warrants us in saying that it ranks as best in all the qualities of a number one family or market grape. It is equal to or better than the Delaware, of larger size, with less pulp, and ripens a week or ten days earlier. The vine is a strong grower; foliage rich and glossy, and the many tests to which 1t has been subjected indicate that it has no superior for vigor, hardiness, freedon1 from disease and abundant crops of handsome, 1uscious fruit.

GEORGIA.: HIS'l'ORICA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

675

premium payments of $260,000, and losses paid $144,000. For the
same perw<1 oo old line life i'Il.Surance companies, through their At-
lanta offices, report new business written in Georgia $28,000,000; new premiums collected, $800,000; total business now in force, $11;),000,;000, with annual premiums of $3,163,000, and annual death claims of $1,500,000. Assessment and fraternal companies add greatly to the above amounts. All this immense business aggregates in Georgia $300,000,000, with annual premium payments of $ti,OOO,OOO and annual losses of $4,000,000.
The sanitary, police and fire departments of Atlanta are in first claiiS condition, and no city in the Union surpas'ses her in these r espects.
The hotels are numerous and fir:3t-class in their appointments. Atlanta's public school system is up to the highest mark. The churches and religious organizations represent every Christian denomination and Hebrews also. The churches number more than 100, and have large memberships. Atlanta is surrounded by springs of great medicinal value, some of them in Fulton and some in adjacent counties. The Lithia waters of Georgia are of a superior quality and are claimed by some to excel those of any other State. They are sold in Atlanta at all soda fountains; they are barrelled and bottled and shipped to all points. The spring8 all have headquarters here. The waters have been found very beneficial, and a. great many citizens of Atlanta drink nothing but lithia water. Atlanta has several business and medical colleges, a law college and two dental colleges. In addition to the day schoors, public and private, there is a large night school connected with the public school system, and one under the auspices of the Young Men's Christian Association. The colleges of Atlanta have already been mentioned in the chapter on education in Georgia. In 1870 the taxable property of Atlanta was returned at $9,500,000, and in 1901 at $47,986,535. Of this amount the whites own $47,097,550 and the negroea $888,985. Atlanta's railroad facilities have already been referred to. The Sonthern, the Georgia, the Seaboard Air Line and the Central of Georgia connect her with the Middle, Northern and New England State~. The Western and Atlantic, the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern, and that branch of the Southern system formerly called the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia bring her into close communion with the entire .conntry between the Alleghany and Rocky 'Mountains, and the region of the great lakes. That branch of th e So11thern, once known as the Georgia Pacific, and the Atlanta and '\VAst Point, connect her with the great Southern transcontinentlll lines to the Prwific and to Mexico. The flentral of Oeorgia, the Atlanta and West Point and two br:mches of the great Southern system connect her with the South Atlantic and Gulf
States. H er miles of well-built business strPPts r11diating in all directions, her
handsome rcsi.-lernce streets, the beautiful parks in the suburb8, re8ched

676

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

by the elootric railways, make Atlanta a very attractive city, as well as a great mart of trade.
Atlanta is not only the county site of Fulton county, but also the .capital of the State of Georgia. The capital was brought here from Milledgeville when the city was barely out of the ashes of the war, and in 1877 the people of Georgia voted to make Atlanta their permanent seat of government. The handsome capitol was erected on a lot given by the city during the incumbency of Governor McDaniel, and cost $1,000,000. It is one of the few public buildings erected in the United States that came within the appropriation set apart by the legislature for its construction.
The rapidly developing business and manufactures of Atlanta wer~ brought prominently before the whole country by the Cotton Exposition of 1881, and the great development of the Southeastern States between 1880 and 1890 was splendidly illustrated in the great Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895.
One of the new enterprises of Atlanta is a large plant for the manufacture of genuine all woven Smyrna rugs of imported material. The Atlan ta Rug Mill, though of recent origin, has already doubled its capacity and has additional machinery ordered to still farther enlarge its output.
East Ponit, six miles from Atlanta, has a wagon factory and a horse collar factory. A little beyond East Point are two new cotton mills.
According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned in Fulton county 1,604 bales 'Of upland cotton.
The business of the county is mostly in manufactures and commerce for the city, and in truck farming and dairying for the country.
The area of Fulton county is 174 square miles, or 111,360 acres. Population of Fulton county in 1900, 117,363, an increase of 32,708 since 1890; school fund for county, $13,747.71; school fund for city of Atlanta, $39,672.23; school fund for East Point, $778.31; school fund of Hapeville, $325. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of improved lan d, 95,537; average value per acre, $41.28; city and town property, $32,621,690; gas and electric light company, $450,000; building :md loan associations, $211,410; money, ete., $3,924,828; shares in bank, $1,149,1!)0; stocks and bonds, $1,190,351; cotton manufactories, $461,346, which should be more than $1,000,000, a mistake arising from more than $600,000 worth of factory stock having heen reported under the head of "all other property"; iron works, $49,955; mining, $735; merchandise, $3,369,821; household furniture, $1,375,658; farm and other animals, $201,394; plantation and mechanical tools, $99,313; watches, jewelry, etc., $126,252; value of all other property, $982,523; real estate, $36,564,688; personal estate, $14,926,354; aggregate value of property, $51,491,042. Propertv retnrned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 1',037; value of same, $93,618; city and town property, $787,875; money, etc., $1,-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

677

750; merchandise, $8,720; watches, jewelry, etc., $470; household fur:-

niture, $31,620; farm and other animals, $7,635; plantation and me-

chanical tools, $1,954; value of all other property, $1,090; aggregate

value of property, $934,732.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase over those of 1900, in the

value of all property, amounting to $910,843.

The county public schools number 27 for whites, with an average at-

tendance of 1,550, and 10 for colored, with an average attenc1snce of

525. In the public schools of Atlanta there is an average attendance of

6,900 in those for whites and 2,700 in those for colored. The enroll-

ment in Atlanta schools is 9,902 whites and 3,735 colored.

Besides Atlanta there are in Fulton county the following towns:

College Park, with a population of 517.



East Point, with a population of 1,315.

Hapeville, with a population of 430.

Oakland City, with a populatron of 823.

Of the immediate suburbs of Atlanta Cooks has 6,558 people, Black

Hall, including Oakland City, 3,226; Edgewood, 1,552, and Peachtree

2,217, or 13,553 in all. This gives for Atlanta and its immediate su-

burbs a population of 103,425.

Population of Fulton county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 35,334; white females, 36,257; total white,

71,591; colored males, 19,484; colored females, 25,924; total colored,

45,772.

P opulation of the city of Atlanta by race and color, according to the

census of 1900: white males, 26,434; white females, 27,471; total white,

53,905; colored males, 14,943; co1ored females, 21,024; total colorea,

35,967.

Total population of Atlanta, 89,872.

Domestic animals in Fulton county in1barns and inclosures, not on

farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 381 calves, 45 steers, 28 bulls, 2,800 dairy

cows, 2,797 horses, 982 mules, 3 donkeys, 2 sheep, 952 swine, 100 goats.

Domestic animals in the limits of the city 'Of Atlanta in barns and

inclosures, June 1, 1900: 161 calves, 23 steers, 6 bulls, 1,132 dairy

cows, 2,227 horses, 614 mules, 1 donkey, 2 sheep, 4 swine, 56 goats.

GILMER COUNTY.
Gilmer County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was named in honor of George R. Gilmer, Governor of Georgia from November, 1829, to November, 1831. It is bounded by the following counties: F annin on the north and northeast, Dawson on the southeast, Pickens on the south, Gordon and Murray on the west.
The Oartecay and Ellijay rivers uniting at Ellijay in the center of the county form the Ooosawattee river, which flows across the county in a southwesterly direction. It is also watered by Mountain Town creek, Owltown creek and many smaller streams.
The face of the country is broken by mountains, the principal of

678

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

which are Cohutta, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, Amicalola, Turnip Town, Tallona and Sharp Top.
In the valleys and along the water courses the lands are very rich, the soil being a black sandy loam. The hilly uplands have a mulatto top soil with red clay subsoil, and in some places a gray gravelly soil. The mountain lands are very similar to the valley lands. The principal crops are best shown by comparing the acreage of each, which is as follows: Cotton, 100 acres; corn, 40,000 acres; wheat, 10,000; oats, 2,000; rye, 2,000; rice, 10 acres; sorghum, 100 acres; Irish potatoes, 500; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 1,000; garden vegetables of every kind, 100.
The average yield of these crops to the acre is: Corn, 25 bushels; oats, 12; wheat, 10 to 15; rye, 8 to 10; hish potatoes, 100 to 150; sweet potatoes, 100; fi.eld-peas, 10; 100 gallons IYf syrup. Red top, timothy, Bermuda, crab-grass, orchard, blue grass and clover do well. The production of crab-grass hay is 2,000 pounds, of clover, 4,000 pounds, of corn fodder 300 pounds.
By the cen~us of 1890 there were in this county 8,446 sheep, with a wool-clip of 13,277 pounds; 8,020 cattle, 1,708 working oxen; 2,389 milch-cows, with a butter product-ion of 131,553 pounds, and a milk production of 649,587 gallons; 75,000 of all kinds of poultry, with a p;roduct of 150,000 dozens of eggs. There were also 10,000 hogs, and other animals were 687 horses, 458 mules and 11,478 hogs.
The honey produced in Gilmer county amounted to 29,615 pounds. Last year it was estimated that there were in this county 30 donkeys rund 500 goats.
Small game is plentiful and the streams furnish the people with fish. Vegetables .O'f all kinds do well. This is also a good county for fruit. Apples grow to perfection and have a ready and profitable sale. Peaches do well, but do not have much of a market. Quinces, plums and cherries are grown, but not to any great extent. Some farmers have small vineyards that produce excellent grapes. The fruit business is in its infancy, but intelligent people in the county believe that it will prove very profitable. The lumber, mostly oak and poplar, is being cut out in large quantities. It is estimated that the .annual O'Utput of lumber is 10,000,000 superficial feet at an average price of $15 a thousand feet. At Ellijay is a large new lumber mill run by water, using 400 horsepower, and with a capital of $100,000 and a capacity of 50,000 feet per diem. There are in the county six flour and grist-mills run by water-power with an aggregate invested capital of $10,000. There are also several small portable sawmills. There is a wagon factory at Ratcliff and two tanneries at Ellijay. The streams afford fine water-powers, and those within a few miles of Ellijay are estimated at :nearly 1,000 hol"Se-powers. Gold and iron are being mined to,a considerable extent. BeautHul marble, white and variegated, limestone, sandstone, mica, slate and granite are found.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

679

Ellijay, on the .Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, is the county site. lt has a court-house which cost $10,000. The Jllijay district has a population of 2,472, of whom 581live in the town.
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing Christian denominations. The schools are in good condition and well attended. The average attendance on the public schools is: in the 51 white schools 1,210 and in 1 for colored 18.
By reason of its healthful climate, pure water and mineral and agricultural resources this is a very attractive and inviting section of the State.
The area of Gilmer county is 450 square miles, or 288,000 acres. Population in 1900, 10,198, a gain O'f 1,124 since 1890; school fund, $6,974.45. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: improved lands, 256,549 acres; wild lands, 41,786; average value of improved lands per acre, $1.39; of wild lands, $0.51; city property, $61,019; money, etc., $60,289; merchandise, $25,815; manufactures, $7,343; household furniture, $34,935; farm and other animals, $113,7 52; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,731; watches, etc., $2,664; value of all <>ther property, $11,752; real estate, $440,565; personal estate, $275,555; aggregate property, $716,120. Pro,perty returned by colored taxpayers: .Acres of land, 672; value, $602; city property, $10; household and kitchen furniture, $70; watches, tc., $15; farm and other animals, $321; plantation and mechanical tools, $113; value of all other property, $25; aggregate property, $1,156. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $11,475 in the value of -all property over the returns of 1900. Population of Gilmer county by race aii!d cOlor, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,069; white females, 5,052; total white, 10,121; colored males, 37; colored females 40; tortal colored, 77. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: no report. Ellija, an Indian town, formerly stood where Ellijay now stands. White Path, a chief of this town, accompanied John Ross to Washington in 1834. General Jackson invited him to dinner and presented him with a silver watch, which he always kept as a precious treasure. On his death his watch was sold and the proceeds appropriated to the erection of a marble monument. Talona was south of Ellija. It was sometimes ca11ed Sanderstown after its principal chief, George Sanders, who kept a house of entertainment on the Federal road. He also went on a visit to Washington with John Ross. This John Ross was the man after whom Ross's Landing (now Chattanooga) was called.

680

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

GLASCOCK COUNTY.
Glascock County was laid out from Warren county in 1858 and was named for General Thomas Glascock, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the State Legislature and Representative in Congress from 1835 to 1838. Glascock county is bounded by the following counties: Warren on the northeast and northwest, on the southeast Jefferson, and on the southwest Washington.
The north fork of the Ogeoohee lliver runs along its southwestern border, while Comfort, Rocky and other creeks coming from the northeast and northwest flow centrally through the county, emptying into the Ogeechee river. These streams afford a quantity of fish and sport to th!Qse fond of the seine or hook and line.
The lands, with fairly good culture, will yield to the acre: seed cotton, 750 to 800 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons.
By the ceusus of 1890 there were 478 sheep, with a wool-clip of 923 pounds; 1,667 cattle, of which there were 120 working oxen and 567 milch--cows. There was a production of 94,337 gallons of milk and 25,202 pounds of butter; 19,299 of all kinds of poultry, with a product of 20,653 dozens of eggs. The honey produced amounted to 8,662 pounds. There were also 240 horses, 468 mules and 6,152 swine.
The timber growth is like that of this section of Georgia, oak, walnut, pine, chestnut, hickory, maple a.nd gum.
Facilities for travel and transportation are furnished by a branch of the great Southern system, which brings Gibson, the county site, into close connection with Augusta, the chief city :of that section of Georgia.
According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned 3,902 bales of upland cotton.
The area of Glascock county is 85 square miles, or 60,800 acres. *
Population in 1900, 4,516, a gain of 796 since 1890; sch10ol fund, $2,952.81.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres o improved land, 81,771; of wild land, 1,326; average value per acre of improved land, $2.96; of wild land, $0.89; city property, $38,415; money, etc., $60,525; value of merchandise, $20,125; household furniture, $26,095; farm and other animals, $55,018; plantation and mechanical t-ools, $20,815; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,363; value of all other property, $1,600; real estate, $246,632; personal estate, $195,720; aggregate property, $442,352.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 435; value, $1,202; city property, $1,110; amount of money, $29; household furni-
*There is an error in either the statement of the Census Bureau, or in thereoprt to the Comptroller-General, as to the acreage of Glascock county.

POTATO FIELD IN MARCH IN THE SUBURBS OF BRUNSWICK, GA. PECAN GROVE NEAR BRUNSWICK, GA.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

683

ture, $3,055; watches, etc., $66; farm and other animals, $3,221; plantation and mechanical tools, $712; Aggregate property, $9,464.
In the public school system there are 13 schools for whites, with an enrollment of 741 pupils, and 6 for colored, with an enrollment or 248.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $21,193 since the returns of 1900.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not O'll farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: no report.
Population of Glascock county by sex and color, according to th e census of 1900: white males, 1,458; white females, 1,543; total whit e, 3,001; colored males, 713; colored f emales. 802; total col10red, 1,5Ib.

GLYNN COUNTY.
Glynn County was first laid out in 1765 into two parishes, St. Patrick's and St. David's. Extensive settlements had been made here many years before. In 1777, during the war for independence, the above named parishes were formed into the county of Glynn, so named in honor of John Glynn, E sq., distinguished for his unwavering fidelity to the cause of. American liberty. This county is bounded as follows: north by Wayne county and northeast by Mcintosh, east by the Atlantic ocean, south by Camden county and west by Wayne.
The principal streams are the Altamaha on the northeastern border, the Little Satilla on the southwest, the Turtle river, on whose east bank stands the city of Brunswick, the St. Simon's river, St. Simon's sound and numerous inlets. There are also many creeks. There is considerable marsh lands. Wherever the marshes have been drained, the lands are very productive.
There is a great variety of soil; stretches of sand, black hummock lands and gray loam mixed with oyster shells.
The acreage of crops will show what things are chiefly cultivated in this county. The number of acres planted in cotton are 10; in corn, 2,000; in wheat, 5; ,in oats, 1,000; in rye, 25; ~in rice, 1,000; in suga.rcane, 1,000; in Irish potatoes, 100; in sweet potatoes, 1,000; in field peas, 1,000; in: ground-peas, 300; in garden vegetables of every kind, 500.
The sea-island or long-staple cotton, though not planted much, produces about 1,200 pounds to the acre. The other average yields to the acre are: Corn, 25 bushels; wheat, 5 bushels; oats, 20 to 35 bushels; rice, 47 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 to 200 bushels; sweet pot~toes, from 200 to 400 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 300 to 630 gallons.
There is but little hay raised in the county; but Bermuda and crab grass do exceptionally well. As many as 10,000 pounds of the latter have been raised in one season. Eighty bushels to the acre of barley and rye sown together have been raised in one season.
Market gardens or truck farms have a fine local market in the city of

~84

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

Brunswick. Some of the farmers ship Irish potatoes to northern and eastern markets in May and June. Some buyers from Boston cleared $150 an acre on Irish potatoes in the spring of 1900. Strawberries are very profitable, as are also blackberries and whortleberries, which grow in wild profusion. Five hundred acres were devoted to melons in 1900, the average net profit on which wa:s $50 an acre. The mel<>ns of Glynn county are famous for size and flavor. The market gardens are seven, with products averaging $7,000 each.
:Fruit-raisi'rlg is .so far in the experimental stage. About 50 acres each have been devoted to peaches, plums and pears and 5 to quinces. The peaches bring a net value of $50 tJo, the acre, the plums $25, the pears $20. On account of experiments made at Sterling, Ga., on the Southern road, much attention will be given in future to fruit-raising.
There are also two florists' establishments, engaged in the cultivation of flowers and flowering plants for the market, whose sales amount to about $2,000 a year.
In 1890 there were in Glynn county about 258 sheep, with a wooldip of 222 pounds; 4,890 cattle, 264 being working oxen and 1,034 milch-cows, producing 69,110 gallons of milk; 9,276 poultry of various kinds, producing 19,662 dozens of eggs; a'rld 3,341 hogs.
The production O'f honey was small, 1,930 pounds. At the same time there were reported 255 horses and 69 mules. But these did not include those in the city of Brunswick. According to a recent estimate there are 300 goats in Glynn county.
Some little attention is being paid to the improvement of the breed of heef cattle. Two Hereford bulls and one Shorthorn have been lately imported into the county.
There are two dairy farms near Brunswick having about 75 cows, and making a net profit of about $5,000. Most of the cows on these :farms are Jerseys.
Game is plentiful, especially ducks in the winter. Fish are abundant the year round; oysters and clams in the winter. Probably $5,000 worth of fish are shipped in a year. It could easily be $100,000 worth.
O.vster beds are cultivated tn some extent. Choice Brunswicks bring the highest prices known in the markets. Crabs and shrimp abound in the proper season. There are about 500 people in Glynn county who make a livelihood by fishing. One firm is engaged in supplying the interior trade. The market so far is mostly local.
The timbers in the county available for market and manufacturing purposes are about as follows: Cypress, 5,000,000 feet; sweet gum, 10,000,000; beech gum, 5,000,000; white oak, 3,000,000; ash, 3,000,000; post oak, 5,000,000; live oak, 5,000,000; hickory, 1,000,000: pine, 10,000,000. About 40,000,000 feet of lumber are exported from Brunswick, and 20,000,000 are cut out by the county mills. :Most of the lumber is carried down the river and sawed at Brunswick. Of 7 saw-mills 3 cut cypress logs and have a capac:ity of 100,000 feet in a day; and 4 that cut yel1ow pine have a capacity of 60,000 feet a day. All these mills are operated by steam.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

685

There are two barrel factories, employing 200 hands, with

an annual output of 125,000 barrels, valued at $150,000. These .bar-

rels are used for rosin and spirits of turpentine.

Brunswick, the county site, the second seaport in Georgia, with a pop-

ulation numbering 9,081, is beautifully situated on a bluff of white

sand, elevated from 8 to 12 feet above high water, and extends up and

down the river more than two miles. Its situation is suited for a city of

the largest extent. It has water-works, gas and electric lights, all under

the control of one company, valued at $200,000. It has also an ice fae-

tory mak;ing good profits, two banks with an aggregate capital of $200,-

000, three planing and variety mills and the large sawmills already men-

tioned. The Brunswick and Western division of the Plant System has

repair shops here which employ 100 hands. The Southern Railway also

employs several hands at its extensive yards.



Among the public buildings of Brunswick are a court-house, valued

at $20,000; a city hall, worth $35,000; two public school buildings, one

valued at $8,000 and the other at $5,000. In the public schools of the

<lity are enrolled 810 white pupils and 1,804 colored.

The commerce of the city has grown in value from $500,000 in 1884

to $38,000,000 in 1899; The Mallory line of freight and passenger

steamers runs from Brunswick to New York, and the 9Jyde line from

Brunswick to Boston. There are steamboat lines to Darien, St. Simon's

Island, to Cumberland Island and Fernandina, Florida; also a tri-weekly

line to points on the Satilla river. The cotton exports from Brunswick

for the past season were 25,000 bales.

Thirty miles of shell roads leading out from Brunswick and 50 miles

<>f salt water rivers and creeks, together with the railroads, make the

matter of marketing quite easy. The county convicts are kept busy all

the time repairing the roads.

Artesian wells supply pure water to the city and oounty, and also

furnish to truck farmers easy means of irrigation.

The schools of the city a~d county are of the very best. In the 18

county schools fo:r whites the average attendance is 650, and in the 19

for colored 1,274.

All the Christian denominations have good church edifices and large

memberships. The Jews also have a synagogue. .

The shipments of lumber from Brunswick for 1900 were as follows:

Domestic.

Lumber (feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,084,000

Timber (feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353,000

Shingles (number) . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 9,017,100

Ties (number) ... . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,131,173

Staves (number) . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

500

Laths (bundles) .. .. .. .... .. .. . .. .. ..

75,000

Foreign. 25,286,000 11,484,000
917,000 50,44-4: 60,000

The area of Glynn county is 468 square miles, 'Or 299,520 acres. Population of Glynn county' in 1900, 14,317, a gain of 897 since 1890; school fund, $9,797.19.

686

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 69,712; 'Of wild land, 120,131; average value of improved l:md, to the acre, $6.00; of wild land, $1.12; city property, $2,113,944; shares in bank, $184,400; gas and electric lights, $62,540; building and loan association, $85,912; money, etc., $155,712; merchandise, $25,9,815; shlipping, $2,850; cotton manufactories, $1,050; iron works, $3,100; mining, $200; household furniture, $189,284; farm and other animals, $79,151; plantation and mechanical tools, $15,011; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,567; value of all other property, $128,667; real estate, $2,666,521; personal estate, $1,193,875; aggregate porperty, $3,862,396.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 14,791; value, $42,659; city property, $124,570; money, $900; merchandise, $2,030; household furniture, $15,932; watches, etc., $190;: :farm animals, etc., $17,186; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,668; value of all other property, $965; aggregate property, $206,100.
The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $112,859 since the returns of 1900.
On the coast of Glynn county are several islands, the moot important of which are St. Simon's, J ekyl, Blythe, Colonel's, Crispine, Little St. Simon's, Long Island, Rainbow, Hammock and Latham.
Frederica, on the west side of St. Simon's Island, was settled in 1739, and was named' for Frederick, Prince of Wales, only son of George the Second. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange trees. This place, which was the residence of General Oglethorpe and :figured much in the early history 'of Georgia, is now in ruins. On St. Simon's Island on July 7th, 174:2, was fought a battle between Oglethorpe's regiment and the Spaniards, in which the latter, though greatly outnumbering the English, were defeated with such great loss that the scene of the conflictis to this day known as the "Bloody Marsh."
In this section of the State a gallant exploit was performed by the Americans. The particulars of this affair are given by ColoiJlel Elbert in a letter to Major-General Howe, who commanded the Americans at Savannah. Colonel S-amuel Elbert having learned that a British brigantine, a sloop and a prize brig were near Frederica, embarked at Darien with 300 men and two pieces of artillery on three galleys and another boat, and made so sudden and bold' an attack that the British vessels promptly surrendered.
In 1788 the Creek Indians overran the coun,trv from the Altamaha to the St. Mary's. Captain J oh~ Burnett lived at"this time at the head of Turtle river with his family and slaves. All the neighbors had fled from the mainland to the islands. Going out one day with his son John, the captain discovered some Indians lying behind a log. The two charged them, receiving the fire of ten Indians, who then went away. The captain was wounded in several places. One of the wounds was in the ear and finally proved fatal. With the aid of his son and a black boy he succeeded in getting to a house. About two weeks afterwards

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

687

100 Indians in the dead of night killed a negro serntinel at the gate, and approaching the house attempted to fire it and to break down the door. For four hours the inmates kept the Indians back. The two daughters of Captain Burriett loaded the muskets below and handed them to their brothers above. .About daylight 30 men from St. Simon's Island came to their rescue and the savages fled. One negro in the house had been killed and all the negroes outside had been carried away by the Indians. Jl.{oses Burnett had received three wounds, none of which proved fatal.
Population of Glynn county by race and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,760; white females, 2,440; total white, 5,200; colored males, 4,547; colored :females, 4,570; total colored, 9,117.
Population of the city of Brunswick by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,029; white females, 1,855; total white, 3,884; colored males, 2,466; colored females, 2,731; total colored, 5,197.
Total population of the city of Brunswick, 9,081. Domestic animals in Glynn county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 17 steers, 6 bulls, 206 dairy cows, 348 horses, 46 mules, 81 swine.

GORDON COUNTY.
Gordon County was laid out from Floyd and Cass (now Bartow) in 1850, and was named in honor of William Washington Gordon, son of Lieutenant .Ambrose Gordon of Maryland, who served in the war for independence under Colonel W m. Washington, and upon the return of peace settled in .Augusta, where his son William was born in 1796. Mr. Gordon was one of the main promoters of railroad enterprise in Georgia, and was president of the Central Railroad at the time of his death in Savannah in 1842.
Gordon county is bounded by the following counties: Murray and Whitfield on the north, Gilmer and Pickens on the east, Bartow and Floyd on the south, and Floyd and Chattooga on the west.
It is watered by the Oostanaula, Ooosawattee and the Connesauga rivers, and by. Oothcaloga, Sillacoa a'lld Pine Log creeks.
The soil is similar to that of Floyd and Bartow. The average yield to the acre, according to soil and cultivation, is: Seed cotton, 800 to 1,000 pounds; corn, 15 to 50 bushels; oats, 20 to 50 bushels; wheat, 10 to 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover hay, 5,000 pounds; fodder, 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 to 300 gallons. .A diversified system of farming prevails.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county 3,581 sheep, with a wool-clip of 6,807 pounds; 6,495 cattle, 421 working oxen, 2,416 milchcows, with a production of 752,158 gallons of milk, 212,000 pounds of butter and 915 pounds of cheese; 114,449 of all kinds of poultry, pro~ J.ucing 187,725 dozens of eggs. This county also produced 13,175 pounds

688

GEORGIA.: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUBTRIA.L.

a honey. There is one regular dairy farm producing milk and butter for marKet. 'lhere were 11oi:l5 horses, 11:&!:15. mules, 11 donkeys and 11,578 hogs.
The minerals of Gordon county are iron and limestone, but no mines or quarnes of these materials.
lhe bauxite depos1ts extend into this county and the limestone deposits are unusually high in carbonate of lime. There are black and variegated marbles near Ualhoun, but none are being mined.
The timber growth is mostly hardwood, with some pine. Thirtythree per cent. of the original forel>t growth is still standing. Several smaH sawm1J.ls find steady employment.
The county site is Calhoun, a pretty and thriving town on the Weste~n and Atlantic Railway. lt haa one bank, with a capital of $:i5,000; a court-house valued at $25,000; good churches and schools, and about 20 commercial houses and 2 life insurance agencies, which all do a prosperous business. Corn, the small grain and peaches do exceptionally well around Ualhoun. Resaca, five miles north of Calhoun, and Lay's Ferry were the scene of fierce combats during the Dalton-Atlanta campaign in 1864. At Calhoun and Resaca are large flour mills, and at Calhoun is a successful brick-ya1d.
Plumville, Sugar Valley and other thriving villages are on the line o the Southern Railway.
This county is steadily growing in population and wealth. The cotton receipts are from 5,000 to 6,000 bales for the county. Most of the products of the county are marketed at Calhoun. According to the United States census of 1900 during the season CYf 1899-1900 there were ginned 6,609 bales of upland cotton. The area of Gordon county is 387 square miles, or 247,680 acres. Population in 1900, 14,119, an increase of 1,361 since 1890; school fund, $10,148.40. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 217,952; of wild land, 20,059; average value per acre of improved land, $5.42; of wild land, $0.28; city property, $191,276; shares in bank, $10,000; money, etc., $193,231; merchandi:>e, $56,244 ; qotton manufactories, $14,100; household furniture, $96,105; farm and other animals, $212,941; mining, $100; plantation and mech.anica1 tools, $61,659; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,108; value of all other property, $34,702; real estate, $1,378,243; personal estate, $726,606; aggregate
property, $2,104,849. Property retnrned by colored taxpayers: number of acrPs of lnnd,
2,511; value, $8,440; city property, $4,108; household fnmitme, $3,157; money, etc., $139; farm animals, $5,429; merchandise, $50; plantation and mechanical tools, $889; watches, jewelry, etc., $93; vfllne of all oth er property, $260; aggregate property, $23,121.
Th EJ tax retmns for 1901 show a gain of $6,270 in the valne of all
propertv over th e returns of 1900. At N ew Echota, in th e first n:nt of the 19th century, livPC! sPvPr'l.l
distinguished Cherokee chiefs, Elijah Hix, Bondenot and AlexnmlPr Me-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

689

Coy. In 1832 it had 300 inhabitants. Here what was known as the
Schermerhorn treaty was negotiated. Oostanaula was a large lndi31.11 town in 1791, and its inhabitants were
very hostile to the Americans. The average attendance on the public schools of Gordon county ifi.
1,650 in the 53 schools for whites and 123 in the 6 schools for colored. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have churches and other Chru-
tian sects are represented. By the census of 1900 Calhoun, the largest town; had a population
of 851, and in the whole Calhoun district there were 2,484 inhabitants. Population of Gordon county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,189; white females, 6,299; total whiter 12,488; colored males, 850; colored females, 781; total colored, 1,631.
Domestic animals lD Gordon .county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, J nne 1, 1900: 72 calves, 33 steers, 7 pulls, 137 dairy cows, 86 horses, 15 mules, 1 donkey, 24 sheep, 314 swine.

GREENE COUNTY.
Greene County was laid out from Washington county in 1786, and was named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, Rhode Island's .gallant son, who, as commander of the Department of the South, wae under the blessing of heaven the greatest factor in the deliverance of the Carolinas and Georgia from British rule, and who after the achievement of independence lived and died in Georgia. A part of this county was set off to Hancock in 1793, a part to Oglethorpe in 1794, a part to Clarke in 1802 and a pa rt to Taliaferro in 1825. Greene county is bounded by the following counties: Oconee and Oglethorpe on the north, Taliaff'rro on the east, Taliaferro and Hancock on the southeast, Putnam on the southwest and Putnam and Morgan on the west.
The Apalachee and Ocone,e rivers are in the western part of the county, the former flowing into the latter on the western border. The Ogeechee river rises in this county not far from Greenesboro. Other streams >~re Beaver Dam, Richland a:nd Fishing creeks.
Of 243,ROO acres in the county 82,000 are under cultivation. The uplands embrace 195,000 acres; the bottom lands, 48,800; the timber lands, 120.000; the uncultivated lands, 161,800. , The average valne per acre of the upland and timber lands is $7.00, of the bottom lands, $4.00, and of the uncultivated lands, $2.50.
The soils are both gray and red clay. The 40,000 acres planted in cotton yield on an average 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; th() 20,000 in f'orn yield 10 bushels to the acre; the 8,000 in wheat, R h,, Qhels to the ::tcre; the 4,000 in oats, 20 bnshels; the 500 in barley, 25 bmhels~ the 500 in rye, 8 bnshels ; the 500 in sorghnm, 30 gallons to the acre; the 500 in Irish potatoes, 50 bmhels; the 1,000 in sweet potatoes, 40 bmhPls to the acre; the 3,000 in field-p eas, 18 bushels to the acre; the 1,000 acres in ground-peas give 15 bushels to the acre.

690

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The soils are well adapted to Bermuda, clover, pea-vines, German millet and other grass and forage plants. Enough hay is made for home consumption and some is marketed. The product of the county is about 500 tons or 1,000,000 pounds. Under careful culture there have been in Greene county yields of 10,000 pounds of clover hay to the acre, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda-grass hay and 27,130 pounds of corn forage.
There are 12 dairy farms with 325 milch-cows. The Jersey is the favorite. Nearly all other farms have milch-cows, many of them Jerseys, and make butter for domestic use. The total number of cows in Greene county in 1890 was, 2,322, producing 667,785 gallons of mlik and 195,220 pounds of butter.
A large quantity of beef cattle is raised in this county, and the shipment amounts to about 50 per cent. Attention is being paid to the improvement of the breed, and within the last five years 5 pure-bred Hereford bulls have been imported into the county. The total number of cattle of all kinds in the county in 1890 were 5,549, of which there were 463 working oxen. There were at that time 881 sheep, with a wool-clip of nearly 2,581 pounds; 1,273 horses, 1,877 mules, 3 donkeys and 9,434 hogs. The goats in the county are estimated at 400. All the various kinds of poultry aggregated 77,113 and their eggs amounted to 155,632 dozen. The county also produced 11,743 pounds of honey.
There is enough of fish and game in the county for sport,. but not enough for profit.
There are about 50 market gardens raising several varieties of vegetables for home consumption and for the Atlanta market. Many varieties of fruits, berries, grapes and melons are raised, but only for home consumption or the.local markets in the. towns of the county.
Pine and the various hardwoods are found in the forests. Very little lumber is shipped from the county. There are 12 sawmills, operated by steam. There is a planing-mill at Union Point, a wagon factory at White Plains, and a box factory at Siloam. Other manufactories are a cottonmill at Greenesboro, two knitti'llg-mil1s, one at Union Point and one at Penfield, an electric light plant at Union Point, and 12 flour and gristmills scattered through the county. There are fine water-powers, especia1ly on the Oconee river. Some of the water-powers are Riley Shoals, I.awrence Shoals, Park Mill Shoals and Scull Shoals. :Many thousa'Dd horse-powers are undeveloped. There is a copper and iron mine at Union Point, but it is not worked.
Greenesboro, the county site, is located on the Georgia Railroad, between Richland and Beaver D am creeks. It has 2 banks with an ag-gregate capital of $100,000, and a court-house valued at $20,000. Its population is 1,511, and that of the whole Greeneshoro district is 2,402.
Other towns and villages in the county are Woodville, Union Point, Siloam, White Plains, Greshamville, Liberty, Veazey, Parsons and Daniel Springs.
The Baptists, Methodists, Prseb;vterians and Episcopalians have chmches in the county, in good condition and full membership.
The school privileges are excellent, both in town and country. In

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L.

691

the 29 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 665 pupils,

and in the 40 for colored there is a like attendance of 1,276.

The roads of the county are in fine condltion and are worked by con-
victs. There are five hundred miles of public roads and oo milet> of rail-

.road on which are 8 stations. Two branches of the G-eorgia Railroad

traverse the county, one from north to south, the other (the main

line) from east to west.

The products of the county are marketed in Augusta, Atlanta and

Athens, Georgia.

About 12,uuubalesof cotton are received from the entire county, and

about 3,500 are sh1pped from G-reenesboro. By the United l:)tates cen:ma

Qf 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 11,5~3

bales (upland). The mills of the county use l,tlOO bales.

The area of Greene county is 400 square mile::!, or 256,000 acres.

Population in 1900, 16,542; school fund, $12,565.62.



By the Comptroller-General's report for 11:)00 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 240,5!HI; of wild land, none reported; average value per

acre of improved land, $3.34; eity property, $24U,5o3; money,

etc., $151,211; buildirng and loan, $8,000; merchandise, $72,453;

stocks and hoods, $17,200; manufactories, $35,000; iron works,

.$2,000; household furniture, $79,583; farm and other animals, $127,-

690; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,087; watches, jewelry, etc.,

$4,788; value of all other property, $36,748; real estate, $1,052,362;

Jlersonal estate, $562,486. Aggregate, $1,614,848.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,

7,057; value, $22,698; city property, $12,840; money, etc., $100;

household furniture, $14,461; farm and other animals, $23,509; watches,

etc., $57.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,748; value of all other

property, $336.00. Aggregate value of property, $77,749.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all prop-

erty over the returns of 1900, amounting to $82,877.

The total population of the county, 16,542, shows a 101S8 of 509 since

1890. This loss is the result of a considerable emigration of negroes from

the county.

Before the lndians were removed across the Mississippi river, they

used to commit many depredations in this county. At one time a party

of them burned the town of Greenesboro.

On the 31st of May, 1787, a party of the upper Creeks came to the

frontiers of Greene county, killed and scalped two men and carried off

a negro and fourteen horses. The militia pursuing them killed twelve.

The Indians of the lower towns claimed that these were their men and

demanded that an equal number of white men should be delivered up to

them. Governor Matthews replied: "We will . deliver up none of our

people, and, if the Indians spill a drop of blood, we wil lay their towns

in ashes and sprinkle their land with blood."

In the month of April, 1793, the Indians perpetrated many outrages,

killing men, women and children. On one occasion a party of thirteen

attacked the home of Mr. Fielder, a celebrated scout, during his absence.

:12 ga

692

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Mrs. Fielder and a negro woma,n attempted to save the homes. The negro woman being wounded in the thigh, her mistress dragged her into the house, in which were four or five guns, which the two women handled with such effect that the Indians were driven off.
Population of Greene county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,623; white femal es, 2,702; total white, 5,325; colored males, 5,373; colored femal es, 5,844; total colored, 11,217.
Domestic animals in barns and inclo'sures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 12 steers, 3 bulls, 188 dairy cows, 107 horses, 1 donkey, 307 swine, 21 goats.

GWINNETT COUNTY.
Gwinnett County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818. A part was taken from Jackson in 1818 and a part set off to DeKalb in 1822. It was named after the Hon. Button Gwinnett, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence from the State of Georgia.
The counties bounding it are: Hall and Jackson on the north and northeast, Walton and Rockdale on the southeast, DeKalb on the southwest, DeKalb, Milton and Forsyth on the west and northwest.
Along its whole northwestern boundary runs the Chattahoochee river. The Ulcofauhachee and Yellow rivers, both branches of the Ocmulgee, rise in this county, as does also the Apalachee, a branch of the Oconee.
The northern part of the county is hilly. A belt of red land of superior quality enters the county at the east and runs south. The lands along the rivers and creeks are productive. The uplands are mostly of a gray soil.
The average production to the acre, under fair methods of cultivation is: of corn, 15 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 10; rye, 5; barley, 10; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, 750 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clover, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 to 100 gallons. With the best methods these yields are doubled on some of the best lands.
By the census of 1890 there were in Gwinnett 2,992 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,312 pounds; 9,168 cattle, 679 working oxen, 3,528 milchcows producing 1,070,368 gallons of milk, from which were made 346,562 pounds of butter and 115 pounds of cheese. There were 153,216 oi all kinds of poultry, producing 203,623 dozens of eggs. There were also 1,240 horses, 2,094 mules, 6 donkeys and 12,130 swine. The county produces also 32,763 pounds of honey.
The native grasses give a fine range for sheep and cattle. There are fine water-powers along the Chattahoochee river. The timbers are the various kinds of oak, hickory, maple, poplar, gum and some pine. Lawrenceville, the county site, is situated on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. It has a branch road of this same system connecting it with Loganville, in Walton county, and another, th e Lawrenceville road, con-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

693

necting it with Suwannee, on the Southern Railway. Lawrencevme has a bank, and during the past year a cotton-mill with a capital stock of $60,000 has been put in operation. The Lawrenceville district has a population of 2,535 of whom 853 live in the town.
Buford, on the Southern Railway, is a busy town, having two banks with an aggregate capital of $50,000; 4 tanneries, 3 large harness factories and 1 small one employing 575 hands and turning out more than 200 dozen horse collars a day. The Sugar Hill district has a population of 3,226, of whom 1,352live in the town of Buford, and 211 in the town of West Buford. This is a prosperous and growing county with a fine climate and a progressive people.
Granite of excellent quality is abundant. Iron, quartz and buhrstone are found in considerable quantities. Some gold has been found in the Chattahoochee river and in some other places.
The schools are in good condition, and churches are found in every neighborhood. In the 84 schools for whites, the average attendance is 3,123, and in the 20 for colored there is an average attendance of 468~
According to the United States census of 1900 the number 'Of bales o:: cotton ginned in Gwinnett county for the season of 1899~1900, was 17,- 667 bales (upland).
The area of Gwinnett county is 510 square miles, or 326,400 acres.. Population in 1900, 25,585, an increase of 5,686 since 1890; school fund, $16,168.94.
By the Comptroller~General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-proved land, 286,490; average value per acre of improved land, $5.92 ;: city property, $374,793; shares in bank, $32,000; money, etc. $385,378 ;; merchandise, $125,299; cotton factories, $35,630; iron works, $300; household furniture, $155,208; farm and other anumals, $268,224; plantation and mechanical toQls, $74,709; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,311; value of all other property, $51,563; real estate, $2,073,139; prsonal estate, $1,142,086. Aggrega.te property, $3,215,225.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 2,615; value, $4,998; city property, $4,375; money, etc., $787; household furniture, $5,122; farm and other animals, $10,562; watches, etc., $87; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,857; value of all other property, $131.00. Aggregate property, $37,919.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $166,011 in the value of all property, as compared with the returns of 1900.
In the court-house square at Lawrenceville stands a monument, on one side of which is the following inscription: "This monument is erected by their fri ends to the memory of Captain James C. Winn and Sergeant Anthony Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who were taken in honorable combat at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the llfexican commander, March 27, 1830." On the other side of the monument is another inscript ion which reads thus: "To the memory of Ensign Isaac Lacy, Sergeant James C. Martin, and privates \Vm. M. Sims, John A. V. Tate, Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland, brothers; Henry W. Peden, James M. Allen, members of the Gwinnett company of Mounted Vol-

694 .

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

unteers, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, who were slain in battle with a party of Creek Indians at Shepherd's, in Stewart county, -June 9, 1836. Their remains rest beneath this monument."
Population of Gwinnett county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 10,735; white females, 10,707; total white, 21,442; colored males, 2,094; colored females, 2,049; total colored, 4,143.
Domestic animals in barns an~ inclosures, not on farms or ranges, .June 1, 1900: 132 calves, 21 steers, 18 bulls, 285 dairy cows, 151 horses, 19 mules, 525 swine, 6 goats.

HABERSHAM COUNTY.

Habersham County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was named for Joseph Habersham of Savannah, a distinguished patriot of the Revolution, who was Postmaster-General under Washington and Adams. This county is bounded on the north by Rabun, on the east (or rather northeast) by the State of South Carolina, from which it is separated by the Tugaloo river, on the southeast by Franklin county, on the south by Banks, on the southwest by Hall, and on the west by White. The Chattahoochee river is on the western bou!lldary and the Soque is one of its tributaries. Other streams are Hazel creek and Mud creek.
The surface of the county is broken. The lands along the Tugaloo river are productive of corn, wheat, rye and oats. Some cotton is raised in the southern part of the county.
Of 224,857 acres in the county, 74,779 are under cultivation, 114,286 are uplands, 61,408 lowland, 37,650 bottom land, 137,567 timberland and the number of acres uncultivated is 150,078.
The soils are varied and are adapted: the uplands, to fruit and the vine; the lowlands to grain, root crops, peas and grasses; the bottom lands to corn, hay and melons. Vegetables and legumens do well on all of these.
Two thousand one hundred and seventy acres in cotton produce 500. pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 44,200 in corn, 18 bushels to the acre; 11,214 in wheat, 15; 6,455 in oats, 12 bushels to the acre; 1,172 in rye, 15 bushels; 4,150 acres in sorghum give 100 gallons to the acre; 1,170 acres in Irish potatoes yield 200 bushels to the acre; 1,730 in sweet potatoes give 80 bushels to the acre; 1,200 in field-peas, 40 bushels to the acre. Some farmers have raised 30 bushels of corn to the acre and 40 of oats. Garden vegetables do well, especially cabbage and Irish potatoes. Berries, fruits of all kinds, and melons grow to perfection. Apples and peaches bring good profits.
There is no soil or climate better suited to the growth of forage crops. Clover, alfalfa, vetches, and all the hay grasses do well. They are little raised, however, because the native grasses supply abundant paRtnre without them. The cultivation of hay would be profitable in Habersham county. Without any special effort 2,000 pounds of clover to the acre are produced.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

695

While there are no dairy farms by the census of 1890, there were

51 18~ cattle and 1,701 milch-cows (many of them Jerseys), producing 4541140 gallons of mu.k and lo01 ti4~ pounds of butter.'
J.ne r-ea1rug of l>wt car.ue W:l an llli.lW:>try is O'U the increase, and the

breed is llllprovmg rapidly. Two .Polled Angus and l:l shorthomed. bulls

have lately been imported into the county.

Of ali kinds of poultry there were in 1890 43,037, producing 89,876

dozens of eggs. This county produced also 14,56~ pounds of honey.

There were 5,343 sheep, with a wool-clip of 8,~~o pounds. There

were also 7,!:!39 swine, ti~o horses, 436 mules and 14 .donkeyil. During

tlre patlt tive years lltock of all kmdB hail improved 30 per cent.

There are 51 vineyards covering about 1170 acres. The value of the

grapes sold is $9,780, and the revenue derived from the sale of their wine

is $71,720.



The timber of the county is white oak, post oak, maple, hickory, beech,

walnut, cedar and pine. All these are available for manufacturing pur-

pose::!. There are six sawmills in the county operated by steam and

valued at $8,000.

Near Uornelia are the cotton-mills of the Porter Manufacturing Com-

pany, with ti,OOO spindles and a capital of $125,000, and at Toccoa are

the Toccoa Mills, with 5,000 spindles and a capital of $50,000. There

ill a woolen-mill in connection with the Porter Manufacturing Company.

There are also 8 flour and grist-mills in Habersham county. There is a

sallh and blind factory at Cornelia and one at Toccoa. There are also a

tannery and a wagon factory at Cornelia. All the grist-mills and the

mills of the Porter Manufacturing Company at Cornelia use water-

power. The rest use steam.

All the manufactories of the county, taken together, employ 728

hands, and pay out in salaries $215,300. In addition to the manufac-

torieto already mentioned, there are 5 registered brandy distilleries:

Clarkesville, the county site, is situated on the line of the Tallulah

Falls Railway, near the Soque river, on a high ridge. Here the eye of the

tourist is delighted by the picturesque grandeur of the surrounding

country. The population of the district is 1,382, of whom 491 live in

the town.

Cornelia, on the Southern Railway, is a thriving town with several

manufacturing establishments and a bank with a capital of $25,000. In

the neighborhood of Cornelia !!Orne of the finest peaches of Georgia are

raised and its vineyards produce the .most luscious grapes, from which

-wines of the finest quality are made. The Cornelia district contains 1,058

inhabitants, of whom 467 live in the town.

Toccoa, already mentioned for its manufactories is a thriving town of

2.176 inhabitants on the Southern Railway, at the junction of the El-

berton branch with the main trunk line. Toccoa district contains 3,419

inhabitants. Within three miles' of it are the lovely falls of Toccoa, al-

ready described in a previous chapter.

'

Demorest, on the Tallulah Falls Railway, is a pretty town with a good

trade and commanding from all sides a lovely view. The Demorest dis-

696

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

trict, which is coextensive with the town of that name, had a population of 560 in 1900.
Tallulah Falls, just across the boundary of Habersham, in Rabun county, and known far and wide for their scenery in which grandeur and beauty are so charmingly blended, were long claimed by Habersham, but a decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia adjudged them to Rabun.
Other towns are Mount Airy and .A.yersville on the Southern, and Turnerville, .A.na:p.dale and Azalea on the Tallulah Falls Railway.
The products of the county are marketed at Toccoa, Cornelia, Mount Airy, Turnerville, Clarkesville and Demorest, local markets, and at the city of Atlanta, with which all this section is connected by the Southern Railway.
The total cotton receipts and shipments from the entire county are 8,400 bales. The mills of the county use 3,200 bales. The cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899-1900, according to the United States census for 1900, was 1,435 bales (upland).
The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians are all represented by the churches of this county.
There are good schools in the towns, villages and throughout the county. The average attendance in the 47 schools for whites is 1,169, and in the 7 for negroes, 154. In the schools of Toccoa are enrolled 296 whites and 130 colored.
There are several mountains in this county, of which Currahee is the most noted. It rises in a conical form until it reaches an elevation of nine hundred feet. On the east it descends to the usual level of the land, but on the west, after descending many hundred feet, it blends with a ridge that joins it to the chain of the .A.lleghanies.
Iron ore of superior quality is found in Habersham county. Granite of the best quality and apparently inexhaustible is all over the county.
.A. mine of asbestos is being profitably worked. The capital invested is $8,000, and the annual output is $22,000.
Gold, copper, manganese, ochre, marble, slate, graphite, mica, talc and sandstone are found. Intelligent citizens claim that the county has unlimited mineral resources that only need development to show some of the richest mines in the Appalachian region.
The area of Habersham county is 372 square miles, or 238,080 acres. Population in 1900, 13,604, an increase of 2,031 since 1890; school fund, $9,087.75.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 213,680; of wild land, 12,085; average value per acre of improved land, $2.51; of wild land, $0.47; city property, $273,719; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $125,783; merchandise, $76,594; building and loan associations, $7,445; stocks and bonds, $,9,800; cotton manufactories, $131,781; iron w.orks, $800; household furniture, $85,290; farm and other animals, $107,645; plantation and mechanical tools, $24,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,333; value of all other prop-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

697

erty, $15,054; real estate, $917,366; personal estate, $671,975. Aggregate property, $1,589,341.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 2,445; value, $5,799; city property, $15,318; money, etc., $310; merchandise, $95; household furniture, $3,209; farm and other animals, $3,347; plantation and mechanical tools, $561; watches, etc., $84.00; value of aU other property, $273.00. Aggregate property, $32,354.
The tax returns of 1901 show an increase in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,722.
Population of Habersham county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,870; white females, 5,942; total white, 11,812; colored maleS, 869; colored females, 923; total colored, 1,792;
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 46 steers, 2 bulls, 281 dairy cows, 203 horses, 40 mules, 1 donkey, 4 sheep, 498 swine, 3 goats.

HALL COUNTY.
Hall County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was named for Lyman Hall, a signer of the Declaration of Independence in behalf of Georgia and governor of the State from January 9, 1783 to January 9, 1784. It is bounded by the following counties: White and Lumpkin on the north, Habersham on the northeast, Banks on the east, Jackson on the southeast, Gwinnett on the south and southwest, Forsyth and Dawson on the west and Lumpkin on the northwest. The principal rivers are the Chattahoochee, Oconee, Chestatee, Walnut and Little. There are also numerous creeks. On these streams the lands are very productive. Almost every variety of soil is found in this county.
According to the soil and method of cultivation the lands of Hall county will produce to the acre: from 750 to 1,500 pounds of seed cotton; from 15 t{) 20 bushels of corn; from 10 to 20 bushels of wheat; from 20 to 40 bushels of oats; from 10 to 15 bushels of rye; 100 bushels of Irish potatoes; 200 bushels of sweet potatoes; 15 bushels of :fieldpeas and 25 of ground-peas; 250 gallons of sorghum syrup. All grasses and forage crops do well and are raised to a considerable extent. The average hay production is: crab-grass, Bermuda-grass and clover, two tons, or 4,000 pounds each to the acre.
The people are very much interested in getting good milch-cows and have a preference for the .Tersey. Nearly etrery family in the country and many in the towns and villages have at least one cow. Some attention also _is paid to the rearing of beef cattle, and there have been a few importations of full bred bulls.
In 1890 there were in Hall county 6,635 cattle, of which 2,429 were milch-cows, producing 734,188 gallons of milk, 247,355 pounds of butter, and 75 pounds of cheese. There were also 112,635 of all varieties of poultry, producing 122,102 dozens of eggs. The county also produced 29,937 pounds of honey. Other animals were 823 horses, 1,437 mules,

698

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

8 donkeys, 8,724 swine and 2,479 sheep, with a wool-clip of 3,913. pounds.
There is some trucking in a small way to supply the home market. Berries of all kinds and grapes are raised extensively. There are several small vineyard:; of from 5 to 20 acres. Fine melons, peaches and apples are raised. All fruits of every kind grow to perfection and the home market is kept well supplied. The apples only are marketed to any considerable extent outside of the county.
There are 2 florists engaged in raising flowers and flowering plants for sale.
There is a great variety of minerals in the county. Some of the gbld mines are operated profitably. There are also iron, lead and silver in small quantities. Large quantities of brick and lime are made. There is also a large .:mpply of building stone. The county has several valuable water-powers amounting to about 6,000 horse-powers. Since 1892 there has been some additional utilization of water-powers by several new flouring aud gri:;t-mi11s. There are in all 35 of these mills, with an aggregate value of $35,000.
About half the land of the county is timber, mostly white oak, post oak, poplar, hickory, pi'De, maple, ash, walnut, mountain oak, a'lld locust. These fine timbers are utilized by 12 or more sawmills.
Gainesville, the county site, on the Southern Railway 53 miles from Atlanta, is a gmwing city of 4,382 inhabitants. It has a court-house valued at $7 5,000; three banks, whose capital aggregates nearly $200,000, and an electric light plant and water-works owned by the city. There are located here many manufacturing establishments, viz.: a large shoe factory, 4 ta.rmeries, 4 planing-mills, 3 sash, blind and furniture establishments, 3 wagon and carriage and buggy factories, 1 ice factory, 1 furniture and chair factory, 1 steam laundry, 1 iron foundry and machine shop, 5 brick works, limeworks, 1 paper box factory, 1 pottery, 1 cotton seed oil-mill, the railroad shops of the Gainesville, J e:fferson and Southern and two cotton-mills. One of these now nearing completion represents a capital of $1,000,000. In all these manufactories between two and three thousand hands are employed. The enterprising citizens of this progressive town are projecting canneries, wool factories, electric power-plant for street railways and a manufactory of cotton towels. Of course life and fire insurance companies have their active agents in this busy city.
In the Gainesville drstrict, which includes the city, there are 5,820 inhabitants.
The Southern Railway crosses the county from southwest to northeast, and a branch of it running along its eastern boundary connects Belton, on the main line, with the city of Athens. The Gainesville, J e:fferson and Southern connects Gainesville with Monroe and Social Circle in Walton county, and, by another branch, with J efferson, the county site of Jackson county. The roads of Hall county are not macadamized, though the streets of Gainesville are.
The county receipts of cotton are about 15,000 hales, about 10,000 of

GEORGIA: HIB'l'ORIOAL A.ND lNDUSTRIAL.

699

which are handled at Gainesville. According to the United States census of l!JOO there were ginned !J,58o bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1!:100.
The products of the county are marketed chiefly in Gainesville, but Flowery Branch and Belton on the Bouthern Railway come in for a share.
When the new cotton mill is completed, the mills will use more than 30,000 bales a year.
The Brenau Cu1lege and Conservatory of Music is situated at Gainesville. It has a large attendance of pupils. The public school:> of the city and county are in a good condition. The Georgia Military Institute for young men was completed in 1900.
The churches of the city and county are at convenient distances, and are in easy reach of all the citizens. They represent Methodi:>ts, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians.
The average attendance in the public schools of the county is 1,995 in the 68 schools for whites, and 285 in the 15 for colored. In the schools of Gainesville there are enrolled 615 whites and 214 colored pupils.
The area of Hall county is 449 square miles, or 287,360 acres. Populatiou in U:!OO, 20,7 52, an increase of 2,705 since 18!)0; school fnnd, $14,132.02.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of improved land, 252,457; of wild land, 1,473; value per acre of improved land, $4.98; of wild land, $0.65; city property, $1,05V,850; shares in bank, $100,000; mon ey, ere., $4::l3,H57, merchMHli~e, :li:::;: l,f\Hi>; stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $81,475; iron works, $1,200; mining, $1,450; household furniture, $181,072; farm and other animals, $221,538; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,897; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,347; value of all other property, $50,277; real estate, $2,317,827; personal estate, $1,512,718. Aggregate property, $3.830,545.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 3,754; value, $11,430; city property, $12,625; money, etc., $175; merchandise, $20; household furniture, $6,698; fllrm and other animllls, $7,527; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,183; watches, etc., $115; va)np of all other propPrtv. :1\704.00. . Agg-re,CZ:!tP wonertv. ~qfl l)'l2.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the valne of all property of $176 t161 over the retmns of 1900.
Popnlation of Hall co1mty ?Y sex and color, llccorrling to the census
of 1000: white males, 8,655: white femllh~s. 8.R2!1: totlll white, 17,480; col orf>fl mllles, 1,627; colorerl females, 1,645: totfll colo~ed, 3,272.
Pop11l lltion of Gainesville City by race llnrl color, llccording to the censn!'; of 1900: white males. 1.525; white fpmalps, 1,671; total white, 3, Hlfl: ('olored males, 50fi: colored femllles, fl!)O: totlll colored. 1,186.
Total population of Gainesville, 4,382. Domestic animals in Hall connty in barns anrl inclosmes, not on fllrms or ranges, Jnne 1, 1900: 108 calves, 21 steers, 1 bull, 329 dairy cows, 270 horses, 89 mules, 2 donkeys, 401 swine, 4 goats.

700

GEORGIA: HIS'l.'ORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

HANCOCK COUNTY.
Hancock County was laid out in 1793, and received its name in honor of John Hancock of Massachusetts, chairman of the Continental Congress, in which position he performed duties now belonging to the President of the United States. By virtue of his position he was the first man to sign the Declaration of Independence.
The north fork of the Ogeechee river separates the county from Warren, and the Oconee from Putnam. It is bounded by the following counties: Taliaferro oo the north, Warren on the northeast, Glascock a few miles on the east, Washington on the southeast, Baldwin on the southwest, Putnam on the west, and Greooe on the northwest.
The northern part of Hancock county is very hilly, with a red, aluminous soil. The southern portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil. The best lands are said to be on Shoulderbone creek and its tributary waters. Other streams in the county are Little Ogeechee river, Buffalo, Keg and Town creeks.
The lands of the county under good cultivation will average per acre: seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; wheat, 10 to 20 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas, 60 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 5,000 pounds; clover, 4,000 pounds; corn forage, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons.
Some of the best lands in the county, under careful cultivation, have yielded as high as 2,800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 65 bushels of corn and 42 bushels of wheat. According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 14,371 bales of upland cotton in Hancock county.
Garden vegetables of all kinds do well in Hancock county. Melons and berries of the best quality are among the products of fields and gardens. Several farmers of the county have orchards containing from 2,000 to 12,000 peach-trees, from which great quantities are sh1pped to market, and large quantities used for home consumption.
By the census of 1890.there were in the county, 6,390 cattle, of which there were 606 working oxen and 2,366 milch-cows, producing 482,352 gallons of milk and 134,733 pounds of butter. The 72,985 domestic fowls of all kinds produced 114,404 dozens of eggs, and from the beehives were gathered 13,454 pounds of honey. There were also 1,253 horses, 1,735 mules, .2 donkeys and 12,920 swine. The 502 sheep gave a wool-clip of 1.,569 pounds.
The timbers are pine, oak, sweet-gum, maple, hickory and other hardwoods.
Sparta, the county site, with a population of 1,150, is a beautiful town, on that branch of the Georgia Railroad which connects Augusta and Macon. Its court-house is an imposing building valued at $50,000. A company has been organized to build at Sparta a cotton-mill. At this

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

701

town is a creamery which receives 2,200 gallons of milk a day. Sparta is partly in the 102d and 113th militia districts, the former having 3,116 inhabitants and the latter 2,442.
The people of this county have given much attention to education, and are among the most intelligent and cultured in the State. The schools of Sparta have a fine reputation, aru.d at Mount Zion, seven miles
from Sparta, is the celebrated academy so many years presided over by Dr. Beeman, and afterwards by Hon. W. J. Northen, subsequently governor of Georgia for two terms. In this county also lived for many years the eloquent divine, Dr. Lovick Pierce, and his gifted son, Bishop George F. Pierce, one of the most eloquent pulpit orators that America ever produced. -
At J ewells on the north fork of the Ogeechee, is a cotton-mill with a capital of $75,000. Other postoffices in the county are Carr's Station, Cawthen, Culverton, Devereux Station, Linton, Mayfield, Powelton and Shoulder.
Some valuable minerals have been found in this county: asbestos, plumbago, kaolin, agate, etc.
There are some remarkable mounds. The principal one is 400 feet north of the center prong of Shoulderbone creek. Its base is 20 feet above the level of the creek. Around it are the remains of an entrenchment, containing about four acres. Near the mound is an inclosure. Human bones to a large amount have been found. Shoulderbone creek is memorable as the place where a treaty was made with the Creek Indians in 1786.
This is a county of churches and strong religious influence. All Christian denominations are represented in membership.
The area of Hancock county is 523 square miles, or 334,720 acres. Population in 1900, 18,277, an increase of 1,128 since 1890; school fund, $14,157.88.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 276,282; average value per acre, $3.70; city property, $186,695; money, etc., $203,879; merchandise, $88,730; stocks and bonds, $31,950; cotton factories, $115; household furniture, $85,062; farm and other animals, $159,105; plantation and mechanical tools, $33,831; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,607; real estate, $1,219,291; personal estate;."$686,832; value of all other property, $48,803. Aggregate property, $1,906,123.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 19,703; valqe, $89,555; city property, $10,760; money, $8,075; merchandise, $1,515; household furniture, $12,350; farm and other animals, $37,202; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,844; watches, etc., $286; value of all other property, $6,550. Aggregate property, $173,803.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property since the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,851.
There is an average attendance of 757 in the 29 schools for whites, and 1,191 in the 34 for colored pupils.
Population 10f Hancock county by sex and color, accorrding to the

702

GEORGIA: HlSTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

census of 1900: white males, 2,291; white females, 2,358 ; total white, 4,649; colored males, 6,615; colored females, 7,013; total colored, 13,628.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 60 calves, 63 steers, 5 bulls, 125 dairy cows, 101 horses, 6 mules, 1 donkey, 16 sheep, 189 swine, 17 goats.

HARALSON COUNTY.
Haralson County wa-s formed from Polk and Carroll in 1856, and was named for Hon. Hugh A. Haralson of Troup county, who was a member of Congress from 1845 to 1850. It is bounded as follo.ws: .Polk county on the north, Paulding and Carroll on the east, Carroll on the south and the State of Alabama on the west. The Tallapoosa river and numerous branches water the county.
Of 180,480 acres in the county, about 75,000 are under cultivation. This does not mean, however, that all the rest are wild lands. The acree. of upland are about 125,000, of lowland 50,000, of bottom land 25,000. The bottom lands bring in the market $20 an acre; the lowlands, $10; the uplands, $5. There are 125,000 acres of timber land, more or less cleared. These lands vary in price from $1 to $25. Considerable pine of excellent quality is obtained. There are also several vruieties of hardwood.
The face of the country is broken. The climate is cool and bracing and pure water is abundant. The bottom lands on the watercourses arnd the valley lands are rich and produce abundantly. The soil is for the most part red with clay subsoil. The acreage of the various crops is: for cotton and corn, 30,000 each; wheat, oats, rye, sorghum, Irish potatoes and garden vegetables about 1,000 each, for sweet potatoes, 4,000; and for field-peas, 5,000. The average yield to the acre of all crops is: seed cotton, from 600 to 1,100 pounds; corn, 20 to 25 bushels; oats, 30 to 40; wheat, 15 to 25; rye, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, J-5; ground-peas, 70; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; clover, 8,000 pound's; COol'Jl fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
The above yields of hay have been made il) the county, but of late years very little attention ha:s been paid to it.ll'oo much time and labor have been put upon cotton to the neglect of the other crops. The county can raise its own hay and forage crops and be independent. The native grasses give fine range for sheep and cattle. Though there are no dairy farms, there were by the census of 1890 1,507 milch-cows producing 399,705 gallons of milk, from which were made 147,320 pounds of butter. Some attention is being paid to the improvement o the breeds of cattle, and many shorthorns, among them thoroughbred bulls, have been introduced, and also many Jerseys, which here, as everywhere else in the State, are the favorites for dairy purposes.
According to the census o: 1890 the total number of cattle in the

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

703

county was about 4,501, of which 660 were working oxen. 57,536 domestic fowls of all kinds gave 1Uo,510 dozens of eggs. This county produced 11,474 pounds of honey. There were 421 horses, 6~3 mules, 5 donkeys, 8,076 hogs, and 2,656 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,841 pounds.
Apples, peaches, grapes, berries and a great variety of vegetables, yield abundantly. About 1,000 acres are devoted to melons, with a profit of $50 to the acre. About 500 acres each are devoted to apples and peaches. There is one canning establishment which puts up 500 cans of peaches and apples a day. The profits by the acre on these fruits in a favorable season amount to $100.
This is a great county for vineyards, of which there are 500, covering 5,000 acres. Twenty-five per cent. of the grapes is the number marketed, and from nearly all the balance wine is made. The value of the grapes sold is stated as $50,000, and the revenue from the sale of the wine is estimated at $100,000. There are two wineries, one of which manufaetures unfermented wine.
In addition to the pine the county abounds in oak, gum, maple, poplar and other hardwoods of good quality. There are many small sawmills preparing the lumber for planing mills and shingle machines. The annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet, with an average price of $8 a thousand feet.
Gold is being mined quite extensively. The Royal Gold mine, at Tallapoosa, has a plant which cost $200,000. There are other small mines in operation.
There is in the county water-power sufficient for all needed purposes. Among the manufactories may be mentioned a charcoal pig-iron furnace and a glass factory, and several flour and grist-mills. The old Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, now a part of the Central of Georgia system, and the Georgia Pacific branch of the Southern system, pass through the county, the first from north to south, the latter from east to west. A short road from Alabama also touches the Southern at Tallapoosa. Tallapoosa is a thriving town of 2,128 inhabitants, with banking privileges and with a water-works plant valued at $50,000. Here there is !l railroad shop. The entire Tallapoosa district has a population of 3,005. The county seat is Buchanan, named in honor of James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, president of the United States from 1856 to 1860. It is on the 0hattanooga, Rome a!Ild Sonthern RaQlway near the headwaters of the Tallapoosa river. The court-house is valued at $25,000. All the Christian denominations are represented in this county, the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians being the most numerous. The schools are in a flourishing condition. At Tallapoosa is a large school bniJding which cost $15,000. In the 40 white schools of the cmmty the average attendance is 958 and in the 4 colored schools, 90. T11llanoosa handles about 2,000 bales of cotton annually. According to the United St11tes census of 1900 there were ginned in this county for the season 1899-1900 5,597 bales of upland cotton. The area of Haralson county is 282 square miles, or 180,480 acree.

704

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Population in 1900, 11,922, an increase of 606 since 1890; school fund $7,982.57.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 158,540; wild lands, 32,997; average value per acre of improved land, $4.20; of wild, $1.15; city property, $351,628; money, etc., $131,151; value of merchandise, $61,783; bonds, $600; cotton manufactures, $12,182; iron works, $1,750; capital in mining, $212; household furniture, $84,533; farm and other animals, $114,846; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,607; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,925; value of all other property, $30,610; real estate, $1,054,953; personal estate, $476,500. Aggregate, $1,531,453.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 1,604; value, $6,567; city property, $3,594; money, $200; merchandise, $700; household furniture, $2,577; farm and other animals, $3,057; plantation and mechanical tools, $573; watches, etc, $73; value of all other property, $158.00. Aggregate property, $17,499.
The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $13,320 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900, but this apparent decrease arises probably from some slight error in the returns.
Population of Haralson county by sex and color according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,148; white females, 5,132; total white, 10,280; colored males, 808; colored females, 834; total co~ored, 1,642.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 103 calves, 132 steers, 4 bulls, 210 dairy cows, 130 horses, 64 mules, 3 donkeys, 191 sheep, 363 swine, 34 goats.

HARRIS COUNTY.
Harris County was laid out from Troup and Muscogee in 1827. A part was given back to Muscogee in 1829. It was named in honor o Charles Harris, Esq., an eminent jurist of Savannah. It is bounded on the north by Troup and :Meriwether counties, on the east by Talbot, on the south by Muscogee, and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee 11iver. It is well watered by Mulberry, Sowhachee, Stlgl_Q.i:ug ]~oy, West End, Flat Shoals, Old House and Mountain creeks, all of which empty into the Chattahoochee.
The face of the country is much varied, and so is the soil. The Pine Mountains enter the county near its northeastern corner, and Oak Mountain on the east. Above the Pine Mountains the country is level with a light soil, productive when new, but not lasting. \Vest of the center it is a broken, rich country, heavily timbered. In the valley between Oak and Pine Mountains the soil is gray, while the growth is Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak Mountain all the way down llfulberry creek to its union with the Chattahoochee river, the soil is rich. With lands so widely different in point of fertility, the averages o:f production differ according to location of land as well as manner of culti-

GEORGIA: HISTORiaAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

705

vation. The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, 600 to 900 pounds; corn, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, 15 to 25 ,bushels; wheat, 8 to 10 bushels; rye, 5 to 8 bushels; barley, 20 to 50 bushels; sugar-cane, 75 to 300 gallons of syrup to the acre; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 to 100 bushels; field-peas, 5 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 10 to 20 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds.
There are no dairy farms, but most families have milch-cows. The total number in 1890 was 2,847, with a production of 671,384 gallons of milk and 200,661 pounds of butter.
A good deal of intm"est is manifested in the rearing of beef cattle, and this has led to improvement of the breed. The total of all kinds of neat cattle in 1890 was 6,962. Much attention is giv61Il to poultry, and the domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 87,571, and produced 125,679 dozens of eggs. The product of the bee-hives amounted to 20,803 pounds. Four hundred and forty-five sheep gave a wool-clip of 944 pounds. There were 8,518 swine, 890 horses, 2,213 mules, 7 donkeys, and 313 oxen.
Vegetables of every kind are raised, and fruits of many varieties, but almost exclusively for home use.
Pine and Oak Mountains afford large quantities of lumber which the sawmills are getting ready for building or manufacturing purposes. The sawmills are generaily operated by steam.
The Chattahoochee river abounds in water-power for factories of all kinds. Some of the citizens of West P oint, just across the line in Troup county, availing themselves of these water-powers, have established cotton-mills on the river just below the town, extending into Harris county. The citizens are anxious for cotron factories and cotton seed oil-mills.
Hamilton, the county site, with a population of 418, on a branch of the Central Railroad, is beautifully located between Pine and Oak Mountains. The court-house cost about $12,000. The Methodists and Baptists have churches here. There are good schools, one for boys and one for girls. The Hamilton district has 2,278 inhabitants. The whole county is well supplied with schools and churches. Hamilton is 22-! miles from each of the following cities and towns: Columbus, LaGrange, West Point, Talbotton and Greenville. Hamilton ha:s a canning factory, a broom factory and a shoe factoq.
Chipley, tm the Central Railroad, has a bank with a capital of $25,000 and two sawmills. On this same road are Summit and Cataula. Ellerslie, Waverly,Hall and Shiloh are on the Southern.
There are altogether 66 miles of railroad in the county. The corf:ton receipts and shipments from railroad stations in the county number 12,500 bales, and according to the United States census for 1900, for the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 22,852 bales of upland cotton in Harris county.
The area of Harris county is 486 square miles, or 311,040 acres. Population in 1900, 18,009, an increase of 1,212 since 1890; school fund $12,355.43.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 268,194; of wild land, $3,901; average value to the acre

706

GEORGIA: HIRTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

of improved land, $3.14; of wild land, $0.74; city property, $104,168; money, $120,340; ' merchandise, $61,500; st.ocks and bonds, $11,280; cottou manufactures, $2,100; mining, $800; value of household furni ture, $73,828; farm and other animal;;, $160,591; plantation and mechanical tools, $35,ti61; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,718; value o:f all other property, $::38,828; real estate, $958,733; personal estate, $641,985. Aggregate property, $1,600,718.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number o:f acres o:f land, 12,51::3; value, $o4,H62; city property, $2, 8tl5 ; merchandise, $150; household furniture, $13,769; farm and other a:nirn~L;;, $31,317; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,960; value of all other property, $13,261. Aggregate property, $116,084.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase o:f $90,044 in the value of all property since 1900.
In the 39 :>chools for whites there is an average attendance o:f 939, and in th e f\ 1 for colored the average attendance is 1,662.
Population of Harris county by sex and color, according the census o:f 1900: white males, 2,884; white f emales, 2,93!1; Ulta.l white, 5,823; colorPd males, 5,999; colored females, 6,187; total colored, 12,1R6.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 11 steers, 19 dairy cows, 21 horses, 31 swine,
1 goat.

HART COUNTY.

Hart County was :formed from Franklin, Elbert and Madiwn counties in 1856. It was named in honor of Mrs. Nancy Hart, a heroine of the Revolntion, who lived in Elbert county. A sketch o:f her appears in the account o:f Elbert county.
Hart county is bounded as follows: On the north and east by the State of South Carolina, from which it is divided by the Tugaloo and Savannah rivers; on the southeast, south and southwest by Elbert and Madison counties; on the west by Franklin.
Beaverdam, Log, Cedar and Shoal creeks flow through the county. The soil of the uplands is gray and gravelly; that of the bottom lands gray sa:ndy with red clay subsoil. The chief crops are cotton and corn, but wheilt, oats, rye and a little barley, garden vegetables, gra;;ses, etc., are raised. The lands along the Savannah and Tugaloo rivers are very productive. Theclimate and water are both conducive to health. The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, from 500 to 800 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10; oats, 15 to 30; rye, 10; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 each; field-peas, Hi; crah-grass hay, 2.000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder with stalk (shredded eorn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum syn1p, 75 gallons. Peavine, German and Cattail millets, sorghum and corn forage produee abundantly.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

707

A little irrigation is practiced by turning small streams somewhat out Of their natural channels and causing them to go where needed.
From April to October broom sage, Japan clover, Bermuda and meadow grass are used for pasturage; from January to May, rye, barley and oats are used.
A cross between the Jersey and Holstein is preferred here for milk and butter purposes.
In the rearing of beef cattle for the market the people are taking great interest, and from nearly every farm beeves of :fine quality are sold. A few pure bred Hereford bulls have been imported into the county. In 1890 there were 5,054 cattle in the county, 1,915 of them milch-cows, producing 555,440, gallons of milk and 199,274 pounds of butter. The sheep numbered 1,511, with a wool-clip of 2,062 pounds. There were 678 working oxen. There were 740 horses, 897 mules, 10 donkeys and 4,696 hogs. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 87,372 and produced 75,805 dozens of eggs. The honey product of the county was 19,080 pounds.
There are 12 market gardens, the total value of whose products is about $6,000, of which 40 per cent. is clear profit. About 25 acres are devoted to melons, which bring a profit of $75 to the acre.
Fine apples and peaches are raised and have a ready sale. There arealso several vineyards, making good profits.
About 30 per cent. of the original forests are still standing. Very little lumber is shipped from the county, but much pine, oak, poplar and hickory are used by the sawmills of the county, which, large and small, number about 25. The annual output of lumber in superficial feet is estimated at 3,750,000 feet, valued at $7 to $7.50 a thousand.
The flour and grist-mills number about 25. At Hartwell is the \Vitham cotton-mill, which has lately been enlarged to double capacity. This is being operated by steam. At Shoal creek is another cotton-mill operated by water. One department of this mill manufactures woolen goods. Other manufactories are shingle and planing-mills, brick kilns and the Hartwell Canning Company's factory and 4 cotton seed oil-mills, all
in successful operation. Hartwell, the county site, is located on the Hartwell railroad, which
connects with one of the arms of the Southern Railway at Bowersville. Hartwell's two banks, with an aggregate capital of nearly $100,000, give to the citizens of the town and county good commercial advantages. The court-house at Hartwell cost $10,000, the jail $20,000. Town district, which includes Hartwell, has a population of 3,882, of whom 1,672 live
in Hartwell. The Hartwell Collegiate Institute has an attendance of DVer 400. The
Bowersville and other high schools and lower grades of the public school
system are well attended. The cotton receipts of the county amount to about 10,000 bales, and
the shipments, mostly from Hartwell, amount to between 5,000 and 6,000 bales. The mills of the county use about 2,500 bales. According
33 g&

708

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

to the United States ce<nsus of 1900, in this county in the season of 18991900 there were ginned 12,519 bales of upland cotton.
The county roads are in good condition. They are worked by commutation and property tax combined. The best improved machines are used.
The area of Hart county is 257 square miles, or 164,480 acres. Population in 1900, 14,492, an increase of 3,605 since 1890; school' fund, $9,138.12.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 153,116; average value per acre, $3.88; city property, $188,001; shares in bank, $73,746; gas and electric light, $1,679; building and loan association, $3,500; money, etc., $160,265; merchandiee, $55,265; cotton manufactories, $49,500; household furniture, $73,746; farm and other animals, $124,222; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,319; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,393; value of all other property, $15,320; real estate, $782,343; personal estate, $603,016; aggregate property, $1,385,359.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land 2,532; value, $9,135; city property, $2,250; household furniture, $3,525; farm and other animals, $9,268; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,350; value of all other property, $182; aggregate property, $26,805.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $76,174 in the value of all property since 1900.
The average attendance in the 32 white schools is 1,438, and in the 15 for colored, 370.
Population of Hart county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,207; white females, 5,260; total white, 10,467; colored males, 2,044; colored females, 1,981; total colored,
4,025. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900:41 calves, 12 steers, 92 dairy cows, 80 horses, 17 mules, 2 sheep, 164 swine, 1 goat.

HEARD COUNTY.
Heard County was laid out from Troup, Carroll and Coweta in 1830 and named after the Ron. Stephen Heard, who was Governor of Georgia in 1781.
This county is bounded on the north by Carroll, east by Coweta, south by Troup county and west by the State of Alabama.
It is well supplied with streams. The Chattahoochee flows through the county, into which empty the numerous creeks. These streams supply good sport for those fond of the rod and line, and afford valuable water power for running manufactories of various kinds. The smaller game birds are plentiful.
About one-third of the county consists of rich oak and hickory land, while two-thirds are pine mixed with oak and hickory. These latter are

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

709

<also very productive. The soil is gray sandy, with clay subsoil. Under
fair culture it will produce to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds;
corn, 15 .to 30 bushels; wheat and oats, 10 to 20 bushels each; Irish and sweet potatoes, 75 to 100 bushels each; ground-peas, 20 bushels; crab and Bermuda grass, 2,000 pounds each; sorghum syrup, 40 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 50 to 75 gallons.
According to the United States census of 1900 there _were ginned in the county 13,422 bales of upland cotton during the season of 18991900.
:More attention is being paid to making hay, to the selection of good milch-cows and the raising of improved breeds of beef cattle. Jerseys and Shorthorn Durhams are being imported into the county. In 1890 there were 4,229 cattle, 1,553 of which were milch-cows, with a production of 261,364 gallons of milk, from which were made 68,437 pounds of butter and 20 pounds of cheese. There were in the county 345 oxen.
Poultry raising is not neglected and 62,396 domestic fowls of all kinds in 1890 gave 54,840 dozens of eggs. The honey produced in the same year amounted to 18,858 pounds.
The horses numbered 502, the mules 1,236, donkeys 2, hogs 7,065 and the sheep 1,386, with a wool-clip of 1,227 pounds. The breed of horses is being improved as well as that of cattle.
Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised, but for the lack of railroad facilities scarcely any are being marketed.
The forest trees are large and valuable for building and manufacturing purposecs. Numerous sawmills, operated by steam, are utilizing this timber.
There is an abundance of excellent granite. There are several flour and grist-mills operated by water. Franklin, the county site, located on the east bank of the Chattahoochee river, has a court-house which cost $18,000 and a jail valued at $5,000. The Franklin Collegiate Institute and numerous other schools afford good educational advantages. The Methodists and Baptists have a large membership and many -churches in every part of the county. The products of the county are marketed in LaGrange, Newnan, Carrollton and Hogansville. The area of Heard county is 313 square miles, or 200,320 acres. Population in 1900, 11,177, a gain of 1,620 since 1890; school fund, $(,412.38. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: _acres of improved land, 174,702; of wild land, 7,496; average value per acre of improved lands, $3.33; of wild lands, $1.41; city property, $27,580; money, $52,107; farm animals, $135,031; merchandise, $25,313; plantation and mechanical tools, $29,177; jewelry, etc., $1,147; household furniture, $50,665; value of all other property, $20,673; real estate, :$620,409; personal estate, $319,046; aggregate property, $939,455. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

710

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

6,412; value and kitchen

foufrnliatnudr,e,$1$91,02,0048;9;ciwtyatocrhetso,wjnewperlorpye, rety~.,$4$0851';

household farm and

other animals, $18,523; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,324; value

of all other property, $1,302; aggregate value of whole property $52 -

928.

' '

The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $33,510 in the value of

all property since 1900.

Population of Heard county by sex and color, according to the census

of 1900: white males, 3,580; white females, 3,583; total white, 7,163;

colored males, 2,020; colored females, 1,994; total colored, 4,014.

Don6stic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,.

June l, 1900: 42 calves, 81 steers, 31 dairy cows, 20 horses, 11 mules,

71 swine, 1 goat.

HENRY COUNTY.
Henry County was named in honor of the renowned orator and patriot, Patrick Henry, of Virginia. Its boundaries were defined by the act of 1821. It is bounded on the north by DeKalb county, on the northeast by Hockdale and Newton, on the southeast by Butts, on the south by Spalding and on the west by Clayton.
It is well watered by South river, one of the branches of the Ocmulgee, and by Cotton river; also by Troublesome, Sandy, Towaliga, Indian, Tussahaw, Little Walnut, Line and Reeves creeks.
The lands on these rivers and creeks are rich and produce fine crops. The lands are light, sandy soil in some places, in others mulatto and stiff red soil.
Under fair cultivation the lands of all sorts will average to the acre: seed cotton, 600 to 750 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 8; barley, 10; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 to 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20 bushels; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 2,500 pounds; clover, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane, 150 gallons.
Henry county cotton ranks high in the market and is in great demand with the eastern mills. Many of the lands will yield to the acre 1,500 pounds of seed cotton, 40 }mshels of corn, 30 of wheat and other crops
in like proportion. Although there are no regular dairy farms, there are from 1 to 5 cows
in almost every family. In 1890 the 1,981 milch-cows of the county produced 500,541 gallons of milk and 221,059 pounds of butter. Among the 4,929 cattle of the county are found many improved breeds. There were 176 working oxen. Po11ltry raising is profitable and in 1890' there were 95,518 domestic fowls of all sorts, producing 111,735 dozens of eggs. The bee-hives furnished 16,130 pounds of honey.
There were 397 sheep, producing about 535 pounds of wool; 795. horses, 2,190 mules, 5 donkeys and 6,566 hogs.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

711

This is a fine county for all kinds of fruits, but they are raised almost

entirely for home consumption.

The watercourses have many fine shoals which offer inducements to

.erect factories and mills. At Island Shoals a good roller mill for flour

and corn is being put in. There are several small country mills for

flour and corn. These are run by water. There are no large saw-mills,

but several small "traveling" mills. At Hampton there is a new cotton-

mill, valued at $50,000. There is also a knitting mill at the same town,

valued at $18,000. Its capacity is now being doubled. At Locust Grove

there is a cotton seed oil-mill, valued at $25,000.

The people are anxious for manufactories of every' kind, especially

cotton-mills, cotton seed oil-mills and canneries.. McDonough, the county site, is a progressive town, increasing steadily

in population. It has two banks, a court-house worth $20,000, and a jail

which cost $5,000. It does a prosperous business.

Three railroads run through the county, the Central of Georgia, the

Southern and the Columbus division of the Southern, of which division

McDonough is the terminus.

The receipts and shipments of cotton for the county amount to 18,000

or 20,000 bales per annum, of which 8,500 are handled in McDonough. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned 20,-

056 bales of upland cotton in this county during the season of 1899-

1900.

The products of the county are handled in McDonough, Hampton and

Locust Grove. The county is well supplied with good schools.

All Christian denominations have churches with good houses of wor-

ship and full membership. The area of Henry county is 337 square miles, or 215,680 acres.

Population in 1900, 18,602, a gain of 2,382 since 1890; school fund,

$12,004.41.

.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 201,903; average value per acre, $6.17; city property,

$1!38,855; shares in bank, $25,000; money, etc., $231,970; value of

merchandise, $101,085; cotton manufactories, $6,500; household fur-

niture, $114,538; farm and other animals, $202,546; plantation and me-

.chanical tools, $61,629; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,599; value of all other

property, $56,181; real estate, $1,444,951; personal estate, $848,539;

aggregate property, $2,293,490.



Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

3,883; value, $23,886; city property, $8,145; money, $200; household

furniture, $16,401; farm and other animals, $24,896; plantation and

mechanical tools, $513; watches, etc., $89; value of all other property,

$671; aggregate property, $79,702. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $104,633 in the value of

all property since 1900.

712

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

In the 38 white schools the average attendance is 1,335, and in the 26,

colored schools 915.

McDonough district has a population of 2,725, of whom 683 live in.

the town.

.

Hampton district has 2,360 inhabitants, of whom 468 live in the town.

Locust Grove district has 1,670 inhabitants, of whom 254 live in the

town.

Population of Henry county by sex and color, according to the census

of 1900: white males, 4,695; white females, 4,518; total white, 9,213;

colored males, 4,699; colored females, 4,690; total colored, 9,389.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,..

June 1, 1900: 45 calves, 28 steers, 78 dairy cows, 60 horses, 4 mules, 1

donkey, 146 swine, 4 goats.

HOUSTON COUNTY.
Houston County was organized in 1821 and was named in honor of John Houston, of Chatham county, an ardent patriot of the Revolution and Governor of Georgia in 1778. The Ocmulgee river :flows along the eastern border of the county and Echeconnee creek on the north. Other streams are Mossy and Big Indian creeks. Houston county is bounded on the north by Bibb and Twiggs, on the east and southeast by Twiggs and Pulaski, on the south by Dooly, on the west by Macon county and on the northwest by Crawford.
The soil is mainly of the tertiary formation with outcroppings of cretaceous formation in the northern part. The land is a level, sandy loam, mainly limestone, but with outcroppings of red freestone in places. The soil is good, with a retentive clay subsoil; fertile and easily worked.
The land, according to location and culture, will give as an averageyield to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 1,500 pounds; corn, 15 to 50 bush-~ els; oats, 20 to 75; wheat, 10 to 50; rye, 5; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; crab-grass hay, 3,000 ': pounds; corn fodder, 100 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugarcane, 150 gallons of syrup. For winter pasturage arctic grass, rye and' barley are used and the native grass for summer.
There are four dairy farms making fair profits. The total number of milch-cows in the county in 1890 was 1,325, about 500 of which are on the dairy farms. The butter produced in 1890 was 66,200 pounds, but is now estimated at 79,400 pounds, and the milk at 275,000 gallons. The county produced 7,483 pounds of honey in 1890. The total of alf' kinds of poultry was 65,204, and the eggs numbered 103,801 dozens. All the cattle of the county number 3,600. There were 848 horses,. 2,984 mules, 4 donkeys, 15,143 hogs and 266 sheep, with a wool-clip o:f 502 pounds. There were also 160 working oxen. There is great iiil'-~ provement in the breeds of cattle, both for the dairy and for beef. _
Considerable attention is paid to trucking. About $15,000 worth o yegetables and berries are sold from the gardens. About 2,500 acres were

GEORGIA: HISTORIGAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

715

devoted to melons during the past season, the average net profit on which varied from $25 to $50 per acre.
Houston is the largest peach-growing county in the United States. There were shipped from Fort Valley, during the season of 1898, 850 carloads of peaches, or about 450,000 crates. This at an average of $2.25 a crate would mean more than $1,000,000. There are 3,000,000 peach trees in this county, 35,744 apple trees, 13,592 pear trees and 43,745 plum trees. There are 8 vineyards, covering in all1,000 acres.
The timber products are small; a little yellow pine and some hard wood sawed. There are 8 sawmills whose armrual output is worth about $10,000. The average price of timber is $8 a thousand feet.
The utilized water-powers are on the tributaries of the Ocmulgee, running 14 mills altogether, some of them flour and grist-mills.
The mineral products are marl and limestone. There are some fine kaolin beds.
Among the manufactories are: a cotton-mill, not in operation, 1 cotton gin manufactory, 1 knitting mill, 1 crate and basket factory, 1 fertilizer factory in operation, 1 plow handle factory, 1 ir.on foundry, 3 canning factories and 3 turpentine distilleries. More than 200 hands are employed in these various factories.
The three canning factories at Fort Valley put up last season 500,000 cans of fruits and vegetables. In addition to these many of the farms have canneries of their own.
At Grovania, on the Southern Railway, is the fertilizer factory already referred to.
Near Fort Valley is the Merchant Mill, run by water, with patent roller process and having a capacity of 40 barrels of flour per day. Most of the manufactories of the county are in Fort Valley and vicinity.
The knitting-mill, valued at $10,000, makes ladies' underwear exclusively. Fort Valley has two banks, one having a capital of $50,000, and
the other of $25,000. The population of Fort Valley in 1900 was 2,022. The entire dis-
trict, which includes the town, has 3,986 inhabitants. Perry, the county site, is situated partly in Lower Town and partly
in Upper Town district, the former having a population of 1,592 and the latter of 1,208, or 2,800 in the two districts. In Perry itself are 650 people. This town has a court-house and other public buildings valued at $20,000, a bank with a capital of $25,000 and an oil-mill.
Three branches of the Central of Georgia Railroad go from Fort Valley westward, southwest and southeast, Perry being the terminus of the
latter branch. The county roads are all in good condition, and are worked by the
county chain-gang at an annual cost of $10,000. The annual receipts of cotton are about 25,000 bales, of which 8,000
are shipped' from Fort Valley, and 500 are used in the cotton mill when
in operation. According to the United States census of 1900 there were 20,782

716

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

bales of upland cotton ginned in Houston county during the season o

1899-1900.

Methodist and Baptist churches are found in every section o the

county, and other Christian denominations are also represented.

The schools of the county are in excellent condition and the average

daily attendance is 668 in the 26 schools for whites, and 1,690 in the

8 3 schools for negroes. In Fort Valley are 180 pupils in the white

schools and 350 in those for negroes. In 1900 the State School Com-

missioner reported the school fund of Houston county to be $14,701.20.

The area of Houston county is 591 square miles, or 378,240 acres.

The population in 1900 was 22,641, an increase of 1,028 since 1890.

The Comptroller-General reported the following returns for 1900:

Acres of improved land, 346,804; of wild land, 13,383; average value

per acre of improved land, $4.14; of wild land, $0.55; city or town prop-

erty, $355,115; shares in bank, $80,500; money and solvent debts,

$123,130; merchandise, $99,770; cotton factories, $15,000; iron works,

$10,900; household and kitchen fur1jiture, $130,000; farm and other

animals, $212,240; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,595; watches,

jewelry, etc., $9,210; value of all other property, $72,670; real estate,

$1,810,353; personal estate, $810,580; aggregate value of whole prop-

erty, $2,620,933.



Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

14,410; value of land, $57,768; city or town property, $14,505; house-

hold and kitchen furniture, $32,370; f arm and other animals, $42,320;

plantation and mechanical tools, $8,910; value of all other property,

$2,,525; aggregate value of all property, $158,398.

'. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $152,087 in the value of

a}l property since 1900.

Population of Houston county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 2,797; white females, 2,838; total white,

5,635; colored males, 8,372; colored females, 8,634; total colored,

17,006.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 18 steers, 2 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 101 horses,

83 mules, 192 swine, 2 goats.

IRWIN COUNTY.

Irwin GoU'nty was laid out by the lottery act of 1818. A part was set off to Thomas and part to Lowndes in 1825. It received its lllame from General Jared Irwin, who served hi:s country faithfully in the R evolution, and afterwards in campaigns against the Indians; was a member of the convention which revised the State Constitution in 1789; as Governor in 1796 signed the act rescinding the Yazoo law; was president of the constitutional convention of 1798, which inserted in the State Constitution a clause forbidding the African slave trade as far as Georgia was concerned; was again Governor from November 7th, 1806, to November 9th, 1809; was several times president of the State Senate, holding that honored position at the time of his death in 1818.

TURPEN'fiNE FARM IN SOU'fH GEORGIA.

BUFF PLYMOUTH ROCI< COCK.
From Ru l . \ ~o .u; , 1' . .). h' u . . I n, Ind.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

719

Irwin county is bounded by the following counties: North by Wilcox and Telfair, east and southeast by Coffee, south by Berrien and west by Worth.
The Ocmulgee river flows along its northeastern boundary. The Allapaha river flows from north to south through the center of the county, and Little river is on its western side. Into these rivers numerous creek! of this county empty, of which the principal are Willacoochee, Reed, Lake and Hat. The creeks of the eastern part are among the headwaters of the Satilla river. In these various streams fish are plentiful. In the woods and fields are found quail, turkeys, deer and opossums. Many quail are shipped from Irwin county, and some deer and turkeys.
The soils may be described as red, gray and black gravel, with clay subsoil, the gray predominating. Under a good system of cultivation the lands will produce to the acre: of upland seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; of sea-island, 800 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; rice, from 20 to 100 bushels; field-poas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, from 25 to 100 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, from 200 to 500 gallons; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; Irish potatoes, from 100 to 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 250 to 300 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds.
The native farmers and the colonista at and near Fitzgerald are paying more attention to hay than ever before. Their testimony is that a bountiful yield of good hay is made from Bermuda, crab and crowfoot grasses, from peavines, cattail millet and velvet beans. For ten monthe -of the year the wiregrass affords excellent wild pasturee, and the cultivated grasses are good for eight months.
In addition to a great number of common cattle there are many J er-
sey cows and Shorthorn Durhams. Great attention is paid to the raising of beef cattle for the market and to the improvement of the breed. Within the last five years 35 Hereford and 3 Shorth'orn bulls have been brought into the county. The whole number of cattle in the county in 1890 was 11,152, of which 2,763 were milch-cows. Of these many are Jerseys and Durhams; 190,895 gallons of milk and 14,597 pounds of butter were reported from this county. There were in the county 36J) working oxen. In 1890 there were in the county 14,764 sheep, with a wool-clip of 35,984 pounds. There were 501 horses, 539 mules, 5 donkeys (male), 12 jennets and 17,270 swine; 37,189 dome&tic fowls supplied 45,021 dozens o:f eggs. The honey product was nearly '6,128 pounds.
Much attention is paid to truck farming, and every known vegetable is raised in the market gardens, as are also berries of every kind. Melons and fruits also are extensively raised and the whole tmcking business of the county will not fall far short of $100,000. The markets for these things are Savannah, Macon and Atlanta., Ga., and Cincinnati, Ohio.
There is one florist establishment at Fitzgerald. The timbers of Irwin county are yellow pine, white oak, water oak, tulip, juniper, cypress, black-gum, cedar, red oak, ash and hickory, all found in paying quantities.

720

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The an~ual output of lumber is 113,800,000 superficial feet, at an.

average pr1ce of $8 a thousand feet. Forty sawmills are employed cut-

ting up this timber, and 25 distilleries are engaged in the manufacture

of spirits of turpentine.

Sandstone and phosphate are found in this county.

Irwinville, the county site, is a little village on the Tifton and North-

eastern Railroad. At the junction of this same railroad with a branch of

the Georgia and Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line system stands the new

and growing city of Fitzgerald, built by colonists from the northwesterD;

States. Another railroad, an offshoot of the Hawkinsville and Florida

Southern connects Fitzgerald with Davisville in Wilcox county. Fitz-

gerald has electric lights ll!nd water-works worth $45,000, all paid

for, and owned by the city, 2 banks with adequate capital, many pros-

perous mercantile establishments, 10 life and fire insurance agencies, 1

wagon factory and 3 sash and blind factories. All the stock has beeru

taken for a $60,000 cotton-mill at Fitzgerald, ~xpected to be soon in:

operation. The population of Fitzgerald is 1,817. The district, includ-

ing Fitzgerald, has 2,515 inhabitants.

The facilities in Irwin county for travel and transportation are excel-

'lent. Besides 75 miles of railroad, 50 miles of public road have been

lately macadamized. The Ocmulgee river also furnishes water tran~

portation by steamboats to Savannah and Brunswick, and to Macon, as.

soon as the government completes the dredging o the river.

Of the cotton receipts of the entire county 5,000 bales are handled at

Fitzgerald, 2,000 at Ocilla and 1,000 at Sycamore. According to the

United States census of 1900 1,891 bales of upland and 1,038 bales of

s{'a-it.land cotton were ginned in Irwin county for the season of 1899-

1900.

The public schools are in good condition.

Every Christian denomination is represented by churches in this coun-

ty, Methodists and Baptists being the most numerous.

The second largest town in the county is Ocilla, with a population of

805 and in the whole district 1,740.

At Cycloneta Station is a farm operated by the Georgia Southern and

Flcrida Railroad, which gives a practical demonstration of the capacity

of this county and section in every branch of husbandry. The fruits

raised here are especially :fine.

The area of Irwin county is 686 square miles, or 439,040 acres.

Population in 1900, 13,645, an increase of 7,329 since 1890; school"

fund, $7,590.16; school fund of Fitzgerald, $1,170.72.

By the Comptroller-General's report fGr 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 391,648; of wild land, 65,137; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.07; of wild land, $1.63; city property, ~265,618; shares in bank, $13,415; money, etc., $222,4~2; merchan~1se, $96,-

$612162 .sotooc; kisnvaensdtebdoninds~i$ni7n9g3,;

cotton manufactories, $32,070; 1ron works, $302.00; household' and kit<Jhen furniture,

$95,620; farm and other animals, $235,779; plantation and mechanical

tools, $39,480; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,797; value of all other prop-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

7~1

erty, $226,127; real estate, $1,183,535; personal estate, $973,364. Ag~

gregate value of whole property, $2,156,899.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 12,137; value, $21,113; city property, $3,190; money, etc. $465; mer~

chandise, $106; household furniture, $7,288; watches, etc.,' $194; farm

animals, $10,865; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,751; value of all other prop~rty, $1,098; aggregate property, $46,770.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $134,259 in the value

of all property since the returns of 1900.

In the 61 white schools the average attendance is 1,065, and in the

22 colored schools it is 409. In the white schools of Fitzgerald are en-

rolled 496 pupils, and in the schools for negroes there are enrolled 127.

On the 13th of July, 1836, on the Allapaha river, near the plantation

of Mr. Wm. H. Mitchell, Captain Levi J. Knight, commanding a com

pany of 75 white men, attacked a party of Indians, and killed all but

five of them. Twenty-three guns and nineteen packs of plunder feU

into the hands of the whites.

-

Population of Irwin county by sex and color, according to the census>

of 1900: white males, 4,721; white females, 4,239; total white, 8,960;.

colored males, 2,610; colored females, 2,075; total colored, 4,685.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 52 calves, 11 steers, 4 bulls, 114 dairy cows, 130 horses,

11 mules, 242 swine, 1 goat.

JACKSON COUNTY.
Jackson County was formed in 1796 and was named for General James Jackson, of Savannah, one of the most gallant of Georgia's soldiers in the Revolution, who aided in forming a constitution and government for the State, and was a member of the legislature, a Representative and Senator in Congress, and Governor of the State. From part of this county was formed the county of Clarke. A part of it helped to form Madison county in 1811, and part was added to Walton, Gwinnett and Hall in 1818.
Jackson county is bounded on the northeast by Banks county, on the east by Madison, on the southeast by Clarke and Oconee, on the southwest by Walton and Gwinnett and on the northwest by Hall.
Several branches of the Oconee river water this county. Big Sandy, Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's and Beach creeks are some of the streams. On all these streams the lands are very productive. The uplands are not so fertile as the bottom lands, but with careful cultivation yield well. The soils are red and gray. With proper culture they will average to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 10; barley, 15; Irish potatoes, 60; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 30; seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150- gallonS~. Some of the best lands produceto the acre: 25 bushels of corn, 100 bushels of Irish potatoes, 150 of sweet potatoes and 1,500 pounds of seed cotton. \Vhen lands are well pre-

722

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

pared they produce well sorgh"um and corn forage, millet, red clover,

Bermuda, crab-grass and pea-vines.

'Some ensilage is stored away in silos, especially by the two dairy

farms. Among the milch-cows are many Jerseys and Guernseys. More

attention than ever before is being given to the improvement of the

breeds of dairy and beef cattle. The total number of cattle in the coun-

ty in 1890 was 7,164. The milch-cows numbered 3,038 and produced

896,567 gallons of milk, 301,758 pounds of butter and 25 pounds of

cheese. There were 1,587 horses, 1,884 mules, 5 donkeys and 8,418 hogs.

The 1,709 sheep produced 2,466 pounds of wool. There were 134,490

domestic fowls of all kinds, whose production of eggs amounted to 167,-

834 dozens; 21,389 pounds of honey were produced in 1890. There were

also 378 working oxen.

.

Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are used in abundance for home

consumption, but none for the markets.

There are, 7 vineyards embracing 75 acres altogether. The revenue

derived from the wine amounts to about $4,000 annually.

The timber consists of pine, red oak, post oak, water oak, white oak,

hickory, poplar, dogwood, persimmon, beach, birch and ash. The an-

nual output of lumber in superficial feet is 300,000 at an average of $7

a thousand. This lumber is used in various manufactories that work in

wood.

There are in this county the following manufacturing establishments:

At Harmony Grove, one wagon and buggy factory, one harness .factory,

o:r:e cotton-seed oil-mill, with a capital of $30,000, one mattress factory,

tnro potteries for manufacturing jugs, jars, etc., and one cotton mill with

a capital of $100,000; at J e:fferson, one cotton mill with a capital of

$80,000, a cotton-seed oil-mill with a capital of $18,000, and a foundry;

at Maysville, a chair factory; at Hoschton, one tannery and harness and

saddle factory. There are also in Jackson county six sawmills and 20

flour and grist-mills. There is also a factory being organized at Winder,

a town of 1,145 inhabitants, the greater part of which is in Jackson

county, though a small part of it lies in Gwinnett and another small

part in Walton county.

There are 4 banks, 1 each at Harmony Grove, Winder, Jefferson and

Maysville.

About 15life and fire insurance agencies are in the county.

The county abounds in granite and quartz, soapstone, asbestos a,nd

tourmaline. There is also some iron ore, but it is not now being worked.

It was mined some during the civil war.

Jefferson, named for Thomas J e:fferson, of Virgina, the author of the

.declaration of independence, is the county site. It is situated on the

waters of the Oconee and was incorporated in 1812. It contains 726

inhabitants, but, if we include the district of the same name, 2,107.

Harmony Grove is a thriving town of 1,454 inhabitants, and the dis-

trict of Minish, which includes the town, has a population of 3,487.

The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations.

All sects are represented.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

723.

There are several fine schools, of which the Martin Institute at J efferson is the most noted. The average attendance on the public schools is in the 80 white schools 2,452, and in the 24 colored schools 781.
There are three railroads in the county, the Southern, the Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern and the Seaboard Air Line.
The county roads are in good condition, but not macadamized. The cotton receipts from the entire county are about 50,000 bales~ of which 3,000 are shipped from Jefferson, 15,000 from Harmony Grove, 12,000 from Winder, 5,000 from Hoschton, 2,000 from Pendergrass, 3,000 from Maysville, 3,000 to Gainesville and 7,000 to Athens. The cotton mills use about 3,000 bales. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 22,866 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. The area of Jackson county is 460 square miles, or 294,400 acres. Population in 1900, 24,039, a gail). of 4,863 since 1890; school fund,. $16,832.35. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 242,469; average value per acre, $5.95; city property, $332,715; shares in bank, $110,000; money, $311,382; merchandise, $140,034; iron works, $4,000; stocks and bonds, $11,750; cotton manufactories, $142,460; household furniture, $121,056; farm and other animals, $232,944; plantation and mechanical tools, $63,493; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,157; value of all other property, $44,545; real estate, $1,775,852; personal estate, $1,217,427. Aggregate property, $2,993,277. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 4,924; value, $25,400; city property, $3,190; money, $105; household furniture, $6,313; farm and other animals, $15,068; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,580; watches, jewelry, etc., $81; value of all other property, $490; aggregate value of property, $51,587. The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $180,193 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Jackson county by sex and color, according to the censusof 1900: white males, 8,223; white females, 8,210; total white, 16,433; colored males, 3,808; colored females, 3,798; total colored, 7,606. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 57 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 151 dairy cows, 120 horses, 27
mules, 1 sheep, 313 swine, 4 goats.

JASPER COUNTY.

Jasper County was laid off by the name of Randolph in 180'?:, but the name was changed to Jasper in 1812, in honor of Sergeant Jasper, so renowned for his patriotic devotion in the war for independence. In 1815 a part of the county was set off to Morgan, and in 1821 a part to Newton. The Ocmulgee river, which divides the county from Butts and Monroe, is the principal stream. Other streams are, Rocky, Falling, Cedar, Murder, Shoal, White Oak, Wolf and Panther creeks and Al-
covy river.

'7~4

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRUL.

This county is bounded on the northeast by Morgan county, on the east by Putnam, south by Jones, southwest .by Monroe, west .by Butte, and northwest by Newton.
The lands are generally rolling, especially in the eastern part, those near the streams being rich. The southern part of the county has a gray soil. The lands, properly ~ultivated, will give as an average yield to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 750 pounds; corn, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 20; wheat 10 to 12; rye, 20; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 125; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 20; ground-peas, 50; crab-grass, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 to 6,000 pounds; cane syrup, from 200 to 300 gallons; sorghum, 150 gallons. Much hay is saved and marketed.
Considerable attention is paid to cattle for milk and butter, and the Jersey is preferred. In 1890 the cattle of the county numbered 41304, of which 1,904 were milch-cows, producing 495,650 gallons of milk and 148,666 polinds of butter. There were also 105 working oxen. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 68,035, and produced 65,463 dozens of eggs. From the bee'-'hives were obtained 15,555 pounds of honey. There were 1,000 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,404 pounds. The county had also 733 horses, 2,006 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 jennets and 9,408 hogs.
Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised for home consumption. Th~re are 10,000 acres devoted to peaches, and 2,000 to apples. About 200 acres are devoted to grapes.
The Ocmulgee and Alcovy rivers and 1\furder creek furnish immense water-powers, some of which are used by 5 grist-mills. The few sawmills of the county are operated by steam.
There are at Monticello a harness and cO'llar factory and a bobbin factory. A company has been formed for the erootion of a cotton-mill at Monticello. This town, which is the county site, is on the Macon and Northern Railroad, a branch of the Central of Georgia system. Another branch of this same system runs across the northeastern section of the county. Other growing towns of the county are Hillsboro and Shady Dale.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian denominations.
The county roads are in e_xcellent condition, and the two railroads give ,good facilities,for travel and transportation.
The schools of the county are well maintained. The average attend. ance is 855 in 30 white schools and 997 in the 25 colored schools.
The cotton receipts reach 15,000 bales, about 10,000 of which are
handled in Monticello, where the merchants have the advantage of two .good banks. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Jasper county 15,320 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899~1900., Other towns at which products of the county are marketed :are Shady Dale, Machen and Hillsboro.
Monticello is the county site and contains 1,106 inhabitants. The en-

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

725

-tire Monticello district has a population of 2,297. There is a large harness factory here.
The area of Jasper county is 410 square miles, or 262,400 acres. Population in 1900, 15,033, a gain of 1,154 since 1890; school fund, $9,795.02. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 227,095; average value per acre, $3.37; city property, ,$155,295; shares in bank, $47,295; money, etc., $124,811; merchandise, $62,313; invested in shipping, $25; stocks and bonds, $2,000; cotton manufactories, $3,372; iron works, $1,015; household furniture, :$72,194; farm and other animals, $126,488; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,764; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,362; value of all other property, $36,119; real estate, $921,891; personal estate, $564,819; aggregate of all property, $1,486,710. Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres of land, 5,534; value, $20,454; city property, $6,334; money, etc., $135; household furniture, $11,379; farm and other animals, $25,666; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,857; value of all other property, $1,570; aggregate of all property, $73,909. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $175,378 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Jasper county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,767; white females, 2,621; total white, 5,388; colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,645. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 6 calves, 2 ~;teers, 37 dairy cows, 39 horses, 22 mules, 30 ,swine.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Jefferson County, was laid out from Burke and Warren in 1796, and was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, o:f Virginia, author o:f the declaration o independence and President o:f the United States from March 4th, 1801, to March 4th, 1809. It is bounded on the north by Richmond and McDuffie counties, on the east by Burke county, on the south by Emanuel and Johnson counties, on the west by Washington -county, and on the northwest by Gla~cock and Warren counties.
The Ogeechee river runs through the county, and before the building of the Central Railway was the medium of traffic with Savannah. Other streams are Rocky Comiort, Williamson's, Brier and Big creeks.
The soils vary from sandy to clay, being gray or red in different sections, and well adapted to the staple crops of Georgia and to forage crops of all kinds. The best lands o the county are devoted to cotton and corn, which are by many cultivated almost to the exclusion of other crops.
The average yield to the acre, varying according to soil and cultivation, is: seed cotton, 450 to 750 pounds; corn, 10 to 25 bushels; wheat, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, from ;12 to 30 bushels; rye, from 6 to 10 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, from 100 to 300 bushels each; field peas, from

726

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l.'RIAL.

6 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 poun~;. corn fodder, stalk and blade (shredded corn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 300 gallons; ribbon-cane syrup, 400 gallons.
Some lands in the county in the season of 1899 by careful culture produced 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and some of the best landsaverage that much every year and produce other crops in like proportion. Very little attention has been paid to the grasses, but wherever tried, they have been grown with great success. For summer pasturage Bermuda and crab-grass are best, and often afford abundant feed from the last of March to the 1st of December. In winter the cattle find nourishing food in the cane which abounds in the branches, creeks and swamps. Cotton seed meal and hulls are considerably used as food for itock. Very little attention has been paid so far to the rearing of beef cattle, but more than formerly. Those farmers who pay special attention to their milch-cows prefer the Jersey.
In 1890 there were in Jefferson county 1,973 sheep, with a wool-clipof 4,233 pounds; 5,490 cattle, 1,738 milch-cows, producing 257,710 gallons of milk and 43,355 pounds of butter. There were also 286 working oxen, 1,149 horses, 1,900 mules, 32 donkeys, 16,883 swine, and domestic fowls of. all kinds, 43,049, producing 86,604 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 13,645 pounds.
The truck marketed is valued at $7,000, and consists of vegetables, fruits, berries and melons. There are 10,930 peach and 1,525 apple
trees. The timber growth is rni'{ed, long-leaf pine and hardwoods, with the
usual swamp growth on the watercourses. The arnnual output of all timber sawed is about 750,000 superficial feet, at prices ranging from $6 to $8 a thousand feet. There are eight sawmills nearly all operated by
steam. Nine grist-mills along the Ogeechee river use 189 horse-powers. There
are two large roller mills for flour operated by steam. Shell marl and limestone are found in several localities. Buhrstone
f>f excellent quality is found near Louisville. Agate and chalcedony have also been found. In some sections the water is freestone, in others
limestone. There are in Jefferson county 12 artesian wells and 3 mineral springs. This is a fine old county, having been at one time very productive.
Lands that had been exhausted, have of late years been built up again by judicrous rotation of crops. In this process the cowpea has played a
prominent part. Louisville, the county site, with a population of 1,009, in the corporate
limits and 1,574 in its entire district, is the terminus of the Louisville and W a.dley Railroad, which connects :it with Wadley, a growing town on the Central of Georgia. This latter railroad traverses the southern part of Jefferson county. Across the northern part runs a branch of the-
Southern Railway. Louisville was the capital of Georgia from 1795 until 1804, when

GEO-RGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

727

.Milledgeville became the seat of government. The court-house, valued

at $10,000, is built of the materials which formerly con1posed the State

House. It was at Louisville that the Yazoo act was passed, and here by

the act of a subsequent legislature it was rescinded, and all the papers

and evidence connooted with it were burned in front of the capitol in

:the presence of the Governor and both houses of the legislature, and a

large concourse of people gathered from all the country around.

The schools of this county are ,in good condition.

Me,thodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each good churches and

:a large membership, both in town and country.

In the public schools the average attendance is 997 in the 28 schools

for whites and 808 in the 18 schools for negroes.

Besides the excellent facilities afforded by the railroads, the county

roads are in fine condition and well cared for under the new road law of

Georgia.

.

The receipts and shipments of cotton in J e:fferson county are about

25,000 bales. Of this number about 6,000 are handled at Louisville,

the rest at Wadley, Bartow, Wren's, Spread and Averay. According to

the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 21,-

182 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.

The second largest town in the county is Wadley, with a population

of 630 in the corporate limits and 2,815 in the entire district.

The area of Jefferson county is 686 square miles, or 439,040 acres.

The population in 1900 was 18,212, a gain of 999 since 1890; school

fund, $12,754.34.

The Comptroller-General gave the following returns for 1900: Acres

of improved land, 311,060; average value per acre, $3.08; city prop-

erty, $279,420; shares in bank, $22,500; money, etc., $286,380; mer-

chandise, $95,710; stocks and bonds, $3,900; household furniture, $109,-

.104; farm and other animals, $210,755; plantation and mechanical tools,

$50,834; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,475; value of all other property,

$42,501; real estate, $1,240,024; personal estate, $870,574; aggregate

property, $2,110,598.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

8,517; value of same, $24,859; city property, $10,405; money, etc.,

$270; merchandise, $105; household furniture, $22,081; farm and other

animals, $35,950; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,899; watches,

jewelry, etc., $250; value of all other property, $2,336; aggregate prop-

erty, $105,155.

The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property

-over the returns of 1900 amounting to $84,891.

Population of Jefferson county by sex and color, according to the cen-

.sus of 1900: white males, 3,377; white females, 3,257; total white,

6,634; colored males, 5,628; colored females, 5,950; total colored,

11,578.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 70 calves, 37 steers, 2 bulls, 130 dairy cows, 98 horses, 12

mules, 475 swine, 24 goats.

34 ga

728

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

JOHNSON COUNTY.

J olvnson County was laid off from Laurens and Emanuel counties in

1858, and was named in honor of Herschel V. Johnson, a distinguished
son of Georgia, Governor of the State from 1853 to 1857, then judge of

the Ocmulgee circuit and in 1860 on the ticket for Vice...President with

Stephen A. Dougla~, of Illinois.

Johnson county is bounded by the following counties: Washington

on the north, Jefferson on the northeast, Emanuel on the east and south-

east, Laurens on the south and southwest, and Laurens and Wilkinson

on the west.

The Oconee river is on ita western border and the Ohoopee flows

through the center. Other streams are Dry, Cedar and Yamgrandee

creeks.

The face of the country is level. The lands are easily cultivated, and

under proper tillage produce to the acre the following averages: Seed

cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea-island cotton, 300 pounds; corn, 10

bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 4 bushels; Irish po-

tatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels;

ground-peas, 40 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; corn fodder, 150

pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. The

hay crop of this county is made from crab-grass and the peavine.

Though very little attention is given to the rearing of bee cattle, yet

some care is taken lin the improvement of the breed, and the Devon cow

is being brought in as a milker. Both Devon and Jersey bulls have

been introduced of late years.

The native grasses and the woods give a pretty good range for stock.

In 1890 there were in Johnson county 4,233 sheep, with a wool-clip

of 8,867 pounds; 3,224 c-attle, 1,053 milch-cows, producing 89,562

gallons of milk, but only 2,817 pounds of butter. The worlcing oxen

numbered 165. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 24,248 and

produced 35,080 dozens of eggs. Of other live stock there were 593

horses, 504 mules, 3 donkeys and 7,706 hogs. The honey produced was

920 pounds.

Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are raised in considerable quan-

tities, but only for home consumption. The same is true of grapes.

About 50 per cent. of the original forests, mostly pine, are still stand-

ing. A great quantity of lumber is cut and shipped to Savannah and

many sawmills are kept busy preparing it. Rosin and turpentine are

among the most remunerative products of this county. Two distilleries

are in constant operation preparing spirits o turpentine.

There are no mineral springs, but there are two artesian wells.

The Wrightsvme and Tennille Railroad runs through the center of

the county, and through its eastern side runs the Wadley and Mount

Vernon, each connecting with the Central of Georgia Railroad.



Wrightsville, the county site, with a population of 1,127 in the cor-

porate limits and 3,614 in the district, has a court-house worth $20,000,

and a good school building, the N annie Lou Worthen Institute, valued

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

729

at $8,000. The town has also several successful merchants and several

life and fire !insurance agencies. About 15,000 bales of cotton are received

in this county and shipped from it. Of these 5,000 are handled at

Wrightsv.ille. According to the United States census of 1900 there were

ginned in this county 8,336 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-

1900.

There has been much improvement in educational matters. The schools

belong for the most part to the public school system of Georgia, and the

average attendance is 844 in the 32 schools for whites and 364 in the 16

schools for colored pupils.

There are members of the val'lious Christian denominations in this

county. The Methodists and Baptists predominate.

Besides Wrightsville there are other post-offices, as Ethel, Hodo, Kite,

Kittrell, Nasworthy, Regnant and Spann.

The area of Johnson county is 258 square miles, or 165,120 acres.

Population in 1900, 11,409, an increase of 5,280 since 1890; school

fund, $7,254.12.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of tim-

proved land, 173,816; of wild land, 5,539; average value per acre of im-

proved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.21; city property, $122,423; shares

in bank, $21,900; money, etc., $91,746; merchandise, $49,142; house-

hold furniture) $68,374; farm and other animals, $154,638; plantation

and mechanical tools, $34,756 ;watches, jewelry, etc., $5,048; value of

all other property, $42,327; real estate, $592,725; personal estate, $481,-

332 ;'aggregate property, $1,074,057.

Returns of property by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

3,535; value, $8,276; city property, $2,020; money, etc., $125; house-

hold furniture, $6,402; farm and other animals, $12,361; plantation

and mechanical tools, $2,763; watches, jewelry, etc., $99; value of all

other property, $758; aggregate property, $32,819.

The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $61,641, in the value of

all property, over the returns of 1900.

Population of Johnson county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 3,487; white females, 3,391; total white,

6,878; colored males, 2,291; colored females, 2,240; total colored,

4,531.

)

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 39 calves, 14 steers, 2 bulls, 77 dairy cows, 53 horses, 17

mules, 341 swine, 15 goats.

JONES COUNTY.

Jones County was laid out in 1807 and named for Ron. James Jones,

of Chatham county. A part was added to it from Putnam in 1810 and

a part was given to Bibb in 1822.

_

This county is bounded on the north by Jasper and Putnam, on the

east by Baldwin, on the south by Wilkinson, Twiggs and Bibb, on the

west by Bibb and Monroe. The, Ocmulgee river runs along its western

border. There are in the county several creeks.

730

GEORGI.4..: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The ganeral character en the soil is metamorphic. Gray surface soil
predominates. There is a belt of stiff red clay land north and south through the center of the county. An impervious red clay subsoil underlies the whole formation. The surface is rolling and broken. The fine, dark mulatto lands of this county were once regarded among the best in the State. By injudicious cultivation they lost much of their fertility; lmt under improved methods they are being gradually brought back to their former productiveness. With proper culture the average production to the acre is: corn, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30; wheat, 12 to 15; rye, 6 to 10; barley, 40 to 50; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 each;

field-peas, 10 to 20; ground-peas, 40 to 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass, from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds; clover, 4,000 to 5,000 pounds; corn fodder, stalk and blade, 4,000 to 6,000 pounds; sorghum syrup and sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons each. Considerable attention is paid to hay.
Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised, mostly for home con-

sumption. Some are sold and the truck marketed brings about $4,000. The peach trees number 28,291, and the apple trees 6,635.
In 1890 there were in Jones county 554 sheep, with a wool-clip o 1,118 pounds; 5,031 cattle, 108 workirng oxen, 1,982 milch-cows, pro-

ducing 450,147 gallons of milk, from which were made 115,252 pounds

of butter; 59,183 domestic fowls of all kinds, produCing 59,638 dozens of eggs, 11,591 hogs, 615 horses, 1,847 mules and 1 donkey. The coun-

ty also produced 11,581 pounds of honey. According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Jones county
11,130 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. The timber products are light; hardwoods and short-lea pines, hick-
ory and oak. On streams poplar and white oak are sawed, employing

5 or 6 small sawmills. The value of the output is about $5,000. There

are on the tributaries of the Oconee 4 grist-mills, using 98 horse-powers. All the manufact~ries of the county, about 9, have an annual output

worth $29,000. There is in this county a fine vein of kaolin, which is being utilized. The main trunk of the Central of Georgia Railroad runs along the
southern border of this county, while a branch of the Central and one of the Georgia Railroad traverse its center, one running northwest, the

other northeast. Clinton, the county site, is located not far from the branch of the Cen-

tral railway.



In the public school system there is in the 33 schools for whites an

average attendance of 607, and in the 30 for colored an average of 765.

Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians _predominate among Christian

denominations. The area of Jones county is 397 square miles, or 254,080 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,358, an increase of 649 since 1890; school

fund, $10,356.53. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 244,619; average value per acre, $2.97; city property,

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

731

$23,615; money, etc., $41,119; merchandise, $17,210; cotton manufactories, $66,000; household furniture, $45,794; farm animals, $119,078; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,935;'watches, jewelry, etc.,

$3,892; value of all other property, $24,881; real estate, $749,936; personal estate, $354,344; aggregate property, $1,104,280.
Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres o land,

11,629; value, $35,212; city property, $2,407; money, etc., $44; merchandise, $215; household fmniture, $8,968; farm and other animals,

$26,513; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,171; watches, jewelry, etc., $335; value of all other property, $1,050. Aggregate property, $88,628.

The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,050 in the value of all

property, as compared with the returns of 1900.

com Population of Jooes county by sex and

according to the census

of 1900: white males, 1,956; white females, 1,952; toltal whites, 3,908; colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,450.

Domestic animals .in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 9 calves, 2 steers, 1 bull, 39 dairy cows, 26 horses, 2 mules,

80 swine.

LAURENS COUNTY.

Lauren.s County was laid out in 1807. Portions Qf it were added to Pulaslci in 1808 and 1809. It was named in honor of Lieutenant-Colo~ nel John Laurens of South Carolina, who was bom in the city o Charleston in 1755. He was aid'e-de-camp to General Washingtorn and was greatly distinguished at the battle of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. On the 27th of August, 1782, while serving under General Nathaniel Greene, he was mortally wounded in a skirmish near Combahee, South Carolina. Laurens county is bounded by the follow ing counties: Johnson and Wilkinson on the north, Johnson, Emanuel and Montgomery on the east, Mon4,omnery and Dodge on the so.uth and Dodge and Pulaski on the west.
The Oconee river and several of its tributary creeks, as Okeewalkee, Palmetto, Turkey and others, run through the county, which is also watered by Alligator creek, a tributary of the Little Ocmulgee, which empties into the Ocmulgee river not far from its junction with the
Oconee. The face of the country is rolling. The soil has a clay foundation with
sand and vegetable mould in the pine lands and lime in the oak lands. The lands are very fertile, and under good cultivation give an average yield to the acre as follows: seed cotton (upland), 800 pounds and seaisland, 500; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels, corn, 20 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; rye, 15; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 300; fieM-peas, 50; ground-peas, 75; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; Bermuda hay, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; SOii'ghum syrup, 150 gallons, a.n.d sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. Considerable attention is being paid to the grass,es and forage crops. Pea-vine hay, as elsewhere in the State, is greatly prized. According to the census Otf 1900 there were ginned in this county, 22,080 bales of upland cotton for the season of 1899-1900.

732

GEOBGIA: HIBTOBIOJ.L AND INDUBTBIAL.

All known varieties of vegetables of the best quality are grown in this county.
Some attention is being paid to pure bred cattle and sheep. In 1890 the county had 13,100 sheep with a wool-clip of 9,050 pounds; 8,497 cattle, 619 working oxen, 2,815 milch-cows, with a production of 292,895 gallons of milk, but only 16,586 pounds of butte,r; 1,221 .horses, 1,223 mules, 1 donkey, 20,461 swine, and 51,417 poultry, producing 77,876 dozens of eggs. The county also produced 7,034 pounds of honey.
The finest fruits 'are produced in great a:bundance. The timbers are fine, and afford great quantities of lumber, rosin and turpentine for export to Savannah. This timber is worked up by a large number of sawmills, and the naval stores are prepared by 15 turpentine distilleries. The rivers and swamps afford abundance of fish and game.
Dublin, the county site, located a half mile from the Oconee river, at the junction of the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad, with the Wrightsville and Tennille, is a thriv1ng and rapidly growing town with 2 banks, several fine mercantile establishments, a new cotton-mill with a capital of $100,000, a furniture factory, ice factory, variety works, brick company, a foundry, shlngle machine, stove factory, a cotton seed oilmill, a ham packing establishment, a nursery company and several small industries. The population of Dublin by the census of 1900 is 2,987 in its corporate limits, and 6,298 in the entire ilistrict. The MethodisM and Baptists have fine churches in the city and numerous church edifices in the county. Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and other Chl"istian sect.s are represented. There are good schools in the city and county. The average attendance is 2,689 in 84 white schools and 1,368 in 34 colored schools.
In addition to the railroads already mentioned, are the Wadley and Mount Vernon, and the Pineora Railroads, the last-named being a stem of the Central of Georgia system.
General David Blackshear, who was born in Jones county, North Carolina, January 31, 1764, settled in this county in 1790. He was distinguished for valuable services in the campaign against the Creek Indians during the second war with England. ..-"
Hon. George M. Troup, so distinguished in the annals of Georgia, was a resident of this county. The area of Laurens county is 791 square miles, or 506,240 acres. Population lin 1900, 25,908, a gain of 12,161 since 1890; school fund, $17,504.43.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 432,516; of wild land, 85,356; average value to the acre of improved land, $2.72; of wild land, $1,18; city property, $484,100; bank stock, $92,700; money, etc., $443,110; merchandise, $163,393; stocks and bonds, $3,600; cotton manufactories, $18,715; iron works, $2,600; hous~hold furniture, $183,907; farm an~mals, $321,400; plantation ami mechanical tools, $66,606; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,460;

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

733

value of all other property, $154,086; real estate, $1,771,088; personal estate, $1,486,474. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,257,562.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 18,809; value, $54,079; city property, $10,196; money, etc., $2,046; merchandise, $260; household furniture, $21,355; farm animals, $38,483; watches, jewelry, etc., $375; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,716; value of all other property, $3,834. Aggregate value of whole property, $139,410.
The tax returns for 1901 show a garin in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, IUD.ounting to $122,594.
P opulation of Laurens oounty by sex and color according to the census of 1900: white males, 7,478; white females, 7,091; total white, 14,569; colored males, 5,711; colored females, 5,622; total colored, 11,339.
Population of Dublin city by sex and color according to the census of 1900: white males, 940; white females, 895; total white, 1,835; col01red males, 531; colored females, 621; total colored, 1,152.
Total population of Dublin, 2,987. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 44 calves, 119 steers, 10 bulls, 182 dairy cows, 215 horses, 198 mules, 8 donkeys, 834 swine, 19 goats.

LEE COUNTY.
Lee County was laid out in 1826, and was named in honor od: Richard H enry Lee of Virginia, who, in his place in the Continental Congress on the 7th of June, 1776, moved that the colonies declare themselves free and independent. A part of this county was set off to Muscogee and :Marion in 1827, and at the same time a part was added to it from Dooly. A part of it was given to Randolph county in 1828, and a part to Sumter in 1835. It is bou,nded by the foHowing counties; Sumter on the nolrth, Dooly and Worth on the east, Dougherty on the south and Terrell on the west. Flint river forms its eastern boundary. Kinchafoooee and Muckalee creeks, flowing through the center of the county, unite in the northern part of Dougherty and fall. into the Flint river just above the city of Albany.
The soil consists of sandy, sandy loam and red clay lands, and those along the streams are very rich and productive. According to the location, culture and ferWity these lands make an average yield to the acre as. follows: corn, 8 to 20 bushels; oats, 12 to 30; wheat, 8 to 12; rye, 20 to 25; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200 to 300; field-peas, 25 to 50; ground~peas, 50 to 75; upland seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds; suga~cane syrup, 200 to 300 gallons; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fu.dder, 400 pounds. Bermuda and Crowfoot grasses also do well, and pea-vines make splendid hay. For summer pasturage the native grasses are used, and for winter pasturage rye-from December 1st to April 1st. The rye pastures are supplemented by cotton-eed meal and pea-vine hay.

734

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

While Lee cormrty reports no dairy farms, it had in 1890 2,286 cattle,

136 working oxen, 930 milch-cows and a production of 147,865 gallons

of milk and 34,634 pounds of butter. There were 528 horses, 1,327

mules, 6,408 hogs and 26,398 domestic fowls of all varieties, producing

45,808 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered was 5,540 pounds. The

sheep numbered 161, with a wool-clip of 280 pounds.

Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised in great abundance for the

home market and some for shipping. The amount of truck sold in the

county amounts to between $9,000 and $10,000. There is a falling off

in the melon business, owing to freight and commission rates.

There is some yello1w pine still left. Poplar, cypress, hickory, aDJd

white oak are found along the streams. The lumber trade and naval

stores keep 4 steam sawmills and 2 turpentine distilleries in steady opera-

tion. The annual output of these industries is estimated at $25,000. On

tributaries of Flint river are four grist-mms, using 41 horse-powers.

The water of the county is limestone, but the advent of artesian wells

has given a better drinking water, and grea~ly increased the healthfulness

of the county.

Leesburg, the county seat, located on the Central of Georgia Railway,

between Smithville and Albany, is a town having 413 inhabitants in its

corporate limits, and 1,949 in its whole district. It has a court-house

valued at $20,000. The sawmills at this point do a good business. .

Smithville, having 597 people in ~ts corporation and 1,954 in the

whole district, is at the junction of the Southwestern and tlie Americus

and Albany Railroads, both branches of the Central of Georgia. Here

are located two large sawmills, one turpentine distillery, a blacksmith

and a wood shop. A large grist-mill, grinding 600 bushels o corn in a

day, though just across the line in Sumter, is owned by citizens of Smith-

ri~

-

Smithville is surrounded by orchards of LeCvnte and Ke,iffer pears

from which many thousand barrels are shipped in a season.

According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in

Lee county 8,654 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.

The products of this county are marketed in Leesburg and Smithrille,

and at Americus in Sumter county, and Albany in Dougherty. The re>-

ceipts of cotton amount to 20,000 bales, of which 2,500 are handled at

Leesburg and 3,000 at Smithville.

The Methodists and Baptists are the tw01 leading denominations of the

county, in every section of which their churches are found. There a.re

enrolled in the public schools 476 in the 12 white schools, and 1,250 in

23 colored schools.

The area of Lee county is 436 square miles, or 279,040 acres. Popu-

lation in 1900, 10,344, an increase of 1,270 since 1890; school fund,

$5,948.99.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 221,449; of wild land, 3,065; average value to the acre of

improved land, $3.02; of wild land, $0.85; city property, $87,564;

money, $33,606; merchandise, $33,907; stocks and bonds, $2,246; min-

BARTLETT.
The most reliable early pear; buttery, very juicy and high flavored. Annual bearer. market variety. One of the best grown. Tree a strong grower, bearing early and abundantly. August and September.

Superb

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

737

ing, $400.00; cotton factories, 32; household and kitchen furniture, $45,125; farm and other domestic animals, $119,158; plantation and mechanical tools, $2_4,875; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,517; value orf all other property, $31,159; real estate, $765,723; personal estate, $294,483. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,017,037.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 13,335; value, $43,945; city or town property, $12,154; mouey, etc., $350; watches, silver, et<l., $548; merchandise, $295; household and kitchen furniture, $17,068; farm animals, $43,569; plantation and mechanical tools, $943.00; value of all other property, $1,762. Aggregate value of whole property, $129,121.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, amounting to $112,167.
Population of Lee corunty by sex and color, acco:rd'ing to the census o: 1900: white males, 770; white females, 737; total white, 1,507; colored males, 4,427; coJored females, 4,410; total colored, 8,837.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges1 June 1, 1900: 23 calves, 18 steers, 63 dairy cows, 41 horses, 6 mules, 147 swine, 11 goats.
LIBERTY COUNTY.

Liberty County was formed from the parishes of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James in 1777. The determination of the inhabitants of St. John's Parish to send delegates to the Continental Congress, before the rest of the Province, of Georgi1a had a.cquiesced in that measure, induced the legislature, when the county was formed, to call it Liberty. On its north and northeast is the county of Bryan; on the east is the Atlantic ocean, and between St. Catherine's Island are inlets connecting the waters of St. Catherine's and Sapelo Sounds; 0111 the 1south of one section of it and east of anoth.eT is Mcintosh oounty; on the south of the main body of it is Wayne county, and on the west and northwest is the county of Tattnall. The Medway river flows along its northeastern boii'der. On the south side of this stre~m stands what is left of the old town of Sunbury, founded in 1758. Its site is occupied by a few families. The Cannouchee, a branch of the Ogeechee river, separates Liberty from Bryan county on the north. The Altamaha riveT' separates it from Wayne county on the south. Along the eastern mainland are extensive swamps. South Newport river flows along the southern part of that section which Lies north of Mcintosh county. Between the Medway and South New-. port rivers flows No-rth Newport river. Little Cannouchee river and Taylor's creek uniting empty into the Cannouchee river, while Doctor's, Jones and Beard's creeks are tributaries of the Altamaha. Thus, we see, this is a well-watered county. While game !is scarce, :fish are plentiful. Many persons are engaged in catching :fish, crabs and some oysters, both for h1ome consumption and for the market at Savannah.
The soil of the uplands is a light gray with clay subsoil, from one to four feet deep; that of the lowlands a blue clay. With good cultivati0111 these lands yield on an average to the acre: corn, fi"'IIIl

738

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

10 to 15 bushels; oats, the same; lowland rice from 40 to 50 bushels; Irish potatoes, 40 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 to 300 bushels; field-peas, 5 to 8 bushels; ground-peas, 20 to 40 bushels; chufas, 25 bushels; sugarcane syrup, from 250 to 400 gallons; sea-island seed cutton, 600 1Jo 900 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds. During the season of 1899-1900, according to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county 30 bales of upland and 420 of sea-island cotton.
The native grasses, Bermuda, crab and crowfoot, grow well, and to thJose who pay attention to it, make profitable hay crops. The range supplies good' pasturage for 10 months of the year. In 1890 Liberty county had 8,055 sheep, with a wool-clip of 17,539 pounds. The cattle numbered 18,654, of which there were 866 working oxen and 4,548 milch-cows. The milk produced was 172,337 gallons and the butter 17,214 pounds. A few farmers have thoroughbred stock. There were 1,318 horses, 285 mules, 3 donkeys, 15,457 hogs, 1,000 goats, and of every variety of poultry 40,987, producing 66,524 dozens of eggs. Another product of the county is 14,583 pounds of honey.
Vegetables of every kind, apples, peaches, grapes and melonJS, succeed well.
It is estimated that about 50 per cent. of the original forest is still standing. The timbers consist of yellow pine, oW.:, palmetto,, gum, cypress, magnolia, poplar, maple and hickory. The annual output of lumber in superficial feet is about 10,000,000 at from $12 to $15 a thousand feet. Of the 15 or 20 sawmills some cut 4,000 and others 10,000 feet a day. The lumber and naval stores are exported to Savannah. There are 12 turpentine stills and 25 grist-mills, some of them making flour.
Hinesville is the county seat, with a court-house valued at about $10,000.
The county is traversed by three railroads: the Savannah, Florida and Western, of the Plant system; the Florida Central and Peninsular, of the Seaboard Air Line system, and the Darien and Western.
The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each several churches with a full membership.
Gre,at attention has always been paid to the morals and education of the people of this county. There are marny excellent schools belonging in the main to the public school system o GeorgU_a,. The average attendance is 741 in 33 white schools, and 807 in 33 colored schools.
The area of Liberty county [s 976 square miles, or 624,640 acres. Population in 1900, 13,093, a gain of 206 since 1890; school fund, $9,224.84,
By the Comptroller-General's report or 1900 there are: acres o improved land, 340,843; of wild land, 188,841; average value peir acTe o[ improved land, $1.50; of wild land, $0.44; city property, $46,835; money, etc., $88,097; value of merchandise, $55,385; of shipping, $60; cotton manufactories, $250; iron works, $83; mining, $37; household furniture, $51,809 farm animals, $216,942; plantation and mecharnical tools, $33,276; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,542; value of all other. prop-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

739

erty, $51,736; real estate, $644,131; personal estate, $529,003. Aggregate value of whole property, $639,285.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 45,965; value, $78,094; city property, $935; mOill:ey, etc., $125; merchan-dise, $535; household furniture, $7,358; watches, jewelry, etc., $154; farm animals, $45,900; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,035; value of all other property, $2,460. Aggregate value of whole property, $144,136.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, amounting to $121,668.
It has already been mentioned that Liberty county sent a delegate, Lyman Hall, to the Continental Congress before Georgia had cast in her Jot with the other colonies. This gentleman was afterwards one of the delegates from Georgia who signed the Declaration of Independence.
Early in J arnuary, 1779, the British General, Prevost, advancing from Florida, captured Fort Morris at Sunbury after a gallant defense by Colonel John Mcintosh who, when summoned to surrender the fort, replied: "Come and take :it."
At the White House in the same year Major Baker defeated a party -of the British.
Near a place called Hickory Hill, in June, 1779, a detachment of Americans, under Major Cooper and Captain Inman, cut to pieces a party -of the British. In another fight during the same month Colonels Baker and Twiggs, of the Georgia militia, defeated a party led by McGirth, the noted Tory chief, near Medway church, and also defeated a reinforcement of British' troops, killing their leader, Captain Muller.
No portion of the State suffered more from the Indians than did
Liberty county by thieving and murderous raids of the savages from 1787 to 1793.
Population of Liberty county by sex arnd color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,304; white females 2,175;' total white, 4,479; colored males, 4,257; colored females, 4,357; total colored, 8,614.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, .Jtine 1, 1900: 11 calves, 9 steers, 2 bulls, 9 dairy cows, 43 horses, 52
mules, 37 sheep.
LINCOLN COUNTY.
Lincoln County was laid out from Wilkes in 1796, and named in honor of Major-General Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts, who at one time commanded the American forces in the Department of the South during the fierce struggle for independence.
The Savannah river separates this county from 8outh Carolina; one of its tributaries, the Broad, from Elbert county, and another tributary, ()ailed Little river, from Columbia county. Numerous creeks also water the county.
Lincoln county is bounded iOn the north by Elbert county, on the northeast and east by the State of South Carolina, on the south by Columbia and McDuffie counties, and on the west by Wilkes county.

740

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The county is hilly and has in many places been worn into gullies. On

the.rivers and creeks the lands are rich and productive. Under a system

of terracing and green soiling, the lands are steadily improving in fer-

tility and value, and exhausted soils are again becoming productive. The

proximity of its southern section to the city of Augusta renders truck-

farming very remunerative. Hence vegetables, fruits, berries and melons

are raised in large quantities for that market.



The lands yield to the acre on the average: corn and oats, 15 bushels;

wheat and rye, 10 bushel:s; barley, 25; Irish and sweet potatoes, 10().

bushels; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 25; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab-

grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda, 5,000; clover, 4,000; corn fodder,

stalk and blade, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-<Jane

syrup, 125 gallons.

In 1890 there were in Lincoln county 1,317 sheep, with a wool-clip oi

2,370 pounds; 2,707 cattle, 118 working oxen, 1,042 milch-<Jows produc-

ing 270,951 gallons of milk and 74,008 pounds of butter; 565 horses,.

711 mules, 4,329 hogs and 44,688 of every kind of poultry, with a pro-

duction of 59,325 dozens of eggs. The product of honey was 6,243 pounds.

According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in thi&

county 5,132 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.

The timber of this county consists of many varieties of oak, hickory,_

poplar, maple, dogwood and a considerable quantity of pine. A num-

ber of lumber mills get this ready for building and other manufacturing

pur;poses.

\: There are several grist and flour-mills. The county contains many

minerals. One gold mine is quite noted.

Lincolnton is the county seat. Other postoffices are Agnes, Amity,

Clay Hill, Double Branches, Goshen, Kenna, Leathersville, Leverett,_

Lisbon and Lockhart.

The schools belong to the excellent public school system of Georgia,

and the average attendance is 475 in the 22 white schools, and 377 in the

14 colored.

Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian sects.

The area of Lincoln county is 290 square miles, or 185,600 acres.

Population in 1900, 7,156, a gain of 1,010 since 1890; school fund~

$4,453.56.

By the Comptroller-GeiJJeral's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 154,707; value per acre, $2.78; city property, $14,227;

money, etc., $30,464; cotton manufactories, $250; merchandise, $17,-

005; mining; $2,500; household furniture, $30,474; farm animals, $77,-

624; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,126; watches, jewelry, etc.r

$1,027; value of all other property, $12,702; real estate, $445,023; per-

sonal estate, $194,262. Aggregate value <lf whole property, $639,285.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,733;

value, $10,372; amount of money, $350; household furniture, $5,751;

watches, jewelry, etc., $68; farm animals, $15,356; plantation and me-

chanical tools, $3,297; value o all other property, $862.00. Aggregate

value of whole property, $36,056.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

74i

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase !in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, amounting to $56,353.
Population of Linooln county by sex and color, acoording to the census of 1900: white males, 1,492; white females, 1,391; total white, 2,883; ooJoo-ed males, 2,056; colored females, 2,217; total colored 4,273.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or 'ranges, June 1, 1900: no return.

LOWNDES COUNTY.

Lowndes County was laid out from Irwin in 1825. A part wa~ taken from it and added to Thomas in 1826. It was named in honor of William

Jones Lowndes, who was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1781; represented his native State in Congress in 1812, and with the other

Southern delegates heartily supported the second war with EnglaiJ.d and opposed the charter of the United States Bank in 1815.

Lowndes county is bounded on the north by Berrien, on the east by

Clinch and Echols, on the south by the State of Florida, and on the west by Brooks county. A little strip of the northern section of the county has Echols on the south.

The Allapaha river :flows along a portion of its eastern boundary. Little river separates it from Brooks county oii the west to the point where it

empties into the Withlacoochee, which from this point forms iif! western boundary to the Florida line. The county is also watered by cree'kls

tributary to the Allapaha and Withlacooohee rivers. Lowndes county

contains numerous open'ponds, some covering six square miles, without a

tree or stump in them. . In these ponds are. found beautiful and rare

botanical specimenS. The rivers, creeks and poodls .abound in fisli and

the woods are full of game.





The face of the country is level., Some of the lands are pine and some hummock. Each of these produces abundant crops of all the staples, as well as vegetables, fruits and berries of every variety, and melons of

superior quality. No lands in Georgia produce better than the hummock lands of Lowndes county. Native grasses, crab and crowfoot fU11lish a

great quantity of fine hay, and pea-vine hay is abundantly produced. Broom corn does so well that its cultivation is steadily increasing. The lands under a good sys~m of cultivation give as an average yield to the acre: corn, from 20 to 40 bushels; oats and rye, 20 each; barley, 40;

Irish and sweet potatoes, 200 each; field-peas, 25; gr'Ound-peas, 40; UP: land seed cotton, 600 to 1,200 pounds; crab-grass hay, from 4,000 to

6,000 pounds; pea-vine hay, 6,000 to 8,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 205

gallons; sugar-cane syrup, from 300 to 400 gallons. Some of the best
Georgia-made syrup has bean from this county. Aooording to the United
States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county 114 bales of up-
land and 7,577 bales of sea-island cotton of the crop of 1899-1900:

There are 3 dairy farms, but these by no means represent all the dairy products of the county. In 1890 the total number of cattle-was 12,101, of which 313 were working oxen. There were 3,496 milch-cows, produc-

ing 295,562 gallons of milk. The butter made on farms -amounted to

742

GEORGIA.: HISTORIO.A.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

38,418 pounds, and the cheese to 557 pounds. The sheep numbered

3,818, with a wool-clip of 7,924 pounds. The county produced 11,801

pounds of honey. All varieties of poultry together numbered 58,603 and

produced 85,788 dozens of eggs. There were 833 horses, 1,199 mules

and nearly 18,676 hogs.

The lumber business is very large, and 10 or more steam mills are kept

busy sawing lumber and shingles. The rosin and turpentine industry

is extensive and keeps 15 turpentine distilleries constantly at work. .

Valdosta, the county .site, is one of the growing cities IQf South Geor-

gia. It has an electric light plant, an ice factory and pork packing com,

pany, an iron foundry, sash and blind factory, buggy and hack factory,

industrial variety works, cooperage C'ompany, guano works, cotton seed

oil-mill, telephone oompany, and a new cotton factoory with 10,000 spin-

dles and a capital of $175,000. There are also three banks, wi,.th an aggre-

gate capital of $300,000. The population of Valdosta proper is, accord-

ing to the cens\18 of 1900, 5,613, and including the district, 8,532.

The prevailing ,denominations in this county are Methodists, Baptists

and Presbyterians, though others are also represented. Churches are

numerous.

,

The public schools in city and county are excellent. The average at-

tendance in the 34 for whites is 1,050, and in the 27 for colored, 1,200.

In the schools of Valdosta there are enrolled 625 white pupils and 453

colored.

Railroad facilities are furnished by the Savannah, Florida and West-

em of the Plant system; the Georgia Southern and Florida, the Atlantic,

Valdosta and Western, and the Valdosta Southern, all meeting at Val-

dosta. This city handles 7,500 bales of cotton annually.

Troupville, the former county seat, is immediaj:ely in the fork made

by the confiuence of the Withlacoochee and Little rivers. Within a few

miles 'of this place are the ruins of an old town. In front of the ruins

are straight rows of large live oaks, so regular !in their distances that it is

scarcely probable that they are of .spontaneous growth. Wide, straight

roads are also discernible.



The area of Lowndes county, 455 square miles, or 291,200 acres.

Population in 1900, 20,036, a gain of 4,934 since 1890; school fund,

$11,845.95.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 326,780; of wild lamd, 5,487; value per acre of improvoo

land, $2.55; of W!ild land, $0.41; city property, $1,169,111; shares in

bank, $295,000; gas and electric light companies, $12,000; building and

loan associations, $15,685; money, etc., $508,162; merchandise, $269,-

975; stocks and bonds, $95,300; cotton manufactories, $9,320; iron

works, $5,015; household: furniture, $175,936; farm animals, $233,726;

plantation and mechanical tools, $52,882; watches, jewelry, etc., $16,-

448; value of alliQther property, $287,837; real estate, $2,007,433; pea--

sonal estate, $1,985,413. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,992,-

846.

.

Property returned bt colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,

GIWRGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

743

21,620; value, $61,478; 0ity property, $48,236; money, etc., $690; mer-

chandise, $780; household furniture, $20,127; farm animals, $1,134;

plantation and mechanical tools, $32,951; value of all other property,

$3,395. Aggregate value of whole property, $174,824.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property,

over the returns of 1900, amoonting to $421,113.

.

Population of Lowndes county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 4,751; white females, 4,596; total white,

9;347; colored males, 5,425; colored females, 5,264; total colored,

10,689.

Population of tlJ.e city of Valdosta by sex and color, according to the

census of 1900: whit.e males, 1,331; whit.e tfemales, 1,323,; tloltal white,

2,654; colored males, 1,419; colored! females, 1,540; total oolo;red, 2,959.

Total populatio111 of city, 5,613.

Domestic animals in Lowndes county in barns and incl~ures, June 1,

1900: 91 calves, 15 steers, 4 bulls, 210 dairy cows, 328 horses, 97 mules,

286 swtine, 23 goats.

LUMPKIN COUNT'Y.

Lumpkin County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832. It was named after the Ron. Wilson Lumpkin. Its boundaries are as follows: Union oounty on the north and northwest, White on the east, Hall on the southeast, Dawson on the southwest, and Dawson and Fannin on the west.
It is watered by the Etowah, Chestatee and Tesnatee rivers, and the
Amicolo~a, Yellow Shoal, Cain, Yrahoola and Town creeks. The Blue
Ridge runsfrom northeast to southwest through the county. Some fine bodies of lands are on the rivers and creeks. The soil is
dark with a clay subS'Oil, and easily cultivated. Those used for agricultural purposes, under proper cultivation, will produce to the acre;: corn, 28 bushels; oots and rye, 18 each; wheat, 15; sweet patatoes, 45; Irish potatoes, 165; field-peas, 15; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 85 gallons. Only 75 bales of upland cotton \Wre ginned in the county .in 1900.
Apples; pears, peaches and qUJinces grow well. Apples grow on the rich hill-sides and are especially fine.
Some attention is paid to the grasses. But most of the farmers depend on the wild pasturage for 8 months of the ye!lr.
In 1890 there were 3,607 sheep in the ct>unty, with a wool-clip of 6,205 pounds. There were 3,754 cattle, of which 829 were working oxen, 1,184 cows producing 294,974 gallons of iniilk, from which were made 70,667 pounds of butt..m' and 110 pounds of cheese. Of all the varieties of domestic fowls the aggregate was 39,453, with a production of 57;651 dozens of eggs. There were 294 horses, 339 mules, 4 donkeys, and 6,138 hogs. The honey product was 14,444 pounds.
Lumpkin county is in the g<>M belt of Georgia. Many millions of dollars have been taken from ~ts mines. Singleton mines, near Dahlonega, and! the Calhoun mine on the Chestatee, have: yielded great

744

GBOBGIA.: BISTOBIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

qua:ntitioo of gold. Cain and Yahoola creeks are celebrated localities.

The famous lot, 1,052, which in the '30's created such a sensation anwng

the gold speculators, is on Ya.hoola crook. The vicinity of Dahlonega has

for the last half century been the center of the most extensive gold min-

ing operations carried on within the limits of Georgia. Immed!iately east

of Dahlonega is a long line of high ridges and hills extending many miles
to the southwest. These ridges and hills form the axis ()r the gold belt,

and are everywhere covered with the prospecter's pits, cuts and tunnels.

In many instances streams have been turned out of their original channel

to wash the alluvial and gravel in their beds for gold. There are 12

gold mills now in operation paying good dividends.

Dahlon-ega, the county site, with a population of 1,255 in the corpo-

rate limits and 1,623 in the entire district, is situated on a high hill, com-

manding a good view of Walker's, Mossy creek and Yonah Mountains.

The name of the town is derived from the In"dian word Tau-la-ne-ca,

meaning yellow money. Here was established a branch of the United

States mint. Here is also a branch college of the University of Geor~a.

In almost every portil:m of this county gold is found, and the evidence of

its existenoo everywhere meets the eye.

A railroad through the county would prove a great developer.

The area of Lumpkin is 282 :miles, or 180,480 acres. Population in

1900, 7,433, a gam of 566 since 1890; sehool fund, $4,943.

By the ComptroUer~General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 177,028; of wild land, 32,746; average value to the acre of

improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $127,200;

money, etc., $121,463; merchandise, $42,789; shipping and tonnage,

$2,400; household furniture, $42,758; farm animals, $69,875; planta-

tion and mechanical tools, $13,337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,210;

value of ail other property, $10,356; re~l estato, $593,366; personal

estate, $310,100. Aggregate value of whole property, $903,466.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,

1,791; value, $2,505; city property, $3,225; money, etc., $42; merc!J.an-

dise, $125; household furniture, $996; tfarm animals, $2,006; watches,

silver, etc., $26; plantation and mechanical too~s, $212.00; value of all

other property, $95.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $9,232.

The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $2,337 in the value of all

property since 1900.

.

The schools of the public school system and the branch of the State

University are in a prosperous condition. The average attendance is 739

in the 29 schools for whites and 49 in the 3 schools for colored pupils.

The churches () Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are scattered

throughout the county.

Population of Lumpkin county by sex and' cololl", according to the

census of 1900: white males, 3,467; white females, 3,484; total white,

6,951; co~ored males, 247; colored females, 235; total co~ored, 482.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 49 calves, 5 steers, 118 dairy oows, 84 horses, 44 mules,

3 sheep, 80 swine, 10 goat:&



GEORGI.!: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

745

McDUFFIE COUNTY.

McDuffie County was laid out from the adjoining counties soon after the close of the civil war, and was named in honor of Senator McDuffie, of South Carolina. It is bounded by the following counties: Lincoln and
Wilkes on the north, Columbia on the east, Richmond, J e:fferson and
Warren on the south, and Warren and Wilkes on the west.

Little river, a tributary of the Savannah, runs along its northern and

northwestern boundary. Upton creek, running through the county, empties into Little river. Briar creek runs along its southern borders. There are other small streams.

The face of the country is undulating. The lands of the nort.hem section have good clay foundations and are mo,re productive than the

gray, sandy soil of the southern part of the C-'ounty. Some of the lands

have been exhausted from bad usage; but in some places the farmers, by a proper system of cultivation and rotation of crops, are bringing them

back to their former productiveness.

Taking all the lands, good and bad, the average production to the acre is: corn, 8 bushels; oats, 10; wheat, 9; rye, 12; barley, 10; Irish and sweet potatoes, 150 bushels each; field-peas, 6; ground-peas, 75; seed cot-

ton, 700 pournds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Of course the

best lands under scientific culture will yield far more than is above stated

as the average.

A good deal of attention is paid to vegetables, fruits, berries and melons along the line of the Georgia Railroad. Some of the largest and

best flavored watermelons in the State are raised in McDuffie county and sold in the Augusta market.

According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 8,635 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.

In 1890 there were in :McDuffie county 897 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,416 pounds of ~ol; 2,837 cattle, 140 working oxen, 1,073 milch-cows producing 271,028 gallons of milk, from which :were made 85,742

pounds of butter and 150 pounds of cheese. There were 653 horses, 790

mules, 1 donkey, 6,088 hogs and 41,031 of all kinds of poultry, whose eggs numbered 56,503 dozens. The honey product of the county was

8,322 pounds.



The timbers are pine and the various hardwoods. Saw and planing-

mills cut up considerable quantities of it every year. There are in McDuffie oounty three gold mines in successful operation.

These are the Talahu, Partu and Williams. Thomson, the county site, is on the Georgia Railroad not far from the

center of the county. It is a growing town of 1,154 inhabitants in the

corporate limits, and 3,843 in the entire district, and has good schools and

churches. Dearing and Boneville are also on the Georgia Railroad. Wrights-
bora min the northern part of the county. Every neighborhood has its

S5 ga

746

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRJA.L.

school and church. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the prevailing denominations.
The average attendance of pupils in the county public schools is 605 in the 21 schools for whites, and 843 in the 22 schools for colored.
The area of McDuffie county is 258 square miles, or 165,120 acres. Population in 1900, 9,804, a gain of 1,015 over that of 1890; school fund, $6,386.92.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 144,914; average value per acre, $3.22; city property, $144,495; shares in bank, $19,000; money, etc., $73,704; merchandise, $32,222; cotton factories, $1,122'; iron works, $650; household furniture, $51,883; farm and other animals, $91,194; plantation and mec0hanical tools, $20,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,272; value of all other property, $25,806; real estate, $612,429; personal estate, $348,590. .Aggregate value of whole property, $961,019.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 4,512; value, $18,206; city or town property, $2,530; money, etc., $41.00; household furniture, $5,706; farm animals, $13,925; watches, jewelry, etc., $53; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,082; value of all other property, $446.00. .Aggregate value of property, $38,994.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $336,920 in the value of all property, as compared with the returns of 1900.
Population o,f McDuffie county by sex and color, according to the cernsus of 1900: white males, 1,845; white females, 1,816; total white, 3,661; colored males, 3,026; colored females, 3,117; total colored, 6,14-3.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 7 calves, 58 dairy cows, 54 horses, 4 mules, 2 donkeys, 1 sheep, 110 swine and 2 goats.

MciNTOSH COUNTY.
Mclntosh County was laid off fliom Liberty in 1793, and was named to commemorate the services of the Mcintosh family. One of these was Lachlan Mcintosh, who was born in Scottland and emigrated t!o' Georgia. He was colonel of the :first regiment in Georgia, was promoted to general and was placed by Washington in command of an important western post. Colonel John Mcintosh, who made the gallant defense of the post at Sunbury, is another member of this distinguished family. Many years after this county was formed, Colonel James S. !fcintosh, who was born in the county of Liberty, and who had ente:red the army in 1812, lost his life in the battle of Molino del Rey, near the city of M~xico.
Mcintosh county is bounded on t.he north by Liberty county, on the east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by Glynn county, on the southwest by GlJ'lln and W ay-.1e counties, and on the west by Liberty.
South Newport river divides it from Liberty on the north, the Altamahafrom Wayne on the southwest and Glynn on the south. The islands of Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Hinds, Blackbeard, Broughton, Butner's, Wright's and Patterson's, skirt its coast and are separated from the main-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

747

land and each other by numerous inlets. These islands are favorite re-

sorts for the hunter and fisherman.

The lands along the Altamaha are very rich, producing great quan7

tities of rice and sugar-cane. With good cultivation the lands in Mc-

Intosh county will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; Irish

potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 250; field-peas, 20; ground-peas, 30; sea-

-island seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; corn fod-

-der, 250 pounds; rice 40 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons.

The splendid grazing adapts this county to sheep and cattle, and the

mild winters relieve the farmers almost entirely of the expense of hous-

ing and feeding them. In 1890 there were 1,132 sheep, with a wool-

clip of 1,691 pounds; 3,613 cattle, 249 work,ing oxen, 1,469 milch-cows

producing 76,915 gallons of milk. Only 416 pounds of butter were

reported as made in this county in 1890. There were 364 horses, 84

mules, l donkey, 4,474 hogs and 7,427 domestic fowls of every kind,

producing 15,270 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 19,332

pounds.

Darien, the county site, is situated on the north bank of the .Altamaha

river, and is the shipping point f10r great quantities of shingles and lum-

ber. There is also a big trade at Darien in rosin and turpentine. This

city has 1,739 inhabitants, while the district of Darien, which includes

the city, contains a population of 3,129.

The Darien and Western Railroad, the Altamaha river and the Atlan-

tic ocean give every facility for transportation. The Florida Central

.and Peninsular also traverses the western part of the county. During

the year 1900 there were received at Darien and shipped from that port

1,000 barrels of rosin.

The area of Mcintosh county is 429 square miles, or 274,560 acres.

Population in 1900, 6,537, an increase of 67 since 1890; school fund,

-$4,639.52.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 75,599; of wild land, 112,824; averrage price per acre of

improved land, $3.19; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $155,812;

shares in bank, 19,000; money, etc., $28,513; mercha!Ildise, $52,105;

invested in shipping, $40,000; cotton factories, $8,600; household furni-

ture, $32,957; farm animals, $54,599; plantation and. mechanical tools,

$6,255; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,472; value of all other property,

$40,320; real estate, $454,796; personal estate, $288,849. Aggregate

value of properrty, $961,019.

:Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 13,022;

value, $41,016; city property, $50,087; merchandise, $2,430; money,

$2,069; household furniturre, $3,506; farm and other animals, $17,736;

plantation and mechanical tools, $1,807; value of all other property,

:$1,844. .Aggregate value of whole property, $123,151.

The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $4,486 in the value of all.

property since the returns of 1900.



The people enjoy good school and church privileges. The average at-

748

GEORGIA: HIS1'0RIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

tendance is 161 in the 9 schools for whites, an!l564 in the 15 for colored pupils.
The products of the county are marketed at Darien, Brunswick and Savannah..
Population of Mcintosh county by sex aJnd color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 767; white females, 689; total white, 1,456; colored males, 2,549; colored females, 2,532; total colored, 5,081.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 213 calves, 125 steers, 10 bulls, 222 dairy cows, 162' horses, 83 mules, 25 sheep, 313 swine and 4:0 goats.
MACON COUNTY.
Macon County was named in honor of Ron. Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, who served through the war of the Revolution as a. private, refusing promotion; served as a representative in the legislature of his native State; next as a representative in Congress for three terms, part of which time he was Speaker of the House; then a Senator in Congress and president pro tern. of the Senate.
This county is bounded as foHows: north by Taylor and Crawford,. east by Houston, south by Dooly, Sumter and Schley, and west by Schley and Taylor.
The Flint river flows through the county and has the following t1.1ibutaries: Beaver, Juniper, Horse, White Water, Buck's, Buck Head and' Spring. Considerable quantities of fish are taken from these streams.
The soil is of the tertiary formation, mainly a gray, sandy loam, with "red level" outcrop in the eastern part. The lands, according to loca-tion and cultivation, give as an average yield to the acre: corn, 7 to 10 bushels; wheat, 6 to 8; oats, 9 to 10; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; Irish and sweet potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; seed cotton, 600 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 100 to 200 gallons; hay, 3,000 pounds. Vegetables of all kinds, berries and melons are plentiful. The amount of truck sold amounts to about $12,000 a year.
This is the sec10nd largest peach-growing county in the State, shipping in one season from Marshallville alone 450 car-loads or 240,000 crates. .At this town is the home of Mr. Samuel B. Rumph, the originator of the celebrated Elberta peach. In easy sight of the veranda of his home are 80,000 peach trees. He also raises grapes and makes wine of fine quality. The whole number of peach-trees in the county is 1,500,000. There are also in Macon county 11,330 plum"trees, 9,800 apple-trees and 6,000 pear-trees. :Macon county produces also large melons of exce1lent flavor.
Hay is made to only a small extent. Some farmers have thoroughbred cattle, but the great majority have only the ordinary stock.
In 1890 there were in the 0ounty 173 sheep, with a wool-clip of 306
pounds; 3,624 cattle, J 76 working oxen, 1,469 milch-cows producing
226,683 gallons of milk, from which were made 51,152 pounds of butter. The eggs from 31,236 poultry of all kinds amounted to 55,473 dozens. The honey produced was 7,563 pounds. There were 572 horses, 1,512' mules, 1 donkey and 11,280 swine.

OLWHARD AND NUR:SERY

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

751

The timber products are slight, being a little long-leaf pine and some hardwoods, mainly used in making crates and boxes for shipping fruit. Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint utilize 132 horse-powers.
The output of all the manufactories of the OOlillty is about $70,000. These are mostly canning and packing factories.
Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint river, utilize 132 horsepowers.
Oglethorpe, the county seat, is located on the west side of the Flint river. The court-hD'\100 is valued at $20,000.
Montezuma, on the right side of the same river and only a few milee from Oglethorpe, is the largest town. There is abundance of hardwood near the town.
Marshallville, not far from the line which divides Macon and Houston counties, is another prosperous town. At each of these towns is a wellconducted bank. Each of them is located on one of the arms of the Central of Georgia system. No' other raHroad passes through the county.
There is a high school at each of the above named places, and throughout the county the public school system of Georgia prevails. The average attendance is 754 in 24 schools for whites, and 1,357 in the 28 schools for colored. In the Marshallville high school for whites there are 95 pupils and in the schools of Montezuma are 162 in those for whites, and 245 in those 'for colored. The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations.
Twenty thousand bales of cotton are shipped from this county, 12,-
DOO of which go from Montezuma. According to the census oi 1900
there were ginned in this county 16,713 bales of upland cotton of the erop of 1899"1900.
The area of Macon county is 392 square miles, or 250,880 acres. Population in 1900, 14,093, an increase of 910 since 1890; school fund, $ 9 ,4 82.83.
By the Comptroller~General's report for 11}00 there are: acres of improved lands, 211,281; of wild land, 4,200; average value of improved la:nd per acre $4.01; of wild land, $1.13; city property, $340,340; shares in bank, $1,400; money, etc., $244,532; merchandise, $109,445; stocks and bonds, $10,200; shipping and tonnage, $2,400; cotton manufactories, $425; horusehold furniture, $113,204; farm animals, $142,689; plantati'{)ln and mechanical tools, $34,366; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,252; "\1"alue of all other property, $34,009; real estate, $1,192,768; personal estate, $709,029. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,901,797.
Property returned by colored ta..-.q>ayers: number of acres, 7,016; value, $20,856; city property, $25,151; money, etc., $875; merchandise, $1,215; household furniture, $26,873; farm and other animals, $2,116; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,396; value of all other property, $2,532. Aggregate of whole property, $107,530.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $191,862 in the value of all property since 1900.
The population of the districts containing the three largest towns, and of their towns also, is as follows:

752

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l'RIA.L

.Montezuma district 4,643, Montezuma town 903; Marshallville distnct 2,288, Marshallville town 879; Oglethorpe district 2,174, Oglethorpe town 545.
Population of Macon county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,123; white females, 2,179; total white, 4,302; colored males, 4,662; colored females; 5,129; total colored, 9,791.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 6 steers, 126 dairy cows, 131 horses, 17 mules, 1 donkey, 256 swine and 2 goats.

.MADISON CODN'TY.
Madison County was laid out from Oglethorpe, Clarke, JacksQill, Franklin and Elbert counties in 1811. Other parts were afterwards added to it as follows: from Clarke in 1813; from Elbert and Frrunklin in 1819; from Franklin in 1823; from Clarke in 1829; and from Oglethorpe in 1831. It received its name from James Madison, of Virginia, fourth president of the United States, and often styled the "Father of the Coostitution."
The county is bounded by the following counties: Franklin and Danks on the north, Hart on the northeast, Elbert on the east, Oglethorpe on the south, Clarke on the southwest and Jackson on the west. The streams are the North and South forks of Broad river, Mill Shoal, Brushy and Holly creeks. The lands along these streams are fertile.
The average production to the acre is: corn, 18 bushels; wheat, 7; rye, 8; oats, 10; Irish potatoes, 40; sweet potatoes, 50; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, upland, 400 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,200 to 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. Tobacco, with proper attention, does well. So do vegetables, fruits, berries and melons. According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned .in Madison county 11,443 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
In 1890 there were 2,085 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,830 pounds; 5,097 cattle, 349 working oxen, 1,878 milch-cows producing 507,385 gallons of milk and 201,711 pounds of butter; 836 ho,rses, 1,113 mules, 6 donkeys, 8,585 swine, 72,588 domestic fowls of all kinds, producing 77,671 dozens of eggs. This county produced also 16,616 pounds of honey.
The timber growth >is some short-leaf pine and the varieties of hardwood common to that section.
The many natural shoals on the water courses afford ample power for mills and factories.
The Seaboard Air Line Railroa;d passes through the southern part of the county:. A part .of the Smithonia, Danielsville and Carnesville Railroad is also completed.
Danielsville, named for General Allen Daniel, and located on a high, uneven ridge, is the county site. The railroad, designed to connect this town with the Seaboard Air Line and Georgia Railroads, is in process of

.ARTESIAN WELLS I~ 1\IONTEZUl\'IA, GA.

GEORGIA: JJISTORICA.L AND INDUSTRli!L.

755

construction. When ,it is completed the county will have good facilities for trade and travel.
Carlto~, Medicus, Comer, Five Forks and Dowdy, are stations on the Seaboard Air Line.
The schools belong to the common school system of the State. The average attendance is 1,255 in the 40 schools for whites and 370 in the 17 schools for colored. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations of the county, and have go0d churches.
The area of Madison ooonty is 278 squar11 miles, or 177,920 acres. Population in 1900, 13,224, an increase of 2,200 since 1890; school fund, $8,834.60.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 170,243; value per acre, $3.64; city property, $67,655; money, etc., $123,446; merchandise, $31,667; stocks and bonds, $4,200; household furniture, $67,678; farm and other animals, $131,521; plantation and mechanical tools, $35,931; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,971; value of all other property, $27,630; real estate, $687,962; personal estate, $432,430. Aggregate value of property, $1,120,392.
Property returned by oolored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,214; value, $9,860; city property, $775; money, etc., $53; household furniture, $4,248; farm animals, $11,047; watches, etc., $52; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,318; value of all other property, $269.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $28,622.
Theta..'{ returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,176 in the value of nll property since 1900.
Some gold has been found on Broad river, and iron ore in considerable quantities; also a good article of granite and quartz.
Population of Madison county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,696; white females, 4,643; total white, 9,339; colored males, 1,945; colored females, 1,940; total colored, 3,885.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 53 calves, 8 steers, 3 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 74 horses, 9 mules, and 156 swine.

MARION COUNTY.

Marion County was laid out from }fuscogee and Lee in 1827. Part

of it was given to Crawford in 1827 and part returned to Muscogee in

1829. lt was named for General Francis Marion, of South Carolina, who,

b.ecause of his rendezvous in the swamps of the Pedee, from which he

sallied forth to his sudden attacks upon the British, received the title of

"Swamp Fox."



The counties bounding it are: Talbot on the north, Taylor, Schley and

Sumter on the east, Webster on the south and southwest, and Chatta-

hochee and Muscogee on the west.
There are no rivers in this county, but some large creeks, as Juniper and Pine Knot, tributaries of the Chattahoochee, Muckalee and Kincha~

foonee, branches of the Flint.

756

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The soil is cretaceous, tertiary in the southern portion. The la:nd is a gray, sandy loam; but, like most cretaceous soils, productive. The southern part of the county was originally the best, but the lands have been injured by injudicious cultivati,on. With scientific farming these lands c!m be restored to their original fertility. Under proper cultivation there is no better farming land in Georgia. The pine belt of the county is now attracting attention, and is being settled up very rapidly. Lands in the pine belt sell for $1 an acre; in the middle and lower seCtion, on an average of $5.00 an acre. Cow-peas, sown after stubble, give fine hay. Some of the farmers who prepare their stubble get in good seasons an excellent yield of crab and crowfoot-grass hay.
According to location and culture the lands average to the acre: corn, 7 to 10 bushels; oats, 8 to 25; wheat, 5 to 18; rye, 3 to 10; Irish potatoes, 50 to 110; sweet potatoes, 50 to 150; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 25; upland seed cotton, 300 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 50 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are ra.ised, but almost entirely for home use. The total truck sold will amount to about $4,000. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 9,681 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 18991900.
In 1890 there were 73 sheep, with a wool-clip of 195 pounds; 2,775 cattle, 149 working <OXen, 889 milch-cows producing 149,962 gallons of milk, and 42,319 pounds of butter. There were also 455 horses, 832 m?les, 6,118 hogs, 25,355 domestic fowls of all kinds producing 34,072 dozens o eggs. The honey gathered amounted to 7,833 pound~.
The timber products are not extensive, but there is a little long-lea pine, and some good hardwoods are still uncut along the creeks. There are two saw-mills operated by steam, and at Blueville there is one operated by water. The annual output of timber amounts to $4,000.
On the streams are two flour-mills and' ten grist-mills. About 165 water-powers are used. There are alao two grist-mills operated by steam.
There is a coffin factory at Juniper, just inside the county, and a short distance from Juniper Station on a branch of the Central Railroad in Talbot county.
Buena Vista, the county seat, named for one of the famous battl~ of the Mexoican war, is a pleasant and prosperous town of 1,161 people, located on an arm of the Central Railroad. The entire Buena Vista district has 2,725 inhabitants. This town has one bank with a capital of $38,000, and several good mercantile establishments. There are small stores in every part of the county. There is in the neighborhood a white kind of chalk. There are some remarkable Indian mounds on a plantation formerly owned by Colonel Wm. M. Brown.
Methodists and Baptists are the strongest Christian denominations in the county, and there are also many Presbyterians and Episcopalians.
The school!S of the town and county belong to the public school system of Georgia. The average attendance is 698 in the 28 schools for whites, and 749 in the 22 schools for colored.

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A..ND INDUSTRIA.L.

757

The receipts of cotton from the entire county are about 10,000 bale!!, which are shipped from Buena Vista.
The area of Marion county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres. Population in 1900, 10,080, an increase of 2,352 since 1890; school fund, $6,157.12.
By the Comptroller~General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 216,755; of wild land, 13,056; average value per acre of improved land, $2.58; of wild land, $0.27; city property, $102,020; shares in bank, $30,000; money, etc., $57,839; merchandise, $34,641; stocks and bonds, no report: household furniture, $65,855; farm animals, $115,316; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,341; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,878; value of all other property, $14,518; real estate, $666,644; personal estate, $356,367; aggregate value of whole property, $1,023,'011.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 4,301; value, $9,120; city property, $12,235; money, $125; household furniture, $4,248; farm animals, $11,047; watches, etc., $52; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,318; value of all other property, $376. Aggre~ gate value of property, $46,525.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $139,845 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Marion county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,142; white females, 2,089; total white, 4,231; colored males, 2,865; colored females, 2,984; total colored, 5,849.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 24 calves, 1 bull, 64 dairy cows, 34 horses, 8 mules, 143 :s>vine, 13 goats.

MERIWETHER COUNTY.

Meriwether County was laid out from Troup, and organized Decem-

ber, 1827. It was named in honor of General David Meriwether, who

eame from Virginia and settled in Wilkes county in 1785. It is bound-

ed by the following counties: Coweta on the north, Spalding, Pike and

Upson on the east, Talbot and Harris on the south, and Troup on the

w~.

Line creek forms its eastern boundary for a few miles, and empti6'11

into the Flint river, which flows along the balance of its eastern border.

Other streams are Red Oak, White Oak, Pigeon, Cane, Walnut and

Bear creeks. The surface of the country is undulating. The Pine

Mountains rise in this county west of the Flint river and afford much

picturesque scenery.

The soil is metamorphic, with undulating red lands, interspersed with

.gray, gravelly strips, both with red clay subsoil. The water is pure free-

stone.



The lands will average to the acre: corn, 11 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to

20; wheat, 6 to 8; rye, 10 to 25; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 100;

'field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 25; seed cotton, 600 to 750 poU!!lds; crab-

758

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

grass hay, 5,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugar-.cane syrup, 250 gallOI!S.
The figures for the yield of the various crops represent the averagb production of all lands, rich and poor, under ordinary cultivation; but the better lands under improved methods yield 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, 28 bushels of wheat, and other crops in proportion.
Vegetables in great quantities, berries, fruits and melons are raised, mostly for horne use. Some of these products are marketed and bring about $9,000 per annum.
Considerable hay is raised by wme farmers. The number of pure bred cattle recorded is considerably above the average.
In 1890 there were 610 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,307 pounds; 6,454 cattle, 278 working oxen, 2,720 milch-cows giving 690,401 gallons of milk, from which were made 219,798 pounds of butter. There were 1,021 horses, 2,640 mules, 10,476 hogs and 91,967 poultry, who;;e eggs amounted to 157,334 dozens. The product of honey was 30,928 pounds.
In the ,orchards there are 65,873 peach trees, 7,000 apple trees and 1,200 plum trees.
The timber products consist of considemble hardwoods on the water courses. The output is small, about $6,000.
The water powers of the county are fine. On the Flint river and its tributaries are 12 grist-mills, using 223 horse"powers. On a tributary of the Chattahoochee is one mill using 11 horse-powers. On the Flint river there are utilized 4,255 hors~powers, which are, however, partly in Pike county. The 18 manufactories of the county have an output valued at $40,741.
The mineral products are gold, iron, asbestos and granite. The gold mines, with primitive methods, have yielded handsomely for fo,rty years. Under recent development, the result of northern capital, the mines haYe equalled if not surpassed any in the State. At Chalybeate Springs iron ore is found in great quantities, which, when analyzed, is found to equal the ores of Birmingham. Only capital is needed for their development. The recently discovered asbestos deposits are found to he very rich in their yield and easily worked. Me11iwether granite is pronounced equal to that of the famous Quincy granite of Massachusetts and is susceptible of very fine polish. The elegant church of St. Luke, in Columbus, Georgia, used thi:s granite exclusively in all th:E; granite WOl'k and granite columns employed in its construction. Immense quantities have been shipped to Savannah and other Atlantic ports. v
The county is famous for its mineral springs. The Chalybeate, in the eastern part of the county, :Us as strongly impregnated with iron as any of the Spas of the world. The Warm Springs, six miles west of the Chalybeate, afford the most delightful baths in all the South or the Union. The temperature of the water is 92 degrees and the swimming pool is most luxurious in its equipments and delights. The waters, forming an immense stream, gush from a spur of the Pine Mountain and the great hotel on the hill makes this one of the coolest summer resorts in

GEORGIA: HI-STORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

.75S

the State. One mile east o Warm Springs is the Cold Spring. Her~ the United States fish commission has established a hatchery a few hundred yards below the bold spring, which furnishes many thousand gallons of water per minute.
Six miles west o Warm Springs are the White Sulphur Springs, auother popular summer resort. The water is very strongly impregnated with sulphur, its analysis being the same as the Indian Spring in Butts county.
The climate is delightful, the mean temperature being 63 degrees. The extremes in temperature range rom 20 to 98 degrees, these points being rarely ever reached.
The county enjoys limited railroad facilities, but with those promised a period o rich development may be anticipated, 'its mineral wealth and other resources having then a rare chance of securing outside investment.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Meriwether county 22,452 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 18991900. i
Greenville, named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, is the county site. It is located on a high ridge near the center of the oounty, Oli a branch o the Central of Georgia Railway. A company has bee1.o. formed to erect here a new cotton factory. The Methodists and BaptistL. have churches and academies or male and female. Greenville has one bank with a paid-up capital of $25,000. Its population is 815 in th o corporate limits, and including the district of the same name it is 2,630.
The county has good schools and churches o every denomination. The average attendance on the schools is 1,699 in the 52 or white pupils, and 1,604 in the 38 schools or colored pupils.
"\Voodbury, ten miles south of Greenville, where the Macon and Birmingham Railroad crosses the Central, is a gro'\ving town. At Flat Shoals, twelve miles rom Greenville on the Flint river, are some of the finest water powers in the State. Lutherville, Oakland, Gay, Raleigh, Bullochville, St.inson, Odessa, St. Mark's, Oak Ridge and Rocky Mount are :flourishing business centers.
The area o Meriwether county is 544 square miles, or 348,160 acres. Population in 1900, 23,339, a gain o 2,599 since 1890; school fund,. $22,427.16. By the Comptroller-General's report or 1900 there are: acres o improved land, 295,396; o wild land, 6,306; average value per acre of improved land, $3.75; of wild land, $0.40; city property, $167,413; money, etc., $109,425; value of merchandise, $68,080; shares in bank, $25,000; bank stock and bonds, $38,500; household furniture, $87,114; farm animals, $174,763; plantation and mechanical tools, $43,690; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,197; value of all other property, $37,976; real estate, $1,277,771; personal estate, $594,560; aggregate value of property, $1,872,334. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number o acres, 5,413; value, $20,258; city property, $4,362 ; household furniture, $14,834;

"760

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

watches,, etc., $110; farm ani.mals, -$23,648; plantation and mechanical ~ools, $4,427; value IOf all other property, $490; aggregate value of property, $69,169.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $90,589 in the value of .all property since 1900.

Population of Meriwether county by sex and color, according to the

census of 1900: white males, 4,715; white females, 4,807; total white,

'9,522; colored males, 6,858; colored females, 6,959; total colored,

13,817.

.

Domestic anJmals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

.June 1, 1900: 32 calves, 10 steers, 12 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 78 horses 13

mules, 205 swine, 6 goats.

'

MILLER COUNTY.
.ilfilkr County was formed in 1856 from Early and Baker, and was named in honor of Andrew J. Miller, who had ft_equently served in the .State legislature, and as President of the Senate had been noted for his .ability and the fairness with which he treated each party.
Miller is bounded by the following counties: Baker and Early oo the north, Baker on the east, Decatur on the south and Early on the west.
Spring creek, running from north to south through the center of the county, is the principal stream. It aborunds in fish of the varieties gen'erally found in Georgia streams. This creek has tributary creeks from .the east and west.
Almost the entire surface of the county is level. The soil is light with a heavy growth of pine timber.
The lands yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 10; sweet potatoes, 150; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. Vegetables and melons do well.
The fine pasturage afforded by the native grasses causes the farmers to pay no attention to hay. Their stock seem to take care of themselves -entirely.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county 5,804 sheep, with a wool-clip of 12,963 pounds; 8,776 cattle, 330 working oxen, 3,005 milchcows, but a productiGn of only 144,730 gallons of milk and 1,770 pounds ()f butter. There were also 727 horses, 311 mules, 2 donkeys; 12,938 swine and 24,583 of all kinds Gf domestic fowls. The. production. of eggs was 50,028 dozens and of honey 820 pounds.
R08in, turpentine and lumber are the chief articles of trade. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 2,025 bales of upland and 50 of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900. Colquitt is the county site. It is on the Georgia Pine Railway which connects Bainbridge, in Decatur county, on the Savannah, Florida and Western of the Plant System with Arlington, in Oalhorun county, on ()De of the arms of the Central of Georgia system. In the towns and county are churches of the leading Christian denominat.ions. Methodists and Baptists predominate.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

761!

Other postoffices are Bait, Ho~rn's Cross Roads, Mayhaw, Pond Town,. Spooner and Twilight.
The schools of the county belong to the public school system of Georgia and are in good condition. The average attendance is 510 in the 23 schools for white pupils, and 195 in the 11 schools for negroes.
The area of Miller county is 275 square miles, or 176,000 acres. Population in 1900, 6,319, an increase of 2,044 since 1890; schooL fund, $3,976.11. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-proved land, 145,875; of wild land, 28,307; average value per acre of improved land, $2.25; of wild land, $1.97; city property, $31,480; money, etc., $81,693; value of merchandise, $31,870; stocks and bonds, $500; household furniture, $42,441; farm and other animals, $113,569; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,346; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,056; value of all other property, $67,043; real estate, $516,279; personal estate, $351,697; aggregate value of property, $777,976.
Returns of property by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 4,962;: value, $10,239; city property, $330; money, ,etc., $142; household furniture, $4,982; watches, etc., $37; farm and other animals, $912; -plantation and mechanical tools, $1,688; value .of all other property, $570 ;: aggregate value of property, $27,100.
The tax returns of1901 show a gain in the value of all property over the returns of 1900 amounting to $61,935.
Population of Miller county by sex and color, according to the censusof 1900: white males, 1,837; white females, 1,774; total white, 3,611; colored males, 1,436; colored femal.es, 1,272; total colored, 2,708.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,. June 1, 1900: 56 calves, 36 steers, 14 bulls, 92 dairy cows, 47 horses,. 111 mules, 3,100 sheep, 660 swine.

MILTON COUNTY.

Milton County was formed in 1857 from Cherokee, Forsyth and Cobb,. and was named 'in honor of Colonel John Milton, Secretary o State for Georgia in 1789. It is bounded by the following counties: Cherokee on the north, _Forsyth on the east and north, Gwinnett on the southeast and south, De:Kalb and Fulton on the south, Cobb on the west and Cherokee on the west and northwest.
The Chattahoochee river flows along its entire southern boundary. Creeks tributary to the Etowah and the Chattahoochee flow through thecounty. The lands along the streams are productive. The people are blessed with abundance of good water and a healthy climate.
The lands give as an average yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; wheat and oats, 10 bushels each; rye and barley, 8 bushels each; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; :field-peas,_15 bushels; groundpeas, 50 bushels; seed cotton, 650 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds;: clover hay, 6,000; corn fodder 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
It is a good county for hay.

762

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

In 1890 there were 394 sheep, with a wool-clip of 677 pounds; 3,329 cattle, 165 working oxen, 1,270 milch-<lows giving 386,522 galloos of milk, from which are made 138,112 pounds of butter. There were 381 horses, 778 mules, 2 donkeys, 3,826 hogs and 63,113 domestic fowls of every kind, producing 81,372 .dozens of eggs. There is one butter and cheese factory. The honey production was 13,925 pounds in 1890.
There is no railway passing through the county, but the Southern Railway runs close to the boundary line.
For building purposes .there is abundance of timber and stone. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 6,407 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
Alpharetta is the county site. The entire Alpharetta district contains 1,529 inhabitants, 310 of whom,live in the town. Other postoffices are Arnold, Coker, Dinsmo~re, Field's Cross Roads, Freemansvme, McClure, Mazeppa, Ocee, Skelton, Stono, Warsaw and "\Vebb.
Methodists and Baptists are the dominant religious sects. Their ~hurch~s are found in every part of the county.
The school!! belong to the public school system of Georgia, and the average attendance is 914 in the 30 schools for white pupils, and 83 in the 4 schools for colored pupils.
The area of Milton county is 147 square miles, or 94,080 acres. Population in 1900, 6,763, an increase of 555 since 1890; school fund, $4,791.28. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 81,344; of wild land, 590; average value of improved land h) the acre, $6.22; of wild land, $2.25; city property, .$25,620; money, etc., $81,413; merchandise, $23,565; stocks and bonds, $17,500; household furniture, $44,456; farm animals, $95,715; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,419; watches and jewelry, $1,568; value of all other property, $16,794; real estat-e, $532,965; personal estate, $315,783; aggregate value of property, $848,748.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 396; value, ~ 1,020; city property, $375; money, etc., $92; household furniture, $1,332; watches, etc., $40; farm animals, $2,240; p'lantation and mechani-cal tools,. $457; value of all other property, $102; aggregate value of property, $5,560.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property since the returns of 1900 amounting to $7,710.
Population of Milton county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,088; white females, 2,912; total white, 6,000; colored males, 377; colored females, 386; total colored, 763.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 17 calves, 2 steers, 46 dairy cows, 36 horses, 17 mules, 70
sheep.

GEORGl.d.: HISTORIC.d.L .d.ND INDUSTRIAL.

763

MITCHELL COUNTY.

Mitchell County was laid out from Baker in 1857, and was named for Hoo. David B. Mitchell, who was Governor of Georgia from November 9, 1809, to November.9, 1813, and again from November 9, 1815, to March 4, 1817, when he resigned. The following counties bound it: Dougherty on the north, Worth and Colquitt on the east, Thomas and Decatur on the south, Baker on the west and north'(Vest. Flint river runs along its whole western boundary. Turkey, Walden's and Tom's creeks, branches of the Ocklockonee river, water the eastern side of the county. Other streams are Lost and Big creeks. In the southern part is a pond or lake about 10 miles long; near the center is another not quite so large.
A branch of the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway of the Plant System runs through the county, connecting Camilla w.ith two growing cities, Albany on the north and Thomasville on the south. .
'"The pine lands of this county are very productive, those of some sections being moxe fertile, of comse, than those of others. According to location and cultivation they will produce to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 12 to 25 bushels; rice, 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, from 500 to 1,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sugarcane syrup, 200 to 250 gallons.
Very little attention is paid to grasses, because the wild grasses afford such abundant pasturage. Bermuda does fairly well. Crab-grass grows luxuriantly, as do peavines wnd beggar weed.
There are 4 dairy farms. On them the Jersey cow is the favorite. Very little attention is paid to th~ breeding of beef cattle.
By the census of 1890 there were in :Mitchell county 1,563 sheep, with a wool-clip of 5,322 pounds, 11,588 cattle,.370 working oxen, 3,718 milch-cows yielding 277,573 gallons of milk, from which were made 52,097 pounds of butter and 125 pounds of cheese. There were at the same time, 1,102 horses, 1,126 mules, 3 donkeys, 13,971 hogs and 49,182 domestic fowls of all kinds producing 60,826 dozens of eggs. The producti~n of honey was about 803 pounds.
Peaches, grapes and watermelons are marketed in large cities east and west. The value of these products last year was about $20,000. The melon business last year was almost abandoned on account of high freights. A few yoors ago 1,500 carloads were shipped, last year only 100.
.There are in the county 3 vineyards, covering in all 200 acres. About 50 per cent. of the grapes are sold in the markets, and from 30 per cent. of them wine is made. The latter is fo:r domestic use, for none was sold in the markets.
About 20 per cent. of the forest area has standing timber suitable for the market. About the same percentage in the turpentine belt is dying from boxing. Smaller trees are not affected. The annual output of
lumber in superficial feet is ab()ut 18,000,.000 at $8 a thousand feet.

764

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

About 13 steam sawmilLs and 20 turpentine stills are kept actively em-

ployed.

At Camilla are the works of the Mitchell County Fertilizer Com-

pany; at Pelham are the Pelham Guano Works, the Pelham Cotton Seed

Oil-Mill and the Pelham Manufacturing Compruny. The latter is a cot-

ton-mill with 5,000 spindles, 160 looms and a capital stock of $100,000.

It will employ 100 hands. The annual consumption will be 3,000 bales,

and the value of the output $180,000. The cotton seed oil-mill is valued

at $30,000, and its annual output at $50,000.

Camilla and Pelham are each on the Savannah, Florida and Western

Railway, and in these two towns the products of the county are chiefly

marketed. The cotton receipts and shipments of the entire county are

about 10,000 bales of upland and 2,500 bales of sea-island ootton, of

which about 6,000 bales of upland and 2,000 of sea-island cotton are

handled at Pelham. Some ocf the products of the western part of the

county are shipped by steamboats on the Flint river. According to the

United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 7,863 bales of upland cotton and 2,180 bales of sea~island cotton of the crop of

1899-1900.

At Camilla, the county seat, is a bank ~ith a capital of $25,000. The

court-house is estimated at $30,000. There are in the county 12 grist-

mills and 1 small flour-mill at Pelham. All except 2 or 3 grist-mills are

operated by steam.

Other postoffices are.Apex, Baconton, Dewitt, Faircloth, Flint, Mag-

nolia, Raiford, Stubbs and Tuton.



The district including Camilla has 4,668 inhabitants, while the popu-

lation of Camilla is 1,051. The Pelham district has 2,836 inhabitants,

of which 945 are in the town of Pelham.

The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. Every

neighborhood of the county has its school and church. Methodists and

Baptists are the leading denominations, but there are also Episcopalians,

Presbyterians, Roman Catholics and. others.

The area of Mitchell county is 542 square miles, or 346,880 acres.

Population in 1900, 14,767, a gain of 3,861 since 1890; school fund,

$10,677.40.

.

, By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are:. acres of im-

proved land, 291,481; of wild land, 25,123; average value per acre of

improved land, $3.05; _of wild land, $1.88; city property, $207,441;

shares in bank, $7,000; money, etc., $264,509; value of merchandise,

$75,232; stocks and bonds, $17,075; cotton mrunufactories, $102,000;

household furniture, $108,176; .farm and other animals, $257,923;

plantation and mechanical tools, $48,761; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,-

844; value of all other property, $43,548; real estate, $1,145,613; per-

Onal.estate, $941,802; aggregate value of property, $2,087,415.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,

17,264; value, $50,033; city property, $8,619; money, etc., $210; mer-

chandise, $230; household furniture, $16,713; watches, etc., $433; farm

GFJOBGIJ.: HISTOBIOA.L A.ND INDUSTBIA.L.

765

and other animals, $35,411; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,291; v{Llue of all other property, '$3,018; aggregate value of property, $122,078.
The tax returns for 1901 'Show an increase of $255,119 in the value o
all property in the county since 1900. The average attendance on the public schools of Mitchell county is
1,138 in the 41 schools for white, and 932 in the 30 for negroes. Population of Mitchell county by sex and color, according to the census
e 1900: white males, 3,442; white females, 3,336; total white, 6,778; colored males, 4,011; colored females, 3,987; total colored, 7,989.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 32 horses, 1 mule, 943 sheep, 15 swine.

MONROE COUNTY.
Monroe County was laid out by the lottery act of 1821, and a part set off to Butts in 1825. It was named after James Monroe, of ~rginia, the fifth President of the United States. It is bounded by the following counties: Butts on the north, Jasper and Jones on the east, Bibb on the southeast, Crawford on the south, Upson and Pike on the west. Spalding also touches the western border for a mile or more in the extreme northwest. The Ocmulgee river forms its eastern boundary. There are also several creeks: Tobesofkee, Echeconnee, Phillipi, Beaverdam, Deer, Rum, Cook's, Walker, Eight Mile, Beach, Shoal rund Crooked. The Towaliga river, or creek as .it is sometimes called, running across the northern section, empties into the Ocmulgee river. The soil on the numerous water courses is of a dark chocolate colorr, well adapted to the production of corn, wheat and oats, while the mulatto and gray lands are best for all the small grains and grasses, and forr all varrieties of vegetables. Peaches, apples, melons and all kinds of berries do well. The products of the county find a ready market in Forsyth and Macon.
The lands of Monroe county, under a good system of culture, will yield by the acre: corn, rye and barley, 20 bushels each; wheat, 10 to 40 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 100 bushels; sweet potatons, 100 to 250 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 600 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup; 150 gallons. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 18,724 bales of upland cotton during the season o 1899-1900.
There is considerable improvement from year to year in the breeds o stock, and in the attention given to the care of milch-cows. In 1890 there were in Monroe county 341 sheep, with a wool clip of 647 pounds; 5,538 cattle, 194 working oxen, 2,389 milch-cows producing 655,541 gallons of milk, from which 194,827 pounds o butter and 246 pO'Ilnds of cheese were made. There were also 84,348 domestic fowls of all kinds. producing 137,109 dozens of eggs. The honeyproduced was 24,887 pounds. There were 1,164 hoil'Ses, 2,705 mules, 1 donkey and 11,699 hogs.
36 ga

466

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL.

A traveler on the Central Railroad, viewing the beautiful toWll e Forsyth and its immediate vicinity, receives the impression that this is a. progressive county. In fact all the large towns on the railroad from ltacon to Atlanta make the same favorable impression.
Both the Ocmulgee and Towaliga have water falls with fine locatiu :for factories and mills.
At Forsyth, the,county site, a town of 1,172 inhabitants, is the cotto:a :mill of the Forsyth Manufacturing Company with 6,000 spindles and a home capital of $50,000. It is operated by steam. A company has been organized to build another factory. There is also at this town a cotton. seed oil-mill and guano factory. Forsyt]l has two banks, with an aggregate capital of $130,000. The district of Forsyth, which includes the town, contains 2,429 inhabitants.
_ .At Glover's, near Juliette, is a grist mill, and near by a cotton faetory.
There are excellent schools at Forsyth. On the right of the railroad going toward Atlanta are the handsome buildings of the Monroe Female College, the property of the Baptists of Georgia. The Methodists also have a good school at this point. This is a town of good schools and pretty church edifices.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading denominations of the county. Every neighborhood has its school and a church of one or more of these denominations.
In the public schools the enrollment is 1,648 in the 40 schools for white pupils and 3,326 in the 41 for colored.
The area of Monroe county is 480 square miles, or 307,200 acres. Popufation in 1900, 20,682, a gain of 1,545 since1890; school fund, $13,942.40. By the Comptroller-General's .report for 1900 there are: acres o[ improved land, 294,557; average value per acre, $4.30; city property, $26~,754; shares in bank, $47,800; money, etc., $160,487; merchandise, $100,525; stocks and bonds, $600; cotton factories, $80,500; mining, $100; household furniture, $128,105; farm and other animals, $179,883; plantation and moohanical tools, $52,327; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,003; value of all other property, $57,499; real estate, $1,537,817; personal estate, $851,068; aggregate value of property, $2,388,885. Property returned by colored taxpayers: NumbeT of acres, 12,408; value, $62,580; city property, $10,532; money, etc., $65; merchandise, $310; household furniture, $22,859; watches, etc., $192; farm and other animals, $36,325; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,833; value of all other property, $57,499; aggregate value of property, $150,726. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $103,910 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Monroe county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,372; white females, 3,445; total whites, 6,817; colored males, 6,717; colored females, 7,148; total colored.
13,865:

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

T67

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or rangee, June 1, 1900: 26 calves, 11 steers, 1 bull, 124 dairy cows, 105 horws, 18 mules, 196 swine, 5 goats.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Montgomery County was laid out from Washington in 1793, and named in honor of General Richard Montgomery, who on the 31st of December, 1775, at the head of troops from New York and New Eng-
land, was killed in an attack upon the fortifications of Quebec. Part ot
the county was set off to Tattnall in 1801. In 1811, while a part was added to Laurens, other parts were taken from Telfair and Tattnall. In 1812 a part was set off to, Emanuel. A part was added to it from Tattnall in 1814. A part was added to it from Telfair in 1820, and another part in 1833. Thus it is seen that the boundaries of Montgomery county have undergone many changes.
It is bounded by the following counties: Emanuel on the northeast, Tattnall on the southeast, Appling on the south, Telfair on the southwest, Dodge on the west, and Laurens on the northwest and west.
The Oconee river flows through the center of the county. The Little Ocmulgee flowing along its southwestern boundary empties into the Ocmulgee, which continues along the southern border until it unites with the Oconee to form the Altamaha river. This latter stream continues a few miles more on the southern oorder. There are also many creeks, Lott's, Limestone, Flat, Cypress, Red Bluff, Alligator, Tiger, Little, Okewalkee, Pendleton and Swift.
The soil is a sandy loam, and under proper tillage will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 500 to 800 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; rice, 10 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. Good hay can be made, but the wild grasses afford such excellent pasturage that little attention is paid to it.
In 1890 the county had 11,479 sheep, from which 29,185 pounds of wool were clipped. The cattle numbered 13,195, of which 3,806 were milch-cows, giving 280,282 gallons of milk, from which were made 46,304 pounds of butter; 38,055 domestic fowls of every kind gave 47,529 dozens of eggs. There were 668 horses, 615 mules and 17,340 hogs. The honey produced was 2,106 pounds. There were in the county 575 working oxen.
The usual vegetables, fruits, berries, grapes and melons are raised, but o~ly for home consumption.
A large per cent. of the original forest is still standing. It consists of
long--leaf pine, cypress, oak, hickory and ash. The annual outpnt of lumber in superficial feet is 150,000,000, at an average price of $7 a tbonsand feet. This keeps in active operation 50 sawmills, and 12 turpentine distilleries prepare naval stores for the market.
The Oconee river furnishes water transportation and the Georgia and :Alabama Railroad, of the Seaboard Air Line system, affords transpor-
tation and travel by land.

768

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Fifty grist-mills supply the needs of the citizens and the1 hands employed in the numerous lumber mills.
Mount Vernon, on the Georgia and Alabama Railroad~ is the county
site. There are about 25 other postoffices. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have many churches and a
large membership. The schools are in good condition and belong to the public school
system of the State. The average attendance is 1,305 in the 56 schools for whites, and 811 in the 28 for colored.
The products of the county are marketed in Savannah. Five thousand bales of cotton are shipped from this county; 500 from Mount Vernon. According to the United etates census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 4,858 bales of upland and 534 bales of seaisland cotton during the ,se~ason of 1899-1900. The area of Montgomery county is 744 square miles, or 476,160 acres. Population in 1900, 16,359, a gain of 7,111 since 1890; school fund,. $9,772.85. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved lands, 405,693; of wild lands, 56,823; average value per acre of improved lands, $2.24; of wild lands, $1.98; city property, $97,580; money, etc., $217,009; merchandise, $93,529; iron works, $4,000; shipping and tonnage, $1,000; stocks and bonds, $550; cotton manufactories, $250; household furniture, $106,601; farm and other animals, $269,887; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,892; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,149; value of all other property, $240,529; real estate, $1,120,917; personal estate, $1,007,116; aggregate value of property, $2,128,-
033. Property returned by colocred taxpayers: Number of acres, 13,090;
value, $36,590; city property, $2,515; money, etc., $1,543; mecrchandise, $15; watches, etc., $428; household furniture, $13,516; farm and other animals, $2,317; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,971; value of all other property, $2,310; aggregate value of property, $84,018.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase ,of $84,646 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900. The largest towns of the county are Mount Vernon rund Vidalia. The Mount Vernon district includes the towns of Mount Vernon and
Ailey and has 2,205 inhabitants, of whom 573 live in Mount Vernon
and 271 in Ailey. The Vidalia district has 2,342 inhabitants, of whom 503 live in the
town of Vidalia. Population of Montgomery county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 5,055; white females, 4,598; total whites, 9,653; colored males, 3,547; colored females, 3,159; total colored, 6,706.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1901: 181 calves, 156 steers, 19 bulls, 285 dairy cows, 123:
horses, 168 mules, 21 sheep, 1,330 swine, 49 goats.

GEORGIA..: .HISTORIOA..L A..ND INDUSTRIA..L.

769

MORGAN COUNTY.
Morgan County was laid out from Baldwin in 1807, .and was named in honor of General Daniel Morgan, who was born in New Jersey: but became a citizen of Virginia, commanding a regiment of ri:fl.emen from that State in the campaign of Saratoga, and afterwards as a general und'er Nathaniel Greene distinguished for his brilliant victory at the battle Of Cowpens in South Carolina, January 17th, 1781.
Morgan is bounded by the .following counties: Oconee and Greene on the northeast, Greene on the east, Putnam on the south, Jasper on the southwest, Newton and Walton on the northwest. The Appalachee river runs along its whole northeastern border and empties into the Oconee, which from this point runs down the eastern boundary. Other tributaries of the Oconee are Hard Labor, Indian and Sugar creeks and Little (or Little.Oconee) river.
The general character of th~ soil is metamorphic, undulating red clay and mulatto land's, interspersed with gravelly formations and alluvial bottoms. This, .though one of the oldest, is one of the best agricultural counties of Georgia. A large percentage of the land is under good cultivation, and their average production to the acre is: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 8 to 10; rye, 7; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 150; field peas, 10; ground peas, 50; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; crab-grass h ay, 3,000; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000; corn fodder, stalk and blade, 6,000; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 105 gallons. In some sectiollil of the county corn produces 30 bushels t:o the acre, wheat 25 and oats 40. The land is strong and easily worked. Much of it is permanently set in Bermuda grass. Hay is made from orchard grass, red top, Bermuda, crab, cowpeas and clover. Three million pounds of hay ar e made in Morgan county.
Of the milch-cows nearly on&-third are of improved breeds. In 1890 the county had 3,844 cattle, 157 working oxen, 1,714 milch-cows yielding 426,124 gallons of niilk, from which were made 138,419 pounds of butter and 3,000 pounds of cheese. There are several dairy farms near Madison. The various kinds of poultry aggregated in 1890 60,115 and produced 110,258 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered was 17,187 pounds. There were 507 sheep, yielding 942 pounds of wool. There were 687 horses, 2,008 mules, 4 donkeys and 6,555 hogs. Much attention is now being paid to the rearing of bee cattle.
Vegetables of all kinds, berries and melons are raised. The truck sold amounts to about $8,000. The county has 2,500 apple trees and 29,758 peach trees. The largest orchard in the.county has 3,000 trees. There is a canning factory where many farmers can their peaches.
Timber products are small. There are no original forests left. . Along the streams second growth pine and hardwoods are found. The common growth is mostly old-field pine. Hence the lumber output from a
few portable sawmills is small. On tributaries of the Oconee are too. grist-mills.

no

GEORGIA: HISTORIOALAND INDUSTRIAL.

The Georgia Railroad and the MlWon and Northern branch of the

Central traverse the county, the former from east to west, the latter from

north to south. They cross each other at Madison, the county site, one

of the most beautiful small cities of Georgia, with a population of 1,992

in the corporate limits and 2,888 in its entire district, located on the ridge

which divides the waters of Sugar and Hard Labor creeks. The city has

electric lights and water works. The ladies of Madison are noted for

the taste displayed by them in the cultivation of the flower gardens which

adorn. so many of their charming homes. The court-house and jail to-

gether are valued at $50,000. A company has been formed to build

a .ootton factory, and $50,000 has been raised for that purpose. Otlier

manufactories are: a fertilizer factory, a cotton seed oil-mill valued at

$40,000, a cotton compress; a soap factory, a spoke and handle factory

valued at $10,000, and a variety works establishment for furniture,

chairs, etc., valued at $10,000.

The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each good church

buildings and good schools." There are a Masonic ~odge and a Sons of

Temperance organization.

All the schools of the county are either wholly or in part connected

with the public school system of Georgia. They are in every militia dis-

trict for white and colored separately.

At Madison are two banks with an aggregate capital of $100,000.

Besides Madison the postoffices are Appalachee, Austin, Bostwick, Buck

head, Cowan, Fair Play, Godfrey, Mallory, Maple, Nolan, Pennington,

Reese, Rehoboth and Rutledge, at which iatter place the sum of $50,000

has been raised to erect a factory. There are several life and fire insur-

ance agencies.

The cottQin receipts and shipments from the entire county amount to

25,000 bales, of which the greater portion is handled at Madison. Ac

cording to the census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 16,453

bales of-upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.

The area. of Morgan coupty is 346 square miles, or 221,440 acres.

Population in 1900, 15,813, a decrease of 228 since 1890; school

:fund, $11,197.72; school fund of Madison City, $1,391.85.

By the Comptroller-General!s report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 218,839; average value per acre, $5.19; city pr~perty,

$499,435; shares in bank, $145,798; cott.on manufactories, $157,760;

money, etc., $233,770; merchandise, $103,450; stocks and bonds, $3,-

200; iron works, $35,384; household furniture, $82,704; farm and other

animals, $137,406; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,546; watches,

j~welry, etc., '$7,366; value of all other property, $9,282; real estate,

$1,637,000; personal estate, $976,698; aggregate value of property, $2,-

613,689.

.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number .of acres, 5,855;

value, $23,208; city property, $27,295; money, etc., $220; household

furniture, $8,832; watches, etc., $4'7; farm and other animals, $19,601;

plantation and moohanical tools, $3,346; value of all other property,

.$4; aggregate value of property, $92,553.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

771

The tax returns f~ 1901 show an increase of $149,893 in the nlue

f all property since 1900.

In the public schools of :Morgan county the average attendance is 603

in the 24 schools for white pupils, and 984 in the 26 for colored. In

lhe white schools of the city of Madison there are enrolled 260 pupih;,

and in the colored schools 137.

Population of Morgan county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 2,620; white females, 2,587; total white,

5,207; colored males, 5,261; colored females, 5,345; total colored,

10,606.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 50 calves, 74 steers, 179 dairy cows, 122 horses, 24 mules,

344 swine, 18 goats.

MURRAY COUNTY.

Murray County was laid out from Cherokee and' organized in 1832.

It was named for Hon. Thomas W. :Murray.

Part o.f the county was set off to vValker in 1833 and a part to Cass

(now Bartow) county in 1834. It is bounded on the north by the State

of Tennessee, on the east by Fannin and Gilmer counties, on the south

by Gordon, and on the west by Whitfield county. It is watered by the

Connesauga and Coosawattee rivers with their numerous tributary

creeks. The former of these rivers :flows along the entire western bound-

ary, while the latter crosses the southeastern part of the county. Their

united waters form the Oostenaula, which joins with the Etowah at

Rome to form the Coosa. The Coosawattee being navigable nearly all

the year furnishes water transportation to Rome, the leading market o

Northwest Georgia. No railroad traverses the county, but the Western

and Atlantic runs close to its southwestern border. Dalton, in Whit-

field county, where this road qrosses the Southern Railway, is the chief

market for a large part of :Murray county.

The land is fertile and has fine pasturage for sheep and cattle. The

average yield of CI~ops to the acre is: corn, 25 bushels ; oats, 35; wheat,

25; rye, 30; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 200; cotton, 600 pounds;

crab-grass hay, 3,200; clover, 4,000; fodder, 600; sorghum syrup, 150

gallons. According to the United States census of 1900 there were

ginned in this county 2,586 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-

1900.

In 1890 there were 2,506 sheep in the county yield'ing 4,557 pounds

of wool. There were 5,656 cattle, 378 working oxe-p, 1,941 milch-cows,

which produce 513,110 gallons of milk, from which were made 135,139

pounds of butteT and 97 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all

varieties aggregated 68,021 and produced 83,146 dozens of eggs. The

honey gathered amounted to 17,755 pounds. There were 1,026 horses,

840 mules, 17 dookeys and 8,511 hogs.

This county is rich in minerals. The Cohutta :Mountain range croo:es

its eastern section. On these mountains profitable mining has been done.

In sheltered orchards along this famous range some of the most luscious

fruit is grown.

I

772

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Spring Place, once a missionary station among the Cherokees, now a thriving little town, is the county site. It is situated in the midst of charming scenery with the Cohutta Mountains in full view. This town has a handsome court-house, good schools and churches. The whole county is well provided with scheols, and churches of the Baptists and Methodists are in every section. The average attendance of pupils in the public schools is 1,005 in the 38 schools for whites, and 120 in the 5 schools for colored pupil-s.
The area of Murray county is 352 square miles, or 225,280 acres. Population in 1900, 8,623, an increase of 162 since 1890; school fund, $6,499.66. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 188,267; of wild land, 40,165; average value per acre of improved land, $3.60; of wild land, $0.29; city property, $14,400; money, etc., $89,077; merchandise, $17,330; household furniture, $43,~46; farm and other animals, $153,523; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,950; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,293; value of all other property, $17,178; real estate, $704,316; personal estate, $368,595; aggregate value property, $1,072,911. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 350; value, $635; household furniture, $753; farm and other animals, $2,712; plantation and mechanical tools, $450; value of all other property, $76; aggregate value of property, $4,975. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $7,009 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Cohutta Springs are 10 miles from Spring Place on the waters of Sumac crook. The water is said to poosess splendid medicinal propertie6. There are fine springs in almost every section of the county. On the Cohutta Mountains are the remains of 'an ancient fort, :for what purpose erected none can tell. Population of Murray county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, . 4,075; white females, 4,027; total white, 8,102; colored males, 258; colored females, 263; total colored, 521. . Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 1 calf, 4 dairy cows, 3 horses, 2 mules, 12 swine.
:MUSCOGE'E COUNTY.
Muscogee County was. laid out in 1826, and named for an Indian tribe which once inhabited that part of the State. In 1827 parts were set off to Harris, Thlbot and Marion counties, and in 1829 parts were taken from Marion and Harris. It is bounded by the following counties: Harris and Talbot on the north, Talbot and Marion on the east, and Chattahoochee on the south. The State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river, bounds it on the west. The Chattahoochee affords steamboat navigation from the city of Columbus to the Gulf of Mexico. The smaller streams, all tributaries of this river, are Upatoi, Randall's, Nooheefaloochee, Bull, Standing Boy, Juniper
and West End creeks.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

773

The soil is very much mixed. Half of the county is in the cretaceous and half in the metamorphic region. In the northern section are roHing, red clay lands; in the southern, sandy loams; on the Chattahoochee river hummock lands; through the center of the county, a mulatto strip. The timber growth is just as varied; from yellow pine and hummock to oak and chestnut. The water is both limestone and freestone. A great deal of the land along the Chattahoochee river is unsurpassed anywhere in fertility. In the portion subject to overflows so great is the yield that if only oue crop in every three should succeed, the river lands prove very profitable to the owners.
Taking the average of all lands in the county the yield to the acre is: corn, 10 to 12 bushels; oats, 11 bushels; seed cotton, 520 pounds; hay, 3,600; sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons. The hay is chiefly made from cmb and Johnson grasses. On the best lands the yield to the acre is: corn, 50 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds.
Fruits, melons, berries and vegetables of every description are raised, especially in the vicinity of Columbus, :f:or marketing purposes, and are very remunerative to those engaged in this industry. Watermelons and cantaloupes are very fine and bring good profits in the Columbus market. There are 25 market gardens, large and small, and the value of truck sold amountB to more than $30,000. There are in this county 127,980 acres of farm lands, cleared and uncleared, divided into farms averaging .about 600 acres each, every one of which is abundantly supplied with water flowing from bold springs. Irrigation is practiced to some extent.
There are 25 dairy farms, whose capacity is 600 gallons of milk and 500 pounds of butter per diem. The Jersey is the favorite cow. The foods preferred as giving the best results are wheat bran, cotton seed meal, corn meal, ensilage and hay from the peavine and from crab and Johnson grasses.
The rearing of beef cattle for the market is attracting more attention than ever before. It is estimated that the interest this year-1900-has increased 50 per cent. In 1890 there were in Muscogee county 3,605 cattle, 155 working oxen, 1,484 milch-cows yielding 375,664 gallons of milk, from which were produced 96,604 pounds of butter. There were 27,710 domestic fowls, producing 61,155 dozens of eggs. The coosumption of poultry is about five times as much as are raised. This is probably true also of butter and eggs, ail of which are brought in from surrounding counties. The honey produced in the county amounted in 1890 to 8,559 pounds;
There were also reported in 1890 148 sheep, with a wool-clip or 290 pounds; 463 horses, 972 mules, 2 donkeys and 3,338 swine. These statistics do not include the live stock in the city of Columbus.
Many fish are caught in the river and creek>s, and many are brought in from other points. Game is plentiful.
Very little of the original timber is left in the county, not more than 20 per cent. About 40 per cent. of the county is under cultivation and 4:0 per cent. of what was once cultivated is covered with a second g'l"owth of timber. Pine predominates, but in the northern part of the county

774

GEORGIA: HISTORIO.iL AND INDUSTRIAL.

there is considerable oak, hickory, poplar, chestnut and dogwood. The products are slight. Some shingles, staves, etc., are sawed, perhaps $8,000 worth in all.
Farm lands in Muscogee county can be bought at from $5 to $40 an acre.
There are in Muscogee county five florists' establishments doing a good business.
Columbus, the fifth city of the State in population, is the second in the south in the manufacture of cotton goods, Augusta alone exceeding it. Columbus has for 49 years been a cotton and woolen manufacturing point, and there is here an abundance of skilled white labor, the only kind used in the cotton and woolen mills of Georgia. The Eagle and Phoenix }.fanufacturing Company has three mills with an aggregate of 1,492 looms and 50,000 spindles. Their mills use 18,000 bales of cotton per annum. The Muscogee Mills have 450 looms and 16,000 spindles, and use 7,500 bales of cotton. The Swift Mills have 400 looms and 13,000 spindles, and use 5,200 bales of cotton. The Hamburger Mills have 210 looms and 6,000 spindles, and use 2,800 bales. The Columbus Manufacturing Company's mill has 800 looms and 25,000 spindles, and uses 6,500 bales of cotton. The grand total is 3,352 looms, 110,000 spindles and 40,000 bales of cotton. The Bibb Manufacturing Company, of Macon, is putting up a new mill which will have 600 looms and 20,000 spindles. Some of the mills of Columbus gin the cotton received from the farm and then save the cost of baling. The total receipts of cotton at warehouses and compresses are 150,000 bales a year. The warehouse receipts alone are 60,000 bales.
Other manufactories at Columbus are: a sugar refinery, 2 compresses, 2 cotton seed oil-mills, 2 flour and grist-mills, 4 lumber and planin~ mill, 2 foundries valued at $200,000, 1 plow and 1 gin factory, 1 barrel factory, 3 sash and blind f~ctories, 1 furniture factory, 1 box factory, 1 showcase manufactory, 1 ice factory, wagon, broom and pa'!1ts factories, 1 guano factory, cider and vinegar works, marble yards and' brick yards, and one canning factory with a capacity of 8,000 cans daily. The number of hands employed in all these manufactories is 3,000, receiving wages amounting to $15,300 a week.
Five cotton, 1 woolen and 1 flour-mill are operated by water-power. T}lere are two falls within the corporate limits of the city, and in this oounty are 17,000 horse-powers yet undeveloped. Immediately contiguous to the city and extending for forty miloo north is an inexhaustible supply of water power yet to be developed.
Corporations of any respectable magnitude, wishing to locate in Columbus, can obtain free and ample mill sites, well located for steam mill plants with railroad front.
Columbus enj.oys a fine wholesale trade, and the present jobbing trade of the city reaches eleven Southern States.
There are five banks in the city with a combined capital of $550,000. About 80 life and fire insurance companies are representel by 20 agen-
cies.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

77i

The city has gas and electric lights, water works, an electric street rail-
rdad and two power houses.
Seven railroads center here, and two o them have shops at this point. Four lines o steamboats, plying on the river, give competition in :freight by water. The court-house cost $105,000, the hospital, engine.ltouse and market $40,000, the United States postoffice $125,000. Tw bridges spatirning the Chattahoochee cost $25,000. There are 18 churches or whites, valued at $265,000, and 11 or colored, valued at $48,000. All denominations are represented. Columbus was the first city in the south to adopt the graded public school system. There are 6 city public schools or white and 4 or colored children. The whole Munty is well provided with schools and churches. The average attendance o pupil'& in the public schools o Muscogee county outside o the city o Columbus is 400 in the 18 schools for whjtes, and 678 in the 19 for colored pupils. In the city schools of Columbus, which also belong to the public school system of Georgia, there are enrolled 1,222 in the schools for whites, and 1,368 in the schools or colored. Besides these there are 323 pupils in private institutions or whites, and 160 in the industrial school :for colored pupils. In this connection the important work done by the Eagle and Phoenix Manufacturing Company for its operatives, through the agency o:f its president, G. ~}!.l_l..b.}: . JQ!".<~Jl, is worthy of all praise. The Eagle and
Phoenix Ol~b was instituted :for the exclusive benefit o:f the 1,800 oper-
atives of that greatcorporation. It has a large, bell-built brick building, which embraces an auditorium capable o:f seating about 800 people, a gymnasium and a :free circulating library of over a thousand volumes. Each member o the club is allowed to take home two copies rom this library at one time, and thus his :family gets as much benefit from it as he does himself. A physical instructor is constantly employed who meets classes in gymnastics and athletics three times a week. At the auditorium a lyceum course, embracing twelve numbers, is regularly given during tbe winter months. These evening entertainments are o the best and include illustrated lectures o travel, dramatic entertainments o a high Ol'der, experiments in electricity, chemistry and liquid air. In addition to these are concerts given by the individual members o the club or ~eir friends. A musical class is taught by capable professors. In the library much of the current literature o:f the day can be obtained.
Other manufacturing establishments in Georgia have adopted similar arrangements for the benefit of their operatives.
According to the census of 1900 the population in the corporate limits
of Ool11mhi1s was 17,617, but, including suburbatn' resorts, it amounts to
about 25,000. In 1900 there were ginned in Muscogee county 7,042 bales of upland
cotton, which amount represents nearly the production of the co1mty. The area of ::Muscogee county is 255 square miles, or 163,200 acres.
The population in 1900 was 29,836, a gain of 2,075 since 1890. The school fund for the county was, by the report of the Commissioner of

776

GEORGIA.: HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRI.A.L.

Education, $7,646.63 for 1900, and to this should be added the special

assessment for the local system of Columbus, amounting to $9,515.35.

The report of the Oomptroller-General for 1900 gives the property

returned for taxation as follows: Acres of improved land, 139,597;

value pm- acre, $9.39; city and town property, $6,046,665; gas and elec-

tric lights, $92,600; shares in bank, $516,015; money and solvent debts,

$1,077,920; building and loan associations, $216,190; merchandise,

$989,095; shipping and mining, $24,000; stocks and bonds, $453,790;

.cotton manufactories, $943,530; iron works, $158,100; household furni-

ture, $544,735; farm and other animals, $119,875; plantation and me-

.chanical tools, $42,455; watches, jewelry, etc., $51,030; value of all

other property, $138,205; real estate, $7,457,615; personal estate, $5,-

497,540; aggregate value of whole property, $12,206,545.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Numbm- of acres of land,

.5,448; value, $91,175; city or town property, $153,735; money and sol-

vent debts, $1,815; merchandise, $695; household furniture, $68,930;

watches, etc., $405; farm and other animals, $12,580; plantation 'and

mechanical tools $1,990; value of all other property, $315; aggregate

value of all property, $331,640.

The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $1,043,285 in the value of

all property since the returns of 1900.

.

_Population of Muscogee county by sex and color, according to the

.census of 1900: white males, 6,813; white females, 7,416; total white,

14,229; colored males, 7,026; colored females, 8,581; total colored,

15 , 607.

Population of the city of Columbus by sex and color, according .to th~

census of 1900: white males, 4,881; white females, 5,456; total white,

10,337; colored males, 3,009; colored females, 4,268; total colored,

7,277.

The population of Columbus, 17,614.

Domestic animals in Muscogee county in barns and inclosures, not on

farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 109 calves, 8 steers, 5 bulls, 383 dairy

cows, 550 horses, 181 mules, 620 swine, 46 goats.

NEWTON COUNTY.

Newton County was laid out from Jasper, Walton and Henry in 1821. Part of it was given back to Jasper in 1822 and again in 1834. A part was given to DeKalb in' 1826.
This county was named in honor of Sergeant John Newton, a companion of Sergeant Jasper, and a sharer with his friend in the brilliant rescue of an American prisoner from a British guard, consisting of a sergeant and eight men; at a spring two miles from Savannah, just within the edge of a forest of oaks and gums.
Newton county is bounded as follows: Walton county on the northeast, Morgan and Jasper on the southeast, Butts and Henry on the southwest, and Rockdale on the northwest. Terminating in a point both at the north and south Newton county has no s-trictly northern or sout'hern boundary.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

777

The streams are the South, Yellow and Alcovy rivers, all tributaries of the Ocmulgee, which bounds it for a short distance on the extreme south.
The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation. The surface is rolling, and broken in the southern and southeastern parts of the county. The soil is a stiff red clay, with some gray land in the eastern and northern portions. The lands under proper cultivation will yield per acre according to location on uplands or bottom lands: corn, 12 to 20 bushels; wheat, 7 to 10 bushels; oats, 10 to 30 bushels; rye, 8 to 10 bushels;. barley, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 125 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 8 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 500
to 700 pounds; crab-grass, 2,500 pounds; Bermuda, 2,000 pounds; corn
fodder, blade and stalk, 4,000 pounds; so~rghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugarcane syrup, 100 gallons.
The farmers are beginning to pay considerable attention to hay from the cow-pea vines and such grasses as Bermuda, crab, clover, and red-top. .All forage crops do well.
Attention is being paid to' the improvement of dairy cattle and the Jersey is the favorite. There rs one dairy farm with a capacity of 50 gallons of milk a day. There are cows owned by the majority of farmers, and butte'r is made on every farm. In 1890 there were in Newton county 3,888 cattle, of which 1,568 were milch-cows producing 404,505 gallons of milk, from which were made 110,332 pounds of butter and 108 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 70,064 and produced 100,826 dozens of eggs. There was also a product of 14,840 pounds of honey. There were 299 sheep, with a wool-clip of 482 pounds, 686 horses, 1,596 mules, 5 donkeys and 5,080 hogs.
Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised in sufficient quantities for home consumption. The truck sold amounts to $8,000. There are 39,672 peach-trees, 6,678 apple-trees, 4,100 plum-trees, 1,730 pear-trees,
and 750 cherry trees. The hardwood forest growth, except in the southwestern and south-
eastern section of the county, is almost destroyed. It has been mainly succeeded by a second growth of short-leaf pine. The timber products are inconsiderable, perhaps $4,500 worth annually in "old-field" pine
lumber and some oak and poplar. The water-powers utilized are: on South river, 3 mills, 47 horse-pow-
ers; on Yellow river, 8 mills, 267 horse-powers; on Alcovy river, 4 mills, 93 horse-powers. The water-powers not utilized are: On Ocmulgee river, 1,614 gross horse-power; on South river, 1,418 gross horse-power; on Yellow river, 4,395 gross horse-power; on Alcovy riv1', 531 gross horse-
power. Covington, the county seat, named for General Covington, is located
on a ridge 3f miles east of Yellow rive'r and' 3 miles west of the Alcovy, It has a court~houS>e worth $35,000. A street railway connects the business portion of the city with the railroad station. The Georgia railroad connects it with Atlanta and Augusta, and a branch of the Central of Georgia, with Macon and Savannah. It has for whites 3 Methodist

778

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOJ..L J..ND INDUSTRUL.

churches, 1 Presbyterian and OID.e Baptist, and for ooJored people 2 Bap-
tist and 2 Methodist churches. Churches for white and colo~red are in
every village in the county. Covington has a fine system of public schools. It has a successful bank with a paid up capital of $80,000. A new cotton-mill to manufacture sheetings is approaching completion. It will have 320 looms and 5,000 spindles. The capital invested is $100,000. Connected with Covington by a short railroad is the Porterdale !fill, belonging to the Bibb Manufacturing Company of Macon. This mill has in operation 80 looms and 6,000 spindles, and a capital of $1251000. There are alwgether inNewton county 10 sawmills. Several gristmills on the water courses have already been mentioned. The manufactories of every sort in Newton county are 31, with an annual output of $193,472. This will be greatly increased when the new cotton-mill gets into operation. The mill at Porterdale uses 12,000 bales of cotton annually.

The cotton receipts and shipments of Covington are about 15,000
bales. The population of this city is 2,062, and of the whole district,
3,083. According to the United States census of 1900 there were
oo ginned in Newton county 14,373 bales upland cotton during the sea-
son of 1899-1900.

About two miles to the northwest of Covingtorn is Oxford, a town of 800 inhabitants, the seat of Emory College, which is one of the foremost educational institutions in the South, and the property of the North and South Georgia and Florida oonferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The population of the whole district of Oxford is 1,149. This town is conrnected with Covington by a street railway. Other postoffices are Almand, Corra, King, Sequin, Newborn, Newton Factory, Snapping Shoais, Sarrsville, St'ewart and winston.

Newton il'i one of the best counties in Middle Georgia with a cultured

and refined vantages.

population,

enjoyi'ng.

the

best

religious

and

educational

ad-

This county has brick clay and granite of excellent quality. One granite quarry is in operation.

The area of Newton county is 259 square miles, or 165,760 acres. Population in 1900, 16,734, a gain of 2,424 since 1890; schoo.l fund, $9,773.34; Covington city school fund, $1,266.11.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 166,673; average value per acre, $5.88; city property, $45,241; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $326,385; merchandise, $115,520; stocks and bonds, $2,350; cotton manufactories, $549,270; household furniture, $116,015; :farm and other animals, $155,261; plantation and mechanical tools, $48,000; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,514; value of all other property, $38,400; real estate, $1,428,636; personal estate, $1,459,665. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,865,063.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number o-f acres o:f land~ 4,074; value, $24,303; city property, $65,585; money, $1,385; merchandise, $100; household furniture, $12,239; watches, etc., $313; farm and

GEORGU: HIBTORIO..tL AND INDUSTRUL.

779

other animals, $21,253; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,338; value 'Of all other property, $773.00. Aggregate value of property, $104,693.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $136,845 in the value of all property since 1900.
The average attendance of pupils in the public schools is 920 in the 28 schools for whites, and 689 in the 27 schools for colored pupils. The city of Covington has an enrollment of 233 in the white schools, and 250 in the colored schools.
Population of Newton county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,348; whiti) females, 4,241; total white, 8,589; colored males, 3,955; colored females, 4,190; total colored, 8,145.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 92 calves, 34 steers, 3 bulls, 141 dairy cows, 106 horses, 21 mules, 33 shoop, 279 swine and 2 goats.

OCONEE COUNTY.
Oconee County was laid out from Clarke, and derived its name from the Oconee river. It is bounded by the folLorwing counties: Clarke on the northeast, Oglethorpe on the east, Greene on the south, Morgan and vValton on the southwest, and Walton and Jackson on the northwest. The Oconee river is on its eastern boundary, the Appalachee on the southwest boundary. Barber creek, running a short distance on its northeastern border, ,empties into the Oconee river.
The surface of the country is broken and hilly. The soil is metamorphic, with red and gray lands. According to culture and location the lands will yield: corn, 10 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to 20; wheat, 6 to 12; rye, 7 to 9; barley, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 100 to 175; sweet potatoes, 125 to 150; field-peas, 8 to 15; ground"--peas, 20 to 40; seed cotton, 500 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 to 4,000 pounds; clover, 3,750 to 5,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 4,500 to 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syn1p, 120 to 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 75 to 100 gallons. According to the United State census of 1900, there were ginned in this county, 7,349 bales of upland cotton of the season of 18991900.
Some attention is paid to the improvement of dairy cattle. The whole number of cattle in the county in 1890 was 3,102. There were 1,218 milch-cows yielding 339,490 gallons of milk and 120,915 pounds of butter. All kinds of poultry aggregated 51,851, and yielded 52,056 dozens of eggs. The production of honey was 11,043 pounds. There were 595 sheep, with a wool-clip of 894 pounds, 589 horses, 756 mules, 3 donkey~." and 4,409 hogs.
In addition to vegetables, berries and melons consumed on the farms about $3,000 worth are sold annually. The peach-trees number 17,521, and the apple-trees, 5,993.
Along the streams for the most part the forest growth consists of sycamore, poplar, maple, ash and gum. Other sections have oak, hickory, chestnut and walnut. There is also some \Short-leaf pine. The output of the sawmills is about $5,000 worth.

780

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The mineral products consist of some mica, feldspar, hornblende ana

gneiss. The water is pure freestone.

On the Oconee' and tributaries 4 grist-mills employ 360 horse-powers.

The gross unutilized horse-powers of the Oconee river are 4,923. There

are altogether 14 manufactories with an output valued at $46,836. At

High Shoals, on the Appalachee river, is a cotton factory with 150 looms,

5,000 spindles and a capital of $150,000.

Watkinsville, the county site, is located within a belt of red lands

which run across the county from the upper portion of Clarke southward

into Morgan county. It is on the Macon and northern branch of the

Central of Georgia Railroad, which traverses the county from north to

south. The Se.aboard Air Line Railroad runs across the northeast corr-

ner of Oconee county. The Watkinsville district contains, 1,535 inhabit-

ants, of whom 351live in the town.

This county has 22 schools for whites, and 16 for colored, and the

average attendance is 621 whites and 739 colored. Churches for both

races are found in every section of the county. The Baptists and Method-

ists are the leading denominations.

'

The area of Oconee county is 184 square miles, or 117,760 acres.

Population in 1900, 8,602, a gain of 889 since 1890; school fund,

$6,102.92.

By the report of the Comptroller-General :for 1900 there are: acres of

improved land, 112,614; average value 1Jo, the acre, $5.95; city property,

$18,980; gas and electric light companies, $596; money, $57,389; mer-

chandise, $17,095; cotton manufactories, $65,000; value of household

furniture, $57,851; farm and other animals, $101,587; plantation and

mechanical tools, $31,817; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,619; value of all

other property, $20,118; real estate, $688,992; personal estate, $360,-

253. Aggregate value of property, $1,049,245.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 2,667;

value, $17,045; merchandise, $50; money, $375; household furniture,

$10,650; farm and other animals, $15,546; plantation and mechanical

tools, $4,097; value of all other property, $1,193. Aggregate value of

whole property, $48,979.

The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $26,890 in the value of all

property since the returns of 1900.

Population of Oconee county by sex and color, aceording to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 2,083; white females, 2,106; total white,

4,189; colored males, 2,199; colored female,g, 2,214; total colored, 4,413.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 16 calves, 1 steer, 38 dairy cows, 20 horses, 3 mules, 41

swine.

OGLETHORPE COUNTY.

Oglethorp.r!- County was laid out in 1793. A part was taken from Greene in 1794. The boundRries were somewhat changed in 17\Hl. when parts of Oglethorpe were addPd to Greene, and parts of GreenE' to Oglethorpe. A part was set off to Madison county in 1811, and a portion was

WICKSON.
This plum stands pre-eminent among all plums in its rare combination of good qualities. The color of the fruit is dark crimson upon a yellow ground. Ripens just after Burbank. Will keep two weeks or more after ripening. Don'tfailto try vVicl<son.

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

781

taken from Clarke in 1813. .Another part was set off to Taliaferro in 1825, and a part added to Madison coonty in 1831. This county was named for General James Edward .Oglethorpe, one of the founders and the first governor of Georgia. It is bounded on the north by Madison county, northeast by Elbert, on the east by Wilkes, on the southeast by Wilkes and Taliaferro, south. by Greene and west by Clarke and Oconee.
Broad river separates the county from Elbert, and the Oconee river forms a part of its western boundary. Little river is in the southE&Stern part of the county. Other streams are: Long, Clouds, Dry Fork, Big, Buffalo, Indian, Beaver Dam and Falling creeks.
.Although there are so many streams, the fish have nearly all been1 caught out of them, and most of the game has been destroyed by the negroes.
The face of the country is hilly. The soil is varied. In the western
part it is red.or mulatto, in the central portion gray sandy, and m the
eastern a mixture of both. The soils result from decomposition of granite, gneiss, sla.tes and homblendic slates. .According to location and mode of cultivation the lands yield to the acre: com, 10 to 15 bushels;. wheat, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, 12 to 15 bushels; rye, 10 to 15 bushels;.: barley, 20 to 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 to 100; sweet potatoeEII, 50 to100 bushels; field-peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 25 to 50 bushela~ seed cotton, 500 to 700 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda and clover, each 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 500 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. .According to the United States census of 1900, there were
ginned in this county 19,276 bales of upland cotton of the season of
1899-1900. This county is well adapted to the grass and forage crops. Those who
make hay find it very remunerative. There are tw01 dairy farms with 100 O<r mO<re pure bred cattle. Some other farmers in the county have pure bred and mixed cattle. There is also improvement in the breed of beef cattle. The dairy cows preferred are Jerseys, Holsteins and Red Poll.
In 1890 there were in all 7,181 cattle. 0 these there were 2,581 milch-cows producing 640,333 gallons of milk, from which are made 194,134 pounds of butteT. There are in the county, by a recent count, 6 Polled .Angus bulls.
In 1890 there were in this county 1,301 horses, 1,924 mules, 7 donkeys, 8,497 hogs and 1,000 goats. The sheep, numbering 1,350, gave a wool-dip of 2,087 poundJSi. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 84,593, and produced 88,970 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered amounted to 20,736 p.ounds.
Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised for home consumption exclusively. No section produces finer fruits and melons.
The forest growth consists of the various kinds of oak, pine, hickory, poplar, birch, ash, maple, sweet-gum, black-gum, dogwood and cedar. The annual output of timber is 1,000,000 superficial feet , at an average price of $5.00 a thousand feet. .About 20 sawmills are: engaged in this business.
37 ga

782

GEORGI.4.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

The mineral products are gold, granite, graphite and ochre. The gold is now being mined: and two gold mills are beginning operations with .good chances of success. About $30,000 is invested in this business. There is abundance of trap rock for road material, and granite of the tinest quality is plentifuL
There are valuable water-powem at Watson's and Andrews Shoals. 'There are in the county 20 grist-mills, valued at $20,000.
'Bmithonia has a large guano and cotton seed oil manufactory, and is :the terminus of a short road known as the Smithonia and Dunlap. A new road is being built :from this point to Danielsville and Carnesville, <the county sites of Madison and Franklin counties.
Lexington, the county seat of Oglethorpe, is the terminus of a branch road which runs to Crawford, on the Athens branch of the Georgia Railroad. It has a court-house, valued at $35,000; a bank with a capital of $15,000, and several prosperous commercial establishments. The Lexington district has a population of 1,960, of whom 635 live in the town. This town has been noted :for its refined and cultured society. Here some of the most distinguished men of Georgia have resid~Wm. H. Crawford, Thomas W. Cobb, Stephen Upson, George R. Gilmer and the Lumpkins. Wm. H. Crawford was born in Virginia in 1772, and came to Georgia with his father in 1783. As a young man he taught school in Columbia county and then in Augusta. In 1799 he began the practice of law in Lexington. For :our years he represented the county of Oglethorpe in the Georgia Legislature. In 1806 he was elected United States Senator and again in 1811. He was afterwards American Minister to Paris, then Secretary of the United States Treasury, and: in 1825 received a flattering vote for the office of President of the United States. In 1827, upon the death of Judge Dooly, he was appointed judge of the northern circuit. This office he held until his death, September 15, 1834.
This county is well provided with churches and schools. There are nine Baptist and eight Methodist churches for whites. There are also many for colored people. There are a few members of other denominations. There is a Disciples' (Christian) church. There are 72 schools, 33 for whites, with an attendance of 1,030, and 39 for colored with an at-
tendance of 1,047. The area of Oglethorpe county is 575 square miles, or 368,000 acres.
Population in 1900, 17,881, a gain of 930 since 1890; school fund,
$11,457.88. By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900, there are: acres o
improved land, 272,887; average value per acre, $3.48; city property, $83,870; shares in bank, $12,000; money, etc., $196,235; merchandise, $44,890; stocks and bonds, $18,050; cotton factories, $5,075; mining, $400; household furniture, $59,352; farm and other animals, $133,503; plantation and mechanical tools ,$32,890; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,786; value of all other property, $32,819; real estate, $1,032,661; personal .estate, $545,390. Aggregate value o whole property, $1,578,051.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 9,036;

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

783

value, $30,579; city property, $2,850; money, etc., $457; household furniture, $4,312; watches, etc., $55; farm and other animals, $17,567; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,303; value of all other property, $273.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $59,396.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $39,127 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Oglethorpe county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,826; white females, 2,812; total white, 5,638; colored males, 6,184; colored females, 6,059; total colored, 12,243.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 8 calves, 12 steers, 19 dairy cows, 11 horses, 30 swine, 1 goat.
The model farm of Mr. James M. Smith in Oglethorpe county, is a ,good illustration of what can be accomplished on the average lands of Georgia.
Returning from his service in the Confederate army at the close of . hostilities in 1865, Mr. Smith began operations on a few acres of poor land, with one mule to aid him in his work, and himself holding the plow handles. After "laying by" his crop, he peddled tinware during the summer, driving that saine mule.
A wealthy neighbor, to whom he displayed his wares, not only refused to purchase, but with a mistaken idea that he had ingloriously abandoned the field of agriculture, reproached him with leaving a noble calling for the inglorious life of a peddler. ,
"Give me time," replied Mr. Smith, "and I will own a calf pasture as large as your entire farm."
About twenty years later Mr. Smith gave a <lining to his neighbors, and among his guests was his former critic. In the afternoon the assembled friends walked with him over his farm, looked at his fields with theit' ;promise of plenty, admired his dairy herd and stopped in front of his calf pasture. Turning to his friend who had once so misnnderstood his purpose, he said: "I believe you return so many acres." "Yes," answered the friend. "That is just the size of my calf pasture," replied Mr. Smith.
These wonderful results had been accomplished by diligent labor intelligently applied.
A man of education, he had not disdained to study writers on agricultm:e and to follow their advice, wherever it appeared suited to his conditions. By studying the nature of his soil, supplying it with the necescsary plant-food, and diversifying his crops, using his brains as well as his hands, and superintending everything himself, he has year by year .added to his possessions, until his one-mule farm has become ooe of the largest in Georgia, covering 30 square miles of land, and giving employment to 1,250 men, women and children.
For years he has made an average of 25 bushels of cornto the acre; .15 bushels of wheat and 1,000 pounds of seed cotton.

784

GEORGIA: HISTORICA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

For a number of years he has kept oo hand 500 head of cattle, which he pastures in the summer, and feeds in the winter on cotton-seed hulls and meal together with forage. His milch-cows nu;mber from 75 to 100 and are Jerseys, Devons and Holsteins, some of pure blood arnd some mixed. These cows have produced each year about 20,000 pounds of butter, bringing from 18 to 25 cents a pound, wholesale. He has been able to sell about 100 head of cattle a year without diminishing his herd.
The cattle are kept in an inclosure of fifteen acres, being moved occasionally to another lot, and every month or so the ground is turned.
Thus he has made rich, several hundred acres of land, oo some of which he has made from 30 to 35 bushels of wheat to the acre; on other portions, two bales of cotton to the acre, and on some, 65 'bushels of corn to the acre.
All this land, which at first was not worth more than $10.00 an acre he considers cheap at $50.00 an acre.
With agriculture Mr. Smith combines manufacturing, and the raw material produced from the soil is turned into a valuable manufactured article by means of the steam ginnery, oil mill and fertilizer factory.
Mr. Smith hires negro laborers, and by his care for their comfort, and skillful direction of their toil, combined with the guardianship which he exercises over their affairs, wisely mingling kindness and firmness, has won their esteem and secured their loyal service.
On his large estate, a sawmill cuts the lumber for his various houses,, a brick-yard turns out the brick and his wagons are made in his own shop. The carpentry work is done by men who learned their trade on the estate.
Besides all these, his own railroad, 17 miles long, hauls mate,rial to his factories and takes his ma,rketable products to the outside world.
Of three divisions of the farm, one is worked by convicts, one by wage laborers, and one by tenants and croppers, the best results being derived from free labor working for wages. Of 400 adult male laborers usually 75 or 100 have been convicts, whom he did not use previous to 1880.
The average annual product of his farm is 2,200 bales of cotton; 120,000 gallons of cotton seed-oil; 3,000 tons of fertilizer; 20,000 bushels of
corn; 10,000 bushels of wheat; 1,000 of rye; 5,000 of oats; 6,000 oi
peas ; 20,000 pounds of butter; 100,000 pounds of fat cattle; 50 pounus ,of bacon and hams, besides such crops as sweet and Irish potatoes, watermeloos, ground"peas, sorghum, etc.

PAULDING COU~TY.

Paulding County and nine others were laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832. It was named in honor of John Paulding, of New York, one of the captors of Major Andre. It is bounded by the following counties : Bartow on the north, Cobb on the east, Douglas and Carroll on the south, Haralson and P olk on the west. A section of the county on the mid:dle of the western boundary projects in such a manner as to have P olk on both the northern an d western sides. There is a simi-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

785

lar, though much shorter projection into Cobb county on the eastern side.
The Tallapoosa.river has its source in this county. Pumpkin Vine crook flows northward into the Etowah river, and Sweetwater creek eastward and southward into the Chattahoochee. Other creeks are Little Cedar, Day, Floyd, Hill's Camp, Euharlee and Raccoon.
In the month of May, 1864, the Union and Confederate a.nnies faced each other along the line of Pumpkin Vine creek from Dallas to Allatoona. For too days (May 25th to June 4th) there was incessant fighting, and during this time three pitched battles were fought, viz.: New Hope Church (May 25), Pickett's Mill (May 27), and Dallas (May 28). The first two were favorable to the Confederates, the last, to the Fed!erals. The whole series of battles and skirmishes to June 4th are classed as one engagement by both Johnston and Sherman, and styled by each the battle of New Hope Church. Sherman pronounced it a drawn battle with decisive succEm to neither.
There are some fine bodies o land in this county, especially on the creeks and in the valleys. The lands, from the best to the poorest, und'er fair cultivation, give a yield 1Jo the acre as follows: com, 20 bushels; oats, 15; wheat, 12 to 15; rye, 10; barley, 12; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet pota toes, 50; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 700 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. Some of the best lands yield double these amounts of wheat and oats. A large part of the county is hilly wlth some ridges that rise almost to the dignity of mountains.
Oak and hickory, pine~ gum and maple furnish fine timber. There is any quantity of building stone. Gold has been found in some places, and in considerable quantities near Burnt Hickory.
There are good water-powers on some of the streams, and some of them are utilized by grist-mills. Good freestone water abounds, and the climate is healthful.
In farm products this county shows up well. In 1890 there were 1,289 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,016 pounds. Of the 6,025 cattle there were 652 working oxen and 2,581 milch-cows. These 2,581 milch-cows yielded 673,388 gallons of milk,from which were made 213,806 pounds of butter. The 90,733 domestic fowls of every variety produced 192,367 dozens of eggs. From the hives were gathered 22,103 pounds of honey. There were 594 horses, 1,267 mules, 4 donkeys and 8,644
swine.
Dallas, th:e county site, on a branch of the Southern Railway, was named in honor of George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania, vice-president under James K. Polk. The first county site was Van Wert, named for a companion of J ohn Paulding, who shared with him and David Williams the honor of capturing Andre and thereby disco:vering the treason of Benedict Arnold. Dallas has a good court-house and a bank. It has also a cotton-mill with 70 l'ooms, 3,500 spin.d~es, and a capital o $75,000. The Dallas district has 1,866 inhabitants, of whom 644 live in the town.

786

GEORGIA: HIEJTORIOAL .AND INDUSTRIAL.

According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned irr this county 9,154 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. The schools belong to the public school system of Gwrgia. The average attendance iJS 1,161 in 47 schools for whites and 146 in 8 schools for colored. The area of Paulding county is 329 square miles, or 210,560 acres. Population in 1900, 12,969, an increase of 1,021 ~ince 1890; school fund, $8,539.75. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 134,593; of wild land, 21,006; average value per acre of improved land, $4.31; of wild land, $0.68; city property, $72,699; moneyr etc., $118,101; merchandise, 42,845; stocks and bonds, $130; household furniture, $68,736; farm and other animals, $168,602; plantation and mechanical tools, $39,340; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,726; value of all other property, $35,793; real estate, $883,208; personal estate, $524,791. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,407,999.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 3,189; value, $13,372; city property, $1,380; money, etc., $207; hous~ hold furniture, $3,156; watches, etc., $87; farm and other animals, $6,517; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,165; value of all other property, $105.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $27,169.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $79,047 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
PopulatiOID: of Paulding county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,846; white females, 5,778; total white, 11,624; colored males, 729; co~ored females, 616; total colored, 1,345.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 44 calves, 38 steers, 1 bull, 80 dairy cows, 21 horses, 17 mules, 4 donkeys, 4 sheep, 181 swine, 2 goats.

PICKENS COUNTry.
Pickens County was formed out of Gilmer and Cherokee in 1853, and was named for Gooeral Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina. It is bounded by the following counties: Gilmer on the north, Dawson on the east, Cherokee on the south, and Gordon on the west.
Mountain creek runs southward into the Etowah river, Talking Rock, northward into the Ooosawattee. There is abundance of cool freestone water and the climate is bracing and healthy.
Along the watercourses and in the valleys the soil is fertile. The lands under good cultivation will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 8 bushels; Irish potatoes, 125 bmhels; field-peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Tobacco' grows luxuriantly and to perfection, but not much acreage has so far been devoted to its cultivation. The finest cabbages and turnips are raised. This is true of every variety of vegetables. Apples do well, and the growing of the best varieties of peaches is ber oming one of its great industries.

GEOBGI.A.: HIBTOBIOAL AND INDUBTBI.A.L.

787

The largest orchards are those of Judge Gober, who has 125,000 peachtrees in this county.
In 1890 there were 2,527 sheep, f:r~om which were clipped 4:,024: pounds of wool. Of the 3,760 cattle, 692 were working oxen and 1,254: were milch-cows producing 335,979 gallons of milk. The butter made on the farms amounted to 95,563 pounds, and the cheese to 50 pounds. Fifty-three thousand nine hundred and ten domestic fowls of all kinds gave 83,781 dozens of eggs. Sixteen thousand eight hundred and thirtyeight pounds of honey were gathered from the hives. There were 4:28 horses, 512 mule'S, 5 donkeys and 7,327 swine.
This county raised in 1899 1,851 bales of upland cotton. Pickens county is noted for its great abundance of the finest marble, of which vast quantities are blocked out in the quarries and conveyed to Marietta over the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad. Here it is put into shape and made ready for the market.
Jasper, the county site, so named to honor the memory of the cele-brated Sergeant Jasper, is located on the Atlanta, Knoxville and Southern Railroad.
Other postoffices are Alice, Blaine, Burnt Mountain, Hinton, J erusalem, Jockey, Ludville, McDaniel, Marble Hill, Mineral Springs, Nelson, Scare Corn, Talking Rock and Tate. At and near Ta.te are some of the richest marble quarries to be found in the United States.
At Alice is a cotton factory, the Harmony Mills, with 800 spindlei;~
and a capital of $25,000. The timber growth . is .that peculiar to this section of Georgia, viz. :
the various kinds of oak, ash, poplar, hickory, chestnut and short-leaf
pine. The Methodists and Baptists have church~ throughout the county.
Other Christian denominations are represented, but not in as large num-
bers. The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia, and num-
ber 32 for whites, with an average attendance of 939 pupils, and 3 for negroas with an average attendance of 66 pupils.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county in: 1899 was 1,851 bales (upland).
The area of Pickens county is 219 square miles, or 140,160 acres. The population in 1900 was 8,64:1, an increase of 4:59 over that of 1890.
The school fund, according to the report of the Commissioner of
Education, was $6,109.32 in 1900. The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gives the following valu-
ations: acres of improved land, 14:5,267; of wild land, 14,120; av1erage price per acre of improved land, $2.4:4:; of wild land, $0.32; city property, $4:7,555; money and solvent debts, $14:3,633; merchandise, $36,4:84:; cotton manufactories, $10,010; iron works, $6,690; amount invested in mining by citizens of the county, $50.00; value of household furniture, $42,669; farm and other alimals, $81,74:2; plantation and mechanical tools, $17,964:; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,255; value of all

788

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

other property, $85,586; real estat.e, $406,737; personal estate, $433,691. Aggregate value of all property, $840,428.
'Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 992; value, $1,986; city property, $255; money, etc., $1,268; household furniture, $983; farm and other animals, $968.00; plantation and. mechanical tools, $134.00; value of all other property, $62.00. Aggregate value of whole property returned by colored taxpayers, $5,608.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease in the value of all property since the returns of 1900, amounting to $21,222.
Population of Pickens oounty by sex and oolor, acoording to the census of 1900: whit.e males, 4,058; whit.e females, 4,168; total white, 8,226; colored males, 197; colored females, 218; total colored, 415.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or range,, June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 13 steers, 4 bulls, 176 d'airy cows, 108 horses, 30 mules, 448 swine, 6 goats.

PIERCE COUNTY.
Pierce County was formed from Appling and Ware counties in 1857, and was named for Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, the fourteenth president of the United States. The counties bounding it are: Appling on the north, Wayne and Charlton on the east, Charlton on the south, Ware on the west and Appling for a very shl()rl distance on the northwest corner. Little Satilla river flows along the northern and half of the eastern boundary. Big and Little Hurricane creeks, uniting their waters, empty into the Satilla, which flows from west to east through the county. It is a well watered county and the soil, under careful. culture, can make per acre: eorn, 25 bushels; o~ts, 20; hish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton, sea-'island, 1,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 500 gallons.
The soil is especially adapted to the sugar-cane. Crab-grass produces goocll hay and can be made 00 produce far more than the average gi~en above. As there is hardly amy need fm housing stock in the winter the gra!'l9 is mostly used for pasturage. In 1890 the 5,772 sheep of this county gave a wool-clip of 10,202 pounds. Of 10,863 cattle, 3,115 milch-cows yielded 149,837 gallons of milk. The amount of butter made on farms was small, being only 13,124 pounds. There was of all varieties of poultry an aggregate of 33,733, and their eggs numbered 53,150 1diozens. The production of homey was 17,723 pounds. Therre were 819 horses, 274 working oxen, 140 mules and 13,162 hogs in Pierce county.
There is an abundant supply of peaches, pears and tomatoes to give employment to the canning factory. There is a guano factory, a cotton seed oil-mill and a lumber manufacturing company, which finds a plentiful supply of material to work upon in the abundant forest growth of the county. Rosin, turpentine and lumber are shipped from this county to Savannah in great quantities every year. The annu:al output or sawn

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIA..

789

lumber averages 15,000,000 feet, and the turpentine farms produce 15,000 barrels of naval stores. Wbile the supply of hardwoods is by no means so gre,at as that of yellow pine, yet there is a considerable quantity of hickory, oak, black-gum, cypress, poplar and maple.
Blackshear, the county !Site, on the Alabah, the middle branch of Satilla river, is located on that branch of the Savannah, Florida and Western (of the Plant system)-, which runs in an air line from Waycross to Savannah. Another branch o.f the same road runs across the middle of the county ro Brunswick, w,hile another branch of the same system runs through the southern section in a southeasterly direction to Jacksonville, Florida. Thus the people of Pierce county are well provided with facilities for freight and travel. Blackkshear has several :flourishing mercantile establishments and good banking facilities. The entire Blackshear district has a population of 2,802, of whom 876 live in the town. Other postoffices are Avant, Ooffee, Exeter, Hoboken, Offerman, Mudge, Patterson and Schlatterville.
At Offermam the Southern Pine Company operates a circular sawmill which turns out 50,000 feet of merchantable lumber in a day. The company has a short railroad of its own.
At Patterson there is a large cottJOIIl ginnery. Though but a small town, it sometimes ships 1,000 bales of sea-island or long-staple cotton, of which the county has fine crops.
At Blackshear there are the most complete cotton ginnery in the State, a large fertilizer manufacrory and a sea-island cotton seed oil-mill.
Truck-farming is carried on in a very satisfactory manner. Two and three crops are gathered from the same land in a single year. The easy railroad1 connection with the seaports of Savannah, Brunswick and Jacksonville, make it possible tO ship vegetables, fruits, melons and berries with perfect safety.
As an illustratiOIIl a what can be dOIIle in Pierce county in the trucking business may be mentioned the case of Mr. Elijah Aspinwall, who cleared from one and a quarter acres $151.95 in twelve months. On February 5th he planted: Irish potatoes, using four barrels of seed, After paying for these, for fertilizers, for labor, cultivating and harvest~ ing and cost of barrels, he gathered 52 barrels of first-class potatoes and five barrels of culls, making on his potatoes a net profit of $93.85. On May 3d he planted corn and gathered 50 bushels, clearing $39.60. Then on the same land he planted pea-vines and from them and the grass hay deared $18.50, a total on 1! acres $151.95.
The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. Methodists and' Baptists are the leading denominations among both white and
colored. The area of Pierce county is 518 square miles, or 331,520 acres.
Population of Pierce county in 1900, 8,100, a:n increase of 1,721 since
1890; school fund, $6,406.99. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of
improved land, 273,706; of wild land, 131,229; average value per acre of improved land, $1.64; of wild land, $0.49; city property, $160,085;

790

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

shares in bank, $25,000; money, etc., $188,854; merchandise, $67,178;

household furniture, $76,392; farm and other animals, $193,125; planta-

tion and mechanical tools, $24,559; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,495; value

of all other property, $89,009; real estate, $699,105; personal estate,

$674,686. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,343,791.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of am~es of land,

6,878; value, $23,011; city property, $5,575; money, etc., $170; mer-

chandise, $53; household furniture, $6,205; watches, etc., $221; farm

and other animals, $7,234; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,234;

value of all other property, $520.00. Aggregate value of whole prop-

erty, $45,319.



In Pierce county, according to the United States census of 1900, there
were ginned 3,657 bales of sea-island cotton during the season of 18991900.

The average attendance in the public schools is 1,025 in the 3~
schools for whites, and 164 in the 7 schools for colored pupils. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $232,860 in the value of al~
property since the returns of 1900.

Population of Pierce county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,058; white females, 2,858; total white, 5,916; colored males, 1,232; colored females, 952; total colored, 2,184.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 9 calves, 31 steeTs, 5 bulls, 25 dairy cows, 13 horses, 5 mules, 184 swine, 18 goats.

PIKE COUNTY.
Pike County was laid out in 1822 and received its name in honor of General Zebulon M. Pike, of New Jersey, who, in a victorious assault upon York (now Toronto) in Canada, on the 25th of April, 1813, was mortally wounded by the explosion of a British mine.
Pike county has Spalding county on the north, Monroe on the east, Upson on the south, and Meriwether on the west. The Flint river runs along its whole western border. Big Potato creek, coming down from Spalding county, runs from north to south through the eastern part of Pike, and entering Upson empties into Flint river on the southern border of the last named county. Other streams are Elkins, Birch, Flat Gap, Honey Bee, Sunday, Wasp, Fly and: Rose creeks.
The gener8l character of the soil is metamorphic, with rolling red clay lands, interspersed with a gray, gravelly /Soil. Taking all the lands of the county, the average production to the acre under ordinary methods of cultivation is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 75 bmhels each; rye, 10 bushels;_fieldpeas, 7 bushels; sugar-cane, 100 gallons; sorghum, 75 gallons; crabgrass hay, 2,000 pounds; seed cotton, 700 pound~. But among those who use the better systems of cultivation the average production to the acre is: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 12; field:-peas, 15;

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

791

ground-peas, 40; Irish and sweet potatoes, 125 each; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons; &orghum syrup, 100 gallons. Some individual :farms go ahead of these results. The soil is well adapted to Bermuda and crab-grass, to peavines, to all varieties of millets, and swamp grasses. Bermuda and swamp grasses are used: :for summer pasturage, and cane for winter.
In addition to milk and butter produced on the ordinary :farms are the products of two successful dairy cows. Jerseys and a mixed breed of the Jersey and the common stock are much used in this county. Cotton seed meal and hulls with native forage are regarded as foods producing the best results. Much more attention than formerly is being paid by the people of Pike county to the rearing of beef cattle and improvement of the breed, and their stock is remarkably free from disease.
In 1890 there were in Pike county 123 sheep, with a wool-clip of 502 pounds; 4,555 cattle, 183 working oxen, 1,781 milch-cows, 732 horses, 1,975 mules, 2 donkeys, 6,958 swine and 72,320 of all the varieties of poultry. Among the farm products are 521,807 gallons of milk, 172,197 pounds of butter, 114 pounds of cheese, 104,074 dozens of eggs, and 24,281 pounds of honey. Of course, there are the usual garden products, and of these some $6,000 worth are sold over and above the home consumption. There are 67,120 peach-trees and 7,203 appl7 trees. About 500 acres were devoted in 1900 to the raising of melons, but the people complain that their profits wer:e much reduced by high freight rates. There are 500 vineyards, covering in all 2,000 acres. Twenty-five per cent. of the grapes are sold, and :from 40 per cent. of them wine is made.
The timber products are the usual hardwood growths and some shortleaf pine. About 8 steam sawmills are busy cutting out the timber and preparing it for use in buildring and general woodwork. The annual output of the timber products is about $6,000. From the Pine Mountains in the southern part of the county have come great quantities of lumber and shingles.
There are good water-powers on tributaries oi the Flint and Ocmulgee rivers. On the former 288 horse-powers are used by flour and gri-&tmills, and on the latter 56 horse-powers are utilized. Four thousand two hundred and fifty-five gross unutilized horse-powers of the Flint river are shared by Pike and Meriwether counties. There are altogether 7 flour-mills and about 25 grist-mills for corn. Some three or :four use steam.
There are located at Barnesville three firms manufacturing wagons and buggies, and turning out 75 or more vehicles every month, selling even as far west as Arizona and New Mexico; one cotton-mill :for spinning yarM, having 12,416 spindles and capital of $120,000; 4 knittingmills; 1 d:oor, sash and blind factory and planing-mill, valued at Hbout $10,000; one shoe manufacturing company, and one Georgia :Medicine Company. The knitting-mills make cotton and silk underwear of fine quality. At Williamson there is a cotton seed oil-nrill.

792

GEORGIA.: HISTORIO.U AND INDUSTRIAL.

Zebulon, the county site, is on a branch of the Southern Railway,

running from Fort Valley to Atlanta. It has a court-house and jail, a

hotel, 2 churches, Baptist and Method:i!st; a good high school and several

stores.

Barnesville, with a population oi 3,036 in the corporate limits, or

4,917 in the whole district, is one of the most progressive of the many

thriving small cities of Georgia, located on the main line of the Central

of Georgia, between Macon and Atlanta. It has a good hotel, 2 banks

with a capital of $60,000, many successful mercantile establishments

and Gord!on Institute, one of the best high schools for boys and girls in

the State. For the boys the military fea,ture is added, and the Gordon

Institute cadets have won many prizes for their good drill and soldierly

appearance. The Methodists and Baptists . have good churches with

full membership. A branch of the Central connects Barnesville with

Thomaston in Upson county.

Williamson is at the point where two divisions of the Southern Rail-

way cross each other, the one running from Fort Valley to Atlanta, the

other from Columbus to McDonough and thence to Atlanta.

At Molena, irn the southwesteTn part of the county on the branch of

the Southern, running between Cqlumbus and McDonough, is a bank

with a capital of $25,000. Other posto:ffices are Milner, Liberty Hill,

Concord, Jordan's Store, Lifsey and Hollonville.

The products of the county are marketed at Barnesville, Milner,

Williamson, Concord, Molena, Neal, Meansville, and Zebulon, each

located on one of the three lines of railroad traversing the county.

About 20,000 bales of cotton are shipped from this county, the receipts

and shipments being divided between these different points. So well

supplied is the county with the very best railroad facilities, that little

attention is paid to the county roads except in the immediate vicinity

of Barnesville and some of the larger villages.

Pure freestone water is abundant, the climate delightful and the

county healthy.

Public schools number 55. Schools for white and colored are sepa-

rate, as is the case in every county of Georgia. The average attend-

ance is 1,371 in the 33 schools for whites, and 879 in the 20 schools for

colored! pupils. Church pirivileges throughout the county are unsur

passed.

.

According to the United States census of 1900 theTe were ginned in

this county 14,281 bales ot upland cotton during the season of 1899-

1900.

The area of Pike county is 294 square miles, or 188,160 acres. Popu-

lation in 1900, 18,761, a gain -of 2,461 since 1890; school fund,

$11,624.81. By the Comptroller~General's report foiJ" 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 182,371; of wild land, 795; average value per acre of im-

proved land, $5.49; of wild land, $0.72; eity property, $422,382;

shar.es in bank, $37,150; build~ng and loan associations, $600; money,

etc., $146,102; merchandise, $95,540; stocks and bonds, $6,000; cot-

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

793

ton manufacturing, $208,050; iron works, $70; household furniture, $127,394; farm and other animals, $166,312; plantation and mechanical tools, $49,747; watchm, jewelry, etc., $8,338; value of all other
property, $51,217; real estate, $1,525,589; personal estate, $820,736. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,346,325.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,421;
value, $19,256; city property, $18,486; watches, etc., $141; household furniture, $12,504; farm and other animals, $19,588; plantation and
mechanical tools, $39,116; value of all other property, $1,100. Aggregate value of whole property, $76,508.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $125,794 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900..
Population of Pike county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,551; white females, 4,607; totJal whites, 9,158; colored males, 4,765; colored females, 4,838; total colored, 9,603.
Pop:ulati.on o:f the city of Barnesville by seox and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 738; wh:irt:e females, 857; total white,. 1,595; c~lored males, 680; colol'ed females, 761; total colored, 1,441.
To:bal population of BaTn.esville, 3,036. Domestic runUn.als in Pike county in barns and inclosures, not on fanns or ranges, June 1, 1900: 91 cruves, 9 steers, 1 bull, 189 dairy cows, 229 h~Tses, 56 mules, 404 swine and 38 goats.

POLK COUNTY.

Polk County was formed in 1851, chiefly from Paulding, and was

named for James K. Polk of Tennessee, the eleventh president of the

United States. Its boundaries are as follows: Bartow and Floyd coun-

ties on the north, Paulding on the east and also south of a little co:rner

of it, Haralson on the south, a'Ild the. State. of Alabama on the west.

Euharlee, Cedar, Raccoon and Sweetwater creeks flow through the

county, and the lands along their courses are very productive. The

lands in Ce4ar valley, through which runs Cedar creek, are equal to the

celebrated blue-grass lands of Kentucky. In many places this valley

has the' appearance of a river bottom.



The lands of Polk county, well cultivated, will yield to the acre: corn,

20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 10; barley, 25; Irish potato.es,

100; sweet potatoes, 50; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton,

800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000

pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons;

H!gar-cane syrup, 50 gallons. Some of the lands in Cedar Valley wilJ

double many of these products and more than double others. They

are sufficiently level for all practical purposes and are well watered by

springs and running streams. Even some of the hill-sides are equal to

the valley lands in the production of clover and the cereals.

This is a good county for all farm stock. In 1890 there were 1,49~

sheep producing 2,848 pounds o wool. Of 4,998 cattle thre \vere

1,958 milch-cows yielding 562,836 gallons of milk, from which

were made 194,870 pounds o butter. The domestic fowls of all

794

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

kinds were 78,476 in number, producing 127,534 dozens of eggs, and

from .the hives were collected 19,730 pounds of houey. There were

830 horses, 1,167 mules, 6 donkeys and 7,914 hogs. The working oxen

numbered 378.

.

The forest growth is chiefly of the hardwoods peculiar to this section

and some short-leaf pine.

Cedartown, the county site, is so named on account of the extent of

the cedar growth in its vicinity. It is a growing little city, which nearly

doubled in population between 1880 and 1890, and has, by the census

of 1900, 2,823 inhabitants. The Cedartown district, which includes the

city, contains 6,478 inhabitants. It is ou the former Chattanooga,

Rome and Southern Railway, now a branch of the Central of Geor-

gia system, at the point where it is crossed by the East and West Rail-

road. The city has graded schools and good church buildings, The

Methodists and Baptists are the leading denominations.

There are two cotton factories at Cedartown: the Cedartown Cotton

Company, with 23,600 spindles, and a capital of $350,000, and the

Standard Cotton Mills with 10,000 spindles and: a capital of $100,000.

There are also the Josephine Mills, knitting and spinnig, with 3,000

spindles, and the Juanita Knitting Mills, employing 60 operatives. The

sum total of these mills is 36,662 spindles, 1,070 operatives and a weekly

pay-roll of $4,650. A new company has been established with $175,-

000 in hand for the ;erection of a new mill of 10,000 spindles. There

are besides, a cotton seed oil-mill, an electric power cotton-gin, and an

iron furnace, which pays out annually $200,000 for ore, wages and

everything needed for mining it.

Other postoffices in the col:mty are Bussy, Daniels, Davittes, Esom

Hill, Etna, Fish, Fullwood Springs, Grady, Greenway, Hamlet, Lake

Creek, Oreville, Pasco, Priors, Rockmart, Seney, Young and Walthall.

The slate quarry near Rockmart yields an apparently inexhaustible

supply of excellent slate for roofing. There is at Rockmart the Pied-

mont Institute, which is doing a splendid work for the boys and girls of

that section of Georgia. The Rockmart district has 3,474 inhabitants,

of whom 575 live in the town.

The public schools of the county have an average attendance of 1,094

in the 31 schools for whites, and 531 in the 17 schools for colored pupils.

In the white schools of Cedartown are 350 pupils, and in the colored

schools 35.



According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Polk county

8,852 bales of upland cotton durin,go the season of 1899-1900.

The area of Polk county is 292 square miles, or 186,880 acres. Popu-

lation in 1900, 17,856, an increase of 2,911 since 1890; s~hool fund,

$10,408.56.

.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 178,317; of wild land, 52,683; average price per acre of

improved land, $6.49; of wild land, $0.75; city property, $549,532;

shares in bank, $38,500; money, etc., $219,688; stocks and bonds1 $300; merchandise, $101,418; cotton manufactories, $228,050; iron works,

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

795

$30,500; in: mining, $14,100; household furniture, $112,762; farm and other animals, $170,355; plantation and mechanical tools, $46,699; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,735; value of all other property, $53,810; real estate, $1,746,584; personal estate, $1,240,147. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,986,731.
Property owned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 9,152; value, $31,804; city property, $10,722; money, etc., $296; merchandise, $10; household furniture, $8,402; watches, etc., $207; farm and other animals, $15,762; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,138; value of all other property, $988.00. Aggregate value of whole property $71,023.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $463,630 in the value of all property since 1900.
Population of Polk county, by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 6,642; white females, 6,295; total white, 12,937; colored males, 2,556; colored 'females, 2,363; total colored, 4,919.
Population of Cedartown by sex and color, according to the eensus of 1900: white males, 1,044; white females, 1,023; total white, 2,067; colored males, 362; colored females, 395; total colored, 756.
Total population of Cedartown, 2,823. Domestic animals in Polk county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: '111 calves, 57 steers, 2 bulls, 275 dairy cows, 184 horses, 2 donkeys, 392 swine, 225 goats.

PULASKI COUNTY.
Pulaski County was laid out from Laurens in 1808, and named in honor of C-ount Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who lost his life fighting for American liberty at Savannah on the 9th of October, 1779. This county is so shaped that it cannot be bounded in the usual way. The Ocmulgee river, entering on the western side, flows in a southeasterly direction, dividing the county into a northeastern and a southern section. The following counties bound it: Laurens on the northeast, and Twiggs on the northwest., Dodge on the southeast and east, Wilcox on the s-outh, Dooly on the west, and: Houston partly west and partly northwest. The lower part of the county is generally level; the upper or northeastern part, rolling.
About t of the soil is red clay, the remainder a sandy loam. . Those
lands to the northeast of the Ocmulgee river are generally the best. Under ordinary methods the average production to the acre for the
county is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8; oats, 15; field-peas, 8; groundpeas, 50; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; upland seed cotton, 500 pounds. But under improved: methods of cultivation the produc~ tion per acre will average: corn and oats, 20 bushels each; wheat, 12; rye, 6; Irish and sweet potatoes, 150 bushels each; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 75; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-gra~ hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugarcane syrup, 300 gallons.
A considerable amount of hay is raised from native grasses, crab,

796

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRl:AL.

crowfoot and Bermuda, and from the pea-vine and German millet. The native grasses are used for summer pasturage and rye for winter. Milk and butter are produced on all the farms, and there is one special dairy farm. Hitherto the improvement in beef cattle has been very limited, but more interest is now being manif~ted. Considerable improvement in stock is reported.
In 1890 there were in this county 928 sheep, yielding 1,918 pounds o wool; 6,146 cattle, 1,954 of these being milch-cows giving 25'7,'707 gallons of milk. The production of butter was 57,727 pounds. Of all kindS of poultry the sum was 60,026, and they produced 86,938 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 5,860 pounds. There were 950 horses, 1,594 muleS, 1 donkey, 337 working oxen and 1'7,405 hogs.
There is a good supply of such game as quail and wild turkeys. Several tributarieiS o the Ocmulgee, viz.: Little Ocmulgee river, Big and Reedy creeks water the county. They are well stocked with fish and afford good water-powers. In the neighborhood of Hawkinsville are about 260 horse-powers, some of which are utilized by grist-mills.
There are some 25,000 acres of original pine, and 20,000 acres in swamp lands, abounding in hardwoods suitable for manufacturing purposes. The annual output of lumber is 35,000,000 superficial feet at an. average price of $8 a thousand feet.
There is abundance of clay suitable for making brick. There is also limestone, but neither is being worked to any great extent.
There are in Pulaski county several manufacturing establishments, some in operatiOlil and others in process of construction. In Cochran are two variety works, and at Hawkinsville one barrel factory, with a capacity of 400 barrels a day, one carriage factory and one cotton seed oil-mill. There is one flour-mill, valued at $3,000, also 12 grist-mills with an aggregate value of $20,000; 13 sawmills with a total valuation of $35,000. All these are operated by steam, with the exception of 4 grist-mills. There are also 2 turpentine distilleries. There are 2 cotton-mills, 1 at Hawkinsville, the other at Cochran, with 5,000 spindles and a capital of $100,000 each; also a cotton seed-oil milll in Ooch. ran.. Near Hawkinsville is a vineyard of 30 acres, producing very fine grapes, which are used for the manufacture of wine. Twelve artesian wells add greatly to the healthfulness of Pulaski county.
On the dividing ridge between the piney woods to the south and the oak and hickory lands to the north, is Hawkinsville, tb,e county site, with a population of 2,103, located on the /Southwest side of the Ocmulgee river. The Hawkinsville district, which includes the town, has 4,104 inhabitants. A short branch railroad of the Southern Railway connects it with Cochran on the main line of that system, running between Macon and Brunswick. The Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad gives Hawkinsville a connection at Tennille with the Central of Georgia to Savai:mah, and with another branch of the Southern to Augusta. Still another road connects Hawkinsville with the Georgia Southern and Florida at vVorth. Hawkinsville has besides, a line of steamboats

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

797

on the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers to Darien and thence to Brunswick. There are at Hawkinsville two banks with a capital of $50,000 each, a court-house worth $30,000; six life and fire insurance agencies, an ice factory and an electric light plant in full operation. There are in Hawkinsville Methodist, Baptist and Episcopal churches. The Presbyterians also are well represented. Throughout the county Methodists and Baptists predominate. Public and private schools abound in town and country. The average attendance in the public schools is 812 in the 36 .schools for whites and '776 in the 21 for colored. In the white schools of Hawkinsville are enrolled 250 pupils, and in the colored schools 150.
Cochran has a bank with a capital of $25,000 and three life and fire insurance agencies. The Cochran district contains 2,385 inhabitants, 1,531 of this number are in the corporate limits of the town.
The products of Pulaski county are marketed in Hawkinsville, Ooohran and Macon. Of the 25,000 bales of cotton received and shipped from the county 11,000 are handled at Hawkinsville. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Pulaski county 16,431 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The area of Pulaski county is 477 square miles, or 305,280 acres. Population in 1900, 18,489, an increase of 1,930 since 1890; school fund, $11,368.99. By the Comptroller~General's report for 1900 there are : acres of improved land:, 281,949; of wild land, 11,199; average price per acre of improved land, $3.12; of wild land, $1.87; city property, $434,443; shares in bank, $100,000; money, etc., $178,517; merchandise, $135,847; stocks and bonds, $6,000; shipping and tonnage, $1,025; cotton manufactories, $8,200; household furniture, $133,477; farm and other animals, $202,733; plantation and mechanical tools, $48,183; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,563; real estate, $1,335,514; personal estate, $991,743; value of all other property, $52,952; aggregate value of property, $2,227,257.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 13,205; value, $45,321; city property, $28,306; money, etc., $762; merchandise, $222; household furniture, $24,027; watches, etc., $387; :f'arm and other animals, $30,291; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,991; value of all other property, $2,493; aggregate value of property, $138,800.
The tax returns :f'or 1901 show a gain of $151,'726 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Pulaski county by sex and color, according to the census
m 1900: white males, 3,758; white females, 3,702; total white, 7,460;
colored males, 5,489; colored females, 5,540; total colored, 11,029. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 45 steers, 1 bull, 166 dairy cows, 163 horses, 94 mules, 1 donkey, 439 BWine, 8 goats.
38 ga

798

GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIOAL AND INDU8TRIAL.

PUTNAM COUNTY.
Putnam County was laid out in 1807, and named for General Israel
Putnam, of Massachusetts, one of the New England RevolutionalJ heroes. It is bounded on the north by Morgan county, on the northeast by Greene, on the southeast by Hancock, on the south by Baldwin and Jones, and on the west by Jasper. Along its whole eastern border flows the Oconee river, and through the western part of the county and along several miles of its southern boundary flows Little (or Little Oconee) river. Several creeks empty into these streams, viz.: Indian, Murder, Cedar, Roody, Crooked, Sugar and Lick creeks.
'!'he character .of the soil is metamorphic, red clay, rolling land, much of 1t mulatto or chocolate, underlaid by stiff, red clay subsoil. Some of it is a gray sandy loam. These lands, under good cultivation, will produce to the acre: corn, 20 bushels; oans, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 6; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10; ground peas, 25; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass and Bermuda grass hay, 4,000 poundla each; sorghum syrup, 60 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 100 gallons. Under ordinary methods the yields of all crops are not so good as the above. More attention is paid each succeeding year to forage crops and the grasses.
Bermuda and the native grasses furnish grazing until mid-winter, and, if that season does not prove severe., until spring.
Not as much attention as formerly is given to the raising of beef cattle. The introduction of the Jersey has turned the attention of the farmers to dairy cattle. There are ten dairy farms which sell 50,000 pounds of butter annually with a profit of $15,000. In 1890 there were in the county 4,793 cattle, 2,123 being milch-cows, of which about 300 were Jerseys and over 1,000 half breed and higher. There was a prO>duction on all farms of 610,247 gallons of milk and 181,111 pounds of butter. The honey gathered from hives amounted to 13,927 pounds. There were 46,031 domestic fowls and their eggs numbered 104,954 dozens. There were 864 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,928 pounds; 645 horses, 1,975 mules, 2 donkeys, 117 working 9xen and 7,935 swine. By a recent estimate there are 500 goats in the county.
The vegetables and melons raised are for home consumption, because other crops, being colllsidered more profitable, receive the attention of the farmers.
Peaches and plums are raised for the markets, also some apples. The peach-trees number 36,670, the appl"-trees 3,815. The plum and peartrees number each about 3,000. There are two canning factories putting up each 100 cases a day.
There are ten vineyards aggregating 100 acres. About 20 per cent.. of the grapes are sold in the markets and from 50 per cent. o them wine is made.
There remain in the county about 25,000 acres o original forest, the growth o which is short lea pine, oak, hickory,_gum, poplar and ash.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

799

In many places the oaks are dying from bugs or worms boring into the trees near the roots. The annual output of timbru- products does not exceed $4,000.
There are several varietiea of granite, pronounced by competent authorities to be as good as any in the State.
Twelve miles from Eatonton are the Oconee Springs, the mineral properties of which are iron, magnesia and arsenic, considered very tine for stomach and other troubles.
On the Oconee and tributaries are 9 grist-mills, using 433 horse-powers. The gross horse-powers of the Oconee are 726; of the Little river, 237. There is one grist-mill operated by steam.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Putnam county 9,609 bales of upland cotton for the season of 18991900.
Eatonton, the county site, is a beautiful little city of 1,823 inhabitants, with pretty groves and nicely shaded streets. The Eatonton district, which includes the city, contains a population of 2,491. It has a court-house valued at $20,000, two banks with a capital of $60,000 each, a good hotel, several prosperous mercantile establishments, five life and fire insurance agencies, good church buildings of Methodists, Bap.tists and Presbyterians, graded schools and an elegant public school building, and water works owned by the city. There is at Eatonton a shoe factory with a capacity of 500 pairs of shoes in a day. There are now being constructed in the vicinity of Eatonton three cotton-mills: The Middle Georgia, valued at $125,000; the Electric Cotton Mill, valued at $65,000; the Quintet Cotton Mill, valued at $25,000. When these mills are completed, they will consume 6,500 bales of cotton annually. The cotton receipts and shipments from Putnam county amount to about 15,000 bales, of which Eatonton handles 12,000.
There are in Putnam county 16 schoolhouses for whites, with an -average attendance of 546 pupils, and 25 for colored, with an average -attendance of 608 pupils.
The churches of the county for the whites are 10 Methodist, 10 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian. There are 5 for colored Methodists and 7 for colored Baptists.
A branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad passes through Eatonton, connecting that place with Atlanta, Macon, Covington, Milledgeville and Savannah. The public roads of Putnam county are among
the best in all that section of Georgia. Eatonton was named for General Wm. Eaton, of Connecticut, who
was greatly distinguished in the war with the Tripo1itan pirates in 1805. Other postoffices in the county ar.e: Clopton, Nona, Note, Spivey,
Stanfordville and Willard. The area of Putnam county is 348 square miles, or 222,720 acres.
Popnlation in 1900, 13,436, a loss of 1,406 since 1890; school fund,
$11,368.99. By the Comptroller-General's report :for 1900 there are: acres of im~
proved land, 207,767;. average value, $4.51; city property, $279,270;

800

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

shares in bank, $109,800; money, etc., $202,106; value of merchandise, $61,395; stocks and bonds, $1,800; household furniture, $60,562; farm and other animals, $121,794; plantation and mechanical tools, $37,005; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,958; value of all other property, $3,178; real estate, $1,214,483; personal estate, $605,428; aggregate property, $1,819,911.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 5,446; value, $24,590; city property, $16,670; money, etc., $500; merchandise, $65; household furniture, $5,310; farm and other animals, $23,338; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,055; aggregate value of property, $74,528.
Six miles southwest of Eatonton is a mound composed of quartz rock of different varieties. Upon it there is a vestige of an ancient wall nearly circular and embracing 110 feet.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $51,206 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Putnam county by sex and color, according to the cen sus of 1900: white males, 1,726; white females, 1,653; total white, 3,379; colored males, 4,834; colored females, 5,223; total colored, 10,057.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,. June 1, 1900: 80 calves, 10 steers, 59 dairy cows, 42 horses, 5 mules,. 116 swine, 1 goat.
QUITMAN COUNTY.
Quitman County was formed from Randolph and Stewart in 1858, and was named for General John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, who waa distinguilshed in the war with Mexico. It is bounded on the north by Stewart and a corner of Randolph, on the east by Stewart and Ran dolph, on the south by Clay and a corner of Randolph, and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chatta hoochee river. Two large creeks, Big Potato and Houchookee an<f several smaller ones empty into the Chattahoochee.
The soil belongs to the tertiary farmation, and is in the main a gray, sandy loam and clay subsoil, with some mulatto, and some stiff black bottom and hummock land on 'the river and creeks. It is varied in character and productiveness. The average yield by the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10; oats, 12; rye, 8; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 each; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; chufas, 50; rice, 50; seed cotton, 540 pounds; hay from crab, Bermuda or Johnson grass, 5,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 186 gallons. But some of the best lands report yields as folio~: Corn, 40 to 90 bushels to the acre; wheat, anywhere from 20 to 75 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; rye, 50 'bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas and chufas, 100 bushels each; rice, 60 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; hay from crab, Bermuda or Johnson grass on river and creek bottoms, 14,000 to 16,000 pounds; sugar-cane 'syrup, 315 gallons. Some report the largest yield of sweet potatoes as high as 300 bushels to the acre. Although

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

801

hay does well, it is reported that only a few raise it. N otwithstanding the great possibilities of the soil, many of the farmers raise all cotton and buy their corn. But others diversify their crops and find it much the better plan. Some, who raise cattle on a large scale, find it very profitable.
By the census of 1890 there were in Quitman county 1,889 cattle, including 576 milch-cows, over half o the cows being improved breeds, and a fair percentage of pure breed. There was a production of 131,493 gallons of milk, 39,094 pounds of butter and 30 pounds of cheese. The production of honey was 9,535 pounds. The number o all kinds -of poultry was 19,280, and their eggs numbered 37,049 dozens.
There were 270 sheep, with a wool-clip o 380 pounds, 265 horses, 557 mules, 4 donkeys, 131 oxen and 2,881 swine. By a recent estimate there were 50 goats in the county.
There is very 'little game in the county, but very good fishing in the river and creeks.
The timber products are not extensive; about one-fourth of the original forest still standing. There is about 2 per cent. o yellow pine, the rest being the various kinds of oak, hickory, chestnut, beech, gum, etc. Of the 4 small sawmills 2 are run by water and 2 by steam. The total value of the timber products is about $5,000 a year. There are two small flour-mills and our grist-mills in this county. The total of all manufactories is 10, with an annual output o about $40,000. The unutilized water-powers of the Chattahoochee river and tributaries are 117 horse-powers.
Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised for home consumption. Not more than $1,000 worth are sold annually.
The county site is Georgetown on a branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad, which connects it with Cuthbert, Dawson, Albany and Americus. The Chattahoochee river affords water transportation, and steamboats run all the year from Columbus to Apalachicola, on the Gulf o Mexioo.
The county roads are in good condition. The products of the county are marketed in Georgetown, Ga., and: in Eufaula, Ala. Of about 7,000 bales of cotton from the county over 5,000 are handled at Georgetown. According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county 6,243 bales of upland cotton during the season of 18991900.
Other stations on the railroad are Hatcher and Morris, each doing a air share of business.
There are some 20 schools in the county. The average attendance is 150 in 9 schools for whites, and 281 in 11 schools for colored.
Baptists and Methodists are the prevailing religious denominations. The area of Quitman county is 152 square miles, or 97,280 acres. Population in 1900, 4,701, a gain of 230 since 1890; school fund, $2,963.65. By the Comptroller-General's report or 1900 there are: acres of im-

802

GEORGIA: BISTORIO.A..L AND INDUSTRIAL.

proved land, 98,229; value per acre, $3.12; city property, $21,315 ;. money, etc., $36,940; merchandise, $11,115; household furniture, $26,733; farm and other animals, $54,898; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,028; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,664; value of all other property, $8,818; real estate, $327,747; personal estate, $153,541; aggregate value of property, $481,288.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 1,907;. value, $6,304; city property, $880; household furniture, $1,547; watches, etc., $42; farm and other animals, $7,505; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,462; value of all other property, $370; aggregate property, $21,110.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $23,490 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Quitman county by sex and color, acc9rding to the census of 1900: white males, 601; white females, 653; total white, 1,254; colored males, 1,689; colored females, 1,758; total colored, 3,447.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or rangesr June 1, 1900: 19 calves, 12 steers, 40 dairy cows, 7 horses, 12 mules~ 55 swine.

RABUN COuNTY.

Rabun County was laid out in 1819, and was named in honor of William Rabun, Governor of Georgia from November, 1817, tD October 25th, 1819, when he died. A part of Habersham was added to it in 1828. It is bounded on the north by the State of North Carolina, east and southeast by the State of South Carolina, south by Habereham county, and west by Towns county. .The Chattooga river separates it from the State of South Carolina. The Little Tennessee, one of the headwaters of the great river of that name, rises among the mountains in the central part of the county and flows northward into North Carolina. The Tallulah river rises in the northwest of the county, flows southward, then turns for a while toward the west, then to the southeast until it unites with the Chattooga to forn1 the Tugaloo, one of the headwaters of the Savannah river.
About ten miles above the junction of the Tallulah with the Chattooga are the noted Falls of Tallulah, a description of which can be found in the general sketch. The Tallulah river runs for a short distance along the southern boundary of Rabun county. Other streams are War Woman, Tigertail, Wild Cat, Stecoa, Persimmon and Mnd crooks. This is a county of mountai'l'ls, and from every direction there are presented to the eye ridges of mountains, one behind the other. Some of the peaks are Bald Mountain, Screamer, Pinnacle and Tallulah. On the mountains are found wild turkeys, deer and some bears. The streams abound in mountain trout. There are several valleys, Tennessee, War Woman, Persimmon, Tigertail and Simpson. On all the water courses are bodies of fine lands, but so hemmed in that one traveling in a vehicle can reach them only by circuitous routes.

GEORGIA: HJSTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

803

The soils are varied, black loam, chocolate and alluvial, all producing

good crops except of cotton. The average yield per acre of the various

crops is: corn, 20 bushels; oats and rye, 15 each; wheat, 10; rice, 15;

:field-pea.s and ground-peas, each 15; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes,

150; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Clover, Bermuda and all grasses

do well, and afford good pasturage for about :five months of the year.

All kinds of vegetables do well. "'White head cabbages grow to enor-

mous size, and from them is made :fine sauerkraut. The apples of this

county are very :fine, and keep through the entire winter.

More interest is taken in the improvement of stock than at any pre-

vious time. .Within the last year a number of breeded stock have been

imported, but there are no data by which to determine the number.

By the census of 1890 there were in the county 5,671 sheep, with a

wool-clip of 9,209 pounds; 4,633 cattle, 785 working oxen, 1,368 milch-

cows, 474 horses, 435 mules, 9 donkeys and 7:717 swine. It is esti-

mated that there are in the county 100 goata.

o

Among the farm products were 300,029 gallons of milb.., 69,91:):; pounds

of buttffi', 110 pounds of cheese, 12,357 pounds of honey, 36,489 do-

mestic fowls of every kind and 48,892 dozoos of eggs.

There are over 200,000 acres of original forest, hardwoods of all

varieties and pine, but 75 per cent. cannot be pro:fitably marketed at

present for lack of good shipping facilities. Thme are 5 sawmills, but

the output of timber is small.

The county has 25 :flour and grist-mills. The water-powers are ex-

tensive, but exact data not attainable.



The mineral products are gold, copper, mica, asbestos and sandstone.

Iron, carbonate of iron and alum are found. On Persimmon creek

Powell, Stooeciphers and Smith mines have been operated with con-

siderable profit. There are now (1900) 5 mines and quarries in ope-

ration, employing about 200 hands.

~,- situated in about the center of the county at the foot of the

Blue Ridge, is the county site. It was named in honor of Judge A. S.

Clayton.

There are 9 Methodist and 20 Baptist churches in the county.

The public schools number 39 and have an average attendance o

1,101 in 37 schools for whites, and 30 in the 2 schools for colored.

There is one establishment for the manufacture of telephone and tel-

egraph pine.

The products of this county are marketed at Tallulah Falls, Clayton

and Atlanta. There is only onehal of a mile of railroad in this coun-

ty, the Tallulah Falls Railroad, which runs through Habersham

county to CorneHa on the Southern Railway.

The area of Rabun county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres.

Population in 1900, 6,285, an increase of 679 since 1890; school

fund, $4,453.07.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres .of im-

proved land:, 202,513; of wild land, 59,688; average price per acre of

improved land, $1.25; of wild land, $0.22; city property, $33,510;

t04

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

money, ew., $55,684; merchandise, $10,965; cotton manufactories, $300; household furniture, $23,637; farm and other animals, $81,530; plantation a'lld mechanical tools, $10,220; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,020; value of all other property, $14,945; real estate, $300,490; personal estate, $201,849; aggregate of property, $502,339.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 914; value, $930; money, etc., $350; household furniture, $253; farm and other animals, $766; plantation and mechanical tools, $109; value of all other property, $35; aggregate property, $2,449.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $8,287 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Rabun county by sex and color, acco'fding to the census of 1900: white males, 3,036; white females, 3,068; total white, 6,104; colored males, 87; colored females, 94; total colored, 181.
Domestic animals in hams and inclosure's, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 3 calves, 1 steer, 9 dairy cows, 4 horses, 18 swine, 8 goats.
RA~DOLPH COUNTY.
Randolph County was laid off from Lee in 1828. A part of it was given to Stewart in 1830. It was named in honor of John Randolph, of Virginia, for many years a Representative in Oong'fess and then Senator from his native State. It is bounded on the north by Stewart and Webster counties. An eastern projection has Terrell on the north, while a western projection has Quitman on the north. Ter'fell county is on all the rest of its eastern borde'f, while Clay and Quitman counties bound it on the west. It is bounded on the south by Calhoun and Clay counties.
It is wate'fed by creeks tributary to the Chattahoochee and the Flint. The chief one flowing into the Chattahoochee is Pataula. The Pachitla and Fushachee flow south from the Ichawaynochaway, which empties into the Flint river.
This is an excellent county. The people give a great deal of attention to fruit. Vegetables of every variety are raised, and between $7,000 and $8,000 worth are marketed annually. Almost every family raises them for home consumption. Very fine melons are raised, almost exclusively for home use. Only a few farmers pay any attention to the cultivation of hay, but those who do, :find it very profitable. They generally raise the crowfoot and crab grasses with peas and harvest them together.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation. It is generally gray with a red clay subsoil. There are outcroppings of red surface subsoil in the northern and eastern parts of the county. It is an elevated region, with lands for the most part slightly rolling. The average production to the acre on these lands is : corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushel's; wheat, 8 bushels; rye, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes, 60 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; cow-peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas, 10 bushels; rice, 40 bushels (upland); sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons; seed cotton, 600 pounds; hay from

ABUNDA N CE.
Equaling tn thrift and beauty any known fruit tree ; an early and profuse bearer ; flesh light yellow, tender and juicy, with a rich sweetness, ripening early in the season.

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

807

erowfoot and crab-grass and peavines, harvested together, 3,000 pounds. Under the best methods of cultivation the average of nearly all these erops is greatly increased.
There are in Randolph county 85,000 peach-trees, 6,000 plum-trees .and 1,200 apple-trees.
:Mareattention than ever before is being paid to the improvement of the breeds of both dairy and beef cattle. In 1890 the county had 4,829 cattle, of which 1,860 were milch-cows. About one-fifth of the cows were of improved breeds, a fair percentage being of pure blood. There .were 258 working oxen, 992 horses, 1,492 mules, 13 donkeys, 14,425 .swine and 57,467 domestic fowls of all varieties.
Among the farm products are 317,045 gallons of milk, 75,472 pounds of butter, 180 pounds of cheese, 107,667 dozens of eggs and 28,623 pounds of honey; 185 sheep gave 194 pounds of wool.
About 60,000 acres of ariginal forest trees are still standing. These eml:>race ash, maple, poplar and yellow pine, all available for the muket. Some of these are being sawed every year, and the annual output i~ about $6,000 worth, or 1,000,000 superficial feet at $6 a thousand feet.
On tributaries of the Flint river are 6 grist-mills using 84 horse-pow-ers, and on a tributary o the Chattahoochee (Pataula creek) is 1 mill using 8 horse-powers. The unutilized gross horse-powers are on Roa.ring Branch, 14; on Wakefortsee creek, 5.
The total output of all manufactories in the county is $24,860. Two establishments are engaged in cultivating flowers and flowering plants for the market. Cuthbert, the county site, was named for Ron. J. A. Cuthbert, who had represented Georgia in the United States Senate, and who died in Mobile, Ala., at a very advanced age. This is a live little city at an elevation of 446 feet above sea level, having a population of 2,641. The Cuthbert district, which includes the town, has 4,461 inhabitants. It is located on a branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad running between Smithville and Georgetown. A short distance from Cuthbert is the junction of this road with another branch of the same system, running to Fort Gaines. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have good church buildings and a full membership at Cuthbert. . There is here a good system of schools, and the Methodists have a fine institution for the education of young ladies, Andrew Female College. An excellent Baptist school is also here, Bethel Male College. Shellman, on the same railroad, has also good schools and church buildings. There are also many Episcopalians in Randolph county. The public schools in Randolph county number 27 for whites and 24 for colored pupils. The average attendance of white children is 1,000, of colored 990. Cuthbert has one bank with a capital of $50,000. Shellman has two banks with a combined capital of $85,000. The court-house at Cuthbert was built in 1885 at a cost of $23,000.

808

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Cuthbert has a good system o1 water works, also electric lights, two
grist-mills and two gins.

Other posto:ffices are Coleman, Springvale and: Benevolence.

The products of the county are marketed at Cuthbert, Shellman and

Coleman.

The total receipts and shipments of cotton are 22,000 bales, 't>f which

Cuthbert handles from 12,000 to 15,000 bales annually, Shellman about

8,000 and Coleman 2,000. According to the census of 1900 there were

ginned in Randolph county 18,558 bales of upland cotton during the

season of 1899-1900.

Among the industries of Cuthbert there are: the Randolph Cotton

Mills, a carriage factory, machine works, ice factory and factories for

making _spokes, hoops, vandles, barrels, buckets, brooms and soap. '

In Shellman and neighborhood are three sawmills, and the town has

a good retail business.

The area of Randolph county is 476 square miles, or 304,640 acres.

Population of Randolph county in 1900, 16,847, a gain of 1,580 since

1890; school fund, $12,963.80.

. .

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 261,253; of wild land, 202; average value per acre of im-

proved land, $3.55; of wild land, $0.25; city property, $349,185; shares

in bank, $39,500; money, etc., $178,475; merchandise, $94,305; iron works, $1,200; household furniture, $97,165; farm and other ani-

male, $170,380; plantation and mechanical tools, $40,090; watches, jew-

elry, etc., $6,940; value of all other property, $40,720; real estate, $1,-

277,830; personal estate, $680,405; aggregate value of property, $1,-

958,235.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 8,777;

value, $30,955; city property, $28,810; money, etc., $40; merchandise,

$310; household furniture, $42,300; watches, etc., $210; farm and

other animals, $16,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,355; value

of all other property, $1,045; aggregate property, $95,010.

The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $61;480 in the value of all

property since the returns of 1900.

.

Population of Randolph county by sex and color, according to the

census of 1900: white males, 2,699; white females, 2,851; total white,

5,550; colored males, 5,458; colored females, 5,839; total colored

11,297. Population of the city of Cuthbert, by sex and color, according to
the census of 1900: white males, 410; white females, 460; total white,

870; colored males, 811; colored females, 960; total colored, 1,771.

Total population of Cuthbert, 2,641.

.

Domestic animals in Randolph county in barns and inclosures, not

on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 37 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 81 dairy

cows, 11.6 ho:rEes, 26 mules, 260 swine, 1 goat.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

809

RICHMOND COUNTY.

Richmond County was known in the old colonial days as St. Paul's Parish. The first settlement was at Augusta, which was named by Oglethorpe in honor of one of the royal princesses. It was laid out in 1735 by the trustees of the then infant colony of Georgia, and garrisoned in 1736. Several warehouses were built here for the Indian trade. The Savannah river furnished water trwnsportation, the best known in that day. As steamboats were unknown at that time, long boats propelled by poles made four or five voyages a year to Savannah, from whence their contents were transferred to vessels that carried them to Charleston. In 1777, while the newly proclaimed States were fighting for independence, St. Paul's Parish was made the county of Richmond, being so called in honor of the Duke of Richmond, wbo in Parliament and on all occasions championed the cause of American independence. In 1790 a part of Richmond county was set off to Columbia.
Richmond county i'S bounded on the northeast and east by the State of South Carolina, on the south by Burke and Jefferson counties, on the western side along a straight line running from northeast to southwest by Columbia and McDuffie counties. The Savannah river separates it from the State of South Carolina. Brier creek runs across the southwestern part of the county, and after :flowing through Burke and Screven empties into the Savannah. Butler's creek, about seven miles below Augusta, empties into the Savannah river. Other streams tributary to the Savannah are: McBean's, Spirit and Rae's creeks.
The soil over three-fourths of the county belongs to the tertiary formation, and is of a light sandy loam, easily worked and well adapted to truck farming. Along the streams the soil consists of alluvial and hummock land. In the western part of the county it is dry and sandy, unproductive and covered with a growth of "black jack," oak and yellow pine. The northern part of the county is high and rolling, with red clay and gravelly soil, covered with hardwood growth and shortrleaf and yellow pine. The alluvial lands of the Savannah river are of unsurpassed fertility, and are especially adapted to corn, hay and: the small grains.
The average production to the acre of the lands in this county is: corn, 11 bushels; oats, 17 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-pe,as, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 576 pounds to the acre; hay, made from Bermuda, crab and Guinea grasses, peavines and vetch, 2,800 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 70 gallons; Irish potatoes, 180 bushels; sweet potatoes, 300 bushels. On some of the lands there are yields far ahead of these averages. There have been produced as high as 800 bushels of sweet potatoes to the acre by some of the truck farmers. There can be grown 60 bushels of corn and 8,000 pounds of hay to the acre on the alluvial lands.
The truck sold in the county amounts to $85,000. The melons are celebrated for their size and quality. Augusta is one of the most noted melon markets in the United States.

-810

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

This county has 38,607 peach-trees, 8,617 apple~trees, 5,032 plumtrees, 2,622 pear-trees and 1,343 cherry-trees. PecanS! of superior quality grow in Richmond county.
The timber products are light. Perhaps the annual output amounts to -$8,000.
The 388 manufactories of this county have an output worth $10,069,'150.
The total maximum available horse-power of the Savannah river and the Augusta canal is 34,090; the total developed is 14,000, and that in actual use is 11,000. On the tributaries of the Savannah river 504 horsepowers are utilized by 21 mills.
The mineral products are sandstone and some kaolin, brick and pottery clay, all of excellent quality.
Richmond county had on farms in 1890: 277 sheep, with a wool-clip of 278 pounds; 1,806 cattle, of which 93 wore working oxen and 912 milch-cows; 625 horses, 678 mules, 4 donkeys, 27,227 of all kinds of domestic fowls and 5,094 swine. Among farm products were 165,992 gallons of milk, 18,923 pounds of butter, 25 pounds of cheese, 47,746 dozens of eggs and 7,930 pounds of honey. These statistics do not include live stock in Augusta and other towns.
Augusta, the county site, is located on the Savannah riverr at the head of steamboat navigation. By the census of 1900 the population of the city was 39,441, an increase of 6,141 over that of 1890. If we add to this the population of the immediate suburbs, we have overr 45,000 people. Augusta is the third city in size in Georgia, and ranks first in the south in the manufacture of textile goods. Appropriately has it been called the "Lowell of the South" and "Fall River of the South." The great water power canal, nine miles long and 150 feet wide, owned by the city, develops 14,000 horse-powers, of which 11,000 are now in use. Thi;; immense power is available 12 months of the year and rents for only $5.50 a horse-power per annum. The water of the canal is taken from the Savannah river at a point seven miles above the city, where a lock and dam of solid masonry are constructed.
There are mills belonging to nine different companies, having 6,188 looms and 220,166 spindles, which consume over 70,000 bales of cotton annually. Several large cotton-mills located across the river in South Carolina, though really a part of the city's industries and operated by its capital, are not here included. If they were, as has been dbne by perrsons estimating the factories of Augusta, the aggregate of mills, spindles, looms and capital would be greatly increased. But we must confine our estimate to mills situated in Richmond county. Two <Yf these mills have a capital of $1,000,000 each. Their products are sold in America, Europe, Asia and Africa in successful competition with spinners from England and New England.
The following is a list of the Augusta cotton-mills, w.ith their capital, number of looms and number of spindles; also Richmond Factory in Richmond county:

UEURGIA: HISTOIUOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Name of Mill.

Capital.

Augusta ................ $ 600,000

Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750,000

Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000

Isaetta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000

John P. King . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,000

Sibley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,000

Sutherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,000

Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000

Riverside (Batting Mill) . . . 150,000

Richmond Factory (not running).

Looms.
1,000 928 114 150
1,812 1,409
224

811
Spindles.
33,264 33,000
1,728 4,410 60,384 43,200 9,152 4,100

$3,610,000 5,637 189,238

The mills of .Augusta manufacture brown goods, shirting, sheetingr ehecks, cheviots, plaids, drills, duck, yarns, waste and batting. All use wa.ter-power except the Riverside Mill.
Augusta capital is also largely invested in the following South Carolina mills:

Name of Mill.

Capital.

Aiken .................. $ 400,000

Graniteville ............ . 600,000

Warren ................ . 500,000

Langley ............... . 700,000

Looms.
766 1,106 1,000 1,300

Spindlt-s.
27,500 34,990 35,000 43,000

$2,200,000 4,172 140,490
T'he Olear Water Bleachery and Manufacturing Company, whose plant is at Olear Water, S. 0., three and one-half miles from .Augusta and largely under the control of the manufacturers of that city, was organized in 1900 with Mr. Thomas Barrett, Jr., as president, and .Arthur 0. Freeman as superintendent. Here the manufactured goods of .Augusta and vicinity can be bleached. This company will also print calicos, shirting, etc.
.Among the manufactories of .Augusta and vicinity are fertilizer and eotton seed-oil factories, planing and lumber mills, brick yards, terra eotta works, foundries, machine manufactories, wagon, buggy and carriage factories, broom factories and hay presses, shirt factories and manufactories of medicines, clothing and minor articles.
Cotton is one of the greatset factors in the business of the city. The annual receipts of cotton are from 200,000 to 275,000 bales. Of this large amount of cotton only 3,764 bales (upland) were ginned in Richmond county during the season of 1899-1900. .Augusta has railroad connection with five seaports and water transportation to Savannah besides. The great trunk lines centering there are the Southern, Georgia and Central systems in Georgia, and the South Carolina and Charleston and Western Railways of Carolina. The lively wmpetition gives to the city great advantages in freightli. A line of

812

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUBTRT.d.L.

steamboats to Savannah also helps to secure lower freight charges to the

sea.

The trade transactions of all kinds amount to $65,000,000 a year.

The life and :fire insurance agencies do an immense business.

The banking capital of Augusta amounts to $1,846,186. The total

bank clearances of Augusta in 1900 were $68,142,465.04, an increase

of $20,056,946-12 over those of 1899.



Few cities present a more attractive appearance than Augusta. Broad-

way, the principal business thoroughfare, is about three miles long and

180 feet wide. It is paved with asphalt and has a double track electric

railway in the center. The upper and lower portiO'Ils have four rows of

magnificent shade trees with a carriage way on each side of the two

middle rows, while the space between these two rows forms a beautiful

promenade in front of each man's door. There is a similar arrangement

throughout the whole length of Greene street, which is about two and

one-half miles long and 180 feet broad. On Broadway, formerly called

Broad street, is one of the handsomest Confederate monuments in the

whole south, and on Greene street is a cenotaph erected to the Confed-

erate dead of Augusta and Richmond county, on which are engraved

the names of all the soldiers from the city and county who died from

disease or wounds while serving in the Confederate army. A monu-

ment of granite stands in front of the city hall erected to the memory

of Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton, signers of the

declaration of independence on behalf of the State of Geo.rgia. The

city hall is a handsome building which cost $100,000, and the postoffice

is another elegant structure.

Beautiful churches of all the Christian denominations adorn the city.

The school buildings also are commodious and elegant. The Academy

of Richmond County, on Telfair street, dates back to the colonial days.

On the adjoining lot is the Augusta Medical College, a depa,rtment of the

State University.

On the Augusta canal stands the Confederate Obelisk, the tall chim-

ney of the great powder mill that stood there during the war between

the States. An electric railway connects the city with the beautiful town

of Summerville, where stands the large United States arsenal, one of

the most conspicuous buildings of which is the armory built by the Con-

federate government. Summerville contains in its corporate limits a populatio~ of 3,245.

Another line of electric railway connects the city with Lake Olmstead,

a favorite evening resort of the citizens of Augusta. And yet another

line over a handsome bridge across the Savannah river leads to North

Augusta, a beautiful suburb on the Carolina hills.

The sanitary condition of the city is unexcelled by reason of its splen-

did sewerage and excel1ent system of water works. There is not a more

charming scene in the State than that of Augusta at night with its my-

riad electric lights, as viewed from the Bon Air hotel at Summerville,

or from Schultz's Hill and the heights of North Augu'Sta on the Caro-

line side of the Savannah river.

RATTLESNAKE WATERMELON

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l'RJAL.

813

In the public school system of Richmond county, which includes the
schools of Augusta, there is an average attendance of 4,786 in the 36 schools for whites, and 3,499 in the 24 schools for colored pupils. Every county district and city ward enjoys the privilege of a nine-months' school term.
The area of Richmond county is 272 square miles, or 174,080 acres. Population in 1900, 53,735, an increase of 8,541 since 1890; school fund, $36,671.72. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 192,850; average value per acre, $14.28; city property, $10,290,895; shares in bank, $1,014,280; merchandise, $1,276,936; gas and electric light companies, $183,350; invested in shipping, $1,510; stocks and bonds, $483,090; building and loan associations, $474,556; cotton manufactories, $3,093,737; money, etc., $2,071,531; household furniture, $809,110; farm and other animals, $206,172; plantation and mechanical tools, $97,880; watches, jewelry, etc., $75,030; value of all other property, $247,553; real estate, $13,042,765; personal estate, $10,712,070; aggregate value of property, $23,754,835. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 6,739; value, $160,940; city property, $566,990; stocks and bonds, $300; money, etc., $10,750; merchandise, $8,275; household furniture, $123,185; farm and other animals, $16,120; watche'S, etc., $230; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,730; value of all other property, $1,825; aggregate of all property, $1,046,760. The tax returns for 1901 show an apparent decrease of $751,720 in the value of all property in Richmond county since the returns of 1900. This is plainly an error, for there has been no cause for a decrease, but for an increase in values. Population of Richmo'Ild county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 13,280; white females, 14,159; total white, 27,439; colored males, 11,949; colored females, 14,347; total colored, 26,296. Population of the city of Augusta by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 10,066; white females, 10,847; total white, 20,913; colored males, 8,159; colored females, 10,369; total colored,
18,5.28. Total population of Augusta, 39,441. Population of Summerville town, by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 916; white females, 1,025; total white, 1,941; colored males, 585; colored females, 719; total colored, 1,304.
Total population of Summerville, 3,245. Dome'stic animals in Richmond county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1,1900:37 calves, 21 steers, 4 bulls, 764 dairy cows, 1,409 horses, 309 mules, 6 donkeys, 12 sheep, 148 swine, 47 goats. Domestic animals in the city of Augusta in barns and inclosures, J nne 1, 1900: 30 calves, 16 steers, 4 bulls, 618 dairy cows, 1,197 horse3, 294 mules, 6 donkeys, 10 sheep, 4 swine, 31 goats.

814

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

SOME DISTINGUISHED CITIZENS OF RICHMOND COUNTY.
John Forsyth, one of the most distinguished Americans, and the man who conducted the negotiations with Spain for the cession of Florida to .the United States; Governor George W. Crawford; Governor John l:hlledge; George Walton, one of the signers of the declaration of indep.endence; Governor Charles J. Jenkins; Richard Henry Wilde, a native of Ireland, a famous write:r of prose and verse; Ron. Alfred Cumming, at one time Governor of Utah; Judge Augustus B. Longstreet, author of Georgia Scenes; General Joseph Wheeler, the celebrated Confederate cavalry leader and subsequently in the Spanish-American war commander of the cavalry division of the United States army in the campaign of Santiago, Cuba, and who was born at the Wheeler place, on Rae's creek; General W. H. T. Walker, who fell in defense of his native State at the battle of Atlanta (July 22nd, 1864,), and who was buried in the United States arsenal cemetery at Summerville; General Thomas Flournoy, a hero of the war of 1812. Madame Octavia Walton LeVert long resided at Summerville.
Camp McKenzie, where 8,000 troops were stati<med during the Spanish-American war, extended from MonteSano, on the outskirts of Summerville, to Wheeless Station on the Georgia Railroad.
HISTORICAL INCIDENTS.
After the fall of Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780, the British overran South Carolina and Georgia, and a British garrison, under Colonel Thomas Browne, occupied Augusta. This Colonel Browne had been very roughly handled by the patriots at Augusta in 1774, and the desire for revenge prompted him to many acts of cruelty.
In September, 1780, Colonel Elijah Clarke, the great Georgia partisan leader, laid siege to Augusta, and was on the point of effecting its capture, when the arrival of reinforcements to the enemy caused Clarke to raise the siege and retire. Colonel Henry Lee, familiarly known as "Light Horse Harry," and the father of General Robert E. Lee, says in his memoirs that Clarke's expedition against Augusta was the primary cause of the assembling of the mountain riflemen of ~orth Carolina and Kentucky (the latter State being at that time the western district of Virginia), who, assisted by some South Carolina and Georgia militia, attacked and defeated the British and Tories under Ferguson at lq.ng's Mountain, thereby checking the tide of British conquest in the south.
In the spring of 1781 Colonel Elijah Clarke again attacked the British at Augusta, where he was soon joined by the South Carolinians un der General Andrew Pickens. Being soon after reinforced by Colonel Henry Lee with his legion of Continentals from Greene's army, the Americans, by the 15th of May, had the British completely shut in, and, on the 5th of June, received the surrender of the British forts and g-arrisons. This splendid victory was soon followed by the recovery of all Georgia from the enemy, with the exception of Savannah, which was finally surrendered to the Americans July 11th, 1782.
St. Paul's Episcopal church stands on part of the ground' occupied by

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

815

Fort Cornwallis, where the British garrison made its stout, but unavail-
ing defense. In 1791 Augusta, at that time the capital of Georgia, was visited by
President Washington, who was met five miles down the Savannah road by Governor Ed">:ard Telfair and a military escort. He was entertained at Meadow Garden by Chief Justice George Walton.
The first bridge across the Savannah at Augusta was built by Wade Hampton, father of General \Vade Hampton, the gallant Confederate. Being washed away by the Yazoo freshet of 1796, another was commenced in 1812, and completed in 1815, on the day when the news reached Augusta of the victory of General Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, in honor of which event the new bridge was decorated and at night brilliantly illuminated.
The first steamboat on the Savannah river, called the Enterprise, appeared at Augusta in 1817, on which occasion the stores were closed and hundreds from the city and surrounding country flocked to see it. It is said that many paid a dollar for the privilege of inspecting its works.
In 1825 Augusta was honored by a visit from the Marquis de La. Fayette.
It is claimed that Eli Whitney perfected his cotton gin on the plantation of the widow of General Nathaniel Greene, in Richmond county,, subsequently owned by Mr. John Phinizy. Whitney received his patent from the State of Georgia in 1793. The first gin practically operate& was owned by Patrick Moore, and was located on the west side of Washington street, between Greene and Telfair streets. By a strange coincidence, Mr. Joseph Eve, father of the celebrated physician of that name, and grandfather of Judge W. F. Eve, of Richmond county, wrote a letter from Nassau, dated November 24th, 1794, in which he stated that he had invented a machine for separating the seed from the cotton which had been for several years used in the Bahama Islands, and for which he requested a patent. It is not known what principle was involved in his device.
As early as 1834 the Richmond Factory was built. on Spirit creek. During the four years of the civil war thirty companies were raised in Augusta and Richmond county, and not less than 2,000 men out of a total white population of about 10,000 people enlisted in the Confederate army. Of these 292 were killed or died in service. The following general officers of the Confederate army lived in Augusta, or vicinity in Richmond county, at one time or another: Lieutenant-Generals James A. Longstreet and Joseph Wheeler; Major-Generals W. H. T. Walker, A. R. Wright and I~aFayette McLaws; Brigadier-Generals Montgomery Gardner, M. A. Stovall, John K. Jackson, Goode Bryan and Alfred Cumming. When Sherman was marching through Georgia in December, 1864, and again when in the spring of 1865 he was making his advance through South Carolina, General Joseph Wheeler, by the defeat of the Federal cavalry under Kilpatrick, saved Augusta from the fate which befell Atlanta and Columbia..
39 ga

816

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

R00h.1JA.LE COUNTY.

Rockdale County received its name on account of the immense ledge-

of rock running through it. The following counties bound it: Walton

on the northeast, Newton on the southeast, Henry on the southwest, De-

Kalb and Gwinnett on the northwest. DeKalb also lies north of a nar-

row projection of Rockdale county in the southwest. This county is

nearly rectangular in shape, the general direction of its two longest sides

being from northeast to southwest.

It is watered by Yellow and South rivers, both tributaries of the Oc-

mulgee. There are also several smaller streams in the county. There

are natural falls sufficient f<;>r operating mills or factories, some of them

possessing 100 horse-powers. The aggregate water-power of the county

is about 1,000 horse-powers.

The lands on the ridges are gray; on the rivers and creeks, dark and
very productive. Under ordinary cultivation the average production ro

the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rye, 5

bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 60 bushels; field

peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas, 10 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-

grass hay, 11000 pounds; corn fodder hay, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-ca:ne syrup, 75 gallons. Under improved methods,

much better results are recorded, as for instance: corn and oats, 20

bushels each; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 20 bushels;

sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20

bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass and Bermuda grass hay,

2,000 to 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup,

300 gallons. Mr. W. L. Peek made 600 gallons of syrup from one acre

of sugar-cane. Bermuda grass is extensively cultivated and is becoming

quite popular. All kinds of forage, such a:s sorghum, peavine and the

different species of millet, do well and are being cultivated more and

more.

Much more attention is being paid than ever before to the improve-

ment of the breeds of milch-cows and beef cattle. There is one dairy

farm, but all farmers keep cows and have milk and butter for home use,

and many of them have a surplus for sale. In 1890 there were 2,141

cattle, of which there were 72 working oxen and 973 milch-cows. The

production of milk amounted to 315,791 gallons, and of butter to 119,-

437 pounds. The poultry amounted to 45,417 of all kinds and their

eggs numbered 65,402 dozens. There were also gathered 7,337 pounds

of honey.

Rockdale county had 353 horses, 691 mules and 2,727 swine; also 78

sheep, yielding 15 pounds o wool.

There is abundance of game in the county, but fish are scarce.

Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised for home consump-

tion. About 1,500 acres are devoted to peaches, 100 each to cherri~s

and apples.



There are still about 10,000 acres of forest timber. Most of the large

trees have been cut off. A few steam sawmills are in operation.

Gb'U JWJA: JJUi'i'Ul(J()dL .iND lNDWiTJUA.L.

817

Grttnite is fouud in tl1is county in great quantities. There are four
quarries kept busy in prcpnring tbc granite for paving and building ma-
.tcri~ l.
The manufactorieg of the county are: one paper mill, one cotton seed oil-m ill, one fertilizer manufactory, one roller flour-mill, one furniture
factory and five flour and grist-mills. The paper mill and four of the fl our aud grist-mills arc opcrutcd by water, the rest by steam. There nro 10 cotton gins in the county.
Conyers, the county site, with a population of 1,605 people, is located in the center of the conn ty, on the Ocorgia Railroad. ln the district in whid1 it is situ ated there are 3,880 people. The court-house cost abou t $5,000 and the jail about $3,000. It contoins most of the manufacturing establ ishments mentionf'.d above, a bank with a capital of $100,000, several fine mercantile estaUlishments, good schools, and churches of the :Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Bible Christian denominations. The pn blic flchools of the whole county number 34, and churches are convcm ient to every neighborhood.
Th e anmull shipmentt~ of cotton, mostly from Conyers, amount to about 10,000 bales. According to the United States census of 1900
there were ginned in this county 7,368 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-HIOO.
T he prox imity of this county to tho great city of Atlanta adds to ita ndvm1t11ges. It has for a market not only its home town, Conyers, but in At lanta there will always Le a ready sale for all the products that it
cnn rnisc above homo consumption. 'fhe area of R.ockdale connty is 121 square miles, or 77,440 acres. Popnlation in HJOO, 7,515, a gain of 702 since 1800; school fund,
'$2,9:.33.RO; flchool fund of Conyers, $982.10. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1000 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 83,696; avernge valu e per acre, $6.44-; city property, $231,12!1 ; money, c lc., $l flfJ,521; merchand ise, $42,4G9; cottan ma-nufnr. trwiC's, $50; household furn iture, $70,454; farm and other nn i mfll~~ lf\Rf,,236 ; p lantntion And m<>ch:mical tools, $28,246; watches,
j ewC' lr.r, C'te., $4-,862; vnluc of all other property, $Hl,240; real c~<tatc, $812,537; personal estate, $458,671; aggregate value of prop-
erty, $1.,271,208. Propcrt,Y returned by colored taxpayers: Nnmbcr of ncres, 2,373;
vnlnP, $15,()2 1; city property, $9 ,447; merchandi se, $112; house-
J,oltl fnrnitnre, $6,R6!); farm and other nnimnls, $0 ,821; plantation nnd me-chanical tool!!, $2,3G8; watch~, etc., $81 ; value of all othP.r property, $416; a~gate value of property, $42,139.
The tax returns f or 1901 show a goin of $41,000 in the value of all
pro})('rty since 1900. There is an average attendance of 486 pupils in the HI schools f or
w}dtc-s, fmd MO i'l1 thr 1I) !lChonls for colorf'd pHpi],, Popnbtion of Rockdll.l e county by !leX and col or, nccording to the ('<'n-
~11 <~; of HlOO: white moles, 2,183; white females, 2,2:36; total
4,410; r:olor cd males, 1,570; colored females, 1,526; total colored.

818

GBOBOI: B187'0BI04L AND INDUSTRIA.L,

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 39 calves, 4 steers, 1 bull, 56 dairy cows, 81 horses, 4 mules, 86 swine, 1 goat.
SCHLEY COUNTY.
Schley County was formed out of Macon, Marion and Sumter in 1857. It was named for Hon. William Schley, Governor of Georgia from 1835 to 1837. It is bounded by the following countiee: Taylor on the north, Maoon and Sumter on the east, Sumter on tbe south, and Marion on the west. Macon county is also on the north of the southeastern projection of this county.
Buck creek runs across the cournty from west to east and Muckalee creek runs acr068 the southwestern. section, it. course being aout.heast.. erly.
The BOil belongs mostly to the tertiary formation, with a cretaceous belt in the extreme northern portion of the county. The land in this eection ia level, sometimes rolling, its soil being a gray, sandy loam. In the southern part there is an outcrop of red clay. The water is both freestone and limestone.
The lands average to the acre: corn, 9i blli!hels; oats, 9 bushels; Irish
potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 12 bushels; ground-peas, 40 bushels; seed cotton !500 pounds; corn fodder, 200
pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Some of the lands under tho beet system of culture produce 15 bushels of corn, 20 of oat8, and 700 pounds of seed cotton t o the acre.
The forest growth consists of long-leaf pine, oak, hickory, ash, maple and the usual swamp growth on the creeks. The annual output of timber producbi: is about $8,000.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned: in this county 5,760 bales of upland cotton during the season of 18991900.
Seventy horse-powers on tributarie& of the Flint are utilized by six grist-mills, which supply the farmers with meal ground near their homm. There are five manufactories in the county with an annual out-
put worth about f18,000. A few vegetables and fruits are raised over and above home consump-
tion. The truck sold amounts to about $2,500. The county has 7,670
peach-trees and 600 apple-trees. There are also some pears, plums and
cherries. A<X:ording to the censm of 1890 there were in Schley county 2,386
cattle, of which 164 were working oxen and 829 milch-cows. The 'Production of milk was 195,160 gallons, and of butter !59,480 pounds. The sheep numbered 78 and yielded 1!54 pounds of wool. Of domestic fowls there were 28,1!52 and their eggs numbered 44,065 dozens. There were 387 hor~es, 731 mules, 1 donkey and 6,734 swine. The production of hone:v in the county was 2,937 pounds.
The farmers are be~inning to improve their cattle by the introduction of the higher grRd es, especially of dairy oowa.

GJiJORGU: Hl8'1'0RIOAL A ND INDUSTRIAL.

819

Ellaville, the county site, is located on a branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad, 21 miles no-rthwest of Americus. Its population is 474, but Town district, \Vhich includes Ellaville, contains 2,300 inhabitants.
Other postoffices in the county are LaCrosse, Murray's Cross Roads, Poindexter, Schloy awl Stewart't> Mill.
There are good churches and schools in every part of the co-unty. There are 20 public schools, half for white and hal for colored. The attendance is 201 white and 357 colored.
The area of Schley county is 188 square miles, or 120,320 acres. Population in 1900, 5,499, a gain of 5G since 1800; school fund, $3,551.18. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there arc: acres of improved land, 83,69G; average value per acre, $6.94; city property, $58,370; money, $51,838; merchandise, $33,659; household furniture , $42,4!:iG; farm and other animals, $7U,55G; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,330; watchCB, jewelry, etc., $2,662; value of all other property, $10,~J:12; real estate, $479,218; personal estate, $241,834; aggregate value of property, $721,052. Property returned hy colored taxrayers: Number of aereg, 3_,037; value, $8,740; city property, $2,430; money, etc., $62!); household furnitme, $9,404; watches, etc., $01 ; fann and other animals, $!J,\J20; plantation and mechanical tool~, $1,977; value of all other property, $434; aggregate value of property, $34,717. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $62,681 in the value of an property since the returns of 1900. Population of Schley county by sex and color, nccordi'Tlg to the census of HlOO: white males, 9G2; white femaleE!, 964; total \vhite, 1,916; colored males, 1,71G; colored females, 1,807; total colored 3,583, Domestic animals in Schley county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 4 calves, 1 steer, 1 bull, 16 dairy cows, 19 horses, 3 mules, 32 swine.
SCREVEN COUNTY.
ScreL'en C()unty was formed from Burke and Effingham in 1703, and n purt. was set off to Bulloch in 1'716. It was named for General Ja.m88 Screven.
The boundaries are as follows: Burke county on the northwest, the State of South Carolina on the northeast and east, Effingham county on the southeast and Bulloch and Emanuel counties on the southwest. The Savannah river separates it from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee rivrr from Bulloch and Emanuel counties.
Brier and Beaverdam crooks enter the county from the northwest and uniting a little above the ccntPr, flow eastward 1mder the name of the fonner and empty into the Savannah river. Horse creek and Little Ogeeehee river empty into the Ogeechee on the southwest.
The soil is siliceous. The uplands are gray and sandy, with hummock land along the streams. In plnces there are outcrops of red elny and marl

820

GEORGIA.: BJSTORI CA. L A.ND JND U81'RI AL.

beds. The average y ield to the acre of the various crops variel in different sections, but taking the average of four different repom we have: coro, 12i bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15i bushels; rye, 11 bushels; rice, 27-2- bushels; field-peas, 8 bushels; ground-peas; ~5 bushels; chufas, 50 bullhels; Irish potatoes, 65 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; seed cotton, 676 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 240 gallons. No report of average yield of hay, but sorghum forage is highly esteemed f or stock. Field-peas are sowed after oats, and being cutwith the crab-grasa make fine hay. One report gives the amount of hay f or the coun ty as 262 tons, or 524,000 pounds.
'fhe introduction of better cattle has greatly increased during the last ten years, but very liUIG attentiO'Il has been paid to the rearing of beef cattle. All the farmers keep cows, but there is only one dairy farm and this has a capacity of 25 pounds of butter a day. lu 181)0 the.re were 12,091 cattle in the county, 228 of these being working oxen. The mi lchcows, which numbered 8,G57, produced 326,779 gallons of milk. The butter made on farms was 24,97 9 pounds. F rom the hives W<'re gathered 12,936 pounds o honey. The poultry numbered 70,122. The production of eggs amounted to 113,382 dozens. There were 5,970 sheep, y ielding 11,773 pounds of wool. There were 978 horses, 1,431 mules, 5 donkeys, 22, 193 swine and {by a more recent estimate) 500 goats.
T he best yield reported f or seed cotton is 800 pounds to the acre; for oats, 25 bushels; for sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; for lri~h potatoe11, 100 busels; for rice, 40 bushels.
The rivers and creeks are very well stocked with fish, but game is rather scarce.
V egetables, berriee and fn1its are raised, mostly for home consumption. A great many melons are raised, and the profits on them vary from $5 to $15 an acre, acoording to size, quali ty and difficulty of trnn.,;.. poration. The oount.y has 29,495 peach and 11 ,867 applc~trces. The truck sold is worth about $8,500.
A very large per cent. of origin al forest is still etanding, consisting of long leaf pine tmd cypresR, and along the streams white oak, ash, maple and poplar. The annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet at from $6 to $10 a thousand feet. The total output of all timber producta is about $50,000.
There is considerable clay in the county useful !or manufactming purposes. Buhrstone of splendid quality is f ound.
On the Ogccchce river two small mills me about 20 horse-pow<>rs.
There are in the county 1 flour-m ill , 20 or more small grist-mi11s. nnd a dozen sawmills. A new cottoo factory at Millen, having 5,000 spindl es and a capital of $80,000, is rapidly approaching completion. There
are also 12 turpentine distill eries. Methodist.B, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians nnd Lutherans con.
stitute the religions denomination'!. Churches are conveniently located f or the people. The public schools are 86 in all. The average attendance is 1,063 in the 48 white schools and 1,2V4 in th e 38 colored schools.

GEORGIA: B/8TORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

821

The facilities for travel and transportation are tbe Central of Georgia and a branch road running from Roekyford on the Central to Sylvania. There is n.leo the Savannah river, on whieh there are lines of ~teamboat8 plying between Augwsta and Savannah, and touching at landings in the county.
Sylvania, the county site, is conveniently located, and has a courthouse and jail worth $20,000. The Sylvania district has a population of
3,135, of whom 545 live in tho town.
Millen, on the Central of Georgia Railroad, is a growing town with several succesaful mercantile establishment!~, and baa a bank with a capital of $100,000. The Millen district has 2,49 1 people, of whom 411 live in the town. The merchants of this town handle about 10,000 of the 40,000 bales of cotton shipped from this county. The producta of this county are marketed in Savannah and Augusta.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 17,666 bales of upland and 297 of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
Millen has a cotton and yarn mill with 5,000 spindles. The area of Screven county is 734 square miles, or 467,760 acres. Population of Screven county in 1900, 19,252, a gain of 4,828 since 1890; school fund, $18,051.86. By the Comptro11er-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 404,080; of wild land, 19,145; average value per acre of improved land, $1.29; of wild land, $0.37; city property, $108,357; money, etc., $168,636 ; merchandise, $112,242; stocks and bond.s, $33,826; cotton manufactories, $1,000; household furniture, $80,989; iron works, $3,430; farm and other animals, $221 ,680; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $47,379 ; watches:, jewelry, etc., $6,613; value of all other property, $79,758; real estate, $639,295; personal estate, $784,157; Aggregate value of property, $1,423,452.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 14,552;
value, $18,763; city property, $2,360; money, etc., $1,028; merchandise, $550; household furniture, *11,453; watches, etc., $527; farm and other animals, $34,221; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,685; value of all ot.her property, $2,004. Aggregate value of property, $78,645.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $166,186 in the value of aU property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Screven county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white malea, 4,269; white females, 4,037; total white, 8,306; colored males, 15,582; colored females, 5,364; total colored,
10,946. Domestie animals in bllrns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 150 calves, 89 steers, 4 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 69 horses, 38 mules, 328 swine, 47 goats.

822

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

SPALDING COUNTY.
Spalding County was formed in 1851 from the counties of Pike and Henry. It was named for Ron. Thomas Spalding, of St. Simon's Island, ~ly~n county, a member of the Georgia Legislature and a representative m Congress. The following counties bound it: Clayton and Henry o~ the north, Henry on the northeast, Butts and Monroe on the east, P1ke on the south, Fayette on the northwest, Fayette, Coweta and Meriwether on the west. The Flint river flows along its northwestern border and then through the western section of the county. Line creek runs along part of its western boundary and empties into the Flint river at its southwestern point. Towaliga creek (or river, as it is sometimes called), after dividing part of the northeastern section of Spalding from Henry county, runs through Butts and Monroe counties and empties into the Ocmulgee river. Big Potato creek, rising near the center of the county, flows southward through Pike and Upson counties and empties into the Flint river. Other streams are Cabin, Grape and Head's creeks. The lands on and adjoining all these streams are generally rich. The character of the soil is metamorphic; red clay or mulatto lands in the eastern part; gray, gravelly lands in 1\e western. The average yield of the various crops varies of course according to location and favorableness of season. Two reports made in different years show averages to the acre as follows: corn, from 10 to 14 bushels; oats, from 10"~ to 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 300 bushels each; sugarcane syrup, 169 to 300 gallons; seed cotton, 428 to 714 pounds; hay, 2,816 to 4,000 pounds. The best farmers in the county have proved that with proper cultivation the lands can be made to produce from 30 to 60 bushels of wheat to the acre. In 1900 Mr. W. J. Bridges, on four acres of ground, raised 65 bushels of wheat to the acre, and on the same number of acres Mr. W. D. Walker raised 59-! bushels to the acre. Each of these gentlemen received a prize at the convention of the Wheat Grower's Association of Georgia, held in Macon, July 11, 1900. Some years ago Mr. Solomon W. Bloodworth gathered 137 bushels of corn from one acre near Griffin, and received the first premium at the State Agricultural Fair. Another well-authenticated yield is 10,720 pounds of pea-vine hay to the acre. These things show what can be done by scientific culture in Spalding county. Bermuda is considered the best pasture for cattle, since it comes in early in the spring and lasts until late in the fall. Clover and vetches, pea-vine hay, sorghum and millet are cultivated for forage crops. The cane bottoms afford good winter pasturage. The breeds of dairy cattle have been much improved, the Jersey being the favorite. All the farmers have milk and butter. There are 10 dairy farms with from 10 to 60 cows each, which make good profits on the investment. More interest is being taken in beef cattle and better breeds are being brought in.
In 1890 there were in Spalding county 2,711 cattle, of which 1,190 were milch-cows producing 425,370 gallons of milk, from which 124,721 pouru:ls of butter were made. One thousand and two hundred

THE CHOICE NEW EARLY WHITE GRAPE
'' moort's Diamond.''

From seed of Conco rd, fertilized w ith

)

Iona, by jACOB MooRE, Esq. , of Brighton . N . Y .. (the well-known originator

of the (1 Brighton'' Grape and other new

fruits) , who considers this the most

valuable variety he has ever produced .

In vigor of growth, color and texture,

foliage and hardiness of vine, it partakes

of the nature of its parent, Concord;

\vh ile in quality the fruit is equal to

many ot the best tender sorts, ar.d

ripens from two to four weeks earlier

1han Concord.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIJ..L.

823

pounds of cheese were made in 1900. The working oxen of the county numbered 97. They are being rapidly supplanted by horses and mules. The creamery at Griffin has a capacity of 10,000 pounds of milk a day. The present output of the creamery (1900) is 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of milk, and 50 pounds of butter a day. More milk is needed to work the creamery to its full capacity.
The domestic fowls (poultry) of all kinds in the county in 1890, numbered 20,475, and produced 69,939 dozens of eggs. The production of honey was 8,906 pounds. This county had 514 honses, 1,288 mules, 1 donkey and 3,924 swine. In 1890 the sheep numbered 287 and yielded 723 pounds of wool.
The supply of fish from the streams is not so abundant as formerly. The principal game birds are quail and doves.
There are 12 market gardens raising all varieties of vegetables. Berries and plums are also extensively raised. Melons of the best quality are raised. The value of truck sold is about $16,000 annually, most of it for home consumption.
Of the acreage given to fruits, far the greater portion is devoted to peaches. There are in the county 134,924 peach, 19,390 pear and 3,152 plum-trees.
The vineyards of the county are not as numerous as formerly, bt:r cause attention has been directed to other products.
The timber products are small: short-leaf pine and hardwoods ; some ash, maple and poplar. The output is about $8,000 worth. There are four sawmills.
There is one flour and grist-mill in the limits of Griffin, and one in the Mount Zion district. The mills are operated by water-power.
Griffin, the county site, is situated near the center of Spalding county at the junction of two branches of the Central of Georgia Railroad, and that branch of the Southern Railway connecting Columbus with McDonoogh. Its population by the census of 1900 is 6,857. That its location is one of the best agricultural and horticultural sections of Georgia is evidenced by the fact that the State of Georgia and the United States government unanimously selected the vicinity of Griffin as the site for the Experiment Station.
Within the last decade Griffin has become a factory center, having built four cotton-mills, representing almost entirely a home capital of $1,000,000. We give a list of these mills and the class of goods manufactured by them.
The Griffin Manufacturing Company has ii capital of $350,000, and contains 15,000 spindles and 593 looms. It manufactures cottonades, ticking, duck, cheviots, skirts, hickory shirting, domestic shirting. It spins 450 bales of cotton a month, employs 550 hands, has a pay-roll of $8,500 a month a.nd an annual output of $600,000.
The Kincaid Manufacturing Company has a capital of $250,000, and contains 12,500 spindles and 430 looms. It manufactures Turkish towels, table damask, a fine grade of ginghams, ticking and

824

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

crashes. It spins 350 bales of cotton a month, employing 425 hands, has a pay-roll of $7,000 a month and an annual output o.f $500,000.
The Spalding Cotton Mills have a capital of $200,000, and contain 9,000 spindles and 236 looms. They spin 208 bales of cotton a month and manufacture sheeting and cotton diaper. The hands employed number 175, the pay-roll is $2,000 a month and the value of the annual output is $300,000.
The Rushton Mills have a capital of $100,000 and contain 5,000 spindles and 150 looms. They spin 125 bales of 'cotton a month and manufacture sheeting. The hands employed number 136, the pay-roll is $2,000 a month, and the value of the annual output is $150,000.
The Griffin Knitting Mill has a capital of $20,000; manufactures men's ribbed underwear, employs 40 hands, and has an annual output of $50,000.
The Griffin Creamery has been already described. There is also a cotton seed oil-mill, with an output of 160,000 gallons of oil and 1,450 tons of cotton seed-oil meal. There are also an ice factory, a pants factory, a sash, blind and chair facoory, a small foundry, and various smaller enterprises. There is one establishment which cultivates flowers and flowering plants for sale.
Griffin has :four banks with a combined capital of $500,000. It has a system of graded schools and some of the finest public buildings of the State. The value of the court-house is $35,000. Its extensive system of water-worb gives complete protCtion against fire and furnishes water everywhere. By its electric plant the streets are brilliantly lighted. The water-works and electric plant are owned by the city. Griffin has good church buildings of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Bible Christians.
The union depot of Griffin is the highest point between Macon and Atlanta.
The public roads of Spalding county are worked by convict labor, and the 600 miles of roadway are kept in first-class condition.
In addition to the three railroads mentioned as crossing each other at Griffin, there is another branch of the Southern Railway from Atlanta to Fort Valley, running through the western section of the county.
Griffin is the shipping point and market for the county. The number of cotton bales received is 18,500, of which 5,000 bales are exported and 13,500 are used by the cotton-mills of the county.
By the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 11,390 bales (upland) of the cotton crop of 1899-1900.
The public schools of the county are 22 for the whites and 20 for the colored with an average attendance of 723 white pupils and 529 colored. In the Griffin white schools are 542 pupils and in the colored schools 119.
With unsurpassed advantages of climate, soil and various enterprises Spalding county and the city of Griffin offer great inducements and a
hearty welcome to new citizens. Other postoffices are Sunnyside, Pomona, Vineyard, Orchard Hill,
Experiment, Drewryville, Rover, Zetella and Strickland.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

825

Sunnyside was for years the home of Colonel John :Mcintosh Kell, once first officer of the Confederate cruiser Alabama.
The area of Spalding county is 203 square miles, or 129,420 acres. Population in 1900, 17,619, an increase of 4,502 since 1890; school :fund, $6,519.17; school :fund o:f Griffin, $3,065.55.
By the Comptrolle~-General's report :for 1900, there are: acres of improved land, 116,287; average value per acre, $7.97; city property, $879,347; shares in bank, $250,500; money, etc., $160,395; value of merchandise, $124,360; stocks and bonds, $7,300; cotton manufactories, $718,150; invested in iron works, $9,000; household furniture, $150,938; farm and other animals, $121,301; plantation and mechanical tools, $41,460; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,467; value of all other property, $58,569; real estate, $1,806,409; personal estate, $1,695,407. Aggregate value of property, $3,501,816.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,891; value, $40,251; city property, $75,705; money, etc., $100; merchandise, $1,245; household furniture, $16,675; watches, etc., $104; farm and other animals, $18,325; plantatiO'll and mechanical tools, $5,348; value of all other property, .$425.00. Agg'regate value of whole property, $159,310.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $233,957 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Spalding county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,152; white females, 4,313; total white, 8,465; colored males, 3,396; colored females, 4,758; total colored, 9,154.
Popula1tion of the city <Yf G1iffin by sex allld color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,688; white females, 1,911; total white, 3,599; colored males, 1,449; colored females, 1,809; total colored, 3,258.
Total population of Griffiin, 6,857. Domestic animals in Spalding county in barns and inclosures, not on :farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 122 calves, 34 steers, 370 dairy cows. 272 horses, 57 mules, 2 sheep, 328 swine, 1. goat.

STEWART COUNTY.
Stewart County was :formed i:rom Randolph county in 1830, and was named for General Daniel Stewart, who was born in Liberty county in 1762; joined the American army at the age of fifteen and served under Generals Sumter and Marion and Colonel W. R. Harden, proving himself under all circumstances a brave and faithful soldier.
Stewart county is bounded on the north by Chattahoochee county, on the east by Webster comity, on the south by Randolph and Quitman counties, and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. Pataula and Hodchodkee creeks flow southward from near the center of the county. Hannabatchee creek flows from east to west across the county, a little north

826

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

of the center. These streams are tributaries of the Chattahoochee river. Other streams are Hitehite and Grass creeks.
. . The soil is for the most part a gray saTidy, mixed with gravel. There IS some red land in the eastern portion. The soil is well adapted to cotton, the cereals, sugar-cane, fruits, especially peaches and melons, and to crab, Bermuda, Johnson and crowfoot-grasses. The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: corn 10 bushels wheat 8 bushels
oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; sweet p' otatoes, 75 'bushels'; field-peas,'
9 bushels; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 180 gallons. Bermuda grass is used for summer pasturage, lasting 7 months, and rye for winter pasturage.
Corn and field-peas ground together are used a great deal as feed for
cattle. The best lands under the best culture can be made to yield as much as 20 bushels of corn to the acre; 200 of potatoes, 800 pounds of seed cotton, 4,000 pounds of hay and 300 gallons of syrup.
All farmers have cows for the production of milk and butter, and in the vicinity of Lumpkin there is one regular dairy farm. Some farmers are making a business of raising beef cattle and of improving the breed of both bee and dairy cattle. In 1890 there were in Stewart county 4,630 cattle, of which there were 295 working oxen and 1,543 milchcows. There was a production of 315,400 gallons of milk and 107,456 pounds of butter. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 55,732 and produced 140,663 dozens of eggs. The honey collected from the hives was 12,607 pounds. Stewart county had in 1890 on farms, 693 horses, 1,976 mules, 4 donkeys and 8,149 swine. The sheep numbered 331, and produced 520 pounds of wool.
The productions of the gardens and orchards are for the most part consumed at home. About 500 acres are devoted to peaches, 25 to plums, 20 to apples and 10 to pears.
The manufactures of the county are: one wagon and buggy factory and one guano factory at Richland; a large brick kiln at Omaha; 4 :flour and 12 grist-mills, and 10 steam sawmills. There is a bank at Richland and one at Lumpkin, each having a capital $50,000. Richland, on the eastern side of the county, is at thejunction of two branches of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad of the Seaboard Air Line system.
Lumpkin, the county site, is on the main stem of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad. This town is beautifully located. The court-house is valued at $22,000 and the jail at $8,000.
There are 52 mercantile establishments in the county, and 6 life and fire insurance agencies.
Fitzgerald's mill, on Hannahatchee creek, has a side track running to the mill. It has two runners, a cotton gin and sawmill. Within a few yards of the railway on the same creek there is a fine mill site.
In addition to the two railroads running through the county, the Chattahoochee river furnishes fine water transportation.
The products of Stewart county are marketed in Lumpkin and Rich-
lgaonmde' royf, tAhlaatbacmouan. ty' in Americus and Columbus, Georgia, and Mont-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

827

Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the prevailing religious sects. Church buildings are found at convenient distances throughout the county.
There are two high schools and many schools of lower grades through the county. There are 23 schools for whites and 33 for colored, with an average attendance of 733 white pupils and 1,130 colored.
The area of Stewart county is 440 square miles, or 281,600 acres. Population in 1900, 15,856, a gain of 174 since 1890; school fund, $11, 986.87.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of irn proved land, 283,323; average value per acre, $3.06; city property, $234,015; shares in bank, $93,900; money, etc., $123,020; merchan dise, $88,645; stocks and bonds, $2,850; household furniture, $86,745; farm and other animals, $148,170; plantation and mecha;nical tools, $25,065; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,773; value o:f all other property, $36,670; mal estate, $1,103,285; personal estate, $619,055. Aggre gate value of whole property, $1,688,235.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number o:f acres, 10,704; value, $26,760; city property, $12,135; money, etc., $475; merchan dise, $200; household. furniture, $22,175; watches, etc., $100; :farm and other animals, $31,690; value of all other property, $6,940. Aggre gate of whole property, $100,475.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $99,280 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in Stewart county 17,875 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1 S99-1900.
The town of Lumpkin contains, 1,470 inhabitants, while the district in which it is included has a population of 3,563.
The town of Richland has more than doubled in the last decade, and has a pOpulation of 1,014, while the whole district of Richland includ ing the town contains 2,746 inhabitants.
Near Omaha town are some mineral springs, from which the district of Mineral Springs derives its name.
Population of Stewart county by sex and color, according to the cen sus of 1900: white males, 2,018; white females, 2,001; total white, 4,019; colored males, 5,759; colored females, 6,078; total colored,
11,837. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 24 calves, 67 dairy cows, 63 horses, 7 mules, 1 sheep,

177 swine, 2 goats.

SUMTER COUNTY.

Sumter County was formed from Lee in 1831, and was named for General Thomas Sumter, who was born in Virginia in 1734, and settled in South Carolina. He was a distinguished commander of South Caro lina troops in the Revolution, and on account of his dashing leadership
was styled the "game cock." Schley and Macon counties bound Sumter on the north, Dooly bounds

828

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

it on the east, Lee an~ Ter.rell on the ~outh, vVebster, Marion and Schley

on the west. The Flmt nver forms rts eastern boundary. The streams

of the county are the Muckalee, Muckaloochee and Kinchafoonee creeks .

.The soil belong~ to the tertiary fonnation and is a gray, sandy loam

With red outcrops m places. The lands are either level or gently rolling.

The water is mainly freestone, though there is some limestone. The

production 12; wheat,

of the lands 5i bushels;

to the rye,

7acrbeusahveelrsa; geIsr:i s hcorpno' ta1t1oesb,us1h0el0s'

bouasths -'

els; sweet potatoes, 250 bushels; :field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20

bushels; seed cotton, 576 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pound;;; corn

fodder, 450 pounds; sugar-cane syn1p, 250 gallons.

Some fanners under careful culture, make much larger yields of

some of these items, as for instance: corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bush-

els; oats, 25; rye, 10 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30

bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. Many

use Bermuda grass for summer pasturage and maiden cane for winter.

Others, after cutting the grain, use the grain field in summer, and in

winter the corn and pea fields, with the various grasses and swamp

cane. All the fanners keep cows, many of which are pure breed or one

half and more pure breed.

In 1890 there were 4,796 cattle, of which 266 were working oxen.

The milch-cows numbered 1,782 and produced 352,825 gallons of milk

from which were made 79,233 pounds of butter. There are now two

dairy farms doing a good business. The domestic fowls of the county

numbered 51,972 and produced 99,606 dozens of eggs. The amount

of honey gathered was 18,760 pounds in 1890. There were 726

horses, 2,361 mules, 5 donkeys and 16,072 swine.

In addition to the fact that most fanners raise vegetables, berries and

melons in quantities sufficient for home consumption, there are four mar-

ket gardens raising these things for sale. Two hundred acres are devoted

to melons and the average net profit to the acre is $10.00. The truck

sold amounts to $20,000. Sumter county has 54,691 peach-trees, 5,904

apple-trees, 2,000 pear-trees and 1,594 plum-trees. There are two small

vineyards raising grapes mostly for home consumption.

There are also 2 small establishments raising flowers and flowering

plants for the market.

The forests of the county have been badly cut over; but there is still

considerable yellow pine, of which the annual output is worth about

$20,000. There are 7 sawmills in the county.

There is one flour-mill operated by water, and there are 14 grist-mills,

11 of which use water. Other manufactories of the connty are a guano

factory cotton seed oil-mill, variety works, sash and blind facto~y, the

Seaboa;d Air Line Railroad sho-ps, a horse collar factory, an iron

foundry, two wagon and buggy factories, all _the above being located

at Americus one boot and shoe factory at Plams, and five smaller ones

at Americus: one tannery at Plains, and one factory for repairing gins.

About 300 hands are employed at the Seaboard Air Line shops, and

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

829

100 in other industries of the city of Americus. This is a fine location for cotton-mills and canning, and men of enterprise and push are heartily welcomed by the cultured and refined society of this thriving Southwest Georgia city.
Americus is the county site and has a population of 7,647, or, including its surrounding district, 10,552. It has a fine system of public schools, a handsome court-house worth $35,000, a jail valued at $15,000, a postoffice three stories high with a marble front, a building containing a bank and several offices valued at $50,000, two hotels, one valued at $130,000, the other at $25,000, water, gas, and electric works, worth $50,000, four banks with a capital of $300,000, an opera house and many elegant private residences, a handsome passenger depot, belonging to the Central of Georgia and Seaboard Air Line systems, and railroad shops valued at $75,000. There are in the city 10 churches of the usual Christian denominations. Three lines of railroad center here: the Central of Georgia from Macon to Albany; another branch of the Central from Americus to Columbus, Georgia, and the Seaboard Air Line from Savannah, Georgia, to Montgomery, Alabama.
There are in Americus several prosperous business firms: five life and 4 fire insurance companies.
There are several places of resort near the city: Magnolia Dell, :Myrtle Springs, Pavilion Bathing Pools, Holley Springs Bathing Pool, Schute Pavilion and Magnolia Mineral Springs.
Plains, on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad 10 miles west from Americus, is a good business point with a population of 346 in its corporate limits, while in the district which includes it are 2,521 inhabitants. It has fine schools and ch1~rches.
DeSoto, on the same railroad, 13 :niles east of Americus, with 250 inhabitants in its corporate limits, does a good business and is well supplied with churches and schools.
Leslie, a place of 213 peop!e, has similar advantages. The district including these two towns has 3,131 inhabitants.
Andersonville, 13 miles north of Americus, on the Central of Georgia Railway is noted as the point where a large Federal prison camp was located during the civil war. Here there is a well-kept Federal cemetery. It contains a population of 245 in its corporate limits, or
1,386 in its entire district. Sumter is one of the best counties of Southwest Georgia. It has ex-
cellent facilities for travel and transportation, several busy little towns and the growing city of Americus. Its schools and churches are firstclass; its people refined and cultivated. The sale of spirituous liquors is prohibited through the county; hence Americus and the other towns are quiet and orderly.
The excellent character of the schools of Americus has led many people to settle there on account of the superior educational advantages of
that city. The area o Sumter county is 534 square miles, or 341,760 acres.

830

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Population in 1900, 26,212, a gain of 4,105 since 1890; school fund, $12,112.61; Americus, $4,452.74.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 294,768; of wild land, 283; average value per acre of improved land, $5.11; of wild land, $1.24; city propmty, $1,529,380; shares in bank, $187,665; money, etc., $260,366; value o! merchandise, $343,026; stocks and bond01, $2,298; cotton manufactories, $29,730; irol\ works, $2,600; household furniture, $260,201; farm and other animals, $250,638; plantation and mechanical tools, $64,439; watches, jewelry, etc., $26,313; value of all other property, $68,935; real estate, $3,03G,, 066; personal estate, $1,667,252. Aggregate value of whole property, $4,703,318.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, . 13,639; value, $90,902; stocks and bonds, $8.00; city property, $190,058; money; $1,960; merchandise, $3,945; household furniture, $48,252; watches, etc., $854; farm and other animals, $47,902; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,755; value of all other property, $4,060. Aggregate value of whole property, $464,463.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $236,144 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Sumter county 25,164 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The public schools of the county number 23 for white pupils and 33 for colored, with an average attendance of 750 white pupils and 1,410 colored.
Population of Sumter county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,716; white females, 3,683; total white, 7,399; colored males, 9,249; colored females, 9,564; total colored, 18,813.
Population of Americus City by sex and color by the census of 1900: white males, 1,490; white females, 1,523; total white, 3,013; colored males, 2,117; colored females, 2,544; total colored, 4,661.
Total population of Americus, 7,674. Domestic animals in Sumter county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 82 calves, 14 steers, 2 bulls, 238 dairy cows, 326 horses, 86 mules, 11 sheep, 558 swine, 7 goats.

TALBOT COUNTY.
Talbot C-ounty was laid out in 1827 and named for Ron. Matthew Talbot, who represented Oglethorpe county in the legislature for many years, and being president of the Senate at the time of the death of Governor Rabun on October 25, 1819, succeeded him in the gubernatorial chair until the election of John Clark, in November, 1819.
Talbot county is bounded on the north by Meriwether, on the northeast by Upson, on the east by Taylor, on the south by Marion and Muscogee, and on the west by Harris and Muscogee.

PACKING 0.-\.Nl'ALOUPES.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

831

The Flint river flows along its northeastern boundary. Other streams are Patisliga, Hachasofkee and Lazer creeks. The Oak Mountains are in the northern section of the county.
The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation in the northern part, and to the cretaceous in the southern section. The face of the country is broken. There are brown and mulatto lands with red clay subsoil, hardwood growth and freestone water throughout the first division; gray, sandy or gravelly soil, with long-leaf pine and limestone water throughout the second division.
Counting all lands, the average production is as follows: corn, 11 bushels; oats, 9 bushels; rye, 7 bushels: barley, 10 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; fieldpeas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 50 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. But with careful cultivation these same lands produce 20 bushels each of corn and oats; 15 bushels of field-peas and 25 of ground-peas, and 600 pounds of seed cotton.
After supplying the home demand for vegetables, berries, fruits and melons, there is enough surplus to make the truck sales amount to $4,500. There are in Talbot county 39,246 peach-trees, 5,896 apple-trees, 2,640 plum-trees, 1,452 pear-trees and 450 cherry-trees.
According to the United States census of 1890 Talbot county had 453 sheep with a wool-clip of 1,232 pounds, 5,414 cattle, of which 204 were working oxen and 1,946 milch-cows, 596 horses, 1,684 mules, 4 donkeys and 8,138 swine. Among the farm products were 60,373 domestic fowls, 86,016 dozens of eggs, 370,462 gallons of milk, 88,012 pounds of butter and 23,151 pounds of honey.
The timber products are small, with an annual output worth about
$4,000. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
Talbot county 8,893 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. On tributaries of the Chattahochee 90 horse-powers are utilized by
4 grist-mills, while on the tributaries of the Flint river 9 mills utilize
169 horse-powers. All the manufactories of the county number 14 and have an out-
put worth $32,474. The largest town is Talbotton, with a population of 1,131 in its cor-
porate limits, and 1,963 in the entire district, which includes it. T.his town is the county seat, and is located on Lazer creek. It has a h1gh situation with invigorating air and good, cool water. Talbotton has a bank with a capital of $28,000; a court-house worth $20,000; 2 good schools, the Collinsworth Institute and Le Vert College; good church buildings of the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians, and a Masonic hall. It is connected by a branch railroad with the Southwestern branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad. It handles 6,000 bales of cotton annually. The county has 54 schools belonging to the pub~ic school svstem of Georgia, and is well provided with houses of worship, belongi~g to the leading Christian denominations.
40 ga

832

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Geneva, on the Central of Georgia Railway has three sawmills and

does a good mercantile business.

'

The area of Talbot county is 407 square miles or 260 480 acres

Population in 1900, 12,197, a loss of 1 061 since'1890 sdhool fund.

$10,042.17.

'

'

'

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres o:f improved land, 229,990; of wild land, 5,859; average value per acre of

Improv.ed land, $2.69; of wild land, $0.78; city property, $106,520; shares m bank, $17,065; money, etc., $53,721; merchandise, $40,760; stoc~s and bonds, $75; cotton manufactories, $11,000; value of household

furniture, $51,166; farm and other animals, $93,338; plantation and mechanical tools, $24,343; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,002; value of aU

other property, $18,284; real estate, $729,194; personal estate, $314,269. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,043,463.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 8,441; value, $19,980; city property, $6,305; merchandise $175 household" f urm.ture, $9,925; watches, etc., $133; farm and ot'her ani'mals, $18,204; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,402; value of all other property, $2,023. Aggregate value of whole property, $60,147.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $53,533 in the value o all property since the returns o 1900.

Of the 54 schools 25 are for white pupils and 27 for colored, and the average attendance is 737 white pupils and 1,467 colored.

Population of Talbot county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,765; white females, 1,893; total white, 3,658; colored males, 4,152; colo;:oed females, 4,378; total colored, 8,539.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 38 calves, 5 steers, 78 dairy cows, 51 horses, 15 mules, 176 swine, 5 goats.

TALIAFERRO COUNTY.
Talwferro County was formed in 1825 from Wilkes, Warren, Ha:acock, Greene and Oglethorpe. An additional part was then taken :from Hancock in 1828, and parts were taken from Wilkes in 1828 and 1835. It was named for Colonel Benjamin Taliaferro, who was born in Virginia, joined the Continental army when a mere youth, rose to captain and then to colonel, winning great distinction, and in 1785_settled in Georgia. He was a trustee of Franklin College (then the nucleus of the State University), president of the State Senate, and, though not a lawyer was elected by the legislature one of the judges of the Superior Court 'the only instance of the kind in the history of Georgia.
Taliaferro county is bounded by the following counties: Wilkes on northeast and north, Warren on the east and southeast, Hancock on the south Greene on the west and southwest, and Oglethotpe on the northwest.' Little river runs through a northwestern projection of the county and then along the north border, after .which, turning. to !he east ~d northeast and flowing along the boundanes of five counties, It enters mto

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

833

OthgeeeScahveaennriavherr?ivcerr~.ss

Two the

branches southern'

the part

North and South Forks of the of this county, running in a

eout~easterly directiOn. The lands on the streams, and especially on Lit-

~le nver, are excell.ent. The soils are partly red, partly gray, sandy and

m some places a miX:ture of both.

With careful cultivation the lands in Taliaferro produce to the acre: ~orn, 15 bushels; oats and barley, each, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 80 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 750 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 60 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 75 gallons.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 6,487 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
The usual garden vegetables, berries, melons and fruits yield well. According to the United States census of 1890 there were in Taliafe,rro county 313 sheep, with a wool-clip of 557 pounds; 2,668 cattle, '()f which 193 were working oxen and 1,117- milch-cows; 682 horses, 618 mules, 3 donkeys and 4,785 swine. Some of the farm products were 35,529 domestic fowls, 35,281 dozens of eggs, 7,703 pounds of honey, 249,604 gallons of milk, 72,935 pounds of butter and 130 pounds of cheese. The public schools number 30, one half for white pupils, the other hal for colored. Of the white pupils the average attendance is 363, and of the colored pupils 503. The prevailing religious sects are Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians. Churches for white and colored at convenient distances are scattered over the county, which is also well provided with schools. Crawfordville, the county seat, near the center of the county on the Georgia Railroad, has a population of 597 in the town, and 900 in the entire district. It is noted as having been the home of Ron. Alexander H. Stephens, who was born about 2! miles from this town. His grandfather, Alexander Stephens, emigrated from England in 1750 and was present at Braddock's defeat. He took an early and active part on the patriot side in the war of the Revolution, and removing to Georgia in 1789 or 1790, settled on the plantation afterwards owned by his son, Andrew B. Stephens, and his grandson, Alexander Hamilton Stephens. Mr. Stephens' mother was Margaret Grier, sister of Robert Grier, the ~elebrated almanac maker in Georgia, and a distant relative of Justice Grier one of the present judges of the Supreme Court of the United State~. Liberty Hall, the home of Mr. Stephens, is in full view of the

Georgia Railroad.

.

.

.

Other postoffices in the county are H1llman, Lynev1lle, Robmson and

Sharon. The area of T'aliaferro county is 198 square miles, or 126,720 acres.
Population in 1900, 7,912, a gain of 621 since 1890; school fund,

$5.255.23.

'

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are:. acres of im-

proved land, 115,872; average value per acre, $3.02; City property,

$70,205; shares in bank, $15,010; money, etc., $40,796; value of mer-

834

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

chandise, $28,985; stocks and bonds, $7,353; cotton manufactories,.

p$l1a5n0t;athw. onusaenhdoldmfeucrhnaintiu.Crael,

$31,474; farm tools, $17,650;

and other watches,

jaenwimelarlys,'

$et7c0.,' 1$524,-,..

970; value of all other property, $20,523; real estate, $420,920; per-

sonal estate, $245,913. Aggregate value of whole property, $666,833.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,099;

value, $22,009; city property, $4,205; money, $483; stocks and bonds,..

$10; merehandise, $528; household furniture, $6,000; watches, $110;

farm and other animals, $18,131; plantation and mechanical tools,

$3,875; value of all other property, $841.00. Aggregate yalue of

whole property, $56,192.

The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $2,975 in the value of

all property since the returns of 1900.

Population of Taliaferro county by sex and color, according to the

census of 1900: white males, 1,179; white females, 1,212; total white,.

2,391; colored males, 2,707; colored females, 2,814; total colored,

5,521.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 53 dairy cows, 19 horses, 1 mule, 76 swine, 11

goats.

TATTNALL COUNTY.

Tattnall County was formed from Montgomery county in 1801. Portions were given back to Montgomery county in 1812. It was named in honor of Josiah Tattnall, a man very influential in Georgia; a s~nator from Chatham county when the bill rescinding the Yazoo Act was passed; was elected to Congress and chosen governor in 1801, which office he resigned in 1802 on account of failing health.
Tattnall is bounded by the following counties: Bulloch and Bryan on the northeast, Liberty on the east and southeast, Wayne and Appling on the south, Montgomery and Emanuel on the west. The whole western border has an inclination northward. The Cannouchee river runs along the whole northeastern border. The Ohoopee river, a tributary of the Altamaha, runs from north to south almost through the center of the county. The Altamaha flows along the whole southern border. Among other streams are Hound and Dry creeks, tributaries of the Cannouchee, itself a tributary of the Ogeechee; Pendleton's, Rocky and Batj:le creeks, tributaries of the Ohoopee; Cobb's and Beard's creeb which empty into the Altamaha.
The upper part of the county is hilly, the lower part level. The soil is sandy, except along the streams, where it is thick.
Under good cultivation the average production to the acre is: corn, 20 bmhels; oats, 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 100 bushels; seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; seaisland seed cotton, 700 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. Melons and every variety of vegetables are pro-
duced. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

835

Tattnall county 952 bales of upland and 6 357 bales of sea-island cotton

-during the season of 1899-1900.

'

In 1890 Tattnall county had 13,885 sheep, with a wool-clip of 28,156

pounds; 19,642 cattle, 305 being working oxen, and 5,529 milch-cows,

956 horses, 778 mules and 23,437 swine. Some of the farm products

were 54,263 domestic fowls, 73,398 dozens of eggs, 315,886 gallons of

milk, 11,167 pounds of butter, 140 pounds of cheese, and 8,231 pounds of honey.
Lumber, rosin and turpentine give o~upation to many of the people,

who get their products into the markets of Darien and Savannah over the Seaboard Air Line.

The public school buildings number 68 for white pupils and 21 for

the colored, with an average attendance of 1,976 white pupils and 621 -colored.

Reidsville, situated on a high, sandy hill, four miles from the Ohoopee

river, is the county site. The Collins and Reidsville Railroad connects

it with the Seaboard Air Line, while the Stillmore Air Line connoots it with Stillmore in Emanuel county. Reidsville town has 257 inhabit-

.ants, but the population of the entire Reidsville district is 2,446.

Claxton town has 533 inhabitants, while the district including it con-

tains a population of 3,085. The district which includes Glenville town has 2,423 inhabitants, 269 of whom are in the town.

The Lyons district has a population of 1,098, of whom 534 are in the town of that name.

Tattnall is considered one of the healthiest counties in Georgia.

The area of Tattnall county is 1,102 square miles, or 705,280 acres.

Population in 1900, 20,419, an increase of 10,166 since 1890; school

fund, $12,043.24.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 509,964; of wild land, 36,603; average price per acre of

improved land, $2.02; of wild land, $1,08; city property, $220,629; money, etc., $55 6,069; merchandise, $166,888; household furniture,

$202,351; farm and other animals, $436,517; plantation and mechanica!

tools, $87,523; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,920; value of all other prop-

erty, $322,103; real estate, $1,750,481; personal estate, $1,860,469.

Aggregate value of whole property, $3,610,950.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,516;

value, $59,810; city property, $7,510; money, etc., $2;926; merchan-

dise, $215; household furniture, $17,609; watches, etc., $418; farm and

other animals, $31,230; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,620; value

of all other property, $9,715. Aggregate value of whole property,

$143,229. The tax returns show an increase of $101,795 in the value of all prop-

-erty over the returns of 1900. Population of Tattnall county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 6,917; white females, 6,389; total white,

13,306; colored males, 3,921; colored females, 3,192; total colored,

"7,113.

836

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 122 calves, 58 steers, 6 bulls, 168 dairy cows, 156 horses

272 mules, 822 swine, 26 goats.

'

TAYLOR COUNTY.
Taylor County was formed from Talbot, Crawford, Macon, Monroe and Marion in 1852, and was named in honor of General Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, a distinguished soldier of the Mexican war, and twelfth president of the United States. It is bounded by the following counties: Upson and Crawford on the northeast, Macon on the east, southeast and south, Schley on the south, Marion and Talbot on the west and Talbot on the northwest.
The Flint river flows along its whole northeastern boundary. Into the Flint river empties Parchelagee creek, after traversing the northern section of the county. White Water creek, after flowing in a southeasterly course, turns to the east for a few miles and then making another turn flows due south into Royal Cedar creek, which latter separates Taylor on the south from Macon and Schley counties.
The soil of Taylor county is in the main cretaceous, with irregular areas of the tertiary formation extending int.o the southern portion of the county, while the northern portion is metamorphic with red clay soil. Vegetation is consequently varied-hardwoods, yellow pine and swamp growth prevailing, according to location. In some sections the water is freestone, in others limestone.
These lands produce an average to the acre of 12 bushels of corn, 20 of oats, 6 of whe,at, 5 of rye, 75 of Irish potatoes, 100 of sweet potatoes, 10 of field-peas, 30 of ground-peas, from 535 to 700 pounds of seed cotton, 4,000 pounds of crab-grass hay, 300 of corn fodder and 200 gallons of sugar-cane syrup.
The gardens and orchards produce well. Above home consumption there are sold about $2,500 worth of truck annually. There are 37,320 peach-trees, 6,607 apple-trees, 1,610 plum-trees, and 1,203 pear-trees. While the peach crop is not so large as that of some of the neighboring counties, the fruit is especially fine and brings fancy prices in the northern and eastern markets.
While there are no dairy farms, the farmers own a great many cattle, among them some very fine cows. In 1890 the cattle numbered 4,686, the working oxen 355, and the milch-cows, 1,356. The yield of milk was 198,922 gallons, and the butter made on farms was 59,228 pounds, and the cheese, 100 pounds. All kinds of poultry aggregated 38,582, and the number of their eggs was 65,249 dozens. The honey gathered was 16,691 pounds. In 1890 Taylor county had 578 sheep, with a w?olclip of 2,018 pounds; 484 horses, 925 mules, 2 donkeys and 8,830 swme.
According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Taylor county 8 371 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
' The timber products are small, amounting to $6,000 annually. On the tributaries of the Flint river 17 grist-mills utilize 264 horse--
powe~.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

837

There are 10 other manufactories in the county, with an annual output of $97,078. The new cotton-mill at Reynolds will add materially to this.
The public school buildings number 26 for white pupils and 16 for colored, and have an average attendance of 680 white pupils and 543 colored.
The Methodists and Baptists with numerous churches supply the people with religious advantages.
Butler, with a population of 707, on a branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad, is the county site. The Butler district, which includes the town, contains 3,083 inhabitants.
Reynolds, on the same railroad, is in the eastern section of the county. The Reynolds district contains a population of 2,199, of whom 436 are in the town.
The area of Taylor county is 338 square miles, or 216,320 acres. Population in 1900, 9,846, an increase of 1,180 since 1890; school fund, $6,451.96.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved lands, 216,384; of wild lands, 17,943; average price per acre of
improved land, $2.08; oi wild land, $0.52; city property, $72,730;
shares in bank, $16,000; money, etc., $50,242; value of merchandise, $36,020; stocks and bonds, $1,100; cotton manufactories, $90,000; household furniture, $55,780; farm and other animals, $93,212; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,116; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,488; real estate, $532,148; personal estate, $398,268. Aggregate value of whole property, $930,416.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,385; nlue, $12,074; city property, $2,790; money, etc., $144; merchandise, $40; household furniture, $7,162; watches, etc., $54; farm and other animals, $8,949; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,833; value of all other property, $344.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $35,525.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $13,765 in the value of
all property over the returns of 1900. Population of Taylor county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,386; white females, 2,434; total white, 4,820; colored males, 2,428; colored females, 2,598; total colored, 5,026.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 3 steers, 1 bull, 13 dairy cows, 28 horses, 6
mules, 2 sheep, 136 swine, 13 goats.

TELFAIR COUNTY.
Telfair County was laid out in 1807. A part of it was added to Montgomery in 1812 and other parts to Montgomery in 1820. A part was taken from Appling and added to Telfair in 1819, and in 1854 a part of Telfair was given to help form Coffee county. The county of Telfair was named in honor of Hon. Edward Telfair, a native of Scotland who emigrated to Virginia and then to Georgia, engaging in commer~ial pursuits at Savannah. He was conspicuous throughout the Revo-

838

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

lution by his patriotic zeal; represented Georgia in the Continental

Congress, and in behalf of his State signed the ratification of the

Articles of Confederation; after the war was one of the commissioners

appointed by the governor to make a treaty with the Cherokee chiefs;

was governor of Georgia from the 9th of January, 1786, to the 9th o

January, 1787; and again from the 9th of November, 1790, to the 7th

of November, 1793. While governor the second time he entertained

Gene,ral Washington at the Grove, his family residence near Augusta, on

the occasion of the visit of his Excellency to Georgia.

Telfair county is bounded by the following counties: Y"ontgomery

on the northeast, Coffee on the southeast, Coffee and Irwin on the south,

Wilcox on the southwest and Dodge on the northwest. Little Ocmulgee

river separates it from Montgomery county, the Ocmulgee from Colfee,

Irwin and Wilcox counties, Sugar, Turnpike and Cedar creeks all flow

across the county and empty into the Ocmulgee river.

The face of the country is level The soil is sandy, with clay subsoil.

Under ordinary methods of cultivation the average yield of the various

crops to the acre is: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 15; rye, 10; Irish potatoee,

75; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; chufas, 30; rice,

10; millet, 10; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds;

sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. The best lands with good cultivation will

produce to the acre: corn, 25 bushels, oats, 30; rye, 20; Irish potatoes,

100; sweet potatoes, 250; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 25; chufas, 50;

rice, 20; millet, 200; upland seed cotton, 1,500 pounds; sea-island seed

cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 50@

pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 375 gallons.

Crab, crowfoot and wire-grasses furnish good hay and also ample

pasturage for stock. Wheat bran, cotton seed meal and peas are also

used for feeding stock. Fifty per cent. of the fertilizers used is produced

on the farm, while 80 per cent. of the cotton seed raised is returned to

the land as a fertilizer, either in the form of cotton seed meal or as

~@~



There is considerable improvement in the breeds of cattle, and yet

only a few beef cattle are raised, except on the range. In 1890 Telfair

county had 14,873 sheep, with a wool-clip of 9,704 pounds, 5,349 cat-

tle 428 being working oxen and 1,468 milch-cows; 355 horses, 267 m~les, 1 donkey, 7,659 swine, 14,343 domestic fowls, and by a late:u

estimate, 500 goats. Some of the products of the farms were 86,305 gal-

lons of milk, 4,978 pounds of butter, 985 pounds of honey and 21,007

dozens of eggs. There are about 25 market gardens in the county selling about

$3,000 worth of truck above home consumption. About 500 acres are

devoted to melons, the net profit on which is $15 to the acre. The

principal fruits are peaches, apples, plums and pears.



There is a large business in rosin, turpentine, lumber, shingles, etc.

The annual output of lumber is about 100,000,000 superficial feet, at

$10 a thousand feet. About 15 sawmills and ten turpentine distilleries

are in operation. There' are 20 grist-mills, 3 operated by water and 17

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

839

by steam. There is an ice factory at McRae, also a wagon and buggy

factory. There are also two box and barrel factories.

The county site is McRae, a flourishing little town on the Southern

Railway. McRae district has a population of 1,678, of whom 1,020

are in the corporate limits of the town. Here is the South Georgia Col-

lege, under the auspices of the South Georgia Conference of the M. E.

Church (South), a flourishing institution with about 300 pupils. There

are altogether in the county about 100 schools, public and private. The

public schools number 38 for white pupils and 13 for colored, with an

average attendance of 653 in the white and 600 in the colored schools.

There are several small towns and posto:ffices in the county: Clayville,

China Hill, Cobbville, Elmina, Fentress, Helena, Jacksonville, Lumber

City, Milan, N eily, Oswald, Poplar Hill, Scotland, Temperance Town

and Wootten's Mill.

Lumber City district has 1,326 inhabitants, of whom 760 live in the

town. Helena district has 975 inhabitants, 604 of whom are in the

town.

About 5,000 cotton bales are shipped from the entire county, which

enjoys both railroad and water transportation. According to the United

States census of 1900, there were ginned in Telfair county 2,324 bales

of upland and 217 of sea-island cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.

The area of Telfair county is 412 square miles, or 263,680 acres.

Population in 1900, 10,083, a gain of 4,406 since 1890; school fund,

$6,213.15.

.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 143,525; acres of wild land, 136,258; average price to the

acre of improved land, $2.16; of wild land, $1.15; city property, $204,-

002; money, etc., $67,973; merchandise, $78,180; capital invested in

shipping, $7,002; iron works, $915; household fumiture, $64,726; farm

and other animals, $111,107; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,632;

watches, jewelry, etc., $5,420; value of other property, $37,250; real

estate, $673,318; personal estate, $403,105. Aggregate value of whole

property, $1,076,423.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,401,

value, $20,286; city property, $7,889; money, etc., $200; merchandise,

$65; household furniture, $5,760; watches, jewelry, etc., $117; farm and

other animals, $9,662; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,132; value

of all other property, $1,483 ;. Aggregate value of whole property,

$46,594.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $200,934 in the value

of all property over the returns of 1900.

Population of Telfair county by sex and color, according to the cen-

us of 1900: white males, 3,054; white females, 2,903; total whites,

5,957; colored males, 2,138; colored females, 1,988; total colored,

4,126.

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1 1900: 257 calves, 167 steers, 6 bulls, 331 dairy cows, 110 horses,
'91 mul~, 1 donkey, 74 sheep, 928 swine and 40 goats.

~40

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

TERRELL COUNTY.
Terrell County was formed from Lee and Randolph in 1856, and was named for Dr. W m. Terrell of Hancock county, who at one time represented his county in the legislature and was a member from Georgia .of the House of Representatives at Washington from 1817 to 1821. It IS bounded by the following counties: Webster and Sumter on the north, Lee on the east, Dougherty and Calhoun on the south and Randolph on the west. Kinchafoonee creek forms a part of its northeastern and eastern boundary, and Ichawaynochaway .crook part of the western boundary. Other streams are Chickasawhatchee, Turkey and Chenubee creeks. The wa:ter is in some parts freestone, in others, limestone.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and is a gray, sandy loam with red outcrops in places. The face of the country is level or slightly undulating. The forest growth is yellow pine on g.ray lands; oak and hickory on red lands, with the usual swamp growth; white oak, ash, maple, sycamore, poplar, gum and magnolia on streams.
The average yield of the various crops to the acre under ordinary methods of production is: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 13 bushels; wheat and: rye, 8 bushels each; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; sugarcarne syrup, 206 gallons; sorghum forage, 4,000 pounds; seed cotton, 650 pounds. But many of the farmers under more scientific culture make as an average to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 35 bushels; wheat, 13 bushels; sugar-cane SJ"rup, 300 gallons; seed cotton, 800 pounds. Crab-grass and peavines are the chief reliance for hay, and frequently make 4,000 pounds to the acre. Amber cane is extensively used for a wage crop. Bermuda grass also does well, and so does the velvet bea11, though it is not planted to any great extent. Crab-grass makes good pasturage for seven months of the year and bermuda grass for nine. The Jersey is the favorite milch-cow. Near Dawson is a successful
dairy farm. In 1890 there were in the county 4,208 cattle, of which 134 were
working oxen, and 1,304 were milch-cows, which yielded 187,767 gallons of milk, from which were made 64,944 pounds of butter. The domestic fowls of every variety numbered 54,641, and produced 103,281 dozens of eggs. The honey collect,ed amounted to 17,100 pounds. In 1890 there were in Terrell county 365 sheep, with a wool-clip of 459 pounds, 438 horses, 1,634 mules, and 12,405 swine.
There are no regular market gardens, but some of the farmers make a business of selling vegetables, berries and small fruits. The amount of truck sold amounts to about $5,000 worth.
Fine meions are raised. The acreage for the past season was a:bout 200 acres. The net profit to the acre was $35.00.
The peach crop pays well. Other fruits are not produced in sufficient quantities to warrant a statement of what they can do. There are in the cournty 11,250 peach-trees amd 500 apple-trees.. ~ot many grapes are raised for the market. The Concord and other vanetles do well. The

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

841

Scuppernong is indigenous to Terrell, as well as to many other counties of Georgia.
There are about 50,000 acres o yellow pine, but most of it has been aawed over. There is an annual output of 7 or 8 million superficial feet at about $9.00 a thousand feet.
There is some sandstone, but none of it is being quarried. There are in Terrell county 12 grist-mills, 5 operated by water and 7 by steam. All of the 9 sawmills use steam. Other manufactories are: three of builder's supplies, two o coffins, one of carriages and buggies, one turpentine distillery, and one cotton seed oil-mill. The annual output of all these manufactories is $200,000. The tributaries <Yf Flint river furnish 56 horse-powers utilized by 5 grist-mills. Dawson, the county site, is a growing city of 2,926 inhabitants, with excellent schools and churches o the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Lutherans. It has two banks with a combined capital o $113,000; a good system o water-works, and electri.c light plant; a paid fire department; a court-house and other public buildings worth $54,000; several flourishing mercantile establishments, life and fire insurance agencies and four o the manufacturing establishments mentioned above. At Dawson two lines of railway, 01ne a branch of the Central of Georgia, the other of the Seaboaa:d Air Line system, cross each other, the former traversing the county ,rom northeast to southwest, the latter from northwest to southeast. In the district whi0h includes the town there are 6,036 inhabitants. The public roads of the county are in fine condition. Its products are marketed principally at Dawson, but a small percentage goes to Parrott, Bronwood and Sasser. Other post-offices and towns besides those already mentioned are: Cottondale, Herod, Duvall and Graves Station. There is a free mail delivery all over the county. The entire receipts and shipments of cotton from the county are 26,000 bales. Of these Dawson handles 17,000 bales. According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in Terrell county 25,719 bales o upland cotton of the crop o 1899-1900. The area of Terrell county is 340 square miles, or 217,6"00 acres. Population in 1900, 19,023, a gain o 4,520 since 1890; school fund, $12,215.35. By the Comptroller-General's report or 1900 there are: a.cres of improved land, 206,617; o wild land, 202; average price per acre of improved land, $4.80; of wild land, $0.40; city property, $417,892; shares in bank, $67,500; money, etc., $279,684; merchandise, $107,658; stocks and bonds, $250; cotton manufactories, $1,738; iron works, $100; household furniture, $127,859; farm and other animals, $191,852; plantation and mechanical tools, $45,547; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,507; value of all other property, $78,623; real estate, $1,425,170; pers01nal estate, $924,818. Aggregate value o whole property, $2,394,-
988. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,518;

:842

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

value, $45,468; city property, $18,082; money, $50; merchandise, $275; household ful"'liture, $30,624; watches, etc., $404; farm and other animals, $32,040; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,051; value of all other property, $2,439. Aggregate value of whole property, $136,433.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $245,853 in the value of all property since 1900.
The public schools of Tel"''ell county number 24 for white pupils, and 24 for colored, with aJn.average attendance of 689 white pupils and 851 -colored.
Population of Terrell county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,913; white females, 2,761; total white, 5,674; colored males, 6,536; colored females, 6,813; total colored, 13,349.
Population of the city of Dawson by sex and color, according to the -census of 1900: white males, 615; white females, 609; total white, 1,224; colored males, 778; colored females, 924; .total colored, 1,'702.
Total population of Dawson, 2,926. Domestic animals in Terrell county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June ,1, 1900: 12 calves, 7 steers, 2 bulls, 204 druiry -eows, 147 horses, 40 mules, 235 swine, 5 goats.

THOMAS COUNTY.
Thomas County was formed from Decatur and Irwin in 1825, and .a part of Lowndes was added to it in 1826. It was named in honor of J ett Thomas, who was captain of artillery in the army of General Floyd at the battles of Antossee and Chalibbee. He was born in Virginia in 1777, and died in Milledgeville, Goorgia, of cancer in 1815.
Thomas county is bounded on the rnorth by Mitchell and Colquitt, east by Brooks county, south by the State of Florida, and west by De.catur county. The Ocklockonee river, from the northeast to the southwest corner is the principal stream. The county lies on the backbone of an elevated ridge, which extends across the State from northeast to southwest. It slopes eastw31l"d and westward and from the watershed thus formed flow numerous creeks and smaller, limpid stre,ams. From the hillsides burst numerous springs, from which flow branches of clear water. In every part of the county wells of good freestone water are easily dug. In many sections the surface is level, in others rmdulating. Some parte of the county are rather hilly. The soil vruries greatly and some close observers say that no fifty acres are exactly alike. The greater part of it is a gray, swdy loam, w:ith a red clay subsoil, while some of it is of a yellow, sandy clay formation. There are lands of black muck, very fertile as well as lands of pure sand, that are nearly useless for agricultural purposes. The prices vary from $2 to $10 an acre, according to location, quality and improvements. An average farm can be purchased at from $5 to $6 w acre. The principal crops are cotton, both long and -short-staple sugar-cane, sweet and Irish potatoes, peas of every variety, all the com'mon vegetables, and many kinds of grasses. Crab is almost

PICKING TOiVIATOI<~B.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

845

the only grass cultivated in Thomas county for hay, being cut after

other crops, especially after melons. When cultivated for hay exclu-

sively it produces from 4,000 to 8,000 pounds to the acre. On some lands

the yield to the acre under ordinary methods of cultivation is as follows:

corn, 9 bushels; oats, 10 to 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; sorghum-syrup,

100 gallons; sugar-cane syruP,, 300 gallons; Irish potatoes 100 bushels;

sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; seed cotton, 400 pounds. On other lands

under a proper system of cultivatiO'll the yield to the acre is as follows:

corn, 20 to 30 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye, 20 bushels; barley, 40

bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 200 bushels each; field-peas, 25 bush-

els; ground-pe,as, 40 bushels; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds; sorghum

syrup, 250 gallons; sugar-cane cyrup, 400 gallons.

The native grasses (wire and sedge), burned off in spring and growing

up luxuriantly form the principal summer pasturage, which is supple-

mooted by the cane brakes. In winter the preferred food for cattle con-

sists of cotton seed mea:l and hulls with hay made from the native grass-

es. Some attention is given to the improvement of beef cattle. The

improvement in milch-cows is marked, the Jersey predominating. There

are 4 dairy farms with a capacity of 200 gallons of milk a day.

In 1890 there were in Thomas county 16,354 cattle, of which there

were 694 working oxen and 4,584 milch-cows. Of the cows, 672 were

of improved breeds. The milk produced amounted to 442,092 gallons,

the butter to 79,252 pounds, and the cheese to 1,018 pounds. The sheep

numbered 3,511 and yielded 7,545 pounds of wool. There were 84,309

domestic fowls producing 138,793 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered

amounted to 7,139 pounds. There were 1,916 horses, 1,482 mules, &

donkeys and 25,720 swine.

The county has wild turkeys and quail for those who fancy hunting,

and the many streams furnish black bass and perch to reward the labors

of the fisherman.

The fruits consist principally of pears, peaches, apples, plums, straw-

berries, figs, grapes and watermelons.

The vegetables are all the varieties common to this country. The

products of the market gardens over and above home consumption

amount to somewhere near $3,000 worth. About 200 acres are devoted

to grapes cultivated for home use.

.

A good portion of the county is still covered with original forest

growth and consists mainly of yellow pine, various kinds of oak, hickory,

poplar, magnolia, gum, beech and others. About 35 lumber and saw-

mills, all run by steam, are employed in sawing the timber and prepar-

ing it for manufacturing purposes.

There are in Thomasville railroad shops of the Plant System, 3 shops

for repairing vehicles, 2 sash and blind factories, and one foundry. In

Thomasville and other towns are 10 or 12 shops where shoes are repaired

and made. In the county are 12 turpentine distilleries. There are 3

grist-mills and ginneries run by water-power.

Thomasville, the county site, is a flourishing city with a population of

5,322, or, including the district, 9,172. It has three banks with an ag-

846

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

gregate capital of $250,000; first-class hotels, a fine system d:f publie sch.ools, t"':o coll~ges, a1_1d churches of the Methodist, Baptist, P!l"esbytenan, Episcopalian, Bible Christian and Roman Catholic denominations. It is well lighted by gas and electricity and has water-works and a system of sewerage. The natural drainage is perfect, the water runruing off in every direction. The streets are broad, well-kept, and in many places shaded with native trees. It is noted for its beautiful flowers which bloom every month of the year. There are 2 florists establishments, each with an annual sale of $1,000 worth of flowers and flowering plants. Two branches of the Plant System cross each othen_ at Thomasville. The Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railroad also has its southern tenninus here.
Other growing towns of the county are: Boston, with a bank which has a capital of $25,000; Cairo, also having a bank with a capital of $25,000; Ocklockonee, :Metcalf, .Meigs, Pavo and Pidcock.
The district of Boston has 3,663 inhabitants, of whom 722 reside in the town. Cairo district has 4,400 people, of whom 690 are in the town. The Meigs district contains 1,252 people, of whom 617 are residents of the town.
The public roads of the county are in good condition, and there are beautiful drives in and around Thomasville.
Thomas and Decatur counties are extensively engaged in the manu-
facture of syrup from the sugar-cane. Cairo has become the center of the syrup trade of Georgia, shipping in
one year 10,000 barrels, valued at something over $100,000. The leaders in this industry are Mr. J. Byron Wight and his two brothers. While the syrup industry was still in its infancy Mr. Wight, at that time a schoolteacher, was forced by ill health to seek employment in the open air. He began to study the best methods of syrup making and was aided in his efforts by his two brothers, who were merchants. The result has been a vast improvement in Georgia syrup, for which there is a rapidly increasing demand. The improvements introduced have led to the intention of establishing first-class sugar refineries, which would bring Georgia to the front as a syrup and sugar-producing State.
Major Purse of Savannah, is one of the most zealous promoters of this great industry. He and Colonel James, with Mr. Wight and otheft!, have made trips to Louisiana for the purpose of obtaining infonnation. The great railway lines, the Central of Georgia, the Southern and the Plant Systems,,~re taking a lively interest in the promotion of cane-
growing.
:stt- Many of the best fanners of this section :hi~k 600 gallons ?f gooft
syrup to the acre, under proper c.are and cultlvatwn, a conservative mate, while some have made as high as 750 gallons to the acre at a time
when there was no market for it. A large, thoroughly up-to-dat.e sugar refinery ~ould insu~e an enor-
mous increase in cane culture With an accompanymg prosperity such as

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

847

Georgia has never known before. During the winter of 1900-1901 there were shipped from this section through New Orleans to Texas, 1,500 barrels of Georgia syrup.

The products of the county are marketed at Thomasville, Boston, Cairo, Oc~lockonee, Metcalf and Meigs. Of 15,000 bales of cotton ship-
ped from the county, 2,500 are handled at Thomasville.

According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Thomas county
10,923 bales of upland and 1,550 of sea-island cotton in the season of 1899-1900.

The whole county is well supplied with churches and schools. Of 110 public school buildings 63 are for white and 47 for colored, and the average attendance is 1,956 white pupils, and 1,980 colored.
The area of Thomas county is 713 square miles, or 456,320 acres. Population in 1900, 31,076, a gain of 4,922 since 1890; school fund, $19,923.92.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 444,471; of wild land, 1,550; average value of improved land per acre, $2.66; of wild land, $1.00; city property, $1,335,146; shares in bank, $92,500; gas and electric lights, $13,000; building and loan association, $30,000; morney, etc., $277,081; merchandise, $284,995; stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $3,442; household furniture, $282,937; farm and other animals, $302,448; plantation and mechanical tools, $75,597; watches, jewelry, etc., $18,770; value of all other property, $116,047; real estate, $2,521,871; personal estate, $1,635,728. Aggregate value of whole property, $4,157,599.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 24,620;

value, $65,754; city property, $77,366; money, etc., $5,890; merchan-

dise, $1,830; household furniture, $31,323; watches, etc., $558; farm

and other animals, $42,883; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,326;

value of all other property, $5,357. Aggregate value of whole prop-

erty, $240,317.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $313,384 in the value

of all property since 1900.

Population of Thomas county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 6,823; white females, 6,803; total white,

13,626; colored males, 8,300; colored females, 9,150; total colored,

17,450.

Population of the city of Thomasville by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 958; white females, 1~968; total white,

2,026; colored males, 1,349; colored females, 1,947; total colored,

3,296.

.

Total population otf Thomasville, 5,322.

Domestic animals in Thomas county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 2{)2 calves, 206 st~rs, 16 bulls, 453

dairy cows, 382 horses, 252 mules, 10 sheep, 572 swme, 43 goats.

848

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

TOWNS COUNTY.
T()wns County was formed out of Union and Rabun counties in 1856 and was n.amed in honor of G. W. Towns, who represented Georgia i~ Congress m 1834, and was governor from 1847 to 1849. He died in the city of Macon in 1854, at the age of 54 years.
Towns county is bounded on the north by the State of North Carolina, on the east and southeast by Rabun and Habersham counties, on the so~th by White county, on the west and southwest by Union county. Hiawassee river flows from north to south through the center of the county. Other streams are Hightower, Fodder's, Bell and Brasstown creeks.
This is a mountainous country, but on the river and' creeks are some very rich lands.
The climate is cool and bracing; the water, freestone, clear and cold. The loamy black soil along the mountain streams is well adapted to corn, rye, oats, fruits and vegetables. The clay, mulatto soil of the uplands is well adapted to all crops. Clover, ~ough not extensively raised, gives fine yields on good land. Red top is best adapted to this county. The natural grasses that grow about the lowlands are the chief Teliance for hay. Peavines, wherever planted, give run abundance of hay.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops under ordinary methods o1 cultivation is: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 60 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 20 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. With scientific farming the lands do even better. Towns county produces the very best quality of cabbages, with heads firm and white, large as a peck measure, and weighing 15 or 20 pounds. Tumips of immense size and earcellent flavor are raised in great quantities. Fruits, melons and berries do well, but remoteness from the railroad prevents the raising of more than enough for home consumption. Apples are an exception, however. Large numbeTS of them are sold and at good profits. Nearly every farmer has plenty of peaches for home use. Most of the chestnuts found in the markets of our Georgia cities and towns in the fall of the year come from Towns and other counties of this section.
At Osborn there is a small vineyard producing the best varieties of grapes.
There are no dairy farms in the county, but thecre is a considerable amount of butter made on the farms. The people raise some cattle for beef, and there is considerable improvement in the breeds of both dairy and beef cattle. Some pure breeds, especially bulls, have been lately brought into the county. The poultry and egg industry is de-
cidedly on the increase. The stubble fields and meadows give excellent pasturage, and there
is good mountain range for cattle, sheep and horses, and a fair supply of mast for hogs, which grow fat on acorns, hickory-nuts and chestnuts. In 18!)0 Towns county had 4,242 sheep with a woo1-c1ip of 7,093 pounds, 2,998 cattle, 504 working oxen, 980 milch-cows, 406 horses, 292 mules, 6

YELLOW TRANSPARENT.
Of Russian origin, but now largely planted East, West, North and South, and succeeds everywhere as a very hardy. early ripening. excellent variety.

GEORGIA: HI8TORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

849

donkeys, 4,731 swine and 37,374 domestic fowls of various kinds.

Among the products were 268,033 gallons of milk, 61,673 pounds of butter, 29,914 dozen~ of eg~ and 9,590 pounds of honey. There is

abundance of mountam trout m the streams, and in the mountains some

game, such as bear, deer, turkey, wolves and panthers.

There are about 75,000 acres of forest land, mostly in hardwoods.

cThheerrym, oLsty nvnalubau.bclhe,

species maple,

are ash

oak, and

lohcicuksto.ry'Tphoepnlarri'cewoaflntuhte'

tcihmebstenruits'

from $8 to $10 a thousand feet. There rure 3 sawmills getting out timber for the home supply.

The mountain streams afford abundance of water-power varying at

different points from 1 to 1,000 horse"powers.

'



There are some few small flour-mills and grist-mills scattered through

the coun.ty, grinding for the county custom, probably about 30, all but

3 of whiCh are operated by water.

There is one tannery. The people are arrxious for manufactories, es-

pecially such as will work up their hardwoods, which are. very valuable.

There is abundance of granite and serpentine gneiss for building and

other uses. Gold is mined to some extent. Iron, chrome and magmetite,

manganese, asbestos, talc, ochre, yellow and red plumbago, buhr, some

gems and plenty of corundum are found. A very large plant is now

being constructed at a cost of $100,000 at Tate City, in the eastern part

of the county for mining corundum.

Hiawassee, the county site, has several successful mercantile establish-

ments. A new court-house is being built at a cost of $8,000.

Other post-offices are Mountain Scene, Osborn, Visage, Welch and

Young Harris. At this latter place is a fine school endowed by Young

L. G. Harris, of Athens, Georgia, and under the control of the N Oll'th

Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Here

young men and young ladies of limited means can obtain an education

at the least possible expense. There is also at Hiawassee a good school

under the patronage of the Baptists. Methodists and Baptists are the

leading Christian sects. Their churches are scattered at convenient dis-

tances throughout the county. There are some 26 schools of the public

school system, with an enrollment of 1,350 pupils. Of these 23 are for

whites and one for colored. The average attendance is 790 white pupils

and 14 colored.

Murphy, North Carolina, is the nearest railroad town. In this and

several Georgia towns the products of the county rure marketed.

The area of Towns county is 168 square miles, or 107,520 acres.

Population in 1900, 4,748, a gain of 684 since 1890; school fund,

$3,210.80.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 91,712; of wild land, 23,241; average value of improved

lands to the acre, $1.91; of wild lands, $0.45; city property, $20,095;

money, etc., $40,815; merchandise, $16,450; capital invested in mining,

$210; household and kitchen fumiture, $19,140; farm and other .ant:.

mals, $61, 099; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,641; watches, Jew-

41 ga

850

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND. INDUSTRIAL.

elry, etc., $716; value o all other property, $4,716; real estate, $219,339; personal estate, $163,754. Aggregate value o whole property, $383,093.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number o acres o land, 360; value, $125.00; money, $60.00; household furniture, $55.00; farm and other animals, $169.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $5.00; value o all other property, $4.00. Aggregate value o whole property, $424.00.
The tax returns or 1901 show a decrease o $23,379 in the value of all property since 1900.
Population o Towns county by sex and color, according to the census Q 1900: white males, 2,341; white females, 2,336; total white, 4,677; .colored males, 38; colored females, 33; total colored, 71.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on arms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 1 dairy cow, 14 horses, 11 mules.

TROUP COUNTY.
Troup County was laid out in 1826. A part was set off to Harris in 1827, and a part to Heard in 1830. It was named :for Hon. George M. Troup, who was born at Mcintosh's Bluff on the T'ombigbee, in what was at that time a part o Georgia, but is now within the litmits o the State o Alabama. He attended school in Mcintosh county, Georgia, and then in Savannah, later still at a celebrated academy on Long Island, New York, was graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and returning to Savannah studied law in that city. He held many important offices, viz.: in the legislature; in Congress as representative and senator, and as governor o Georgia. It was in this latter capacity that he successfully maintained the rights and honor o Georgia in a controversy with the general government concerning the Creek lands.
Troup county is bounded on the north by Coweta county, and on the northwest by Heard, on the east by Meriwether, on the south by Hrurris, and on the west by the State of Alabama. The Chattahoochee river, entering the county on the northwest, flows toward its southwest corner, from which point it becomes the boundary line between Alabama and Georgia. There are also numerous creeks, tributaries o the Chattahoochee, among the chief of which are Yellow Jacket and W ehadka.
The land is rolling, well-watered and productive, embracing the varieties of soil peculiar to most o the counties o the Middle Georgia belt. With proper tillage much o it will yield to the acre: ..ili}rn, 15 bushels; oats, 20; wheat, :from 10 to 15 bushels; rr-ye, 12 bushels; barley, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100, and sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; hay made rom bermuda, or crab-grass, or clover, 3,000 pounds; corn :fodder, 300 pounds; shredded corn, 3,000 pounds; sorghum :forage, about the same; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons. The red lands o:f the com;ty are :fertile producing, besides all the crops named above, a great vanety o garde~ vegetables. Melons and bel'!ries are plentiful and o the best quality.

GEORGIA: HI8TORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

851

Luscious grapes are raised for home consumption. The lands are also well ad~pted to poo.ch.-growing rund to pe'rurs, plums and cherries.

Considerable attention is paid to the improvement of the breeds of

cattle, both for the dairy and for beef. N ewrly one-fourth of the cows belon~ to the higher gr~des. In 1890 Troup county had 5,077 cattle,

of which 196 were workmg oxen and 2,306 were milch-cows, producing -695,265 gallons~ milk, from which were made ~24,192 pounds of but-

ter. The domestic fowls numbered 70,773, and produced, 162,055

dozens of eggs. From the bee-hives were collected 20,539 pounds of

honey. The county had 879 horses, 2,152 mules, 4 donkeys, and

8,526 swine. There were 223 sheep yielding 462 pounds of wool.

There is excellent timber available for manufacturing purposes, such

as yellow pine, oak, maple, hickory, sweet-gum, poplar, etc.

LaGrange, the county site, is a growing city seventy-one miles south-

west of Atlanta. The LaGrange district, which includes the city, con:-

tains 6,297 inhabitants, and in the corporate limits the city has a popula-

tion of 4,274. At a height of 850 feet above sea level and with a natural

drainage that insures freedom from malaria, LaGrange enjoys an ex-

cellent reputation for healthfulness. Beautiful flower gardens are found

in all portions of the city, among the most noted being "The Terraces"

or Ferrell Garden, at its western limit. The streets are wide and beau-

tifully shaded with water oaks and elms. It is a place o':f great culture

and refinement, the seat of two noted colleges for ladies; the Southel'IIl

Female (Baptist) College and the LeGrrunge Female College, owned

by the N ()lrth Georgia Conference of the Me,thodist Episcopal Church,

South; also of the Park High school for boys, and several other private

schools. It has also an excellent public school system.

There are two Methodist, two Baptist, one Episcopalian and two Pres-

byterian churches.

An exoollent system of water-works furnishes abundanc'6 of wate:r for

all purposes. The streets are lighted by electricity. There are tw<>

banks with a combined capital and surplus of $300,000.

There are three cotton-mills owned and operated by home people,

with an aggregate of 454 looms, 31,600 spindles and a combined capital

of $!532,400. They manufacture shee,ting, shirting, drills, osnaburgs,

duck, run;d a variety of white cotton goods. These facto:rti.es are the La-

Grange Mills, the Dixie Mill and the' Troup Factory.

Other manufaetories are: a cotton oil-mill, of large capacity, a gin-

naenrdy~aarigeutyanwoofrakcsthoorpys,,

a foundry a:nd two buggy and

machine shop, two wagon factories, a

planing-mills grist-mill and

a successful cre3.mery and cheese factory.

Through the work of the 0reamery there are now (1901) more than

300 Jersey cows in the vicinity of LaGrange. More than fifty farmers

furnish milk to this cre,amery and some of them make as much as

$165.00 a month. The butter from this creamery took the World's

Fair prize at the Paris expos-ition of HiOO, and won the Biltmore prize

at the dairy exposition held the same year irr Atlanta.

Surrounding LaGrange are many elegant suburban homes, stock

852

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L.

farms, dairy farms, orchards and vineyards. The farms are well supplied with wood and water.
Bermuda grass furnishes pasturage for nine months of the year, andi on some of the farms yields from three to six tons to the acre. Well located farm lands can be purchased at from $10 to $20 per acre.
Good manufacturing sites are abundant. The second largest place in Troup County i:s the thriving city of \Xfest Point, 87 miles from Atlanta, with a population of 1,797 in its co1<porate limits and in the whole West Point district, 3,086. The city owns its water-works and electric light plant, and has an excellent public school system. It is well supplied with churches of the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterians. It has three cotton-mills with an aggregate of 1,180 looms and 44,000 spindles, and a monthly pay-;roll of $20,000. They manufacture duck, sateens, sheetings, drills and osnaburgs. West Point has also a coHon oil-mill, a brick plant, a tannery, an iron foundry and machine shops. The town of Hogansville, with a population of 893 in the corporate limits, or 2,663 in the Hogansville district, which includes the town, ha& a cotton factory, a cotton oil-mill, a brick plant, a guano factory, a harness factory, grist-mill and ginnery. There are good schools and Methodi:st, Baptist and Presbyterian churches. Other posto:ffices in Troup county are Antioch, Long Cane, Asbury, Troup Factory, Vernon and Mountville. The Mountville district has 1,918 inhabitants, of whom 224 live in the town of Mountville. All Troup county is well supplied with churches and schools. In the 36 public schools for white children there is an average attend~ ance of 1,009 pupils, and in the 40 for colored, 1,314 pupils. The two colleges in LaGrange and the Park High school are for whites
exclusively. The white and colored races in every county of Georgia attend sepa-
rate schools. The county is traversed from northeast to southwest by the Atlanta
and West Point Railroad, and from east to west by the Macon and Birmingham Railroad. These two roads moss each other at LaGrange.
On the first named are Hogansville and West Point, on the latter,
Mountville. According to the United States census for 1900 the1re were ginned in
Troup county 21,550 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-
1900. The area of Troup county is 434 square miles, or 277,760 acres.
The population by the census of 1900 was 24,002, a gain of 3,279 oveT 1890. According to the report of the Commissioner of Education for
1900, the school fund was $15,672.47. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 the property returned
was: acres of improved land, 268,983; average value per acre, $4.06; city property, $922.459; shares ~ bank, $,?75,000; money aJild solvent debts, $268,800; merchandise, $237,0 I 1; stocks and

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

853

bonds, $105,965; cotton manufactories, $329,800; household and kitch-

en furniture, $151,535; farm and other animals, $178,240; plantatiQIIl

.and mechanical tools, $46,997; watches, jewelry, etc., $14,131; value of

all other property, $146,817; real estate, $2,013,788; personal estate,

$1,894,328. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,908,116.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 8,659;

value of land, $35,491; city property, $38,996; money, etc., $865; mer-

chandise, $280; household and kitchen furniture, $15,129; watches,

jewelry, etc., $301; farm and other animals, $29,108; plantatioo and

mechanical tools, $6,255; value of all other property, $1,401. Aggre-

gate 'value of whole property, $131,871.

.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $273,980 in the value of

all property as compared with the returns of 1900.

Population of Troup county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 4,267; white females, 4,401; total white,

8,668; colored males, 7,445; colored females, 7,889; total colored,

15,334.

-

Population of the city of LaGrange by sex and color, according to the

census of 1900: white males, 1,179; white females, 1,368; total white,

2,547; colored males, 767; colored females, 960; total colored, 1,727.

Total populatioo of LaGrange, 4,274.

Domestic animals in Troup county in barns and inclosures, not on

farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 116 calves, 8 steers, 2 bulls, 298 dairy

eows, 324 horses, 33 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 sheep, 567 swine, 10 goats.

About six or eight miles west of LaGrange, on the west bank of the

Chattahoochee river, where the Wehadka creek empties into that

stream, there once stood a village belonging to the Muscogees, a tribe

...of the Creek Indians. This was the meeting point where the marauding

parties met to plan some murdeirous foray upon the unprotected settlers

"of the frontier. It was after one of these predatory excursions that the

warriors of the nation had assembled to celebrate the Green Corn Dance

preparatory to arnother bloody raid.

A few hundred men under the command of Major Adams, who had

volunteered to strike.a blow at the savages, had arrived one evening in

1793, within a few miles of the river.

While they were in waiting for naght, so that under cover of the dark-

ness, they might surprise the enemy, Major Adams, accompanied by a

priva.te soldier named Hill, started to swim the Chattahoochee in ordeT'

to reconnoiter the position of the enemy. Hill, who came near being

-drowned, was rescued by the Major, who then, after encountering many

perils, gained the desired information and returned to his command.

Leading his men across the river at a favorable point, he completely sur-

prised the Indians, of whom scarcely a warrior escaped. As far as

possible the women and children were spared. The Indian town

was completely destroyed. For many years posts still standing in

the midst of the saplings that had grown up among the ruins pointed

-out to the traveler the place where formerly stood the Burnt Village.

854

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

TWIGGS COUNTY.
Twiggs County was formed from WilkinsO'll in 1809, and a part of it was added to Bibb in 1833. It was named in honor of Colonel John Twiggs, who during the Revolutionary war won distinction in battles with the British, and subsequently with the Indians. It is bounded by the following counties: Bibb and Jones on the north and northwest. Wilkinson on the east, Pulaski on the south, Houston and Bibb on the west. The Ocmulgee river is on its western boundary. Into it empty Shellstone, Crooked, Flat and Savage creeks. The northern part of the county is generally broken, with gray soil. The lands on Ocmulgee river and Turkey creek are about the best, having a good clay soil.
Taking the general average of all the lands in the county, the yield to the acre under ordD.nary methods of culture is: com, 9 bushels; wheat, from 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; peas, 8 bushels; gr~und-peas, 30 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, each about 100 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds. There are many acres of the best iand which grerutly exceed most of the above yields, giving as an avemge production to the acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 7; :field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 40; sweet potatoes, 125; seed cotton, 800 pounds; bermuda and crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds each; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sugar-cme syrup, 300 gallons.
Vegetables of great variety and excellent quality are raised in great abundance. Fruits, melons and berries do well.
There is a growing inte~rest in the improvement of the breeds of cattle. Jerseys and Holsteins are 'favorite cows for milk. Steps are being taken to raise more beef cattle and from better breeds. In 1890 Twiggs county had 2,766 cattle, 204 of which were working oxen, and 963 milch-cows, 464 horses, 1,163 mules, 8,960 swine and 42,034 domestic fowls. Among its products were 150,744 gallons of milk, 38,243 pounds of butter, 63,237 dozens of eggs and 4,986 pounds of honey. There were also 55 sheep, with a wool-clip of 152 pounds.
There are still standing about 40,000 acres of pine, hickory, oak and poplar. The annual output of lumber is about 250,000 superficial feet, valued at $8.00 a thousand feet.
Bluestone of good quality is f0und. The,re are good veins of pottery clay, which is being worked by a small plant valued at about $2,000.
The Ocmulgee river and its tributaries abound in fish. The game con-
sists chiefly of quails and rabbits (or hares). There are in Twiggs county 8 grist-mills and one sawmill. About half
the grist-mills are opmated by water, and the rest by steam. The Southern Railway traverses the western part of the count;y, and
the Macon Dublin md Savannah the eastern section. J e:ffersonv1lle on the latter ;oad is the county site. Other postoffices are Big Sandy, Bul-
lards, Burns and Fitzpat,rick. The cotton receipts and shipments amount to 7,000 bales. Most of
the products of the county are marketed in llfacon. According to the.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

855

United States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county, 9,484

bales of upland cotton in the seasolll of 1899-1900. Twiggs count~ has about 36 public s~hools, .19 fm whites and 17 for

negroes. The average attendance is: whites 401, colored, 539.

Churches of -t:he Methodist and Baptist denominations are in every sec-

tion of the county.

The area of Twiggs county is 423 square miles, or 270,720 acres.

Population of :TWiggs county in 1900, 8,716; a gain of 521 since 1890;

school fund, $6,840.33.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres O'f im-

proved land, 216,089; of wild land, 9,709; average value per acre of im-

proved land, $1.95; of wild land, $0.60; city property, $19,944; money,

etc., $24,666; merchandise, $11,825; houeshold furniture, $30,556;

farm and other animals, $83,487; plantation and mechanical tools, $17,-

766; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,582; value of all other property, $30,801;

real estate, $447,440; personal estate, $219,288. Aggregate value of

whole property, $666,728.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,

6,917; value, $14,150; city property, $525; household furniture, $7,-

'755; watches, etc., $144; farm and other animals, $22,316; plantation

and mechanical tools, $4,217; value of all other property, $849.00. Ag-

gregate value of whole property, $56,238.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $77,704 in the value of

all property since 1900.

.

Population of Twiggs county by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 1,435; white females, 1,476; total white,

2,911; colored males, 2,912; colored females, 2,893; total colored,

5,805.

Domestic animals in Twiggs count~ rin barns and inclosures, not on

farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: No report.

UNION COUNTY.
Union County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832. At the time of its organization rthere was a great deal of discussion in Georgia over Union and States' rights. John Thomas, who had been chosen by the people a representative from the new county, being asked by the legislature to suggest a name for rit replied, "Union! for none but Union men live in the county." The legislature was strongly of the same sentiment and accepted the name.
This county is bounded as follows: on the north by North Carolina, on the northeast and east by Towns county, on the southeast by White and Lumpkin, on the south by Lumpkin, and on the west by Frunnin.
Notley creek and Teccoa river are the principal streams. From the~ are caught mountain trout and horny-heads. The pleasant summer. chmate, bracing a:tmosphere and cold, freestone water, render thiS a healthy and delightful section of the State.
The southern part of the county is tJ.!aversed by the Blue Ridge with

856

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

many peaks, among the most nored of which are Ivy Log, Cooper's, Creek Blood, Track Rock, Ball and Round Top Mountain. Track Rock, which is seven miles east of Blairsville, is in a gap of the Enchalllted Mountain. This rock is so called, because, at the headwaters o Brass Town creek, where it is a species of soapstone, it is marked by tracks of turkeys, deer, horses, bears, and by what are supposed to be the footprints o Indians.

On N otely river, or creek, as it is also called, about one and a hal miles from Blairsville, there once occurred a battle between the Cherokoo and Creek Indians over some disputed territory, and these images are said to be hieroglyphics made to commemorate the event.

The oak and hickory table-lands are good, and those of the creeks and river bottoms are excellent. The chief productions are corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, potatoes, cabbage o the finest kind, turnips, peaches and apples.

The average yield to the acre o the .varipus crops is: corn, 20 bushels; oats, from 15 to 30 bushels, according to location; wheat, from 6 to 12 bushels; rye from 5, on ordinary lands, to 15 bushels, and more on the best soils; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 100 to 200 bushels; peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; hay from crab and herds-grass, 1.500 pounds, and from clover, between 2,000 and 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.

With proper art:tention this is a great country for grass. Red top and clover do well, and can be made to yield abundantly. Cattle and sheep run in the woods in summer and thrive on the pasturage afforded by the native grasses. In winter thery are fed on corn fodder, hay, cotton seed meal, hulls and bran.

Bee cattle constitute the chief reliance o the people for money, and renewed interest is being shown in the improvement of breeds. In 1890 Union county had 720 horses, 606 mules, 9 donkeys, 8,623 swine, 5,796 cattle, 1,074 o which were working oxen, 1,830 weTe milch-cows, 8,984 sheep, with a wool-clip of 12,253 pounds, and 67,843 domestic fowls.
Some of the productions o the county were 420,397 gallons o milk, 91,880 pounds of butter, 20 pounds of cheese, 15,541 pounds of honey, and 68,512 dozens o eggs.

In the western part of the county are found iron ore, alum, sulphate

o iron and granite quartz. There are large quarries o millstone o ex-

cellent quality on Ivy Log and Brass Town creeks, on which same

streams and on Coosa creek go1d has boon found. There is in this same

sootion o the county variegated marble.

Blairsville, the county site, was named for James Blair o Habersham,

which county he represented in the legislature for many years. It has a

new court-house just completed which cost $14,000.

.

The forest timbers which cover about 100,000 acres, are oak o vari-

looucsuskti,ndms~plheickaonrdy,lapuorpella. r,

white A few

and spruce pine, gum, sawmills are engaged

walnut, black in cutting out

lumber, but the output is small.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

857

The religious denominations are Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian, and their churches are scattered throughout the county.
There are 45 schools belonging to the State public school system. Of these 44 are for white and 1 for colored. The average attendance is 1,128 wh:ite and 22 colored.
The products of the county are marketed for the most part in Gainesville and Atlanta.
The area of Union county is 325 square miles, or 208,000 acres. Population by census of 1900, 8,481, a gain of 732 since 1890; school fund, $5,777.72.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 202,356; of wild land, 33,573; average value per acre of improved land, $1.44; of wild land, $0.26; city property, $12,800; money, etc., $65,999; merchandise, $16,416; household furniture, $27,043; farm and other animals, $102,046; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,571; watches, jewelry, etc., $874; value of all other property, $9,159; real estate, $314,961; personal estate, $238,943. Aggregate value of property, $553,904.
Property relturned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 157; value, $325; household furniture, $196; farm and other animals, $292.00; plantation tools, $24.00; value of all other property, $5.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $842.00.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $5,803 in the value of all property since 1900.
Population of Union county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,130; whilte females, 4,223; total white, 8,353; colored males, 66; colored females, 62; total colored, 128.
Domest,ic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: No report.

UPSON COUNTY.
Upson County was laid out from Crawford and Pike in 1824. A part was taken from it and added to Pike in 1825. It was named in honor ci Stephen Upson, a prominent lawyer of Oglethorpe county. The following counties bound it: Pike on the north, Monroe and Crawford on the east, Taylor and Talbot on the south and southwest, and Meriwether on the west.
The Thomaston branch of the Central Railroad runs from the northeast southward to the cooter of the county. The Macon and Birmingham Railroad enters the county about the middle of the e1astern boundary, and runs northwestward, crossing the Central at Thomaston. One of the main lines of the Southern system from Atlanta to Fort Valley runs across the northeastern sectioo of the county, while another branch from McDonough to Columbus passes for a few miles through the northwest corner. Thus this county enjoys the very best railroad facilities.
The best lands are in t:he southe,astelnn part of the county on the Flint river, and on Potato and Noble's creeks. The soil belongs to the meta-

858

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIA-L.

morphic formation, having red, undulating lands, interspersed with gray gravel, both underlaid with an impervious red clay subsoil. There is abundance of freestone water.
While the average yield per acre of all classes of land is 12 bushels of corn, 8 of oats, 7 of wheat and 550 pounds of seed cotton, the better lands, with good culture, produce per acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; barley, 40; wheat, 12; rye, 10; Irish potrutoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 150; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed cottO'Il, 700 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; bermuda grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, with stalks, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons.
In the gardens are raised all the vwieties of vegetables, berries and melons. Over and above home consumption there is sold about $4,000 worth of truck annually. There are 81,151 peach-trees, and 4,241 apple-trees. The fruit trees bear abundantly on the lighter soils, which are not so well suited to cotton, c01rn, wheat, etc.
The native grasses give such good feed for stock that dairying pa~ well. The total number of cattle in Upson county in 1890 was 4,220, of which 154 were working oxen, and 1,702 were milch-cows, many of them being of improved breeds. There was a production of 358,403 gallons of milk and 103,683 pounds o'f butter. The county had 487 horses, 1,525 mules, 2 donkeys, 8,045 swine, and 54,154 domestic fowls of all kinds. There were 139 sheep, with a wool-clip of 215 pounds. There was also a product of 17,482 pounds of honey and 80,292 dozens of eggs.
The timber products are small, but there is yet on hand a considerable amount of swamp timbe<r and hardwoods, among the latter the most prominent being oak, hickory and elm. The total value of these products is about $9,000.
The utilized wateT-powers are: on tributaries of the Flint river, 595 ho:rse-powers running 23 mills; on Big Potato creek, 60 horse-powers opm-at.i:ng 2 mills. This creek is estimated to have, 2,550 hors&-powers, unused as yet. Some of the mills are sawmills, the majority grist-mills,
The various manufactories of all other kinds number 18, and have an
annual output worth $146,813. Thomaston, the county seat, is a place of 1,714 inhabitants, or,
including the entire district, 3,098. It has good church buildings, belonging to the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. It also has excellent schools. The Thomaston cotton-mill has 175 looms and 6,600 spindles and a capiital of $100,000. By the census of 1900 therre were ginned in Upson county 9,765 bales of upland cotton in the season of
1899-1900. Other postoffices are Waynmanville, Swifton and the Rock. At
Waynmanville is a cotton factory having 76 looms, 3,408 spindles, and
a capital of $63,000. The whole county is well supplied with churches, and has 47 public
schools 28 for white pupils, and 19 for colored. The average attendance is' 990 in the schools for whites and 893 in those for colored.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

859

The Flint river runs along the whole western boundary. On the east side of this river begins the Pine Mountain, the highest summits of which are 800 feet above the river. Among these are some fine springs, and upon the highest point is an Indian mound.
The area of Upson county is 310 square miles, or 198,400 acres. Population of Upson county by the census of 1900, 13,670, a gain of 1,482 since 1890; school fund, $10,184.77.
By 1ihe Oomptroller-Gerneral's repo!I't for 1900 there are: acres of improved lands, 173,538; of wild lands, 3,628; value of improved lands per acre, $3.66; of wild lands, $0.79; eity property, $236,841; shares in bank, $31,000; money, etc., $179,947; value of merchandise, $84,726; stocks and bonds, $11,000; cotton factories, $73,229; household furniture, $67,826; farm and other animals, $107,708; plantation and mechanical tools, $31,526; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,270; value of all other property, $28,548; real estate, $876,860; personal estate, $623,700. Aggregate value of whole, $1,500,560.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 8,690; value of same, $26,854; city property, $9,746; money, $55; merchandise, $80; household furniture, $5,635; watches, etc., $131; farm and othe!l" animals, $12,111; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,903; value of all other property, $349.00. Aggregate value of whole, $57,894.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $230,189 in the value of all property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Upson county by sex rund colorr, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,146; white females, 3,043; total white, 6,189; colored males, 3,689; colored females, 3,792; tottal colored, 7,481.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 12 calves, 11 steers, 3 bulls, 83 dairy cows, 109 hm'S8, 24 mules, 2 sheep, 109 swine, 1 goat.

WALKER COUNTY.
Walker County was laid out from Murray and organized in 1833. It was named in honor of Majotr Freemrun. Walker of Richmond county, for many years a member of the Georgia legislature and a representative in Congress. It is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, Catoosa and Whitefield counties, east by Catoosa and White.field counties, south by Chat:tooga county, west by Dade county rund the State of Alabama.
The Chickamauga creek (or river, as it is often called), is the largest stream in the county. Other water courses are: Chattooga river, Peavine, Duck, Rocky and Snake creeks. The dark, chocolate lands along the rivers produce abundantly of corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, clover and potatoes, while the dark and gray sorils of the valleys and table-lands yield fine crops of cotton. McLemore's Cove, Peame, Armuchee and Chickamauga Valleys, cannot be surpassed in fertility by any lands in the Strute. With proper cultivation the lands of Walker county will

860

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

yield to the acre: corn, wheat and rye, 20 bushels each; barley 30 bushel.:;; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; 'field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; crabgrass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 700 pounds; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons. Clover does splendidly in this county. So <lo all the grasses, which furnish good summer pasturage. The vacant lands and woods afford excellent range for cattle and sheep. There is improvement in the breeds of cattle, for either bee or the dairy. The Jersey and Durham are the preferred types. During four or five months the cattle must be fed in order to give the best results. Cotton seed meal and hulls are used extensively for feeding stock. The most extensive sheep ranges o Georg-ia are found in the extreme northern and southern sections o the State.
In 1890 Walker county had 5,116 sheep, with a wool-clip of 10,074 pounds; 8,511 cattle, o which 254 were working oxen, and 2,692 were milch-cows with a fair proportioo o improved breeds; 1,658 horses, 1,549 mules, 12,549 swine, and 115,819 doonestic fowls of all sorts. Among the productions were 912,098 gallons o milk, 249,919 pounds of butter, 325 pounds of cheese, 19,922 pounds of honey and 185,288 -dozens of eggs. Among the garden vegetables are fine specimens of cabbages. Strawberries, raspbe,rries, blackberries and whortleberries abound. Some 200 acres are devoted to the raising of melOID.S for the mark61ts. There are 1,500 acres of peach and 1,600 of apple-trees.
There are extensive mines of iron and bituminous coal, employing f:lome 700 hands, and representing a capital o $400,000. Granite, marble and limestone o superior quality abound. There is also a good f:lupply of fine timber, mostly hardwoods. The timber lands are worth aJbout $1.50 an acre, the uplands, $10.00, and the lowlands or bottom lands from $20.00 to $50.00 an acre.
On Chickamauga creek and Chattooga river are excellent waterpowers, some of which are utilized in operating a number o :flour and .grist-mills. The largest o these, known as Lee and Gordon's mills, received :lirequent mention in the reports of the battle o Chickamauga, fought on the 19th and 20th of September, 1863.
About 20 sawmills in the county are employed in utilizing its tim-
ber products. At LaFayette is a cotton factory, known as the Union Cotton Mills,
with a capital of more than $100,000, having.212 looms and near 7,000 pindles. Walker county has also a woolen mill, valued at $6,000, a tannery valued at $100,000 and another establishment known as the Chickamauga Manufacturing Company. In this county, according to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned 3,631 bales o up-
land cotton o the crop of 1899-1900. LaFayette, the county site, named in honor o General LaFayette, is
beautifully situated on the former Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, now a branch of the Central of Georgia Railway. It has a court-house, valued at $10 000 a bank with a capital o $20,000, several :flourishing mercantile est'ablis'hments, and fire and life insurance agenci.es. The

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

861

population of this town is 491, and of the entire district of LaFaye,tte

2,357.

'

In Walker county, as already mentioned was fought the great battle

of Chickamauga. The United States governmen:t has made of this bat-

tle-field a great national park, in which the positions of the various com-

mands of the opposiiJJ.g armies are marked by monuments and tablets

with appropriate inscriptions. The positions of the opposing batteries

are marked, by cannons arranged as if in action. The Georgia monu-

ment is among the most imposing on this historic field. Besides the

steam railroads, an electric car line connects Chickamauga park with

Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Near LaFayette is Wilson's Cave, a curiosity worth visiting, with its

:flight or natural stairs and spacious apartments, in which an almost in-

finite number of stalactites, formed from the drippings of water, re-

semble in size and appeara!!lce various animals and also inanimate objects

such as cones, pyramids, altars, tables, candle-stands, etc.

Crawfish Spring, fifteen feet deep and two hundred feet wide, will

well repay the curiosity of the visitor.

Round Pond, whose waters ne,ver become stagnant, is a beautiful ex-

panse of water of a sea-green color, forty eight feet deep and embracing

four or five acres. It has no visible outlet. Like most of the other

streams of the coun:ty, it contains excellent fish.

The greater part of the products of Walker county are marketed in

Chattanooga, Tennessee. ,

Two railroads, the Chattanooga Southern, and the Chattanooga, Rome

and Southern, a branch of the Central, traverse the county from north

to south. There are 85 miles of railroad and 60 miles of macadamized

road. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and some other denomi!!lations

have churches scattered all over the county. There are 64 schools for

white pupils, with an average attendance of 2,096, and 9 for colored,

with an average attendance of 593.

The area of Walker county is 433 square miles, or 277,120 acres.

Population by the census of 1900, 15,661, a gain of 2,379 since 1890;

school fund, $9,680.12.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im-

proved land, 243,764; of wild land, 32,442; average value per acre of

improved land, $4.94; of wild land, $0.93; city property, $77,981; sha~esin bank, $20,000; money, ertc., $259,710; merchandise, $69,012;

cotton manufactories, $167,800; household furniture, $118,688; farm

and other animals, $173,763; plantation and mechanical tools,

$50,670; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,800; value of all other property,

$31,235; real estate, $1,313,621; personal estate, $1,306,196. Aggre

gate value of whole property, $2,319,937.

Property returned by colo,red taxpayers: number of acres of land,

2 936 value of same, $8,150; city property, $1,695; money, $183;
ho' useh' old furniture, $2,620; watches, etc., $61; farm and other ani-

mals, $7,704; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,154; value of all other

property, $289.00. Aggregate value of whole, $21,856.

.862

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $91,557 in value of all

property since 1900.

Population of Walker county hy sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 6,838; white females, 6,359; total white,

13,197; col()ll"ed males, 1,445; colored femaJ.es 1,019; total colored

2,464.

'

'

Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 154 Slteers, 1 bull, 205 d3iiry cows, 136 horses,

29 mules, 2 donkeys, 51 sheep, 526 swine, 137 goats.

WALTON COUNTY.

Walton County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, a part being

taken from Jackson in that year. A portion of the county was added to

Jasper in 1820. A part was given to Newton county in 1821, and dur-

ing the same year a part was added to, and taken from Henry county.

It was named in honor of George Walton, one of the signers of the Dec-

lruration of Independence, and afterwards Governor of Georgia.

Walton county is bounded as follows: Jackson and Oconee counties on

the northeast, Morgan county on the southeast, Newton and Rockdale

counties on the southwest, and Gwinnett county on the northwest.

The principal streams ru-e the Appalachee, Aloovey and Yellow rivers.

The creeks are Hard Labor, Jack's and Flat. Along these streams the

lands are productive.

The face of the country is undulating. The larger pM"t of the soil is

gray. There is also considerable red and some black soil, which last

two give the largest yields. The productions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oa;ts, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and forage crops, which latter in-

clude crab-grass hay, fodder and peav:ines. It is the habit of the farm-

ers to plant peas and cut hay and peavines on wheat :fieJ.ds after the

wheat is harvested. Corn land is extensively planted in peas. The

average yield to the acre, taking alllamds together, is: corn, 12 bushels;

wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 6 bushels; fieJ.d-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas,

100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 bushels; seed

cotton, 500 pounds; surghum syrup, 75 gallons.

But taking the best lands and those most carefully cultivated, there is

a great advance on some .of these figures in the average yields to the acre,

viz.: corn and oats, 20 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 208 bush-

els; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons, sugar-

cane syrup, 150 gallons; bermuda or crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn

fpoodundde~r.

450 pounds Vegetables;

shredded com, apples, peaches,

m4~,0l0on0spaonudndsst;rawsebeedrriceosttdoon, we9~0l0,

as do also plums, cherries and blackbernes. Some of these are sold 1!11

the ma:rkets of the county towns. The game and fish are hardly suffi

cient to supply the home demand. Grass for summer pasturage is abundant. For winter cattle food

cotton seed meal and .hulls, and hay from grass, peavines and sor-

ghum forage are nerd.

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

863

In 1890 Walton county had 830 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,221 pounds, 6,202 cattle, of which 414 wm-e working oxen and 2,568 milchcows, of which many wm-e improved breeds, 1,269 ho:rses, 2,157 mules, 3 donkeys, 12,858 swine and 95,708 domestic fowls. There are four dairy farms, all doing well. The Jersey is the preferred dairy breed.
Among the farm products were 789,559 gallons of milk, 276,703 pounds of butter, 12,542 pounds of honey and 90,767 dozens of eggs.
More attention than formerly is being paid to the raising of beef cattle.
The Bethlehem Cider Company manufactures about 15,000 or 20,000 gallons of grape cider every season, making from $5,000 to $10,000 clear on the investment.
Of original forests there remain about 5,000 acres; of secO!lld growth pines, about 25,000 acres. About five sawmills work this timber and prepare it for the market. It sells at an average of $8.00 a thousand
:feet. There are two cotton-mills in the county, one at High Shoals, oppo-
site the town of that name in Oconee,' county, having 150 loo~ and 5,000 spindles; the other at MO!llroe, with 534looms and 5,200 spindles. Each has a capital of over $100,000. Two other cotton factories are being built in the county. There are 20 flour and grist-mills, of which one half are operated by wat,er. The,re are two cotton seed oil-mills, one at Monroe, the other at Social Circle. In the Social Circle district are 2,879 people, of whom 1,229 are in the town of Social Circle.
The county has three banks: one at Felker with a capital of $50,000; the Bank of Social Circle, with a capital of $55,125; the Bank of Monroe, with a capital of $81,500.
Monroe, the county site, has a population of 1,846 in its corporate limits, or 3,241 including Monroe district. It is on an elevated location with a fine view of Stone Mountain in the distance, and has public buildings valued at $40,000. These include court-house, jail and halls.
Irru the towns already named are successful mercantile establishments, :fire and life [nsuranoo agencies and some small manufactories. This county is credited by the United States census of 1900 with having ginned 19,665 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-1900.
Religious and educational advantages are excellent. There are 61 church edifices in the county belonging to Baptists, Methodists and Pres-
byterians. There are 66 public schools, 42 for white and 24 :for negroes, with
an average attendance of 1,973 white and 1,047 colored. The public roads are for the most part good. , The Gainesville, J e:fferson and Southern Railroad runs from north to
south through the county. On it are the towns of Monroe and Social Circle. Through this latter town also passes the Georgia Railroad. Just across the northern border of the coun1ty runs the Seaboard Air Line, a branch of which also connects Loganville with LawrenKJeville in Gwin-
:nett county. There is good granite near Loganville, but it is not being quamed.

864

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The ~rea. of Walton county is 366 square miles, or 234,240 acres.

PopulatiOn m 1900, 20,942, a gain of 3,475 since 1890 school fund

$13,773.30.

'

1

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of improved land, 229,548; average value per acre, $5.02; shares in bank, $175,500; gas and electric light companies, $1,000; city property, $311560; money, $291,707; merchandise, $124,821; stocks and bon&, $3,000; cotton manufactories, $251,000; household furniture, $118,668; farm and other animals, $173,763; plantation and mechanical tools, $50,670; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,651; value of all other property, $79,291; real estate, $1,466,716; personal estate, $1,306,196. Aggregate value of whole., $2,772,912.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 5,143; value of same, $22,780; city property, $7,860; money, etc., $358; household furniture, $9,934; farm and other animals, $15,039; watches, etc., $7 5; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,292; value of all other property, $731.00. aggregate value of whole property, $60,075.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $91,557 in the value of all property since 1900.
Population of Walton county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 6,261; white females, 6,340; total white, 12,601; colored males, 4,149; colored females, 4,192; total colored, 8,341.
Domestic animals in hams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 53 calves, 5 bulls, 99 dairy cows, 136 horses, 16 mules, 1 sheep, 246 swine, 4 goats.
Jack's creek in Walton county is noted for a battle with the Indians fought by General Elijah Clarke at the head of 130 men on rthe 21st of September, 1787.
The Indians had committed several murders in numerous predatory raids. General Clarke, distinguished as Georgia's great partisan leadeil.' in the war for independence, gathered a party of volunteers and in the fight at Jack's creek gave the savages a salutary lesson, which greatly promoted the future security of the county.

WARE COUNTY.
Ware County was laid out from Irwin in 1824, and was named in honor of Ron. Nicholas Ware of Richmond county, who had served in the Geo1~a Legislatur-e, was elected United States Senator in 1821, and died in R l w York in 1824. lt is bounded by the following countieE: Appling on the north, Pierce en the east, Charlton on the south and also on the east for some distance; Florida on the south, Clinch on the southwest and Coffee on the west. It is a well-watered county. Several miles north of the center Satilla river crosses it from west to east and into it flow from north to south several creeks. Long and Deep creeks traverse its central section from northwest to southeast, where they mingle their

GEORGI.tl..: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

865

waters with Okefinokee Swamp, which covers the greater part of the ex-

tieme f'Uuthern section. The lands are level and interspersed with many swamps. The soil is light but productive in sugar-.oane, cotton, corn,

potatoes, tobacco, peaches, melons, figs and.oranges. All the fruits here mentioned giDOW well.

It is a splendid county for stock-raising. Cattle and sheep have a fine rang~ OVei' the uncultivated lands, where the grass affords excellent

grazing the year round. The mild winte!l"S make shelter unnecessary.

with the exception of sheep--shearing rund milking the oows almost no attelntion beyon~ marking and branding is required.

The pine and cypress timber is very valuable, and roSin, turpeillbine:

and lumber are obtained in large quantities. The annual output of lum-beT is 50,000,000 superficial foot at an average price of $10.00 a thousand feet. Seven steam sawmills are kept busy getting it ready for,

market. There are ten turpentine distilleries. .A sash, door and blind

factory, worth $20,000 and two manufactories of iron, worth $10,000,.. are among the industries. The shops of the Plant System are valued at.;

$100,000 and emrploy a great many hands.

Three dairy farms are evidence of the advance being made by the county in the line of improved milk breeds, and much interest is being

manifested now in the rearing of beelf' cattle. The United States census

or 1900 reports 344 dairy cows kept in ba:rns and inclosures. With careful cultivation the }runds will produce to the acre: corn, 15

bushels; oats, 20; rice, 10; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200;

field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 30; sea-island cotton, 800 pounds; crab-

grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane syrup

from 300 to 400 gallons.





In 1890 Ware county had 3,098 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,859

pounds; 7,721 cattle, 137 being working oxen, and 2,056 cows, 364

horses, 131 mules, 1 donkey, 7,482 swine and 16,176 fowls. .Among the products were 142,905 gallons of milk, 710 pounds of

butter, 7,297 pounds of honey and 31,232 dozens of eggs. .Accord-

ing to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned for the sea-

son of 1899-1900, only 123 bales of sea-island cotton.

Game and fish are plentiful. Door and wild turkeys afford fine sport

to the huntsman.

Three branches of the Plant System and the Waycross .Air Line give

ample railroad facilities. .All these cwter at Waycross, the county site, a rapidly growing town with electric plant, for lighting and street rail-

way, valued at $15,000, gas and water-wotrl\:s worth $30,000, a court-

house which cost $30,000, seven white and nine colored churches, and

a good public school system. It has three banks with an aggregate capital of $175,000. Waycross had in 1880 a population of 628; in 1890

a population of 3,364, and, by the census of 1900, a population of 5,919.

The district which includes Waycross contains 7,771 inhabitants.

Waresboro, the former county site, is the next town of importance,

but has only 269 inhabitants. The whole Waresboro district contains

1,239 people.

42 ga

866

GEORGI.4.: HIS1'0RIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The county is well supplied with schools and with churches of the .Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. There are 32 schools for whites

;and 8 for colored, belolllging to the public school system The average ..attendance is 933 white and 600 colored pupils.

There are several small pecan groves in Ware county, and some

>vetry fine trees are at Waycross. The nuts are mostly of the paper shell

'Variety. Many of them have beoo shipped to Jacksonville, Florida, where there is a good demand for them.

The land area of Ware county is 676 square miles, or 432,640 acres.

Population in 1900, 13,761, a gain of 4,950 since 1890; school fund,

$5,008.08; s0hool fwn:d for Waycross, $2,668.80.

According to the Comptrollel"-Genetral's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved lands, 182,937; wild lands, 588,966; average value of

improved lands per acre, $1.86; of wild lands, $0.18; city properly,

$942,494; shares in bank, $89,000; gas and electric light companies,

$3,000; money, etc., $36,131; merchandise, $244,813; cotton manufactr

ories, $2,720; iron works, $400; household furniture, $180,108; farm

and other animals, $190,211; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,898;

watches, jewelry, etc., $13,880; value of all other pi"operty, $113,448; real estate, $1,379,332; personal estate, $1,625,996. Aggregate value

of whole property, $2,605,328.

Property returned by colored ta:xpayerrs: numlberr of acres of land,

5,802; value of same, $14,110; city propell"ty, $53,269; money, etc.,

$90; household furniture, $13,036; watches, $635; farm md other ani-

mals, $8,510; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,805; value of all othru;

property, $767.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $98,222.

The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $278,841 in the value of all

proparty over the returns of 1900.

Population of Ware oounty by sex and color, accorrding to the oonsus

<>f 1900: white males, 4,485; white females, 4,167; total white, 8,652;

-colored males, 2,715; colored females, 2,394; total colored, 5,109.

Population of Waycross by seoc and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,539; white females, 1,481; totlal white, 3,020;

colored males, 1,448; colored females, 1,451; total colored, 2,899.

Total population of Waycross, 5,919.

.

Domestic animals in Ware county in hams and inclosrures, not on farms or ranges, J11ll1e 1,1900: 214 calves, 12~steers, 18 bulls, 344 dairy

cows, 190 horses, 167 mules, 12 sheep, 752 swine, 86 goats.

WARREN COUNTY.
Warren County was laid out in 1793 and named in honor of Major General Joseph Warren of Massachusetts, who fell at the battle of Bunkerr or Breed's Hill, near Boston, on the 17th of June, 1775. Portions of this county were set off to Jefferson in 1796, and to Taliaferro in 1825. It has the following counties on its borde:rs: Wilkes and Taliaferro on the north, McDuffie on the east (or slightly northeast), Glas-

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

867

cock and Jefferson on the south, Hancock and Taliaie:rTo on the west, and Taliaferro on the northwest.
The North Fork o the Ogeechee is on the western boundary. Brier creek rises OnJ the southeastern border, runs southeast :for 100 miles through other counties, and empties into the Savannah river. Long and Rocky creeks flow :from the center o the county southward into the Ogeechee river, which abounds in fish.-
The best lands o the county are those where oak and hicko1ry are the prevailing growth. These are well adapted to corn and cott<>n. Other lands containing some oak and hickory, but with pine predominating, are suited to the small grains, vegetables, potatoes, melons and :fruits. Some hay is made :from crab and bermuda grasses, which also .give good pasturage :for stock.
The average production o all the lands to the acre is: Corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12; wheat, 9 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 8; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds; corn :fodder, 200 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons. Some o the best lands make 20 bushels o corn and oats to the acre, wheat, 12 bushels, and 10 to 12 bushels o }leas. Peavines are used extensively :for hay.
In 1890 Warren county had 770 sheep, with a wocl-clip o 1,562 pounds; 4,022 cattle, 333 being working oxen; and 1,425 milch-cows; '975 horses, 1,041 mules, 5 donkeys, 51,486 domestic :fowls, and 9,615_ hogs. In 1890 there were 101 dairy cows kept in barns or inclosures. Among the :farm products, according to the census o 1890, were 333,315 gallons o milk, 98, 786 pounds o butter, 9,589 pounds o honey, and 55,909 dozens o eggs.
Vegetables, fmits and melons are raised OIJl :farms and in gardens in Lbe towns and villages. The product8 of the county are marketed at
Varrenton, Oamack and Barnett.
The Georgia railroad :from Augusta to Atlanta, entering the county n the easil, crosses it, turning a little to the northwest. Another uranch o this road turns off at Camak, and going through W arrenrt;on, turning to the southwest, traverses the central section on its course to Macon. Another road runs :from Barnett to Washington, in Wilkes county. Thus Warren county enjoys excellent railroad :facilities.
Every section o the county has good educational and :religious advantages. The prevailing soots are Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. Warrenton, the county site, is a pretty town, with a cultured and moral population o 1,115 inhabitants, while the district in which it is included, has a population o 2,842. A company has been organized to build a cotton :factory at Warrenton. Other towns are Camak, Ba:rnett, Norwood and Mesena.
Warren county is credited by the United States census of 1900 as having ginned 9,659 bales of upland cotton in the season o 1899-1900. Gold has been 'found 5.n the upper part o the county.
There are in the county 27 schools for whit;e and 24 :for colored pupils, with an avetrage atterndance of 632 white pupils and 815

868

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

colored. The area of vVarren county is 298 square miles, <Yl' 190,720 acres. Population in 1900, 11,463, a gain of 506 since 1890. School fund, $8,108.32. According to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there are 1'76,246 acres of improved land average value per acre, $3.80; city property, $147,974; shares in bank, $27,700; money, etc., $132,206; merchandise, $53,510; stocks and bonds $125; cotton manufactories, $32,725; household furniture, $75,863 farm and othe: animals, $128,514; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,829; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,651; value of all other propert;y, $27,456; real
e.state, $818,469; pel'SOnal CtState, $527,835; aggregate value of wlwle property, $1,346,304
Property returned by colored tax payers: number of acres of land, 2,254; value of same, $8,065; city prope1iy, $14,260; money, etc., $200; merchandlise, $2,015; household furniture, $13,948; watches, etc., ~\231; farm and other animals, $18,927; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,881; value of all other property, $960.00; aggregate value of whole property, $63,487.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrc~~c of $25,612 in the value of all prope:'ty since 1900.
Population of \Varren county by se.x and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,918; white :fc~nalcs, 1,924; total >Yhitc, 3,842; colored males, 3,6:16; colored fcnu:les, 4,008; total colored, 7,621.
Domestic animals in barns and inelo;:un:s, not on farms or r<-:11gcs, June 1, 1900, 70 calves, 100 steers, 2 bulls, !)2 dairy cows, 10".1: hor~e,, 2 mules, 308 swine, 3 goats.

WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Washington County was eetablishcd in 1784, and named in hono: of George \Vashington. It at that time included all the tenitory ..from tile Cherokee corner north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee south to Liberty county." In 1786 a portion of it was added to Greene county; in 1793, a part to Hancock; in 1807, a part to Baldwin; an\l in 1826 another part to Baldwin. It is bounded by the following counties: Glascock and Jefferson on the northeast, J effer3on on the ea'lt, J olmson on the South, wilkinson on the southwCtSt, Wilkinson and Bald>Yi:'i on the west, and Hancock on the northwest.
The Ogeechee river is on its northeastern boundary, the Oconee on it.s westem and southwestern border, the Ohoopee river and its tributary, Dyer creek in the south central portion. Swamp creek, rising in the north, :flows in a southeasterly direction, finally emptying into the Ogeechee river at the southeasi:em edge of Jefferson county. Buffalo and Keg creeks, entering the county on the no;-thwest, unite their waters near the west-cerntral section and turning southwest, enter the Oconee on the southwoot border. Town creek forms part of the western boundary between vVashington and Baidwin counties. This is, therefore, a wellwate:Td county. The >vater is mainly freestone.
The face of the county is for the most part level, but in some pJace:s

GREENVILLE.
The berry is of large size, good quality, very productive ; season, medium to late; color very fine ; plants vigorous and free from Tust.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

869

gently rolling. The soil is of the tertiary tformation, having gray, sandy lands with red outcroppings in places. It is also mixed with lime in some parts of the county.

The productions are the same as in most of the counties of the mid-

dle Georgia belt. The native grasses furnish excellent grazing. Crabgrass, sorghum and p~avines constitute the principal hay crop. Taking

all the lands of the county together, the average production to the acre

is: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes,

50 bushels; sweet potrutoes, 120 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-

peas, 15 bushels; seed--cottoo, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds;

sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. But the better class of lands, with skillful

cultivation, will produce to the acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 35; rye, 10;

wheat 12; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 20 bushels;

ground-peas, 25 to 30 bushels; seed-cotton, 800 pounds, and with inten-

sive farming on the best lands, 3,000 pounds; cnab-grass hay, 4,000 polillds; sugar--cane syrup, 350 gallons.

By the census of 1890 Washington county had 2,920 sheep, with a

wool-clip of 6,603 pounds; 8,531 cattle, 571 being working oxen, and

2,892 milch-Cows, 1,527 horses, 2,418 mules, 1 donkey, 26,563 hogs,

and 117,307 domestic fowls. There are 188 dairy cows kept in barns or

inclosures. Among the farm products are 502,920 gallons of milk,

101,092 pounds of but.ter, 50 pounds of cheese, 28,645 pounds of honey, and 172,583 dozens of eggs.

\Vrushington exports about 800 head of cattle annually.

The timber products are valued at about $18,000 annually, and are

obtained from the yellow pine and hard-woods, the latter including white

oak and other swamp timber on streams. On the tributaries of the Ogeechee river ab~ut 33 hol"Se-powers are utilized, and 58 horse-poweo:s
on the tributaries of the Oconee.

The value of truck sold in the county amounts to $12,000 annually.

The output of the manufactories of Washington county is valued a.t

$252,969.



Potter's clay, sandstone, and buhrstone abound. Opal, horns:tone, jasper, chalcedon~ and agate have been found. N e!llr Sandersville a;re
sinks or caves in which are gathered fossil teeth, and a great variety of

ribs and shells. Rare mussels are found in the streams. Brick and jug

ware are among the clay products.

At Sandersville are Lang's machine works, and Jorda!n's flour-mill; at

Tennille, a cotton factory with 4,000 spindles and a capital of $60,000,

a cotton oil-mill, and Smith's mineral works; at Chalker, Robert's brick

works; at Warthen, Warthen's flour-mill; at Thena, Walker's

flour-mill. The flour and grist-mills of the county number 10, of which

four use water power. There are two banks at Sandersville, and two at

Ternnille. At these places are several prosperous mercantile establish-

ments, and life and fire insurance agencies.

At Tennille there are also a hard-wood faotory, a novelty factory, ma-

chine works and an electric light plant. By the census of 1900 the cotton

ginned in vVashington county in 1899-1900 was 29,544 bales (upland).

870

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRU.L.

Sarndersville, the county site has a court-house valued at $40,000, and a jail worth $20,000. This town is situated on a ridge between: the Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide water. It has a popuration of 2,023, according to the census of 1900, while its whole district contains 3,013 people. It is on a branch of the Southffi"'l railway~ three miles north of Tennille, where the Southern meets the Central of Georgia railway, and which is the terminus of the Wrightsville and Tennille railroad. Tennille, with a population of 1,121, is the second most important town of the county. The whole Tennille district contains 3,195 people.
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. There are 47 public schools for white pupils in the coull!ty, and 37 for colored, with an average attendance of 1,576 whites and 1,421 colored.
The area of Washington county is 680 square miles, or 435,200 acres. The populatiO'll in 1900 was 28,227, a gain of 2,900 since 1890. The school fund is $18,850.76. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres o1f improved lands, 407,375; of wild lands, 1,450; average value per acre of improved lands, $4.29; city property, $495,362; shares in bank, $20,500; money, etc., $399,324; merchandise, $181,044; stocks and bonds, $27,905; cotton manufactories, $500; mining, $100; iron works, $5,900; household furniture, $178,159; farm and other animals, $295,213; plantation and mechanical tools, $68,513; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,763; value of all other property, $105,962; real estate, $2,241,217; personal estate, $1,370,893; aggregate value of whole property, $3,481,014. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 10,462; valu~ of same, $42,928; city property, $13,901; moll'ey, etc., $770; me,rcharndis:e, $25; household furniture, $25,565; watches, etc., $455; farm and other animals, $43,686; plantation and mechanical tools, $11,243; value of all other property, $34,624; aggj;."egrute value ~f whole property, $207,899. The tax returns for 1901 show am increase of $125,419 in the value, of all propeu:ty over the returns of 1900. Population of Washington county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, q,485; white females, 5,320; total wh:ite, 10,805; colored males, 8,526; colored females, 8,896; total colored, 17,422. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 82 calves, 38 steers, 2 bulls, 174 dairy cows, 167 horses, 56 mules, 1 donkey, 22 sheep, 548 swine, 9 goats.

WAYNE COUNTY~
Wayne County, which was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, was organized in 1805, and named in honor of Major-General Anthony Wayne, one of the most distinguished among the heroes of the American revolutiOIIl. Part was taken from it in 1805 and given to Camden. Pam were added to it from Oamden in 1808 and 1812. A part was added to it from Glynn in 1820, and a part was added t:o Glynn in 1822.

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L aND INDUSTRIAL.

871

Wayne county is bounded on the northeast by TattJmll, Liberty and Mci!lltosh counties; on the east by Glynn county, which is also south of a small portion of it, on the south by Camden, Charlton and Pierce, and on the west by Pierce and Appli!llg. Along the whole northeasterrn border runs the Altamaha river. The Satilla river, after forming part of its western border, turns to the southeast, and passing through the lowell' section o the cou!llty, enters Camden at about the center of the tlouthern boundary. Each of these rivers abounds in fish. The central portions of the cuun!ty are watet"ed by tributaries of the Altamaha and SaUilla, the most important of which is the Finoholloway, or Phennohaloway river (an Indian rrame meaning turkey), which flows northeast-
ward iinto the Altamaha.
The soil, when fertilized, is productive of sugar-cane, potatoes, rice, corn, a variety of vegetables, nrehns and lO'Ilg--st;ap1e cotton. A great part of the county is wild land, which, being covered with grass, affords a splend!id range for cattle, sheep and hogs. The mild winter saves the expense of housing, and but litt:le outlay is required to carry thron through the cold season. In the spring they are marked and branded, and in the fall are in good cO!lldition for the market, which is in the main a
home O'Ile.
By the census of 1890 Wayme county had 3,642 sheep, with a woolclip of 8,762 pounds; 10,667 cattle, 396 being working oxen, and 2,794 milch-cows; 690 horses, 104 mules, 1 donkey, 12,858 hogs and 24,102
domestic fowls.
Among the frurm products were 108,632 gallons of milk, 36,035 dozens of eggs, 4,754 pounds of honey, and 2,638 pounds of butter.
The lamrd, with prope!l" fell'tilization and culture, will produce to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oa.ts, 20 bu:shele; Irish potatoes, 75 ; sweet-pota. toes, 200; field peas, 16; ground-peas, 30; sea-island cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons.
The county is traversed by the Southern railway, and the Savannah, Florida and Western, of the Plant System. The Florida, Central md Peninsular, of the Seaboard Air Line system, touches a corner of the county on the east. The Altama.ha and Satilla rivm-s also furnish wruter transportation.
Jesup, the county site, is a growing town at the poinrt; where: the Plant a,nd Southetrln railway linea cross each other.
The timbers are pine and cypress. There is a large trade in rosin, turpentine and lumber. There are many sawmills md turpentine distilleries.
On lands that have been clea)r'ed, enterprising men have found profit in raising sugar-cane, vegetables, peaches and grapes. A few years ago Mr. Alexander Hurn, a,n Englishman, came to Georgia, and at Gardi, on the line of the Southern railway, planted a vU.neyard, and also engaged in peach culture with gra:l:lifying results. His vineyatrd is one of the most 311Jtractive sights on the li;ne of the Southern railway in Wayne county.
In respon...<>e to a request from Colonel Wade, of the Southern, Mr.

872

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Hum. planted one acre in cassava, and he reports great success. The result of many other recent experiments go to show that this new crop is destined to be a great source of profit to the farmers of Southern Georgia.
Wayne county is reported in the United States census of 1900 to have ginned 110 bales of upland cotton and 855 of sea-island cotton in the season of 1899-1900.
The Jesup district, including the town, contains 1,713 inhabitants, and in the town proper are 805 people.
The area otf Wayne county is 766 square mileiS, or 490,240 acres. The population in 1900 was 9,449, a gain of 1,964 since 1890. We are indebted to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 for the following items: Acres of improved land, 270,147; of wild land, 267,531; average value per acre of improved land, $1.39; of wild lrund, $0.57; city property, $144,593; shares in bank, $5,000; money, etc., $178,633; merchandise, $61,216; cotton manufactories, $20,000; household furniture, $69,068; farm and other aminals, $198,504; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,863; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,239; value of all other property, $64,878; real estate, $675,419; personal estate, $622,733; aggregate value of whole property, $1,298,152.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: .A.Cil'es of land, 11,179; value of same, $13,465; city property, $12,320; money, etc., $120; mer0handise, $225; household furniture, $4,501; watches, etc., $241; farm and other ammals, $6,954; plantation and mechanical tools, $820.00; value of all other property, $1,896; aggregate value of whole property, $41,105.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $213,036 .in the value of all property over the returns of 1900.
The public school system has 59 schools for white, and 13 for colored,
with an average aiJtendrun:ce of 1,258 white pupils, and 318 colored.
Population of Wayne county by sex and color, according _to the census of 1900: white males, 3,670; white females, 3,552; total white, 7,222; colored males, 1,176; colored females, 1,051; total colored,. 2,227.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on fmms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 31 steers, 5 bulls,. 65 dairy cows, 26 horses, 14 mules, 240 swli.ne.

WEBSTER COUNTY.

Webster County was lrui.d out in 1854, and named in honor of Daniel Webster, a :native of New Hampshire, and for many yea~'S a United

States Senrutor from Massachusetts. This county is bounded, north by

Marion and Chattahoochee, east by Marion and Sumter, south by Terrell

and Randolph, and west by Stewart.

The principal streams in vVebster county are Kinchiafoonee, Choctaw-

ha

tWcheebes)t

Ta er

ncaohuanptyeei)s

Ichawaynochaway, traversed bY, two

Bear and branches o

S f

laug the

hSteerabcoreaerkds.

A.!-
.nw:

Line system of railways, one of wh~ch passes from east to west through

the center, the other paa.~ng from southeast to northwest through the

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

873

southwestern sectio!!l of the county. On the fo:mer of these is Preston, the county site.
The surface of the county is generally level, havinga gray, sandy topsoil, with red clay subsoil. Under the ordin!ary methods of cultivrutio!Il: the average yield of the various crops to the acre is: corn, 8 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; oatJs, 14 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas and chufas, 25 bushels, each; crab-grass or crow-foot hay, 3,000 pounds; seed-cotton, 400 pounds. But under improved methods the yields to the acre. are grootly increased in several of these crops, as for instance: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; hay from crow-foot or crab-grass, 6,000 pounds. The sugar-cane syrup averages 200 gallons to the acre.
The native grasses :already mentioned are the chief reliance for hay and pasturage. These, with smut and swamp-grass, give good grazing for eight months of the year. For four months, at least, cattle should be caimfully tended and fed on,bran, oottorn.-seed meal and hulls, with a fair mixture of hay.
W,hile there are no daliry farms in the county, se.veral Jerseys are found Qn farms. Of pure breeds and those of half grade or higher there 3jt"e about 200. Very little at,tention has so far beelni paid to 'l:lhe improvement 01f beef caittle.
In 1890 Webster county had 239 sheep, with a wool-clip of 471 pounds; 2,492 cattle, 143 being workingoxen, and 838 milch-eows; 398 horses, 794 mules, 1 donkey, 7,972 hogs, 28,480 domestic fowls. Some of the farm products wey'e 139,035 gallons of milk, 36,444 pounds of butter, 58,569 dozens of eggs, and 12,879 pounds of honey.
Fish are plentiful in the streams. There are also a few private ponds. Vegetables, melons and fruits are produced in sufficient quantities for home coosumption and for sale in the towns of the county. About 300 acres are devoted to peach~t.rees, 150 to apples, 100 each to pears and plums, aind 10 to cherries. About 71 acres are devoted to grapes, of which choice varieties are ralised in l-arge quantities.
The forest growth cOilBiists of pine, poplar, as:h, bireh, tupelo, sweet and black gum, hicko;ry, black-jack, red, white and Spanish oaks. The standing timber is worth $7.00 per acre for soft-wood, and $8.00 to $10.00 per acre for hard-wood. The annual output of lumber in supe;rficial feet is 800,000, averaging $7.50 per 1,000 feet at the mill. There are two sawmills operated by steam, worth in the aggregate $3,800.
The streams already mentioned afford cO'l.l.Siderable wa.ter-power, some of which is utilized in the runllling of five flour and grist--mills, worth
$6,500 in, all. The mine;rtal producis are inconsideTable, CO'Il!Sisting of !iron, clay,
limesto!!le, manganese and mioa lin small quantities, none of which is
mined or. quarried. The products of the county are marketed at Preston and Weston, the
former of which is the county site. The receiptJs and shipments of cotton for the entire connty are 5,260 bales. The cotton ginned for the

874

GEORGI.d.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

season of 1899-1900 is stated by the United States census report for 1900 to be 4,116 bales (uplllill:d).
The leading denominations in the county are Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians, the two former being the more numerous.
There are in the county 14 schools for whites, and 17 for colored. The average daily attendance of the former is 390; of the latter, 448.
The area of Webster couruty is 227 square miles or 145,280 acres. Population in 1900, 6,618, a gain of 923 since 1890; school fund $4,695.88. According to the report of the Comptroller-Genernl for 1900 there are: acres, of improved land, 125,844; value of improved land per acre, about $3.16; city and town property, $19,504; money and solvent debts, $54,552; merchandise, $16,640; stocks and bonds, $1,242; household furniture, $39,075; value of farm and other animals, $85,670; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,328; watches, jewelry, m,c,, $1,772; value of all other p!roperty, $20,578; real estate, $415,250; perrsonal estate, $242,709; aggregate value of whole, $657,959. Property returned by colored taxpayers: 'acres o.f land, 5,048; value of land, $14,068; city or town property, $595; household and kitchen furniture, $8,648; watches, jewelry, etc.,, $130; farm and otther animals, $13,156; plantation and meclranical tools, $2,704; value of all other property, $805.00; aggregate value of whole property $40,116. The tax returns for 1901 show an_increase of $66,478 in the value of all property since 1900. Population of Webster county by sex and coJor, according to census of 1900: white males, 1,244; white females, 1,260; total whlite, 2,504; colored males, 2,086; colored females, 2,028; tota'l colored, 4,114. Domestic animals in l>arns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: no report.

WHITE COUNTY.
W.hite County was formed from Lumpkin and Habersh'am in 1857,. and was named in honor of Colonel John White, of Chatham county, who, as an officer of the Georgia line distinguished himself during the siege of Sava'Illlah by the Americans and French in October, 1779, by a stratagem, by wlillch with only seven men he captured Captain French and one hundred and eleven British soldiers, and five vessels on the Ogeechee river. He did this by building large fires in the forest around their eamp, thus causing them to suppose that they were, surrounded by a greatly superior foree.
White county is bounded by the following counties: Towns on the north, Habersham on the east and southeast, Hall on the south, Lumpkin on the west, and Union: on the northwest.
It is watered by the Chattahoochee and Tesentoo rivers, and by Duke's, Smith's, Sautee, Shoal, Blue and Mossy Cll"eeks. The face of the country is gene,11ally hilly and in many places mounltainous. The Blue Ridge mountains traverse the northern section. The most noted peaks are Tray and Yonah. From the summit of the latter Stone Mountain can be distinctly seen witih the nlaked eye.

GEORGI.d.: HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRI.A.L. 1

875

T~e landS suitable for cultiva!bion are gelllerally in the valleys. When skillfully cultivated they will yield to the acre: com, 25 busheJs; oats, 20 busheJs; wheat and rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; sweet, or Spanish potatoes, 150; field-peas, 30 bushels; ground-peas, 60 bus:hels; rice, 75 bushels; seed-cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds; bermuda grass and clover hay, each 2,000 pounds; herd's-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
All the above named grasses do well, and so do orciliard-grass, bluegrass and mille1t.
The various grasses give an abundance of the best summer pnstu:reage. There is much improvement in all kinds of stock. In 1890 White county had 2,830 sheep, witJh a wool-clip of 5,696 pounds; 3,517 cattle, 594 being working oxen, and 1,151 milch-cows; 465 horses, 460 mules, 7 donkeys, 5,197. hogs, and 47,796 of all kinds of domestic fowls. It is estimated that there are 200 goats in the county.
Among the farm products in 1890, were 281,301 gallons of milk,
85,063 pounds of butter, 105 pounds of cheese, 10,329 pounds of honey, aJlld 55,662 dozellls of eggs.
In this colillt(Y there are 500 acres devoted to appleiS, 200 to peaches, 100 to pooJ'S, and 40 to plums and cherries. Some fine grapes are raised. About 10 per cent. of these are sold lin the markets and >from 20 per oelllt. wine is made.
Many vegetables are raised. In mid-winter there are shipped from this county large white, crisp cabbage he'ads, barrels of sauerkr-aut, and many wagon loads of luooious apples.
Nacoochee Valley, which has already been described in the general sketch, is aboUit eight miles long, and from one-fourth to three-fourtihs of a mile wide.
Of original forests about 100,000 acres remain, on which the timbers a~re pine, white, red, Spanish and post-oak, chestnut, hickory, chm1ry and walnut. Four sawmlills are employed in getting out lumber.
The water powers of the county are utilized to some extent in operating 15 grist-mills. In a few of these flour also is made.
In this county the first gold mines in Georgia were discovered. Gold and asbeistoo are still mined to a considerable extent. ~There are five successful gold mills and several placeir' mines. There a;re some 20 mines and quarries employing 150 hands at wages of 80 cents a day.
The Baptists and Methodists are very numerous, and their churches are
scaJtJtered over the county. There are 25 schools for whites, and 3 for colored, with an av-
erage attendance of 591 whites and 65 colored. Most of the products a.re marketed at Gainesville lin Ha.ll county. According to the report of the United StateiS celliSUS of 1900 there
were ginned in this county in the season of 1899-1900, only 150 bales of
upland c01ttorn. Cleveland, the county site, was named for Ron. Benjamin Cleveland,
for many years a represetative in the Georgia Legislature. In 1834 a subterranean village was discovered in N achoochoo Valley
by 'Some miners. It was cove;red to a depth of from 7 to 9 feet. Some

876

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

of the houses were embedded cin a stratum of auriferous gravel. They

are 34 in number, built of logs .six to ten inches in diameter, and from

ten to twelve feet long. In the rooms were found cane baskets, fragments

of earthenware, and specimens of curious workmaJJShip, such as crucibles and mortars.

'Tihe area of White county is 243 square miles, or 155,520 acres.

Population of White county in 1900, 5,912, a decrease of 239 since

1890.

By the Comptroller-General's repol't for 1900 there were: acres o

improved land, 142,915; acres of wild land, 29,439; average value of

improved land, $2.79; of wild land, $0.17; school fund, $4,160.39; city

and town property, $10,565; money and solvent debts, $66,210; value of

merchandise, $14,077; cotton manufactories, $600; capital invested in

mining, $10; value of household and kitchen furnliture, $21,124; farm

and other animals, $63,382; plantation and mechanic'al tools, $13,309;

watches, jewelry, etc., $1,544; value of all other property, $6,012; real

estate, $415,055; pei"sonal estate, $190,479; aggregate value of whole

property, $605,534.

Property returned by colored taxpayeTS: acres of land, 835; value oif

land, $1,995; city or toW11l property, $100.00; money and solvent debts,

$155.00; household and kitchen furniture, $797.00; wrutches, jewelry,

etc., $55.00; farm and other animals, $2,602; plantation and mechanlic:al

tools, $416.00; value of all other property, $107.00; aggregate value of

whole pll'Operty, $6,227.



The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $15,535 in the value of all

property over the returns of 1900.

Population of White county by sex and colo;zo, according to the census

of 1900: white males, 2,626; white females, 2,686; total white, 5,312;

colored males, 304; colored females, 296; total colored, 600.

Domestic animals ffi, barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June

1, 1900: 2 calves, 6 dairy cows, 5 horses, 10 mules, 3 swine.

WHITFIELD COUNTY.
Whitfield County was laid out from Murray in 1851, and named in honor of the celebrated George Whiitefield, the most renowned pulpit orator of his day, a companion of the W esleys, and founder of the Beth, esda Orphan Home near Savannah. He was a man of unbounded influence for good, both in England and America.
Whitfield county is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, on the east by Murray cormty, on the south by Gordon county, em the
west by Catoosa and Walker counties, the latter of which also bounds a
portion of lit on the south. The Connesauga river diivides it from Murray county on the east.
.Other streams are Chickamauga, Sugar, Swamp, McCoy, Tiger, Cooahulla and Mill creeks.
Two great railway systems traverse the county, crossing each other diagonally at Daltoo. These are the Southern and the Louisville and Nashville, through the latter's con.trol of the Western and -<j\_tlanttic, or State

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

877

road. T'he soils are varied. Agriculture is much dive:rsi:fied, and ex-

cellent opportunities are afforded for the marketing of fruits and vegeta-

bles.

. The average yield of the various crops to the acre under fair cultiva-

tion is: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 12 bush-

els; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushe~s; seed-cotton, 550 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clo-

ver hay, 2,500 pounds; fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gal-

lons. Some of the best lands yield 30 bushels of whe>at to the acre and

from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds of hay from clover, the various grasses and

peavines.
T'he summe'l." Pl:!Sturage as excelleiilt and the best of cattle feed is sup-

plied by cotton-seed meal, hulls, peas, and the nourishing hay from the

grasses already named.

T'he 12 dairy fa:rms of the county h>ave about 200 Jersey cows and 100

mo,re of impro-ved breeds. People are also taking great interest in im-

proving the breeds of the cattle. In 1890 there were in Whitfield

coun>ty 6,061 cattle, 222 being working oxen, and 2,343 milch-cows; 1,417 horses, 980 mules, 11 donke~, 8,047 hogs, 76,023 domestic fowls

and 3,846 sheep, witih a wool-clip of 6,155 pounds.

Among the farm products were 724,048 gallons of milk, 236,412

pounds of butter, 161,932 dozens of eggs, and 12,719 powds of honey.

Game and fish are both on tihe incre>ase.

There are many market gardens supplying every kind of vegetable,

melons, berries, grapes and plums.



There are 1,000 ac:r:es devoted to peaches, 500 to apples, 100 to plums,

50 to cherrries and pe:ars, and 10 to quinces. To grapes 100 acres are de-

voted. About one-foooh orf those raised are sold in the markets. Wine

is made from about 75 per cent. of the remainder.

There is near Dalton one florist establishmenrt.

The forest gro'\vth is pine, the various kinds of oak, maple, cheuy, pop-

lar, etc. The average price is abo-ut $10 a thousand feet.

There is a coMiderable quantity of iron, bauxite, manganese, silica,

marble, sandstone, limestone and clay.

The county has good water-powers, of which about 130 ho'l"Se-powers

are utilized.

Dalt0011, the county site, a city of 4,315 inhabitants, is situated in a

fertile valley and surrounded by mountain ranges. I!t has a handsome

court-house, valued at $33,000, 2 banks with a capital of $165,000, a

gas plant valued at $15,000, and water-works at $50,000, many flo-urish-

ing commercial a111d manufactlli"ing establishments, houses of womhip be-

longing to the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics,

a Methodist female college, a high school a:nd public schools of lower

grades for white and colo11ed.

At the Crown Cotton Mills, built by home capital and whose capacity

has been doubled in the last two years, are 20,000 spindles and 500

looms. Thelir capital is valued at $500,000, and they consume a111nually

13,000 hales of cotton. The three floul"ing-mlills turn out about 500 bar-

rels of flour in a day during the busy season. These mills have an ag-

878

G-EORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

gregate value of $100,000. There are two lumber and m!Whine factories, two foundries, one canning factory, and a sausage factory with coldstomge for summer slaughtering.
There is also at Dalton the Showalter Publishing Company, one of the best establishments of the kind in the State of Georgia.
The Dalton diS'trict, whlich includes the city, has a populaticm: of 6,400
There are in the whole county some 40 lumber or sawmills. Most of these are opemted by steam.
Besides the 13,000 bales otf cotton used by the mills of Dalton, 8,000
bales are shipped from that enterprising little city. 1,947 bales oi up-
land cotton were ginned in this county during the season of 1899-1900. In whitfield county there are 42 schools for whites, and six for col-
ored belonging to the public school system of the State. The total average attendance is 1,148 white pupils, and 129 colored.
The smaller towns in Whitfield county are Tilton, Tunnel Hill and Cohutta.
The area of Whitfield county is 285 square miles, or 182,400 acres.
Population in 1900, 14,509, a gain of 1,593 since 1890; school fund, $9,441.64.
By the report of the Compkoller-Geneml for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 167,580; of wild land, 7,708; avernge value per acre of improved land, $2.15; of wild land, $1.09; city and town property, $767,784; shares in bank, $50,000; sinking fund or surplus, $26,000; gas company, $15,000; bulilding and loan association, $12,000; money and solvent debts, $365,970; mffi'!Chandise, $177,803; cotton manufactories, $338,892; iron works, $13,800; household and kitchen furniture, $159,071; farm and other animals, $194,076; plantation and mechanical tools, $55,117; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,066; value of all other property, $91,498; real estate, $1,552,258; personal estate, $1,540,664. .Aggregart;e value of whole properly, $3,092,922.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 2,572; value of same, $7,511; city or town properly, $31,505; money and solvent debts, $464; household and kitchen furniture, $5,945; watches, jewelry, etc., $54; farm and otlfu.etr animals, $6,377; pJantaJt.ion and me.ohanical tools, $1,159; value of all other property, $840.00. Aggre~
gate value of whole properrty, $56,897. The tax returns for 1901 show run increase o.f $89,675 in the value
of all property over the retl.l:r'ns of 1900. Population of Whitfield county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: whlite males, 6,257; white fenmles, 6,426; total white, 12,683; colored males, 878; colored females, 948; total colored, 1,826.
Population of the city of Dalton by sex and color, accoT<hlng to the census of 1900: white males, 1,583; white females, 1,773; total white, 3,356; co-lored males, 434; colored females, 525; total colored, 959.
Total populutlion of Dalton, 4,315. Domestic animrus in barns and inclosures, nott on fau'Iilll or ranges, June 1, 1900: 54 calves, 17 steers, 1 bull, 290 dairy co.ws, 227 horsesr H mules, 5 donkeys, 402 swine, 2 goats.

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 1

879

wiLCOX COUNTY.
Wilcox County was fQrmed from Dooly, Irwin and Pulaski in 1857, and named for General Mark Wilcox, of Telfair county, who was for many years a representative in the State Legislature. It is bounded north by Pulaski, east by Dodge and Telfair, south by Irwin amd west by Dooly.
The Ocmulgee river runs along its whole eastern boundary, the Allapaha rive:r is oo the southwest. It is also watered by Bluff, Cedar, House and Otter creeks, all tributaries of the Ocmulgee, and in the southwest a...e two tributaries of the Allapaha.
The Ocmulgee gives nive:r transp<>Ttation. On its western bank is Abbeville, the county site, which is also furnished with railroad facilities by two br3.'11tlhes of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad, itself a part of the Seaboard Air Line system. Two branches of the Hawkinsville and Flo.ili.da Southern corunectling with this system, give railroad advantages to the western side of the county. The Abbeville district has a populattion o 2,090, of whi~h 1,152 are in t!h.e town.
The face of the country lis generally level. The soil lis mostly gray in the piny woods; on the bottom lands aloog the creeks and rive['S, dark, alluvial and more productive. The average yield to the acre with good cultwe and favorable sellSons is: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; fieM-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 40 bushels; upland seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons.
In 1890 Wilcox county had 7,498 sheep, with a wool-clip o 12,110 pormds; 5,103 cattle, 375 being working oxen, and 1,659 milch-cows with a fair number of pure breeds recorded; 525 horses, 329 mules, 2 donkeys, 11,390 hogs and. 24,552 domestic fowls. Among the farm products aTie 109,152 gallons of milk, 14,438 pounds o butter, 18,081 dozens of eggs and 722 pounds o _honey.
Vegetables of all kinds do well. Th!is county is in one of the finest peMh and grape sectiolli! Olf the south, and the people are showing commendable energy in utilizing these advantages. Lands and labor are cheap and capital well invested will pay fine dividends.
The riv['8 and creeks afford fine :fish and such game as quail and doves are pleDJti.ful.
Rosin, lumber and turpentine, give steady and profitable employment to many of the citizens.
Th:i.s county is growing steadily in population. Abbeville, the county site, whlch, in 1880, had 61 illlhabitanfl<l, had in 1890 a population of 657, which had increased by 1900 to 1,152, while the whole Abbeville district contruined 2,090 inhabitants. Seville, on the western side of the county and connected with Abbeville by rail, has a population o 1,277, while Rochelle, half way between them, has 793 inih1abitants, and t'he whole district of Ro~helle has 1,960 people.

880

GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

There are 36 white schools and 11 colored. The average attendance

is 829 wh!ite pupils and 357 colored.

.

Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading denominations.
Ohurc:hes are located m every section of the county.

Area of Wilcox county 544 square miles, oi' 348,160 aC!les. Popula.,

tion in 1900, 11,097, a gain of 3,117 since 1890; school fund $6,931.09.

By the Oomptroller-Gerneral's report for 1900, there are.: awes of im-

proved land, 252,210; of wild land, 80,370; average value to the acre

of improved land, $2.15; of wild land, $1.09; city and town property,

$145,364; money and solvent debts, $92,048; merchandise, $55,781;

oopital invested in shipping and tonnage, $25; household and kitchen

ful"'lliture, $84,731; farm and other aruimals, $165,143; plantation and

mechanical tools, $30,213; watches, jeweJry, etc., $4,388; value of all

otherr propeT'ty, $113,859; real estate, $778,695; pen3onal estate, $548,-

771. Agg1regate value O'f whole property, $1,327,466.

Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 8,730; value

of same, $16,756; city and town property, $4,591; mc:mey, etc., $357;

merchandise, $100; household and kitchen furniture, $8,000; watches,

jewelry, etc., $221; farrm and other animals, $9,189; plantart:Jion and me-

chanical tools, $1,298; value of all other property, $1,963. Aggregate

value of whole property, $42,475.

The tax rerturns for 1901 show a gain of $124,600 in the value of all

property since 1900.

By the census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county in the sel!Son

of 1899-1900, was 3,820 bales of upland and 65 of sea-island cotton.

Popula1tion of Wilcox coll'Illty by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 3,568; white females, 3,325; total white,

6,893; colored males, 2,272; colored females, 1,932; total colored, 4,204.

Domestic animals in hams and inclosures, not on fa1'ms or ranges,

June 1, 1900: 134 calves, 74 stee:rs, 16 bulls, 186 daiiry cows, 49 homes,

45 mules, 879 swine, 54 goaits.

WILKE'S COUNTY.
Wilkes County was laid out in 1777, and named in honorr of John Wilkes, the great champion of Ameri001n1 libeirty. In 1790 a part of it was set off to Elbert county; pairl to Warren in 1793; a part to Lincoln in 1796; part to GJ-eene in 1802, and other parts to TeliafeiTo 5.n 1825
as and 1828. It bounded by the following counties: Elbert on the north,
Linco1ni on the east, McDuffie, Wa.rren and TaliafeiTO on the south, Talli.afeiTO on the sout1hwest, Oglethorpe on the west and northwest.
Broad river is on its northern and Little river on its southern border. The' creeks are Beaverdam, Fishing and Kettle creeks.
The surface of the country in undulating and the soil varied. The light sandy lands produce well for a few years. By careful cultivation and judicious fer'tlilizing they can be built up and enabled to retain their productiveness. The best lands are on Broad f!Ud Little rivers and their tributary creeks. The average yield to the acre is, according to location and culture, as follows: corn, 15 to 25 bushels; oats, 20 to 30;

MILLER RASPBERRY.
Canes of strong gro wth with heavy rich foliage. Very pn,lific and so hardy as to have end ured a temp erature of 25 degrees below zero unharm ed. Berries large, very brig ht in color, of excellent fla vor and the firm est of a ll Raspberries. ft never fails to produce a heavy crop al!d pich for a long season.

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL A.XD INDUSTRIAL.

881

wheat, 10 to 15; rye, 10 to 12; Irish pota.toes, 50 to 75; sweet potatoes,

80 to 120; field-peas, 12; ground-peas, 50; seed cottoo, 800 pounds; corn

fodder, 400 pounds; cra:b and bermuda grass hay, 3,000 pounds each;

sorghum syrup, 80 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 90 gallons. Nearly every

part oi the county is well adapted to the grasses and clover. Ber..

muda and crab-grass furnish good pasturage for s[x month oi the yeax;

ior the other six, rye, clover, barley and the stubble fields, aided by

~wamp carne.

Dairying is carried on to some extent, and more attootion is being

given to bee cattle. In 1890 Wilkes county had 5,525 cattle, 282 being

working oxen, and 2,369 nlch-cows; 1,153 horses, 1,977 mules, 2 don-

keys, 7,906 hoga, 85,815 domestic fowls, 1,578 sheep, with a wool-clip

<>f 3,186 pounds. Among the farm products were 512,912 gallons of
milk, 131,905 pounds of butter, 60 pounds of cheese, 77,025 dozens orr

eggs and 13,685 po.unds of honey.

V egertables, melons, berries arnd small fruits are raised in quantities

sufficient .for home consumption. The area given to peaches is 6,000

ACres; to apples, 5,000; to cherries, 200.

There are about 50,000 acres olf original forest still standing, the

timbers being hickory, white oak, maple, dogwood, gum, post oak and

.ash.

There are fine water-powers in the county, those at Anchovy Shoals

being 75,000 horse-powers.

Granite, quartz, and some i:ron, gold and soapstone, are found.

In July, 1901, the presence of gold on the farm of Ron. L. W. Lati-

mer, in the northern portion of Wilkes, was proven by the collootioo.

of a thousand pounds of dirt, which was sent to the stamping maC'hines at

the Columbia gold mines in an adjaining county. The 1,000 pounds

.Yielded a lump of gold whiC'h was esrtli.marf:ed to be worth from $1,500 to

$1,750.

On the southern border of the county the Seminole Mining Com-

pany, backed by western capital, have just srmk a new shaft at the Ma-

g.rnder mines with satisfactory results.

The Columbia Mining Company, also on the southern border, is a

well-paying piece of property, claiming to be worth, $300,000.

The manufaoturing establishments are a knitting-nil, a stove factory,

a cotton seed oil-mill worth $50,00(., ten flour and grist-mills whose

.aggregate value lis $20,000; six lumbea- and sawmills, ooe wagon, car-

riage and buggy :factory, one plow and cotton-gin factory, two box

and barrel faCJtories.

The cotton ginned in Wilkes county during the season of 1899-1900

is gliven in the Umted States census repoilt for 1900 as 17,405 bales

(upland).

.

Wasihington, the county site, is OO!e of the most beautiful towns in

the State. It has a populai\Jion. oif 3,300 in the corporate limits, and

4,436, counting the whole Washlingt.on district; a court-house worflb.
$40,000, two banks with an ag~gate capital orr $100,000, about 30

mercantile establishments, four life, and fire insurance age!Ilcies, a water-

43 ga

882

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

works plant, and c:h.urc'hes of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Roman catholics and Christian Scientists. The two first named are in the lead.
There are also good schools in Washington and ~n the. county. There are 42 schools foil" whites and 30 for colored pupils. The average attendance is 916 white and 861 colored.
Wilkes county has boon the home of many of the most distinguished men of Georgia. Among them are General Elijah Clarke) a native of North Carolina, who settled in Wilkes county and for his services to Georgia and the.cause of freedom desm-ves as high a niche in the temple of fame as do Marion and Sumter for similar but not greater service in South Carolina; Colonel John Dooly, who with his f:viem.d Elijah Clarke and with General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina, won great praise by the magnificent victory over the Tories at Kettle, creek in Wilkes county, and who, after the fall of Augusta in 1780, was murdered in the presence of his family by a marauding band of Tories; Peter Early rand Matthew Talbot, each a governor of Georgia and both natives of Virginia; Benjamin Taliaferro, a gallant soldier of the Virginia line during the Revolution, who moved to GOOTgia in 1785 and became a trustee of Franklin College, Presidoot otf the Georgia Senate, and one of the judges of the Superior Court, be>ing elected to that position by the Legislature, the only mall! in the history of the State to be elected to such a position without being a lawyer; Stephen Heard, who came from Virginia to Georgia before the Revolution, was one of the governors of the State during that stormy period, and for a while had his capital at Heard's Fort, in WHkes county; Duncan G. Campbell, a distinguished lawyer and great friend of female education, who for several yea;rs represented Wilkes county in the legislature; J ohm. A. Campbell, Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and later one of the Confederate Commissioners to the Peace Conference at Fortress Monroe, in 1865; Rev. Jesse Mercer, who was born in Hali:fax county, North Carolina Decemberr 16, 1769, was ordained a minister of the Baptist Church before he was 20 years of age, removed to Georgia, was a member of the convention which framed the Constitution of 1798, and at his death in 1841, was buried in Penfield, at that time the site of Mercer University, Robert Toombs, who was born in Wilkes county, July 2, 1810, was one of the grandest orators that America ever produced, represented Georgia for many years in the United States Senate, was the first secretary of State of the Coniederate States, wem.t to the field as a brigadiergeneral, was distinguished in Georgia politics after the war and died in Washmgton in his native county December 15, 1885.
In this county lived Mrs. Hannah Clarke, wife, of Gene!ral Elijah Clarke, and one of the noted he:roioos of the Revolution, who died on the 26th o August, 1827, aged, 90 years.
In the town of Washington lived Mrs. Hillhouse, widow of David Hillhouse, who took charge of and conducted a newspaper, styled the
Monitor and Observer, wrote editorials, set type, did the State printing,
raised and educated her three children, and at her death left to each a
legacy of ten thousand dollars. While John Milledge was governor oi

GEORGI.d.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

883

Georgia he gave to this noble woman, as far as he could, the patronage of

the State.

Colone~ John Graves, a native of Vlirginia, distinguished mthe rurmies

o Washington and Greene, who settled in Georgia after the war of the

Revolution, was another distinguished citizen o Wilkes, as was also

Colonru Nicholas Long, distinguished for his services in the war for in-

dependence and in the second war with Great Brimin.

The area of Wilkes county is 501 square miles, or 320,640 acres.

Population in 1900, 20,866, a gain of 2,785 since 1890; school fund,

$11,550.10.

l fl , Ii ~~~.,H

By the report o the Comptroller-G8111eral there are: acres o improved

land, 294,796; average value per acre, $2.84; city an.d town property,

561,045; sha:res in bank, $124,380; money and solvent debts, $285,410;

merchandise, $124,520; stocks and bonds, $51,875; cotton manufacto-

ries, $36,400; capital invested in mining, $400; household and kitchen

furniture, $111,445; farm and other anD.mals, $172,720; plantation and

mechanical tools, $45,095; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,960; value of all

other property, $47,008; real estate, $1,664,754; personal estate, $1,-

037,533. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,702,287.

Plroperty returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 13,621; value of land, $52,040; city and town property, $58,315; money, etc., $935; merchandise, $600; household and kitchen furniture, $16,185; watches, jewelry, etc., $115; farm and other animals, $37,430; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,075; value of all other property, $3,105. Aggregate value of whole property, $179,430.
Population o Wilkes county by sex and color, according to 1Jhe census of 1900: white males, 3,218; white females, 3,205; total white, 6,423; colored males, 7,074; colored females, 7,369; total colored, 14,443.
Population of the town of Washington by sex and color, according to the census of 1900; white males, 528; white females, 608; total white, 1,136; colored males, 1,000; colored females, 1,164; total colored, 2,164.
Total populati.on of Washington, 3,300. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 12 steers, 4 bulls, 105 dairy cows, 142 horses, 27 mules, 1 donkey, 156 swine.

WILKINSON COUNTY.
Wilkinson C(Junty was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, and organized in 1805. A part of it was added to Baldwin in 1807, and a part set off to Twiggs in 1809. It was named for Gooeral James Wlilkinson, an active participanlt in the war o the Revolution, and afterwards in that of 1812. It is bounded by the following counties: Baldwin on the north, Baldwin, Washington and J ohmson on the northeast, Laurens on the southeast, Twiggs on the southwest, and Jones on the northwest~
The Oconee river flows along the northeastern boundary. It is also watered by Big Sandy and Commissioner's crooks, tributaries of the Oconee. The streams abound in :fish. There is a collilli.derable pond or small lake in the northeastern section of the county.

884

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The main line of the Central of Georgia Railway tl'averses the county while a branch road of the same great system, starting from the tow:r: of Gordon and pasaing through Milledgeville and Eatonton, terminatea at Covington on the Georgia Rruilroad.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and consists of gray, sandy lands, level or slightly rolling Wii:th red outcrops in the central portion of the count.y. The lands on an aveir'age make the following ylield to the acre: corn, 9 bushels; oats, 8 2-3 bushels; wheat, 4 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas, 12 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 550 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. But the best lands go far ahead of these figures on corn, o3Jts and wheat, averaging as follows: corn, 15 bushels to the acre; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels.
In 1890 Wilkinson county had 881 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,483 pounds, 4,952 cattle, 363 being working oxen and 1,757 milch-cows; 754 horses, 1,246 mules, 9 donkeys, 16,780 hogs and 50,474 domestic fowls. Among the f'a'l1ID products were 251,209 gallons of milk, 64,239 pounds of butter, 18,717 pounds of honey and 95,355 dozens of eggs.
Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised for home consumption. The amount of truck sold is less than $1,500 worth.
Rotten limeStone abounds in this county. Near Irwinton is a quarry of the soft kind, which, upon exposure to the air, becomes hard. It has been found useful in the construction of chimneys.
On the tributaries of the Oconee are 21 grist-mills, using 246 horsepowers.
The forest growth is long-lea pine on gray lands, oak and hickory on red lands and swamp timber along the creeks. The timber products are considerable, the annual output being about $30,000.
Of all manufae:tories in the county the annual output is about $91,310. Irwinton, the county seat, has a population of 227, though Irwinton
district contains, 1,993 people. The largest town in the county is Gordon, with 509 inhabitants in
the town, while the whole of Ramah district, which includes Gordon, coottains 1,597 people.
Baptists and Methodists are the leading denomrinations. There are in the county 41 schools for whites and 23 for colored. The avemge attendance for the former is 830, for the latter 848. The area of Wilkinson county is 431 square miles, or 275,840 acres. Population in 1900, 11,440, a gain of 659 since 1890; school fund, $7,319.16. According to the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of lj_mproved land, 275,464; average value per a:cre, $2.13; city and town property, $44,677; building and loan association, $10; money and solvent debts, $116,576; merchandise, $27,614; stocks and bonds, $9,350; cotton manufactories, $1,255; houseJhold and lcitchen furniture, $76,535; farm and other animals, $154,152; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,551; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,223; value of all other property, $38,015; real estate, $631,179; personal estate, $498,008. Aggregate value of whole properly, $1,128,187.

GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIA.L.

885

Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 7,508; value of land, $18,196; city and town property, $2,895; money, etc., $317; merchandise, $120; household 'and kitchen furniture, $15,689; watches, jewelry, etc., $438; farm and othe~ animals, $25,672; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,012; value of all other property, $4,249. Aggre~ gate value of whole properly, $78,663.
According to the report of the Urnited States census for 1900 there were ginned tin Wilkinson county 11,037 hales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $13,401 in the value of all property over the returns of 1900.
-Population of Wilkinson county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,726; white females, 2,683; total white, 5,409; colored males, 2,981; colored females, 3,050; total colored, 6,031.
Domestic animals tin barns and inclosures, not on :1arms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 15 calves, 5 steers, 3 bulls, 36 daiiry cows, 26 ho:rses, 9 mules, 125 swine.

WORTH COUNTY.,

Worth County was laid out in 1856 from Irwin and Dooly, and was named in honor of General William Worth, of New York, a son-in-law
of General Zachary Taylor, who clistinguiished himself in the Mexican war, while fighting under Taylor in northern Mexico, and latm- under Scott in the valley of the city of Mexico. This county is boll!llded by the following counties: Dooly 0'11 the north, Irwin and Berrien
on the east, Colquitt on the south, Mitchell, Dougherty and Lee on the west, and Lee 0'11 the northwest.
The Flint river :flows along its northwestern border, and Little, river
on the eastern side. On its northeastern side is Swift creek, and a little south of that, Jones creek. Other streams are Indian, W arcior, Ty Ty, Al*'llm's and Mill creeks.
The counlty is trave['Sd by the Brunswick and Westem Railway of the Plarut System and by the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railway. The Georgia Northern penetrates the county as far as Carlisle on the southwest.
The face of the country is level, having a light, sandy soil with clay subsoil. On the creek bottoms the soil is alluvial and very productive.
The cultivaming of grass for hay is yet in its incipierncy; but expe~ri ments have proved very satisfactory. Crab-grass, whi~h grows to perfection, is harvested with a mixtUI!'e of peavine after oats. About 4,000 acres have given a yieJ.d of 5 tons (10,000 pounds) to the acre of this mixed hay.
The average yield to the acre fOT the whole county, accoriling to location and culture, is: corn, 10 to 18 bushels to the acre; oats, 10 to 25 bushels; rye and wheat, 10 bushels each; upland rice, 10 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes from 125 to 300 bushols each; field-peas, from 10 to 20 busheils; ground-peas, from 10 to 60 bushels; chufas, 20 bushels;

886

GEORGIA: HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

upland seed cotton, from 750 to 1,000 pounds; sea-island cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 5,000 pounds, but 10,000 on the best lands; sorghum forage, 10,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons.
There is an increased interest in bee cattle and in better milk breeds, the Jersey being the favorite milch-cow. The pasturage is excellent, besides which, cattle' are fed on hay, bran and cotton seed meal.
fu 1890 Worth county had 15,026 cattle, 269 being working oxen and 3,897 milch-cows, of which thm-e wm-e 115 from pure breed to one half bred and higher. The production of milk was 313,918 gallons,
and of butter, 68,184 pounds. The 14,294 sheep gave a wool-clip of 32,629 pounds. Thm-e were 703 horses, 1,118 mules, 20,557 hogs and 51,310 domestic fowls of all varieties. The production of eggs was 79,219 dozens, and of honey, 3,899 pounds.
Quail and doves constitute the game of the county. Vegetables, berries and melons in sufficient quantities for home con sumption are ,mdsed, The people raised fewer melons than usual in 1900, alleging as a reason the freight rates, which ate up all the profits.
The acreage devoted to peaches is 1,000; to apples, 200; to pears, 400; to plums and cherries, 50 each. There are 4 vineyards, embracing in all 150 aCireS. About half of the ,grapes are sold in the markets, and from 25 per cent. of the whole number raised wine is made. From Poulan, thousands of grapes are shipped.
About 5,000 acres of woodland consist of pine, and 5,000 of cypress, hickory and gum. The annual output of lumber is 6,000,000 superficial feet, selling at an aveil'age price of $8.00 a thousand feet.
The minerals are clay, limestone and sandstone, but none of them are at this time being mined.
There ail'e excellent water-powerrs in the county. Two hundred horsepowers are used by Merceil"s flour and grist-mill. At Sylvester a;re two such mills, of which Raine's Mill is operated by water and Welch's by steam. At Willingham there is a large lumber and shingle mill; also large planing-mills with a dryimg capacity of 20,000 feet a day. At Ashburn are mills with a capacity of 50,000 feet of rough lumber and 50,000 shingles a day; also planing-mills with a capacity of 25,000 to 30,-
000 feet in a day. There are in the county several smaller mills with a capacity of from 5,000 to 6,000 foot a day.
There are in operation 12 turpentine stills. There is a ferlilizer manufactory in course of construction at Sylvesteil', and a cotton factory being built at Poulan.
There are in the county two wagon and carriage :factories, valued at $1,000 each.
Isabella, the county seat, has a court-house wort:h $20,000. There are in the county three banks, one at Sylvester with a capital of $15,000, one at Poulan, $15,000, and one at Ashbum, $20,000. There are~ life and fire insurance agencies at Sylvester, one at Ty Ty, and 2 at Ashburn. In each of these towns are several successful mercantile establishments.
Ashburn, with a population of 1,301, is the largest town in the county. The district including Ashburn has 3,025 inhabitants. Next is Sylvester,

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

887

with 552 inhabitants. The whole disll:lrict which includes it has a popu-

lation of 1,612.

The receipts and shipments of cotton from the entire county are 7,500

bales. Of these 3,000 are handled at Sylvester. By the census report of

1900 there were ginned in this county 9,296 bales of upland and 1,189

bales of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900.

Baptists and Methodists are the leading denominations, and their

churches are scattered all over the counlty.

.

Worth county has 51 schools for white pupils and 23 for colored,

with an average attendance in the white schools of 1,544 and in the

colored schools of 762.

The area of Worth county is 778 square miles, or 497,920 acres.

Population in 1900, 18,664, an increase of 8,616 since 1890; school

fund, $10,421.57.

By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-

proved land, 372,328; of wild land, 80,351; average value per acre of

improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $1.29; city and town property, $175,-

131; shares in bank, $18,261; money and solvenlt debts, $198,347; mer~

chandise, $110,879; stocks and bon&, $1,718; cotton mrunufactories,

$7,162; iron works, $5,025; mining, $135; household and kitchen furni-

ture, $134,151; farm and other animals, $274,382; plantation and me-

chanical tools, $52,862; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,610; value of all other

property, $183,512; real estate, $1,197,840; pffi'Bonal estate, $998,943.

Aggregate value of whole property, $2,196,783.

Property returned by colored taxpayeTS: acres of lrund, 10,806; value

of same, $26,210; city and town property, $6,499; merchandise, $717;

money and solvent debts, $900; household and kitchen furniture, $18,-

409; watches, jewelry, etc., $287; farm and othe[" animals, $26,312;

plantation and mechanical tools, $5,627; value of all other property,

$1,395. Aggregate value of whole property, $86,356.

The tax returns for 1901 show an increase o $240,561 in the value

of all property, as compared with the returns for 1900.

Population of Worth County by sex and color, according to the cen-

sus of 1900: white males, 5,286; white females, 4,966; total white,

10,252; colored males, 4,584; colored females, 3,828; total colored,

8,412.

Domestic animals in barns 'and inclosures, not on farm or ranges, June

1, 1900: 221 calves, 204 steers, 11 bulls, 260 dairy cows, 163 horses, 275

mules, 1,601 swine, 12 aoats.

888

GEORGIA: HI8TORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

From the Comptroller-General's report for 1901 we take the following:

STATEMENT SHOWING THE ASBESSED VALUE OF THE WHOLE TAXABLE PROPERTY OF THE STATE AND THE STATE TAX LEVY FOR EAt'H OF THE YEARS, BEGINNING WITH 1879.

YEAR.

I I I oPnroDpiegretyst. PRraoiplreoratyd.

Total.

I State Tax Rate.

]879' " " " ............ ' ..... ' $ 225,993,4191$ 188\)'.'."' ................. ' 2~8,934,126 1881 ' ' ' ' ' ............. ' . . . . . . . 254.252,630 1882. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268,519,976 18:'3.............. .. . . . .. . . . 284,881,951 1884.......................... 294,885.3i0 18S5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . 299,146,798
1886............. . . . . . . . .. .. . 306,501,578 1887. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316,605,328
18R8. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 327.863,331 1889. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345,938,837 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377,366,71<4
1891. ...... " . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. 402,586,468 1S92........... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 421,149,509
1893 . "...................... 410,644,753 1894................. . . . .. . . . 388,428,748 1~<95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37u, 739,5:n
1896 .......... " .... "........ 310,526.638 1897......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370,034,912 1898.......................... 369,118,-l.03
1899. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. 372,927,077 1900 .. '...................... 388,154,413 1901...... .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 404,792,137

9,866,129!$ 234,959,548 3~ mills.
12,490,525 251,424,651 3~ " 16,741,258 270,91!3,888 3 " 18,729,427 287,249,408 3 ,, 22,030,404 306.921,355 2~ " 22,188,901 317,074,271 3 " 22,548,818 321,695,616 3~ " 22,981,927 329,489,655 3~ 24,899,592 341,504,021 3. 77 " 29,304,127 357,167,458 3.56 ,,
34,250,477 380,189,314 4 " 38,462,161 415,828,945 3. 96 " 42,383,287 444,969,755 5.08 " 42.604,025 463,753,534 4.85 " 42,000,154 452,644,907 4.61 ,,
40,584,775 429,012,923 4. 37 " 39,9ii2,572 410 692,093 4.56 " 42,780,835 413.307,473 4.56 " 42,286,457 412,321,369 5.21 " 42,695,508 411,813,911 6. 21 " 43,933,411 414,'!00,488 5.36 " 46,181,721 434,33'1,134 5.20
51,554,897 456,347,034 5.44 "

To the railroad assessments must be added the estimated value of the property of the roads having charter exemptions from ad valorem taxation, which, at a conservative valuation, is worth $20,000,000, which would make the total value of this property $71,554,897.
In order to show in detail to what extent some of the chief classes of our property have increased, the following interesting statement is taken from the Oomptroller-Gerreral's report:

1879

1899

1900

1901

City and town real estate....... $49,007,286$ 116,258,563!$ 116,945,650 $ 119,042,742

Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,493,82:! 119,152,188 120,602,233 124,425,643

Live stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,017,634 19,968,3-59 22,418,392 25,241,891

Farm implements:.. . . . . . . . . . . 2,971,372 4,903,739 5,~04,719 6,730 743

Household furniture.......... H,156,404 15,534.560 16,296,369 16,666,166

Merchandise ................... 12,012.755 19,211,726 20,425,362 23,879,854

Money, etc...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,113,005 33,198,332 34,730,595 34,380,514

Cotton factories............. . 1,640,000 11,359,993 13,217,736 18,999,964

Iron works, etc..... . . . . . . . . . . . 29-1,640

566,064

440,655

938,629

Bank capital.................. 4,667,5117 13,389,612 13,892,281 14,264,306

R11ilroad property..

9,866,129 43,933,411 46,181,721 51,554,897

GEORGIA: .HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

From the same report is takem. the subjoined

STATEMENT OF PROPERTY RETURNED BY COLORED 'l'AX-P AYERS FROM 1879 TO 1901.

1879 ....................................................... $ 5,182,398 1880........................................................... 5,764,293 18K1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,478,951
1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,589,876 1883 .... ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,582,395 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,o:n ,525 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,153,390 1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,655,298
1887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,936,479 1888......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,631,271 1889 ....................................................... 10.415,330 11-190 ......................................................... 12,322,003 1891 ........................................................ 14,Hl6,735 1892 .......................................................... 14,869,575
1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,960,6i5 1894 .......................................................... 14,387,730 181!5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12,941,230 1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13,292,816
1897 ........................................................ 13,619,690 1898 ............................................... : ...... 13,719,200
1899 .................................................... 13,560,179 1900 ....................................................... 14.118,720 1901 ................................................... 15,621:1,811

The following is the school fund estimate, 1901 :

Direct levy .................................................. . Poll tax .................................................. . Half rental W. and A. railroad .............................. . Liquor tax ............................................... Hire of convicts (net) ....................................... .
Fees from fertilizers (net) ................................... . Oil fees (net) .............................................. Show tax................................................. .
Dividends from Georgia railroad stock ....................... .

$ 800,000 250,014 210,206
132,343 81,297 16,592
8,193 4,636 2,046

$ 1,505,127

APPENDIX.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FROM THE UNITED STATES
CENSUS OF 1900.
The total area of Georgia is 59,475 square miles. Of this wrea the water surface embraces 495 square miles, leaving a land surface of 58,980 square miles.
The tables of population were prepared by Mr. Wm. 0. Hunt, chief statistican for population. The director of the United States census is Ron. William R. Merriam.
The popula:tion of the State in 1900 is 2,216,331 as against 1,837,353 in 1890, representing an increase since 1890 of 378,978, or 20.'6 per cent. This rate of increase is only a little more than that for the decade from 1880 to 1890, when it was 19.1 per cent., and is a little more than twothirds that for the decade TOm 1870 to 1880, when it was 30.2 per cent. Georgia had a population at the first census, in 1790, of 82,548, but it increased by 1830 to 516,823, and by 1860 to 1,057,286, having more than doubled during the 30 years from 1830 to 1860. Since 1860 its population has again more than doubled, and is now considerably in excess of two millions.
The population of Georgia in 1900 is very nearly twenty-seven times as large as the population given for 1790, when it was only 82,548.
The total land surface of Georgia is, approximately, 58,980 square miles, the av~age number of persons to the square mile at the censuses of 1890 and 1900 being as follows: 1890, 31.1; 1900, 37.5. Table 1 shows the land area of each of the counties o Georgia in square miles.
Table 2 shows the population of Georgia at each census from 1790 to 1900, inclusive, while table 3, which immediately follows, shows the population of each county during the same period.
There have boon no territorial changes in the counties of Georgia since 1890.
Of the 137 counties in the State all but 9 have increased in population during the decade, the counties showing the largest percentages of increase being Colquitt, 184.4 per cent.; Irwin, 116.0 per coot.; Tattnall, 99.1 per cent.; Laurens, 88.4 per cent.; Johnson, 86.1 per cent.; Worth, 85.7 per cent.; Telfair, 84.0. pe1r cent.; Be:rriem., 81.7 per cent.; and Montgomery, 76.8 per cent.
The 9 counties showing a decrease in population are Cherokee, Colum-
bia, Dade, Dawson, Greene, Morgan, Putnam, Talbot, and White. Of the 372 incorpora.ted places there are 40 that have a population in
1900 of more than 2,000, and of these 13 have a population in excess of 5,000.
(891)

892

GEORGIA: HISTORICA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah are the only cities lin Georgia that have a population in 1900 of more than 25,000, and for these cities a summary is presented in table 4, showing the population of each from
the first year in which it is separately stated in the census !I'eport, to 1900, inclusive, together with the increase by number and per cent. during each of the ten-year periods.
As shown by this summary, Atlanta, the largest city in the State, has a population in 1900 of 89,872 as compared with a population of only 2,572 in 1850; in 1890 it had a population of 65,533, representing a:u
increase during the past ten years of 24,339, or 37.1 per coot., as compared with an increase of 75.1 per cent. during the preceding ten yea.I'::!. Savannah, the second largest city in the State, shows an increase of 25.5 per cent. from 1890 to 1900, its present population being, 54,244 a.~ agai'llSt 43,189 in 1890; it had a population of 5,166 in 1800, or less thau one-tenth of its population in 1900. Augusta, the third largest city in the State, has a population in 1900 of 39,441, showing an increase of 6,141, 00' 18.4 per cent., since 1890 as compared with an increase oi 52.1 per cent. from 1880 to 1890.
Mr. Daniel C. Roper, who made the report on the quantity of cotton ginned in the United States in 1899, says: "As the statistics of this bulletin are based exclusively upon the report secured from cotton ginners,
it may be that in some counties the amount of cotton reported as ginned will vary slightly from the amount of cotton reported as grown, and tab-
ulated by the Agricultural Division of this office. This condition will certairuy occur where large and important ginneries, located near State or county lines, attract cotton from an adjoining county, or where cotton is grown only to a limited extent in one county and its entire production is gU.nned arnd reported in a neighboring county."
Mr. Roper gives the following interesting bit of history, showing the immense influence of the cotton gin upon cotton produo1Jion in the United
States: "Prior to the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1794,
the separation of the seed from the lint cotton was so difficult as to limit the cultivation of cotton. This separation of the seed from the llint h~:~d to be done by hand, a task being 4 pounds of lint. cotton per week for each head of a family, working at night, in addition to the usual field work. Thus it would take one person two years to turn out the quantity of cotton contained in one average standard bale. One machine will gin from three to fifteen 500-pound bales per day, dependent upon its power
and saw capacity. Possibly no invention has ever caused so rapid development o the
industry with which it was associated as that brought through this sawcotton gin. In 1793, the exportation of cotton from the United States was 487,500 poU!Ilds, or 975 bales of an average weight of 500 pounds. In 1794, the year in which the Whitney gin was patented, the numbe,r of pounds of cotton exported from the United State was 1,600,000, equivalent to 3,200 bales of a 500-pound standard. This large production so frightened the cotton farm'l'S, in anticipation of an over production of the crop, as to cause them to pledge themselves to desist from

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

893

its production. One of these fan::mem, looking upon his crop fathered for that year., exclaimed, "I have done with the cultivation o cotton; There is enough in that ginhouse to make stockings rf'or all the people' in America.' And yet within one hundred yeiD'S, 1800 to 1900, the production of cotton in the United States has increased from 80,000, approximately, to 9,345,391 bales, 500-pound standard, and the crop of 1899 is generally admitted by the ginners, in their reports to this office, to have been small compared with that of 1898."
Table 5 gives the quantity of cotton ginned in Georgia by counties in 1899, the average weight of bales, and the average cost per bale for gin-
ning and baling the crop.

TABLE 1.-LAND AREA OF THE COUNTIES OF GEORGIA.

Total ......... ... 58,980

Appling... ..........

Baker

.......

Baldwin . ......

Banks ...............

Bartow...............

Berrien ... . ........

Bibb ......... ......

Brooks...............

Bryan................

Bulloch...............

Burke................

Butts.........

Calhoun . .. ... ......

Camden.............

Campbell........ ...

Carroll ...... .. ...

Catoosa........ .....

Charlton

Chatham ..........

Chattahoochee

Chattooga ....... ..

Cherokee ......... ...

Clarke.................

Clay..... ..............

Clayton ...... ..... ..

Clinch........... .....

775 366 250 216 485 810
254 463 427 980
1043 '179 276 718 205 486
171 1,068
400 231 326 434 159 2111 142 1,077

Cobb .............. Coffee ...............
Colquitt C o l u m b i a ........ Coweta ....... Crawford ........... Dade ............... Dawson ............. . Decatur ............ DeKalb.......... Dodge ............... Dooly ............... Dougherty ........ Douglas ........... Early ............... Echols ............ Effingham ........ Elbert .............. Emanuel ........ .. Fannin............... Fayette ............ Floyd ............... Forsyth Franklin ........... Fulton ............ Gilmer ............. Glascock ........... Glynn ..............

341 1,123
565
306 448
334 188 209
1,010
271 495
710
339 212 503 365 419 388 936
300
215
506
252 344 174
450
95 468

Gordon ........... Greene .............. Gwinnett .......... Habersham........ Hall ................. Hancock ............ Haralson ........... Harris ...... Hart ................ Heard ............. Henry ............... Houston ............ Irwin ................ .
Jackson Jasper ............... Jefferson ........... Johnson ............ Jones .............. . Laurens ............ Lee .................... Liberty ............. Lincoln .............
Lowndes Lumpkin ......... . McDuffie ........... Mcintosh......... Macon .............. Madison ...........

387 Marion .............. 400 Meriwether...... .. 510 Miller ............. 372 Milton ............... 449 Mitchell ............ 523 Monroe ........... .. 282 Montgomery...... 486 Morgan............. 257 Murray .............. 313 Muscogee........... 337 Newton.............. 591 Oconee .............. 686 Oglethorpe ........ 460 Paulding ......... .. 410 Pickens ............ 686 Pierce ............... 258 Pike ................. 397 Polk ................. 791 Pulaski.............. 436 Putnam ......... !)76 Quitman 290 Rabun .............. 455 Randolph.......... 2b2 Richmond ........ 258 Rockdale .......... 429 Schley .............. 392 Screven ........... 278 Spalding ...........

344 Stewart

440

544 Sumter .............. 534

275 Talbot ............. .. 407

147 Taliaferro ......... 198

542 Tattnall ........... 1,102

480 Taylor ............. . 338

744 Telfair .............. 412

346 Terrell ............ .. 340

352 Thomas

713

255 Towns ............... 168

259 ~r~up .............. 434

184 'Iw1ggs ............. . 423

575 Union .............. 325

329 Upson .............. 310

219 Walker ............ 433

518 Walton .............. 366

294 Ware ................. 676

292 Warren

298

477 Washington ...... 680

348 Wayne ........

766

152 '\Vebster ............ 227

344 White ............ 243

476 Whitfield.......... 285

272 Wilcox .............. 544

121 Wilkes .......... .. 501

188 Wilkinson ......... 431

734 Worth ............. 778

203

GEOBGI.4.: HIBTOBIOA.L .A.ND INDUSTBIA.L.

895

TABLE 2.-POPULATION OF GEORGIA: 1790 TO 1900.

CENSUS YEARS.

INCREASE.
Population.I---.,..--Number.l Per cent.

1900 ..........................................
1890................................................ .
1880........................... ................. 1870... ' ............................................ . 1860................................................. . 1850................................................. . 1840................................................. .
1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1820................................................ .
1810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1800................................................. . 1790................................................. .

2,216,331 378,978 20.6 1,837,353 295,173 19.1
1,542,180 358,071 30.2 1,184,109 126,823 11 9 1,057,286 151,101 16.6
906,185 214,793 31.0 691,392 174,569 33.7 516,823 175,838 51.5 340,985 88,552 35.0
252,433 89,747 55.1
162,686 80,138 97.0 82,548 ............... .

COUNTIES.

TABLE B.-POPULATION OF GEORGIA BY COUNTIES: 1790 TO 1900.

00
co

o;,

1900

1890

1880

1870

1860

l I I I I I I
1850 1840 1830 1320 1810 1800 1790

The State ............... 2,216,3311 1,837,3531 1,542,1801 1,184,1091 1,057,2861 906,1851691,3921516,8231340,985,252,4331162, 6861 82,548

Appling .................... Baker....................... Baldwin .................... Banks ...................... Bartow1 ..
Berrien ..................... Bibb ....................... .Brooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bryan ...................... Bulloch.....................
Burke ...................... Butts ....................... Calhoun .................... Camden ................... Campbell. ..................
Carroll .................... Catoosa..................... Charlton................ Chatham ................... Chattahoochee..............
Chattooga .................. Olerokee ................... Cl:,rke ...................... Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clayton .....................

12,336 6,704 17,768 10,545 20,823
19,440 50,473 18,606 6,122 21,377
30,165 12,805 9,274 7,669 9,518
26,576 5,823 3,592 71,239 5,790
12,952 15,243 17,708 8,568 9,598

8,676 6,144 14,608 8,562 20,616
10,694 42,370 13,979 5,520 13,712
28,501 10.565 8,438 6,178 9,115
22,301 5,431 3,335 57,740 4,902
11,202 15,412 15,186 7,817 8,295

5,276 7,307 13,806 7,337 18,690
6,619 27,147 11,727 4,929 8,053
27,128 8,311 7,024 6,183 9,970
16,901 4,739 2,154 45,023 5,670
10,021 14,325 11,702
6,050 8,027

5,086 6,843 10,618 4,973 16,566
4,518 21,255 8,342 5,252 5,610
17,679 6,941 5,503 4,615 9,176
11,782 4,409 1,897 41,279 6,059
6,902 10,399 12,941 5,493
5,477

~

4,190 4 985 9,078 4,707 15,724

2,949 2,052 1,468 1,264 ... ... . .......

8,120 8,148
13,300

4,226
7,250
.......
9,390

1,253 7,295
.......

...7.,7.3.4.
.

....... 6,356
....... .......


.... .... 0
......

....... ....... .......

c
~
.~ ;;.:
.t.t.l.

3,475 ........ .....
16,291 12,699 9,802
6,356 . . . . . . . . .

7,154

...

. ...

........

. ......
.

. .....
.............

I'1J
c"3 ~

4,015 5,668

3,424 4,300

3,182 3,102

3,139 2,587

3,021 2,578

2,827 2,305

2,836 1,913

.......

~
t-<

17,165 16,100 13,176 11,833 11,577 10,858 9,504 9,467 ~

t:,455 4,913

6,488
........

. .

.5.,3..08.

5,420 3,319 6,075

8,301 7,232 5,370

4,944 ....... . .. .... . ...... . ......

4,578 3,323

...4.,3.4.1.

3,941
.......

1,681 . ......

305
.......

~ .... ~

:::::::~::::::: 11,991 9,357 5,252 3,419 .......
5,082 ...................... 1,780 ....................

.......

31,043 23,901 18,801 14,127 14,737 13,540i 12,946 10,769

5,797 ......................
:::::r::::: 7,165 6,815 3 438 .......
11,291 12,800 5,895 . . . .. 11,218 11,119 10,522 10,176
'I' ............. . : :::: 4893 .......

. ............
8,767 ~~~l

c::1 I'1J
;~;:
!="

4,466 .....................

0

1Name changed from Cass prior to 1870.

(Hinch ..................... . ,..Cobb ...................... . ; Uoffee ................... . ,. Colquitt ................... .
Columbia .................. .
Coweta ................... . Crawford .................. . Dade ... ..... .. . ....... . Dawson .................. . Decatur .................. .
DeKalb ................... . Dodge ..................... . Dooly .................... . Dougherty ................ . Douglas .................. .
Ea:r.ly ..................... . Echols ..................... . Effingham ............... . Elbert ..................... . Emanuel .................. .
Fannin .................... . Fayette .................. . Floyd..................... . Forsyth ................. . Franklin .................. .
Fulton .................... . Gilmer .................... . Glascock .................. . Glynn ..................... . Gordon ................... .
Greene .................... . Gwinnett .................. . Habersham ................ . Hall ....................... . Hancock................... .

8,732 24,ti64 16,169 13,636 10,653
24,9SO 10.368 4.578 5,442 29,454
21,112 13,!-!75 26,567 13,679 8,745
14,828 3,209 8,334
19,7:!9 21,279
11,214 10,114 33,113 11,550 17,700
117,363 10,198 4,516 14,317 14,119
16,542 25,585 13,604 20,752 18,277

6,652 22,286 10,483 4,794 11,28!
22,354 9,315 5,707 5,612 19,949
17,189 11,452 18,146 12,206
7,794
9,792 3,07!:l 5,599 15,376 14,703
8,724 8,728 28,391 11,155 14,670
84,655 11,074 3,720 13,420 12,758
17,051 19,899 11,573 18,047 17,149

4,1381 20.748 5,070 2,527 10,46-'i

3.945 13,814 3,192 1,6.;4
13,529

3,063

63'7 ........................................

14,242 13,843 7,539..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .

2,879 ................................................. .

J ,316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ..... .

11,860 11,961 11,356 12,606 12,695 11,242 8,345

21,109 8,656 4,70:! 5,837 Hl,072

15,875 7,557
3,033 4,369 15,183

14,703 13,635 7,693 8,984 3,069 2,680 3,856.. .. . . . . 11,922 8,262

10,~64 . 5,003 ........................... . 7,981 5,313....... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... .
1,364 . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. . . .......................... .
5,872 3,854 ............................ .

14,497 10,014

7,806 14,328 -10,467 10,042 . .. .. . . .. ................. .

5,358 .......... '...

. .

. .......................... .

12,420

9,790

8,917 8,361 4,427 2,135

.................... .

12,622 11,517

8,295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . ........... .

6,934 ............................................... : ..................... .

7,611 2,553
5,97q
12,957 9,759

6,998 1,978
4,214
9,249 6,134

6,1-49 1,491
4,755
10,433 5,081

7,246 5,444 2,051 768....... . ......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .
3,864 3,075 2,924 3,018 2,586 2,072 2,42l
12,959 11,125 12,354 11,788 12,156 10,094 ...... . 4,577 3,129 2,673 2,928 .................... .

7,245 8,605 24,418 10,559 11,453
49,137 8,386 3,577 6,497 11,171
17,547 19,531
8,718 15,298 16,989

5,429 8,221 17,230 7,983 7,893
33,446 6.644 2,736 5,376 9,268
12,454 12,431
6,322 9,607 11,317

5,139 7,047
15,195 7,749 7,393

.. s:7o9
8,205 8,850 11,513

6,191 5,5o4::::::: ::::::: :::::: :::::::

4,441 ........................... .

5,619

. . . . . . .

. .....

9,836 10,107 9,040 10,815 6,859 1,041

14,427
6,724 2,437
3,889 10,146

.................................. .

8,440 2,536

........................... .

......................................... .

4,933 5,302 4,567 3,418 3,417 1,874 413

5,984 ......................................... .

12,652 12 940 5.966 9,366
12,044

13,068 11,21)7
~.895
8,713 11,578

]] ,690 10,804 7,961 7,875
9,659

] 2,549 13,589 11,679 10,761 5,405 13,289 4,5&9 ................... .. 10 671 3,145 .................... .
11,7481 5,086 ................... . 11,820 12,734 13,330 14,456 ..... :

TABLE a.-POPULATION OF GEORGIA BY COUNTIES: 1790 TO 1900.-Continued.

COUNTIES.

1900

1890

1880

1870

1860 11850 11840 11830 11820 !1810 11800 11790

Haralson ................... Harris ......................
Hart .. ...... ...... .. .... ...
Heard ............. Henry ......................

Houston .................... Irwin ...................... Jackson ................... Jasper ...................... Jefferson ...................

Johnso Jones.

n . ..

.... . ...

......

....

....................

Laurens ....................

Lee .........................

Liberty. ...................

Lincoln ............... L owndes ....................
Lumpkin: .................. McDuffie .................... Mcintosh ...................

l\iacon ...................... l\1adison .................... Marion ..................... Meriwether ................. Miller ......................

Milton ...................... Mitchell. ................... Monroe .....................
Montgomery............... 1
Mor an ....................

11,922 18,009 14,49:! 11,177 18,602
22,641 13,645 24,039 15,G33 18,212
11,409 13,358 25,908 10,344 13,093
7,156 2!,031\ 7,438 !"J,B04 6,537
14,093 1:3,224 10,080 :i-3.339 6,319
6,763 14,767 20,682 w.35H 15 813

11,316 16,797 10,887 9,557 16,220
21,613 6,316 19,176 13,87!"1 17,213
6,129 12,709 13,747 9,074 12,887
6,146 15,102 6,867 8,789
6,4701
13,183 ll,024 7,728 20,740 4,275
6,208 10,906 19,187
9,248 16 041

5,974 15,758 9,0))4
8,769 14,193

4,00t 13,284
6,783 7,866 10,102

3,039 ........
13,736 14,721 6,137 7,805 6,923
10,702 14,726

13,933



0
5,105

0



. ...... . ......

. ... .. . ....... . ... .. . .......

. .. . .. . ....... . ... .. . . ... .. . . ......

5,329

....... . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .....

11,756 10,566

. ... .. . ....... . ......

22,414
2,606 16,297 11,851 15,671

20,406 1,837
11,181 10,439 12,190

15,611
1,699 10,605
10,743 10,219

16,450
3,334 9,768 11,486
9,131

9,711 2,038 8,522 11,111
7,254

7,369 1,180

. ... .. . 411

. ...

..

.

. ......

.. .. ....

...
. . .

9,004 13,13j

8,355 14,614

10,569 7,573

7,736 .......

. ...

..

.

7,&09 7,054 6,111 5,684

4,800 11,613 10,053
10,577 10,649

2,964 9,436 7,834 !),567
7,688

2,919 .. . .. . . .
9,107 10,224 6,998 6,442 7,196 6,660 8,367 7,926

10,065 5,585 4,520 7,241

13,345 16,570 5,589 5,436 1,680 ....... 7,233 6,695

....... . ......

8,597 2,210

.......

....... . ......

6,228 5,313 5,355

.. 6.412
11,049 6,526 9,449 6,241

5,413 8,321 5,161
.........
4,491

5,466 5,249 4,626
0
5,546

5,998 7.,714 8,955
.. 6,027

5,895 5,574 5,671 . ... .. . 5,360

6,145
2,453 ....... . ......
4,998

6,458
.......
.. .. . . ......
5,129

4,555 . .. . .. .
. .. . .. .
. ... . . . 3,739

4,766
. ......
. ... .. . . .. . .. .
2,660

.......
.......
. ......
. ...... .......

11,675 7,!"178 8,598 17,651 3,720
6,261 9,392
185,.8308811 14,032

11,458 5,227 8,000 13,756 3,091
4,281 6,633 17,21il 3,586 10 696

8,449 7,052 5,045 .......

. ... .. . . ... .. . . ......

... 5,933
7,390 . 15,330

5,703 4,510 10,280 4,812 16,476 14,132

4,646
1,436 4,422

3,735 ....... . .. . .. .

. ... . .. .

.. ..

.
.

. ... .. .
. .. . .. .
.......

....... . ......
. ... .. .

1,791 ... ... . . . ... .. . . ... .. . . ...... . .. . . ...... ........

4,602 ........ ....... ....... ..... . ...... ....... .......

4,30S

0

....... ....... .... ..

15,953 16,9S5 16,275 16,202

.

2.997 2,l;j4 1 616 1,2H9 1,869 2,954 3,180

9;1ml 10 744 !) 121 12 046. 13 520 8 369 ...... ' .......

I M u r r a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Muscogee ................... Newton ..................... Oconee...................... Oglethorpe. ................
Paulding.................... Pickens ..................... Pierce ...................... Pike ........................ Polk ........................
Pulaski ..................... Putnam..................... Quitman .................... Rabun ...................... Randolph ...................
Richmond .................. Rockdale. Schley .... :::::::::::::::::: Screven ..................... Spalding ....................
Stewart..................... Sumter ..................... Talbot ...................... Taliaferro ..................
Tattnall ............. . .. . . .
Taylor ...................... Telfair ...................... Terrell ...................... Thomas ..................... Towns ......................
Troup .................... ;. Twiggs ..................... Union ......................
Upson. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Walker. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

8,623 29,836 16,734 8,602 17,881
12,969 8,641 8,100 18,761 17,856
18,489 13,436
4,701 6,285 16,847
53,73:; 7,515 5,499 19,2.52 17,619
15,856 26,212 12,197
7,912 20,419
9,846 10,083 19,023 31,076
4,748
24,002 8,716 8,481
13,670 16,661

8,461j 27,761 14.310
7,713 16,951
11,948 8,182 6,379 16,300 14,945
16,559 14,842 4,471
5,606 15,267
45,19"1 6,813 5,443 14,424 13,117
15,68i 22,107 13,258
7,291 10,253
8,666 5,477 14,503 26,15J 4,064
20,726 8,19. 7,7M 12, 18; 13,282

t 8,269

6,500

7,083 14,433

19,322 16,663 16,584 18,578

13,623 6,351

.

.

. .

14,615
.... ..

...

14,320
... ..

13,296
........

4,fl95 .... . .... .. .......

11,699 3,508 . ...... ....... . ........

...... ....... 11,628 11,155

0

. . ... . 0

.

.......

15,400 11,782 11,549 12,259 10,~68 13,618 14,046 12,297 9,780

10,887 6,790 4 538 15,849 11,952
14,058

7,639 5,317 2,778 10,905 7,S22
11,940

7,038 4,951

7,039
. ... ...

2,556
.......

..............

.......
. ......

....... . .. ... .

....... . ......

....... 0

... ~:~~;)' ~:~~~ ~:~~ 1,973
10,078 6,21)5

14,306

. . . . ...
9,176

... ... .
6,149

.

0
.......

.......
..............1..............

8,744

. ..

5,283 2,093 ..............

~
0
~ ~
~

14,539 4,392 4,634 13,341

10,461 4,150 3,256
10,561

....... ~ 10,125
3,499

.

10,794
.. .. ..

10,260
.. .....

3,271 2,448 1,912

13,261 2,176

15,475 524

10,029
......

.......
. .. . .. .


.......

. ......

9,571 12,868 8,276 2,191 . ...... 0 ....... .

"3 0

34,665 6,838 5,302

. ..

.2..5.,7.2.4.
5,129

. ..

21,284
. ... ..
4,633

. . .1.6.,2. .4.6

11,932
.......

11,644
0

8,608
.......

6,189
....... .......

5,475
.......

11,317
..............

~ ~
t-o

12,786 12,585

9,175 10,205

8,274 8,699

.

6,847
.... ...

.4.,7..9.4 ...4.,7.7.6.

3,941
......

4,477
.......

...3,0.1. 8.

....... .......

~ ~

13,998 18,239 14,115
7,034 6,988

14,204 16,559 11,913
4,796 4,860

13,422 9,428 13,616 4,583 4,352

16,027 10,322 16,534
5,146 3,227

12,933 . ...... 5,759 . .
15,6271 5,940 5,190 4,934 2,724 2,040

. ... .. . . .. ... .
0
2,644

0
....... . ... .. .
2,206

...... ....... . .. .. . ......
.......

... .. .

..

....

.

. .. ...

.........

t::l
~
~
"3

8,597
4,8~8
10,451
20,597 3,261

7,143
3,245 9,053 14,523 2,780

5,998

2,713 6,232

.. . 3..,0.2. 6.

2,763

. ......
2,136

. . . .. . .
2,104
.......

. .. ... .
744
........

....... .......
. ... . . .

.. ..... .......
.......

~
~ !="

10,766 2,459

10,103
.. 0

6,766
... ...

...3.,2.9..9



.

........

... . .
.......

....... .

20,565 8,918 6,431 12,400 11,056

17,632 8,545 5,267 9,430 9,925

16,262 8,320 4,413
9,9101
10,08~

16,879 8,179 7,234 9,424
13,109

15,733 8,422 3,152

.

5,799
..8.,0.3.1.

. .. ... .
.,1..0,.6.4..0

.

3,405
... .. .

.. . . 0
. ......

.......
.......
.......

9,408 6,572

.

..7.,0.1.3.

.
.

......
.. ... .

. .. . .. . . ......

.... . ...

......

. ......
.......

00
<;;;>

TABtE a.-POPULATION OF;GEORGIA BY COUNTIES: 1790 TO 1900-Continued.

co

--- . ..,._~ ..-~~-

' ..., ~ - .., .... '" '*--

0 0

COUNTIES.

I I 1900

1890 -,

Walton .. _.. _.. __ ... _.... _._
W Waarrreen._-_-__-_-..-.--__-~-___-_-__-. ______ Washington. _________ .. ___ . _

20,942 13,761 11,463 28,227

17,467 8,811 10,957 25,237

Wayne .... __ . 0
Webster....... _. _____ .... __ White .. _.............. ___ ._ Whitfield.. _.......... __ .. __

9,449 6,618 5,912
14,509

7,485 5,695 6,151
12,916

I 1380
15,622 4,159 10,885 21,964
5,980 5,237 5,341 11,900

I 1870
11,038 2,286 10,545 15,842
2,177 4,677 4,606 10,117

I I I I I 1860

1850 1840 1830 1820 1810 1800 j 1790

11,074
2,200 9,820 12,698

~:~~~/:::: 10,8211 10,20fl 10,9291 4,192

3,888

2,323

1,205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

.......
:::

12,425 9,789 10,946 10,630 8,725 8,829

11,766 10,565 9,820 10,627 9,940 10,300 4,552

2,268 5,030

....1.,4.9.9.

...1.,2..5.8

....9.6.3.

...1.,0.1..0

....6.7..6

.......
... ....

..............

3,315 10,047

........ ........



0



....... . ......

.............

..............

..............

Wilcox_ ... _... _.. _..........
Wilkes ...................... Wilkinson_ .... ,........... _ Worth.......... _...........

11,097 20,866 11,440
18,664

7,980 11:1,081 10,781 10,048

!,109 15,985 12,061
5,892

2,439 11,796
9,383 3,778

2,115 ........

........ 0

~:~~~~-: ~:~~~ 11,420 12,107 10,148 14,237 17,606 14,887 13,103 31,500
9,376 8,296 6,942 6,513 2,7631 .... 0 ... ...... -r- ...... 0.

There have been no territorial changes in the counties of Georgia since 1890.

TABLE 4.-POPULATION OF ATLANTA, AUGUSTA AND SAVANNAH, 1800 TO 1900.

ATLANTA.

AUGUSTA.

SAVANNAH.

CENSUS YEARS.

I INCREASE.
Population. _ _ _ _. -_ __ Number. Per Cent,
1

1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,872 24,339

1890................................... 65,533 28,124

1880............................ . . . . . . 37,409 15,620

1870................................... 21,789 12,::!35

1860................................... 9,554

6,982

1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,572 ......... .

1840 ...................................................... .

1830 ......................................................

1820 ...................................................... .

1810................................... . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .

1800 ..................................................... .

37.1 75.1 71.6 128.0 2i1.4

INCREASE.
I Population. Number. Per Cent.

Population.

INCREASE.
I Number. Per Cent.

39,441 33,300

I 6,141

18.4

11,409 52.1

21,891

6,502 42.2

15,389

2,896

23.1

12,493 (1)

.............

..
..........

......... ....6.,4.0..3.
..........
. .........
...... ....

.... . ... ... ....... ......
. .. . ... .. .

0
................ ,
. ........

54,2441 11,055 25.5

43,189 12,480 40.6

30,709

2,474

8.7

28,235

5,943

26.6

22,292

6,980 45.5

15,312

4,098

36.5

11,214

3,438

44.2

7,776

253

3.3

7,523

2,308 44.2

5,215 5,166

.......4.9..1......0...9..

1 Not separately returned in 1850; in 1852, according to a census taken by local authorities, it had a population of 11,753.

TABLE 5.-QUANTITY OF COTTON GINNED, AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BALE, AVERAGE COST PER BALE FOR GINNING AND BALING CROP OF 1899, BY COUNTIES.
GEORGIA.

UPLAND CROP.

SRA-IBLAND CROP.

COUNTIES.

Total gross weight
in pounds.

Square Bales.

E1u1va-

Commercial
bales.

ent
500-
pound bales.

Number

Average Average

gross cost per

we~fht

bale for ginning

I

bale

and

(pounds). baling.

Round Bales.

Average Average

gross cost per

Number

we,;rht

bale for ginning

Number of
yg: bales.

Average gross weip:ht of

Average
~~~~
ginning

I(pobuanldes).

and baling.

I bale

and

(pounds). baling.

The State ........................ 615,529,844I1,296,844 1,231,060 1--,22--0,1- -17

BB.Aaaplkpdelwirn.i.ng.......................,......................,..........................................
......... ..... B anks.................................
B artow ................

1,580,2251
1,968,9101 4,833,292
3,957,520~
6,270,025

4,046 4,039 10,119 8,791 12,802

3,160 3,938 9,666 7,915 12,540

268 4,039 10,119 8.791 12,802

Berrien .........

B B

iruobok..s.......,....................:.:...::.::::..:...:::.:.:.:..:.

Br~an ...... ., .......................

Bu loch ..............................

2,467,652 3,237,655 4,120,260
196,375 4,065,785

6,086 6,568 8,731
479
9,792

4,935 6,475 8,241
393 8,132

1,142 6,568 6,396
227 1,924

482 $1.26 18,915

256 $0 90 57,812

394 $3 59

480 487
478 450 490

1 17
1 06 1 16 1 35 1 47

......... .................

.........................................

...........
...........~.
..........

)

3,778
................................

384
......................... '"

.......................4.,.............2....0....

462 493 499 421
455

1 29
1 22 1 32 1 67
1 44

........ .0...0 ...0 ...0 ...0 ....0...#...0...0

..................................
............

............ ..................................

4,944
2,335

......

252

7,868

392
.....
404
400
406

3 07
3 38 3 50 3 10

Burke....... ............................ 22,134,595

....... cBccaaumlthtpsobu..en..l..l........................................................................,.............

7,184,260 4,656,000 4,595,825

arroll ......

12,873,411

ccchahtaaortotlatsohano...o...c....h...e...e...............................................:.:.::.

340,170 120,800 2,484,1)10

46,152 14,415 9,472 9,614 28,504
810 302 5,039

44,269 14,369 9,B12 9,192 25,747

43,327 14,415
9,472
9,614 26,715

493 498 492 478 463

1 30 1 10
98 1 36 1 20

.........2...,...6......5...0... 1,789

........27..0. 178.

..............................7...5... 1 12

175
............ .............

...... .4..0.0.
.............,..........

.......2...4.6. ............

680 242
4,970

........8..1.0. 5,039

.....

..4.2.0
493

1 46
111

.....................!............ ......... ......... ...........

...... so2J...... 4001......:r40 ............

Chattooga .............................. 3,~25,635 Oherokee............................. 2,960,940

CCClllaaayrykt..oe.n.........................................

1,559,675 4,-d8o,ooo 3,925,550

CColibnbch....................

.................


231,125 6,689,474

CCC'ooolflufqemuei.b.t.tia........................................ CCorawweftao.rd-

1,400,725 1,812,27f 4,566,993 11,8-19,765 3,588,510

............................. Dawson.. ....... De(atur ................. 0000000

DeKal Dodge Dooly

b
.........

......

.....
.... ~

561,775 2,345,511 3,184,985 5,352,400 9,232,425

Dougherty. Douglas. Early ........

0
.


0 0 ~
...........

.

......... ..........

........
.....

6,697,485 3,691,962 3,176,050

Echols ................................ 300,150

Effingham......... 211,100

EEmlbaenrut e..l.................... ..........................

6,344,110 5,922,700

F
F F

ayet
loyd orsy

t t

e h

.

.....
.... ~

.......................-........................

4,737,983 5,393,630 3,194,395

FFGGGruloraaelrnstdeocknoonlenci...nk...................................

6,404,500 698,875
1,939,400 3,145,780
5,781,4271

...... Gwinnett .......................

7,867,799

7,079 6,760
3,532 9,345 8,077
592 14,979
3,369 4,347 9,354 24,680 7,158
1,297 4,891 6,98! 10,729 18,573
12,835 8,091 6,302
795 429
14,945 13,587 9,449 11,864
7,449
13,988 1,604 3,902 6,609 11,583
17,667

6,451 5,922
3,119 9;3fi0 7,851
462 13,379
2,801 3,625 9,134 23,700 7,177
1,123 4,691 6,370 10,705 18,465
13,395 7,384 6,352 618 422
12,688 11,845 9,476 10,7871
6,389
12,809 1,398 3,879 6,292 11,563
15,736

j 7,079
6,760

4463681

1 1

45 45

...

........

............

.......................

.................

........................

.......................

'3,532 9,345 8,079
14,979

441 601 486
447

1 07 i ....

1 04
......1...3.6. 1 31

.....................,...........

........... ............

............
...................................

.................................... 592

................................ 390


............ .......4...0.0.

19 1,785 9,35-1 23,480 7,158

500 443 488 4921
5011

1
1 1 1 1

75 25 11 12 43

. .......... ........ ....1..,.2..0.0.

....... ...

. 250
.............

...............
......1....0.0.

3,350

392

............2...,..5...6...2..

398
............

4 12
...........2.....9...4.. .............

'1:l
:c1;:.>;;,:
'1:l
.~.

1,297 4,!)51
6,981 10,729 18,573

433'
490 456 499 492

1 1 1 1
1

42 37 34 25 09

...... ..... ............ ..........

................................... ..........

........ ... .................................

340
.......................

............
.....................i....l.3...4.

.............3.......3..1..
.............

Q....:.j
1'7.1
c':.".;..3.;., ~

12,493 8,091 6,302
429
14,580 9,525 9,449 10,532 7,449

459 456
504 .....
492

1 03 1 53
1....3.3.
1 50

...........................................................

........... ................................

........................................................

342
........7..9.5.

........4..0.0.
.. ooo

.....

3 38
......

.......3..8.9. .....3...44.

429 463 501 477 429

1 1 1 1
1

26 17 02 51 42

...... .3..6.5.
1,332
0

...............2...3.4. 280


79
0
1 14

.....4..,.0..6.2.
...........

..... 374
......................

...........3........1..4..


t:-<
1>--
~
.....
~
<:::I 1'7.1
:'";.3;, ~ !="'

13,971 1,604 3,902 6,fl09 11,573

458 436 497 476 499

1 1 1 1 1

33 36 11 17 06

................1....7. 10

.....................2....5..0.. 220

..........7.5
50

.........................................................[............................................................

............................................

17,559

446 1 44

108

390

1 75 ............ ...........

<:0 0
~

TABLE 5.-QUANTITY OF COTTON GINNED, AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BALE, AVERAGE COST PER BALE FOR GINNING AND BALING CROP OF 1899, BY COUNTIES.
GEORGIA-Continued.

UPLAND CROP.

SEA-ISLAND CROP.

COUNTIES.

Total. gross Commerinwpeoiugnhdts. ci.a1 ba1es

Equlva-
lent p5o0u0n- d bales.

Square Bales.

Average Average

Number

gross weight
of

~~~~~
ginning

bate

and

(pounds). balit:g.

Round Bales.

Average Average

gross cost per

Number

w~fht

bale for ginning

bale

and

(pounds). bal1ng.

Average Average

Number of
bales.

gross weight
of bale

cost per bale for ginning
and

(pounds). baling.

Habershan1 ........................ Hall .................................... .
Hancock............................ Haralson ............................. . Harris .................................
Hart.................................. Heard ..................................
Henry .........................
Houston" .............................

Irwin ................................... Jackson ................................ Jasper ............................... Jefferson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Johnson ...............................

Jones

................... .

Laurens ............................

Lee ......................................

Liberty .............................

Lincoln ...............................

Lowndes .....:.......................

638,750 4,188,761 6,859,285 2,408,724 11,003,877 5,630,710 6,497,855 9,704,237 10,363,636
1,332,700 10,189,395 7,594,275 9,943,510 4,007,800
5,582,540 10,649,145 4,097,295
180,250 2,526,535
3,081,200

1,4351 9,586 14,:m 5,597 22,852 12,519 13;422 20,056 20,782
2,929 22,866 15,320 21,182 8,336
11,130 22,080
8,654 450
5,132
7,691

81,,2377881 13,719
4,817 22,008 11,261
12,996 19,408 20,727

1,435 9,586 13,888 5,5117 21,330 12,421
1139,,4825261 20,782

2,665 20,379
15,189 1!-1,887 8,016

1,891 22,816
15,320 21,182 8,336

11,165
21.298 8;195
360
5,053

11,130 21,380
8,654 30
5,132

6,162 114

445$ 437

1 27 1 40

................

1............

$............................................

,$ ......... .
,..... ,.....

480 1 08 430 1 27

483 .......2.4..4...........7.7. ..................................

496 1 05 1,522

275 1 00

452 1 30

98

227

70

484 1 24

487 1 12 200

220 1 00

499 1 09

485 1 59

..................... 1,03tl

. 446
496

1 1

28 14

. ......50

..... 250

.......1...0.0.

469 1 08

481 1 08

400 4 06

503 1 21

.......................................................... ..

490 1 22 700

250

65 ........................ ,............

!............!. . . . . . . . . . . .. 473 1 24 .....................................................................

483 1 25 .. .... .. ... ...... ...... .. .... .....

420

39511 3 42

492 1 17 ..................................

444 1 44 ........... ..... ...... ...........

7,577

400, 3 QS.

Lumpkin ............................. McDuffie.............................
Macon ..................... Madison ................. ., .......... ..

28,750 3,839,186 8,380,308 5,129,455

75 8,635 16,71X 11,443

7,6~~1

75 6,901

16,761 16,713

10,259 11,443

Marion .................................
Meriwether ......................... Miller ............................... Milton ................................
Mitchell ............................

4 667,825 n;2o0,3oo
1,041,250
2, 7t3,42-51 4,759,940

9,681 22,452 2,07fi 6,407 10,049

9,336 22,401
2,083 5,447 9,520

9,681 22,452 2,025
6,407 7,863

Monroe..... ..... ................ . .Montgomery ...................... .. Morgan ............................. Murray .................. .. ~Iuscogee ......................... ..

9,173,760 2,445,95-'l 7,818,370 1,173,245 3,494,475

18,724 5,392 16,453 2,586 7,042

18,348 4,892
15.637 2,;H6
6,989

18,724 4,858 15,220 2,586 7,042

Newton ................................ Oconee .................................
Oglethorpe ........................... Paulding. .... .... .... .............. l'ickens .........................

7,018,700 3,496,200 8,929,440 4,090,440
817,020

14,373 7,349
19,276 9,154 1,851

14,037 6,992 17,859 8,1lH 1,634

14,348 7,349
19,256 9,104 1,851

Pierce .................................. .
Pike ................................... Polk ...................................
Pulaski ................................ Putnam ...............................

1,298,975
7,105,340 4,081,265 7,906,4fi0 4,692,239

3,657 14,281
8,852 16,431
9,609

2,598 14,211
8,163 15,813
9,384

14,268 8,852 15,134 9,609

Quitman ............................. Randolph ............................
Richmond ........................... Rockdale ............................ Schley ..._. ............................

3,091,920 9,165,250 1,867,115 3,619,675 2,841,625

6,243
18,5581 3,764 7,368 5,760

6,184 18,330
3,734 7,239 5,683

6,243 18,558
3,764 7,368 5,760

Screven .... ~....;......................
Spalding ..............................
Stewart ................................ Sumter ................................ Talbot ........._;........................

8,442,243 5,68::::,610 8,843,587 12,475,007 4,233,583

17,963 11,390 17,875 25,164
8,893

16,884 11,365 17,687
24,8901 8,467

17,666
1117,,3897051 25, 64
8,893

!..................... !............ 383 1 52 ...................................

494 1 15 1,734

250 1 13 ~.... ...... ............ ........ ..

501 112 ........... ........... .. ........................................ ..

448 1 32 ................................................................. ..

482 1 34 499 1 08 50! 1 59 425 1 41 494 1 23

50 2,186

400 400 400 3 33

490 1 15 462 1 33

.....

...........

534

378 4 00

494 1 14 1,233

248

58

454 1 48

496 1 24

489 1 26

25

250 1 30

476 1 09

463 1 07

20

250

50 .......................

447 1 44

441 1 47

498 461

1 1

07 56

.......1..3

501 1 08 1,297

488 1 13

3,657 246 100

250

50

355 4 12

495 1 04 494 1 09 495 1 23 491 1 30 493 1 26

471 1 30 ............................... ..
!............ 499 1 08 ..............................
495 1 28 ........ .. ......... 495 1 20 ..............................
476 1 24 ............................ ..

297

400 3 79

TABLE 5.-QUANTITY OF COTTON GINNED, AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BALE, AVERAGE COST PER BALE FOR GINNING AND BALING CROP OF 1899, BY COUNTIES.
GEORGIA-Continued.

COUNTIE3.

UPLA~D CROP. -

SEA-ISLAND CROP.

Equiva.--

Total gross Commer lent

weight .

500-

in pounds. era! bales pound

bales.

Square Bales.

Average Average

gross cost per

Number we~fht

bale for ginning

bale

and

(pounds), bttling.

Round Bales.

Average Average

gross cost per

Number

we~Fht

bale for ginning

bale

and

(pounds). baling.

Number. of
bales.

Average Average

gross coot per

weight bale for

of

ginning

bale

and

(pounds). baling.

Taliaferro ............................ T a t t n a l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Taylor ...............................
Telfair ..............................
Terrell ...............................

3,088,250 2,980,433 4,154,433 1,216,875 12,792,500

Thomas .............................. Troup ......................... ..:......
Twiggs ............................... . Upson ............................... ..
Walker ...............................

5,810,135 10,716,741 4,574,259 4,830,625 1,633,315

Walton .................. " ............. 9,526,4fi5

Ware ....................................

45,450

Warren ............................. .. 4,669,192

Washington ......................... 14,321,798

Wayne ............................... \Vebster ............................. . \Vhite ................................ Whitfield ............................

396,500 2,000,250
60,000 858,575

Wilcox................................. Wilkes ................................
Wilkinson ........................ . Worth ..................................

1,950,085 7,753,460
5,309,466 5,043,850

6,487 7,309 8,371 2,541 25,719
12,473 21,550 9,484 9,765 3,631
19,665 123
9,659 29,544
965 4,116
150 1,947
3,885 17,405 ll,OS7 10,485

6,176 5,960 8,309 2,4114
25,585

6,020 952
8,371 2,324
25,719

11,620 21,433 9,149 9,661 3,267

10,923 21,515 9,484 9,765
3,631

19,053 91
9,338 28,644

19,665
9,007 29,194

793 4,001
J::lO 1,717

110 4,116
150 1,947

3,900 3,820 15,507 14,840
10,6191 11,037 10,088! 9,296

495 1 00 467 445 1 37 496 1 4(\ 486 1 46
497 1 04

229 1 00 6,357
217

402 320 406 3 75

479 1 23

1,550

375 3 28

498 1 06

35

147 1 00

482 1 27

:::::::::: ::::::::::::l:::::::::: 495 1 16
450 1 42

~

0 0.

484 1 20 500 1 14 652
488 114 350

250

75

250 1 25

123

370 3 75

495 1 25 4k6 1 15 400 1 65
441 1 56

855

400 4 00

504 1 34

483 1 11 2,565

230

481 1 16

492 1 18

65

400 3 00

63 ........ .. .................... ..

1,189

390 3 60

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAIJ.

907

TEXTILE MILLS IN GEORGIA.
Those not desigmated as woolen, knitting, carding or rug, are cotton mills.
Aberdeen Mills, Poulan, Ga. (projected), J. H. Bromley, President. Almand & Dyson Knitting Mill, Washingtorr:t, Ga., D:Hall, Superintendent. *Anchor Duck Mills, Rome, Ga. Annestown Cotton Mills, Stone Mountain, Ga., C. J. Haden, President. Aragon Mills, Aragon, Ga., \V. S. Walcott, President; J. P. Campbell and F. C. Walcott, Managers. Athens Manufacturing Co., Athens, Ga. (cotton and wool), W. S. Doot.son, Superintendent; J. H. Dootson, Agent. Atlanta CottonJ Mills, Atlanta, Ga., R. B. Smith (N. Y.), President; H. E. Fisher, Agent. Atlanta Hosiery Mills, Atlanta, Ga., S. A. Magill, Proprietor. Atlanta Knitting Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jerome Silvey, President. Atlanta Rug Mills, Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta Woolen Mills, Atlanta, Ga., W. M. Nixon, President and Manager. Atlantic & Gulf Mills, Quitmarn, Ga., J. F. Spain, President; J. W. Spain, Superintendent. Augusta Factory, Augusta, Ga., Stewart Phinizy, President; A. S. Morris, Secretary and Treasurer. Baldwin Cotton Mills, Baldwin, Ga. (projected), W. A. Shore, President. Barnesville Manufacturing Company, Barnesville, Ga., J. W. Rogers, President; J. W. Hanson, Agent. Battle Manufacturing Company (knitting), Warrenton, Ga., J. F. Allen, President; W. F. Wilhoit, Secretary. Bibb Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President; J. R. White, Secretary. Bibb Manufacturing Company, Porterdale, near Covington, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President; 0. S. Porter, Agent; John A. Porter, Superintendent. Bibb Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., J. F. Hanson1, President; J. R. White, Secretary. Bibb Manufacturing Compruny, Pottersville, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President; J. R. White, Secretary. Bowen, Jewell & Comparny's Mill, J ewells, Ga., Bowen, Jewell & Co. Brooks Underwear Mmnufacturing Company (knitting), Molena, Ga. Bulloch County Cotton Mill, Statesboro, Ga., F., B. Green, Presidernt
(not running). *Canton Cotton Mills, Canton, Ga., R. T. Jones, President; W. T.
Brown, Superintendent. Capps Cotton Mill, Toccoa, Ga., T. A. Capps, President.
*New Mills.

908

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L .A.ND INDUSTRIAL.

*Carlton Manufacturing Company, Carlton, Ga.

Cedartown Cotton Mills, Cedartown, Ga., Daniel Baugh (Phila.),

President; J. H. Hines, Manager.

Clegg Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., J. F. Clegg, Treas-

urer (not :in operation).

,

*Cochran Cotton Mills Company, Co<:lhran, Ga., J. J. Taylor, Presi-

dent; D. E. Duggan, Superintendetnrt.

Columbus Manufacturi'llg Company, Columbus, Ga., F. B. Gordon,

President; Charles H. Gordon, Superintendent.

Columbus Wadding Mills, Columbus, Ga., E. P. Dismukes, President.

Commun!i.ty Cotton Mills, Geneva, Ga. (projected).

Concord Woolen Mill, Nicajack, Ga., J. W. Rice, Manager; T. S.

Hudlow, Superintendent.

*Cordele Cotton Mills Comparny, Cordele, Ga., J. T. Westbrook,

President; R. L. Wilson, Agent.

Cornelia Cotton Mills, Cornelia, Ga. (projected).

Covington Cotton Mills, Covingtom1, Ga., T. C. Swann, President;

W. C. Clark, Secretary and Treasurer.

Crown ,Cotton Mills, Dalton, Ga., George W. Hamiltoo, President;

J. W. Brown, Superintendent.

Dixie Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga., 0. A. Dunson, President and

Manager.

*DubLin Cotton Mills, Dublin, Ga., Wm. Pritchett, President; J.

Wheeler Mears, Superintendent.

Eagle & Phamix Manufacturi'l1g Company (cotton and wool), Colum-

bus, Ga., G. Gunby Jordan, President; W. H. Rankin, Superintendent.

Eastman Cotton Mills, E:astman, Ga.

Eatonton Electric Company, Eatonton, Ga., J. W. Preston, Presi-

dent; A. S. Reid, Secretary.

Elizabeth Cotton Mills, six miles from Atlanta, Ga.,_ F. I. Stone,

President.

Enterprise Manufacrturing Company, Augusta, Ga., J. P. Verdery,

President; Otis G. Lymch, Superintendent.

Exchange Cotton Mill, Macon, Ga. (projected), J. W. Cabaniss, Presi-

dem.t; C. E. Hams, Superintendent.

Exposition Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., J. D. Turner, President; G. P.

Jeter, Superintendent.

Fincher Cotton Mill, Toonigh, Ga., E. A. Fincher, Proprietor.

Forsyth Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., J. M. Ponder, Presi-

dent; J. 0. Kennett, Superintendent.

Fulton Bag & Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jacob Elsas, President;

J. R. Pearce, Superintendent.

Gainesville Cotton Mills, Grunresville, Ga.

Gate City Hosiery Mills (knitting), Atlanta, Ga., J. 0. Greenfield,

President.

Gate. City Manufacturing Company (knitting), East Point, Ga.,

Samuel A. Carter, President.

*New Milb.

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUS1'RIA.L.

909

Georgia Manufacturing Company (cotton and knitting), Columbus,

Ga., C. L. Perkins, President; J. W. Boyd, Superintendent.

Georgia Mam.ufaoturing Company, Gainesville, Ga., Dr. R. E. Green,

President; R. E. Green, Jr., Secretary.

Georgia Manufacturing Company, Whitehall, Ga., J. R. White,

Presidernt; Charles F. Smith, SuNrintendernt.

Georgia Underwear Company (knitting mill), Barlllesville, Ga., J. J.

Rogers, President; Floyd M. Murphey, Superintendent.

Globe Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., J. A. A. W. Clark, President;

J. C. F. Clarke, Superintendent.

Glover Manufacturing Company, Juliatte, Ga., J. N. Biroh, Presi-

dent; E. Duggan, Superintendernt.

Grantville Hosiery Mills (knitting), Grantville, Ga., N. 0. Banks,

President; J. P. Brasche, Superintem.dent.

Griffin Knitting Mills, Griffin, Ga., Douglas Boyd, President.

Griffin Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, Presi-

dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent.

*Gwin:nett Cotton Mills, Lawrenceville, Ga., M. S. Cornett, President;

J. H. Duggan, Sooratary.

Hamburger Cotton Mills, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburger, Presi-

dent; Charles Hancock, Superintendent.

Hampton Cotton Mills, Hampton, Ga., A. J. Hernderson, President;

W. M. Harris, Secretary.

Hanson Crawley Company's Knitting Mill, Barnesville, Ga., J. L.

Kennedy, President.

Harmony Mills, Alice, 'Ga., P. M. Tate, Proprietor; J. A. Winter-

bottom, Superintendent.

Harmony Grove Mills, Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Hardman, Presi-

dent; M. R. Chrystal, Superintendent.

Hawkinsville Cotton Mills, Hawkinsvtille, Ga., T. H. Grace, President.

Henderson Manuf1acturing Co. (knitting mill), Hampton, Ga., A. J.

Henderson, President; A. D. HendersOOlJ, Managerr.

High Shoals Manufacturing Company, lligh Shoals, Ga., J. W. Hin-

ton, President; A. J. Baxter, Superintendent.

Hogansville Manufacturing Company, Hogansville, Ga., R. J. G:cif-

:fin, President; G. W. Murphy, Manage.r.

Houston Eactory, Dennard, Ga., Dennard & Hughes (not ru'lllling).

Hutcheson Manufacturing Company, Banning, Ga., C. S. Reid, Presi-

dent; W. H. Thomas, Superintendent.

*Irwin Manufacturing Company, Fitzgerald, Ga., W. R. Bowen,

President (projected).

Isaetta Mills, Augusta, Ga., James Brotherton, President; H. Ware,

Superintendent.

Iverson and Sterne Manufacturing Company, Milner, Ga., Iverson

& Stelrlle, Proprietors.

,

Jackson & Brother's Carding Mill, Lawrenceville, Ga., E. P. Jackson

and Brother, Propriators.

*New Mills.

910

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

*Jasper Cotton Mills, Monticello, Ga. (projected), L. 0. Benton,

President.

Jefferson Cotton Mills, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, President; J. C.

Turner, Mrunager.

Jewells Mills, Jewells, Ga., George Bradley, Superintendent.

Josephine Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., Daniel Baugh, Presi-

doot; L. D. Wade, Superintendent.

Kincaid Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kinc:aid, Presi-

dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent.

King, J. P., Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., Charles Estes,

President; Joel Smith, Superintemdent.

LaGrange Mills, LaGrange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, President; G. "\V.

Carpenter, Superintendent.

.

Lanett Cotton Mills, West Point, Ga., L. Lanier, President; E. Lang,

Superintendent.

Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company (woolen), Roswell, Ga., S.

Crowley, President; W. R. McGregor, Superintendent.

*Lavonia Cotton Mills, Lavonia, Ga., M. Crawford, President.

Little River Mill, Waleska., Ga.

Louisville Cotton Mills, Louisville, Ga., W. W. Abbott, President.

Macon Knitting Company, Macon, Ga., D. H. Howes, Agent; Joseph

Benner, Superintendent.

*McRae C'otton Mill Company, McRae, Ga. (projected).

Mallison Braided Cord Company, Athens, Ga., L. F. Edwards, Presi-

dent; W. A. Fowler, Superintendent.

Manchester Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., W. A. Crutch-

field, President; J. D. Hough, General Manager.

Mandeville Cotton Mills, Carrollton, Ga., L. C. Mandeville, Presj-

dent; E. Montgomery, Superintendent.

Marietta Knitting Company, Marietta, Ga., R. H. Northcutt, Preei-

dent; J. H. Barnes, Superintendent.

Marietta Paper Manufacturing Company (cotton batting and waste,

32 cards), Marietta, Ga.

Mary Leila Cotton Mills, Greensboro, Ga., E. A. Copeland, President;

S. T. Buchanan, Superintendent.

Massachusetts Mills in Georgia, Lindale, Ga., Augustus Lowell, Presi-

dent; Wm. Audley Mal"Shall, Superintendent.

!fiddle Georgia Cotton Mills, Eatonton, Ga., B. W. Hunt, President;

E. B. Ezell, Superintendent.

Millen Cotton Mills, Millen, Ga., J. H. Daniel, President; R. G.

Daniel, Secretary and Treasurer.

Monroe Cotton Mills, Monroe, Ga., B. S. Walker, President; J.

Wheeler Mears, Superintendent.

Moultme Cotton !fills, Moultrie, Ga., W. 0. Verreen, President;

Z. H. Clark, Secretary.

!fuseogee Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., E. W. Swift,

President; Jesse Paine, Superintendent.

~-New Mills.

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

911

*New Century Cotton Mills, Douglasville, Ga., J. D. James, Presi-

dernt; Samuel Hale, Superintendent (not running).



Newnan Cotton Mills, Newnan, Ga., R. D. Cole, Sr., President; John

Florence, Superintendent.

Onord Knitting Mills, Barnesville, Ga., J. C. Collier, President;

S. H. Langham, Superintendent.

.

Pacolet Manufacturing Company, New Holland, near Gainesville,

Ga.

Palmetto Cotton Mills, Palmetto, Ga., J. K. P. Carlton, President;

W. S. Harbin, Superintendent.

Park Mills, LaGrange, Ga., L. M. Park & So'llS, Proprietors; L. 1L

Park, President; Wm. Houston, Superintendent.

Park Woolen Mills, Rossville, Ga., W. A. Campbell, President;

C. A. Taylor, Superintend6\fit.

Paulding County ManU'facturing Company, Dallas, Ga., E. Davis,

Preside.nt; R. P. GaJilill, Secrettary.

Payne Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga., W. S. Payne, President; J. II.

Kane, Supecinterndent.

Pearle Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga., T. M. Swift, President; R. l1..

Field, Superintendent.

Pelham Manufacturing Company, Pelham, Ga., J. L. Hand,Presi-

dent; B. W. Curry, Treasurerr.
Penfield Hosiery Mill (knitting), Penfield, Ga., T. vV. Woodham,

Superintendent.

Pepperton Cotton Mills, Jackson, Ga., J. R. Wright, President; J. L.

.A>sbel, Superintendent.

Phamix Cotton Factory, tern miles from Augusta, Ga., M. B. Hatcher,

President; W. W. Hack, Superintendent.

Pt:iedmont Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., B. L. Willingham, President;

Baynard Willingham, Superintendernt.

Porterdale Mills, Covington, Ga., 0. S. Porter, Agent.

Porter Manufacturing Company (cotton and wool), Bert, Ga., T. L.

Langston, President; S. Crowley, General Manager.

Princeton Malllufacturing Company, Athens, Ga., James 'White, Pro-

prietor; W. W. Duncan, Superintendent.

QuiRtette Manufacturing Company, Eat()[lton, Ga., Robert A. Reid,

President; E. M. Brown, Treasurer.

Raccoon Manufacturing Company, Raccoon Mills, Ga., John S. Cleg-

horn, President; R. S. White, Superintendent..

Richmond Hosiery Mills (knitting), Rossville, Ga., E. G. Richmond,

President; Garnett Andrews, Jr., Manager.

Riverdale Cotton :Mills, \Vest Point, Ga., James Pierce, President;

W m. Brown, Superintendent.

Riverside Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., George K. Stearns, President;

John Vivian, Superin1tendent.

Riverside Mills, Marietta, Ga. (branch of the Augusta }.fill of same

name).

*New 11Iills.

912

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

Rome Cotton Factory, Rome, Ga., Henry Harvey, President; 0. E. McLin, Superintendent.
Roswell Manufacturing Company, Roswell, Ga., S. Y. Stribling, President.
Rushton Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., B. R. Blakely, President; George H. Peckham, Superintendent.
Russell Manufactul'ing Company, Windm-, Ga. Savannah Cotton Mills, Savanrrua:h, Ga., W alte!r N. Brown, Superintendent. Schofield Manufacturing Company (knitting), Macon, Ga., T;. 0. Schofield, President; W. P. McQuillin, Superintendent. Scottdale Mills, near Atlanta, Ga., George W. Scott, President; C. M. Candler, Treasurm-. Shoal Creek Cotton Mills, Shoal Creek, Ga., J. M. Edwards, Proprietor; A. B. Edwards, Superintendent. 'Sibley Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., John W. Ohafee, President; James C. Platt, Superintendent. Smith Manufacturing Company, Thomson, Ga., John E. Smith, President; Mr. Fielding, Superinte'Ildent. Social Circle Cotton Mills, Social Circle, Ga., J. B. Robinson, Presi-
dent. Soque Mills (cotton and wool), Bert, 8 miles from Cornelia, Ga.,
T. L. Langston, President; F. W. Earnshaw, Superintendent. Southern Shoddy Mills, Rossville, Ga., G. A. Rinker, Manager; H.
Sheard, Superintendent. Spalding Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, President; Allen
Little, Superintendent. Sparta Cotton Mills, Sparta, Ga., D, P. Ferguson, Proprietor (not
running). Standard Cotton Mtills, Cedartown, Ga., M. 0. Berry, President; Wm.
Parker, Manage~r. Standard 1faTiufacturing Company (knitting mill), Athens, Ga.,
Wm. and J. H. Dootson and A. H. Hodgson, Proprietors. Star Thread Mills, Barnett Shoals, 10 Miles from Athens, Ga., J. W.
Morton, Agent; J. C. Bone, Superintendent. Strickland Cotton Mills, Valdosta, Ga., B. F. Strickland, President;
E. W. Lane, Secretary. *Strickland M>ills, Concord, Ga., G. W Strickland, Proprietor (In-
corporated, 1900, but not yert running). Suthm-land Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., Wm. T. David-
son, Presidynt; John M. Head, Superintendent. Swift's Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga., T. M. Swift, President; R. A.
Field, Superintendent. Swift Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburgm-,
President; J o~n T. Abney, Superintendent. 'Taylor Manufacturing Company, 4 miles from Reynolds, Ga., Bibb
*New Mills.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

913

Manufacturing Company of Macon, Ga., Proprietors; W. R. Rodgers,

Superintendelllt.

*Tennille Cotton Mills, T'ennille, Ga., J. W. Smith, President; J.

Boshinski, Secretary.

Thomaston Cotton Mills, Thomaston, Ga., R. A. Matthews, Presi-

{}ent; 0. S. Causey, Superintendent.

*Tifton Cotton Mills, Tifton, Ga., H. H. Tift, President; L. G.

Manard, Secretary.

Tillman Manufacturing Company (knitting mills), Valdosta, Ga. (In-

-corporated 1900; mill not yert built).

Toccoa Cotton Mills, Toccoa, Ga., W. R. Bruce, Treasurer and

Manager; J. W. Goodroe, Superintendent.

Trio Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., R. P. Brooks, Presi-

dent; C. A. Ensign, Secretary.

Trion Manufacturing Company, Trion, Ga., A. S. Hamilton, Presi-

Jent; Z. T. McKinney, Superintendent.

Union Cotton Mills, LaFayette, Ga., A. R. Steele, President and

Manager; John R. Steele, Superintendent.

Union Manufacturing Company (knitting mill), Union Point, Ga.,

Harold Lamb, President; H. S. Lovern, Secretary.

*Unity Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga. (incorporated 1900, not com-

plete).

Upson Knitting Mills, Steed, Ga., T. S. Yates, President.

Valdosta Cotton Manufacturing Company, Valdosta, Ga. (projected).

Wahnerta Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., E. S. Mumford, Pre!li-

dent; G. H. Wade, Secrertary and Treasurer.

Wahoo Manufacturing Company, Sargents, Ga., H. C. Arnall,

President; J. A. Smith, Superintendent.

Walton Cotton Mill Company, Monroe, Ga. (projected), C. T. Mob-

'ley, President; J. Wheeler Mears, Superintendent.

Warwick Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., Frank R. Clark, President;

W. B. Kitchings, Superintendent.

W aynman Cotton Mills, Waynmanville, Ga., T. M. Matt~hews, Presi-

dent; C. H. Robertso!', Manager.

West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Ga., L. Lanier,

PrPsident; T. Lang, Superintendent.

Weatherly and Lambdin Wool Carding Mill, Red Clay, Ga.

Whitehall Yarn Mill, Whitehall, Ga., John R. White, Proprietor.

Whittier Cotton Mills, Chattahoochee, Ga., Helen A. Whittier,

President; W. R. B. Whittier, Agent; Henry W. Salmon, Superintend-

ent.

Wilkes Cotton Mill Company, Washington, Ga., chartered 1900,

incomplete.

Willingham Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga., C. B. Willingham, President;

G. T. Kennett, Superintendent.



Winder Cotton Mills, Winder, Ga., W. B. Cants, President; R. L.

Rogers,. Secretary and Treasurer.

* "'t>w Mills.
-15 ga

914

GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL.

Winn Wool Carding Mill, Bowman, Ga., D. J. WiiUli & Co., Proprietors.
Witham Cotton Mills, Hartwell, Ga., W. S. Witham, President; H. L. Witham, Superintendent.
Woodside Cotton Mills, Gainesville, Ga. (projected), J. D. Woodside, President.
Woodstock Cotton Mills, Toonigh, Ga., E. A. Fincher, Proprietor.

FERTILIZER FACTORIES IN GEORGIA.
Abbott & Stone ............................ Louisville, Georgia. Adair, A. D. & McCarty Bros ................... Atlanta, Georgia. Alford, D. C. & Co.......................... Hartwell, Georgia. Americarrr Fertilizer Co. . ....................... Macon, Georgia. Andrew, Glenn & Co.......................... Carlton, Georgia. Arlington Oil and Fertilizer Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arlington, Georgia. Armour Fertilizer Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlanta, Georgia. Amold & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elberton, Georgia. Arnold & Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington, Georgia. Askew, J. F............................. Hogansville, Georgia. Augusta Guano Co........................... Augusta, Georgia. Baker, D. A................................ Royston, Georgia. Bale, F. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rome, Georgia. Blacks:hear Ma:nufaeturing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blackshear, Georgia. Blanchard & Humber ....................... Columbus, Georgia. Bowker Fertilizer Co. . ...................... 'Savannah, Georgia. Brooks & Tabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lavonia, Georgia. Brown Brothers ............................. Elberton, Georgia. Busha, S. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buford, Georgia. Butler, Heath & Butler ....................... Camilla, Georgia. Cannon, J. W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lavonia, Georgia. Cooper, W. W. . ...................... Flowery Branch, Georgia. Coweta Fertilizer Co. . ....................... Newnan, Georgia. Daniel Sons & Palmer Co .................... , .. Millen, Georgia. Davis Fertilizer Co. . ........................ Quitman, Georgia. Ellis, Charles ..................,............ Savannah, Georgia. Excelsior Manufacturing Co. . .............. Washington, Georgia. Farmers Cotton Oil & Manufacturirng Co. . ... Locust Grove, Georgia. Fort Gaines Oil & Guano Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fort Gaines, Georgia. Fowler Bros. & Co. . ......................... Marietta, Georgia. Furman Farm & Improvement Co............... Atlanta, Georgia. Georgia Chemical Works ..................... Augusta, Georgia. Georgia Farmers' Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ......... Madison, Georgia. Gibbs, L. Y. Sons & Co. . ................... Savannah, Georgia. Grova:nia Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ............... Grovania, Georgia. Hand Trading Co............................ Pelham, Georgia.. Harper & Hewell ......................... Dewy Rose, Georgia. Hays, A. N. . .............................. Covington, Georgia. Hodgsorn Fertilizer Co. . ....................... Athens, Georgia.

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

915

Hogansville Fertilizer Co. . ................. Hogansville, Georgia. Home Mixture Guano Co. . .................. Columbus, Georgia. Jackson Fertilizer Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jackson, Georgia. J e:fferson Manufacturing Co. . ................. J e:fferson, Georgia. Jones, W. 0. & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elberton, Georgia. Kennesaw Guano Co. . ........................ Atlrunta, Georgia. Kramer, Mandeville & Co. . ................. Carrollton, Georgia. Lowe, T. J ................................. Mabelton, Georgia. McBride, Robert & Co. . ...................... Newnan, Georgia. McBumey Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ............. Warrenton, Georgia. llfcCaw Manufacturing Co. . .................... Macon, Georgia. llfcKenzie Oil & Fertilizer Co...................Atlanta, Georgia. Mallet & N utt .............................. Jackson, Goorgta. Mrunning, W. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Powder Springs, Georgia. Marietta Guano Co........................... Atlanta, Georgia. Maynard, P. B. & Oo......................... Forsyth, Georgia. Middle Georgia Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ......... Hogansville, Georgia. Mitchell County FertJilizer Co. . ................. Camilla, Georgia. Monroe Guano Co. . .......................... Monroe, Georgia. Napier Bros. . ................................ Macoo, Georgia~ Neely, R. C. C. . ......................... Waynesboro, Georgia.. Old Dominion Guano Co. . ..................... Atlanta, Georgia.. Peeples & Lane ............................. Valdosta, Georgia. Pioneer Guano Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Albany, Georgia. Pittard, John T. . ........................ Winterville, Georgia. Putney Fertilizer Co. . ........................ Putney, Georgia. Ramspeek, G. A. . ........................... Decatur, Georgia. Richland Guano Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richland, Georgia. Savoonah Guano Co. . ....................... Savannah, Georgia. Skinner, C. W. . ......................... Waynesboro, Georgia. Smith, J. M. . .............................. Smithonia, Georgia. Smith, T. N. & J. W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tenniller, Georgia. Stevens, Martin & Co. . ....................... Carlton, Georgia. Strickland, A. J. Manufacturing Works ......... Valdosta, Georgia. Suwannee Fertilizer Co. . .................... Savannah, Georgia. Swift Fertilizer Works ........................ Atlanta, Georgia. Tabor & Almond ............................ Elbe.rton, Georgia. Thomas, N. P. . ............. , ........... Waynesboro, Georgia. Turnipseed, J. W. & Sons .................... Hampton, Georgia. Unlion Fertilizer Co........................... Atlanta, Georgia. Valdosta Guano Co. . ...................... ,.. Valdosta, Georgia. Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co................... Atlanta, Georgia. Walker Bros. . ................................ Griffin, Georgia. Wilcox, I ves & Co. . ........................ Savannah, Georgia. Wilkins & Jones ......................... Waynesboro, Georgia. Willingham, C. B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macon, Georgia. Worth County Fertilizer & Manufacturing Co..... Sylvester, Georgia. Wright, Carter & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jackson, Georgia.

916

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAJ, AND INDUSTRIAL.

GEORGIA BANKS.

TOWN

COUNTY

NAME OF BANK

WHEN ESTABLISHED

.Abbeville ..... Wilcox ....... ritizens' B'\nk a ............................ 1900 .Acworth ...... Cobb ......... S. LE-mon Banking Co. b ... , ................. .1853 Adairsville ... Bartow ....... Bank of Adairsville a . ....................... 1899 Adel .......... Berrien ....... Bank of Adela ............................ 1899
Albany ...... Dougherty ... Albany National Bank ...................... 1R95

::

::

... Commercial Bank of Albany a ............. .1888

,,

"

... Exchange Bank of Albany a ................. .1893

... First National Bank .......................... 1888

Americus ..... Sumter ....... Bank of Commerce a ........................ .1891

:;

;; ....... Bank of Southwestern Georgia a ............ .1887

....... Pt>Ople's Bank a ................. ............ 1899

"

" ....... Planters' Bank a . .............................1892

Arlington ..... Calhoun ...... Bank of Arlington a . .........................1899

Ashburn ...... Worth ........ Ashburn Bank a ............................. .1900

Athens ....... Clarke ........ Ath~->ns Savings Bank a ..................... .1887

" .. .. .. . ' ........ Bank of the University a ............ ........ 1873

"

" ....... National Bank of Athens .................... 1866

Atlanta, ...... Fulton ........ Atlanta National Bank ..................... 1865

"

" ........ Bank of Commerce a ........................ .1899

;:

:: ........ Capital City National Bank .................. 1900

"

" ........ Coker Banking Company b .................. .1873

........ Fourth National Bank ........................ 1896

"

" ....... James' Bank b ..... ........................... 1860

"

" .. . . . . Lowry N a tiona! Bank ...... , ................ 1861

::

:: ........ Maddox-Rucker Banking Co. .. .............. 1880

"

" ....... NPal Loan & Banking Co. a ................ .. 1887

....... Third National Bank ....................... 1896

::

:: ........ Athmta Banking & Savings Co. a ........... 1886

........ Atlanta Savings Bank a ..................... .1890

;;

:: ........ Capital City Trust Co. a .................... .. 1900

........ Farmers' and 'l'raders' Bank .................. 1900

"

" ........ Georgia Savings Bank & Trust Co. a ......... .1899

"

'' ....... Gerruania Loan & Banking Co. a ........... .1887

::

:: ........ Southern Banking & Trust Co. a ............. .1889

........ Trust Company ot Georgia a ................. .1890

''

" ........ Darwin G. Jones b ............................ 1881

"

" ....... George S. May b.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1867

"

" ........ Weyman & <onnors, Bankers b . .............. 1891

Augusta ...... Richmond: .... Augusta Savings Bank a ..................... .1879

"

"

... Commercial Bank a .......................... 1863

"

" .... Georgia Railroad Bank a . ................... .

"

"

.... National Bank of Augw'lta .................... 1865

"

... .National Excha11ge Bank ................. , .. 1871

"

... .Planters' Loan & ~avings Bank a ....... ... .1870

" . . . . . . '' .... Union Savings Bank a ....................... .1892

Bainbridge ... Decatur ...... Bainbridge State Bank a .................... .1891

"

. . . '' ...... Peoples' Bank a

........................ 1900

Barnesville ... Pike .......... Barnesville Savings Bank a ................. .1873

"

" .......... New South Savings Bank a ................ .. 1891

Baxley ....... Appling ...... B:1xley Banking Co. b ........................ 1897

Blackshear ... Pierce ......... Blackshear Bank a .................. ........ 1892

Blakely ...... Early ........ Bank of Blakely a ............................ 1893

Blue Ridge ... Fannin ....... Blue Ridge Bank b ........ .................. 1900

Boston ........ Thomas ...... M. R. Mallette b . ............................. 1889

Brunswick .... Glynn ...... Brunswick Bank & Trust Co. a .............. .1890

"

"

.National Bank of Brunswick .................. 1894

Buena Vista .. Marion ....... nuena Vista Loan & Savings Bank a ........ .1889

Buford ....... (iwinnett ..... Bank of Buford a ............................. 1893

Butler ........ Taylor ...... Bank of Butler b .......................... 1900

Cairo ......... Thomas ...... Cairo Banking Co. b ..........................1900

Calhoun ...... Gordon ....... Bank of Calhoun a ........................... 1891

Camilla ...... Mitchell ...... Bank of Camilla a ........................... .1890

a State. b Plivate.'

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

917

TOWN

COUNTY

NAME OF BANK

WHEN ESTABLISHED

Canton ....... Cherokee ..... Bank of Canton a ............................. 1892 Carrollton .... Carroll ....... Carrollton Bank a ........................... 1891

"

" ...... First National Bank .......................... 1900

Cartersville .. Bartow ....... Bank of Cartersville a ....................... .1895

"

" ...... First National Bank .......................... 1889

Cedartown .... Polk ... _.... Commercial Bank a .......................... 1H89

Chipley ...... Harris ........ Bank of Chipley a .... ...................... 1899

Cochran ...... Pulaski . 0.... Cochran Banking Co. b ......... _... _._ ...... .1892

Columbus .... Muscogee .... Columbus Savings Bank a ....... _... 0........ 1888

"

"

.... Fourth National Bank ......... _...... _..... lts91

''

''

.... Merchants' and Mechanics' Bank a .... ..... 1872

"

''

.... NationalBankofColumbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 1876

''

''

.... Third National Bank ............... _......... 181:>8

Comer ........ Madison ..... Comer Bank a ................................ 1900

Conyers ...... Rockdale ..... John H. Almand b_ .......... _.......... 11l92

Cordele ....... Dooly .... _.... Bank of Wight & Weslosky Co. b ............ .181-lS

"

" .........Citizens' Bank a ............................. .1899

"

" ........ Peoples' Bank a ....................... _........ 18!-JS

Cornelia ...... Habersham .. Cornelia Bank a .............................. 1900 Covington .. _.Newton .. _... Clark Banking Co. a ............. _........... 1891 Crawfordville. Taliaferro .... Bank of Crawfordville a ... 0.... _............1898 Culloden ...... Monroe ...... Bank of Culloden a. . . . . . . . . . . ...............1897 Cuthbert ..... Randolph ... -Bank of Outh bert ............................ 1800

Dallas ........ Paulding ..... Bank of Dallas ............................... 1899

Dalton ........ Whitfield ..... First National Bank. . . . . . .. ....... 00 ........ 1888

" .. .... .. ''

.... C. L. Hardwick & Co. b . . . . . . . . . . 00 ...... 00 001873

Darien ........ Mcintosh .... Darien Bank a ............................... 1889

Dawson ...... Terrell .. _..... Dawson National Bank ....................... 1889

''

" _....... First State Bank a .............. _............. 1887

Demorest ..... Habersham ... Savings Bank of Demorest b ........ 0......... 1898

Douglas ...... Coffee ........ Union Banking Co. a ....................... .1fl99

Douglasville .. Douglas _. . . . Douglasville Banking Co. a. _................. 1891

Dublin ....... Laurens ...... Dublin Banking Co. a ........................1892

" . . . . . . . '' ...... Laurens Banking Co. a ...................... .1898

Eastman ..... Dodge ........ Citizens' Banking Co. a . ...................... 1891

'' . . . . . '' _....... Merchants' & Farmers' Bank b . .............. 1896

Eatonton ..... Putnam ...... Middle Georgia Bank a ...................... .1891

"

. . . . " ...... Putnam County Banking Co. a ...... _....... .1891

Elberton ...... Elbert .. 0..... Bank of Elberton a ... _.............. _. 00. 00 01893

'' . . . . . . '' ........ Elberton Loan & Savings Bank a ........... .1888

Ellaville ...... Schley_ ....... Ellaville Agency Bank of Southwestern .. _.. .

Georgia b . .1897 Fairburn 00 ... Campbell .... W. T. Roberts b ......... 00 ................... 1899 Fayetteville .. Fayette ...... Bank of Fayetteville b........................ 1898 Fitzgerald .... Irwin ........ Merchants' & Planters' Bank a .............. .1900 Flovilla ...... Butts ......... W. B. Dozier b .... _..... _ ...................1895 Forsyth ....... Monroe ....... Bank of Forsyth a ...........................1895

" . .. . . . " .... 00 OW. H. Head Banking Co. b._ ........ ........ 1874

"

'' ....... W. T. Maynard & Co. b .... 0.................. 1887

Fort Gaines ... Clay .. __ . _00 .Bank of Fort Gaines a . ...... 00 ............... 1890

Fort Valley ... Houston ..... Dow I.aw Bank a .............................1895

"

"- ..... Exchange Bank a ........................... _11:l89

Gainesville.... Hall ........ First National Bank ........................ 1889

"

" ........ State Banking Co. a ..........................1889

"

' 1 0....... J. H. Hunt b .................................1H93

Greensboro ... Greene ...... Armor Brothers b.............................1898

"

" . _..... E. A Copelan b ................. 00 ............ 1889

Greenville ... Meriwether .. Greenville Banking Co. a ... 0............... 0.1891

Griffin ... 00 ... Spalding...... City National Bank .... 00 .. 00 .............. 00.1873

"

" .. 00 .. Griffin Banking Co. a .... 00 00 ................ 1870

,,
Harmony

" ..... .Merchants' & Planters' Bank ................. 1889 ...... Savings Bank of Griffin 0.................... 1889

Grove ... Jackson ...... Northeastern Banking Co. a ................. .1892 Hartwell ..... Hart .......... Farmers' & Merchants Bank a ............... .1899

a State. b Private.

918

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

TOWN

COUNTY

NAME OF BANK

WHEN ESTABLISHED

Hartwell ...... Hart .......... Hartwell Bank a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1899 Hawkinsville.Pulaski ...... Hawkinsville Bank & Trust Co. a............ .1872

"

. " ...... Planters' Bank a ............................. h96

Hazlehurst ... Appling ...... J. G. Pace b.................................. 1897 Hogansville .. Troup ........Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a .............. .1S89 Jackson ...... Butts ......... Jackson Banking Co. a ...................... .1888 Jefferson ..... Jackson ...... Jefferson Banking Co. a ..................... .18\12

Jesup ........ Wayne ....... Merchants' & Farmers' Savings Bank b ..... .1891 I,aFayette ... Waiker ...... Bank of LaFayette a ....................... .1899

LaGrange .... Troup ........ Bank of La Grange a. . . . . . . . . . . . ...........1890

"

" ........ La Grange Banking & Trust Co. a ........... .1871

Lavonia ..... Franklin ..... Bank of Lavonia a ............................ 1898

Lawrenceville Gwinnett .... Bank of Lawrenceville a ..................... .1895

I"exington .... Oglethorpe .. :.Bank of Lexington b.......................... 1896 Louisville .... J efl'erson ...... Bank of Louisville a . ......................... 1896 Lumpkin .... Stewart ....... Bank of Stewart County a ................... .1891

Macon ....... Bibb ..........American National Bank ................... .

''

'' .......... Central Georgia Bank a .............. ....... 1869

' .......... Commercial & Savings Bank a ............... 1895

'' .......... Exchange Bank a ............................18il

,,

" .......... First National Bank ......................... 1S65 " .......... Macon Savings Bank a .......... .......... 1875

'' .......... I. C. Plant's !:Son b . ...........................1&68

"

'' .......... Georgia Loan & Trust Co. a . ................. 1883

" .......... Security Loan and Abstract Co. a ............ .18~2

''

'' ......... .Southern Loan & Trust Co. a ................ .1893

''

" ......... .Union Savings Bank & Trust Co. a .......... .lH90

Madison ...... Morgan ...... Bank of Madison a ........................... 1890

"

" ...... Morgan County Bank a ...................... .1899

Marietta ...... Cobb ......... First National Bank ......................... 188~

'' . . . . . . " ......... Marietta Trust & Banking Co. a ..... ........ 1892 Marshallville .Macon ........ M.S. Ware b .. .............................. 1888

Maysville. . . Jackson ...... H. and T. E Atkins b . ....................... 1891 McDonough .. Henry ....... Bank of Henry County a .................... .1896

McRae ....... Tel!air ........ Merchants' Bank a ...........................1894

Milledgeville Baldwin ...... Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a .............. .1898

''

.. " ...... Milledgeville Banking Co..................... 1~84

Millen ........ Screven ....... Bank of Millen a .............................1893

Molena ...... Pike ......... Bank of Molena a ............................ 1899

Monroe ...... Walton ...... Bank of Monroe a ............................ 1891

"

" ...... George W. Felker b ...........................1892

Montezuma .. Macon ........ John F. Lewis & Son b........................ 1871 Monticello .... Jasper ........ Bank of Monticello a ........................ .1892
'' . . . . " ........ Jasper County Bank a ....................... .1898

Morgan ...... Calhoun ..... J J. Beck b................................... 1887

Moultrie ..... Colquit ....... Moultrie Banking 1 o. a ...................... .1H96

Newnan ..... Coweta ....... First National Bank ......................... 1871

''

'' ....... Newnan Banking Co. a ...................... .1894

Ocilla ........ Irwin ........ Bank of Ocilla b.............................. 11-\99 Oglethorpe ... Macon ........ Bank of Oglethorpe a ................. .......1 99

P.-lham ....... Mitchell ...... Hand Tmding Co a .......................... 1876 Perry ........ Houston .... Perry Loan & l:'lavings Bank a ............... .1889

Poulan ....... Worth ........ Bank of Poulan b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899

Quitman ..... Brooks ........ Bank of Quitman a .......................... .1889 '' . . . . . " ........ Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a ............... 11'91
Reynolds ..... Taylor ........ Merchants' Bank b ........................... ll:l90

" .. .. . " ........ Reynolds Banking Co. a ....... .............. li-97

Richland ..... Stewart....... Bank of Richland a. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............1890

Rochelle ...... Wilcox ....... Bank of Rochelle b ........................... 1898 Rome ......... Floyd ......... Exchange Bank of Rome a . .................. 1S\16

'' . . . .. . . .. " ......... First National Bank .........................1877

Rutledge ...... Morgan ....... Bank of Rutledge a ........................... 18!l8

Sandersville .. Washington... Banking House of Louis Cohen b ............ .1890

''

. .

"

.. Warthen and Irwin b.. .......... _............ 1895

Savannah .... Chatham .... Chatham Bank a ............................. 1H89

a State. b Private.

GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

919

TOWN

COUNTY

NAME OF BANK

WHEN ESTABLISHED

Savannah .....Chatham., .... Citizens' Bank a .............................. 1888

"

" .... Germania Bank a . ............................ 1890

: ''

'' .... Merchants' National Bank ................... 1866

, '"' '

" .... National Bank of Savannah .................. 1885

- ~"' ''

" .... Ravannah Bank & Trust Co. a ............... .1869

''

" .... Southern Bank of the State of Georgia a . ..... 1870

''

" .... Oglethorp Savings & Trust Co. a ............. .1887

" . . . . " .... Hull & Lathrop b............................. 1890

Senoia ........ Coweta ....... Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a .............. .1892

Sharon ....... Taliaferro .... J. A. Kendrick's Bank b ..................... .1899

Shellman ..... Randolph .... People's Bank a.... . ....................... 1900

" ..... "

.... Shellman Banking Oo. b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189o

Social Circle .. Walton ....... Bank of Social Circle a . ...................... 1892

Sparta ....... Hancock ..... Bank of R. A. Graves b . ...................... 1837

Statesboro .... Bulloch ....... BanK of Statesboro a ......................... 1894

Summerville .. Chattooga .... Bank of Commerce a ......................... 1891

Swainsboro ... Emanuel ..... Bank of Swainsboro a ....................... .1896

Sylvester ..... Worth ........ Sylvester Banking Co. a ..................... .1897

Talbotton .... Talbot ........ Peoples' Bank ................................ 18!!0

Tallapoosa .... Haralson ..... Oiti:r.ens' Bank b . ............................. 1897

rennille ...... Washington .. Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a ............... .1894

" ......

''

.. Tennille Banking Co. a ...................... .1900

Thomaston ... Upson ........ Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a ...... : ....... .1892

''

" ........ Upson Banking & Trust Co................... 1900

Thomasville .Thomas ...... Bank of Thomasville a . ....................... 1888

''

~' ..... .Citizens' Banking & Trust Co. a ............. .1891

''

. " ...... Thomasville National Bank ..................1887

"

. " ...... Oglethorpe Savings & Trust Co a . ............ 1887

Thomson ..... 1\fcDuffle ..... Bank of Thomson a . ......................... 1891

Tifton ........ Berrien ....... Bank of Tifton a ..... ......................... 1895

Toccoa ........ Habersham .. Toccoa Banking Co. a . ....................... 1890

Unadilla. . . .. Dooly ......... Bank of Unadilla b . .......................... 18!l7

Union Point .Greene ........ Bank of Union Point b ....................... .19UO

Valdosta ...... Lowndes ...... Citiz~ns' Bank of Valdosta a ................. .1891

"

" ...... First National Bank .......................... 1890

"

" ...... Merchants' Balik of Valdosta a .. ............. 1874

Vienna ....... Dooly ......... Bank of Vienna a . ........................... 1889

'' . . . .. .. " ......... J P. Heard & Sons b ........................ .1899

Villa Rica .... Carroll ....... Bank of Villa Rica a ........................ .1899

Warrenton ... Warren ....... Bank of Warrenton a. ......................... 1892

Washington .. Wilkes ...... Washington Exchange Bank a .............. .18R9

"

. . '' ....... Washington Loan & Banking Co. a . ......... 1895

Waycross .... Ware ........ Bank of Waycross a . ......................... 1894

''

'' ........ Citizens' Bank a .............................. 1:JOO

"

" ........ First National Bank .......................... 1894

Waynesboro .. Burke ........ Bank of Waynesboro a ............ .......... 1891

''

' ........ Citizens' Bank a ................. ............ 1898

West Point.... Troup ........ Bank of West Point a ....................... .1897

Winder ....... Jackson ...... Bank of Winder a . ........................... 1895

"

" ...... Winder Banking Co. a ... ..................... 1899

Wrightsville .. Johnson ...... Bank of Wrightsville a ...................... .1896

a State. b Private.

The Banks incorporated during the year 1901 by Ron. Philip Cook, Secretary of State, are:
Bank of Nashville, Rockmart Bank, Citizens' Bank of Swainsboro, Citizens' Bank of Moultrie, Bank of Willacoochee, Mount Vernon Bank, Sea Island Bank of Statesboro, Citizens' Bank of Vidalia, Bank of Graymont, Bank of Grantville, Bank of Covington, Bowen Banking Company, Bank of Randolph, Sandersville Bank, Citizens' Bank of Elberton, People's Bank of Lyons, Bank of Molena, Crawford County Bank, Bank of Swainsboro, Bank of Arlington, Sbadburn Banking Company, Bainbridge State Bank, Bank of Oglethorpe, Screven County Bank and Roswell Bank.

920

GIIORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

The following are the railroads incorporated by the Secretary of Stateduring the fiscal year just closed:
Statesboro and Register Railroad Company; Brunswick and Birmingham Railway Company; East and West Railroad of Georgia; Jacksonville, St. Mary's and Jesup Railroad Company; Dalton and Alaculsy Railroad Company; Gainesville and Dahlonega Electric Railroad Company; Atlanta and Birmingham Air Line Railway Company; Columbus and Arlington Railway Company; Flint River and Gulf Railway Company; North and South Macon Street Railway Company.
The Railroads also had their charters amended.

GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

921

GEORGIA MANUFACTURES.
It was hoped that all the reports of the United States Census Bureau for 1900 concerning manufactures and agricultural products of each county would be completed in time to appear in the appendix to this volume, but such is not the case.
The tollowing information, however, has been issued by the Census Bureau on Georgia Manufactures in 1900:
Per Cent. of Increase since 1890.
Number of establishments, 7,504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 Capital, $8,789,656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5'7.7 Wage earners, average number, 83,842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 Total wages, $20,344,071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 Miscellaneous expenses, $li,3::.i,330 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 Cost of materials used, $53,232,203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6~.8 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $106,648,677.... 54.7

ATLANTA.
Number of establishments, 395 .. ' ................................... (1) 3.7 Capital, $16,085,114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 Wage earners, average number, 9,368 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 Total wages, $3,106,039 .............................................. (1) 3.1 Miscellaneous expenses, $1,352,721 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.0 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $16,721,899...... 27.9

AUGUSTA.

Number of establishments, 388 .................................... (1) Capital, $9,016,619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wage earners, average number, 7,138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total wages, $1,815,779 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous expenses, $618,938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of materials used, $6,244,286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $10,069,750......

11.8 16.0 24.9
7.4 17.5 15.0
8.9

MACON.
Number of establishments, 182 ................................... (1) 10.3 Capital, $5,076,005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 Wage earners, average number, 3,700 .............................. .. 17.2 Total wages, $1,047,607 ......................................... .. (1) 0.9 Miscellaneous expenses, $445,078 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 Cost of materials used, $3,751,167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $6,485,767.. . . 25.4

SAVANNAH.

Number of establishments, 155 ............................. (1)

Capital, $5,716,491 .... : . ......................... . .

Wage earners, average number, 2,870 ..............

Total wages, $1,176,150 Miscellaneous expenses,

...... $469,918

........... .

.























(1)

Cost of materials Value of products,

uisnecdl~d$i3n,9g15c,u8s8t4o m. . .w.o. .r k. .

.... and

....... .. repairing,



$6,461,816



36.5 6.3 18.6
11.0.
3.0 18.7
2.3

Figure (1) in percentage denotes decrease.

INDEX.

A

Abbeville, town ........................................................ 879

Abram's Creek .......................................................... 885

A A

bram's cademy

Hfoormten1 eSBavlianndn,

ah M

.... acon,

.

.... Ga.

...................................... . ................................ .402,

407 550

Acworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

Adairsville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Adams, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Adams, John Quincy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Adel, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

African Methodist Episcopal Church ...................................... 413

Agate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726, 869

Agnes Scott Institute ................................................ 382, 631

Agriculture .......................................................... 191, 232

Agriculture, Commissioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Agricultural Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Air Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Alabah River ........................................................... 789

Alabama Great Southern Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

Alabama River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Alabama State ........................................................ 17, 21

Albany and Northern Railroad ....................................... 634, 636

Albany, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636, 639

Alcovy River .................................................... 724, 777, 862

Alderney Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Alexander Normal School for Ladies ..................................... 550

Alfalfa, or Lucerne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 216

Alice, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Allapacoochee Creek ...................................................... 544

Allapaha River .......................................... 544, 599, 643, 741, 87~Y

Allapaha, town, ..................................................... 545, 719

Allatoona Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Allatoona Station ....................................................... 785

Alleghany System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Allgood, A. P ............................................................. 588

Alligator Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

Alpharetta ..............................-................................ 762

Altamaha Basin, ..................................................... 105, 115

Altamaha River ............................ 17, 526, 682, 737, 746, 767, 834, 781

Alto ...................................................................... 535

Alum , ................................................................ so~. 1356

Aluminum . .40, see Bauxite.

Alvord, Henry E, (quoted) ................................................ 275

American Farmer by Flint (quoted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299, 300

Americus, city ....................................................... 829, 830

Amethyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Amicalola Creek ..................................................... 622, 743

Anawaqua, an Indian Princess .......................................... 568

Anchovy Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

Andersonville ............... ; ........................................... 829

Andri3, Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

Andrew Female College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385, 807

Andrews' Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

Angora Goats 304310; price of :fleece .................................. 309, 310

(923)

924

INDEX.

Angus Cattle .............................................. 26S, 269, 535 Apalachicola Basin .................................................. S4, 100 Appalachee River .................................... 689, 692, 769, 779, 7S9, S62 Appalachian System ................................................. 36, 39 Apples ...................................... 43, 150, 154, 243, 244, 5S7, 786, 84S Appleton Orphan Home, Macon ...................................... 406, 550 Appling County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... 526-528 Appling, Colonel Daniel .............................................. 526, 613 Appling, town .............................................................613 Appropriations to the Instiutions of the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515, 516 Arctic (or rescue) grass .................................................. 227 Area of Georgia (including land and water) ............................ 36, S91 Land area of the several counties ..................................... 526-887 Also Table 1 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 Arlington ..............................................................562-563
Armuchee Valley ................................................... 586, 859 Arnold, Benedict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7l:l5 Artesian Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 528, 558, 563, 565, 577, 596, 632, 636, 6S5, 72S, 754 Asbestos .................... : . . .41, 65, 133, 147, 569, 598, 619, 696, 75S, S03, S49 Asbury, Francis ......................................................... .411 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 150, 161 Ashburn, town .......................................................... SSG Ashe, General .............................................................18 Aspinwall, Elijah ........................................................7S9 Athens, city .............................................365, 3_82,_592, 593, 595 Atlfinson;--w. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. : . ............... 33 Atlanta .......................................... 23, 33, 331, 332, 669-677, 901 Atlanta Constitution ....................................................... 53 Atlanta Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad ........................ 1S4, 601, 655 Atlanta and West Point Railroad ................................ 1S5, 615, S52 Atlanta University ......................................................3S6 Atlantic Ocean .......................................................... 575 Atlantic, Valdosta and Western ................................ 573, 599, 643 Augusta ............................................... 16, 17, 1S, S10-S13, 901 Au.~~:usta Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Augusta OrPhan Asylum ............................................ .405, 40~ Austell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ 604 Ayres, Dav.id ............................................................ 278 Ayrshire Cattle .................................................... 264, 267
B
Bailey, C. P., of California (information concerning the Angora condensed from pamphlet issued by him . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........304-310
Ba.ilev, Samuel ....................................................... 155 Bainbridge, city ................................................. 624, 627, 628 Bainbridge, Commodore Wm.............................................624 Baker County.............. . ........................................ 52S, 529 Baker, Colonel John ......................................................52S Bakerier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................ 359 Bald 1\iountain ..........................................................S02 Baldwin County .................................................... 530-534 Baldwin, Adraham .......................................................530 Baldwin. town ..........................................................535 Ballald Normal School for Colored Pupils ..............................550 Ball Ground ..............................................................591 Bananas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ .43, 246: Banks County ......................................................534-536 Banks, Dr. Richard .....................................................534 Banks in Georgia-list of, see Appendix .................................. . Baptist Church in Georgia...................... .412, 413, 414. (See sketches
of the several counties) .......................................... 526-887 Baptist Orphans' Home at Hapeville ................................ .406-407 Barber Creek .........................................................592, 779 Barite (orBaryta), Sulphate of ....................................... .40, 66

INDEX.

925

Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 150 207 546 Barnes, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture .................... : .... : .306 Barnesville, city .............................................. 791, 792, 793 Barnett, town, ........................................................... 867 Barry, Bishop of Roman Catholic Church in Georgia ..................... .413 Bartow County ..................................................... 40, 539-543 Bartow, General Francis S.................................................539 Baryta (or barite) .................................................... .40, 66 Bass, W. C ............................................................... 381 Battle Creek ........................................................834 Bauxite .................... 40, 63, 132, 133, 147, 539, 540, 587, 660, 688, 877 Baxley, town .............................................................. 527 Bay Trees ....................................................... 51, 159, 161 Beach Creek ...... , .................................................... 765 Bear Creek ..................................................... 592, 757, 872 Beard's Creek ............................................................. 834 Bears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ~. ' ~........................ 51, 573, 802 Beaver Creek ......................................................... 618, 748 Beaver Dam Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546, 558, 646, 765, 781, 819, 880 Beaufort, S. C ............................................................. 15 Becker, G. F ..............................................................59 Beckwith, John \V.. Protestant Episcopal Bishop ot Georgia ................ 411 Beech Trees ........................................................ 150, 161 Beef Cattle ............................................................154 Begewood, Nicholas ......................................................412 Belcher's Mill CrPek ..................................................... 5;>G Bell Creek ............................................................... 848 Bellton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................... 535 Belmont Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602, 603 Beman, Dr. Carlisle P ................................................ 701 Bermuda Grass ............................................. 150, 171, 216, 219 Berrien County ...................................................... 543-545 Berrien, John McPherson ................................................. 543 Berries ..... .43, 150, 154. (See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Bertram Creek .......................................................... 646 Bervl ...................................................................66 Bethel Male College ....................................................... 807 Bethesda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 16, 397 Bethesda Orphan Home............................................... 16, 397 Beverlv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... 646 Bibb County ......................................................... 546-552 Bibb, Dr. W. W ..........................................................546 Big Creek ......................................................... 781, 796 Big Hurricane Creek ............................................. 526, 608, 788 Big Indian Creek ..................................................... 569, 712 Big Kiokee Creek ........................................................613 Big Lott's Creek ...........................................................556 Big Potato Creek ........................................... 790, 800, 857, 858 Big Sandy Creek ......................................................... 883 Hilly Bowlegs ............................................................51 Billy's Island .............................................................51 Birch Creek .............................................................. 790 Birch trees ............................................................... 161 Bird's Mill Creek ..........................................................556 Bituminous Shale ........................................................ 660 Black Bass .............................................................. 52 Blackbeard Island ...................................................... 746
Black Creek ..................................................... .556 Blackberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ .43, 154, 246 Black Gum Trees ........................................................ 150 Black Jack Trees ........................................................ 154
Blackshear . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 789 Blackshear, General David ....................................... 732 Blacksmithing .................................................... .31\6
Blakely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... .642
Blast Furnaces ................................ . ..... .356

926

INDEX.

Bloodworth, Solomon W...................................................882
Bloody Marsh ......................................................... 16, 686 Blue Creek ..............................................................874 Blue Grass ......................................................... 219, 220 Blue Ridge ........................................36, 59, 154, 743, 855, 856, 874 Blue Ridge, town ..................................................... 655, 656
Bluff Creek .............................................................879 Bluffton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................595 Bolzius, John :Martin .....................................................408
Bonaventure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................578 Bonnell, W. B ............................................................381 Boophilus Bovis (cow tick) ................................................ 34 Born, W. J .........................................................155, 156 Hosomworth . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................17
Boston Herald (quoted) ...................................................240 Boston, Massachusetts ...................................................17 Boston, town in Thomas county..........................................846 Bottsword, Edmund .......................................................412 Bowdon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................570
Bowen, Commodore .......................................................17 Boynton, James L .........................................................33 Brawell, S. D ............................................................ 389 Brahma Chickens ................................................... 290, 291 Brasstown Creek .................................................... 848, 856 Bream (fish) ..............................................................28 Breeders of Pure Bred Cattle. (Foot note) ................................ 275
Brenau Female College ............................................... 385, 699 Brick Manufactories ................................................359, 545
Bridge Creek ............................................................ 611 Bridges, W. J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-204, 822 Brier Creek .......................................... 18, 558, 745, 809, 819, 867 Briers, Colonel W. !{....................................................588 Broad River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535, 646, 649, 666, 739, 752, 755, 781, 880 Brome ..................................................................226
Brooks County ....................................................... 552-554 Brooks, Preston S. . ....................................................... 552
Broomtown. Valley .................................................... 39, 586 Broughton Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Brown Iron Ore (limonite) ......................................... 61, 127, 128
Brown, .roseph E .......................................................... 30
Brown, Loring ...........................................................603 Browne, W. Leroy ........................................................389 Browne, Colonel Thomas .................................................814
Brownson, Nathan ....................................................18, 29 Brown Swiss Cattle ....................................................... 267 Brunswick and Birmingham Railway ...................................609 Brunswick and Western Railway ............................ 544, 610, 636, 885
Brunswick ..................................................... 40, 325, 683-687
Brushy Creek ......................................................558, 752 Bryan County ........................................................ 554, 555 Bryan, General Goode ....................................................81b
Bryan, Jonathan .........................................................554 Buchanan . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... 703 Buck Creek ...............................................................818
Buckhead Creek ...................................................... 558, 748
Buckwheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................150, 154 Buena Vista, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Buffalo Creek ..................................................... 781, 868 Buford ........................... ., .................................... 693
Buhrstone . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558, 693, 726, 819, 849, 869 Building Stones ............................................. 133, 136, 147, 698 Bull, Colonel ..............................................................17 Bull Creek ............................................................... 772
Bulloch, Archibald .................................................... 28, 556 Bulloch County ...................................................... 556, 557 Bullochville .............................................................. :758

INDEX.

927

Bullock, Rufus B ...................................................... 30, 389 Bulls. (See Cattle.) .............................. , ......................... . Burke County ..................................................... 18, 558-560 Burke, Edmund ............ , ......................................... , , .558
Burke Jail ...............................................................559 Burnett, Capt. John; His Adventure with the Indians.,., .............. 686, 687 Burnt Village ........................................................... 853 Burton, J. Q........................................ , .................. , .. 34
Butler's Creek ........................................................... 809 Butler, town ........... : . .................................. , . , , ..........837
Butner's Island .......................................................... 746 Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. 53, 154
(For production of Butter, see sketches of the several counties, 526-887.) Butts County .......................................... , , ..... , ........560-562
Butts, Captain Samuel. ................................................. 560

c

Cabbage, Palmetto ..................................................... , .166 Cabbages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. , , .................. , ... 875 Cabin Creek ....................................................... , ..... 822 Cain Creek ........................................................... 743, 744 Cairo, town ....................................................... , , . . . . . . 846 Calhoun, County ..................................................... 562, 563 Calhoun, John C ..................................................... 562, 613 Calhoun, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , .. 688 Calvin, Martin V .................................. , ................ ,,.,, .386 Camack, town ...................................... , .............. , , , , .. 867 Cambrian Formation ............................... , .....................55 Camden County ............................................. .' .... 18, 564-566 Camden, Earl of......................................................... 564 Camilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... , ............. 763, 764 Campbell County .....................................................566-568 Campbell, Duncan G .............................................. 566, 567, 882 Campbell, John A ........................................................ 882 Campbellton ............................................................. 567 Candler, Allen. D ..........................................................33 Candler, Warren A........................................................378 Cane Creek .............................................................. 757 Cane Forage ......................................................... 226, 545 Canning Factories ........................ 362, 562, 604, 636, 703, 707, 798, 878 Cannouchee River ....................................... 554, 556, 654, 737, 834 Cantaloupes ............................................................. 43 Canton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... , ................................... 41, 591 Carbonate of Iron ....................................................... 803 Carbonate of Lime ...................................................... 571 Carboniferous Formation .................................................. 55 Carmel Academy ....................................................... 613 Carnesville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. 667 Carpenter Work ......................................................... 361
Carriage Factories.......... . ................... , . , ..................... 356 Carroll County , , .............................................. .40, 42, 569-571 Carroll, Charles ....................................................... 569 Carrollton, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Car Shops ..............................................................359 Cartecay River ......................................................... 677 Carter's Creek ... , ......................................................526 Cartersville, city ...................................................... 540, 543 Cass, Honorable Lewis Cass ............................................ 539 Cassava ............................................................... 214, 872 Catoosa County ................................................... 39, 571-573 Catoosa Springs ........................................................572 Cat Creek .............................................................544 Cat-tail Grass ........................................................... 226 Cattle (neat). . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... 34, 53, 259-275
(For statistics of, see sketches of the several counties, 526-887.

928

INDEX.

Cav~ Spring ..................................................... 39, 401, 660 Cec:Il. town .........................................................545 Cedar Creek ........................................... 728, 793, 798, 838, 879
Cedartown, city .................................................... 794, 795 Cedar trees ...........................................................150 Cedar Valley .........................................................39, 793 Cement .................................................. 70, 92, 136, 147, 660 Central of Georgia Railway .............. 174, 177, 550, 562, 575, 593, 598, 615
645, 657, 715, 730, 766, 794, 799, 823 829, 831, 832, 837, 840, 846, 884
Cession of Western lands by Georgia ....................................... 21 Chalcedony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558, 726, 869
Chalibee Battle ......................................................... 560 Chalybeate Sorings ..................................................... 758
Chapultepec, Mexico ........................................................ 6 Charleston, and Western Carolina Railroad ................................ 613 Charleston, S. C ........................................................ 15, 18
Charlton County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 574 Charlton, Judge T. U. P .................................................. 573 Charter Oak .............................................................30
Chatham County .................................................. 18, 574-584 Chatham, Earl of ......................................................... 575 Chattahoochee County ..............................................584-586 Chattahoochee Ridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. .42 (Jhattahoochee River . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 566, 569, 584, 58:5, 595, 601, 615, 623, 628
MLM~OO~OO~OO~@~~.~.~.m
772, 773, 785, 800, 825, 826, 831, 850, 874 Chattanooga Creek ...................................................... .46 Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad .................. 570, 659, 784, 861 Chattanooga Southern ................................................... 861
Dhatooga County .............................................. 39, 40, 586-590 Chattooga River ............................................. 586, 802, 859, 860 Chattooga Valley ........................................................ 586
Cheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Cheese ............................ 53, 562, 742, 769, 822, 823, 845, 851, 856, 868 Cheney, M. Aquila........................................................ 378 Chenubee Creek ......................................................... 840 Cherokee Baptist Female College.........................................381 Cherokee County .......................................... ~ ... .40, 590-592 Cherokees . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... 16, 39, 40 Dherries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ .43, 150, 154 Cherry, wild ............................................................ 150
Dherts . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... 31 Chestatee River .....................................................697, 743 Chestnut Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 154 Chestnuts. (See Towns Co.) ................................................ 848 Chiaha, Indian town on present site of Rome, Ga......................... 603
Chicago Record (quoted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Dhickamauga battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chickamauga Creek ..........................................39, 859, 860, 876 Chickamauga Park ....................................................... 861 Chickamauga river and valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8!'\9
Chickasawhatchee Creek ....................................528, 562, 636, 840 Chicken Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Chickens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 53, 154, 299 China Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll9 Chincapin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1fl6
Chipley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Chlorination process ...................................................... 60 Choctawhatctiee Creek ................................................... 1<72 Choctaws ........... , .............................................. 16, 39. 40 Christ Church Parish ...................................................... 57!'\
Christian, or Disciples', Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412, 414 Christmas. Robert ........................................................ 18 chrome ................................................................ 849 Dhufas . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .4~

INDEX.

929

Clark, John ........................................................... 29, 830 Clark University .........................................................386 Clarke County ....................................................... 592-595 Clarke, General Elijah .................................... 18, 592, 814, 864, 882
Clarke, Mrs. Han.nah .....................................................882 Clarke, Jonathan ........................................................412 Clarkesville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................................695 Claxton, town ...........................................................835 Clay, Alexander S., United States Senator from Georgia .................... 239
Clay County .......................................... , .............. 595-597 Clay, IHenrv ............................................................595
Clays .......................................... 69, 136, 137, 146, 220, 221, 359
530, 549, 587, 618, 619, 660, 778
796, 810, 820, 854, 869, 873, 877 Clayton, Augustine .......................................................597 Clayton County .......................................................597-599 Cleburne, General Patrick ................................................572 Cleveland, town .........................................................875
Climate Belts .................................................... .43, 44, 45 Climax, town ........................................................624, 627 Clinch County .......................................................599-601 Clinch, General Duncan L ................................................500 Clinton, town .............................................................730
Clouds Creek ............................................................ 781
Clover ................................-......... 150, 220, 221, 546, 590, 593, 614 Clover Dale .............................................................620
Clyde, town ............................................................555 Coal ......... ~.. .. .. .. ........................ 40, 66, 69, 129, 130, 147, 587, 860 Coastal Plain ..................................................... 55, 56, 124
Coast Region .........................................................165 Coast Tide, Swamp Lands ................................................ 166
Cobb County ......................................................... 601-608 Cobb, Lucy .............................................................. 382 Cobb, J. R. R .............................................................382 Cobb, Thomas W .................................................. 613, 782 Cobb's Creek ............................................................ 834
Cochins (fowls) ..........................................................293 Cochran, town ....................................................... 796, 797 C'ockspur Island ......................................................... 581 Coffee .Bluff ........ , ............. , ...... , ............................... 325
Coffee County ..............................-: ......................... 608-610 Coffee, General John E ............................................... 22, 608 Cohutta Range ................................................... 36, .771, 772 Cohutta Springs ..........................................................772 Coke, Thomas ...........................................................411
Cold Water Creek ........................................................ 646 College Park .............................................................677 Collins & Reidsville Railroad ............................................. 835 Collinsworth Institute ................................................... 831
Colomokee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 595, 641 Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of America...........................413 Colquitt, Alfred H ...................................................30, 33 Colquitt County ....................................................... 610-613
Colquitt, town - ..................................................760 Colquitt, Walter T ........................................................610 Columbia County " .................................................. 613-615 Columbus, city ..............................................42, 774-776 Columbus Enquirer .......................................................53
"Commonwealth of Georgia," by J. T. Henderson ............................5 Confederate Soldiers' Home ............................................... 516 Congregationalist Church ............................................ 412, 41~
Conley, Benjamin ........................................................ 30 Conner, T. U. . .......................................................... .402
Connesauga River ............................................... 687, 771, 876
Constitution of Georgia..........................................18, 28, 33, 453
Constitution of the United States.................... ; ......................18
46 ga

!i30

INDEX.

Conyers, town .....................................................817

Cooahulla Creek ........................................................876

Cook's Creek .............................................................765

Coolewahee Creek ........................................................528

Cooper, David ............................................................398 Cooper, Mark A........................................................... 333

Coover's Creek ..........................................................590

Coosa Creek .............................................................856 Coosa River .................................................. 21, 658, 659, 771

Coosa Valley ........................................................150 659 Coosawattee River ......................................... 677, 687, 771; 786

.Copper ..................................... .40, 65, 140, 569, 607, 655, 696, 803

Cordele, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634, 635

Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................150, 154, 197-201, 155, 168
(See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887.) Cornelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... 695

Corn Forage ............................................................ 171 "Cornwallis, Charles (Earl Corn,wallis) .................................... 18

Corundum ............................................ 40, 63, 64, 133, 849 Cotton .................................33, 52, 53, 150, 154, 155, 168, 191, 197

See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887. Cotton Gin ...........................................21, 352, 353

(For cotton ginned in the several counties, see appendix, table 5, pages 902-906.)

>;iJo.tton
r.,

Mills
.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335-344 (List of, 337-341. See also appendix, 907-914.)

uotton River ............................................................ 716

Cotton Seed ............................................................195

Cotton Seed Oil 1\:lills.........................................._ ...... 347-352

Cotton Wood .............................................................161

Covin,gton, city ................................................... 777, 778

Coweta County .................................................. .42, 615-618 Coweta Indians ..........................................................615

Cow-peas . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 150, 222, 225

See also sketches of the several counties. 526-887.

Cowpens, battle of ....................................................18, 769 Cow Tick (Boophilus Bovis) ...............................................34 .

Cows, (see Cattle.) .......................... : ..................... 53, 259-275 cCox College (Southern Female) ............................................382

>Cox, T. H ............................................................ 202, 204

Crab Grass ...................................................... 150, 171, 220

Crawfish Springs ...................................................... 39, 861

Crawford County .................................................... 618-620 'Crawford, George W ..................................................30, 814

Crawford, Wm. H .............................................. 613, 618, 782

Crawford High School ...................................................378

Crawfordville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ 833

Creameries ..................................... 34, 250-256, 604, 701, 824, 851 'Creek Bottom and Hummock Lands ......................................165

creeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................16, 17 Cretaledis Rocks ........................................................... 69

Crimson Clover ........................................................... 220

Crooked Creek ............................................. 632, 765, 798, 854

Crowfoot Grass ............................................ ..... .220

Crystaline Area ........................................... .... .55 "Cuthbert city ............................................ . ....... 807, 808 Cumberl~nd Island (called by the Indian Missoe) ....................... 565, 566

Cumming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... ' ..................... 665 Cumming, Governor Alfred ................................................814

Cumming, General Alfred ................................................815 tmmrr~ng-,, Colon,~l Wm .................................................. 665

cunningham, Robert l\L ................................................ .411

Currahee :Mountain ......................... ...... ... .696 Cusseta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................. 584, 585

Cycloneta Station ................. .. .. . :.. 720 Cypress ................. 51, 556, 627, 641, 642, 644, 654, 734, 767, 86o, 871, 886

>(]press Creek ............................................ 632, 634, 684, 685, 767

INDEX.

931

D

Dade Coal :!\<lines.................................. 621
Dade County ............................39, 40, 620-622 Dade, Major Francis L ..............................620 Dahlonega . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 40, 744 Dairy Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539, 546, 567, 594, 596, 602, 614, 624
631, 635, 660, 684, 763, 773, 777, 781 791, 798, 822, 840, 845, 851, 852, 865 Da~rying and Creameries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-256, 604, 701, 824, 851, 881 Dmryman's Association .............................................34 Dallas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... 785 786 DaJljas. Geor.we M .... ,................................................ '.. 785 Dalt~:m ..; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................378, 771, 877, 878 Daniel, General Allen ...............................................752 Daniell, Thomas ........................................................18 Danielsville .............................................................. 752 Darien (at first called New Inverness) ...................... 16, 325, 411 747 Davis, Dr. James B .................................................. : .304 Davis, Jenkin ..........................................................18 Davis, Robert .........................................................611 Dawson city .... : ..........................................840, 841, 84:1 Dawson County ................................................... 622, 623 Dawson, Wm. C.......................................................622 Dawsonville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................623 Day Creek .........................................................785 Day, Dr................................................................70 Dearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 745 Death rate in Georgia as compared with other States ..................... 46 Decatur County........................... . ......................... 623-628 Decatur, Commodore Stephen ............................................623 Decatur, town ..................................................382, 628, 631 Declaration of Independence............................................17 Deen. :,C. W ...............,............................................... 527 Deep Creek ................................................. 618, 646, 765, 864 Deer ............................................52, 154, 573, 621, 719, 802, 865
Dehon. Protestant Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina................ .408 DeKalb County ................................................. .41, 628-632 DeKalb, Baron John .....................................................628 Delamotte, Rev... . . . . . . . . .............................................411 Demorest . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. 695, 696 Derry, J. T ............................................................. 6, 381 DeSoto .................................................................... 663 DeSoto, town ..................................... : ...................... 829 Devon Cattle ........................................................ 267, 268 Devonian Formation .................................................... 55 Dewberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................154 Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... 66 Dickson, Judge Capers .................................................... 378 Dietzen, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... 238 Dirtseller Mountain ...................................................... 586 Distilleries for Turpentine .. 529, 553, 556, 609, 612, 624, 634, 654, 720, 728, 732,
734, 738, 742, 764, 767, 796, 838, 841, 845, 865, 871, 886.
Doboy Island ........................................... 746 Dodge County ............................................... .632-634
Dodge, Wm. E ....................................... ... .632 Dogwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... . .150 Domestic Animals. (See Live Stock.) ........................................ . Dominiques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. 293 Donkeys ........................................................... .53 Dooley County ...................................................... 634, 635 Dooley, Colonel John ............................................. 18, 634, 882
Door of Hope............................................ .. . .550 Dougherty County ..................................................... 635-639
Dougherty, Charles ..................................... ... 635
Dougherty's Creek ......................... ......... .526

932

INDEX.

Doug~as Doug as, Douglas,

County . Stephen ~wn. ...

................................................. 40 640 A ................................................ .'... : ................................................ 608, 609,

.

641 640 610

Douglasville ............................................................... 640.

Douglasville College ..................................................... 640.

Dover and Statesboro Railroad ........................... 0 00 0. 00 556 Dover 0 o 0. 0. 0. 00 00. 546, 641 ~rainage System . 00. 0. 0 0 0. 0. 0. 00... 73
ry Creek o 0. o.. 0 0 0 0. 0. 000 556, 834 Dry For~>; Creek 0 0. 0 0. 0 0.. 00. 000. 00. 0. 781 Dublin, city .... o o..... 0000 00. 0732 733

Duck Creek 0.. 00.. 00 0 0... 000. 000.. 0: 0859

Ducks .... o o o o. 0. o0...... 0. 0. 00. 0000. 53 299

Ducktown . . .. 00 0 0 0 0 000. : 40

Dugover Mountain .... 0. 0. 0... 0. 0. 0..... 00......... 00.. 00.. 0.39

Duke's Creek 0.. 0 0. 0. 874

Dunson, 0. A ....................... 0. 0 0 0. 00. 00.. 245

Durham or Shorthorn Cattle ............. 000..... 0..... 0. 000.... 00.. 0.264 267

Dutch Belted Cattle . 0. 0. 0 0000. 000... 00. 00 : o261!

Dyer Creek 0..... 0.... 00.. 0. 0 868

E
Early County ........................ 0..................... 0 0 641- 643 Early, Peter ~ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 00. 29, 641, 882 East and West Railroad ............................. 00.. 0............ 540, 794 East Point .. 0 000 0....... 00. 0 677 Eastman, city . 0.. 000..... 632, 633 Eastman, Wm. Pitt . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.. 0... 00. 0_0000. 0.. 633 Eaton, General Wm. .. 00. 0 0 0 0 000. 00 000 . 799 Eatonton, city . 00. 0.. 0. 000. 0 0.... 0 0 00 0 0 799 Eben.ezer 0 00 0 0..... 00. 00.. 0... 16, 408, 645 Echeconnee Creek ... 0 00 0. 0....... 0.546, 618, 712, 765 Echols County ........ 0. 00............ 0. 00. 00000. 0000. 000000. 000.. 643, 644 Echols, Robert Mo 0 0. 00.... 0 00000 000 00000.. 0000. 0... 0643 Economic Geology and Mineralogy ............................. 0. . . . . 55 Edgewood Farm . 0 00 0 0... 0.................. 0.. 0 . . . 239 Education in Georgia .... 000... 00... 0 365 Effingham County . 0......... 0018, 644-646 Effingham, Earl of . 0..... 0 . . . 644 Eggs, 43, 154; Number produced in Georgia ... o........ 0. 000. 299 Egyptian Cotton ........ 196, 197 Eight Mile Creek ... 0 0 . . . . 765 Elberta Peach 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.... 240, 242, 748 Elbert County ....... 00. 0....... 0........ 0. 000. 0.................... 6413- 653 Elbert, Colonel Samuel ................ 00000. 0. 000000000. 0. 00 29, 646, 686 Elberton, city ....................... 00....... 0.. 0 00 0 000. 0 0 00. 646, 649 Electric Cars .. 0. 0.... 0. 0 o00o 00 00. 0 33 Electric Light Plan.ts 0.... 0 o0 0. o0. 0 360 Electric Motors 0... 000..... 000o. 0. 360 Elkin's Creek . 00.. 0. 0. o. o. 0. . . 790
Ellaville, town 0. 00. 0 00. 0. I .. ; o 00000000..... 819
Ellijay River . 0 0.. 0... 00. 00................ 0 0. 0 0 . . 677 Ellijay, to"n . 0. 0.... 000... 00000000 678 Elliott, John 0.. 0... 0. 0.. 0.... 0. 000. 0. 0. 0... 0.. 18 Elliott, Stephen, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georgia 0. 00000... o 408 Ellis, Henry 00..... 0 0..... o0. 0. 0 28 Elm ... 0. 0. 0. 0. 0..... 000o... 00. 00 150 Emanuel County 0. 0 0. 00. 00.. o 0o. 000 0... 0. 0 o653- 655 Emanuel, David .. 0.. 0. 0. 000...... 0.. 29, 653 Emerson, town 0.. 00 0......... 0....... 0. 0................... 000. 540 Emery 00. o o ... 0.. 00. 0000. 40 Emory College .. 0......................................... o00o377, 378, 778 Enameled Brick . . . . . 69 England, John ............. o............................................. 413 Enterprise, Frst Steamboat on. the Savannah River o o. 815

IND1J1Z.

933

Eocene, age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 'Etowah River ..................... 150, 539, 590, 622, 658, 664, 743, 711, 785, 786 Euharlee Creek .................................................. 539, 785, 793
Eve, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Everett, James A ......................................................... 381
Ewen, Wm............................................................... 28 Experiment Station ........................................... 34, 510-515, 823 Ezra Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

F
Fairburn, ............................................................ 567, 568 Fal~ng Creek ........................................................646, 781 -Fall Line ............................................................ 56, 73 Fannin County ................................................... .40 655, 656 Fannin, Colonel J. W. . ............................................. '..... 655 Fayette County ...................................................... 657, 658 Fayette, Marquis de Ia .............................................. -:-.~7 Fayetteville ......................................................... 657, 658 Feldspar ............................................................. 154, 780 Female Asylum at Savannah ........................................ .402, 405 Fertilizer Factories, 353, 354. List of, see Appendix. Fescue Grasses ............................................................221 Few, Iganitus A.......................................................... 378 Few, Wm. . ............................................................18, 559 Fielder, Mrs-her adventure with -the Indians .......................... 169, 692 Field Peas .....150, 154, 222, 224. For average production to the acre, see
sketch of the several counties ..................................526-887 Figs ............................................................. ~43. 246, 565 Finoholloway (or Phennohaloway) Creek ................................. 871 Fire Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Fish .......................................................... 322, 325, 326, 329 Fishing Creek ........................................................530, 88Q I<'itzgerald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 Flat Creek .................................................. 767, 790, 854, 826 Flatwood Lands ......................................................149, 150 Flint, Charles L., Editor of the American Farm (quoted) ................... 285 Flint River ............. 528, 529, 566, 597, 615, 618, 623, 634, 635, 642, 657, 733
748, 757, 763, 790, 791, 822, 828, 831, 836, 858, 859, 885 Floriculture ...........................................................315, 316 Florida and Western Railroad ............................................ 555 Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad ............185, 555, 564, 575, 654, 871 Florida Cession .... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Flour Mills .........359. See sketches of the several counties ......... 526-887 I'lournoy, General Thomas ............................................... 814 Flovilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Flower Gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Floyd County ..................................................... 40, 658- 664 Floyd Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Floyd, General John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 566, 658 li'ly Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Fodder's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Forestry ..50, 51, 150, 154. See sketches of the several counties, 526-887.
Also map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Forsyth, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 Forsyth County ................................................... 40, 664- 666 Forsyth, John .................................................... 30, 664, 814 Fort Cornwallis ........................ ..... ............... ........ . . 815
Fortescue, W. S. . ..................... ....... ..... . 402
Fort Valley ... - .............. .. . 715 Fort Gaines .................................. .............. . ... 595, 596 Fort McAllister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Fort Pulaski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Foster, James ....................................................... 411 Foundries .............................................................355, 545

934

INDEX.

Fountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 France .................................................................. 21
Franklin, Benjamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 Franklin College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Frankilu County ...................................................... 666- 668
Frederica .............................................................16; 686
French .................................................................... 18 Fulton County ...............................................40 355, 6G9- 677 Fulton, Robert ................................................. : . . . . . . . . . 661}

G
Gaines, General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 Gainesville ........................................................... 698, 699 Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698, 863 Galena ................................................................... 593 Gallberry Bushes ........................................................ 159 Gama, or Sesame Grass .................................................. 225 Game ................................................................. 3:.!9, 330 Game Chickens, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Gammon University at Atlanta .......................................... 386 Gardner, General Montgomery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Garmany, Capt. H. . ................................................... 693, 694 Garretson, Levi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Gartland, Rev. Dr........................... ,, ............................ 413 Garvin, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Gas for illuminating and heating ......................................... 360 Geneva ................................................................... 832 Geological Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Geology .................................................................. 55 George II., King of England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 "Georgia and Her Resources," by R. T. Nesbitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Georgia: origin of name, 15; colonial days, 16, 17; in the Revolution, 17, 18;
in second war with England, 21, 22; a mother of States, 21; controversy with General Government about Indian lands, 22; in the Mexican war, 22; in the war between the States, 22, 23. After the war, 23; in the war with Spain and in the Philippines, 27, 28; industrial progress, 33, 35; increase in population, 35; Governors of, 28-33; descriptive sketch of .. 36-54 Georgia and Alabama Railroad .............................. 184, 554, 585, 634 Georgia Academy for the Blind at Macon ........................... .402, 550 Georgia Experiment Station ........................................... 570-575 Georgia Factory ............................ ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at Cave Spring ......... 401, 402, 660 Georgia Normal and Industrial College at Milledgeville ..............374, 533 Georgia Northern Railroad ........................................... 552, 611 Georgia Pine Railroad ...................................... 529, 624, 642, 760 Georgia Railroad ...... 179, 550, 593, 613, 628, 691, 730, 752 770, 780, 833, 863, 8G7 Georgia School of Technology ............................................ 374 Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad ...................179, 180, 544, 550, 634 Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths .................. 374, 386 Georgia State Normal School at Athens ................................. 374 Georgia University ...................................... 365-374, 592, 593, 744
Gerioux, J. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24G Germany Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 Gibson ................................................................... 680 Gilmer County ................................................... .40, 677-679 Gilmer, George R.............................................. 30, 40, 677, 782 Gins and Ginning ................................................. 21, 352, 353' Glascock County ..................................................... 680, 683 Glascock, General Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 Glenn G. R............................................................... 38!l Glove;'s ................................................................. 766 Glynn County ...................................................... 18, 683-687 Glynn, John ............................................ ................ 683 Gneiss ............................................... 42, 71, 135, 631, 780, 849

INDEX.

935

Goats 300-310; Angora Goats, 304-310; price of fleece or mohair, 309, 310. For common goats see sketches of the several counties ............ 526-887
Gober, George, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239, 244, 592, 602, 787 Gold ............................ 40, 56-61, 139, 140, 147, 540, 569, 607, 617
622, 655, 660, 665, 678, 693, 696, 698, 703, 740
743, 744, 745, 755, 758, 782, 849, 856, 875, 881 Gold Stamping Mills ............................................. 540, 744, 782: Gooseberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Gordon County .......................................................687-689 Gordon, John B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 51 Gordon, W. W ........................................................ 577, 687Gordon Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792:
Gordon, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Goshen ................................................................... 408 Granite ............................. .41, 42, 71, 134, 135, 147, 154, 54:}, 567
593, 631, 678, 693, 696, 709, 755, 758
778, 782, 7:J9, 817, 849, 856, 8G3, 881 <;}ranite Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153; Grantville ............................................................ 61G, 617 Grape Creek .............................................................. 822 Grapes .......................... 43, 150, 154, 245, 246, 527, 539, 557, 587, 60:1
609, 611, 636, 748, 791, 871, 873, 876, 886 Graphite ......................................... 65, 143, 147, 540, 593, 696, 782 Grass Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 Grasses .....................................................150, 154, 214-228 Graves, Colonel John ..................................................... 883 Graves :Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Gray Gravelly Lands .................................................. 149, 153 Graysville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Great Britain-the Mother Country, 15-17; 'Vars with-the Recolution, 17-18;
The war of 1812-15 ................................................. 21, 22 Green, Dr. Thomas F. . ................................................... 398 Greenbriar Creek ........................................................ 613 Greene County .................................................... .40, 689-692 Greene. General Nathaniel ...................... 21, 577, 689, 769, 814, 815, 883 Greeneboro ............................................................... 690 Greenville ................................................................ 758 Greysville ................................................................ 579 Griffin, city ............................................................ 823-825 Grist Mills .... 359. See sketches of the several counties ................ 52G-887 Griggs, Hon. J. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Gross, Wm. H., Roman Catholic Bishop of Georgia ....................... 413 Ground Peas ..... .43, 226. See sketches of the several counties ......... 526-887 Grovania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 Grovetown ............................................................... 613 Guernseys ............................................................... 260 Guillan, Hannall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Guinea Fowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298, 299 Gum Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 Guyton, .................................................................. 645 Gwinnett, Button ................................................... 17, 28, 692 Gwinnett County ................................................. .40, 692-694-

H
Habersham County ................................................ 40, 694-697 Habersham, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Habersham, Joseph ................................................ 17, 18, 694 Hale, J. H ................................................................ 240 Hall County .......................................................... 697-699 Hall, Lyman ....................................................... 17, 29, 697 Hamburgs (chickens) .................................................... 293; Hamilton, John ......................................................... 412 Hamilton, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Hampton, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Hampton, Wade ......................................................... 815

936

INDJiJX.

Hancock Coun,ty ............................ 100-702
Hancock, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 "Hand Book of Georgia," by Dr. Thomas P. Janes.......................... 5 Handley, George ........................... 18, 29
Hannahatchee Creek .................................... 825, 826 Hapeville ...................................... _, 677 Harlem ................................................... 613 Haral~n County ................................................... 40, 702-704
Haralson, Hugh A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 Hardin's Cave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Hard Labor Creek ....................................... 769, 770, 862 Hard Ore ............................................................ 87 Hares ~commonly called rabbits in Georgia) ............................. 536 Harmony Grove ............................................... -~ . . . 722 Harris County ........................................ ~. 704-706 Harris, Charl'es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 'i04
Harris, Young L. G....................................................... 849 Harrison, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Harrod's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Hart Coun,ty ......................................................... 706-708 Hart, Nancy ..................................................... 650, 653, 706 Hartwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Hawkins, Colonel Benjamin ......................................... 620 Hawkins, Colonel Samuel ................................................ 570
Hawkinsville .........................................................796, 797 Hay ........ 150, 155, 171, 227. See sketches of the several counties ..... 526-887 Hayes, John L. (quoted) ................................................. 286 Haygood, Atticus G..................................................... 378 Head Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Heard County .................................................... .42, 708, 710 Heard, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 708, 882
Hearn Female Seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 Hearn Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 Hearn Manual Labor School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Hebrew Orphan, Home, Atlanta ......................................... 407 Hebrews, or Jews ...................................................... 414
Hematite (red iron ores) ........................................... 61, 128, 129 Henderson, John T........................................ 5, 34, 277, 285, 294 Henderson Wood, or White Holly .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Henry County ......................................................... 710-712 Henry, Patrick .......................................................... 710 Herbert, Dr. Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Herd's Grass ............................................................ 225 Hereford Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268, 271 Hiawassee River ......................................................... 848 Hiawassee, town .......................................................... 849 Hickory Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 Hickory Trees ........................................................150, 161
High Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 High Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 Hightower Creek ........................................................ 848 Hill, Walter B., Chancellor of Universitv of Georlda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Hillary, Christopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Hillhouse, Mrs. . ..................................................... 882, 883 Hill's Camp Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Hills, Ebenezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Hillsboro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Hinds Island .......................................................... 746 Hinesville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Historic Trees .................................................... 578, 595, 650
Historical Collection,s of Georlda. by Rev. Geo. White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Hog Creek ...............................608
Hogansville, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852
Hogs .... 275, 277, 602, 603. See sketches of the several CQ'Unties N4N4526-887 Hogscrawl Creek ........................ 634
Holcombe, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

INDEX.

937

Holly .......................................................... 161 Holly Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Holly Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Holly-white or Henderson wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Holstein-Friesian Cattle ........................................ 263, 264 Home for Confederate Soldiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Home for the Friendless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Homer ........................... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Homerville ........................................................... 599, 600 Honey, 53, 154, 299. See sketches of the several counties .............. 526-887
Honey Bee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Hornblende ............................................................... 780 Hornstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Hook, J. S.......................................................... 389 Horse Creek .......................................................... 748, 819
Horses ........ 53, 310, 311. See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Horse-shoe Bend (Tohopeka) ............................ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Rorticulture ......................................................... 238-249
Houchookee Creek .................................................... 800, 825 Houdans (chickens) ....................................................... 293 Hound Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 House Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 Houston County ....................................................... 712-716 Houston, John ........................................................ 28, 712
Howard, Rev. Charles Wallace (quoted) ............................... 216, 221 Howard, J. D. . ...................................................... 238 Howley, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Hudson River ................................................... 154, 535, 666 Hull, Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Humber, Robert .......................................................... 268 Hummock, or second bottoms ........................................ 160, 165
Humphries, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Hunt, :Mrs. B. W. (quoted) ............................................... 255 Hurn, Alexander ..................................................... 871, 872
Hydraulic Cement Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Ice Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Ichawaynochaway Creek ......................................... 562, 840, 872 Indian Creek ............................................ 611, 769, 781, 798, 885 Indian Mounds .............................................. 642, 650, 668, 701 Indians ................................................................ 15, 17 Indian Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560, 561 Indigenous grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Infusorial Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Ingleside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Inman, Captain Joshua .................................................. 559 Irish potatoes ..... 168, 228-232. See sketches of the several counties .... 526-887 Iron Ores ............... 40, 61, 62, 127-129, 539, 540, 569, 587, 660, 678, 693
698, 755, 758, 794, 803, 849, 856, 860, 873, 877, 881 Iron Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Iron Works .............................................................. 356 Irrigation ............................................................ 317, 318 Irwin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716-721 Irwin, Jared ....................................................... 18, 29, 716 Irwinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Irwinville .............................................................. 720 Isabella ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 Isle of Hope ............................................................. 578 Italian Rye Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 ivy Log Creek .......................................................... 856

938

INDEX.

J
Jack's Creek ............................................................ 864 Jackson, Andrew ............................................... ,',........ 22 Jackson County ....................................................... 721-723 Jackson, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Jackson, Henry R......................................................... 382 Jackson, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 29, 721 Jackson, General John K .................................................. 815 Jackson, town ........................................................ 560, 561 James, Colonel T. J ........................................................ 846 Janes, Dr. Thomas P ........................................... 5, 34, 219, 277 Jasper County ........................................................ 723, 725 Jasper, Sergeant '\-Vm................................................. 578, 723 Jasper Spring ............................................................ 578 Jasper (stone) ............................................................ 558 Jefferson County ...................................................... 725, 727 Jefferson, Thomas ....................................................... 725.. Jefferson, town in Jackson County ....................................... 722 Jeffersonville .............. ,,, ............................................. S54 Jekyl Island ............................................................. 56G .Jenkins, Charles J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 814 Jersey Cattle ................................................... 259, 260, 701 Jews, or Hebrews ......................................................... 414 Jewell's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 John's Mountain ......................................................... 58G Johnson,, Andrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Johnson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728, 729 Johnson Grass ............................................................ 150 Johnson Herschel V .................................................... 30, 728 Johnson,, James ............................................................ 30 Johnson, Robert ..........................................................15 Jonesl;>oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ..... 23, 598, 599 Jones County .......................................................... 729-731 Jones Creek .......................................................... 599, 885 Jones, JaJ;lles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Jones, ProfessorS. P. 5; Paper by, on Economic Geology and Mineralogy .. 55-127 Jordan, G. Gunby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 Julia Parkman Jones Home................................................ 550 Juniper Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748, 755, 772
K
Kansas State Board of Agriculture (quoted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Kaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660, 715, 730, 810 l{eg Creek ................................................................ 868 !{ell, John Mcintosh ....................................................... 825 l{ennesaw Mountain ................................................ 23, 42, 607 l{ennesaw Quarry ......................................................... 41 Kennesaw, town ........................................................... 607 l{ettle Creek ....................................................... 17, 18, 880 !(ids ....................................................................154 Kinchafoonee Creek ............................ 635, 646, 733, 755, 828, 840, 872 Inn,g, Francis P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (}, 64 l(ing, John .................................................................18 l(ing's Mountain ..........................................................18 Kingston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 540 Knox Dolomite ...............................,. ............................ 61 Knox, General Henry .....................................................619 Knoxville, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618, 619, 620

L
Labor, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 344-347 Ladd, George E. (quoted) ....................................................69 LaFayette, Marquis de ........................................ 657, 815, 860, 861 LaJ!'ayette, town ................................................... .. 1:16U, ~ol

INDEX.

939

La Grange, city ........................................................ 851-853 La Grange Female College ............................................ 385, 851 Lakes (artificial) ......................................................... 154 Lambs ..................................................................154
Lampkin's Creek ......................................................... 634
Land Area of the Counties of Georgia, Appendix ........................... 891 Lane, A. J ................................................................ 219 Lan,e, James R.............................................................219
Laurens County ....................................................... 731-733 Laurens, Colonel John ..................................................... 731 Lavonia ...................................................................667
Lawrenceville ........................................................ 692, 693 Lazer Creek ............................................................ : .S31 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ .40, 660, 698 Leary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 562, 563
Lee County ............................................................ 733-737
Lee, :s;enry (styled "Light Horse Harry") ..............................18, 566 Lee, Richard Henry .................................................... 733, 814
Lee, Robert E ................................................. ......... 18, 566 Leghorn (chickens) ........................................................290 Leslie, town .............................................................. 82!) Lemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ .43, 246, 5G5 LeVert College ............................................................ 831
LeVert, Madame Octavia..................................................814 Lewis, David W ............................................................389
Lewis, General J. R .......................................................389 Lexington, town ......................................................... 782 Liberty County .................................................... 18, 737-739 Lick Creek ..............................................................798 Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 135, 136, 137, 154, 698 Lime-Sink Region .........................................................161
Limestone ..... .40, 70, 135, 136, 147, 539, 540, 549, 571, 587, 660, 678, 688, 715.
726, 796, 873, 877, 884 Limestone Creek .........................................................767 Limonite (Brown Iron Ore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 127, 128 Lincoln, Benjamin ................................................... .40, 739
Lincoln County ........ ' .. ' .. ' ..... ' ... " ............................ 40, 739-741 Lindale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................660
Lin,e Creek ......................................................... 657, 757 Lithia (Salt) Springs .............................................. 640, 641, 675 Lithonia, town ........................................................... 631
Little Cedar Creek ........................................................ 785 Little Hurricane Creek ............................................ 526, 608, 788 Little I\:iokee Creek ....................................................... 613 Little Lott's Creek .................................................... 556, 767
Little Ocmulgee River ..................................................... 769 Little Oconee River .............................................. 769, 798, 799
Little Ogeechee River .....................................................819 Little River .................................................. 832, 833, 884, 885 Little Satilla River ................................................ 526, 683, 788 Little Tallapoosa River.....................................................569
Live Oak Lands .......................................................165, 166 Live Stock ...................................................... 53, 54, 259-312
See sketches of the several counties for full details; which see also for domestic animals in inclosures, and not on farms or ranges .............. 526-887
Locust Grove ..............................................................711
Logansville .................................................................863
Long Creek ...................................................... 781, 864, 867 Long Colon,el Nicholas .................................................... 883
Long' Leaf Pine........................................................... 528 Long Leaf Pine and Wire Grass Section ...................................161 Longstreet, Judge Augustus B ............................................. 814 Longstreet Lieutenant General James A ................................... 815 Long Swa~p .............................................................. 590 Lookout Creek ............................................................620
Lookout Jl.iounta1n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 620

:940

INDEX.

Lovejoy, town ................................................... 598 Louisiana Purchase .................................................. 21 Louisville, town. ............................................... 726, 727 Louisville and Nashville Railway ...........................................876 Lowden, George W .................................................325 Lowlands of the Central Belt..............................................160 Lowndes County .......................................................741-743
Lowndes, William Jones ............................................... 741 Lucerne (or Alfalfa) ............................................... 171, 215, 216 Lucy Cobb Institute .................................................382, 593
Lula Lake .................................................................39
Lumber .. 50, 51, 354, 526 529, 556, 611, 634, 636, 641, 642, 643, 644, 654, 672, 678, 684, 685, 688, 705, 719, 720, 722, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 763, 764, 767, 768, 781, 788, 789, 791, 796, 835, 838, 871, 879, 886.
Lumber City ......................................................839
Lumpkin County ................................................. .40, 743-744 Lumpkin, Wm ................................................... 30, 743,782 Lumpkin, town ....................................................... 826, 827
Lutheran Church ..........................................................408
t~~~: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::. . ::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.~-~

Me
~IcAdamized Roads ....................................................... 173 l\IcBean.'s Creek ........................................................... 809 McCallie, S. W., 5, 35, 60, 69, 72; his paper on Mineral Resources ........ 127-147 :McCandless, John M ................................................... 34, 52 ~IcCoy Creek ............................................................. 876 l\:IcDaniel, H. D ............................................................33 l\IcDonald, Charles J ........................................................30 l\IcDonough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... 711 l\fcDowell, John ........................................................... 278 ~IcDuffie County ..................................................... 745, 746 l\IcDutfie, George .......................................................... 745
1\IcGee, J. s...............................................................202
Mcintosh County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411, 746-748 :Mcintosh, Colonel James S ............................................. 22, 746 l\Icintosh, Colonel John ................................................... 746 ::VIcintosh, Col~hlan .............................................. 17, 746 Mcintosh, General Wm ................................................ 560, 570 1\Ici\:enzie, Ed. M ......................................................... 238 1\IcKenzie, W. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 l\IcLaws, General LaFayette......................................... _..... 815 ~IcLemore's Cove ........................................................ 859 :McLeod, Rev. John ......................................................... 411 1\fcl\fahon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... 622 1\lcNeil, James ............................................................. 18 McRae, town ............................................................. 839

M

1\Iacon ............................................................ .42, 549-552

Macon and Birmingham Railroad ................................. 184, 550, 852

Macon and Dublin Railroad ........................................... 550, 854

Macon an.d Northern Railroad ........................................ 550, 770

Macon County .........................................................748-752

Macon, Nathaniel .................................................... 549, 748

Maco~~; Telegraph ..................................................... 53, 202

Madison, city ...........................................................770

Madison County ..................................................... 752, 753

Madison, James .......................................................752

Magnetite (an iron ore possessing polarity) .................... : . ........ 61, 849

MMaanlgloan~ePsreo.f.e.s.s.o.r.

Bernard . ...... 40,

....... 62, 63,

......... 130, 147,

..... 539,

.... 540,

..... 587,

............. 660, 696, 849,

..... 873,

386 877

INDEX.

941

Manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ 331-362 See sketches of the several counties, especially Bibb, Chatham, Floyd, Fulton,
Muscogee, Richmond and Spalding. Maple Trees ..............................................................150 Marble ........ .41, 70, 71, 133, 134, 147, 591, 604, 660, 678, 688, 696 787 856 877 Marble Works ................................................. : . .. .'.360' 361 Ma~etta, city ....................................... .41, 601, 602, 604, 60i, 608 Marion County .......................................................755-757 Marion, General Francis.............................................. 75i 882 Market (truck) Garden,s. See sketches of the several counties ......... 526-887 Marls ............................................ 69, 70, 143, 144, 147, 715, 726 Marsh, Judge Spencer.....................................................588 Marshall, Daniel ......................................................... .412 Marshallville .................................................... 748, 749 750 Mashburn, S. M ......................................................... :. 238 Matthews, George .................................................18, 29, 691 Maxwell, James ...........................................................18 Maysville ............................................................. 535, 53~ Meade, General George G ...................................................30 Mean Annual Temperature .............................................. .44, 45 Means, Rev. Alexander....................................................389 Medway ................................................................. 737 Medway River ........................................................... 737 Meigs, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 Melons. (See sketches of the several counties ......................... 526-887 Menlo ....................................................................588 Mercer High School. ......................................................378 Mercer, Jesse .......................................................... 412, 882 Mercer, Silas .......................... , ................................... 412 Mercer University .....................................................378, 550 Meril's Creek ............................................................556 Meriwether County ................................................. 42, 757-760 Meriwether, General David ......................................... - .. t. 757 Merriam, F. J ............................................................ 237 Methodists in Georgia, 16; Methodist Episcopal Church (known in Georgia as
the Northern Methodist) 411, 413; Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 411, 412, 413; African Methodist Episcopal Church, 411, 413; Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America, 411, 413; Protestant Methodists, 413. For Methodists in Georgia see also sketches of the several counties ....526-887 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 22 Mexico, Gulf of ............................................................16 Mica................................ 40, 66, 143, 161, 569, 678, 696, 780, 803, 873 Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College .................374, 377, 533 Middle Georgia Region .................................................... 154 Middle Oconee River....................................................... 592 Middle River, Valley Lands of ............................................154 Middleton, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................. 18 Midway ..................................................................533 Milch Cows. (See Cattle.) .................................................... . Milk...... 53. See sketches of the several counties .................... 526-887
Mill Creek ......................... .. .. .. .......... 876, 885 Milledge, John ............................................. 29, 366,814,882, 883
Milledgeville............................ ;. .. .. ....... 21, 530, 533
Millen ............................ . ........... 821 Millen, John ........................ .. .. ... . .................. 412 Miller, Andrew J ..................... . . .............. 760 Miller County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760-761
Miller, Z. T ......................... .............. 202 Millet ................................................................ 154, 225
Mill Shoal Creek ..................... .............. 752
Milner ...................... .792 Milton County ....................................................... 761-762
Milton, J .................. .18 Milton, Colonel John ............... .. .... .. .. .... 761 . Mineralogy . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .... ...... .... ..... 55 Minerals ........................... 40, 139, 140, 147, 545, 569, 607, 771, 755, 782

942

INDEX.

Mineral Springs, or Waters .......... 72,1 44, 147, 565, 572, 591, 596,
M~ocene Age ................................ .~:. ~:~:. :~~: . ::~: .:~~: ~~
l\f~sc~llaneous.Industries ...................................................361 ~f~ss~ss~pp~ River ...................................................... 17, 21 "f~ssissippi, State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 l\f~ssouri Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Missouri, State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 M~tchell Cou~ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763-7,65 Mitc~ell, David B ...................................................... 29, 763 ~ob~le B~sin ......................................................... 74-83 ~o~~~ R1~er .............................................................. 21 " o r, price of.......................................................309 310 Molena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... :.792
Molino del Rey ............................................................. 22 Mo11roe County ........................................................ 765-767 Monroe Female College ............................................... 385, 766 Monroe, James ............................................................ 765 Monroe, town ............................................................863
:Montezuma ........................................................ 751 752 Monticello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... '.. 724 Montgomery County .................................................. 767 768 Montgomery, General Richard ........................................... .'. 767 Montgomery, Wm.................... . ...................................411 Moonstones ..............................................................66 Moore, G. A ................................................................ 240
l\foore, N. B ............................................................... 229 Moore, Patrick ............................................................ 815 Moreland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
:Morgan County ........................................................ 769-771 Morgan, Daniel ........................................................-:-:. 769 l\forgan .............................................................. ~563
Morganton ..............................................................656 Morganville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................620 Morris Brown College, Atlanta............................................ 386 Morris, J. G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Morrow ...................................................................598
Mosse, George ........................................................... 412 Mossy Creek .......................................................... 712, 874 l\Ioultrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... 611 Mountain Creek .......................................................... 786
Mount Vernon .......................................................... 768 Mountville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... 852 Mount Zion Academy ...................................................... 701 1\fuckalee Creek ................................................... 733, 755, 828 Mud Creek ................................................................ 802
Mulberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... 43 Mulberry Trees ...........................................................161
Mules .......... 53, 311, 312. See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Mullryne, Colo11el John .................................................... 578 Mumford's Industrial Home...............................................550 Murder Creek ............................................................798
:Murray County .................... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 771, 772 Murray, Thomas W ........................................................ 771 ~fuscogee County .................................................. 16, 772-779
:Musgrove, Mary ...........................................................17 l\Iusquito Creek ...........................................................624

N
Xacoochee Valley........................................... 39, 40, 154, 180, 875 Nancy Hart .......................................................... 650, 653 Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad system ...............189, 659 Nashville, the county site of Berrien ....................................... 544 Naval Stores .................................... 576, 644, 720, 732, 734, 738, 767 Neil, the Statistician ........................................... ....... ... 34

INDEX.

943

Nelson, Cleland Kinloch, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georgia.......... .411 Nelson, town .............................................................41 Nesbitt, R. T.......................................................... 5, 34 New Hope Church .................................................... 23, 785 New Inverness {now Darien) ...............................................411 Newnan ......................................................... 615, 616, 618
Newspapers .......................................................... 516-524 Newton County ...................................................... 776-779 Newton, Rev. John ........................................................ 411 Newton, Sergeant John ............................................... 578, 776 Newton, town ............................................................529
New York Tribune .................................................... 240, 243 Nickajack Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Noble's Creek ............................................................ 857
Nochefaloochee Creek ................................................... 772 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Northen, w. J ....................................................... 272, 701
North Georgia Baptist College ............................................656 North Newport River .................................................... 737
Norwood, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Notley Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

0
Oak ............................................................. 150, 154 Oak, Hickory and Long Leaf Pine Hills ..............................159, 160 Oakland City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Oak Mountain ................................................... 704, 705, 831 Oats .... 150, 154, 168, 204, 207. See sketches of the several counties .... 526-887 Ocapilco or Okapilco Creek .......................................... 552, 611 Ocher or Ochre ..................... 40, 62, 132, 147, 539, 540, 549, 696, 782, 849 Ocher Mills .......................................................... 359, 360 Ocilla River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Ockolockonee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Ocklockonee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Ocklockonee River ............................................... 624, 763, 842 Ocmulgee River ........ 526, 546, 549, 608, 632, 633, 669, 689, 692, 697, 700, 712
721, 728, 731, 765, 766, 767, 791, 795, 838, 854, 879 Oconee County ................................................... 779-780 Oconee River .................... 530, 592, 731, 767, 779, 780, 798, 799, 868, 883 Ocone Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Oemler August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Offerman Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Ogeechee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Ogeechee Limes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Ogeechee River .......... 554, 558, 575, 643, 644, 654, 689, 700, 737, 833, 867, 868 Oglethorpe County .................................................. 780, 784 Oglethorpe, General James Edward ......................... 15, 16, 28, 397, 781 Oglethorpe, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751, 752 Oglethorpe University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Ohoopee River ................................................... 728, 834, 868 Oil l\fills ........................................................... , .351, 352 Okapilco Creek. See Ocapilco Creek Okeewalkee Creek ................................................... 731, 767 Okefinokee Swamp ....................................... 51, 52, 573, 574, 865 Oliver, L. C............................................................... 234 Olives ................................................................ 246, 565 Olmstead, Colonel Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Ontario-report of the Superintendent of Farmer's Institutes {quoted) ..... 271 Oostanaula River ..................................... 36, 150, 658, 659, 687, 771 Oothcalooga Creek .................................................... 539, 687 Oothcalooga Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539, Opal ..................................................................... 868 Opossums ..................... ....................................... 641, 719

944

INDEX.

Oranges ...................................... 43, 246, 565 Orchard grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Ornamental Iron Works .............................................. 355, 356 Orphan Home of the North Georgia Conference, Decatur ............ 406 Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference, Macon, .............. .406, 550 Orr, Professor Gustavus J ..........................386, 389 Osborne, Henry ......................................... 18, 566 Ossabaw Sound ....................................... 554 Otter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Otter Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 Oxen ...... 29. See cattle. See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Oxford ........................................................377, 778 Oyster Canneries, near Savannah and Brunswick ................ 325 Oysters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

p

Pachitla Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Paint Industry ....................................................... 359, 360 Paleozoic Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Palmetto ............................................................. 567, 568 Panthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Parchelagee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 Parker, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Park Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Partridges or Quails ...................... , ............................ 28, 573 Paspalum ......................................... ~ . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Pataula Creek, 595, 800 (where by an error it is called Big Potato Creek).
..... ..................... ........... ........ ......... .............. 804, 825 Patterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Patterson's Island ........................................................ 746 Paulding County ............................................... .40, 784-786 Paulding, John ........................................... : ........... 784, 785 Paving and Paving Material ............................................. 361 Payne Institute, Augusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Peaches .... .43, 150, 154, 238, 243, 539, 557, 587, 592, 602, 715, 748, 787, 778, 789 Peachtree Creek .................................................. 23, 669, 670 Peafowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Peanuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Pears .................................................... 43, 150, 154, 527, 557 Pearson, town .....................................................609, 610 Peas. See Field-peas and Ground-peas ...................... 150, 154, 222, 244 Peavin,e Creek ........................................................... 859 Peavine Hay ......................................................... 171, 222 Peavine Valley ........................................................... 859 Pecans ....................................................... 43, 246, 601, 866 Peek, W. L............................................................ 4 208 Pelham ................................................................ 764 Pendleton Creek ...................................................... 767, 834 Penfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Penn, Wm................................................................ 16 Pennahatchee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 Pensions for Confederate Veterans and the Widows of Confederate Soldiers. 516 Pepperton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Perch ................................................................... 25 Periodicals ........................................................... 516-524 Perry ................................................................... 715 Persico, Roman Catholic Bishop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Persimmon Creek ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Persimmon,s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Persimmon Valley ........................................................ 802 Peters, Richard .................................................. 278, 279, 304 Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Pettile Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

INDEX.

945

Phennohaloway (or Finoholloway) river ................................... 871 Philippi Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Philippine War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Phinizy, John ............................................................ 815 Phosphates ............................................... : . ........... 69, 70 Pickens, General Andrew ................................ 17, 18, 786, 814, 882 Pickens County ................................................... .41, 786-788 Pickett, Colonel A. J ...................................................... 663 Pickett's l\Hll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Piedmont Institute, Rockmart ................................... 385, 386. 794 Piedmont Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Pierce County ........................................................ 778, 790 Pierce, Franklin ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Pierce, George F. . ....................................... 378, 381, 411, 701
Pierce, Lovick ....................................... : .............. .411, 701 Pigeon Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 Pigeon Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Pike County ........................................................... 790-793 Pike, General Zebulon M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Pine and Palmetto Flats .............................................. 162, 165 Pine Apples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Pine Hills Belt ....................................................... 156, 159 Pine-knot Creek .......................................................... 755
Pine Mountains ............................................. 704, 705, 757, 791 Pineora Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Pine Trees-Long Lea! ............................................. 50, 51. 558 Pine-Short Leaf ...................................................... 51. 150 Pine-White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Piney Woods Section ..................................................... 161 Pipemaker Creek ............................. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Piscola Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Plains ................................................................... 829 Plant System of Railways ...........179, 544, 552, 555, 573, 575, 599, 608, 610
624, 636, 789, 845, 846, 865, 871, 885 Plumbago ................................................................ 849 Plums ................................................... .43, 150, 154, 244, 557 Plymouth Rock Chickens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Polhlll, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Polk County ....................................................... .40, 793-795 Polk, James K ........................................................ 785, 793 Pomegranates ......................................................... .43, 565 Ponds (or Pools) for fish .................................................. 154
Population of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties, 526-877. Also Appendix, Tables 2 and 3 ........................................ 36, 526
Powder Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Potash ................................................................... 154 Potatoes-Irish. For average production per acre, see sketches of the several
counties, 526-887 ............................................. 168, 228-232 Potatoes-Sweet. For average production per acre, see sketches of the sev-
eral counties, 526-887 ..........................................168, 228-231 Potomac Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Potteries ......................................................... 359, 530, 549 Powell, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Powell, Dr. T. 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Poulan ................................................................... 886
Poultry, 289-300, 602. See sketches of the several counties ............ 526-887 Precious Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Presbyterian Church. For Presbyterians in Georgia, see sketches of the
various counties, 526-887 .................................... .411, 413, 414 Preston, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Princeton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 Printing and Publishing .................................................. 360
47 ga

946

INDEX.

Property returned by colored tax-payers. See the sketches of the counties, 526-887, and the summary for the entire State at the conclusion of these articles
Protestant Episcopal Church (Church of England) .................. .408, 414 Public Roads ................................................ 172-190 Public Schools of Georgia. See the sketches of the several counties, 528-887
.......................................................... 386-394
Pulaski, Count John Cassimer ................................... 578, 795 Pulaski County ................................................. 795-797 Pumpkin Vine Creek ............................................539, 785 Purse, Major D. G.................................................. 846 Putnam County ................................................... 798-800 Putnam, General Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Pyrites .............. .- ............... 40, 64, 65, 140, 143, 569, 660

Q
Quail ..........................536, 546, 607, 641, 796, 823, 845, 886 Quarantine line for cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Quartz ............................................. 569, 693, 755, 881 Quartzites (Weisner quartzite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Quinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Quitman County ..................................... 800-802 Quitman, General John A...................................... 552, 80@ Quitman, town, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

R
Rabbits (the common name for hares in Georgia) ..................... 536, 641 Rabun County ............................................ 40, 802-8()4 Rabun, Wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Raccoon Creek .......................................539, 785 Raccoon Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Raccoon Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Raccoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Rae Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Railroad Mileage and List of Railroads ............................ 186, 189 Railroads .................................................... 172-189 Rainfall, 45. See also Rain map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Randall's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Ran,dolph County ........................................... 804-808 Randolph, John ............................................... 804 Raspberries ......................................... 43, 154, 246 Red Blulr Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Redbud ........................................................ 150 Red Clover ............................................................ 220-221 Redding, R. J., 34, 252. His report of the Experiment Station ........ 510-515 Red Hills ...................................................... 133, 159 Red Iron Ores (hematite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62, 128, 129 Red Oak Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 Red Oaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Red Polled Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Red Top ..................................................... 150 Reed Bluff Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 Reedy Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 Reese, Rev. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 412 Reidsville ........~-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Reinhardt Normal College ............................................... 591 Religious Denominations of Georgia .................................. .408-414 Resaca ................................................................ 23, 688 Rescue Grass .................................................. 226, 227 Resin, or Rosin. See Rosin Revolutionary War ..................................................... 17, 18 Reynolds, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

INDEX.

947

Rex ................................................................ om;
Reynolds, John ..................................................... 17, 28 Ribbon Cane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Rice .................................................... 25, 168, 207, 208, 57U Rice Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57() Richland, town ............................................... 826, 827 Richmond County ............................................18, 809-815 Richmond, Duke of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Ringgold ................................................... 572, 573 Rising Fawn ............................................... 620, 621 Roa4 Materials .............................................144, 147
Roads, p_\lb}ic, ............................................... 172._!73 Roberds, John R.......................................................... 412 Roberta, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Roberts, Dr. J. W.................................................. 381 Rochelle, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87U Rock Creek ........................................................... 39, 54!i
Rockdale County ....................................................816818 Rockmart .................................................. 40, 794 Rocky Creek ....................................................834, 867 Rocky Face Ridge ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Rolr Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Roman Catholic Church ......................................... .412, 413, 414 Rome, city ...................................381, 659, 660, 663, 664 Rome and Decatur Railroad ..................................... ~ . . . . . . . 659 Rome and Kinsgton Railroad ......................................... 540, 652 Roody Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Roopville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 570 Rose Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Rosedue Cannery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32a
Rosin or Resin . . . . . . . . 29, 50, 354, 355, 552, 556, 609, 611, 643, 654, 728
732, 742, 747, 760, 788, 789, 835, 838, 871, 879 Ross, Edgar ................................. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Round Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 31}
Round Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 Royal Cedar Creek ........................................................ 836. Royston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 667" Rubles .............................................................. 66 Ruger, Thomas H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,
Rum-prohibited in Georgia 16; prohibition removed, 16. Rum Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Rumph, S. H. . ...................................................... 238, 748' Rutherford, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 18' Rutledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 Ryals, Major Garland M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Rye, 150, 207. See also sketches of the several counties .............. 526-887

s
Saint Andrew's Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Saint Augustine Creek ........................................... 575 Saint Catherine's Island ............................................ 737 Saint Catherine's Sound .................................-. . . . . . . . . . . 737 Saint Mary's River ....................................3, 564, 566 Saint Mary's, town ............................................... 40, 325, 564 St. Paul's Parish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Saint Philip's Parish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Saint Simon's Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Saint Simon's River .................. ...... ... . . . . . . . . 683 Saint Simon's Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Saint Stanlslans College, Vlneville, near Macon ........ 385, 550 Salacoa Creek ............................................. .. . . .. 539 Salt (Lithia) Springs ........... .. 640, 641

948

INDEX.

Salzburgers ....................................................... 15, 16, 645 Sand .................................................................. 144, 147
Sand and Pine Hills Belt ............................................. 156, 159 Sandersville, city ..................................................... 869, 870 Sand :!\fountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sandstone ... .40, 41, 55, 71, 72, 135, 147, 540, 587, 619, 678, 696, 810, 841, 869, 877 Sandy Creek ..................................................... 560, 590, 592
Sandy Wire-grass Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Sapelo Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Sapelo Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Sapphires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Saratoga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Sassafras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Satilla Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Satilla River ............................................ 564, 599, 788, 864, 781 Sautee Creek ............................................................ 874 Sautee Valley .......................................................... 39, 40 Savage Creek ......................................................... 546, 854 Savannah and Statesboro Railroad ....................................... 556 Savannah Basin ....................................................... 117-123 Savannah, city .................................. 15, 16, 17, 18, 325, 575-584, 901 Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad ................ 522, 573, 643, 789, 871 Savannah Morning News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Savannah River .... 15, 16, 17, 558, 575, 613, 644, 641:1, 666, 706, 739, 745, 809, 819 Savannah-name of a steamship ......................................22, 581 Savannah Volunteer Battalion ............................................ 581
Saw-Mills ............ See sketches of the various counties ............ 526-887 Sawtell, T. R ............................................................. 272 Schley County ........................................................ 818, 819
Schley, Wm. . .........................................................30, 818 School Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Scott, George T.......................................................... 382 Scott, J. T. . ............................................................. 293 Scott, W. M~; State Entomologist .......................................35, 243 Scottsborough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Screamer 1\fountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Screven. County ....................................................... 819, 821 Screven, General James .................................................. 819 Scull's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Seaboard Air Line Railway System .. 184, 185, 555, 575, 585, 593, 634, 636, 649
752, 780, 826, 828, 829, 835, 840, 871, 872 Seagrove, James ........................................................ 566 Sea Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Sebrights (chickens) ...................................................... 293 Seed Farms ........................................................... 316 317 Seney, George S.................................................. 377, 381, 382 Seney-Stovall Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Senoia .................................................................... 616 Sequoia (George Guess) ............................................... 589, 590 Serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Sesame or Gama Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Seventeen Mile Creek ..................................................... 608 Seville, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 Sewer Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Sharpsburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 Sheep .. See sketches of the several counties, 526-887 .............. 53, 54, 277-289 Shell Bluff ............................................................... 558 Shellman, town ........................................-............... 807, 808 Shellstone Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 Ship Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Shoal Creek .........................................................765, 874 Shockley Apples ............................................. , . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Shorter, Alfred ....................................................... 381, 382

INDEX.

949

Shorter Female College, Rome ........................................ 381, 382 Shorthorns or Durham Cattle ......................................... 264, 535 Silica .................................................................... 877 Silk Factories ............................................................ 347 Silurian Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Silver ............................................................ .40, 660, 698 Simpson Valley .......................................................... 802 Slate ................................... .40, 70, 136, 147, 587, 660, 678, 69o, 794 Slaughter Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Slavery-prohibitro at first, 16; introduced, 16; disputes, about ......... 22, 23 Slaves during the Civil 'Var .............. ............................ . 24, 21 Smith, Dr. George G...................................................... :; Smith, Governor James M.................................................. 30 Smith, James M., successful farmer ................................... 783, 784 Smithonia ............................................................ 752, 78"2 Smith's Creek ............................................................ 874 Smith, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152u Smithville ................................................................ 734 Smyrna, Cobb County ................................................ 602, 603 Snake Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Snipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 57& Soap Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Soapstone or Talc ................................... .......... 65, 66, 147, 881
Social Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Soils of Georgia ......................................................148, 166 Soja Beans ........................................................... 2'26, 227
Soque River and Valley Lands of .....................................154, 694 Sorghum-See sketches of the counties, 526-827 ........................ 43, 162 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Southern Female (Cox) College, College Park, near Atlanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Southern Female College (LaGrange ..................................382, 851 South Georgia College, McRae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 South Georgia Military and Agricultural College, Milledgeville ............ 374 South Georgia Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Southern Oak, Hickory ar~d Pine Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Southern Railway .................... 177-179, 575, 593, 598, 601, 640, 657, 659
665, 680, 698, 823, 839, 846, 854, 871. 876 South Georgia College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 South Newport River ................................................. 737, 746 South River ................................................. 628, 710, 777, 816 Sowhatchee Creek ........................................................ 641 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Spalding County ...................................................... 822-825 Spalding, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Spaniards ..............................................................15, 16 Spanish-Amercian vVar ................................................ 27, 28 Sparks, Moultire, & Gulf Railroad ..................................... 544, 611 Sparks, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Sparta ................................................................ 700, 701 Speer, Judge Emory ...................................................... 378 Spellman Seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Spirit Creek ..... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Sprin Creek ............................................. 618, 624, 641, 748, 760 Springer, John ........................................................... 411 Springfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 Spring Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Springs-Mineral. See Mineral Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Squirrels .................................................................. 6!1 Stamp Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Standing Boy Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 State Appropriations .................................................315, 316 State Experiment Station ............................................ 510, 515 State Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 State Geology ......................................................... 55-147

950

INDEX.

State Government ................................... ', ............... .417-516 State House Officers, etc., list of ..................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Statenville ............................................................... 643 State Sanitarium (Lunatic Asylum) .................................... 397-401 Statesboro .......... ~ ................................................... 556 Steamboat Lines ..................... 189, lUO, 521), 585, 601), 624, 636, 642, 658
651), 764, 772, 775, 71)6, 71)7, 801, 812
Stecoa Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Steel ... ; .................................................................. 356
Stephens, Alexander H ................................................ 33, S33 Stephens, Wm. . ....................................................... 18,!: 28
Stevens, 0. B., Commissioner of Agriculture ............................ 6, 34 Steven's Pottery ........................................................-. 530
Stewart County ::: ................................................... '.825-827
Stewart, General Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Stillmore Air Line Railroad............................................... 835 Stock-raising ............................................................. 251) Stone :Mountain ........................................................ 40, 41 Stone Mountain, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Stone Work .......................................................... 360, 361 "Story of Georgia and the Georpia People," by Dr. George G. Smith . . . . . . . 5 Stovall, General Marcellus A............................................ 815 Strawberries .................................................. 43, 154, 155, 246 Stubbs, Wm. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201) Sub-carboniferous Brown Loam Lands ............................... 148, 149 Subterranean Village ................................................. 875, 876 Sugar Cane .............................. .43, 51, 52, 168 171. 208-214, 573, 627 Sugar Cane Syrup-For average production to the acre, see sketches of the
several counties, 526-887 ............. 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847 Sugar Creek ....-: ................................... 632 769, 770, 798, 838, 876 Sugar Refineries ............................................ 527, 601, 846, 847 Sullivan, Florence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Sumac Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Summer Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Summerville, Chattooga County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Summerville, Richmond County .......................................812, 813 Sumter County .......................................................827, 830 Sumter, General Thomas ............................................. 827, '882 Sunbury ................................................................. 731) Sunday Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Superior Court-List of Circuits, Judges and Solicitors .................... 509 Supreme Court Judges, list of ............................................. 509 Suttle Wm.-His rescue of a child from the Indians ....................... 650 Suwannee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Suwannee Canal Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Suwannee River .............................................. 51, 552, 599, 643 Suwannoochee Creek ................................................. 599, 643 Swainsboro ............................................................... 654 Swamp Creek .................................................... 624, 868, 876 Sweet Gum-trees ......................................................... 166 Sweet Potatoes-For average production per acre, see sketches of the sever-
al counties , 526-887 ..................................... 231 Sweet Water Creek ..................................... 569, 601, 618, 785, 793 Swift Creek .....................................................634, 767, 885 Sycamore Trees ...................................................... 150, 161 Sylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Sylvester ................................................................. 886 Syrup from Sugar Cane-See sketches of the several counties of Middle and
Southern Georgia, 526-887 .. 168, 171, 209, 210, 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847

T
Table Lands .............................................................. 149 Talbot County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 Talbot, Matthew .......... ........................................ 29, 830, 882

INDEX.

951

Talc, or Soapstone .......................... .40, 65, 66, 143, 147, 587, 696, 849 Taliaferro County .....................................................832-834 Talliaferro, Colonel Benjamin ........................................ 832, 882 Talking Rock Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Tallapoosa River ......................................................... 702 Tallapoosa, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Tallulah Falls and River .......................................... .40, 802, 803 Tallulah l'tiountain ....................................................... 802 'l'allulah Falls Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 Tan Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Tanahappee Creek ........................................................ 872 Tanneries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Tate .................................................................. .41, 787 Tate, ,V. C.............................................................. 293
Tattnall County ...................................................... 834, 836 Tattnall, Josiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Tattnall, Josiah, son, of the former . . . . . .............................. 578, 834 Tax Returns of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties .......... 526-887 Taylor County ....................................................... 836,._837 Taylor, General Zackary ..................................................836 'Taylor's Ridge ............................................... 39, 571, 572, 586 Telegraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
'Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 'Telfair County ....................................................... 837- 839 'Telfair, Edward ........................................... 18, 29, 815, 837, 838 'Temple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 ~.rennessee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
'Tennessee River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Tennessee State .....................................-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Tennessee Valley in Rabun County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Tennille, town ........................................................869, 870 Terracing ............................................................. 318, 321 Terrell County ......................................................840, 842
Terrell, Capt. James ...................................................... 668 TeiTell, Dr. Wm. . ....................................................... 840 Tesnatee River .......................................................... 743 'Tesentee River .......................................................... 874 Texas Blue Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Texas Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
'Textile Mills in Georgia-List of ...................................... 907-914 {Thomas County ................................................... .43, 842-847
Thomas, General Jett ................................................. .43, 842 Thomaston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 'Thomasville & Gulf Railroad ............................................. 544 'Thomson ................................................................. 745 'Thornton, A. E .... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Thunderbolt .............................................................. 325 'Tide Swamp Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Tift, Colonel Nelson ...................................................... 636 Tifton and Northeastern Railroad ........................................ 544 'Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf Railroad ............................. 611, 846, 885 Tifton, town ......................................................... 544, 545 ~.riger Creek .......................................................... 767, 876 Tlgertall Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Tigertail Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Timber Bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Timber Lands and Forest Growth, 49, 50, 51. Also In sketches of each
County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526-887 Timothy ............................................................150, 226
'Tired Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 Tobacco ...................................154, 232, 569, 573, 611, 624, 627, 628 Tobesofkee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546, 765 Toccoa, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 'Toccoa Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

952

INDEX.

Toccoa River ........................................................... 655 Todd, H ................................................................. 18 Tohopeka, or the Horse-Shoe Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~ Tomochichi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Tom's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Toombs, Robert ................................... ....................... 882 Toonigh .................................................... ;-:. . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Towaliga River (also called creek) ............................ 560, 765, 766, 822 Town Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S68 Towns County ..................................................... .40, 848-850 Towns, George W.....................................................30, 848 Townsend, Charles 0 ..................................................... 381 Track Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Trader's Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Trenton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620, 621
Treutlen, John Adam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Trion ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Tripoli ........................................................... .40, 144, 147 Troup Coun,ty ......................................................... 850-853 Troup, George M................................................ 22, 29, 732, 850 Troupville ................................................................ 742 Truck Farming ................................................... 233-238, 789
Trustees of Georgia Colony ..............................................15-17 Tucker, Rev. H. H ........................................................ 389 Tugaloo River and Valley Lands of .................. .40, 154, 666, 694, 706, 802 Turin .................................................................... 61G Turkey Creek ..................................................... 763, 845, 840 Turkeys ............... 52, 297, 298, 299, 573, 607, 621, 641, 719, 796 802, 845, 865 Turner, W. R............................................................ 239 Turnpike Creek ...................................................... 632, 838 Turpentine ............. 354, 355, 526, 529, 552, 553, 556, 600, 609, 611, 612, 624
643, 654, 720, 728, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 764
767, 788, 789, 796, 835, 838, 841, 845, 871, 879, 886 Turtle River ............................................................. 683 Tustunnugee, Etommee .................................................. 570 Tussahaw Creek .......................................................... 560 Twiggs County .......................................................854, 855 Twiggs, General John ................................................... 854 Tybee, Capture of British Vessel at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 17 Tybee Island............................................................. 578 Tyner, Richard, Adven,tuhes of his family with the Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H5n Tyty Creek ........................................................ 611, 885 Tyty, town ............................................................... 88()

u
Ulcofauhachee River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Ulcohatchee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 Unaka Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Union County ....................................................... 40, 855-&')7 Union Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HHn Unitarian Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Universalist Church ..................................................... 412 University of Georgia..................................... 365-374, 592, 593, 744 Upatoie Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Upland Rice ..............................................................168 Upson County .........................................................857-85H Upson, Stephen ....................................................... 782, 857 Upton Creek ............................................................ 74:> Utoy Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669. 67(}

INDEX.

953

v
Valdosta .............................................................. 742, 743 Valley Lands : ........................................................ 150, 15-l Vann's Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 6UO Van Wert, town ......................................................... 785 Van Wert, one of the captors of Andre ................................... 785 Veal .................................................................... 154 Vernon Creek ............................................................ 575 Verot, Roman Catholic Bishop ............................................. 41& Verazzani, Jolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4u Vetch ................................................................... 2:!() Vidalia ...................................................................76S Vienna .................................................................. 634 Villa Rica ..............................................................:i69, trte Vina Vista............................................................ 245, 6113 Vineyards ....... 245, 587, 609, 611, 616, 636, 695, 703, 748, 791, 823, 852, 871, 872 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S Virginians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 21 Visscher's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24()

w

Waddell, Moses ....................................................... 411, 613 Wadley .............................................................. 726, 727 Wadley and Mount Vernon Railroad ...................................... 728
Wagon Factories ........................................................ 356 Walden's Creek .......................................................... 763 Waleske .................................................................. 591 Walker County ................................................. 40, 41, 859-862 Walker Creek ............................................................ 765 Walker, Major Freeman.................................................. 859 Walker, W. D ........................................................ 202, 822 Walker, General W. H. T .......................................... 22, 814, 815 Wallace, John ........................................................... 252 Walnut Creek ..................................................... 546, 618, 757 Walnut River ........................................................... 697 Walnuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... 161 Walton County ....................................................... 862-'864 Walton, George.............................................17, 29, 814, 815, 862 Ware County .........................................................864-866 Ware, Nicholas ............................................................864
Waresboro, town ........................................................ 865 Warhoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... 150' Warm Springs ........................................................ 758, 759 Warren County ........................................................866-868 Warren, General Joseph.................................................. 866 Warrenton, town ......................................................... 867 Warrior Creek ........................................................... 885 War Woman Creek....................................................... 802 War Woman Valley...................................................... 802 Washington County ....................................................868-870 Washington, General George .................................. 597, 815, 868, 883 Washington, town .................................................... 881-883" Wasp Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Watermelons .........................................................155, 237 Water Oaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Water Powers .............................................. 53, 73-123, 777, 801 Water Transportation .............. 11>\:l, 190, 52\:l, 585, 609, 624, 636, 658, 659, 764
771, 772, 71:l6, 71:)7, 801, 809, 811, 826, 871, 879 Watkinsville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. 780 Watson, Dr. T. L......................................................... 35 Watsons's Shoals ........................................................ 782 Wax ................................................................... 299'

~54

INDEX..

Waycross Air Line Railroad ...........................................608, 865 Waycross, city ........................................................ 865, 866 'Vayne, General Anthony ............................................... 870 Wayne County ....................................................... 870-872 Waynesboro ........................................................ 558 Webster Coun,ty ....................................................... 872-874 Webster, Daniel .................................................... 87::! '\Veed, Jacob ....................................................... 18, 366 Wehadka Creek....................................................... 850, 853 '\Vereat, John ............................................................ 18, 29 Wesley, Charles .............................................. 16, 397, 408, 411 '\Vesley, John ....................................................... 16, 408-411 '\Vesleyan Female College ......................................... 378, 381, 550 \Vesleyan Institute ....................................................... 660 West End Creek.......................................................... 772 Western & Atlantic Railroad ................ 180-183, 540, 571, 601, 659, 771, 876 West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Weston, town . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . 873 West Point, city .......................................................... 852
'Vheat ..... 52, 150, 155, 168, 201-204. (See also sketches of the several counties) ............................................................... 526-887
Wheat Growers' Association .............................................. 202 Wheeler ,General Joseph ........................................... 28, 814, 815 '\Vhite Clover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 White County ............................................... 40, 874-876 White, Rev. George, quoted ...........................................331, 332 White, Colonel John. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 874 White Oak Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 White, W. F .......................................................... 202, 204 Whitefield (now almost universally written Whitfield) County ....... 39, 876-878 Whitefield, Rev. George ........................................ 16, 397, 411, 876 Whitehall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 White Oak Mountain...................................................... 39 "Vhitesburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 570 White Sulphur Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 White Water Creek ....................................................784, 836 Whitney, Eli. ................................................. 21, 815, 836 Wight, Ed. L ...................................................... 602, 603 Wight, J. Byron ......................................................... 846 Wilcox County ..................................................... 879, 880 Wilcox, General Mark .................................................... 879 Wild Cat ............................................................ 52 Wild Cat Creek ........................................................... 802 Wilde, Richard Henry ................................................ 814 Wilder, F. N ........................................................... 290 Wilkes County ........................................................18, 880 Wilkes Gold Mine .................................................. 617 Wilkes, John............................................................. 880 Wilkinson, County .................................................... 883-885 Wilkinson, General James................................................. 883 Willacoochee Creek ...................................................624, 719 Willacoochee, town ....................................................609, 610 Williams, David, one of the captors of Andre.............................. 785 Williams, George M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Williams, R. G .............................................................34 Williams, W. D ....................................................389, 402 Williams, Dudley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Williamson .......................................................... 791, 792 Wilmington Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Wilson, J. I!'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Wilson's Cave ........................................................... 861 Wiltberger, Captain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 '\Vinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 Winter, Cornelius ............................................ 411

INDEX.

955

Winter, Delamotte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Withlacoochee River ................................ 544, 552, 611, 741, 742 Wolf Island ................................................. 746 Women of the South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Woodcock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. 52, 573 Woodstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Woodville ............................................................. 690 Wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 53, 54, 286, 287 Wool of the Angora Goat.............................................305-310 Woolen Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Worth County ......................................................885-887 Worth, General Wm. J ............................................... 885 Wright, General Ambrose R ................................... 815 Wright, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Wright, R. F., Assistant Commissioner of Agriculture ...................6, 34 Wright, W. A., Comptroller General (quoted throughout all the sketches of
the Counties for tax returns) ......................................526-887 Wright's Island ................................................... 746 Wrightsville & Tennille Railroad ...................................... 728, 796 Wrightsville, town ............................................... 728, 729

y

Yahoola Creek .............................................. 743, 744 Yamacraw Bluff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Yamacraws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Yamgrandee Creek ................................................. 654, 728 Yates Apples .......................................................... 657 Yazoo Act ................................................... 21, 716, 727
Yeates, Professor W. S., State Geologist.........................5, 35, 60, 72 Yellow Jacket Creek .................................................850 Yellow Loam Region ...............................................159, 160 Yellow River ........................................ 628, 692, 777, 816, 862 Yellow Water Creek .................................................. 560 Yonah Mountain,................................................... 39, 40,744 Yorktown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Young Female College, Thomasville....................... ~ ........... 385 Young, L., Harris Institute..................................... 385, 849

z

Zebulon

792