STA'J'E CAPI'l'OL, A'I'LA"I\'TA, QA, GEORGIA YISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ILLUSTRATED 0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner R. F. WRIGHT, Asst. Commissioner ATLANTA, GA. GEO. W. HARRISON, STATE PRINTER (THE FRANKLIN PRINTING AND PUBLISHING Co. 19QI PREFACE. Under the prorvisiollil of the organic law establishing the Department of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, there was issued a "Hand Book of Georgia," under the direction of Dr. Thos. P. Janes, the first Commissioner of Agriculture; under the direction of his successor, Ron. J. T. Henderson, the "Commonwealth of Georgia" was published; and under his successor, Ron. R. T. Nesbitt, there was issued.. "Georgia and Her Resources." The growing demand for information concerning the industrial resources and poosibilities o Georgia, as shown by inquiries almost daily received, not only from our own State, but also from every section o the Union, has led to the publication o this work, which we have entitled "Georgia: Historical and Industrial." We have freely used the publications o our predecessors and are largely indebted also for much valuable information to "White's Historical Collootions o Georgia," and other works on our State, including "The Story o Geo,rgia and the Georgia People," by Dr. George G. Smith. Much information concerning the geology o Georgia has been obtained rom the bulletins issued under the direction o the State Geologist, W. S. Yeates, and his assistant, W. S. McCallie, and former assist~t, Francis P. King. For much o the article on the geology orf Georgia we owe thanks to Prof. S. P. Jones, recently appointed assistant State Geologist. Other sources o information on which we have relied are the answers t'o questions sent out by this department to intelligent gentlemen in every county in Georgia, and the United States Census Reports or 1890 and 1900. The information which could not be obtained in time for the body o the work has been published in the appendix at the end of this VOJlume. (5) PREFACE. Special thanks are due to the Central o Georgia Railway for the loan o many o the cuts with which this work is embellished, and to the Southern Railway for similar favors. In th.is connection we take occasion to express our appreciatioo o the service rendered by Congressman J. M. Griggs, not only to the State o Georgia, but also to all the States o the Union, by his successful e:ffort to secure the enactment of a Federal law, allowing to all the State departments o Agriculture the privilege o sending through the mails all paper-covered agricultural bulletins at one cent a pound, instead of the former rate o hal a cent an ounce. We wish also to express our obligations to Pro. J os. T. Derry, one of our Georgia historians, for valuable assistance rendered by him in the laborious task o the preparation of this work. We send forth this volume with the hope that it may prove beneficia] to our State, and receive the approbation o those whom we most desire to please-the people o Goorgia. 0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner of Agriculture. R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. HISTORICAL------_ CHAPTER I. PAGES. 15-35 CHAPTER II. ~ENERAL SKETCH OF STATE------------------------ CHAPTER III. GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OF GEORGIA--------------------- 55-147 CHAPTER IV. A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE SOILS OF GEORGIA---------- 148-171 CHAPTER V. PUBLIC RoADS, RAILROADS, WATER TRANSPORTATION ---172-190 CHAPTER VI. AGRICULTURE -------- ------ ---- ----------- - ----------191-232 CHAPTER VII. TRUCK FARMING, HORTICULTURE ----.----------------233-249 CHAPTER VIII. DAIRYING AND CREAMERIES ------------------------- 25o-256 (7) 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. PAGES. STOCK RAISING-NEAT CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS, POULTRY, GoATS, HORSES, MULES.----. ~--- -- -- ------------ 259-312 CHAPTER X. FLORICUTURE, SEED FARMS, IRRIGATION, TERRACING. ---315-321 CHAPTER XI. FISH AND GAME------ .. ---- --------------------- 322-330 CHAPTER XII. MANUFACTURES -- ---- ------ . ----- ---------- - ------ 331-362 CHAPTER XIII. EDUCATION IN GEORGIA------------------------ ------365-394 CHAPTER XIV. BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF GEORGIA---------------- 397-407 CHAPTER XV. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS OF GEORGIA .. ---------- --408-414 CHAPTER XVI. STATE GOVERNMENT, ETC--- --------------------- ---417-524 PART II. SKETCHES OF THE COUNTIES------ ------------------525-887 APPENDIX ------ ---- ------ 89o-92I LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga....................................... Frontispiece. General James Edward Oglethorpe .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . 13 Jasper Monument, Savannah, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Georgia Confederate M~IUllilent at Chickamauga Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Eli Whitney ...... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Agricultural Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Temperature Map of Georgia .......................................... 47 Placer Mining at the White Path Gold Mine, Gilmer County, Ga .......... 57 Geological Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Hydraulic Mining at the Singleton Mine, Lumpkin County, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Hurricane Falls, Tallulah, Ga........................................... 77 The Natural Dam, Big Potato Creek, Upson County ....................... 87 Flat Shoals on the Flint River, Meriwether county ........................ 97 Cane Creek Falls, near Dahlonega, Ga. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . 107 Toccoa Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 High Falls of the Towaliga ......................................... 119 Iron Ore Mine, near Taylorsville, Polk County, Ga........................ 125 Mineral Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Minln!l Iron Ore by the use of the Steam Shovel, near Cedartown, Polk County, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Corundum Mine, Rabun County, Ga. . ................................... 137 .Southern Marble Yard and Quarry, Pickens County ...................... 141 -Georgia Marble Works, Tate, Ga....................................... 145 Marble Quarry Scene, Pickens County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Marble Bluf:T, Gilmer County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Lewiston White Clay Bed, Jones County ................................. 1ti3 Savannah Valley Road, Richmond County ................................ 169 Washington Pike Road, Richmond County ................................ 175 Shipping Melons at Dietzen In Houston County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S1 Picking Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 A Corn Field ....................................................... 193 Harvesting Wheat ....................................................... 199 Oat Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Harvesting Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Sugar Cane Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Field of Broom Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Digging Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Gathering Beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 The Famous Elberta Peach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 An Ordinary Sight in a Georgia Vineyard .................... : . .......... 247 Peach Pickers ................................................ .. .. . 253 Icing Cars ............................................... .. . 257 Jersey Herd in Bibb County ............................ .. 261 Hereford Bull .................................................... 265 (9) 10 LIS1' OP ILLUSTRATIONS. Pnge. Hereford Cow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :!69 Calf Fattened in Six Mouths by T. R. Sawtell ............................ 273 Berkshire Boar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 South Down Ewes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 South Down Ram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Barred Plymouth Cock, from Belmont Farm, Cobb County, Ga............ 287 Chicken Houses and Runs, Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Broodery and Incubator, Belmont Farm, Smyrn,a, Ga. . ..._..... ,. . . . . . . . . . . 295 Angora Goats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Houses and Yards for Berkshire Hogs, Belmont Farm .................... 307 Picking Strawberries .................................................... 313 Onion Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Black Bass, or Georgia Trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 The Georgia Partridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Hon. Mark A. Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Scene on the Augusta Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Aragon Cotton Mills, Aragon, Ga. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 345 Canning Tomatoes and Peaches, Albany, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Stevens' Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 University of Georgia at Athens-The Campus ........................... 363 State Normal School, Athens, Ga......................................... 367 Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 North Georgia Agricultural College, Dahlonega, Ga....................... 375 Seney Hall, Emory College, Oxford, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Mercer University, Macon ................................................ 383 Wesleyan Female College, Macon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 387 Shorter Female College, Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 State Sanitarium, Milledgeville, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Cave Spring, Ga................ 399 Academy for the Blind, Macon, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Normal and Industrial School, Milledgeville, Ga.......................... 409 Governor Allen D. Candler ............................................... 415 Dr. J. P. Janes, First Commissioner of Agriculture ....................... 421 Hon. John T. Henderson, Second Commissioner of Agriculture ........... 427 Hon. R. T. Nesbit, Thi~d Commissioner of Agriculture .................... 433 Hon. 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Justices of the Supreme Court ........................................... 445 Hon. Clark Howell, President of the Georgia Senate ..................... 451 Hon. John D. Little, Speaker of the House of Representatives ............ 457 A Georgia Wheatfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Packed Peaches ready for market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Scene in a Peach Orchard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Meldrim Auditorium for Colored Youths .................................. 481 Rain Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Forestry Map of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga. . ........................... 511 Peach Packing House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 Georgia Exhibit, Agricultural Building, Nashville, Tenn., 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Old Capitol at Milledgeville .............................................. 531 Georgia Exhibit at Nashville, Tenn., 1897................................ 527 Ben Davis Apples ........................................................ 537 Dr. W. H. Felton's Ore Bank, near Cartersville ........................... 541 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 11 Page. White Plymouth R~k Cock ............................................ 547 Ocean Steamship Company's Wharf, Savannah ........................... 579 Peach Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Georgia Cantaloupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Georgia Vineyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Tobacco Farm, Decatur County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Agnes Scott Instituw, D~catur, DeKalb County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 ~~Artesian Well at Albany ................................................ 637 Early Richmond Cherry .................................................. 647 Public Artesian Well ..................................................... f">51 Rome Beauty Apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 Brighton Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Potato Field near Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Pecan Grove near Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Buff Plymouth Rock Cock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Packing Cantaloupes at Fort Valley, Ga.................................. 713 Turpentine Farm, South Georgia .......................................... 717 Bartlett Pear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 Orchards and Nursery ................................................... 749 Artesian Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 Wickson Plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 Abundance Plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 Watermelon, Rattle Snake ............................................. 811 l'ffoore's Diamond Grape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Packing Cantaloupes near Albany, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Picking Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Yellow Transparent Apple .............................................. 847 Paper Shell Pecan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Greenville Strawberries .................................................. 867 Miller Raspberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 ERRATA. On page 161, in the last line of the first paragraph, instead of "5,000 pounds" read "500 pounds"; and in the next line above "cotton seed" should be "seed cotton,." On page 411, third line from the end of the page for "1840" read "1844." On page 791, in the middle of the second line of the second paragraph, for "dairy cows" read "dairy farms." On page 800 In next to the last line in. the first paragraph on Quitman county, tor "Big Potato creek" read "Pataula creek." GEN. J.UIES ED\VARD OGLETHORPE. TOl\IICHICHI AND NEPHEW. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL. In 1732 a number of benevolent gentlemen of London conceived the idea of founding a home for the poor of Great Britain and a place of refuge for the Salzburgers and other persecuted sects of the continent of Europe. It was to be a model colony, in which both slavery and rum would be prohibited. It was to be also somewhat of a military eolony, a barrier against the hostile encroachments of the Spaniards upon the Province of South Carolina. The charter for its establishment was obtained from George II., king of England, in June, 1732. ;rames Edward Oglethorpe, a gentleman of great benevolence, marked ability and experience in military affairs, being selected by the trustees to take charge of the new colony, set sail from England in November, 1732, with one hundred and sixteen emigrants. After a voyage of nearly two months they arrived in the harbor of Charleston (then known as Charlestown), S. C., where they met a gracious welcome from the Carolinians and their governor, Robert J ?hnson, who furnished them with provisions, stock, vessels to convey additional supplies to the Savannah river, and a company of soldiers to protect them against the Indians until they could build houses and fortifications. Leaving his people for a few days at Beaufort, South Carolina, Oglethorpe ascended the Savannah until he came to Yamacraw Bluff, which he selected for his settlement. On February 12th the colonists arrived, and on the 20th was commenced the first house of the new city, which Oglethorpe called Savannah from the name of the river on whose banks it stands. Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraws, immediately sought an alliance with Oglethorpe, who made a treaty with him, as he did alSO' 2 ga. 16 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. with the Qreeks, the Muscogees, and even with the Cherokees of themountains and the Choctaws on the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. Like William Penn, Oglethorpe purchased from the Indians the titleto the lands where he founded his settlements, and so long as he remained in Geo!rgia peace prevailed between the red men and the white. In March, 1734, the colony was strengthened by the arrival of seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germ~ny. These men, who had been. driven from their homes by terrible persecution, found rest and safety higher up the Savannah in Effingham county, at a place which they called Ebenezer, the "Stone of Help"; "for," said they, "the Lord hath delivered us out of the hands of our enemie~." Goethe's beautiful poem, "Herman and Dorothea" was founded upon an incident which. occurred during the exodus of the Salzburgers. Oglethorpe was diligent in establishing settlements, locating a Scotch settlement at Darien, a company o immigrants at Frederica, on Saint Simon's Island, and trading posts at Augusta. In February, 1736,among two hundred and twenty-seven immigrants who came over were John and Charles Wesley, afterwards so celebrated as the :founders of :Methodism. Their purpose was to preach the gospel to the Indians and alsoto the settlers. Two years later came another celebrated Methodist minister, the Rev. George Whitefield, who resided in the colony several years and founded the Orphan House at Bethesda, a few miles :from Savannah. The Spaniards, who had settled .Florida nearly one hundred years before the first permanent English settlement at JamestoWn, regarding the settlements in Georgia as an intrusion upon their rights, determined to expel the English. In anticipation o:f war Oglethorpe went home,. and having raised a regiment of six hundred men :for the defense of hiscolony, returned to America and was appointed commander-in-chief of the militia of South Carolina and Gevrgia. Marching at the head of two thousand men of the two colonies, with. friendly Indians includedr he invaded Florida, meeting however, with but partial success. Lateron the Spaniards invading Georgia with a land an~ naval :force of three thousand men, landed on St. Simon's Island. Oglethorpe, who at this time had barely eight hu:ri.dred men available, met the Spaniards and inflicted on them so dreadful a defeat that the scene of the conflict has ever since been known as the Bloody Marsh. So long as Oglethorpe remained in Georgia rum and slavery wereprohibited; but in 1743 he returned to England, and four years laterrestrictions were removed, and Georgia, like all the other English colonies of that da.y, admitted both slavery and spirituous liquors. That GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 17 same year the colony was in great danger from the machinations o a man named Bosomworth, former chaplain of Oglethorpe's regiment, who, .having married Mary Musgrove, an Indian claiming to be queen of the Creeks, marched at the head of a large Indian force upon Savannah threatening to exterminate the colonists unless his claims in behalf of his wife we.re complied with. The undaunted courage of the authorities, who seized the lea-ders and awed the Indians into submission, saved the colony. In 1752 the trustees of Georgia surrendered their rights to the crown, and in 1754 John Reynolds was appointed go~ernor. At the close o the French and Indian war in 1763, Spain, who had been the ally of France, ~eded to England her possessions of East and West Florida. At this time the boundaries of Georgia, which had embraced a territory between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, were extended to the Mississippi on the west and on the south to latitude 31 and the St. Mary's river. Thus Georgia embraced not only t]J.e present State, but also the greater part of what we now know as Alabama and Mississippi. THE REVOLUTION. Georgia joined with the other colonies in resisting the aggressions of the mother country. On May 11th, 1775, the Savannah powder maga zine was taken possession of, and in July a British vessel at Tybee, having 13,000 pounds of powdeT for the use of British troops, was captured by thirty volunteers under the lead of Commodore Bowen and Colonel Joseph Habersham. Five thousand pounds were sent to the Continental army at Boston, and the rest was stored in the magazine. Another n-oted exploit was performed near Savannah in March, 1776. Some loyalist planters near Savannah had loaded eleven merchant vessels and prepared for a sea voyage. Some British war vessels, for the purpose of assisting these tories! moved up the river and threatened Savannah. But the Georgians under Colonel }!Iclntosh, aided by the Carolinians under Colonel Bull, burned three of these merchant vessels and rendered six unfit for service. In April, 1776, Georgia instructed her delegates in Congress to vote for independence, which, on July 4th of the same year, was declared by the unanimous vote of all the deJegates of the thirteen colonies in Congress assembled. The signers of the declaration on the part of Georgia were Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton. For two years Georgia escaped serious invasion, but in December, 1778, Savannah was captured, and Augusta soon after. The defeat of the Tories at Kettle creek by the O..rolinians under Pickens, and the Georgians 18 GEORGIA: HISTOR.IOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. unde;r John Dooley and Elija:h Clarke, ;resulted in the il'ecaptme of Augusta by the Americans, who, notwithstanding the defeat of Ashe at Brie;r C;reek and the repulse of the allied French and American armies before Savannah, continued to hold all upper Georgia until after the fall of Charleston in 1780. While the allied armies were before Savannah, Colonel John White of the Georgia Continentals, by a skillfm stratagem, captured five British vessels, one hundred and thirty stands of arms and one hundred and eleven British soldiers. Although after the fall of Charleston South Carolina and Georgia were both oven-un, the patriot bands of those two States under their favorite leaders continued the struggle. The Georgians shared in the victories of King's Mountain and Cowpens, and Colonel Elijah Clarke, the Marion of Georgia, after failing in one attempt to capture Augusta, in the next year began another siege of that post, which was made successful by the arrival of General Pickens of South Carolina, and "Light Horse Harry" Lee of Virginia, .with a considerable force. Almost the last fight of the Revolution was Wayne's victory ove,r the Indian allies of the British near Savannah on the night of June 23d, 1782, a little over eight months after the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. On the 11th of July, 1782, Savannah was evacuated by the British and the authority of Georgia was established over all her borders. On the 2d of January, 1788, the Constitution of the United State,~ was ratified by a convention of delegates from the different counties of Georgia, assembled at Augusta. The following is a list of the delegates of the ratifying convention: John W ereat, President, and delegate from the county of Richmond William Stephens, Joseph Habersham, Chatham county. Jenkin Davis, N. Brownson, Effingham county. Edward Telfair, H. Todd, Bmke county. William Few~ James MeNeil, Richmond county. George Matthews, Florence Sullivan, John King, Wilkes county. James Powell, John Elliott, J aines Maxwell, Liberty county. George Handley, Christopher Hillary, J. Milton, Glynn county. Henry Osborne, James Seagrove, Jacob Weed, Camden county. J :ued Irwin, John Rutherford, Washington county. Robert Christmas, Thomas Daniell, R. Middleton, Greene county. UNDER THE CONSTITUTION, 1788 TO 1860. Under the government established by the Federal Constitution, Georgia increased rapidly' in population and wealth. Settlers poured into the State from North Carolina, Virginia and States farther north. 0 JASPER MONUMENT, SAVANNAH, GA. GlJJOBGIA: HISTOBIOAL AND INDUSTBIAL. 21 these the Virginians were so numerous that the Indians, who still occupied many of the fairest portions of the State, frequently spoke of the Georgians as Virginians. One of the most important events in the history of Georgia is the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, in 1794. Prior to that time the separation of the seed from the lint was so difficult as to limit the cultivation of cotton. This had to be done by hand, a task being four pounds of lint cotton per week for each head of a family, working at night, in addition to the usual field work. .At this rate it would take one person two years to turn out the quantity of cotton contained in one average standard bale, oc 500 pounds. One gin, in proportion to its power and saw capacity, will gin out from three to fifteen 500-pound bales in one day. .At the time of this important invention Mr. Whitney was the guest of his aunt, the widow of General Nathaniel' Greene. Probably no invention ever caused such rapid development of the. industry with which it was associated. In 1793 the exportation of cotton from t4e United States was 487,500 pounds, or 975 bales, estimated at 500 pounds to the bale. In 1900 the production in the United States was 9,345,391 bales. The Yazoo Land .Act, passed by the legislature of 1795, conv~ying to four aSsociations thirty-five million acres of land lying between the Mississippi, Tennessee, Coosa, .Alabama and Mobile rivers, for five hundred thousand dollars, produced great excitement throughout Georgia. Though a bill ratifying the sale of these lands passed both houses of Congress, a subsequent legislature, under the influence of General James Jackson, repudiated the Yazoo act and commited the records of it to the flames, at the same time ordering the purchase money to be refunded to whoiDBOever it might belong. Twenty years, however, elapsed before a final settlement was reached. In 1802 Georgia ceded to the Federal government all her lands west of the Chattahoochee, embracing nearly one hundred thousand square miles of territory, the greater part ocf the present States of .Alabama and Mississippi. Thus Georgia, like Virginia, is a "Mother of States." The purchase from France by the United States, in 1803, of the vast Louisiana territory was of great benefit to Georgia. That territory had for a .long time been under the dominion o; Spain, whose agents frequently incited the Indians of the western border to hostile acts. Being no longer subject to these annoyances, new counties were laid off and towns and villages sprang up in the wilderness. In 1807 the new town ocf Milledgeville became the seat of government. During the second war with Great Britain, 1812-15, the Indians of 22 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Alabama perpetrated horrible massacres. The Georgians under Gen- eral John Floyd, and the Tennesseeans under General Coffee, with Major-General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee as commander-in-chief defeated the Indians in battle after battle. The power of the savages' \vas finally crushed by the great battle of Tohopeka, or the "Horse-shoe Bend" in Alabama, and the Indians sued for peace. The first steampship that ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean, though built in New York, was owned in Savannah, and from that port started on its voyage to Liverpool in 1819. It was named "Savannah." When, in 1821, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States and thus passed forever from the hands of the ancient enemy of Georgia, great was the rejoicing throughout the State. ' When Georgia ceded her western lands the United States agreed to extinguish the Indian title to the same. This was not done rapidly enough to suit the Georgians and a controversy arose between the State and the Federal governlllent, during which Governor Troup pro- claimed the most ultra State rights doctrine, and defied President John Quincy Adams. Georgia triumphed in the controversy, and when An" drew Jackson became president he did all in his power to promote the wishes of the Georgians, with the result that all the Indians east of the Mississippi were finally transferred to the Indian Territory, west of the great river. In the Mexican War (May 8, 1846 to May 30, 1848), Georgia's sons promptly allilwered the call to arms, and faithfully discharged the du- ties assigned them. Among the most distinguished of the officers in tl;te regular army of the United States were sons of Georgia, of whom Colonel James S. Mcintosh was killed at Molino del Rey, and W. H. T. Walker desperately wounded at the storming of Chapultepec. THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. In the lamentable con:fl.ict of arms between the Northern and Southern States of the Union (1861-1865), Georgia bore a prominent part. This war was the outgrowth of a long struggle for the balance of power between the commercial and manufacturing States on the one side, and the purely agricultural States on the other, in combination with opposing theories as to the real nature of our Federal Union. This struggle became manifest in 1820 on the application of Missouri for admission into the Union with a Constitut~on allowing slavery, an institution which differentiated the opposing groups of States. The opposition to the admission of Missouri was not based on moral grounds, but on the GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 23 'idea that it gave to the South a preponderance of influence. By the Missouri compromise t}le dangerous dispute was settled for a time; but the acquisition of new territory from llfexico in 1848 reopened the old quarrel, and slavery, now opposed by some on moral grounds but by the ,great majority for reasons purely political, became the occasion of the most stupendous conflict of modern times. In this fierce struggle, for which Georgia furnished ninety-four regiments and thirtysix battalions, embracing every arm of tlre service, the blood of her sons was freely poured out on every battlefield from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, and from the Ohio to the Gulf, and (if we include the thousands who had emigrated to the States west o the "Father of Waters"), in every important combat throughout the bound.f4 .of the Trans-Mississippi department of the Southern Confederacy. On Georgia's soil were fought the great battles of Chickamauga, Resaca, New Hope Church (a series of engagements from May 25th to' June 4th), Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, two fierce battles at Atlanta {July 22 and 28), Jonesboro, and numerous smaller engagements and 'Skirmishes. Sherman's march to the sea, when almost the entire military force of the State was absent in Virginia or Tenn~see, scattered ruthless destruction all along its path, and the final disastrous close of the long continued war wrecked the hopes and fortun(?S o her people. AFTER THE WAR. But the brave men, who with constantly diminis];ling strength and exhausted means had maintained so heroic a struggle against overwhelming numbers and boundless resources, lost no time in idle repining, but with the energy, pluck and perseverance characteristic of the Anglf ;rogress compares favorably with those of the North which even prospered during all the years of strife, oppression and wrong. 24 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL. THE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH. During the tremendous conflict that shook this continent, the women o the South exhibited a heroism and devotion to principle sca~cely equalled and never surpassed since time began. With aching hearts they bade their loved ones hood-bye, and through tearr:ful eyes gave them a smile o hope, speaking at the same time brave words that nerved the warrior's soul to deeds of daring unparalleled in the records of this world. With undaunted spirit they bore privations, perils and 4eart-rending bereavements, and when, after the final catastrophe the survivors returned downcast and almost despairing, it was faithful woman's smile that bade them hope again and stirred them to that high endeavor,. which, amid the most appalling surroundings, brought forth the New South from the ashes of the Old, redeeming by the help of God their be-loved_States from opporession and ruin, and starting them again upon the road to prosperity and power. Even before the debris of our shattered fortunes had been cleared away, noble women turned their attention: to the preservation of the memory of the heroic deeds that wreathed the Southland's brow with Fame's unfading chaplet, and mid their poove~ began the erection of monuments to the illustrious dead, gathered the scattered remains of heroes from many a battle-field, marked their last. resting places with headstones, and organized into societies whose chief object is to keep alive the remembrance of the heroic deeds of the South's heroic men, whether living or dead. THE SLAVES DURING THE WAR. Nor should we forget that humble class whose ancestors were brought rom their African homes in Dutch, British and New England ships and ~ld to the white men who, by the aid of the stalwart muscle of the sons of Africa, cleared the wilderness and prepared the way for thriving farms, great plantations and growing cities. Though the legislatures of sOme Southern colonies endeavored to prevent the importation o these Africans, the British government set their acts aside in the interest of English and New England traders. Even after. the establishment of American independence the traders of New England, who had been among the first to engage in the African slave trade, continued it ~ the year 1808, when the traffic was abolished by Congressional enactment. These same New England traders, previous to that date, often violated the laws of such Southern States as had prohibited the traffic by Sm.uggling slaves into out-of-the-way places and selling them to those who were ready to purchase. Thus the South became so stocked with GEORGIA CONFEDERATE MONUMENT AT CHICKAMAUGA PARK. TO THE LASTING MEMORY OF HER SONS Who fought on tbi~ fieldThese who fought ar,d lived, and those who fought and died Those who gave much and those who gave all- (l;eoraia ERECTS THIS MONUMENT. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 27 negroes. that the Southern people considered emancipation under any condition too dangerous an experiment to be even thought =if=======2E5'=''='"""""''='SOO~=::;:::===T~>~""i"""'=',:~O~OiMILES GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRL!L. 39 the west, and continuing into Alabama in a low elevation known as Dugover Mountain. To the northwest come Lookout and Sand Mountain ranges, which, with their table-lands, belong to the Alleghany system. The highest point of Lookout, known as High Point, has an elevation of 2,408 feet. A northeastern spur of Lookout is known as Pigeon Mountain, with an elevation of from 1,800 to 2,000 feet above the sea, but with 'one point rising to 2,331 feet. Along the top of this mountain runs the boundary line between Walker and Dade counties. Round Mountain, also a spur of Lookout, has an elevation of over 2,200 feet. From this point rises Rock Creek, flowing longitudinally along the surface of the mountain adjacent to a beautiful waterfall known as Lula, all of which, with Lula Lake, make one of the most picturesque scenes in Georgia. Taylor's Ridge with its extension, the White Oak Mountains,. traversing parts of Catoosa, Whitfield and Chattooga counties, rises to 1,300 and 1,500 feet above the sea, Rocky Face Ridge, rising to an elevation of from 1,500 to 1,700 feet, crosses the western part of Whitfield county, forming the eastern watershed of East Chickamauga creek, which flows through the valley at an elevation of 900 feet above the sea. Among the interesting features of Northwest Georgia are numerous caves. One of the largest, of great extent, with far-reaching galleries, is Hardin's cave, about three miles southeast of Kingston. Some of the chambers are twenty to twenty-five feet high, and, owing to the sloping roof, the cave appears even higher. At Crawfish Springs, near Chickamauga, a stream sufficiently large to be used as a water-power, issues from an underground cavern, and has been converted into a beautiful lake and waterfall. Many other caverns, some extensive, occur at the bases of Lookout, Pigeon and Sand Mountains.. Near the beautiful little town of Cave Spring extensive caverns are found in the limestone formations. The mountain section of Georgia is noted for its charming valleys. Cedar, Texas, Bmomtown and V ann's valleys, are among the most noted in Northwest Georgia, while the fame of N ac~hee, in the northeast section among the mountains of White county, has been proclaimed in song and story. Nacoochee, or the "Evening Star," so the story goes, was t4e beautiful daughter of a noted Cherokee chief. She was wooed and won by Sautee, a brave young warrior of the Choctaw nation, a people who were the bitter foes of the Cherokees. One dark night Nacoochee eloped with her lover. The enraged father, at the head of a hundred warriors, after days and nights of ceaseless search, found the lovers in their hiding-place among the rocky fastnesses of Mount Y onah. Sautee 8 ga 40 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. was condemned by the old chief to be thrown frop1 the highest precipicf} of the mountain, and the sentence was put into immediate execution; but to her father's horror the maiden leaping over the precipice shared her lover's fate. Nacoochee and Sautee were buried on the banks of the Chattahoochee in one grave, and a mound raised over them to mark the spot. Two adjoining valleys now bear the names of the young Cherokee girl and her Choctaw lover. In Habersham county are found the falls of Toccoa and in Rabun county the grand chasms and cataracts of Tallulah, famed far beyond the limits of Georgia. Toccoa creek falls 185 feet perpendicularly over a ledge of sandstone. Of the beauty of this silvery cascade descending so gently from the lofty rock, whose sides are plai!llly seen behind the wrute.ry veil, no pen can give an adequate description. Toccoa the Beautiful! Never was name more worthily bestowed. The Tallulah river is the western branch of the Tugaloo, one of the sources of the Savannah. Ten miles above the junction of the Tallulah with the Chattooga, the Falls of Tallulah, by four perpendicular pitches of water of from fifty to eighty feet and a great many smaller cataracts, plunge downward into a grand chasm 860 feet deep. The four principal falls are L' eau d'or, Tempesta, Hurricane and Oceana. All Northern Georgia abounds in useful minerals. Coal is found in the extreme northwest in Dade and Walker counties, the various iron ores in Dade, Walker, Chattooga, Floyd and Polk. In the State some lead, silver and copper are found, the latter being an extension of the celebrated Ducktown region of Tennessee, varieties of it being found in the counties of Union, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Murray, Fulton, Lincoln and Greene. Ochre and sulphate of baryta exist in large beds. Other minerals that have been successfully mined are pyrites, mica, talc, slate, tripoli, limestone and infusorial earth. Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, is the center of gold operations in Georgia, the richest veins being in Lumpkin and White. Other counties in which gold is .found are Rabun, Towns, Habersham, Hall, Union, Gwinnett, Forsyth, Dawson, Milton, Cherokee, Bartow, Paulding, Douglas, Carroll, Haralson, Gilmer, Fannin, Lincoln, and McDuffie. It is found in small quantitiefl in Fulton. The bauxite deposits are the largest in the United States. This is the basis of aluminum Deposits of commercial value have been found in Walker, Ohattooga, Bartow and Floyd. Corundum is found in Georgia in all its varieties except emery. Slate is successfully quarried at Rockmart by the Georgia Slate Company. The manganese deposits are very rich. Sandstones of a variety of colors GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 41 :and adapted to a variety of purposes are found in Northwest GeoTgia. In the northern counties asbestos is also found. . Georgia to-day stands second only to mg noted throughout the United States Vfoe.rrmthoenet xacseallemntarqbulaeliStytatoef' beher marble. In 1893 the value of the output was in round numbers $273,000, and .almost the entire product was at that time supplied by the Georgia Marble Company, whose headquarters and quarries were near Tate, in Pickens county. The quarries here opened are named respectively, Dreole No. 1, Creole No. 2, Cherokee, Etowah and Kennesaw. The Piedmont quarry, also in Pickens county, is very extensive. The in- .crease from all these quarries had, in 1894, brought the entire product. up to 481,529 cubic feet, valued at $716,359, an increase in one year of oveT 174 per cent. The strnCiture of the marble from the different quarries is essentially the same, the only marked difference being in color. Some of it is white, some bluish-gray with dark-blue spots, some with dark-blue mottlings, useful for monumental work and interio~ decorations, others with a variety of shades, such as pink, salmon, rose and dark green, producing rich effects, specially adapted for wainscot- ing, panels, counters, table-tops, etc. The deposits are larger than any .other in the United States. The companies operating the quarries are prepared to saw and finish the stone, and this is done by them and also by other large companies established for this work at Nelson, Canton, .and near Marietta. Thus almost the entire product of the Georgia qua:t- ries is put upon the market in a finished condition. Marble is quarried also in Cherokee, Whitfield and Polk. Beautiful marble is found also in Floyd. Fifteen years ago Georgia marble was little known beyond the lim- its of the State. Now it is the most famous in America, and is recog- nized as the best for building purposes. The demand for it extends throughout the United States, and shipments have been made to Hawaii. Froon the Southern Marble Company at Marble Hill was shipped the largest block of marble ever quarried in the UJ?-iied State, to go into the capitol of Minnesota. In the construction of Mississippi's new cap- itol Georgia marble is one of the main materials, as it is also in the new .capitol of Rhode Island. Granite of the best grade abounds in Georgia. The largest known ..deposit o this useful stone in the world is found in DeKalb county, fourteen miles east of the city of Atlanta. In the midst of a vast bed .of stone extending in all directions, from a comparatively level country there rises to the height of 1,686 feet a solid mountain of granitef. with- 42 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. out soil except in a few scattered places, where a little verdure appears. This "geological monstrosity," as Dr. .Alexander Means, an eminent scientist of the State in his day, styled it, is known by the appropriate name of Stone Mountain. It is seven miles in circumference at the base, and by the ordinary ascent one mile from base to apex. The stone of thia mountain and of the wide extended bed of granite that spreads out from its base is uniform in character, admirably adapted for paving aa well as for building and monumental work, and is being used for these purposes not only in the cities of Georgia, but also in those of the East and West. There are many other extensive deposits through the State, notably those in Coweta, Elbert, Oglethorpe, Walton, .Hancock, Spalding, Fayette and Carroll counties. In 1880 the entire granite product of the State for paving material was valued at $13,000, and the entire industry employed only thirteen hands. In 1896 the product in paving material alone was worth more than $750,000, and gave employment to one thousand hands. Gneiss is quarried extensively in Carroll, Coweta, Meriwether and Heard counties. Red sandstone is quarried near Graysville, in Catoosa county. The granite beds are found in what is known as Middle Georgia. This is the most thickly settled section of the State. The line dividing it from South Georgia may be considered as running directly across the State from Augusta to Columbus and passing at the head of navigation near Milledgeville and Macon. Much of the land is exceedingly fertile, producing abundant crops of cotton and of corn, or any of the grains that can be raised in any part of the United States. The various grasses, too, afford abundant pasturage for horses and cattle. The creek md river bottoms are exceedingly fertile, but, as they are liable to overflow, these lands are generally devoted to corn, an exceedingly profitable crop in such localities, even though subject to occasional damage by floods. Even the so--called worn-out lands have, by judicious fertilizing, been brought to a high state of productiveness. This region varies in altitude from 180 to 500 and in some instances to 1,000 feet. There are few elevations that are designated as mountains, and lands too steep for the plow are seldom found over the greater part of this area. Pine Mountain in Harris and Graves Mountain in Lincoln rise a few hundred feet above the surrounding country. Atlanta stands upon the crest o Chattahoochee Ridge at an altitude of 1,050 feet above the level of the sea. Kennesaw Mountain in Cobb, with an altitude of 1,809 feet1 and Stone Mountain in DeKalb, 1,686 feet above the sea, tower conspicuously over the surrounding landscape. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 43 Southern Georgia, covering more than hal of the State, extending from the southern limit of Middle Georgia to Florida and the Atlantic coast, ranges in altitude between 100 and 500 feet. About 3,000 square miles of the coastal region have an elevation of 100 feet or less above tide. The productions of Southern Georgia are very much the same as those of Middle Georgia. Throughout both these sections fruita of many varieties abound. Pears grow well in every part of the State, but best in Northern and Middle Georgia. The apple succeeds well in every portion of the State where the elevation is four or :five hundred feet, with a clay soil or subsoil. It is in Georgia that the most luscious peaches are produced, those having the richest flavor, the best varieties being found in Middle Georgia and the elevated plateaus of the southwestern portion of the State. In the same sections :figs and pomegranates grow admirably, needing no protection in winter except in the upper part of the middle belt. Grapee grow well in every section, and there are some :fine vineyards. It may be remarked here that, while the founders of Georgia forbade the im portation of the stronger liquors, they did intend to make the colony a wine-producing country. Olives succeed well on the coast. The pecan and English walnut do well. Watermelons and cantaloupes are celebrated for their quality. In fact, the Georgia watermelon has a national reputation. In Thomas county, in the extreme southwestern section of the State bordering on Florida, and with but one county (Decatur) between it and the :Alabama line, in addition to all the agricultural productions of the temperate and semi-tropical zones, the apple, pear, peach, plum, pomegranate, :fig, quince, cherry ,grape, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, mulberry, orange, lemon and banana may be seen, all growing in the same orchard. In.Camden county, in the ex treme southea'St, oranges flourish, and in the streets of St. Mary's the trees may be seen laden in their season with golden fruit. Berries of all kinds flourish in every section of Georgia. Groundpeas and chufaa abound, the former being extensively raised for home consumption and the markets of Georgia and other States. Sugar-cane and sorghum are also crops of great value. No area of similar extent in the United States shows greater variety than Georgia, and no State east of the Rocky Mountains as great. In its southern part tropical fruits and flowers grow and mature, while on the high peaks of some of its mountains grow plants indigenous to the far north. Many people suppose that latitude determines climate. But other factors which also largely control must be taken into the count. 0 these factors rainfall, elevation and air currents exert probably the 44 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. greatest influence. Of nine climate belts in the United States, eight are represented in Georgia. Of these eight belts the lowest in mean annual temperature is below 40 degrees, the highest between 70 and 75. Thus Georgia's four and one-half degrees of latutude show a variety of climateequivalent to the average range of 15 degrees, according to the usual estimate, which assigns two degrees difference in the ther~ometer forone degree of latitude, and one degree of the thermometer to three hundred feet of elevation. The climate of below forty degrees is found on some of the mountain peaks known as ''bald" above the range of trees, where only shrubs appear, and on whose summit arctic insects are found. Of course there is but a small part of this belt in Georgia. MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE. On the sides of these momitains below the summit is a mean annual tmperature of between forty and forty-five degrees, corresponding with. upper New England and New York and the mountain region of Virginia. A larger climate zone between forty-five and :fifty degrees corresponds with portions of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. The zone between fifty-five and sixty degrees embraces a narrow strip running through North Carolina 'and Virginia up to New Jersey. The zone between fifty-five and sixty contains an area two or three times as large as all the preceding zones together, and passing through both Carolinas ends in Virginia. The zone between sixty and sixty-five degrees embraces nearly all of Middle Georgia, upper Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, West Tennessee and Arkansas, and extends into Virginia.The mean annual temperature at some of the important stations in this area are: Leo, 60.1; Rome, 61.9; Gainesville, 61.3; Atlanta, 61.4; Carrollton, 62; Oxford, 62.6; Athens, 63; Augusta, 64; LaGrange, 64.1; Thomson, 64.7. The climate of Southern Georgia corresponds with that of lower Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and upper Florida, being chiefly in the zone between sixty-five and seventy degrees of mean annual temperature, this zone embracing the following stations: Macon, 66.1; Swainsboro, 67; Cuthbert, 68.1; Americus, 68.2; Walthoursville, 67.6; Brunswick, 68.7. Blackshear, 70.2, is the only station touching the zone between seventy and seventy-five degrees. The climate of Atlanta corresponds with that of Washington, St. Louis and Louisville, the winters being warmer and the summers cooler. For the whole State the July mean temperature is 81.8. The isothermal line of eighty degrees, July temperature, runs above Augusta and Macon to West Point. Above this line, embracing nearly all of North GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 45 and Middle Georgia, the July temperature is between seventy-five and eighty degrees. Below this line, embracing nearly all Southwest, East and Southeast Georgia, the July temperature is between eighty and eighty-five degrees. The only climatic belt in the United States not found in Georgia is that in the extreme south of Florida, with a mean annual temperature of between seventy-five and eighty degrees. Georgia's summers are, on an average, cooler than those ,of more northerly sections, while the winters, though seldom severe, are cold enough to dissipate the germs,of disease. The annual average rainfall of Georgia is 49.3 inches, the highest be~ ing at Rabun Gap, 71.7 inches, the lowest at Swainsboro, 39.4 inches. The average for different sections of the State is: for Middle Georgia, 49.7 inches ; Northwest Georgia, 60.3 inches; East Georgia, 41.4 inches. The summer rainfall for the State in inches averages 13.4; North Georgia, 13.6; Southwest Georgia, 14.5. Of summer rainfalls the averages in inches are: Brunswick, 16.6; Americus, 16; .Rabun Gap, 15.4; Atlanta, 10.8; Rome, 10.2. Atlanta's annual rainfall is 52.12 inches. The average elevation above the sea of North Georgia is 1,700 feet; of Middle Georgia, 750; of Southwest Georgia, 400; of East Georgia, 125; of Southeast Georgia, 100, giving an average for the Sta.te of 615 feet. Here is a difference between the extreme average:> of 1,600 feet. Snow seldom falls in Southern Georgia, and then .rarely to a depth of more than two inches, disappearing entirely in one or two days. There are a few ntotable exceptions at intervals Cff several years near the line of Middle Georgia, when it falls to a greater depth, and is followed by a severe freeze. and has been known to stay on the ground for several day!!. In Middle Georgia the fall of snow is slightly more frequent, while its frequency and depth is greatly increased in the mountain region. The climatic conditions in Georgia are favorable to man and beast. There is no more salubrious climate than that of North Georgia. It compares favorably with that of many sections famed throughout the Union as summer resorts. In North and Middle Georgia summer and autumn are the most delightful seasons of the year. Cool breezes generally temper the sun's rays in the heat of a summer day, and the nights, especially near the mountains, are cool, refreshing, and invigorating. Nothing is more restful to the weary laborer, whether he be a mechanic or a toiler in the fields of thought, than to lie down to slumber unoppressed by the sultriness of a summer night. An evening cooled by gentle 'zephyrs is a luxury, and such it is one's privilege to enjoy amid the mountains of the northern section Or the more elevated portions of 46 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Middle Georgia. Even in Southwest Georgia there are plateaus and ridges with an elevation of from 300 to 500 feet above sea level, where mmmer nights are refreshing and invigorating. Even in the lowlands of the coastal region and the interior portions also, .the heat is greatly modified by the sea breezes which, com:ing from the Gulf and the Atlantic, cool the summer evenings and nights. In calculating the healthfulness of the State, the ratio o:f mortality of the colored population ought to be excluded, since their mode of life, especially in the cities, is far from conducive to health, and their deathrate is far in excess of that of the whites. The following table shows the average number of deaths in every 1,000 of the population for the year 1890 in the States of Georgia, California, illinois, New York and Massachusetts: NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000. STATES White Colored l'l'otal Average Including both Races Georgia ................................... . California ................................ . Illinois .................................. . New York ................................ . Massachusetts ............................ 10.98 13.42 13 99 17.03 19.48 15.50 14.34 18.43 16.25 23.57 13.24 13.88 16.21 16.64 21.52 Hence it may be seen that Georgia's climate as compared with the eastern, middle, western middle and extreme western is pleasant and healthful. The Coastal Region of Georgia abounds in large, deep and navigable rivers, sounds and inlets, offering every facility for commerce and trade, to which advantages should be added the splendid lines of railway that connect the seaports, Savannah and Brunswick, with the highly productive,regions of the south, southwest and west. Savannah, though a city of only 54,000 inhabitants, is seventh in the Union in the total value of its exports, is the third cotton port in America and ranks first in the world in lumber and naval stores. When John Verrazzani, in the service of the king of France, visited the Georgia coast in 1525, he was so charmed with its rivers that he named them after the most noted streams of France. He called the St. Mary's the Seine; the Satilla, the Somne; the Altamaha, the Loire; the Savannah, the Grande; St. Catherine's inlet, the Garonne; Ossabaw Sound, the Gironde. The islands that skirt the Georgia coast produce the famous sea-island cotton. They, as well as the mainlands opposite, furnish great quantities. -"1 1 --------= O G4".io6o" ~ c:::J GS tnd over. I TEMPERATU RE MAP OF GEORGIA. ANNUAL. S HOWl!(Q BY ISOTHERMAL CU.RVIiS Tll.t'r ME A!( 'rEMP!iRATURE FOR THE YEAH . Franldin Prtg. J. Pub. r o., .-\ tlanta, Cl-n. ;.:so, SCALE ~~==ES~~~========~~~~~~~SOC0==========~70~------a&'OOiioMILU GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 49 of rice, in the ,production of which Georgia comes after Louisiana and South Carolina. Some of the largest plantations of this grain, which furnishes such wholesome food to thousands of people, are situated on the banks of the Ogeechee. The lumber business of Southern Georgia, especially of the southeastern section, is of great proportions and has added much to the prosperity of the wire-grass section, if it has n,ot been the greatest factor in its recent rapid development. It has built thriving towns and opened up new fields for commerce, increasing greatly the value of the exports of Savannah and Brunswick, and giving to Darien and St. Mary's t.heir most valuabl~ articles of trade. Of all the forest trees of the State the long-leai pine of Southern Georgia, well known as the Georgia pine, holds at the present time the chief place. It is the same as the Pinus palustris or australis, which is to be found all along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to a distance of 150 miles back from the sea, from the Potomac to the mouth of the Mississippi. No tree in the temperate zone, and perhaps not in the whole world, serves better the wants of mankind. Frollf its roots to its slender, needle. like leaves, every atom can be utilized. It has a lop.g, slender trunk, often rising to the height of seventy or a hundred feet without a curve or a branch until near the top, where there appears a cluster of branches bearing bunches of needles, long and evergreen, which decay and drop out annually, one after another, and yet never enough at any time to deprive the tree of its richly colored foliage. These pines form a continuous forest for a distance of 1,000 miles, unaffected by frost or heat, growing densely on sandy soil or in the swamps. The ground under them, where it is not swampy, is covered with a carpet of decayed needles of a reddish-brown color, slippery and elastic under the tread.. The pine mast or seed is a great food for hogs. The aromatic odor of the pines is very helpful to asthmatic ~d consumptive patients. T~e timber which is cut from it is equally good for building, for cabinet work and furniture, is susceptible of high polish, can be furnished in almost any size and length, and can stand exposure to the weather. Some of it has a curly grain, which, when polished, makes furniture beautiful and greatly prized. The roots and bark have medicinial and chemical properties that have for years been utilized. From them the best of lampblack is made. From the bark comes the highest grades of charcoal. The sawdust furnishes a heavy percentage of alcohol and creosote. The sap, as it oozes from the tree, supplies a gum from which, when thrown into a cauldron, boiled and distilled, there is obtained spirits of turpentine, while the residue in the cauldron is resin, sometimes called rosin. Xhis resin is divided into different grades, the finest of which consists .50 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. of amber-colored crystals, known as window-glass resin, used on Violin bows, for the manufacture of stained glass, and fine painters' materials. North Carolina has long been famed for the production of tar, pitch, turpentine and naval stores; but of late years Georgia has forged ahead or her in these valuable articles of commerce. The short-leaf pine abounds in Middle Georgia and the white pines in Northwest Georgia. In Southeast Georgia is also found the live-oak, a valuable wood for shipbuilding. Another valuable wood, the cypress (Taxedium distichum), grows along the margins of streams or in swamps with the sweet-gums and black gums. It is found in the country traversed by the Central Railroad from Augusta and Macon toward Savannah, along the Southern Railway from Macon southward and eastward, and in much of the intervening country. This tree attains its largest dimensions in swamps near the coast. Capable of standing exposure well, it shrinks and swells but littlewhen subject to alternations of temperature or of moisture and dryness. These characteristics make its timber especially suitable for ah'ingles, doors, sashes and exterior trimming. In Middle and Northern Georgia there is an abundant supply o hardwood lumber for manufacturing railroad cars, wagons and agricultural implements, besides a great variety suitable for manufacturing furniture. Among these are oak, hickory, ash, walnut, cherry and maple. In North Georgia there is found also: the sugar-maple, the wood o which is light brown and hard. From its sap can be made excellent sugar and syrup. The pine timber land, which ~ few years ago could be bought or rom 50 cents to $1.50 an acre, now brings from $4.00 to $8.00. Of course the wealth brought into Georgia by the immense pine forests through the trade in lumber and naval stores is of great present benefit to our State. But will not the day come, when through the turpentine ax and the saw these noble pines will disappear and be a .thing of the past? Most assuredly yes! What then will be the fate ofthis section o Georgia? The lands from which the forests have' been cleared will be opened up for farms and the staple crops, fruits and vegetables from the cultivated fields and carefully tended truck gardens will find their way to the markets of the North, in which there is a rapidly increased demand for the products of our Georgia farms and gardens. Best of all they will pass through our own ports, bringing into them a continuation o the profits now derived from the shipments o lumber and naval stores. In addition to this the grasses will supply a natural pasturage which, together with the fact that no shelter would be needed GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 51 in winter, will make this the choice section of the State for extensive sheep farms. ,Not even in Louisiana does the .sugar-cane grow more luxuriantly, or yield a greater amount of saccharine juice than throughout this same sand piney belt. In Thomas county vineyards have been, and are very successful, and the best of wines have been made. Experiments at Waycross, in Ware county, show that the soils of that region are admirably adapted to the culture of fruits, figs and grapes. Watermelons can be grown in any quantity and size. In the extreme southern tier of counties m-anges and bananas can be produced, and with the shme care should be made to do as well as in the neighboring counties of Florida. Dr. Thomas P. Janes, in his handbook published in 1876, says: "I have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a comfortable supply of food with less effort, and can see no reason why the whole country may not be made equal, if not superior, to that section of Prussia, where Frederick the Great founded the city of Berlin. There is the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the two sections, and should the tide of German immigration be turned hither, there would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasures of the Fatherland." From the Okefinokee Swamp, in the extreme southeast section, thousands of tons of muck can be obtained which, with the aid of the Satilla river marls, will convert the sandy and red clay lands in its neighborhood into the most productive market-gardens. According to an act passed by the legislature October 29, 1889, and approved by the Governor, John B. Gordon, the Okefinokee Swamp was sold to certain gentlemen incorporated as the Suwannee Canal Company, of which Henry Jackson, of Atlanta, was elected president and A. E. Thornton, vice-president of the Atlanta National Bank, was.made vice-president, Explorations made by the company have shown the swamp to be about forty-five miles long, with an average width of about thirty miles. In it are I).timerous islands covered with long-lea yellow pine along the central ridges, while on their hammock lands are found the red bay, white bay, magnolia and white holly, known as Henderson wood. This last named tree, when dry, is white like ivory, with a grain not perceptible, ' and from it excellent piano keys are made. The red bay takes a beau tiful polish not much inferior to that of mahogany. The timber bays or cypress brakes running north and south through the swamp, supply the very best quality of black cypress, which will cut from 25,000 to 100,000 feet to the acre. One of the .islands, called Billy's Island, was once the home of the Se~inole chief, Billy Bowlegs. Okefinokee Swamp abounds in fish and game of all kinds., On some of the islands are found GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. deer, bears, turke~s, woodcocks, partridges and snipe. Here also dwell the otter, wild cat and panther. The waters of the swamp abound in bream, perch ana the large-mouthed black,bass, the last being sometimes called trout, which the fishermen, after the primitive Indian fashion, obtain by shooting them with bow and arrow. The cypress brakes are separated from each other by what are called' prairies, though covered with water to the depth of two or three feet, which innumerable water lilies cause to resemble a field white with cotton. The water being drained off leaves a muck eight feet deep, the great utility of which as a fertilizer has already been mentioned. The Georgia sugar-cane crop deserves special mention as one of our most important wealth-producing factors. The striped or ribbon cane, which is now so successfully grown in the southern section of our State was in 1825 introduced from Savannah, Georgia, into Louisiana, which State is now famous for its molasses and sugar industries. Throughout Southern and Middle Georgia this is one of the best crops, and in some localities is raised with profit even as high north as Whitfield county, in the mountain regions. Mr. W. L. Peek of Conyers, a little north of the central part of Middle Georgia, wrote to the .Agricultural Department in 1899 that he had made during that season 600 gallons of syrup to the acre, while a letter from Rev. Luke Johnson of Dalton, Whitfield county, reported 300 gallons to the acre from cane raised by him. But in the southern counties are obtained the best results, and Cairo, in Thomas county and Quitman, in Brooks, are perhaps the greatest shipping points for Georgia cane syrup, the rival in our southern marketa of the best New Orleans brands and of the famed maple-syrup of the North. Sorghum syrup, produced from what is called Chinese sugar-cane, is also a great favorite with many of-our planters, especially for their negro laborers, by whom it is preferred to almost any other kind. .As a wheat-growing State Georgia is making a record of which her people may well be proud. Mr. J. M. McCandless, State Chemist, after a careful analysis of nineteen Georgia samples, has shown that Georgia farmers can raise as fine wheat as is grown anywhere. The attention that is being given to all the small grain crops is an encouraging sign of the progress be'ing made in diversified farming. But the greatest wealth-producing factor in Georgia when the farmers first raise their own supplies, and make it their surplus crop, is King Cotton, the fleecy staple, which all the world wants and must have. In 1897-98 and again in 1898-99, Georgia produced 1,500,000 bales, an over-production, and to do this neglected to give to other crops their GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL. 53 proper attention. The price of cotton, which, steadily decreasing foi- the past two decades, had reached the low figures of four and one-half cents a pound, compelled them now to a change of policy, which had long been urged by the press of the State, notably the Macon Telegraph, the Atlanta dailies, the Const!itution and Journal, the Augusta Chronicle, the Savannah Morning News, the Oolumbus Enquirer, and rn:any other papers of Georgia, and to the adoption of which the Agricultural Department had bent its every effort. Raising first the food crop, they planted cotton in a less, and yet sufficiently large quantity, and. the resulting high prices brought renewed hope and prosperity to all classes of our people. Here it may be not inappropriate to say that the traveler from the North and West passing through the State should not judge Georgia from the ordinary farm scene, viewed from the window of a moving train. Our railroads generally run along the ridges where the land is poorest, the 'best lands being away from the great highways of travel. The negro laborer, generaily a prominent figure in the scene, is a thriftless sort of farmer who knows only how to plow and hoe, but who, under the intelligent eye of the white man, makes the best of laborers. A sight of some of the farms where improved methods have been practiced shows conclusively that there is no better country in which to seek :for homes, where not merely a comfortable living amid pleasant surroundings can be had, but where, under the skill:ful hand of the white man, competency and wealth may be acquired. The water-powers o: Georgia are immense, and are estimated at 550,000 horse-power, o: which less than 50,000 have been utilized. The school and church privileges o: Georgia are treated in full in the chapters on "Education" and "Religious Denominations." In the State of Georgia there were in 1890 440,459 sheep with a wool clip o: 841,141 pounds; 873,926 cattle, of which 49,108 were working oxen and 287,717 were milch cows. 0: the cows 3,931 were pure bred and 28,148 were graded as one half blood or higher. There were pro~ duced 53,234,508 gallons of milk, 14,483,323 pounds of butter and 12,833 pounds of cheese. There were also 103,501 horses, 156,860 mules, 517 donkeys, 1,396,362 swine, 7,357,934 chickens, 148,797 turkeys, 291,676 geese, and 105,537 ducks. There was a production of 11,522,788 dozens of eggs, and 1,757,758 pounds of honey. The annual report o: the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1899, published by the United States Department of Agriculture, gives the number 54 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. of sheep in Georgia as 294,826, valued at $518,893, yielding 1,218,612 pounds of wool, washed and unwashed, and 731,167 pounds of scoured wool. The Year Book published by the same department for 1900 places the number of sheep in Georgia at 271,534, yielding 1,086,136 pounds of wool, washed and unwashed, and 651,682 pounds of scoured wool. This indicates a steady decrease in the sheep and wool industry of Georgia. Are our farmers going to let this state of affairs continue, and allow an industry whieh, under proper conditions, would be a great source of wealth. to our State to go to ruin for the lack of such laws as will give the sheep proper protection~ CHAPTER I I I. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. In the steady growth of industrial development that is taking place along various lines in Georgia, the mineral resources of the State are not being neglected, and the subject a.f economic geology and mineralology is claiming each year a larger share of attention. Through the active and systematic work, both of private individuals and of the State Geological Department, thoughtful men are realizing more and more that this phase of the State's material development is only in its childhood, and that a most promising field here awaits the trained worker and the capitalist. A brief outline is here given of the general geologic features of the State, together with a short account of some of the most valuable mineral deposits, building-stones, water-powers, etc. By reference to the accompanying map it will be seen that the State is divided geologically into three main divisions: 1st. The Paleozoic area in the northwest, embracing the counties of Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Whitfield, Chattooga, Floyd and the greater parts of Murray, Gordon, Bartow and Polk; 2d. The Crystalline area, including all that portion of the State north of a line through Columbus, Macon, Milledgeville and Augusta and not embraced in the Paleozoic area; 3d. The Coastal Plain area, beginning at the line above described and taking in all the southern portion of the State. In the Paleozoic area Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous formations are represented. The rocks are principally shales, sand stones, limestones, quartzites and cherts. The general surface configuration presents a region of parallel valleys and mountain ridges, the bulk of the area forming a portion of the great Appalachian valley. In this area are valuable deposits of coal and ores of aluminum and manganese. The roofing.,slate of the State is found here, and all the iron deposits that have been so far worked are in this area. The Crystalline area is composed of granites, schists and gneisses, with intruded basic eruptives of later age. The rocks of this area are o (55) 56 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. great age, but their exact position in the geological time scale has not yet been definitely decided upon. The Blue Ridge,Mountains, the easternmost of the Southern Appalachians, traverse this region in a northeast southwest direction. From the southern :foothills of this range the land surface slopes gradually seaward to its junction with the Coastal Plain. This portion of the area is known as the Piedmont Plain. Atlanta, situated in the upper part of this belt, is 1,050 :feet above sea level. Conspicuous among the minerals o commercial importance in the Crystalline area are gold, corundum and asbestos. The best building-stones in the State are also in this region and near the contact between it and the Paleozoic. The Coastal Plain is much younger, geologically, than either o the other two areas and is very different from the adjoining crystalline area, both in the character of the rocks and the surface configuration. The great mass o the strata is of Eocene and Miocene age, overlaid by the Lafayette and Columbia :formations. In the northwest corner a considerable area of underlying Cretaceous rocks have been exposed through the removal by erosion of the latter formations. These rocks have their greatest width at the western end of the belt, but according to Dr. Geo. E. Ladd, they can be traced clean across the State into South Carolina. The rocks o the coastal plain consist o loosely consolidated sands and gravels, with clays, marls and limestones. In passing from the harder :formations of the Crystalline area to these much softer rocks, all o:f the rivers :form falls or cru~cades. The line marking the junction of the costal.plain with the Crystalline area is hence called the "fall line." Up to this line all of the larger streams, :flowing through the flat, low lying coastal plain, are navigable. The fall line, forming the head of navigation and affording important water-powers on the streams, determined the location of a number o important towns-Columbus, Macon and Augusta. In the coastal plain are found the finest clays o the State and valuable beds of marl. GOLD. Gold is known to have been found in Georgia in 1829 on Duke's creek in White county, that part o the county where the discovery was made, being at that time a part o Habersham county. It is also claimed that it was found a year prior to this in Lumpkin county. By the year 1830 the "gold ferver'' had fully developed in Georgia. In 1831 $212,000 was sent from Georgia to the United States Mint, and in 1838 the United PLACER lVITNING AT THE WHITE PATH GOLD MINE, GILMER COUNTY, GA. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 59 lState government established a branch mint at Dahlonega, which contin- ued in operation till the civil war in 1861. The greatest output of any .one year during these twenty-four years was in 1843, when ove,r a half million dollars were coined. The State Geological Survey estimates in Bulletin No. 4-A, that the total production of gold in the State, from its earliest discovery till 1896, was $16,228,730. Statistics from the Director of the mint show a toW .:coining value of $546,006 for the gold received from Georgia during the -four years following 1895. . The gold deposits of Georgia form one of the main belts of the gold :fields of the Southern Appalachians. Two auriferous areas, as defined in Bulletin No. 4-A of the State Geological Survey, are to be traced on the southeast side of the Blue Ridge running in a northeast-southwest odirootion, closely parallel with the main axis of the mountain range. 'The northernmost and largest of these two belts is the Dahlonega belt. It has a length of about 150 miles with a width varying from one to -five miles. Beginning with Rabun county it runs southwest through Habersham, White, Lumpkin, Dawson, the northwest corner of Forsyth, Cherokee, the northwest corner of Cobb, the southeast corner of Bartow, Paulding .:and Haralson counties. The other belt, called the Hall county belt, traverses the counties of 'Rabun, Habersham, Hall, Gwinnett, Forsyth, Milton, DeKalb and Ful- .ton. A third belt traverses Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties. A fourth belt may be traced through Lincoln, Columbia, McDuffie .:.and Warren counties, in the southeast portion of the Crystalline area. The Dahlonega belt is the largest and most important of all these belts. Besides these well-defined areas many irregularly located deposits may 'be mentioned occurring in Towns, Union, Gilmer, Fannin and Meri- wether counties. Gold is to be found in Georgia under three conditions: 1st. As waterworn pebbl~ a~d fine grains in the beds of the streams traversing the ,auriferous regions. 2d. In veins or leads, the gold-bearing quartz generally occurring 'in lenticular masses or stringers, designated by Mr. G. F. Becker of the United States Geological Survey, "stringer leads." Small cross fissure veins often occur at right angles to the principal leads, and the wall :rocks are frequently impregnated with gold to a considerable distance. BE.'11eath the influence of atmospheric weathering these leads yield the 4 ga. 60 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. SJ.uction o the gold. 3d. In decomposed wall-rock and included vein material. The de- composition in situ of the wall-rock, which is generally a gneiss or schist, varies in depth at different localities, sometimes amounting to as much as"" ;hundred feet. For this rotten material Mr. Becker has proposed the term "saprolite." The richer placer mines in Georgia have long since been exhausted, though dredging operations a;re at present being successfully conducted on some of the rivers in the Dahlonega belt. In Lumpkin county the working of the saprolites constitutes the principal mining operations now being carried on. The material is washed out of its bed by directing against it a stream o water under high pressure from a hydraulic giant, and is conducted away in flumes or sluice-boxes, the ore and fragment of partially decomposed wall-rock being carried to the stamp mill where it is to be crushed, while the free gold is caught in the riffies with which the flumes are lined and collected with mercury. Deep mining has been developed as yet to only a limited extent in Georgia. A good example of this kind of mining is to be found in the Creighton, formerly known as the Franklin mine, in Cherokee county. Here the undecomposed sulphides have been taken out for a depth of several hundred feet, by sinking shafts and driving drifts at one hundredfoot levels. The chlorination process is employed in the extraction of the gold. This and the Royal mine, in Haralson county, serve as an index to what may be accomplished in the future with the sulphuret ores. Activity in mining matters has been very marked in the region of Dahlonega for the past two years, and large sums have been inyested. The follow'ing quotations may be takern as a summary in regard to the economical features of gold mining in Georgia: The first is from a paper om the gold deposits of Georgia, read by Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, before the International Gold Mining Converntion, held at Denver, Colorado, July 8, 1897. "The future of the gold mining industry of the State depends, to a great extent, on the economic treatment of low-grade ores which are known to .exist in large quantities." The other is from Prof. W. S. Yeates, State Geologist, who, in the concluding chapter of Bulletin No. 4-A, of the State Survey, on a part of the gold deposits of the State, says: "I do not believe that the Georgia gold mines may be expected to produce bonanzas; and the fortunes t() be made in a day will be exceedingly rare; but there is every reason t() GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 61 believe, that when properly developed and equipped for extensive operations, the gold deposits of Georgia will rank among the best dividend producers of the world." Among some of the well-known mines in the State may be mentioned the Barlow, Finley and Hand mines in Lumpkin county, the Creighton mine in Cherokee county, the Loud mine and the Yonah Gold mines in White county, and the Royal mine in Haralson county. SILVER. Ores of silver in any quantity have never been found in Georgia. As a by-product in the refining of the gold sent by the State to the United States Mint, silver to the coining value of from six to seven hundred dollars is derived annually. IRON. The iron ores o Georgia furnish one of the most valuable of the various mineral products of the State. All the ore so far mined has been taken from the Paleozoic area, though deposits of limonite (brown iron ore) that would warrant being developed are to be found in several localities in the Crystalline area, and magnetite also occurs in this area; but whether in workable quantities or not has not yet been determined. The ores of the Paleozoic area consist of the brown iron ores or limonite, and the red ores, or hematite. The brown ores furnish the bulk of the material taken out and are mined at present in Bartow, Polk and Floyd counties. Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in an article written for the Engineering and Mining Journal, has described in outline the occurrence and character of these ores. According to him, the most abundant deposits occur in pockets, or irregular deposits, in residual clays that have resulted from the weathering o.f an extensive magnesian limestone formation of Lower Silurian age, known aa the Knox Dolomite. From a number of analyses he concludes that the ore will yield from forty-eight to fifty per cent..of metallic iron. Other deposits of less extent occur in Cambrian and Carboniferous formations. Most of the limonite of this region is not pure limonite but is the hydrous sesquioxide of iron, having a greater or less per cent. of the anhydrous oxide or hematite mixed with it, giving the typical "brown ore" of commerce. 62 GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL A.ND INDUSTRIA.. The red iron ore is mined in Walker and Chattooga counties. It is a fossiliferous hematite usually correlated with the Clinton beds of New York. Below the influence of atmospheric weathering the ore carries a considerable percentage of lime. - Aecording to statistics kindly furnished by Dr. David T. Day of the United States Geological Survey, the output of iron ores in Georgia for 1899 was 236,748 long tons, valued at $235,343. A few blast furnaces are in operation in the iron-mining region, but the greater part of the ore mined is shipped to other States. OCHER. Yellow ocher, an earthy form of hydrated iron oxide, used in the manufacture of paints and pigments, and linoleum, occurs in Bartow county. The ocher of these deposits is of good quality and is favorably known to the trade. The following is an analysis of a sample by Mr. N. P. Pratt: Hygroscopic moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Water of combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 31 Free Silica (sand) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.10 Silica as silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 51 Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 86 Iron peroxide .............................. 66. 82 99.20 'rhe production of mineral paints in Georgia in 1899, as shown by figures furnished by Dr. Day, was 3,212 short tons, valued at $39,505. Mr. J. J. Calhoun of Cartersville, Ga., informs us that the shipment of yellow ocher from Bartow county from August 1, 1899, to August 1, 1900, was 4,500 tons. MANGANESE. The oxide of manganese constitutes another of the more valuable mineral products of the State. Manganese ore of fine quality occurs in Bal':' tow and Floyd counties, where it is extensively mined. There are also deposits of less extent in other counties in the Paleozoic area. Manganese is used for a number of purposes in the industrial arts and sciences, especially in the manufacture of steel and in the preparation of chlorine gas. LEGEND 0 Tertiary and Post Tertiary ~ Cretaceous GEOLOGICAL MAP D Carboni. ferous O n evonian O suurian [0 Camb1ian --OF- - - GEORGIA . COMPILED FROM ~ c;{~~~~line ST~\T E GEOLOGICAL RE- 0 Quarternary CORDS AND MANUSCRIPT NOTES . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Fra.nklin Prtg. & Pub. Co. , Atlanta. Ga. SCALE ''i'=c=:=<:::::e~====::;""'=,,,,;o;.:o::::::===='EO""""""'"""'"'1"""00 MILU l'Ol'E.-A II tbe Creta ceous Area is not s h ow n on this map. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 63 The production of manganese in Georgia ha:s fluctuated greatly during different periods. In 1898, as shown by the twentieth annual report of the United States Geological Survey, Georgia led all the States in the production of manganese, the output being 6,689 long tons, valued at $6.21 per ton. In 1887 the output reached a little over nine thousand tons. In 1899 the total amount as shown by the figures furnished by Dr. David T. Day, was 3,089 long tons, valued at $23,377. BAUXITE. Extensive deposits of this mineral occur in the Coosa valley of the Paleozoic area. The largest deposits are in Floyd and Bartow counties, but its occurrence is also to be noted in Polk, Walker and Chattooga counties. Bauxite is a hydrate of the metal aluminum, and is the principal source of the aluminum of commerce. It is also largely used in the manufacture of alum. It occurs in commercial quantities in only three other localities besides Georgia in the United States: in Alabama, where the deposits are a continuation of those in Georgia, in Arkansas and in New Mexico, to a limited extent. In Georgia the ore occurs in pockets or diStinctly defined' bodies, and can generally be extracted with pick and shovel without resorting to blasting. The bulk of .the ore is very pure and is worth from $3.50 to $4.50 per ton at the mines. The production has varied considerably during different years. The production in the United States is at present confined to Georgia and Alabama. In 1897, as shown by the United States Geological Survey Report, the output from the two States was 20,590 long tons, valued at $57,652. Of this, 7,507 tons were from Georgia. CORUNDUM. Corundum occurs in a number of counties in the Crystalline area and may be ranked as one of the important mineral products of Georgia. Oorundum, used in its broadest sense, is a term for all native occurring oxide of aluminum, including the precious stones, ruby. and sapphire. In a more restricted sense, it is used for all the non-transparent varieties of dark or dull color. Emery is a black or grayish-black, granular ~orundum having some iron oxide, either hematite or magnetite, Intimately mixed with it. 64 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Corundum, using the term in its more restricted sense, like bauxite, occurs in commercial quantities in the United States in a limited num" ber of localities. The other States producing it besides Georgia are North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New ~ork and Massachusetts. The Georgia deposits occur in a belt of considerable width running in a parallel direction with the main axis of the Blue Ridge mountains on their southeast side. Some occurrences are to be noted, however, in Towns and Union counties on the other side. The belt runs from Rabun and Towns southwesterly to Carroll and Heard counties. The most important deposits are in the northeast end of the belt in Rabun, Towns, Union and Habersham counties. According to Mr. Francis P. King, formerly Assistant State Geologist, the deposits occur in veins intersecting basic magnesian rocks of which peridotite may be taken as a type. These basic magnesian rocks form igneous intrusions in the prevailing gne:i:ss and schists that maks up the country rock. In Bulletin No. 2 of the State Geological Survey, page 74, Mr. King says: "A matter of note is the constant presence of hornblende gneiss, either on one side or the other, of these formations. Such being the case, and since these gneissic-hornblende formations, varying from fifty to three hundred feet and more in width, are continuous for m:iles across the country, they act as an excellent guide in a search for the corundum. bearing formations. Gneiss or mica-schist seems always to surround the peridotites, or "chrysolite formations," as they are commonly called, the hornblende gneiss apparently never coming in close contact with the peridotites." The largest mine in the State, and one of the noted ones of the United States, is the Laurel Creek Mine in Rabun county near the Carolina line. Cornudum is the hardest of all naturally occurring substances, the diamond excepted, and its extensive use as an abrasive was the natural sequence to its discovery and a knowledge of its physical properties. PYRITE Pyrite, the naturally occurring sulphide of iron, is widely distributed in small quantities throughout the northern part of the State, but so far it has not been found in sufficiently concentrated, deposits to warrant mining operations, except in a few localities. Pyrite is extensively used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND Il(DUSTRIAL. 63 where deposits occur not too remote from transportation facilities, they are well worthy of attention. The best prospects for this mineral seem to be in Lm!tPkin county. COPPER. Copper ores occur in Murray and Fannin counties as a continuation of the Tennessee deposits, and mining operations are carried on to a limited extent in the upper part of these counties. GRAPHITE-. Graphite occurs in a number of loealities in the northern part bf the State, but whether in quantites of a quality that would repay systematic development is not known. Graphitic schists have been mined in considerable quantities near Emerson, Ga., for use in the manufacture of fertilizers. ASBESTOS. Asbestos occurs at a number of localities in the Crystalline area. Georgia and California are t.he only States in the Union i~ which it is mined, the most of the asbestos used in this country being imported from Canada.. Asbestos finds various uses in the industrial arts where a heat-resisting substance is needed, as in the manufacture of fire-proof safes and other articles liable to be subjected to high temperature. Being a good non-conductor it is also extensively used for wrapping pipes in steam-heating, ere. The asbestos found in GeoTgia is a fibrous variety o the common mineral hornblende, and is the true asbestos o mineralogists. The Canada asbestos is a fibrous form of the mineral serpentine called chryso. lite. Figures furnished by Dr. Day show six hundred and fifty short tons to have been mined in Georgia during 1899, valued at $10,500. The most extensive mine in the State is located at Sail's mountain in White county. Mines have also been opened up in Rabun, Meriwether and other counties. TALC. Talc occurs in a number o counties in the northern part of the State, the principal deposits occurring in the contact region o'f the Paleozoic m1d Crystalline areas. 66 GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIO.AL .AND INDUSTRiA.u, Mining operations hav:e been carried Qn from time to time in Murray,. Fannin and Cherokee counties. Soapstone is a compact massive :variety roo talc. This mineral is. used as a lini~g in stoves and furnaces and for other similar purposes. Talc: ground to a powder is used as a lubricator, .and the :finer varieties can be used fo.r crayons and variO'Us purposes. MICA. Mica occurs widely distributed over the Crystalline area, but little ha& been done as yet towards the development of the mica industry in Georgia, although deposits have been worked in Union and Fannin counties. The marketable value o,f mica depends on the size of the cleavage sheets that it will yield and their freedom from flaws and discoloration. The usual occurrence o.fmica is in pegmatitic dikes or veins, of which it forms one of the constituent minerals along with quartz and feldspar. BARITE. .Barite,. or heavy spar, the sulphate of barium, occurs in the Paleozorc area in Bartow county, where it has been mined for a number of years. Its chief use is in the manufacture of paint as a substitute for white: lead. PRECIOUS STONES. Amethysts of good quality are found in Rabun county. A few diamonds have been found in Hall county. Rubies and sapphires of small sizEl have been obtained in liniited numbers in connection with corundum mining, and some green beryl suitable for cutting has been found in the northeast part of the Crystalline area. Some good moonstones have been cut fromfl'lldspar from Upson county. COAL. The coal :fields of Georgia arEl ill Dade and Walker counties in the Paleozoic area and are a part of the Warrior coal :field of ,Alabama. The following :figures taken from .the twentieth report of the United States Geological Survey, giving the output in short tons from.1890to 1898 will give an idea of the eLXtent of the industry. 1890 ........... ~ .. 228,337 1891 .............. 171,000 1892 . ~ ............. 215,498 1893 .............. 372,740 1894 ............. 354j111 189.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,998 1896 .............. 238,546 1897 .............. 195,869 1898 .... .. ...... ' . 244,187 HYDRAULIC MINING AT 'rHE SINGLETON MINE, LUMPKIN COUNTY. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 69 Statistics furnished by Dr. Day show an output of 233,111 short tons in 1899, valued at $233,344. A g'O'Od per cent. of the coal mined in Georgia is converted into coke. CLAYS. Throughout that portion of the State north of the fall line (a line from Columbus through Macon to Augusta) clays occu:t: in situ, derived from the feldspathic constituents of the country rocks. At numerous localities these clays are suitable for the man}lfacture of common brick and the coarser grades of earthenware. Immediately below the f:~.llline and extending in a narrow belt across the State are to be found, in addition to the clays suitable for the purposes mentioned above, extensive deposits of what is technically termed "fire clay.'' This term is used for a clay of comparative purity which subjected to heat fuses at relatively high temperatures, and can be used in the manufacture of burnt products, such as porcelain, enameled brick, china wares, sewer pipes, terra-cotta, etc. Dr. Geo. E. Ladd, from his work in the clay area, the results of which are set forth in Bulletin No: 6-A of the State Geological Survey, concludes that these clay deposits were formed at a period when the seashore approximately coincided with the fall line previously described; the clay beds accumulating in lagoons and quiet off-shore stretches. The most important deposits occur in the lowest formation of the Cretaceous beds, known as the Potomac group. Extensive plants for the manufacture. of sewer pipes, terra-cotta articles, etc., are located at several points in the clay belt. Pure white clay, free from grit, is largely used in the manufacture of wall-paper, and much of the Georg-ia clay is suitable for this purpose. The twentieth United States Geological Survey Report shows that articles to the value of $834,908 were manufactured from Georgia clay in 1898, exclusive of pottery. MARLS AND PHOSPHATES. Numerous beds of marl occur in the counties forming the lower part of the State, and can be used to advantage for marling adjac~nt lands. Mr. MdCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in his report .on the Ph6sphates and Marls of Georgia (Bulletin No. 5-A), in referring to the marls of New Jersey, says: "The marls in South Georgia are found in many instances to equal in plant-food those of New Jersey; and if abundantly 70 GEORGIA: H!_STORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. and judiciously used, there appears to be no reason why they might not produce a similar effect on the fertility of the soil." Deposits of phosphate have been found and .mined to a limited extent in Thomas .county. LIMESTONE. Limestone beds of good quality, both for calcimining and for building purposes, are found in the Paleozoic area. Lime for local consumption ha:~ also been made for years from a narrow belt of limestone in Hall ana Habersham counties, in the Crystalline area. Limestone suitable fo~ calcimining is also to be found at different localities in the coastal plain region. Figures tfrom the United States Geological SThrvey Report show the production of lime in Georgia in 1898 to have amounted to $57,803. This indicated an increase of $25,803 over that in 1897, and of $28,722 over the production for 1896. Hydraulic cement rock is also found in the Paleozoic area. A good cement is obtained from beds in Bartow county. The production of cement in Georgia in 1898, as given by the United States Geological Survey Report, was valued at $13,500. ROOFING-SLATE AND STONES FOR BUILDING, INTERIOR DECORATIVE WORK AND MONUMENTAL PURPOSES. SLATE. Roofing-slate of good quality is quarried at Rockmart in P olk county. In the twentieth report of the United States Geological Survey, the production in Georgia for 1898 is put at 3,450 squares, valued at $13,125. ' Figures received from Dr. Day.show the value of the output fur 1899 to have amounted to $7,500. MARBLE. The marbles of Georgia occur in a narrow belt about sixty miles long i:n the contact region of the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas~ The b~lt traverses Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Cherokee counties. The most important quarries are in Pickens county. For a number of years the marble industry in Georgia has steadily grown in importance, and at the present time Georgia marble is recog- GFJORGU: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 71 nized all over the Union as one of the most superior stones :for building and decorative work that can be purchased. The following figures giving the production from 1890 to 1899, from the United States Geological Survey Report, and those for 1899 furnished by Dr. Day, show the importance of the industry: 1890 ............. $196,250 1891 ......... . ... 275,000 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280,000 . 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fl~666 1894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724,385 1895 ..... . ....... $689,229 1896 ............. 617,380 1897 ............. 598,076 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656,808 1899 ............. 742,554 Many handsome structures have been built in various parts of the country of Georgia marble and testify to its beauty and popularity as a building-stone. Among others may be mentioned the State capitol of Rhode Island and the Corcoran Art Gallery at Washington. GRANITE. Granites of good quality occur in immense quantities in a number of localities in the Crystalline area. Large amounts are quarried annually for building, street-paving and monumental work. Stone Mountain, in DeKalb county, is an immense mass of granite about six hundred and fifty feet high, and having a circumference at the base of something like seven miles. Extensive quarrying operations have been carried on at this mountain for years. Among others, a belt of blue granite, designated by Dr. Thos. L. Watson, Assistant State Geologist, as the Lexington-Oglesby blue gran~ ite belt; traverses Oglethorpe and Elbert counties and furnishes most supeTior :stone for decorative and monumental work. Dr. Watson, who is just completing an extensiye report for the State Geoliogical Survey on the granites of Georgia, is authority for the statement, that, "there is in the State an abundance of granite suitable :for the various purposes to which the stone is put, of a quality unexcelled anywhere." From figures received from Dr. Day it is seen that the granite output of the State in 1899 was .valued at $411,344. GNEISS. ' At Lithonia, Georgia, large quantities of contorted gnerss are quarried. There is a number of localities in the Crystalline area where gneiss can be had, suitable for curbing and paving stones. 72 GEORGIA: HISTO]f,IO.A.L AND INDUSTRIAL. SANDSTONE. Sandstones. suited for building work are to be found inseveral oounties in the Paleozoic area. A very 'fine, brown sandstone is quarried in Catoosa county. Au. interesting exhibit o sample cubes of the various building-stones of the State has been arranged by State Geologist Yeates, and is kept ori .exhibition in the museum at the State capitol. MINERAL SPRINGS; ARTESIAN WE;LLS AND . WATER-POWERS. MINERAL SPRINGS. A number of mineral springs of note are to be found in the Paleozoic and Crystalline area'S. Among those of medicinal value may be mentioned, chalybea:te, sulphu1Jous and lithia waters. The twentieth United States Geological Survey Report shows au output of 197,100 gallonS of mineral waters in Georgia in 1898, valued .at $39,230. ARTESIAN WELLS. The artesian wells of Georgia are corrfined to the coastal plain region. Mr. S. W. McCallie, in Bullatin No. 7 of the State Geological Survey, iri the concluding chapter of his report on the artesian wells, says: "While .there is much yet to be learned about the underground water system of the coastal plain, there is, nevertheless, sufficient known already t0 warrant the statement, that almost this entire portion of 'the State is underlaid by pervious beds, which will furnish large quantities of pure, wholesome water when pierced by the drill. It is not to be inferred. 'by this statement, however, that these water-bearing beds will furnish flowing wells. On the contrary, the flowing wells will be found to be limited to certain areas not yet fully defined." It is further shOIWn by Mr. McCallie's report that the average depth of the weils already bored is about 450 feet, and that the various strata penetrated consist of soft limestones, clays and sands, so that the wells can be had for a comparatively ah basin, drained by the Savannah river into the Atlantic. 7th. The Ocklockonee basin, drained into the Gulf through Ocklockon:ee bay. 8th. The Suwannee basin, drained into the Gulf by the Suwannee river. 9th. The Satilla and St. Mary's basin, drained by .the rivers of the same name into the Atlantic. Speaking generally, and leaving out a few notable cases, the largest water powers of the State occur at or just above the fall line running through Columbus, Macon and Augusta, where the streams pass from the hard rocks of the Crystalline area to the softer formations of the coastal plain; and on the line formed by the contact of the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas in the northwest. This latter line passes through Polk, Bartow, Gordon and Murray counties, and is known as the western fall line as distinguished from the other, which is called the southern fall line. In addition to the larger powers located on therse.fall lines, numerous other powers are to be found at various points on different streams throughout the State. The following list of important streams and tables of powers is taken by permission from Bulletin No. 3-A, of the State Geological Survey: TENNESSEE BASIN-IMPORTANT STREAMS j!TREAM. TRIBUTARY TO COUNTY. REMARKS. Nickajack Creek ......... . Lookout Creek ........... . T e n n e ss e e '; River .......... '' Da"de . ...... . ............ . Chattanooga Creek ....... . " " Walker .. .... ... ~ ........ . Chickamauga River..... . West Chickamauga Creek. " Chickam " auga Ri~~~::::::: " " ::::: ::::::::::-:::: Middle Chickamauga Or... '' '' Catoosa .. ....... : ........ . East Chickamauga Creek.. Whitfield .... .... . , . .. . .. . Toccoa River . . . .......... . Hiawassee River .......... Fannin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . I E_'ightingtown Creek .. .. .. . Toccoa River . ... . ... ..... . Hemptown Creek ... .. ... . " " Nuntootlee Creek. . . . . . .. " " " I Notteley River ...... . .. . Hiawassee River .. . .. .... . Cooper's Creek.......... . Brasstown Creek ........ . Choestoe Creek .......... . Wills Creek ............ . Hiawassee River ..... . ... . 'fennessee River....... .. . . Not.teley R iver....... . ... . Hiaw,,assee Ri"ver. " " Union Towns Union " " " . ... . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . . ..... ..... . ~The streams of Fannin, Union and Towns coun- t iesa re a su. ccession of shoals from their heads to the State line; but no surveys have been 1 .~ade of the water-powers. .... ... ............. J --~~------~------------------------- MOBILE BASIN-IMPORTANT STREAMS. Coosa River ........... . .. . Alabama River . ..... . ..... Floyd . . . . . . lI FoartmReodrnbey (jnuanvc1.tgioabn1eowf aOteors)t.anaula and Etowah Chattooga River ......... . Coosa River. . ............ Chattooga . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furnishes power to Trion Factory. Duck Creek ... ...... ..... . Chattooga River ..... .. . .. walker ...... . Silver Creek . ........ . ... . C~?sa R!yer .. . ... .... ... .. 'Floyd .............. . Cedar Creek .. . .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polk and Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . Oostanaula River . .... .. . . " .. .......... . Gordon and Floyd ... ..... Navigable. Armuchee Creek .... . .. . . Oostanaula_ River . ... . . ... Ohattooga and Floyd .... . .Tohn's Creek ........... . . . ',~ ,; ... .. . ... Floyd . . ....... . . . .. .... . Oothcaloga Creek ........ . . . . . . . . . . . Gordon and Bartow ... ... . Connasauga River ...... . : . Ooosawattee River ....... . " " Whitfield and Murray.... . " G"1l mer d an G d or on I Succession of cataracts for 17 miles, from Ellijay ( to Carter's Mill; navigable below. Sa11acoa Creek ... . ....... . Coosawattee River . ..... . . Gordon ..... ... ... . . .. ... . Talking RockCreek .. .. . . . Mountain Town Creek .. . . u " "" , Pickens ...... .. ........ . . . Gilmer ............... . . .. . Scared Coon 'Creek . .. ... . . ~llijay River . .. . ..... .... . " " -~ Pickens . .. ; ..... . . ... .... . Gilmer . ..... .. .. ......... Large mountain stream. (No survey.) Cartecay River..-...... . . . " " Gilmer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I S L a(rNge o power at survey.) Ellijay, and others up the stream. Etowah River .. .. . . .. .". . . Coosa River . .. ... . . . . .. .. . Lumpkin and Floyd . . . . . . {Flotowws Calosountthierso.ugh Dawson, Cherokee a.nd Bar- Euharlee Creek . . . . . . . . . . Etowah River.. . . . . . . . . . . Polk and Bartow..... . .. . Raccoon Creek . . . . . . . . . . . " '' Paulding . ... . . . . ... ~. ..... . Ptlufm!1p~lr~i~n!v!i~n~e~C~:r:e:e:k:.:.:. .::. .: . " :; " :: :: ::: .::::::: ~g~~~"o~~~-~:~~~~~::::: : : ::: Shoal Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sharp Mountain Creek .. . . " Long Swamp Creek....... . " Sitting Down Creek . ... . . . .Amicalola River . . ..... . . . " Nimble Will Creek .... .. . . " Two Run Creek ....... .. . " Shoal Creek............. .. " Mill Creek . . . . - .... .. .. . . " Camp Creek ............. . .Jo~es Creek ............ . . . ",, Tallapoosa River........ . LittleTallapoosa River . . . " .... ........ " " Cherokee and Pickens . .. . S Has one cotton factory and many undeveloped I shoals. " Pickens ...... . . :. .. . .... . { The great Marble table for power. Valley of Pickens County. See Forsyth ...... . ... - ...... . " Da JAmicalola Falls, 625 feet high, on head waters. wson .. t See table for power. " Lu~pkin .. . ...... . ... . ... Source of Kin Mori mining ditch, 35 miles long. " .. .. . .. .... . .. ... Source of Cincinnati Consolidated mining ditch, " Dawson ..... .. ... . .. ..... . { 25 miles long, with laterals amounting to 25 miles more. " " Lum"pkin ...... .'.. .. . ... . .. . Source of Battle Branch mining ditch. " " Haralson: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . " Carroll ..... ..... .... .. . . THE MOBILE BASIN-WATER POWERS ...;( ~ LOCATION OF WATER-POWER POINT OF SECTION STAGE feCeutbpicer FfaeUetiniLeuofgthl HGor.orss. es- 13ource of Informa- second Shoal pow:er' 'tion REMARKS . BARTOW CQUNTY I . . Oothcalo.ga. D.l"eek . . .... ,. Gordo.n County line . . ... . . Minimum " . " . . . . . . . . . Adairsville ........ , . . .. , . " Lewi~ Spring .. ....... '_....... Near Adairsville ...._.... _. ~. '' 1.5. 01 6 000 ... 0 ] 7.0 6.00...... 8. 0 10.00 ..... 0 1002 4.7 L-o"cke 9.0 " G!l t;.;J 0 c~~ar~~i:~::: : ::: :':::::: ~::J~l~ojo~~~ii~~::::::: " Fork of Pine Log Creek ... McCandless & Parrott M . . " 2.5 18.00 0 0 0. 5.0 " 8.0 12.00 0 0 0. 11.0 " 18.0 20.00 ..... . 41.0 " ~ !;: " " " ... " .Johnson's Mill .. ........... " Sallacoa Greek.. . . . . . ... . . . . Gordon Conn ty line . . . ... . 14.0 15.00.... . 23.8 20.0 20.00 ' .... . 45.4 " .R..:.l Stamp Creek .. ........... Pool's Furnace .. .... ... . .. " " " At mouth:. .. .... .....-.. .. . " Boston Cieek.:::: ::: :: :::: At mouth .. ... , . .. ..... . " RogersCr~ek ,. :. . . . . . . .. At mouth. : ........... .. . Etowah River. . . . . . . . . . . . At mouth of Allatoona Or. ,~;e;!~r " " .. Average 0 E.towah Mmmg Co ... :. . . . lo'v water 1200 2C.oo .. ;... 24.0 20.00 0 0 0 0 4.0 20.00 '..... 7.0 20.00 .. .. 833.3 15 .00...... 833.3 80.00 .... .. 27.3 54.5 " 9.0 " 16oQ " 1420.5 7575.7 lOth U . fl. cen,,sus ~ o.g ..... ~ lo.- 1::-< ~ Pettis Creek ........ .... . . At mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum Nancy'.s Creek ... .... " .. . At mouth ....... . ... , . . . . . " Two .Run Creek ........ .. ... . Ki:ilgston ......._.. ~- .. . . . -. '' Conaseena Creek ... .. . ~ .. " Ransley's Creek. .. .. , .. . Near mouth ....... :.... .. . 0"" 20.0 5 ;00 0 0 0 0 6.0 5.00 .. .. .. 26.0 16.00 .. .. .. 5.0 20.00. '.... 6.0 18.00 '..... 11.3 . Locke 3.4 " 17 .3 11 .3 " " 10.2 " ~ .... ~ C:j Allatoona Creek .......... . :!,% m. from mouth ....... . Pumpkinville Creek ...... . 2 ;m. from m outh. '' 0. 0 0.' Raccpon Creek ; ..... ... .. . 1 m. from mouth .. ... .... . ,"", Euharlee Creek ...... . ... . 2m. from mouth . . ....... . " 25.5 12.00 .... .. 49. 3 70.0 10 .00 .. . . . 79.5 " 39.0 10 .00 . . ... 44 .3 120.9 12.00 .. 0. 0 0 164.8 " ~ ~ ~. CARROLL COUNTY. Little Tallapoosa River ... Above mouth of Buck Cr .. Low spr'g I Buck Creek ............... Branch of Tallapoosa...... " Indian Creek.. .. .. .. . .. .. " " " ...... 0 " Buffalo Creek............. '' " " " - CHATTOOGA .COUNTY Chattooga River . .... . .... Trion Factory. . . . .. . . . . . . . Ordinary 11061..6411100 ..0000 .. . 0 ..... 67 ..00 , 1100 ..00001'0.0 . 0 0 .. ... 166. 6 16 .002%m. 115.1 " 19.0 '7 0 p " 6 81 " 3"vo3 0. 1oth u. s. Census Water-power supplemented by steam for four months: 1 Net horse-I>ower=SO per cent. of gross horse-l,lower. HURRIOANE FALLS, TALLULAH, GA. CHATTOOGA COUNTY ( Con .) Armuchee Creek . . . . . . . . . . Subligna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Low spring "' Little Turtle Creek .. . . ... Near mouth . ... . . .... .. . .. " ~ Raccoon Greek. . . . .... . . .. Lot 39... . .. ..... . . . .. . .... " Rough Creek ... . . .. . , . .. . . At mouth . . . . ..... .. ..... . " CHEROKEE COUNTY Etowah River .......... . . . Canton . . ... . ..... . . .. ... . Low water 41.6 10 .001I.... .. 5 .5 10 .00 .... .. 4.5 10.00 .... .. 8.8 10 .00 ..... . 733.3 6.25 60001 I D. 0. Bar- 47.3 row 6.2 " 5.1 " 10.0 " 520.0 B. M. Hall Surveyed Aug. 27, 1890. MillCreek..... . .......... '' .. ... .. . . . . .. . . .. . Low spring Etowah River . . . .. ...... . . Franklin Gold Mine .. . .. . . Io~v~~~- DAWBON COUNTY. Etowah River ... . . . .. . . . . . Palmer's Mill .. . . . . . . .. . Low water Shoal Creek ............... Howser's Mill . . . ... . .. . .. . 45.0 . .. . .. . .... . 666 .6 15 .00 .... . D.C . Barrow lOth U.S. 1136. 3 Census {Name now changed to Creighton Mine. 216.6 10 .00 . .. ... . 33.3 ~6.00 . . . .. . 246.2 D.C.Barrow 60 .6 " { This is at Heard's Mill. ~ c ~ $ 1- Amicalola River ......... . Dawsonville & J. R'd .. . . . . " Amicalola Creek ... . .. . . ~. Bart Crane's .. . . .. .. .. . .. Low water Nimble Will Creek .. .. . ... Kin Mori Ditch .... . ....... Ordinary Shoal' Creek Ditch . . . . . ... . Ne&r Dawsonville........ . " 150. 0 200 . 00 17000' 10.0 625 .00 .... .. 25.0 300.00 . ... . . 5.0200 .00 . . .'. . . 3400.0 B. M. Hall 710.2 852.2 113.6 " " " There are other great falls below and above. Amicalola Falls. ' At Kin Mori Mine. Cin. Consolidated Mines. FLOYD COUNTY Etowah River.. .. . ... . . .. . Armuchee Creek. . ....... . Little Fork, Armuchee Cr. Big Fork, " " " " ,, t' John's Creek ....... , .. _... Silver Creek . ... . .. ... .. . . Cedar Creek . .. . ..... . ... . Li,t,tle Ce,,dar Creek ... . .. . . Big Spring.............. .. No No Horse Shoe Bend. . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . m~~~~e- su rvey . . .. . . Jones's Mill . . .. ........... Ordinary 133.3 10.00 .. ... . Texas Valley.. .. . .. .. .. .. . . '' 41.0 15.00 .. . . . . White's Bridge .. ......... . " 48.0 ........... . Hammond's Mill. . . . . . . . . . " 48.0 8. 00 .. . . . N~~r mo?ith ..... .. ... .. .. " 15.0 8 .00 ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . " 24 .0 18 .00 . .. .. . Thoman'.s Mill ..... .. .. . .. Minimum 70.0 10 .00 , .. , .. Near mouth... . .... ... . . . . " 20 .0 14.00 . . . .. . Cave Springs ...... .. ...... Low spring 60.0 10.00 ..... . ,, '' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, 8 .0 . . . . .. . .... . Said to be large power . .. .... ... 142.3 Locke 60.0 " 43.6 13.6 49 .1 79.5 32.7 68 .2 " " " " " " " " Between Rome and Kingston . Little above low water. Echols' Mill. ~ ~.., c ~ ~t:-< 1- -~ . t:::i ;;:; t:::i ~ r~;: ~ FORSYTH COUNTY Beaver Run Creek ... . ... At mouth .. . ..... .. . ..... . Flush Sitting Down Creek ...... . Halbrook's Mill . . . . ...... . Low spring 75.0 20 .00 .... .. 170 .4 D.C .Barrow 30.0 7 .00 ... . . . 23 .8 " " " " P ool & Heard's . . .. .. .. .. .. " 30.0 15 .00 ... : . . 51. 1 " GORDON COUNTY Oothcaloga Creek . . . . . . . . . Calhoun Mills ............. Low spring 40.0 9 .00 ..... . 40.9 D.O.Barrow .Connesauga River . ..... .. . At mouth .. .. .. . . .. .. ... ~ . " 291.6 ... ' ..... . . . " Flat stream. THE MOBILE BASIN-WATER-POWERS-Oontinued 00 - 0 LOCA-TION OF W ATER-POW E R I POINT OF SECTION STAGB Len~thl feCeutbpiecr IFafelletin o - HGororsses Second Shoal powerl Source of Informa- tion I REMA-RKS Coosawattee River ... .. . . . Carter's Mill . . . . ... . . . . ... ;Low spr'g " " .. .... . . Two miles-abOve Carter's . . " " " ... .. .. . Ellijay to Carter's .. ...... " f 541.0 9 .00 .... 541.0 50 .00 .. .. . 562.3 D. C. Barrow. ~ Dam is only 9 ft., but fall is 50 ft. in less than 2 ms. 3073.8 " 541.0 ...... 17m. ... ...... " Heavy fall all the way. (No survey.) Talking Rock Creek ....... At mouth . . . .. .......... . . Salacoa Creek ....... . . .... Lot 117, 7th Dist., 3d Sec . . Snake Creek .... .... .... . . Lot 113, 1st Dist ...... . . . .. ."" John's Creek .. .. . . .. .. . ... Lot 53, 24th Dist., 3d Sec .. " H ARALSON COUNTY 108 .3 ... ... ..... , . " 100 .0 14 .5 12 .5 . . ... ~ . ...... . .... . . .... . .... ..... . . " " " {Creek has good shoals ; no survey hasbeen made. No fall given. No fall given. No fall given. . Tal . l a" p o os a R'i'ver ... . .. . .. Little River . ... . ::::: ~: : :: Waldrop's ...... . ........ McBride.'s Bridge . . . .. .. .. Fl"ush At mouth ... . . .. ... ..... . .. Ordinary 50 .0 10.00 ..... . 56.8 583 .3 10 .00 ... . . 662 .8 19 .5 10.00 . . .. .. 22 1 " " " Bench Creek . .. . . . .. .... . . Rock House ........... . . .. Lowwat'r LUMPKIN COUNTY 30 .5 30.00 ..... . 69.30 " Ten foot head assumed.. Ten foot head assumed. Ten foot head assumed: { A30-footdamwouldflood 70 acres ,, Etowah River . .... .. ...... " " . .. . . . . . " " .. .. . ... Battle Branch Ditch .... . . Etowah Ditch.. . ...... . . .. Five miles of Dahlonega .. ~ Simmon's Mill to Battle Branch Bridge . ... . .. . Falls . .. . . . .. .. ............ . From Mill Creek. .... . .... From upper Etowah River " . ......... .......... oe O e o ooo - .. . 200.0 . . . ... .. 3.3 25.0 20 .00 210 .00 100 .00 300 .00 200 00 ... .. .. 10m. Yzm. .... .. 454 .5 . . . . 113 .6 568 .1 " lOth u.s. Census B. M". Hall . Near Cooper's Gap Road. {Empt ies into Cane Creek, to increase Hand and Jones' Creek. ... .. . .. .. ... Nimble Will Creek . . . .. .. Lot 2:34, 5th Dist. , 1st Sec .. Lowwat'r 10 miles from Dahlonega .. " PICKENS COUNTY Biy ~cared Coon Creek .. Fairmount Road ..... . . . .. ,, Ta kmg Rock Creek . . .. . . Federal Road . . . ... . . ... . . " 5.0 50 .00 ... . . . 50 .0 12 .00 . ... . . 11 .0 10 .00 . . ... . 13 .3 10 .00 . .. . . . 28 .4 D. C. .Ba rr ow 68.1 " Barlow Mill power. 12 .5 " 15 .1 " Assumed head. Assumed head. 1 Net horse-power= 80 per cent. of gross horse-power. ' . PICKENS COUNTY-(Con.) West Longswamp Creek .. . Perseverance Quarries .... East Longswamp Creek ... Southern Marble Co.'s Mill. " " Rocky Creek. " " "" " Long Swamp Creek .. . .. . . Georgia Marble Co. . . . .. .. "' " "' ....... Blue Ridge Marble Co ..... ",, POLK COUNTY. Euharlee Creek .......... . Rockmart . .. . .... . ........ . Lowwat'r B ig " " S " " pring . .. . ......... . .. Little Cedar Creek . ... .. . . Big Spring ....... . ........ Gut Creek ....... . ....... . 2 miles north of Rockmark. Hightower's Mill . . . ....... 2 miles from Van Wert . .. . Young's Mill . . .... . ... .. .. Cedartown . ......... -....... At mouth . . ...... . ....... . Low spr'g " " " " " PAULDING COUNTY. Little Pumpkinvine Creek . 16 miles from Marietta .... Raccoon Creek.. ....... . .. Chappel's Store ... . ....... " " WALKER COUNTY. Fork of Dry Creek _. ....... One-half mile from mouth. " WHITFIELD COENTY. Swamp Creek .......... . .. Lot 113 ..............._.... . 0 .. - . . . . . .. . . . . Carpenter Mill Ureek Creek, ... . ... . ...... . . . ..... .. . One~half mile So. of Tilton. Lot 148, 13th Dist., 3d Sec. - -- - Etowah River.......... . .. {For 17 miles above W. & A. bridge ...... : ...... Lowwat'r " " . . .. . Cartersville to .Rome ...... " 21.6 40 .00 1 m: 6.6 50 .00 2,600 ft 3.6 210.00 - 46 .6 ... .. . .... .. 50.7 16.00 3,200 !t - Perseverance Marble Quar's. 98:4 94.7 B.M,.,Hall Surveyed January, 1890. { Pelton wheel, 1 mile ditch 87.5 " .and 1,500 ft. pipe. Fall about 30ft. in 1 mile. 92 .1 " " Surveyed Nove~ber, 1890. D. C. Bar- 25 .0 19.0 5.4 5 .0 10 .00 10.00 .9.0. .00 .. .......... .. 28 .4 21.6 . ... 5.5. ..2. 19 ;3 9.6 10 .00 . ..... ..... . ........ . ...2..0..7. 26.6 "!.0 .00 30.3 .row " " " " " " Assumed head of 10 feet. 10.0 20.00 ...... 22.0 12 .00 .. -.... 6.5 10.00 ..-.... 22 .7 Locke 30.0 " D. C. Bar7.3 row 33.3 10.00 ..... 37.8 " Assumed head. f 11.0 10.00 12.5 16.0 10.00 ..... . 18 .1 " " Assumed head. Assumed head. 833.3 102 .00 17m. 9,659.0 From mouth of LittleR. in Cherokee Co. toW. & A. 1,000.0 154.00 45m. ' 17,500 .0 .. .. ...... R.R. bridge in Bartow Co. The foregoing gives a very meagre idea of .the water powers of this basin. - The surveys made by Messrs. Barrow and Locke, Assistant State Geologists, in 1874-'75, were confined mainly to that part of the basin, in which the streams have very few shoals of im pcirtance. The great shoals on the Coosawattee, the Cartecay and the Amicalola rivers, and the head streams of the Etowah River have as yet received very little attention. .0...0.. MOBILE BASIN- UTILIZED POWER. STREAM COUNTY K IND OF MILL No. of Mills Tallapoosa River.... . .. . . . Haralson . .. ... . . .. . ....... Flour and grist .. ........ . '' '' '' ~ < Saw . . ... . ......... ....... . 3 1 " " . ... ..... . PaUlding ...... .. .......... Flour and grist ...... . . . . .. 1 TributariesofTallapoosaR. Haralson ... . . . . . . ...... ..., .. '' '' " . . .... . . . . . . 7 '' '' '' ' ' .. .. . . : ... . ....... Saw . .. . . ... .. ... . .... ... . 1 '' " Carroll...... . . ... . . . . . .... Cotton gin ... ... .. ... ... . . 1 " " " ..... ; .... . ......... Flour and grist ... . . .. . .. . 10 '' '' '' '' ....... ... .. ...... .. Saw ...... .... .... . . . ... .. . 3 :: ;_; " :: ... ... .. ............ Tannery .... . ........... . . 1 ... .... . ............ . Woolen ............ .. .... . 2 Tri butaries of Coosa River. Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Flour and grist .. ... . . .. . 14 '' '' .,, '' ........... . ......... Saw .... .. ... . . . . ... .. .... . 3 " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen ... . ......... . . . . . . 2 " ;; :: " .......... ........ .. . Cotton gins ............ .. 2 Polk ..... . . ........... .. . . Machine shop, etc . . . . .. .. . " " " " .. . .. -....... . ... . ... . . Flour and grist. . . . . . .... . 6 Etowah River . ......... . . . Dawson ................... {Fl~~;nae~~~rist,sawand ~ :: :: . .. .. .. . .. ;; ........ .......... Stamp mill . .. ......... .. .. 1 .. . . .. . . . . . .... . . . .... ... .. . . Flour and Grist..... ..... . 4 " " " ...... . .... .... . ... Saw ..... ... . . ............ . 2 Tributaries of Etowah R . . Polk . . . ....... .. ... . . ... .. Flour and grist . . . . .... .. . . 2 " " " Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' " . .... . ..... . 2 " " " Bartow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " .... . ... . . . . 14 " '' " '' " '' Paulding.... '' .... ... . .. . . . .... .... . . ... . .... " Saw ... . " .. . . " .... .. .. .....~ ........... . . 9 2 " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen . . . .. ... . . .. . ...... . 1 " " Cobb ... .. ... . .. . .... . .. Flour and grist ... .... .. . . . 2 " " " " '' " Cherokee .... : .. . .. .. .. .. . " " " .... .. ..... . 12 " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotton gins ... . . .. . ...... . 2 '' '' '' . . . .. ...... .. . , . . Saw .... . . .. ... ..... .... . . . 5 " ~< " Pickens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . 5 !' .. , .. . , .. , . . ... . Furniture .. ... . . . , . ..... . . 2 Total fall used 16 7 10 71 6 6 142 32 24 20 183 37 15 23 4 125 18 83 42 30 16 156 107 24 12 26 Hl5 25 78 54 15 Total R . P. used 67 12 10 92 5 151 36 6 9 204 43 17 20 70 138 58 50 27 40 47 318 79 34 4 26 187 56 64 50 20 REMA.RKS. Cedartown. :: :: " :: . .. . .. .... ........ Flour and f[ist .. .. .. . .... . 13 179 129 . 11 :: Milton .. : : :~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : M~~1:ndig~l~t: : : : : : : : : : : : 1 2 210 28 60 16 " " " " .................... Wheelwright........... . : 1 12 6 '' '' '' '' ...... .... ..... ..... Saw .... . .. . ... . ..... . ... .. . 4 68 74 ;; ;; ;; Dawson . . . .. ... ... ........ Flour and grist . ........ . . . 2 38 40 '' ... .. ... ' ...... ... Woolen ...... . .. . . ... ... .. 1 8 Coosawattee R. and Trib'r's Bartow ................... Flour and grist . . ......... . 5 57 74 ._'' '' '' Gilmer ..... . ... ... . ... .. . . '' '' '' ........... . 3 61 48 c ~ '' '' '' ---, Gordon . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . '' '' '' . ......... .. 5 41 160 ~ " " '' " . . . . . . . ........... Cotton gin ............... . 1 '' '' '' '' .. .... .. . .. ..... . .. Saw ............ .-...... ... . 1 .~ ~ " " '' .... . '" . .. ... .. .... Tannery .. .. .. .. ......... . 1 ;; :: ;; Pickens ...... .... ......... Cotton factory .. .... . ... . . 1 18 432 " " " ; .... . .............. Flour and grist ............. 10 141 116 ~ ' . ... .. .. . . . .. . ... . . 8aw ....... . ... .. . . .. .. . .. . 1 " 1 1 ' ' " ............. ., .... Woolen............... .. .. 1 Conasat1ga R. and Trib'r's. Murray ... .... . . ..... ... .. Flour and grist .. . .. .... . . . 8 '' '' '' '' .. .. .. ........... .. Saw ....... . ............ -. . . 2 '' '' '' Whitfield . ..... . . . . ... ... . '' ... .' ._.. ~ . .-............ . 2 12 10 18 20 93 105 28 30 20 22 c~ ~ ~ 1:-< ;: :: ;: ;; . .. .. .. ... .. ..... Flour and grist ....... ... .. 12 161 151 ~ .. . ... .. ........ : Boots and shoes .......... . 1 7 6 " " " Bartow .. . . .... ... ..... ... Flour and grist.......... . . 4 56 52 " " " " .... . .............. Woolen ................. . . 2 17 13 " " " Chattooga .......... ..... . . Cotton gin .............. . 1 10 7 ' '' '' '' ..... .. ....... .. Saw: ...... -............... . 3 43 50 " :: " ;: " ;; 11 ... . .. . : .. ... . .. Flour and grist .. .. .... .. .. Floyd...... .. .. .. ......... . '' " '' ... ~ ........ . 6 3 74 122 24 141 ~ l:::l ..... ~ l:::l <:::1 17.! ~ Gordon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " ........... . 3 Chattooga R ...and Trib'r's. Chattooga .............. . Cotton factory .......... : . '' '' '' , '~ .. . .. . ........ .. '' gin ................ . 1 4 43 24 16 300 24 40 ~ !::"' 11 " 1 " .. .. .. .. .. Flour and grist..... . .. .. .. 7 92 145 '' '' '' '' ~ . .............. Saw .. . ... ." ......... . ... .. . 5 63 102 " " " " . ...... .. .. ..... Woolen .................. . 1 13 8 00 ~ APALACHICOLA BASIN- IMPORTANT STREAMS NAME. Ol!' STREAM TRIBUTARY TO OOUNTY REMARKS Chattahoochee River. .... . Standing Boy C:ceek ...... . Apal11chicola River ....... . Chattahoochee " M~~~~g~~ :::::::::::;:: :.:: Large shoal on creek 2m . from mouth. Mulberry Creek.......... . " " )fountain Creek . ......... .. " " Old House Creek., ....... . Flat Shoals. ... . ...... . ... . " ' Harris . ................... Large cr.; falls 60ft. in quarter of mile. :: ......... . ........ 60 cu. ft. per sec. ; 20ft. fall on shoalat River Road. Harris and Troup .... . ... . Troup Factory, 80 cu. ft. per sec.; { . water. (Locke) . 18ft. fall, low Muddy Creek ........ .. . .. " " Troup . . ................ .. . 5.)4 m._from LaGrange; 7 cu. { fall, low water. . (Locke) ft. per sec.; 10ft. Yellow Jacket Creek... .. . " " " 8.)4 m. from LaG_range; 87 cu. ft. per sec. ; 10 ft. {. fall, low water. (Locke) . ... Beach Creek .............. Yellow Jacket Creek ..... . { 5 m. from LaGran_ge; 35. cu_. fall; low water. (Locl!:e) ft. per sec. ; 15 ft. ... P.imther Creek . . . . . . . . ... . . Chattahoochee River ..... . 0. 0 : 0 3 Iii. from LaGrange ; 25 cu. ft. per sec. ; 10 ft. fall, low water. (Locke) ,, Flat Creek ...... a c ! 0 " " G_orha_m's Mill ; 20 cu. ft: per sec. ; 12 ft. fall, low water. . (Locke) . . . New River ................ " " H d 5 U m. o_f mouth; 133;3 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. _rail ear an oweta ( low spring. (Locke) Whittaker Creek.. " Hillabuhatchee Creek. . . .. " ",, Centralhatchee Creek.. .. . " " Wahoo Creek ............ " " H d {Whitaker's Mill; 91 cu. ft. per sec.; 30 ft. fall. ear (C. C. Anderson) " " S57.9 cu. ft. per sec.; 8ft. fall, saw mil_l. 1 (C . C. Anderson) ~ At Serge.ant'_s _; 41.4 cu. ft. per. sec. at meal) low Coweta ............. . . .. . water. Fall 33 ft, in 1,600. (C. C. Anderson) Cotton factory and grist mill. Cedar Creek " " Snake Creek . - " " Carroll.................. . . ) 2.6 cu. ft. pe:r sec, 14ft. fall=T-0 H. P. per foot of (. fall. (0. C. Anderson) Dog River ....... . ... . .... . " " ~ar ,preek .... . ..... . .... " amp Creek ............. . . " " " Douglas .................. . ) Above Watkins' mill; ( spring. (Locke) 52.5 cu. ft. per sec: (C. 25 c_u. feet per second, c. Anderson.) low Campbell .. .... ........ .. . Sweet Water Creek ...... . . " 5Paulding, Cobb ~ Douglas. and {5 Aus t ell Shoals, nearmouth, has 80 feet of fall and { 166 .9 cu, ft. per sec. Hayes bridge, 80 cu. ft. per sec., low water. (Locke.) l Powder Springs Creek ... .. Sweet Water Creek .. ..... Cobb .. .. ..... . ....... . ... . Pow_der Springs; 34 cu. ft. per sec., low water. (Locke.) Nose's Creek.............. " " Soap Creek ..... . ... . . .. .. Utoy Creek .......... . . .. . Chatta,,hoochee River " . .. .. . " Fulton ............. .. . . . . . { Paper mill; 62 cu. spring. (Locke.) ft. per sec.; 67 ft. head, low Nickajack Creek .. . . . . . .. . " Cobb ....... ... ....... . . .. . { 29ft. fall at F actory. Ruff's Mill, and 21 ft. at Concord Peachtree Creek ... . ... .' .. " ,, ( Houston's Mill; 23.3 cu. ft. per sec; 22ft. fall, Fulton and DeKalb ... .. . . ) low water. (Locke.) Buckhead Road, 97 cu. \ ft. per sec., flush . (Locke.) Nancy's Creek .. . .... .. ... Peachtree Creek ......... . " " " { Lot 96, 17th (Locke.) Dist. ; 45 cu. ft. per sec., low spring. Rottenwood Creek . . . . . . . . Chattahoochee River. . . . . . Cobb . .. .. ............... . ~ 12 cu. ft. per sec.= 1.27 gross H. P. per ft. of fall; I Measured July 28, 1892, by B. M. Hall. Long Island Creek . .. .. .. . " " Fulton .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. Lot 164, 17th Dist., 6.5 cu. ft. per sec. (Locke.) Willis Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' Cobb ............. . .... . .. . ~ Wrig~t's Mill; 16.6 cu. ft. per l ordmary stage ; gross H. P. = sec,; 43. 23 ft. fall, Vickery's Creek . ..... .... . " " Forsyth, Milton and Cobb. { 3 factories about 50 at cu. Roswell; tot ft. per sec. al fall, (C. C. 103 ft., volume Anderson.) Suwanee Creek . .. ....... . " Gwinnett .... . .. .... .. . . . { Lawrenceville and sec. (Locke.) Buford road; 11.6 cu. ft. per l Ivy Creek . . ........ .. .... Suwanee Creek Chest a t ee R 1. ver. . . . . . . . . . . C. hattah oochee R1' ver. . . . . . " { Hamilton's Mill; 2 cu. low water. (Locke.) ft. per sec., 18 ft. fall, Lusmytphkiann,dDHawalslo. n, For-} { Important gold mining stream, with undeveloped powers not surveyed. many fine EtCowanaehCDreietckh.,..e.n.t.e.r.in.g.)f Chestatee River .... . ...... Lumpkin ................. . Di t_ch, 7. miles long, diverts Etowah waters a cross { r1dge mto Cane Ureek; 25 cu. ft. per sec., with a head of ?00 ft. = 568 gross H. P. ;. not utilized . Cane Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ........... ,, l .... . ......... . .. . At Cane Cr'k falls, 16.6 cu. ft. per sec.; 60ft. fall. At Barlow gold mill, 40 cu. ft. per sec. Clay Creek . .. .. . .... . .. ... Cane Creek ........ . ..... . Lumpkin . .. . . ....... , . . .. . Has a good shoal. Yahoola Creek .. . ..... . .. . Chestatee River . ......... . I(Sofuurrcneishoef sHwaantderMtoinimngan Dy imtchin, e3s5fomr ihleysdrlaounlig~ -( mining. The ditch carries from 16 to 25 cu. ft. I per sec. ; and is 300 ft. above streams near l Dahlonega. 00 01 APAL:4-QHICOLAt BASIN -IMPORTANT STREAMS-C~ntinued NAME OF STREAM. TRIBUTARY TO COUNTY REMARKS Caven. d.e r.;s Creek ... ...... a h.estatee RI' v e r.......... .. LnmpkI' n. ................. ISDrkaiinnscoanun_itmy.portant gold-mining region of Lunip- Yellow Creek ............ . " " .. .. . .. . . . . Hall .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. 157.2rocwu.. )ft. per sec. ; 20 ft. shoal near mouth; .(Bar- Tessantee River........... " " ........ ,. . White ... . ....... , ........ 95 cu. ft. per sec.; big shoal near mouth. Sho9,lCreek ............... Tessantee River.......... " ... . . . ............. Has Asbury's Mill and other good shoals. Town Cree)t ............. . . " II . . . . . . . . . . . "" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SohuyrdcerauolficLmouindinDg__.itch, 25 miles long, used for Jennie's Creek ... Tate's Creek .. ; .. Town Creek .. .. ..... : .... . ' .' .. . ....... Chestat ee RI' ver ........ .. . L u m..p k'.n 1 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. S~ ToDfiutcr_hm._sh w_ ate_ r.fo_r .propose_-_d Cavender's Creek Mill Creek ........... , .. . . " " . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ T]:{i~~~sh water for proposed Cavender's Creek "Dick''s Creek . ~ .......... . :: Turner~l;l Creek, ...... , ... . :: .. . . . . . . . . . ." . . . .... . . . ........ Largecreek; falls over 100 feet to the mile. . ......... White ... .. .... _. . .......... . -. . . . Castleberry's Mill, 4 miles from Gainesville; 151.5 " ... .. ................ l ;rAttle R~ -from Wahoo Or . . ChAttahoochee River .. : . .. H9,1l . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . { cu. ft. per sec.; 71 ft. fall; gross H. P., 122; 25 H. P. used. (C. C. Anderson.) Glade Creek ............ . " " 1 FuGrnidshMe~ water and drai:qage to ''The Glades" o me. Flat Or.eek .............. . " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13G.6lcaud.esft". Mpeinr es.ec.: 50 ft. fall; shoal above "The Mud Creek. ..... ... : . .... . . II -" Habersham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~Big Mukd Creek,ft33.3 cu. ft. per sec.; Little Mud " . ( Cree , 20 cu. . . per sec. Sqquee R,iver . . .......... . " - " ... - .. . Hazel Creek ... . . . .... ; .. . Deep Creek ...... . .. . .... . Soquee H River 'I ... . ...... .. . . . .. . . .-. .-. -.._ Shoal Creek .... .. ..... .. . . '' :: . ..... ..:.-.... . . .. .... . ...... See Power Table. ~ ~ ~a~e and wat~r-p_ower at Demorest. . -. . -. . . -. ~ .... . .. _38 .3 _cu. ft. per sec. at mouth. (Barrow and Locke.) . : . . . .......... 16.6 cu;ft. per sec. at mouth, (B. M.. Hall, estimated) Mossy Creek .. .. . .... . . . Duke's Creek,"North Fork. Chattahoochee River ...... " " White ... .... ; ... .. . . . ..... " { D uk_e's fall. _creek_Falls, .(Barrow) 12.8 cu. ft. per sec._; :3oo__ ft. . " " Minnehaha Falls, 3.6 cu. ft. per. sec~ ; SOO ft. falL { (Barrow) . Smith's Creek............ . " " " Annie Ruby Falls, 7.1 cu. ft. per sec.; 300ft. fall. { (Barrow) NATURAL DAM, BIG POTATO CREEK, UPSON COUNTY. Flint River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinchafoonee Creek ..... Apalachicola River Flint River ....... 5 { Webster, Sumter, Terrell . ((Lafrogre Creek with fine undeveloped power, enough running 100,000 spindles. (U. S. Govern- Buck's Creek... . . . . .. .... " " ............... Macon.................... ment Report) Whitewater Creek ... , . . . . " " ............... Macon a11d Taylor ........ . Cedar Creek .............. Whitewater Creek ........ Taylor ................... . Parchelagee Creek ........ Flfp.t R~yer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ................... . Spring Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crawford ................ . Little Potato Creek....... . .............. Upson ................... . Big Potato Creek . . . . . . . . . " " ............... Upon and Pike............ ~~~~~~ee~t: .. :::::::::::: ~!gPo~~to Cr~ek:::::::::: P~~e:::::::::::::::::::::: ~ Laxer Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint River ..... ; . . . . . . . . . Talbot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ Pigeon Creek.............. " " ............... Meriwether and Talbot... . Cane Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meriwether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l:t:l Red Oak Creek. . . . . . . . . . . " " .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . " . .. .. . . . . . . . . . ~ Elkin's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..., Line Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coweta and Fayette . . . . . . . c Whitewater Creek ........ Line Creek ................ Fayette................... ~ ~ t:'t ~ ~ ~ t:::i ~ ~ ""!="' APALACHICOLA BASIN - WATER POWERS UJ~YH.dP./ LOCATI~~;;RWATER- POINT OF SECTION Is:ft'e~f I ~:~~d rF~!~tn!Le~~~~tf[ i'ZO:~l I ~~!il~l~: I REMARKS ------~------------------~------------------~C- SOQUEE RIVER 60 Habersham county ..... Clarkesville Woolen Mill 0.0 266.6 26.0 1,0001 738.61{c. C. An- derson. Only 18ft. used. ~ { See fluctuation tables: c 100 " " ..... Porter Mills, Shoal No. 1 " 266.6 14.4 100' 436.3 " O.O=min. observed wa- ~ 150 " None " " " ..... Porter Mills, Shoal No.2 ..... Porter Mills, Shoal No.3 " " CHA'rTAHOOCHEE RIVER Corn Mill White County .......... Nicholls' Mill .......... Mln.L.W. 291.6 45.2 1,4001 1,369.0 " 15.0 1,200' 497.0 " 72.0 10.0 ........ 81.8 {Barrow &Locke ters. ~ ..0~...'...1.,. c None White & Habersham Cos Duncan Shoal .......... 0.0 " " " " ",, " " Carpenter Shoal .. " " " Johnny's Ford Shoal ... " " " Gearing Shoal. ......... " " Fishtrap Shoal. ........ " 6S3.3 683.3 683.3 683.3 683.3 7.6 4001 3.2 4001 5.4 1,200' L.3 3001 1.8 3001 589.2 ~ C C. Anderson ~Includes .Soquee River at mouth. 24S.4 Below mouth of Soquee. 419.3 " 101.0 " 138.8 " .~..... ~ t:-< ~ ~ " " " " Bull Shoal ............ " " " " " Last Six Shoals, total .. " " " " " Rock House Shoal ..... " " " Mountain Island Shoal. Hall County ........... Lulu Bridge ........... " " 683,3 7.0 1,8001 543.5 683.3 38.0 13,2001 2,950. 7 " 750.0 3.7 9001 315.3 " 766.6 7.3 1,8001 635.8 " 7S3.3 2.0 1,200' 178.0 " ~Foot, 3 miles below mouth of Soquee. { Can be developed as one ...... ~ power. C::j 0'.1 ~ ~ " " "'" " ",, . ' ......... Reynolds ............. ........... Seven Islands ......... . ........... Savage Shoal No.1. .... " ." , 800.0 6.0 1,200' 545.4 816.6 4.0 . . . . . . . . 371.2 833.3 1.0 1,200' 94.7 " !="' " 0 Savage Shoal No.2 ..... " " " " .... . ...... Peg's Shoal . . . . . . . ... " " " ........... Stringer's Ford ........ " " 833.3 2.5 1,2001 236.7 833.3 6.3 2,5301 596 0 " 833.3 10.0 1,2001 947.0 " " " ........... Wilson Shoal ......... " 933 3 6.5 2.5001 68f 4 " . . . . . . . . . . . Thompson's Bridge .. . .. " 933.3 " 1 Net H. P.=80 per cent. of gross H. P. " " " ",, " " ...... .... Shallow Ford .. . .. . ..... " " " ... .... ... Johnson's Shoal.. ..... . . . Mooney's Shoal ... 0. " " " " " .......... Overby's Shoal. ...... .. " Manildl } " Gin, 80 " ,, " 0 Brown's Bridge ..... ... " .......... Pirkle Shoal ... ... ..... " Gwinnett County.. ..... Garner's Shoal ........ . " " '' Bridge Shoal .. ......... " " " Jones's Shoal .. .... .... " Milton Connty . .. . .... . Island Ford Shoal. .. . .. " " " " " " None Cobb and Fulton Co's1.. Roswell Shoal .......... 0.0 ,", ",, " " " " " " " " """ " '' " I 1 .. .. Bull " Sluice " S,h, ocaolnt.i.n.u.e.d. " . . Cochran Shoal .. ....... " " . . Devil's Race Course . . .. " " .. Upper Thornton Shoal. . " " " " " " " .. Long Island Shoal ...... " " " " " 2 Top of Cochran Shoal} to foot of L . I. .Shoal " " " " " " " Howell's Shoal .. .. ..... Ca"mpbell " Co u n t y " .... .. W. & A. R. R. Bridge.. . Redman's Shoal. ....... " " " Pumpkintown Shoal. ... " " " Mederis Shoal. .. . ...... 50 " " " " " H. P. Coweta County . .... .. . " " " " .... .... .. ..... Heard County... .. ..... " " .. " ... " " .. ... ... Island Shoal ........... Fridell Shoal .. ....... .. Mcintosh Shoal ....... . Hilly Mill .............. Bush Head Shoal. .. .... Hendrick's Shoal ....... " " " " " " " " ",", 933. 3 6.70 933.3 3.20 933.3 3 .:20 1,450.0 6.90 1,450.0 17 .00 5,5001 710.6 U.S. Sur . {Vol. of estimated from Sur. C. C. Anderson. 3,6001 339.4 5,6001 339 .4 " " 8001 1,137 .0 " " " " " {Below Mouth of Ches- tatee. 8,5001 2, 801. 0 " {Vol. estimated from Sur. of C. C. Anderson. 1,450.0 3.90 4,0001 642.3 1,666.6 0 " " " " 2,000 .0 16.90 1,1821 3,841.0 " " ,"", 2,083.3 3 .10 1,2001 733.9 2,133.3 9.00 5,0001 2, 181.0 " " " " " " 2,190.5 18.00 {about 2 mls. 4,480.0 Anderson { Fr~1n Bridge to ull Sluice. head of 2,200.0 25.30 1 mile 6,325.0 2,200 .0 6 .40 3,3001 1,600.0 " " On Pink Power Property. On Strapp & Power '' 2,333.3 6.50 2,700' 1,723 0 2,333. 3 10.50 2,5001 2,784 .0 " " Above Below P o w" e r ' s F e,,r r y . 2,333.3 4.60 1,1001 1,219.0 " Below "The Narrows." 2,358.3 10.00 5,900' 2,679.0 . . . . . . . . . . lH~adncoyf 'sIsClarnedekt.o Little 2,358. 3 32.80 18,1001 8,790.0 Hall { In~l u d e s bove. the four shoals 2,366.6 10.70 4,0001 2,877.0 Ande r son 2,500 .0 . . . . .. ... . ...... 2.500. 0 3.00 1,0001 848. 0 And erson 2;666.6 3.00 8001 909.0 2,666.6 8 .40 2,0001 2,545.4 2,750.0 12.50 5,2801 3,906.0 " " " 2,750.0 9.00 1,4001 2,812.5 " 2,833.3 11 .62 19,0001 3,741.0 " 2,833.3 7.00 2,6001 2,632.5 " 2,916 .6 5.00 1,000' 1,657.0 " 2,916.6 16.50 4,0001 5.468. 7 " Fall by B. M. Hall. Grist-mill. 1 These three shoals form one continuous shoal four miles long with a fall of fifty feet. 2 Known as the Vining Shoal, being near Vining Station on W. & A. R. R. APALACHICOLA BASIN-WATER-POWERS-Continued I I NUettilHiz.ePd. LOCATION OF WA1'ER-POWER POINT OF SECTION I I j fl Stage of I Water. ~~C~u~bi~cd /Fall in/ Feet Length of Shoal Gross H. P.l Slon~u~rc~e~a0- REMARKS None ," , Heard " County " ....... . . ... .Tackson Shoa1 .... _..... Seven small Shoals ..... 0.0 " " " " " " " " Troup " County .... " . .. . . ..... ... . . . Swanson Shoal ......... Small Shoals ........... " " ",, " " " " " .......... .......... .......... McGees' Bridge ........ Buzzard and Reed Isl'd. Bentley's Mill .......... " ," , ........... .................... Ferrell or Huguley's ... Pott's Shoal ........... West Point ............ " " " " " " " " 300 H.P. Harris County ......... Jack Todd's Shoal. ..... " ........ None " ,", ,, ........ . .. .. . . . ,", " ," , ,, 0 3m. below Houston's F'y ......... Hargett's Island Shoal. " " " " " ......... .. . . .. . . . Shoal " .................. . ................. ., .. ..... Tate Shoals ............ ......... Mulberry Shoals ....... " " ," , ........ Muscogee County ..... Near mouth of Standing Boy } Creek " At Columbus ........... Chatta'chee Falls Prop. ........ "'' ," , ........ ... ... ... . . . Lover's Le City Mills ap . ......... ......... . . . . .. " " .......... Eagle and Phrenix Mills Hall, Bartow, Muscogee " " " " and intervening counties . 3,066.6 3,333.3 6.7 13.0 3,000' ....... 2,2967. Anderson! 4,924.0 " 3,500.0 3,750.0 7.0 3.5 1,500' ........ 2,784 .0 1,491.5 " " 4,000.0 8.3 3,000' 3,772. 7 " 4,166.6 8.3 3,0001 3,930.0 " Three Shoals. 4,166.6 4,666.6 4.0 . ....... 9.0 ........ 1,894.0 4,772. 7 4,933.3 4,933.3 ...5....0 ..3..,6.0.0. '. 2,803.0 . . . .... ' " ," , " 3 or four miles above W. P. 4,933.3 4,933.3 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,000.0 5,166.6 51.0 39,600' 28,591.0 U.S. Sur. {Two cotton mills, miles below W. P. four 4.0 1,1001 2,24~.0 60.0 13,0001 34,091.0 15.0 4,0001 8,522. 7 26.0 8,700' 14.772.0 22.0 6,3001 12,500.0 30.0 10,560' 17,613.0 " " " " " " Vol.,,from " C. C. Anderson. ," , " " " " " " 5,216. 6 10.0 3,8001 5,928.0 " " 5,216.6 42.0 6,900' 24,715.0 " " ,", 5,216.6 37.0 2,6001 21,933.0 " 5,216.6 10.0 Dam 5,928.0 5,216.6 25.0 " 14,820.0 " " ." " " " " .. ..... Continuous level Thompson's Br from idge. } t 0 W & A R' B "d e Y n g " ........ 227.0 73 miles . ...... . " { 3 ms. N. of Gainesville to 6 ms. W. of Atlanta. . ' From W. & A. R'y Bridge to West Point ........ " ........ From West Point to Columbus .................. " ........ 162.0 108 mls. . ... 362.0 34 mls. . ...... ,, ,, {6 ms. W. of Atlanta to West Point. West Point to Columbus. 1 Net horse-power=80 per cent. of gross horse-power. SWEETWATER .CREEK, . . . . . . . . Douglas County . ....... Austell Shoals ......... Low Wr 166.6 80.0 3 90CY ' l,5150 B. M. Hall ?5 NEaesairlyAduesvteelllo,pGeda.. CHESTATEE RIVER. Lumpkin County ....... Garnet Mine ........... " " " " ,"", ....... Chestatee Pyrites Co ... Penitentiary Shoal .... . Chestatee Mining Co ... " " " " " ....... Calhoun Mine........ . . " " " ....... Leather's Ford ......... " Unk'n 15.0 1,200' Unk'n " " " " 20.0 L'rge. Unk'n Unk'n " ,, ,, " " " " 12.0 Dam " " 290.0 12.0 Unk'n 395.0 Barrow 5Dam, race, stamp-mill 1 and pumps. Power developed. 5Dam, stamp-mill and 1 pump. FLINT RIVER. 30H.P. Meriwether and Pike Cos Sullivan's Mill .... . .. .. 0.0 250.0 7.3 200' 207.0 Anderson Grist mill. rA four-foo_t storagedam will develop 2,630 40 " " " Flat Shoals .. .......... Min.L.W. 258.3 32.0 3,000/ 934.0B.M .Hall ~ gross 10-hour H. P., 6 I days per week, at low- l est water: " " " " . . . . . . . . . . Normal. 856.6 32.0 3,000' 3,114.0 Anderson None .. Upson County .......... Dripping Rock ..... . ... Flush. 1,674.1 " " . .... ; .... Yellow .Jacket Shoals .. Normal. 1,216.2 " " " . . .. . .-. .. Snipe's Shoals ..... . .. .. Flush. 2,607 .6 14.0 36.6 7.0 2,900/ 3,400/ .... . .. . . . .".. . 1,800/ Anderson {water too high for measurement . BIG POTATO CREEK. None ... Upson County .......... Rogers' Shoals .... . .. . . Low W r 103.3 81.0 3,500/ 951.0 " 30H . P. " " ........ .. Nelson's Shoals .... . .. . 0.0 110.0 115.0 2,700' 1,437.0 " 30 . " " " . ......... Daniel's MUl ........ . . . " 110.0 13.0 15CY 162.0 " { 1st drop is 60 ft. in a distance of 500ft., making 750 gross H. P. CHATTAHOOCHEE CO . . . . . . . . Oswitchee Creek .... .. . Romney's Mill ..... . . .. Low Sp'g ........ Woolfolk's Branch ..... Woolfolk's .. . . . . . . . . . . . " 21.0 18.0 42.0 Locke 1.0 65.0 ... .. ... 7.0 " CLAY COUNTY . ..... Chemochechobe Creek. Weaver's Mill ..... : . . .. " " . . . . . . . . Pataula Qree~ . .... . . . . Rapids, .. . . , . ...... , . : . 60.0 240.0 30.0 ..... . ' 22,01. .... . . 204.0 6QO.Q Bar,,row I Utilized LOCATION OF WATER- Net H. P . POWER. APALACHICOLA BASIN-WATER--POWERS-Continued POINT OF SECTION. l I I F~~bpiec Stage r !Fall in\ Length Gross Iof Water. Second. Feet. of Shoal. H. P.' SInofulr:cJe~ao-f REMARKS. DECATUR COUNTY. ... .... . Limesink Creek ...... .. Limesink ...... ... . ... Low Sp'g ........ Barnett's Creek . ....... Lot 367 ..... . . ......... " . . .. ... . Attapulgas Creek ...... Thomasville Road .... ; . " Sanburn's Creek... .. . . . Attapulgas Road ....... " 2.0 105.0 ...... . . 23.0 23.0 10.0 0 26.0 18.0 8 .0 .. ..... . . .. .. ............... . .. . ... .... . .. Locke. " " " Creek disappears. {Flow affected by mills above . ~ 0 ~ ~ EARLY COUNTY. . .. Harrod's Creek... . ..... Early Factory.......... " Colomochee Creek . . .. . Early Road ....... . .. .. " 20.0 35.0 . ...... . 80.0 " 70.0 12.0 .... .... 95.0 " ~ ""3 0 QUITMAN COUNTY. . . ........ Hoclarnee Creek .... ... Tobehannee Creek ... .. Near " Mouth . . .... Georgetown .... .. .. . . .. LowWr 6.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 .......... 7.0 11.0 " " ~ ~ t-< RANDOLPH COUNTY. ... ... . . Roaring Branch ........ 5 miles from Ft. Gaines. ,, 4.0 30.0 . ... .. .. 14.0 " I- ~ Wakefortsee Creek ..... Near Chemochechobee. " 5.0 10.0 .... . .. . 5.0 " ...... STEWART COUNTY. ~ .. ...... Wimberly's Branch .. . . Gaines & Freeman's M'l " Hodchodkee Creek .. ... Scott's Mill . ...... ... .. " 182..801 12.0 10.0 ........... 12 .0 14.0 " " ~ ""3 ~ Many important water-powers are omitted in the Apalachicola Basin for want of data. The foregoing is the best that can be done F" until more surveys are made. Investigation is especially needed on the Flint River and its upper tributaries. 1 Net H: P. = 80 per cent. of gross H. P. APALACHICOLA BASIN - UTILIZED POWER. STREAM COUNTY KIND OF MILL No. of Mills IT1o~ta8FlF~~atl li Tota H .P . l Netl Used REMARKS Chattahoochee River . . ....... ... Muscogee . .... ... .. .... Cotton Factories ...... . 3 43 2,000 " " ............ " . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour and Grist ...... . . 1 8 100 " ........ . ... Harris . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . " " " 1 8 50 '' '' . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ..... ............. Cotton Factory .. .. ... . 1 8 160 " " .. . . ........ Troup.... ... ...... . . . .. '' u 1 9 130 " " Hall ............. .... . . Building 1\Iaterial. .... . 1 9 30 tcli 1!\:j $ '' '' . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ...... . ...._.... . . .. Flour and Grist . ... ... . 1 9 60 " " .. .. .... .. .. Cobb . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. " " " .. .. .. .. 1 11 10 Tributaries ofChattah'chee River Early .. ............ . .. . " " " . .. ..... 6 56 72 """ l.:..t.1.. '' '' ,, '' rsawmill . . . . 0 0 . 0 0 0. 0 _ . 1 25 " " " Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. ... ..... . .... . 3 29 60 1%1 c""3 " " " " ................... Cotton Gin ............ . 1 8 6 ~ " " '' " . . . . . . . .. ..... ... . Flour and Grist . .. .... . 6 58 77 ~' ~' " Quitman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 44 " 4 49 96 " " " " .... . ....... ... Sawmill. ............. .. 2 24 63 ~ t-o " ;; :; Randolph .. .... .... . Flour and Grist ...... .. 1 9 8 Stewart.......... ...... " '' ' 8 83 192 ~""" " " " " " " " '' . . . .... ......... Sawmill. . ... . ... . .. ... . 2 20 22 " Chattahoochee. . . . . . . . . " ... .. ..... . .... . 1 10 15 " '' '' .......... Flour and Grist. ~.. .... . 6 57 75 " " Muscogee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " 4 73 213 " " " " " " Marion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " 1 " '' ...... , ...... . .. Cotton Gin_. ............ . 1 " '' .... .. ...... . ... Sawmill .. ... ........... . 1 6 12 8 21 8 30 " " " Harris.... . . .... ... .... " . .. ... ... . ..... . 1 12 10 ...... ~ ~ ~ ," , " " '' . .-... . ...... . ... . Flour and Grist ....... . Talbot .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. " " " 13 2 235 36 398 47 " " ," , " " '' . - ....... _......... Sawmill .... ~ ... ...... . . Troup ... ...... . .. ...... . " . .. . . .. " ;; ................. . Tannery . ..... ........ .. 2 4 1 36 57 22 43 65 8 " " " " " .................. Flour and Grist ....... . 22 223 506 " '' Cotton : o o . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 20 60 <:0 01 APALACHICOLA .~ASIN - UTILIZED POWER ,.- Continued STREAM . 'coUNTY KIND OF MILL No. of Mills. !Tiontua;l:F~atll/TH.oPta~lUNseedtj REMARKS Tributaries of Chattah'chee River Meriwether , . .. . ....... Flour and (lrist . .. , .. . 1 30 11 '' ' '' Heard . .. . . ...... , . . . . . ._, '' -'' .. ... .. . 8 91 101 " " " " " " " .. , ..... Carroll ... . ... .. ... .. .... .. . .. .. Sawmill Cotton .. .. . . . . ..... .. . . . . . ., .~ .. , , .. .. 3 124 1 30 125 120 " " " " . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . Flour and Grist ... . ... . 12 ?..77 160 " " " " ... .. . .. .. .... . . Sawmill .. .. ....... .. . .. 3 58 26 " " '' Coweta .......... .. . , .. Cotton .. .. .. ......... . 1 60 ~ <::> ~ G:! i;: " " " .. . . . ..... . .. . .. Flour and Grist , . . . .. . 14 275 226 ;; ;; ;; Campbell , . . .. .. . .. .. .. " '' " 7 124 130 " " " ,",.,, " " " " " " " "u " " " ... " " " " " " " " " " Douglas ... . . . , . . , ... . .. Cotton Gin . .. .. .. .. , , . , 1 11 20 " " '' . . .. . . . . . . . .... Flour and Grist . .. , . . . . 13 . . .. , , . . . ~ . ... . Sawmill .. ~ .... . . ... .. . 6 202 136 119 82 " " " ::::: :::::: :::::cT~~~;rY_ ::::::::: ::: ::: 1 1 60 " '' . _... ,.; . _. _.. _.. . : . . Woolen-mill . _. _... . . _.~ .... 1 ;: Paul ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t::i ~ ~ i;: !="' FLAT SHOALS ON THE FLINT RIVER, MERIWETHER COUNTY. Forsyth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' " . . .... . . 8 154 137 " " ..... .. ... . ... . Sawmill............... . 4 54 36 " " Hall . .... . .. . . . . . " 4 45 90 """ ' '' . ........ .. . . . .... . Carriages and \vagons .. 1 22 15 " " '' .. . . ...... . ... .. ... Flour and Grist .. . . 0. 0. 11 151 175 ,, " ,, fi'Iilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " ...... . . .. . . . . .. . Sawmill ...... . .I .......... I 4 2 68 28 82 32 ,, " " " Lumpkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ............. . 7 ,, ,, '' Flour and Grist . 0 0 10 " ... . .... . . . . .. Tannery .. . . . ... . .... . . 1 " ..... ... ..... . Gold Mills ... . ..... .. .. 3 " " " " " . . . .. . . .... ... " " " ..... .... .. .. 3 1 .. . ... . . . . .... Hydraulic Mining ... .. . 141 183 20 35 40 16 300 "I134 7061 Chestatee River. 280 1Yahoola Cr eek. 40 1Cane Creek. 600 1Yahoola Ditch. ~ ~ 0 sl>;i i- " Habersham . .. . . . . .... . Flour and Grist ... . . . . . 1 14 10 " .... . .. . .... Leather . . ...... . . . . .. . . 1 16 6 R...:.1. t.Q " " .. . . ........ Woolen-mill ........ .. 1 20 12 ~ " " " White .............. Flour and Grist .. .. . .. . 1 10 15 Fl if!t R!yer ..... .. .. . . . ....... Campbell . ... . . . .. ..... :: :: ... . .. . . . 1 14 28 0 ~ "1 " :::::::::::::::::::::~~le\~~. ::::::::::::::: " ,, :::::.: :: 5 1 90 13 44 12 <:) it-< Tributaries of Flint River ..... .. Campbell . . . . . . . . . .. . . . " .. . . . . .. . 3 70 50 :; :: ;; ...... Clayton ................ " " 8 148 136 " .. . . . ... Sawmill ........ . . . ... . . 1 22 15 .... ~ ,", ,, " .. . Henry . ..... . . . ..... . .. Flour and Grist .... .. . . 1 18 15 ..... " ...... Spalding . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. " " 2 13 40 " " " ...... Fayette. . . . . . . . . . . . . " " 5 4() 109 " " " " . . .... Coweta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " 4 .. .. .. . . .. ... . .. Sawmill . ...... . . . .. . . . . 1 71 5 88 12 " " .... . ... . . . . . ... Tannery . ........... . . . 1 30 16 " " ,", " " Meriwether ........... . Flour and Grist . . .. . . . . 11 171 138 ' . ... . .. . .... Sawmill......... . .. . .. . 1 16 15 Pike .................. Wheelwrighting.... . .. . 1 8 12 ~ t;l c::t t.Q ~ ~ !="' " " ' " " " ..... . .. . .. . ....... Flour and Grist .... . .. . 11 154 276 Crawford . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' 3 25 43 ,", " Upson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " 15 191 373 " " ..... .. .. .. .. . ... Cotton .. 2 29 115 " ...... . ......... Sawmill. q 72 102 1 Power esti m ated by B. M. Hall. ~ ~ APALACHICOLA BASIN- UTILIZED POWER- Continued ...... 0 0 STREA M. COUNTY KIND OF MILL No. of Mills IToUtasleFda, ll,ToHta.lPn. et/ in Fee t Used REMARKS Trihutaries of Flint River . .. .. .. Upson . ..... . . . . . ...... Tannery .... . . ...... . . . 1 10 5 " " " " '' " " " " " . ... . . . Talbot . . . .. ... .. . .. . .. . Flouring and Grist . .. . . 9 214 169 " . . . . . . . Taylor . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . Cotton...... . ...... . . . . 1 12 40 " . . . . ... Marion . . . . . . . . . .. . ... Sawmill . ..... . ...... . . 1 12 20 " 11 . . . Flouring and Grist ... . . 4 33 52 '' . .. . .. . Taylor...... . . . .... . .. . '' '' . .. . . 10 84 129 '' '' . .. . . .. . .... ... . . Sawmill ...... . .. .. .. .. . 6 58 95 '' . . . . ... Schley .. .. .. . . .. . . .. ... Flouring and Grist . ... . 6 53 70 '' . . .. ... Macon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' .. . . . 5 51 102 ~ ~ 0 ~ ,.~....... .~.... " " " " . ... . . . ... . . ... .. Sawmill . ... . ... ... .... . 1 8 30 11 . Dooley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . .. . . . . . 2 14 15 1%1 '"3 0 " " " ,, " ,", '' ' ' ..... . . ..... . ... Flouring and Grist . ... . 2 " ....... Sumter . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . " '' 7 '' . . . . .. . Lee... . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . '' '' 4 " . .. .... vVebster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " 8 " '' .... . ..... . . ... Sawmill . . ... .... . 3 :: . .. . ... Randolph .. . . . .. . . . . . .. Flouring and Grist. . . . . 6 8 30 5l 99 22 41 66 107 28 33 69 . 84 .~.... 2 ,t.-.<. ~ " " ",, " . . . . ... Terrell. ..... . . . .... .. . . Sawmill .. . . .. . . .... ... . 2 11 30 " " " . . ... . ..... , .... Flouring and Grist ... . . 2 14 15 Calhoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' " . . .. . 3 10 50 ..... ~ ti " " " ,", " " '' .... . . . . . . . . . .. Sawmill . .. ... . .. . . . 1 6 12 Dougherty ..... . .. . .... Flouring and Grist. 1 12 40 " .. .-.. . . ... . .. Sawmill .. .... . . . . . 1 20 Worth . . . .... . .... ... . . . . . .. ... . .. . . .. . 1 10 20 C'::j 1%1 ,.~....... " " " . . ... .. .. . ....... Flouring and Grist .... . 3 25 23 I ~ II " " Early........ . . . .. . ... Cotton . . ... . . . .... ... . . 1 40 45 "' " " " . . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . Flouring and Grist. .. . . 5 57 62 ........ . ......... Sawmill ...... . ..... . .. . 1 9 10 ' " '' .. . .. . . Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ...... .. ... . ... . 1 8 12 " " " . . . . . . . " ... . .. . . .. .. ... . . Flouring and Grist .... . 1 8 40 " " ....... Baker........ .... ...... " " .. .. . 3 14 45 _ __"____'_'_____'_'_.'--'-- ... Decatur . ..... . .... ... .. " " 1 5 8 A!~TAMA HA. BASlN -lMPORTANT STREAJvlS 0CMULGEE RIVER STREAM TRIBUTARY TO COUNTY REMARKS Ocmulgee . . Al tamaha River .... . Mossy Creek ...... ...... Indian Creek .... ... . Houston . ...... . ..... . S Cotton factory; 12 ft. fall; estimated :!.20 H. P. 1 (U. S. Census.) Indian Creek. . ... Ocmulgee River .... . " ......... ... ... . Stone Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " Bibb .. . . ..... ................ . S8 miles from 1 low water. Macon; 8 cu. (Locke.) ft. per sec.; 12ft. fall, Echaconnee Creek ....... . " Snake Creek .... . .... .... . " Tobesofkee Creek . ... . . .. . " c j "" Monroe and Crawford ....... . . Has several grist and sawmills. (U.S. Census.) Twiggs and Bibb .. .... .. ... .. . ..... B 'bb l ' Monroe and rawford . . . . Frmeeaml awna'sterM. il(lL; o7c0kceu.). ft. per sec., 20ft. fall, nor- Walnut Creek .. ......... . " Falling Creek ............ . " Rum Creek .......... .... . " Towaliga River . . . . " . . . . . J ones an d B'bb 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S. Ma(Lcoocnk; e5.)cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall, low water. " .... . Jones ...... . ..... . ..... .. ... . " ... . Monroe .... . .... ... ........... . " ..... Henry, Butts and Monroe ..... { High falls ; above, and see Power Table. Has other shoals Willis Shoals nearer mouth; 10ft. fall. South Towaliga River.. ... Towaliga River. ... .. Monroe ...... ... . . ...... . ..... Has two mills; one of { U.S. Census.) them has 37 ft. head. (lOth Towaliga Creek . . . . . . . . . . " " ...... Henry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Tussahaw: Creek . . . . . .... Ocmulgee River .... . Henry and Butts .... ......... . Alco':'y Rn,.er . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' . ..... Newton and Walton .. ... .. . .. . BCiogrmFslahtCCrereekek. ...................... Alco"vy Ri'v' er. . . . . . Wa"lton lC ~earhCR~ek . vVl~ t l cer. .k. ............ ............ " " Ocm u l ge e ....... River. . . . . . Newton: . . : : : ::::::::: : . .. . .. . . . . .. . : . . :: : : :: . ........ : . Sh1 r;e .......... South River......... Newton .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . ... ee ree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' . . . . . . . . . '' Walnut Creek....... .... .. " " ......... Henry .. ::::::::::::: : ::::::::: Cotton River . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' " " { Has several mills and dry weather. (lOth sites, U.S. and is a Census.) good stream in Snap Finger Creek ........ South River......... DeKalb .. . . .. . . . . ............ . { At Mitchell's (Frobel.) mill, 20 en. ft. per sec. ; low water ALTAMAHA BASIN- IMPORTANT STREAMS- Continued STREAM TRIBUTARY TO COUNTY REMARKS Pole Bridge Creek ........ South River ......... R ockdale ........... . ......... 14.6 cu. ft. per sec.; extreme low water. (Frobel.) Honey Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . '' .... . ...... ... .... 14.3 cu. ft. per sec.; extreme low water. (Frobel.) Six miles above Rockdale Paper Mill is Raker's Mill, Yellow River .............. OcmulgeeRiver.... . Newton, Rockdale, Gwinnett . { with 9 or 10 ft. fall, and 4 grist miUs above it. (lOth U.S. Census.) Principal tributary of Yellow River. Has many Big Haynes Creek .. Yellow River ...... . " " " 1 available powers, and is a fine stream in all respects. (lOth U. S. Census.) Little Haynes Creek .. ..... Big Haynes Creek .. . OCONEE RIVER Oconee River ...... .. .. .. . Altamaha River . . .. . Big Sandy Creek ...... . ... Oconee River . . ..... Wilkinson and Twiggs. ()Drfaailnl.age(Laorcekae,.)284 sq. miles. Myrick' s Mill, 8 ft. Commissioners Creek .... . " Buffalo Creek ........... . . " Palmetto Creek ..... . .... . " Little River . ... . ... . ... . . " ........Tones and 'Wilkinson ... . .... Drainage area, J96 sq. miles. " . ...... Washington.. Drainagearea, 2R6 sq. miles . " Drainage area, 375 sq. miles. ,, Falls 62 ft. on five shoals in 12 miles. The largest ... , ... Morgan and Putnam. . . . . . . . . . . { single sh oal is at Old Factory in Putnam county, 25 ft. in 900 feet. Cedar Creek ....... . ...... Little River .... . .... Jasper, Jone!! and Balrlwln ..... . Murder 0retnd Morgan j ( nett and walton counties h ave been made. Hardlabor Creek .. . ... Apalachee River .... Morgan . . . . . . . . . ..... . , ... Has a shoal3 miles from its mouth; 10ft. fall. Sandy Creek . ............. Hardlabor Creek.... " . . . . . .. . . . . . Shoal Creek............... Apalachee River . ... Walton . ...... ... . . .. I. .. Has a shoal2 miles long, 8 miles from Madison. . . Middle Oconee River ....... Oconee River ....... Clarke , .Tackson and Hall . . . . . 20ft. in 900 ft. ; 24 ft . in 180 ft. ; and 20 ft. in 600ft. ; Barber's Creek . . . . .. . . .._. . Mid. Oconee River . . Oconee and Clarke .... . .. . . . . . { all in 3 miles, near mouth; 20 ft. utilized for paper-mill. Mulberry Fork. . . ..... Mid. Oconee River . .. J ackson .. . . ..... . . . . ........ . . Good stream for power. No surveys . North Oconee l{iver .. . ... Oconee R iver ... . ... . Clarke, J ackson and Hall . . . .. . Big Sandy Creek . . . North Oconee River.. J ackson a nd Clark e . . .... . .... . Walnut Fork . .... .: ,: :, :, ,:,: . . Hall ...... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . ... .. P-:I(~~~!;~~;s Ford, 15.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 20ft. fall. Allen's Fork . . . . . . . . . . . . Pond Fork . . .. . .... .. . .. Curry's Creek . . . ... . . . . .. . 1, " " . . . . . .. . . . .... , ... . ..... .. . Coun t y line ; 22.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall. (Barrow) . . " .......... ... ... . . . ...... . . Mangum's mill; 10.5cu. ft. per sec. ; 9ft. fall. (Barrow) " " .. Jackson .... .. . . . . . . ... . .. .. .... Near Jefferson; 8 cu. ft. per sec ; 18ft. fall. (Bar row ) ALTAMAHA BASIN-WATER-POWERS OOMULGEE RIV ER Utilized Power I I LOCATION OF POWER I POI~T OF SECTION S lage of Water Cubic Feet pPr Second f all in ]'eet Length of Shoal in Feet Gross H. P. 1 Source of In forma- tion. REMARKS YELLOW RIVER . . .. '' ... .. .. .. . ....... .. . . .. . Gwinnett " R o c k,, d al e County. .. . .. . ,, .. .. .. . Co,,unty .. . . ... ... . .. Fain's Mill ....... .. .... Steadman's Mill ... ..... Rockdals Paper-mill.... Glenn Shoal .... . ... . . LowSpr " Normal " ...... .. Newton County. .. ... . . Bridge Shoal . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. 10.0 64 .0 266 .6 283. 3 500.0 ...... .. . . . .. . .. 8 H. p " " ...... . . Oedar Shoals ... . . ..... . 0 0 515. 4 " " ... . ... . Dried Indian Shoal ..... ...... . . 515.4 " " .. . . . . . . Indian Fishery ... . . .... LowWr . .. SOUTH RIVER Utilized DeKalb County ..... . .. Flat Shoals_ ......... .. . " 74 .0 ........ " " . . . . . . . . Albert Shoal. . .... .. .. " Utilized Henry County . . . . . ~ .. .. McKnight's Mill. . . . . " ... ' .... " " . . . . . .. . . Peachstone Shoal.. " 135 H. P. } Newton County . . . . . . . Snapping Shoal. . .. . . . . . F lush 40 H. P. " None .. " " 0 [sland Shoal. ... . . . . .. LowWt " .. . ... Mann's Bridge... .. ' . . " -~~~1 120.0 617.1 47.'J.O 488.3, 20.0 . ..... . . 30.0 . .. .... . 46 .0 3,365 12.0. . .... . 4.4. . ... 55.0 2,700 7.0 1,500 12.7 525 136 218 [Barrow (.&L,,ocke 1,394 B.M. Hall t 386 { 10th U.S Census {Volu me estimated. 250 Frobel, ~ Volume from C. C. AnderU.S.A.E son. 3,221 Anderson {Porterdale Factory, 3 m. form Covington. 410 Frobel 764 Anderson {Cotton Gin. 24.0 . . ' .... 18 .0 ... ... .. 2G2 Frobel {Cotton Factory of the Oglethorpe Mfg . Co . 11C0etnhsUus.S { .Nr ot u t1T1zed . 12.0 . . . .. . . . 126 Frobel 12.0 . . . .... 163 " 20.0 775 . ' ..... Anderson {12ft. head utilized; 20 ft. head available. f 28ft. fall in 1,500 ft. L (C. Q. Anderson.) 16 .0 750 863 " 10 .0 3,000 555 " 1 Net H. P.=80% of Gross H . P . ALCOVY RIVER . r Low BO H . P . Newton County .. ... .. . W h ite & Garner's Sh'ls. ) Wat'r TOWALIG.A. RIVER. l Fiush 30 H. P. l\fonroe County . . . . High Fall s. . ... . . . .. . . Low Wt 55.01 85.0 3,800 416.6 85.0 3,800 138.1 U6.8 . 1,200 I { 531 U.S. C. L . W. vol. =_ 55 cu. ft. per sec. (lOth U . S. Censu s.) 4'02.4 Anderson. I S NewtJ 0 ~ " ,.. .. .. .. Greene ......... .. .. 00 .. " .. _.... .. . 00. .. .. .. ... .. . .. ... .. Sawmill ... .. 1 16 50 1 23 32 <;:) ~ ,", . . . . . . . . . . ........... . .... Cotton Gin .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Oconee .... ..... . .. .... Flour and Grist . . . 2 41 11 1 22 30 tl:l " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oglethorpe . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' " 2 56 30 ~ i%> ,, . . .. . . .. '.. . ..... ,, ... . . . . . .. . .. sa,mill .. . . 4 128 100 " " . . . . . Gwinnett . ... . . . . . . .... Woolen-mill .. . .. . . . . .. ' 1 16 12 North Oconee River . . . . .... .. .. ,clarke .. .... ...... . . . .. Cotton Factory ....... . .1 2 32 330 Middle Oconee Hiver .... . ..... . . . .. . .. , . " " 1 20 100 "c ' ~ c~::, iJ. North and Middle Oconee t'< and Tributaries. .. . . . " ",, .... . ............ Sawmill . ... . .... .. . ...... Paper-mill ........... . . 1 1 12 16 10 75 ... .. .. .. ..... Flour and Grist . .. . . . . . 4 52 82 iJ. ~ Gwinnett '' 1 32 26 ~ " . :: : : : :::::: Sawmill .. 00 00 00:: : ::: . : 12 12 . ..... Madison .. . . .. . . . . .... Flour and Grist .... . . . 2 29 18 ,, ...... Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .. . .. .... . . ... . .. . . Sawn1ill . ... . . . 1! 170 130 1 16 15 .... . . Jackson ... . . ... . . . . ... . 8 146 141 ~ t:::l c:::: i%> "'3 .~..... Flour and Grist ....... . 13 201 187 " Cotton Gin ... .. . . . . .. . . 5 82 70 iJ. ~ " " ... . . 00 ......... Leather,.: .. . 00 ..... ... I 00 .. . .. .. 00. IVoolen-1mll . 00.00 ... . . 1 1 30 8 10 6 Ocmulgee River. . ... Monroe ... ... .. . . . . .... Flour and Grist . ... . .. . 1 12 '' "' ..... . . . .. . . . . ... Jones . ..... . .... . ...... '' '' 1 12 .... . .... . ....... Butts ... " 4 48 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... . ... . . . ...... Sawmill ... .... . . .. . ... . 1 12 40 " " ... . ....... . . .... Jasper ..... .. . . . . . . .... Woolen-mill ........ . . . 1 12 6 " ... . . . ..... ... ... Henry .. . .. .. .. . . . . .... Flour and Grist ... . . . . . ~ 34 14 Trib,u, taries of Ocrnulgee River . . Wilcox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " .. Wilcox . . . ...... . Sawmill...... . ....... . . ,", " . . Dodge .. ......... . . . .. . Flour and Grist ...... . . 1 6 I 1 6 1 " .. Pulaski . . . . '' ' " 5 45 " " " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen-rnill ... ..... . . . 1 9 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill....... . . .... .. _I l 9 . . Houston ... . .. . . . 3 25 ,", " " .... ... . .. .. .... Flour and Grist . 10 '' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotton Factory ...... . . 1 12 " ",, ,", " " .. Twiggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flour and Grist 1 s . . Crawford ... . . Bibb ..... " ,, 3 36 1 9 Sawmill .... .... . . 1 9 " " " Cotton Gin ......... . .. . 1 13 Towaliga I~iver .......... . ...... Monroe .. .. (: 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " Saw~mill . .... .. .. 1 9 1 11 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . . . . . . . ... Flour and Grist .... . . . . 3 39 ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Wool Carder .......... . 1 5 ,, ..... . . .. ... . ... Henry ... . . . ......... . . Flour and Grist. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. " . .. ... .......... Sawmill .. . ....... .. .. 2 2 100 30 Alcovy Hiver .... .. . . .... . ... Newton.... ... Cotton Gin .......... . . . 1 6 ,," " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. . . . .. . . .. . . Flour and Grist .. ..... . 2 30 " . . .. .. . ... . . . ... . .... Sawmill .. . .. ... .... . . . I 19 ....... . . . . . .. . . . . Walton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour and Grist .... . .. . 2 66 . ..... .. ... . ... . ... Gwinnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " 3 34 " " ..... , .. .. .. .. .. .. . " ...... \Vheelwright .......... . 1 14 Yellow River ...... . . . .... . . ..... Newton . . . . . .. . . .. .... Cotton Factory ... .... . 1 16 " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ... . ... . -... ..... Paper-mill ..... ....... . 1 20 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ....... . . Flour and Grist ... ... . . 1 21 " .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. " ...... . ........ Sawmill .............. .. .2 ,, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rockdale.. ..... . . ...... F lour and Grist ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ... . ... . ...... Sawmill. . .. .... .. ..... . 2 1 24 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... .. Cotton Gin .... ...... . . . 1 '"14 ",, " " .................... . ...... . ...... Furniture . ..... ....... . ",, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ; . . ........... Paper-mill ........ . ... . ......... . ...... DeKalb . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Flour and Grist ..... . . . 1 1 1 14 18 7 ,," " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... ... ......... Cotton Gin ......... . ... 1 ,, ,, ...... .. .... IGwinnett ....... . ..... Flour and Grist .. . .. . 6 " ................. . " .. .. .......... Furniture. 1 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . .. ... .. ..... . SawmiH .... .. .. . 1 1 7 GG 8 l4 4 24 10 46 4 15 46 186 60 11 90 :20 30 8 12 15 76 4 120 3() 20 40 15 18 54 5 76 60 25 80 70 10 10 10 110 Rockdale Paper-mill. 15 6 126 10 15 ALTAMAHA BASIN-UTILIZED POWER-Continued STREAM COUNTY KIND OF MILL I No. of Mllls !TionUtaFsleeFdea,tll THo.Pt.aUl l's\ee0t j REMARKS So,~th ~fver . . . .. . . ...... . ....... DeKalb ... . . . . .. . ... ... Cotton Factory 1 2S ,, " ........ ..... . Henry ............ . .... Flour and Grist . . . . .. . :: . .. . .. ... . Agricultural Implem' ts 1 1 8 20 9 3 ~ " " .". . . .... . . ... . . ... . ........... . Furniture .......... . .. . " ..... ..... . . Sawmill. ..... . ..... ... . . .. .. . .. . . . .... .... . Newton .. ........ .. . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 " " . . . ... .... .. .... Flour and Grist ....... . . ... ..... .. . ...... . Rockdale.... . . ........ . " " " 1 2 " " " . ... . ; . ........ . Cotton Gin . ... ....... . . 11 . Furniture . ......... ... . 1 1 " " . .. .. . . . .. . DeKalb ..... . ......... . Flour and Grist....... . 2 " . . .. . . . ... . . .. .. Sawmill .. . . .. ... .... . . . 1 . . . 11 .. .. Cotton Gin .. .. ..... 1 . .... . . . " , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture ... .... . . .. . . . 1 9 3 9 20 30 10 30 25 24 39 16 4 9 6 35 65 10 15 10 12 10 5 c ~ ;~;;: fS ~ c'"3 ~ ~ " " .. . ... Fulton ... . .. . . .... ..... Sawmill .... .. . .. ... . .. . 1 22 9 t-o " " ... ....... . .. .. . Flour and Grist... .... . 2 Other Tribut'ries of Ocmulgee R. Pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " ~' , " .... Monroe . ... : . . . ::.. . . .. '' '' " 2 11 " '' " ....... ..... . . Sawmill . .... ... ....... . 1 " " . . ... .. . . .... Cotton Gin .......... . . . 1 34 24 74 55 157 148 11 9 11 5 ~ ~ t;::) .... ~ ;; " ... . Henry ........ . . ... . . . Flour and Grist... . .. . . 3 78 38 " ... ...... . ..... . Sawmill............... . 2 "' " .... Butts . . . .... ... ... ..... Flour and Grist .... .. . . Trib~taries of South Ri~er ... ... Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 11 11 . 4 3 33 52 119 23 45 26 ~ ~ ~ " .... " '' ..... ... ....... . Sawmill.......... . .. .. . 1 . . .... . . . . ... ~ .. Woolen-Inill. .. .. .. ... . . 1 10 10 5 ~ " " .... Clayton ...... . ......... Flour and Grist .... .. . . 2 " ... . Rockdale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " 3 36 33 62 48 " " " " " " . . ... ...... ... Sawmill............ . .. . 1 " ........... . .. Cotton Gin . .. . .... .. .. . 2 . . . . " ..... .. . .. .... Leather. . ...... :. ... .. ., 1 ,", . ... Newton ... . ......... .. . Flour and Grist .... . . . . 1 .... DeKalb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " '' . ..... . . 10 18 6 31 22 8 4 30 12 180 128 TOCCOA FALLS. ,, . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . " .. .. .. . ..... . . . .!Sawmill ... ... ... .. ... . . 3 44 30 " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . ... ... . . .... . I'Cotton Gin . .... ... ... .. 6 '' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' .... . . . . .. . . . . . . Paper-mill . .. . . ... .. . .. . 3 " '' . . . . .. .... . ... . Newton .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. Leather. . . . .. . . .... . .. . 1 '' ..... ...... . ..... . '' . .... ... ... . .. . . Cotton Gin . ..... .. .. .. . 1 108 54 99 152 15 20 15 15 Tribut aries of Yellow River..... " . . .. . . ... .. .... .,Flour and Grist.. .. . ... . 2 37 18 " " .. .. . " .. .. .... . ....... Cot ton Gin . . ..... .. .. . 1 12 8 " " . ... . Rockdale ... .... ... .. . . . Flour and Grist . . .... . . 3 70 73 " " " .. . ......... . . . Sawmill .. . . .. . ..... . .. . 1 13 ~ ..... Walton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. .. ... . . . ... . . . 1 15 8 t;;J " " .. .... . . .. .... .. Flour and Grist .. .. . .. . 3 35 22 " .. .. . Gwinnett.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " 2 51 10 . . ... DeKalb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '' " 2 26 25 0 ~ ~ " " " .. .. ..... . .. .. .. Sawmill. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2 55 20 " " " . . . . ........ . ... Cotton Gin ..... . . .. .. . . 2 " " .. .. . '' .... ... .. .. ......Furniture. .. ... .... .. .. 1 Tributaries of Alcovy R iver . .. ... Walton .. ... . . .. .. .. ... ,Flour and Gr ist ... ... ... 1 32 33 15 3 18 8 R...l. 1:1.2 '"3 " " . . . . .. Gwinnett.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . '' " " .. ... . . . 2 54 32 :: :: : ::: : ;: :::: : ::: : ::: 1~!:~1~1?~~ . .:::::.. : .: . 1 1 15 5 18 20 0 ~ .... f.: t:-< ;:... !;;:~ t:.l .... !;;:~ 0 C:1 1:1.2 .;~:...... !:" OGEECHEE BASIN-UTILIZED POWER. STREAM COUNTY KIND OF MILL I No. of Mills l \ Fall Used, in Feet I Total Net H. P. Used REMARKS Ogeechee River .......... Warren .... , ... . ....... Flour and Grist-mill . 2 20.0 30 " '' ........... Hancock . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ~ 13.0 40 " " ........... " ............ Woolen Mill (Carder) .. . 1 8 ~ t'i 0 '' ........... \Varren ....... . ........ Cotton Factory . ........ . 1 1Ci .0 150 ?;:! '' ........... Taliaferro . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour and Grist-mill ... . 1 22.0 15 Tributaries to I ~ .,...... Ogeechee River .......... Liberty.. . . . . . . . . . . . . " 1 9.0 - 20 " " .. .. . .. .. .. " ............ Sawmill ................. , 2 27 " ". . ... . ...... Bulloch .... . . .......... Flour _and Grist mill ... . 5 36.0 20 .i:.l.:.i IZl . . .. . ... . .. . ... .. . ..... Sawmills ................ 2 17.5 24 " ........... Screven..... . ........... Flour and Grist-mill .. . . 1 10.0 8 " ........... " . . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill................ . 1 10.0 12 ,, " .......... Burke .......... . ....... Flour and Grist-mill ... . 9 " ............ Jefferson............... '' '' . . . . . . . . . . Washington. . . . . . . . . . " 'I 9 . .. 1 75.0 117 82.0 189 21 0 33 '"3 0 .?.;.:.! Q,... ,t.<.. " ........... Glascock............... . .. . 4 60.0 54 . .. . " ....... . .... Sawmill. . . . . . . . . . ... . 2 23.0 27 '" ........... I-Iancock .. . . . .......... Flour and Grist-mill .... 1 2 42.0 30 " " ........... 'I>Varren " " " ' l 9.0 12 ~ .... ~ <:::1 IZl '"3 l=<:l ~ ~ SAVANNAH Bi~SIN-IMPORTANT STREAMS. STREAMS TRIBUTARY TO COUNTY REMARKS Savannah River ........ Atlantic Ocean ....................................... . Beaverdam Creek.. Savannah River ......... Screven..... . ...... . .......... l ( Jacrokswo)nboro, 87.3 cu. ft. per sec ; 7ft. fall. (Bar- Briar Creek............ " . . . . . . . . . ,, ..... . ............ . ... Mill Haven, 565.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall. (Barrow.) Rocky Creek . . . . . . . . . . " " ......... . ......... . .... . . . ... Wade's Mill, 12 cu. ft. per sec.; 5 ft. fall. (Barrow.) Spirit Creek ........... . " '' ..... . ... Richmond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jl2Scu: ftC. pert sec. t;h8 ft. fall. (Barrow.) Little " ( prmg r. a mou- . Butler's Creek .... .... . " Rock Creak ........... . . ..................... . Bottie's Creek......... . " ......... Columbia.... . . . ....... Kiokee Creek ... . . " " ) Near Appling, 30 cu. ft. per. sec.; 10ft. fall, low l water. (Barrow). Keg Creek............. . " Little River ........... . " Sweetwater Creek ..... . " " " " ,, ~ Power at Mrs. J. Belknap Smiths; 47 cu. ft. per ........ McDuffie................. . ... : s:c.; 8ft. fall; 218 H. P. utilized by six mills on , nver. ' " ........ . .. . ........... _l Co(tBton car)d factory; 21 feet head ; 36 gross H. P. ( arrow. Soap Creek . . .......... . " Fishing Creek ......... " Pistol Cre~k ... " Broad River . . .. .. .. .. " " . . ....... Lincoln ..................... ) " . . . . . . . . " and Wilkes ......... . " .. . .. .. .. " " { ~~t~&~~pe~:~~on, } ...... l Franklin Co., Toccoa and Carnesville Road, 50 cu. ( ft. per sec.; low spring. (Barrow.) Long Creek.. . .... Broad River ............. Oglethorpe ..... . S. Fork, Broad River. . . " " ........... . ,, 54 m. from Lexington, 7.2 cu. ft. per sec.; 10ft. fall. ( (Barrow.) 5At Eberhart's Mill, 80ft. fall in 1 m. :u. S. Cens.) (At Watson's Mill, 30ft. fall in 1m. (U.S. Cens.) Groves Creek... ........ S. Fork, Broad River. . . . " ................. . Cloud's Creek. . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . . ................ . Beaverdam Creek. . . . . . " " " and Madison .... . Millshoal Creek . . . . . . . . " " . . . Madison ...................... Bushy Creek........... " " " ..................... . N. Fork, Broad River ... Broad River ........... Franklin and Madison ....... . SAVANNAH BASIN-IMPORTA:NT STREAMS-Continued. STREAM. TRIBUTARY TO COUNTY. REMARKS. Hudson's Fork ......... N. Fork, Broad River .... !Banks and Franklin ....... .. S Homer and Mt. .Airy Road, 77.3 cu . ft. 1 mal. (Locke.) per sec., nor. Unawattee Creek . . . . . . " " " )Franklin........ . . ..... ... . I 4 miles from Carnesville, 50 { mal. (Barrow.) cu. ft. per second, nor- IVebb's Creek .......... Hudson Fork, Br'd River,Banks . .. ..... .............. . Bear Creek ...... ..... .. N. Fork, Broad River ... . Franklin .... . . . . Point east of So. uthern R'y, 30cu. ft.per sec. (Barrow) Beaverdam Creek .. .. .. Savannah River . .... ... . Elbert . ... ... .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. { Stream sho.als. has 9 mills (U.S. C.) and several good undeveloped Cold vVater Creek...... " " , . . , .... Elbert . .. . ........ ... .... . .. . Lightwood.Log Creek.. " " . . ...... Hart .............. . .... . . .. . :::::::: :::: Tugalo River. . . . . . . . . . . " " Panther Creek ......... Tugalo River. . : : : ::: :: H~b~~~h~.I~;:::::: Walker's mill, 4.5 cu. ft. per sec.; 20ft. fall . (Barrow) . Tallulah River. . . ..... Toccoa Creek . . . . . . . . . . " " " " l ... . .. .. . . Rabun ........... . ... ... .... Tallulah Falls. (See Power Table.) ......... ...................... ... To~c~~c{::~s, 5.2 cu. ft. per sec.; 190ft. fall. (Barrow Pers1 mmon creek . . . . . . Ta11u1ah R'rver . . . . . . . . . . .Rabun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {Pa(rCk.eCr '.sA.mnidlle,rs3o33n..7) cu. ft. per sec., normal. Ohattooga River ........ Tugalo River. . . . . . . . . . . Rabun . . . . . . .. . ......... . ,, StekoaOreek .. ....... War IVoman Creek . .. .. . . Chatuga R,, iver . .. ....... ....... . .. Rabun Rabun . . .... .. .. . .......... . . .... .. ... .: ... .. ... .. . S Near Clayton, 3.7 cu. ft. ( ft. per sec. (Barrow.) per sec. At mouth, 30 cu. Wildcat Creek .. .. ... . . " . ... Rabun ...... . . . . . . . ..... . At mouth, 50 cu. ft. per sec. , low water. (Barrow.) Tiger Creek ..... . ... . . " .... .... .. .Rabun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !At m outh, 40.6 cu. ft. per sec., low water. (Barrow) HIGH FALLS O.F THE TOW ALIGA, 1\lONIWE COUNTY. SAVANNAH BASIN-WATER-POWERS .... ~ ==L=o=c=A=T=T=o=N==o=F==w=A=T=E=n===rl======================~=s=t=a~=e==of~~==c=u=b=ic~~F==al=t=i=n~=L==e,=,g=t=h~~==G==ro=s=s==l~s======f~~================~======= POWE'R ' ~OINT OF SKCTION w;>ter Feet per Feet oi Shoal, H p , ltfoourlllrc;tol.Oll Becond in Feet ~ REMARKS I TAJ.LULAH RIVER I Rabun County ...... . .. Tallulah Falls. . . .. . . . . ... . Normal 723 . 3 335. 01 TUGALO RIVER H abersham Cou nty .. . . Mouth of Tallulah River .. Low Wat'r 654 .0 75.0 Franklin Count " " Hart Oounty . . y . .... . . . . ...... .. . . . . . Eastonolly Shoals ... . Stribli Guest nSghoSahlo.a.ls. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. " " " " " .......... Hatton Shoal . . . . . . . . . . . - . " .. . . .. 4 .0 . . . . . . 2;0 290 .0 17.0 290 .0 39 .0 BROAD RIVER Elber t County . .. ... . . . Baker's F erry. . ..... . . ~ . . . " " " " " . . . . . . ... ... .. .. .. .. SAmn tihthonSyh'osaSlsh.o.a.l.s....... . . . . .. .. .. .. " " 600 .0 3 .0 600 .0 70 .0 600 .0 10.0 SAVANNAli RIVER H a rt County .. . . . . . . . .. McDaniel's Shoals .. : ... ... . . . . .. 766 .6 30 .0 Elbert County ... . . .... Ferrill's Ledge . . . . ..... ... . .... . 766.6 3.0 " " Middle ton's Shoals . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 833 .3 18. 0 " " " " :::: : ~: : Gregg' s Shoal. . . .. . . ...... . ....... Bowman's Ledge .......... ...... 833 .3 14 .0 880 .0 3 .0 " " . .. .. .. Che rokee Sh oal 0 880 .0 9.0 " " Trotter's Shoal. . . . ..... . .. Lincoln County : : : : : : : : Long Shoal .. .. . . . ..... . . ... . . . .. . 107. 5 .. .... 1,800 .0 75. 0 35 .0 ... ... .... rax. Columbia County . . . .. . Richmond County .... .. Blue J acket Shoal ......... Augusta . . ... . ' .. .... LDrySeaYs'orns 2,166 .6 2,400 .0 " " .. .. Augusta .. . .. . Storawgieth 6,000.01 10 . 0 50 .0 50 .0 " " 5 ~ Same a ttain w ith able av .. . ~~~~~ ~~~d ~r~e;~~~- 2,400 .0 40 .9 'Net H. P. = 80 pe r cent. of gross H. P. I 4,000 27,170 2Y.m. 2,640 2,640 5,280 8,000 5,573 . .....# 560 1,280 600 6,600 2,640 204 4,7.72 68 1 5m 2,600 360 260 5,280 1,700 5,280 1,325 120 300 2,640 900 7m 9,165 5 m _ 7,250 600 2,350 Canal7 mi,l,es 13,636 I 34,090 " 10,908 Anderson {J.P. Car- son,.Ass't U.S.Eu g . ' " lOth U. S. Census " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " {Fall said to be oveJ 70 ft. in 1~ mtles. U. B. Census .) {Volume as given by U.S. Eng. J. P . Carson, 1,725 cu. ft. per second . Vol. etc., 1,750eu. ft. per sec. Vol. etc ., 1,873.3 " " Vol. etc., 2,000. " Vol. etc., 2,100. " ,. Vol. etc., 2,150. " Vol. etc., 2,400. ."" " Vol. etc., 2,775 " " { T.a.n. d' "fa'cOtWorMy s'ihteosw. oMWfg". 'CWos". buy sites. and lease power. SAVANNAH BASIN-UTILIZED POWER. STREAM COUNTY KIND OF MILL I No . of Mills. 'TotUasl edFall'HT.oPta.lUNseetd REMARKS I Savannah River . , .. ... . .. . Richmond .............. Miscellaneous . ... . ... ... . 15 3,650 " " .. . ...... . Lincoln ........... . .... Flour and Grist .......... . 3 14 32 " " . . . . . . . . . Elbert ..... . ......... .. . " " '' ... .. .... . 2 19 115 Tributaries of Savannah R Effingham. ~ ... . ........ Sawmill ........... . ..... . 1 6 20 ~ c ~ " '' Burke ...-............. .. Flour and Grist.. , ...... .. . 8 72 96 " " Richmond . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " ......... . . 11 125 190 Cj'} ~ " " " ........ . ... Sawmill ................. . 8 100 209 " " " ............ Cotton Factory ... .. ..... . 1 9 50 " " " . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen-mill . .... . ..... . . . 1 9 45 ~ 1':Q Little River...... . ........ Lincoln ................ Sawmill ................ .. 3 24 45 " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ...... . ...... ... Flour and Grist .... . ..... . 4 30 60 " " ...... .. .... .. . McDuffie ... . .. .. .. .. . .. " .. ... .... .. 1 9 60 " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... .. . . .......... .. Gold Stamp-mill .. . ..... . 1 8 12 c"'l .~..... ~ " " . .... .. . .... . Wilkes ................. Flour and Grist .... .. ... . . 1 8 8 t::-< '' '' .............. . Warren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' '' .......... . 1 8 30 " " . .... . .. .. .. . .. Greene . ........... . . .. . Saw and Grist ...... .... . . . 1 14 5 Other Tributaries of Savan- Columbia .......... .... Flour and Grist . . . . ... ... . 5 69 91 ~ ~ nah River " ...... . ......... Sawmill . . . . .. .... .... ... . 1 10 25 ...... " " . . . . . . . . . . McDuffie.... .... ..... . . Flour and Grist .... .. .... . 7 127 152 '' '' . .. .. . .. ... Warren... . . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' .. . ... .. . . . 1 20 15 " . . . . . . . . . . . " ..... . .......... Sawmill... .. ............. . 1 12 12 ~ <:::1 IZl Broad River& Tributaries. Oglethorpe .......... . .. Flour and Grist .......... . 10 195 175 " " .'V! adison..... . . . . . . . . . . . '' '' " .... . ..... . 10 145 281 " " . .. ......... . ... Sawmill . . ... ......... ... . 5 61 64 " " Elbert ...... .. ...... ... Flour and Grist........ . . . 3 44 39 ~ ~ !:"' '' " Franklin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' h " ... .. ..... . 9 163 '' .... ............ Sawmill .- .. .. .. .... . .. .... . 4 56 54 " " .. . .. . .. .. .. .. Cotton Gin ........ . ...... . 6 83 53 " " Banks ............... .. . Sawmill ................. . 1 18 20 " " " .... ... ..... ... .,Flour and Grist .......... . 12 169 279 Other Tributaries of Savan- 'Wilkes .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . " " " ... . ...... . 7 85 nah Elbert... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . " " " . ......... . 6 73 f~ " " .... . .. .. ... ..... Sawmill ................. . 1 14 I75 134 12 SAVANNAH BAI:-3IN-UTILIZED POWER-Continued STREAM COUNTY KIND OF MILL I No. of Mills !TotUasl edFall ' HTo. Pta.l UNseetd Other Tributaries to Savan- Hart . .......... . . ... .. . Flour and Grist .... . .. .. . . 11 19! 156 nah River " . . . . . . .. . ... . .... Sawmill . . . .. ... ... .. . . . . . 1 14 15 " .. .. . . . . . '' .................. Cotton Gin .... ....... .... . 8 99 50 Tributaries of Tugalo River '' .... ........ .. . ... Sa,:vmill . .. . ...... .. .... . . 1 30 10 " '"' " " .... ........... .. . Flour and Grist .. . . ...... . 2 27 45 " " '' .... . . . . . . .........Cotton Factory .... .. .... 1 26 20 " " " " .... .. . ....... .... wool Carder .... . ... ... . . 1 20 4.4 " " Habersham... . . . .. ..... Flour and Grist ... . ..... . . 4 47 46 "" " " " " " ... ...... .. . Leather . . ............ .. .. . 1 16 6 " .. . ..... . .. . Sawmill ..... . . .... .... . . . 3 46 58 " " " " . . ......... . Woolen-mill ...... . . . .... . 1 6 _ _"_ _ _ __ " " Rabun . .... ........ ... Sawmill ................ . 1 14 8 OOKLOOKONEE AND SUWANNEE BASINS-UTILIZED POWER REM ARKS Ocklocknee R. and Trib'r's Colquitt . . . .... . . ...... Flour and Grist . . . . . . .. . 3 16 30 " " ., Decatur . ..... .. ... . ... . " " '' . ... . .. . . 4 64 50 " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill ........ ..... .. .. . 1 6 12 " " '' Thomas .. .. .. ... : . . . . Flour and Grist... . ..... 4 3:l 34 Ocilla R. and Tributaries.. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " . . .. . ... . 4 60 50 Tributaries of the Suwan- Berrien . . .. ......... .. . Woolen-mill .. .. ..... . . .. . 1 12 12 neE'l Ri ver " . . . . ...... . ... Flour and Grist .... . ..... . 10 82 145 " " " ..... . : ... . . .. Sawmill . . ...... . .. ..... . . . 1 9 10 " " ... ; . . Brooks .. . .... . . . ...... Woolen-mill .. . . . . .. . .... . 1 12 " " " . .... ......... Sawmill .... .. . ... ........ . 1 10 10 '' " " ....... .. ..... Flour and Grist . ......... . 7 43 54 " " .... .. Clinch . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . " " " ...... .. . l 7 15 " '' .... .. Eehols ... . ..... ..... . .. '' '' '~ . ... . . . ~ . 1 () 6 " " " .. ........ ... . Cotton Gin .......... ..... . 1 12 6 " " . . . . .. L owndes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sawmill .... . .. . . .. .. ..... . 1 10 10 " '' " .. . .... .... ... Flour and Grist . . .. . ... . . . 8 80 77 " '' .... .. Wilcox. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . " " " . .;...:...:...;..:...:...J...,.._ _.1:;._...:.6,.~_..:.__4,__~....:....._!.~--~~------- 124 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. SOILS. The soils of Georgia vary greatly in different regions and present diversities of character corresponding to the differences in. composition of the underlying rocks from which they have been derived. With the exception of the alluvial deposits of .streailliS, they are everywhere the result of the weathering ofthe country rock; and in almost any railroad cut in the hilly upland part of the State; the different stages of weathering and decay can be observed, fro:tn the perfectly formed soil at the top, through coarse-grained gravelly soil and partially decayed rock to the fum underlying material .below.. Such being the case, the classification of the soils will necessarily .correspond .with that .of the different geological formations: I11 the Paleozoic area the soils derived from those of the limestone beds, which.do not carry a large amount of silicious matter, and from the calcareous shales, are reddish loamy soils, and are a:in.ong the most fertile of any in the State. Where a large amount of chert is present in the limestone, gray soils result, varying with locality in their fitness for agricultural purposes. The sandstDnes of the Paleozoic region form sandy soils, and the different shale formations give rise to a variety of soils, some, as mentioned above, that are . quite fertile, and others that are sterile; In the Crystalline area two varieties of soils are distinguishabl~. The to first gives rirse to the red Claylands and the other the gray, gravelly, or sandy land,s. The red clay !loils are derived from schists, gneisses and granitoid rocks containing ferro-magnesian minerals, yieldi11g on decomposition hydrated ferric oxide of iron, which gives to the soil1ts deep-red or bro:wnish-red stai:ri . .The gray soils are coarser grained than the preceding and are derived from the disintegration of granites, and in some localities from gneisses, and grade. into . the finer graind red 'soils .wherever complete chemical decomposition has succeeded mechanical disintegration. Most of the soils of the Crystaliine area: where not Il.aturally fertile respond well to fertilization, the.clay ,subsoil that underlies the most of them preventing the leaching out of plai,ttrfood. . . Tqe . soils of the coastal plain regior,i. have been derived .principally from the Columbia and Lafayette forinations, and are prevailing sandy orclayeysands or loams. Their constitution varies according .to locality from almost pure sand to the darkest brick~red1oams of the Lacfa~ette. At som~ places calca- - - ,-~--- ------- - - - - -- - - - - - -. ----. l U:VON O:J1E 1\HNE,,'N~A~'{. TAYLORSVILL~1 POLl{ 001JNTY, (}A, GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL. 127 reous rocks underlying these formations outcrop, and at different points limestones and marls have an important influence on the character of the soil. No detailed investigation from a geological standpoint has yet been made on the soils of the southern part of the State. .A. paper on the Mineral Resources of Georgia read by Prof.. S. W. McCallie before the International Mining Congress held at Boise City, will Idaho, in the.latter part od: July, 1901, form a fitting conclusion to this chapter on the Geology of Georgia. .A.ll of the great divisions of geological history are represented in Georgia with the exception probably of the Jura-trias. The northern and central parts of the. State known as the Crystalline area are made up largely of gneisses and schists, which are supposed to represent the southern extension of the old Archean continent. To the northeast of this ancient land surface and comprising the greater part of ten counties in the e~treme northwestern part of the State, occur the Paleozoic rocks; while to the south, extending over an area of 30,000 square miles, are the wide-spread deposits of the Cretaceous aitd the Tertiary periods. .A, State thus endowed with such diversity of geological formations must necessarily possess extensive and varied mineral resourc.es. In the discussion of these resources, many of which are in a large measure at present in an incipient stage of devel()pment, only those will be considered whose economic importance can not be questioned. The red and the brown iron ores constitute one of the most important mineral resources here to be considered, and one that has been a continuous source of revenue to the State for more that half a century. These ores are confined mainly to the Paleozoic area of N()rthwest Georgia, where they occur in large quantities. The brown iron ores, or more properly speaking, the limonites, are most abundant in Polk, Bartow and Floyd counties. . Nevertheless, workable deposits are also to be found, in every county in the northwestern part of the State with only one or two exceptions. The brown iron ores are confined chiefly to two different geo~ogical horizons, viz., the Weisner quartzite, and the Knox d:ol()mite, the former of Cambrian, and the latter of Silurian age. The Weisner quartzite, which corresponds to the Potsdam sandstone of New York, is an extensive deposit of mountain-making metamorphic sandstone, forming the eastern boundary of the Paleozoic rocks. At many points the formation has been subjected to intense pressure during the process of mountainmaking, and as a result, its strata are frequently much folded and brecciated. .A.1ong the line where the dynamical forces have acted most energetically is a great displacement in the strata known as the Cartersville fault near which all of the main iron ore deposits of the W eiiSner quartzite are located. These ores, which always run high in metallic iron and low in s-qlphur and other impurities, often occur in well-defined fissure-veins, but generally they are found in the form of irregular de- 128 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. posits in the residual clays,_or as thick sheets, or blankets, overlying the metamorphic sandstone. The :fissure-veins vary from a few feet to several yards in width and frequently continue for a quarter of a mile or more in length. They always dip at a high angle and apparently extend to a great depth. .The me of these veins is generally more or less porous and is usually o an excellent quality. The blanket deposits are not so plentiful as the residual or the fissure deposits; nevertheless they are of special economic interest on account o the large quantities o ore which they contain. These deposits in the extreme northeastern part o Bartow county, in what is 'known as the Sugar Hill district, often mantle the mountain side to the depth of many feet. One of the deposits of this district has been producing daily for the last few years from .twenty to thirty cars of high grade ore, and! yet there still remain large quantities of the ore in sight. It is questionable whether there are to he foUllld anywhere in the south brown iron ore deposits which will surpass, or even equal in kxtent, the blanket deposits of the Weisner quartzite of Bartow county. The b!'lown iron ores of the Knox dolomite formation occur chiefly in the form of pockets or irregular deposits in the residual clays. These deposits are quite variable in size. Sometimes they produce only a few carloads of ore but generally they are far more extensive and cover a considerable area. Some of the individual deposits in the vicinity of Cedartown have been worked on an extensive scale for more th.an twenty years without exhausting the supply of ore. It is not an uncommon thing to find the deposits extending over six or eight acres, but in such cases the deposit is not equally rich in all parts. The depth to which the ores of t}le K111ox dolomite formation eX'tend, as well as its surface dimensions, is variable. In some instances the deposits are very superficial, extending only a few feBt below the surface, while in other cases they have beBll worked to the depth of eighty feet or more without reaching their limit. In addition to the above brown iron ore bearing formations there are two others, viz.: the Deaton limestone and: the Fort Payne chert, which have also produced considerable ore. The ore from these formations is similar to the ore occurring in the Knox dolomite series though, as a general rule, it doBs not run as high in metallic iron. The total amount of brown iron ore produced from these several deposits last year aggregated more .than 400,000 tons, thus making Georgia the third in the list of brown iron ore producing States in the south. The Red I ron Ores.-The red, or fossil, iron ores of Georgia are con fined c)liefly to three counties in the extreme northwestern part of the State. These ores occur in what is known as the Rockwood formation, which is the northern extension of the Red Mountain, or the Clinton iron ore bearing series of Alabama. Stratigraphically, the Rockwood formation occupi~ the same position in the geological scale as the fossil iron ore bearing rocks of New York and Pennsylvania. The Rockwood formation in Georgia is made up of shaleiSi, sandstones, and thin-bedded limestones with from one to three beds of fossil jron ore. The fo:rmation, though not n'cessarily ridge forming itself, always out- GEORGIA: HI'STORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 129 ,crops along the side or at the base of the mountains and ridges. It is exposed at the base of Sand, Lookout, Pigeon and Dirt Seller's mountains, and also along the slopes of Taylor's Ridge, where it attains a total thickness of several hundred feet. The workable iron ore is found usrually near the center of the Rockwood formation, where it occurs in continuous beds varying from a few inches to several feet in thickness. Each of the beds, which usually dip at a low angle, generally carries two varieties of ore, viz. : the soft ore and the hard ore. The soft ore, which forms the weathered part of ,the bed, rarely ever extends to a depth of more than ten or fifteen feet '.below the surface. It differs from the hard ore mainly in having little or no lime present, and as a consequence, always runs higher in metallic iron than the hard ore. The relative chemical composition of the soft and the hard ore is shown by the following analyses: Hard Ore.-Metallic iron, 32.19; lime, 23.19; phos., 0.804. Soft Ore.-'-Metallic iron, 59.00; silica, 9.11; phos., .092. Some idea may be had as to the abundance of the. red :liossil iron ores of Georgia, when it is stated that the aggregate length of ,the outcroppings Qf the beds, which average more than two feet in: thickness, is about 150 miles, and that in places the ore can be. economically mined to the depth of more than 200 feet. The output of the red iron ores of Georgia last year was not so great -as that of the brown iron ores. Nevertheless, should the price warrant it, the output of these ores could be increased to meet almost any demand. Coal.-The coal measures of Georgia which occur in the northwestern part of the State, form the the northern extension of the Warrior Coal Field of Alabama. They are confined chiefly to Sand and Lookout mountains in Dade, Walker, and Chattooga counties, where they cover a total area of about 200 square miles. The coal formation of Georgia, as elsewhere in the great Appalachian coal fields, is divided into upper and lDwer measures. The upper measures are best developed on Lookout mountain, in the vicinity of Durham coal :inine, where they attain a maximum thickness of about 900 feet. This division of the coal formation -carries seven different coal seams, but only one is worked at present. The lower coal measures are not so thick by many feet as the upper. However, they carry a greater number of workable coal seams. In the vicinity of Cole City, on Sand mountain, as many rus three different seams have been worked in the lower measures more or less extensively. In addition to the three workable coal seams here mentioned, the lowe!' measures contain two other seams which are pr1obably also workable in places. The coal obtained from both coal measures is an excellent quality of bituminous coal, well suited for coking and steam purposes. At present, there are three coal mines being operated in the State, two on Lookout, and one on Sand mountain, with a total output of about 14,000 tons per day, the greater part of which is used for coking purposes. Two of the mines, here referred to, are in the upper coal measures of Lookout, and the other is in the lower meas covers the surface nearly everywhere, af';;~ding excellent pastmage for stock. 1~he most extensive area of what is known as flalwood lands is near 150 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND ' INDUSTRIAL~ the Oostanaula and: Coosa rivers, in Gordon, Fl()yd, and Polk counties, and in a belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending southward -nearly across the county of Gordon. They are also1 found in Catoosa in a narrow belt extending southward into Whitfield. These flatwoods abound in short-leaf pine, post and red oaks. The alluvial soil of the valleys of the Oostanaula, Et{)wah and Coosa ~l'ivers, fertile with the debriis of ag~, is capable of producing the finest :yields of corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, cowcpeas, clover, timothy, orchard grass, red tJop, in fact, all the most useful hay crops Near the city of Rome forty acres planted in clover, which: averaged when mature, three feet in height, have been knlQrwn to produce :in one season 200 toiLS of hay, or five tons to the acre. This shows what can be done on this line. The clover crop may be cut three times annually. The finest grade of upland cottorn grown in America is produced on this roil, and is considered in Liverpool the best of its variety. All this is true, also, of the creek bottom lands. The higher or table-lands of Northwest Georgia are somewhat less fertile, but better adapted to the growing of such fruits as peaches, plums, pears, quinces, cherries, and all kinds of berries. The best apples grow on the lower lands, where large, magnificent old trees grorw to perlection. On the mountain tops and slopes, all the varieties of grapes that grow east of the Rockies flourish and give abundant yield. On these heights the frost seldom kills tlle bud, or nips the bloom of the peach. Often, when the lower lands have little or no fruit, these sun-kisS'ed hills smile in plenty and gladden the heart of man. In .Northwest Ge01rgia can be found almost every species of wood known in the Southern States. The oaks and pines predominate. Of the former, there are six varieties, red, white, mountain or chestnut, black, water and post-oak; and of pine there ~e two varieties, long and short-leaf. Thousands of acres of these valuable timbers can still be found, and can be bought at reasonable prices. There are also found poplar, ash, beech, elm, chestnut, hickory, maple, walnut, iron-wood, sugar berry, sycamore, sweet-gum, black-gum, dogwood, persimmon, sassafras, wild cherry, redbud, warhoo and cedar. Many of these are found in large quantities and can be utilized in the manufacture of furniture and hardwood finish for dwellings. The oaks and pines are for the most part used in buildings, furniture, and in the manufacture of farming utensils, wagons, etc. LArge quantities of the oak and pine are al1- nually shipped. The indigenous grasses of this section are: Bermuda, J ohns~n, crab, .perennial Paspalum, and annual or drop-seed Paspalum. These all make aplendid pasturage and the.best of hay. MARBLE QUARRY SCEN.E, PICKENS COUNTY. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRUL. 163 SOILS OF MIDDI--E AND NORTHEAST GEORGIA. The red hills of Georgia a:re familiar to all who have traveled through these sections by rail or ;yagooi-road. In the phrase red lands are !included both red sandy and red clayey soils. The decomposition o hornblendic rocks form a red clayey soil, which, though more or less sandy for a few inches, has a deep red-clay subsoil. The oolor and character of the soil varies of course in proportion to the hornblende and other minerals associated in the rocks. I biotite mica, which contains much iron, ris present to any great extent in the soil, its decomposition produces a deep mulatto, or sometimes red soil similar to that rom hornblendic rocks, but usually of a lighter character. Though the surface of the red land country is rolling and often quite hilly with few level areas, very little is roo broken for cul- tivation. The forest trees of these lands are red or Spanish oak, white and post-oaks, hick:oTy, chestnut, dogwood, and, in the lowlands o some of the counties, sho!l't-leaf pine, poplar, ash, walnut, cherry and buckeye. There is more hickory and less pine than on gray sandy land. Black jack is interspersed with these. Except in the more ,southern counties these lands are considered best for small grains, though about one-third part of those under cultivation is devoted tJOJ cotton. Where gray, sandy, gravelly land occurs, though much of the surface is more or less rolling and hilly, there are broad level areas on the ridges and in the valleys. Except in the more mountainous districts the slopes of the hills and ridges are so gradual as not to interfere with their successful cultivation. Though their light, sandy nature makes them liable, when under cultivation, to wash into gullies and flood the lowlands with sand, such damage can be prevented by the prevailing method of hill-side ditching or terracing. These gray rsandy soils are frequently colored dark for an inch or two with decayed vegetation. Then from the intermixture of the dark soil and the yellow, clayey subsoil there is obtained what is commonly called a ~ulatto soil. These lands are considered better than the red clays for cotton, because under favorable conditions .they are more productive. They are also mora easily tilled, although often loose quartz rocks, or stones, are so abundant that they must be removed before the ground can be broken up. From one half to two thirds of these lands under cultiva.ti'()n are devoted to cotton. In the granitic lands the soil is often a coal"Se, gray, or gravelly sand, from three to six inches deep, with .a more or less sandy subsoil of red or yellow clay. Ninety-eight per cent. of the granite lands are in th~ 154 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. main good and easily tilled, yielding about 800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, when fresh and unmanured. Almost everywhere in these lands the timber is pine, either ,long or short-leaf, oak, chestnut, hickory and some black-jack. One feature of these soils worthy of note is their supeil'iority over other metamorphic soils in both potash and lime, derived doubtless from the feldspar of the granite. In the mountainous Blue Ridge region, especially in Towns and Rabun counties, but little of this land is tillable except along the watercourses. In ten counties of the northeast section only a little over 12 per cent. of the area is under cultivation owing chiefly to the fact that that part of Georgia is as yet but thinly settled. The tillable lands have a very rich, dark red soil. Little Tennessee valley, in Rabun, is noted for fertility. N acoochee valley, in White county, is famous as one of the most beautiful and productive in the State. Wheat and other small grains, corn, the choicest of fruits and vegetables, flourish luxuriantly. The rich grasses are of the very best for stock, and the beef, lambs, kids and veal, are as fat and nice as one could desire. Honey, butter, eggs, and chickens are abundant and can be had at reasonable prices. The forests are filled with the best timber. There are also to be seen beautiful :flower gardens, summer houses and fountains, artificial lakes, parks for deer and pools for fishes. The valley lands of the Tugaloo, :Middle, Hudson and Soque 11ivern are productive of the best wheat and corn. Around Cornelia, in Habersham co1mty, the most luscious peaches and other fruits are grown. As we go southward f10m the Blue Ridge counties, there is a steady increase in the acreage under cultivation, until we get to the pine hills of the central cotton region, where from 60 to 75 per cent. of the entire area is under clutivation. Of the lands north of the Chattahoochee} those to the northeast have almost entirely gray, sandy soils, with but few strips of red day. German millet and buckwheat flourish in this mection, and good tobacco can be successfully grown, as is proven by the patches raised here and there exclusively for home use. This section: is well adapted to such fruits as the apple, cherry, pear, grape, all varieties of plums, the peach, an:d to the gooseberry, raspberry, strawberry, blackberry and dewberry. The Middle Georgia region was the first settled after the coast country and is the most populous section of the State. AU the largest cities of the State, except Savannah, are in this belt. All through this section, whose lands are for the moot part, of the red clay soil, cotton, corn, oa~, wheat, and the other small grains, peas and all the grasses do well. Tobacco also can be successfully grown. Thougll injudicious culture for a GEORGIA: HISTOlUOAL AND INDUS'l'IliAL. 155 long time injured the soil, fields that had been abandoned and left to grow up in weeds have, after years of rest, under judicious cultivation, regained their fertility, and are once more among the best lands of Georgia. To give some idea ofwhat may be done under wise management of the soil, we cite just a :few examples. On one farm in Hancock county, the first year after the sod of Bermuda grass was broken, there were gathered 1,800 pound~ of seed cotton to the acre, and the second year .2,800 pounds to the acre. In each case this was without fertilizing. A third crop, corn manured with cottonseed in the usual manner and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels to the acre. The fourth year the crop on this ground was wheat, and without fertilizing it yielded forty-two bushels to the acre. In Spalding county wheat has often yielded forty bushels and sometimes sixty to sL'{ty-five bushels to the acre, and as much as 10,726 pounds of hay have been gathered on one acre in one season. In Bibb county 8,646 pounds of crab grass hay have been harvested on one acre in a season. To show what "worn-out" land can be made to do, we give the example of Mr. Samuel Bailey. In 1868 he purchased a place in Ogle-thorpe county which every one considered almost worthless for farming purposes. The first year he cultivated ,only sixteen acres, ploughing deep and subsoiling, and leveling all washes as near as posssible. He sowed one acre in wheat and fifteen in cotton. From his acre of wheat he gathered fifty-seven bm hels, and from his fifteen acres in cotton be obtained eleven bales weighing 465 pounds each. He always advocated dw.p culture and thorough preparation of the lands before planting, more especially when manuring highly, either with bam-yard or commercial manure. He gave special attention to the drainage of land, stopping all washes. He used the manures manufactured at the Oglethorpe F ertilizing Works. He expressed the conviction, however, that barn-yard and cotton seed manures were more lasting. By sav'ing all manures accumulated on his place, he brought his lands up to such a state of cultivation, tha.t in an ordinary crop year without the aid of manuring, they would produce on an average from thirty-five to forty bushels of wheat, and one bale of cotton to the acre. He also grew all kinds of vegetables for family use, and sold annually Irish potatoes, onions and watermelons. He met with the best results in all kinds of fruits, such as peaches, pears, apples and strawberries. From one-eighth of an acr.e he has gathered twenty-eight bushels of strawberries of a superb variety (the Wilson .Albany). Another instance: In 1872 Yif. J. Born, in Gwinnett county, bought twenty acres of land that had been abandoned for years. This land had 156 GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. gone to waste, and the twenty-acre plot .was filled with gullies from five to ten feet deep, and some of them from five to ten feet wide. There appeared to be no soil, and all the humus was practically gone. Immediately upon the purchase of this plot of ground Mr. Born filled these gullies and waste ,places with pine brush cut from a .neighboring field, hauled and scattered many loads of pine needles and oak leaves, using a two-horse plow, plowed and 11~e-plowed this land, and leveled as best he could. Then he strewed broadcast the twenty-acre .field with stable and barnyard manure, re-plowed, harrowed and rolled again. He then sowed it down :in oats, and u sed two tons of commercial fertilizers, turned these oats under, harrowed and rolled again. The following spring these oats were mowed while in the. "dough" state for hay, getting a fairly good crop of oat hay. He again_fertilized heavily with barnyard manure and some commercial fertilizers, and sowed peas immediately after taking off the oat hay. In the fall the peavines were turned under and again oats were sown, using a liberal quantity of manure. This process was continued until the fourth year, when he planted this twenty-acre plot in. cotton, and made twenty bales. Thls land was purchased for five dollars an acre. At the end of the fifth year it had been brought to a high statB of cultivation, and instead of being worth five dollars could have been easily sold for twenty-five dollars per acre. This land had a red clay foundation. What Mr. Born did in 1872 has .been done by others, and should be done by many more. Th~oughout this whole section peaches, pears, apples, plums, cherries andother fruits, with all kinds of berries, abound. Its melons are without a superior. Among them the Augusta melon, so-called from its chief shipping point, takes high rank. All along the lines of railway from the northeast section down thro111gh Middle and Southern Georgia are extensive tracts devoted to grape culture. SOILS OF SOUTHERN GEORGIA. The central cotton region of the State includes the southern part of Middle Georgia, and large areas of Southern Georgia. It embraces three distinct belts having well marked differences. The first of these is the sand and pine hills belt. Its northern limit is a line running from northeast to southwest as follows: from a few miles north of Augusta and Thomson ranging a few miles south of Warrenton and .Sparta to Milledgeville, Macon, Knoxville, Gooeva and Columbus. At this point the metamorphic rocks are found outciopping in the beds of the streams, while the sand hills extend northward a short distance along the uplands. MARBLE BLUFF, GILMER.COUNTY. GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORICAL AND I NDUSTRIAL. 159 The southern limit of the sand and pine hills belt is clearly marked by the somewhat abrupt appearanoe of the red clay hills along its bO!lder. Tlte width of this belt varies greatly, being rather narrow in the part of it lying between the Ogeechee and Flint rivers, and greatest within twenty-five or thirty miles of the Savannah on the east, and the Chattahoochee on the west. Its southern limit on the Chattahoochee is near the mouth of Upatoi creek. In Taylor and Marion counties it widens to twenty miles or more. The area embraced in the sand hills is 2,950 square miles, the surface of thB country being high and rolling, especially along the northern limit, where the altitude is from 500 to 60.0 feet above the sea, and from 100 to 150 feet above the adjacent metamorphic region. In some lvire-grass region, and in others from the red hills southward to the same limit. In Houston county these lands are found north of the red hills. The entire area embraced by the yellow loam region and red hills is 6,650 square miles. The names given to this belt indicate the character of its growth and soil. The lands are well drained and easy to cultivate, and yield an average of 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. The Southern Oalc, Hickory and Pine Region comprises portions of the counties of Decatur, Thomas and Brooks, lying along and near the Florida line. This region is for the most part rolling, about seventy-five feet above the w'ire-grass country on the north of it or 130 feet above the Flint river. From a point seven miles south o.f Bainbridge the ascent, eastward to Attapulgus and northward by Climax, is quite abrupt. But farther to the east it gradually merges into the wire-gr:us. The area of this section is about 2,317 square miles. The surface of the country is generally open with a growth of tall, long-leaf pine, where the soil is sandy with generally a clayey subsoil, underlaid by white limestone; but in some localities, where there is a red clay loam, the timber is oak and hickory. One feature of. this region is the. rare appearance of wire-grass, and the alnwst total absence of silicious shell rocks, except in some lowla:nd.s. The yield under ordinary cultivation is reported at from 600 to 800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. The lowlands of the Central Belt comprise the bottoms and hammocks of the streams and gallberry flats. On the Chattahoochee river there is but little bottom land, because the uplandS approach to the water's edge as bluffs. The soil is a dark loam, more or less sandy, red on some of the streams, and from one foot to six feet deep, down to a tena cious pipe~clay. On some of the othe:r large streams the bottom lands proper, which vary in width from 200 to 1,500 yards, when cultivated, are devoted to corn and oats, for the reason that cotton crops on _these lands are liable to injury from early frosts and wet. The hummocks, or s~ond bottoms, of the larger streams above overflow are well cultivated, and on some of the streams they are extensive, being very level, with a growth of pine and most of the hardwoods common to Georgia. The soil is a rich sandy loam, with a depth of from twelve to twenty-four inches, having in it much decayed vegetation, and is vmy productive. These hummock soils yield abvut 1,400 pounds of seed cotton to the acre when fresh, and from 800 to 1,000 pounds after a few year's cultivation; but under skillful management their original fertility can be pretty well maintained. The alluvial lands of the Sa- GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 161 vannah river .have a growth of beech, white and water oaks, holly, bay, birch, mulberry, sycamore, cottonwood, hickory, ash and walnut. These lands have a soil which is a brown loam, mixed with mica scales and of a depth of from two to three feet. They are well adapted to cotton, corn and grain. Being very productive, they are largely under cultivation and yield 1,500 pounds of cottonseed on fresh land, and under the ordinary modes 5,000 pounds after a few years' cultivation. Along the Chattahoochee from Columbus to Georgetown are level valleys of open prairies similar to the second bottiQm of other streams; but higher and without their growth. InMuscogee county these valleys are broad and open, with a fine sandy loam ooil :from five to twelve inches deep, and a heavy clay subsoil. Farther south where the blue clay marls approach the surface, the valleys a~e richer, and yield 800 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. .The long-leaf pine and wire-gr-ass region covers a large part of Southern Georgia south of the oak and hickory and pine lands of the central cotton belt. The entire region is a vast plain very nearly level, except on the north, covered with long-leaf pine, and including in its area eighteen whole counties and large parts of others. The surface of the upper and western portions is somewhat rolling, being elevated from twenty-five to seventy-five feet above the streams, and from 200 to 500 feet above the sea. The northeastern and southwestern portions of this region, being underlaid with limestones, have a better class of soil, as may be known from the intermixture of oak and hickory with the longleaf pine. This region can be subdivided into two: the lime sink, and the pine woods region. The lime sinlc region embraces 7,020 square miles, and includes the :following counties and parts of counties: Screven, except a strip along the eastern and northern side o& the county; the .,.outhern part of Burke; the northern part of Bulloch; all of Mitchell, MitJer, Colquitt and .Worth; the. southern parts of Pulaski, Baker and Early, .and the southern and eastern parts of Dougherty, the northern parts of Decatur, Thomas, Brooks and Lowndes; the eastern parts of Dooly and Lee; and the western parts of Irwin, Berrien, Dodge and Wilco.x. The uplands of this region have a gray, sandy soil, from six to twelve inches deep, with a subsoil of redor yellow sandy clays, and yields about 500 or 800 pounds of seed cotton. The bottom or 'alluvial lands of the rivers and hummocks of the creeks have a dark loamy soil with a clay subsoil, at a depth of from ten to twenty inches Being very durable they yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, even 162 GEORGIA: HIS'J'ORIOAL AND INDUS'I'RIAL. aiter many years of cultivatiCJon. Along the uplands oak is the principal timber, and on the bottom lands, white and red oaks, ash, hickory, poplar, beech, bays and magnolia. The pine woods, or sandy wire-grass r.egion covers an area of over 10,000 square miles, including the following counties and parts of counties: Tattnall, Montgomery, Emanuel, Telfair, Appling, Coffee, the middle of Effingham, the southern portions of Bulloch, Johnson and Laurens, the eastern parts d Wilcox, Irwin, Berrien and Lowndes, the upper portion of Pierce, Wayne, Mcintosh, Liberty and Bryan, and portions of Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, Ware and Clinch. The surface is generally level, but sometimes slightly undulating, underlaid in some places by sandstone which, aloTig the streams; juts out into bold bluffs. The soil is usually fine and sandy, with a subsoil of yellow sand, fre' quently underlaid with clay. This piney wire-grass region terminates near the coast, foT'Illing a terrace, from which there is a descent for fifteen or twooty-five feet to the Sa.vannah and pine flat and palmetto lands. The soil of the uplands is sandy and gray, or ash-colored, twelve inches deep, with a subsoil of yellow or orange-colored loam, to which sometimes an underlying clay gives durability and vigor. These lands, when fresh, yield without fertilizers about 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and sometimes more, and a judicious use of fertilizers keeps up this degree of productiveness. Corn, oats and sorghum-cane do well. On the low hills, where ferruginous concretions, commonly known as "Georgia pills," occur, other crops thrive better than cotton, which in those special localities is liable to rust. In bottom lands the soil is richer and colored almost black by decayed leaves and other vegetation, and the growth is poplar, cypress, and titi, with some pine and "fever tree" o:r "Georgia bark." The vast pine forests that cover this pine woods region are a source of great wealth to the State, and the trade in lumber hM built up thriving towns. Wherever the timber lands are cleared, the land is being occupied and put under cultivation. The marls that abound in many parts of this section, when mixed with the muck from thl> swamps, afford a cheap fertilizer, which increases greatly the productiveness of the soil. This region opens a fine opportunity to the enterprise of truck-farming. Those desiring to engage in such business had better come while lands can be purchased at low rates. The pine .and palmetto flats Lie in the southeastern corner of the -State, around Oke:finokee Swamp, and embrace mainly the counties of Charlton, Echols and Clinch, and large parts of W aro, Pierce and W ayrne. This belt is considerably higher than that of the coast region, extending across other co~nties to the Savannah river. LEWISTON WHITE CLAY BED, JONES COUNTY. GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. 165 The country is level and open with many swamps, having a dense growth of titi, tupelo and black-gums, sweet and loblolly bays and cassino, a short-leaf pine, all interlocked with bamboo briers, forming a dense thicket. The chief timber growth is the long-leaf pine and cypress, and on the open lands a dense mass of low saw-palmetto, gallberry bushes and some wire-grass. This region is about 125 feet above the sea, the descent on the east being very rapid from Okefinokee Swamp to Traders' Hill, at the head of tide-water and Saint Mary's river. From thence is a level second terrace to the edge of the savanna covered with deep white sand. The creek bottom and hummock; lands, though not very wide, have a dark loam soil from eight to twelve inches deep with a clayey subsoil, beneath which lies a blue clay stratum. The growth of these hummock lands is in the main oaks, black-gum, tupelo-gum, cypress, maple, etc. The coast region, covering in all about 2,045 square miles, includes savannas, live oak lands and islands. The "savannas," a belt of country from ten to fifteen miles wide, between the pine woods and wire-grass region on the one side, and the "live oak lands" on the other, extend from the Savannah to the Sa,int Mary's river, embracing nearly all the counties of Chatham, Bryan, Glynn and Camden, and large portions of Liberty and Mcintosh. The surface of the country, known as the first terrace, is very level, standing from ten to fifteen feet above tide-water, and at some points higher. Its northwestern limit is the bluff of the second or wire~grass terrace, passing through the lo;vver part of Effingham (twenty miles north of Savannah), into Bryan, where it is fifty feet high. At Savannah the bluff is forty feet above low-water mark. Southward through Liberty county, at "Gravel Hill," south of Hinesville, its elevation is from fifteen to twenty feet abo,ve the sea, and in Camden county fifteen miles east of Colerain, it is about twenty-five feet. Along the first or lower terrace of this region are meadow or savanna lands, broad, flat and open, with a sparse growth of tall long-leaf pines, and a thick undergrowth of saw-palmetto with here and there bunches of wiregrass which have found their way down from the upper or second terrace. In spring and early summer all over these broad extended plains beautiful flowers present to the delighted! eye of the beholder a charm- ing view. The live oak and coast lands spread along the coast and occupy the numerous islands :stretching from the Savannah to the Saint Mary's river, with an irregular and interrupted belt of yellow or mulatto sandy soil, characterized by magnificent live oaks, festooned with streamers of 166 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AlfD INDUSTRIAL. gray moss often ten to fifteen feet long. There is also a growth of red and water oaks; hickory, chincapin, pine, red cedar, sweet-gum, cabbage palmetto, a tall variety of blue palmetto and sassafras. There are really three divisions of this live oak belt, viz.: upland or ridge, middle, and lower bottom landS, the last of which have a very rich dark soil, underlaid by a blue clay, well adapted to the celebrated black-seed or sea-island cotton. Not so much attention as formerly, however, is paid now to th:is long-staple cotton, since the use of fertilizers makes the upland or short-staple a more remunerative crop. The coast tide swamp lands occupy a narrow belt, not continuous along the Atlantic coast, but bordering on the various inlets and streams to the limits of tide-water. A long the Savannah these lands are cultivated upward of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river. On the Altamaha their extent frGm the marshes upward does not exceed sixteen miles, because freshets prevent them from being of value except for tim~ ber. The soil along tl1e Altamaha having more of decayed vegetable mold than that of the Savannah is more easily cultivated. The tide lands of the Ogeechee extend from the marshes about ten miles. Those of the Satilla, though not as broad as the others, extend from the marshes twenty miles up the river and are not liable tQI freshets. The swamp lands of the Georgia side of the St. Mary's river extend only to the foot of the second terrace some fifteen miles east of Colerain, though tide water reaches Trader's Hill. The lands of this belt are the rice lands of the State, being devoted almost exclusively to its cultivation. Georgia's yield of this wholesome article of food is second to that of South Carolina, which State ranks next to Louisiana~ Other crops do well, but 1ice is so much in demand that planters give to it the preference. Ofmarsh land there is only a small area along the Georgia coast, at thv mouths of some of the l'ivers. The Sea Islands, which, large and small, form along the coast a network, with a rolling surface not exceeding :fijteen feet above the tide, have a united area of 560 square miles. The soil is usually sandy, well adapted to the production ot sea-island cotton, corn and sweet potatoes. In their delightful climate, sufficiently warm, and yet cooled by ocean breezes, lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives and oranges grow finely. Fir!ally in every part of Georgia are lands capable of the highest cultivation, with soils adapted to the very best resu.liB. If the settler desires to raise the various grains or grasses, the fleecy cotton, or the fruits found in every zone of production in the United States, from the hardy apple of the north to the tender orange of the tropics, he can choose his section mf Georgia, buy his land and go to >vork with as much certainty of sue- GliJORG1A: HISTORJG,!L AND INDUSTRIAL. 167 ' cess as in any other of the most favored parts of the Union. Fine Irish potatoes can be raised in Georgia, and no better sweet potatoes are any- where produced. Again we would call attention to the fact that in ad- dition to the various crops that ha.ve been mentioned in this description of soils, Middle and Southern Georgia are the home of the sugar-cane, richer in saccharine matter t.han any other plant from which sugar is. extracted. No more charming farm scene meets the eye than a vast field of tasseled cane with all its promise of good things to come and future profits. The ground-pea, which, when parched, is held in such high esteem, is produced extensively in Georgia The chufa, though not so well known, is valued a:s good food for hogs. Nor should we fail to' name among other good products of Georgia soil the chestnuts, walnuts, hickory-nuts, chincapins and: pecans, which hE-lp to give good cheer to the family circle as they gather on a winter eve before the hearth heaped up with blazing logs, o.l' grate with glow- ing coal. The mulberry tree should come infor a share of notice. This tree grows in every part of the State, especially in the sandy soil of some parts of Middle and Southern Georgia. The fn1it o.f the black mulberry makes a very fattening food for hogc. The leaves of the white mulb erry are the favorite food of the silkworm. When the colony of Georgia was founded it was intended that the production of raw silk should he one of its industries. Would it not pay some one who understands this busi- ness to embark in it in Georgia? An excellent article of tea has been grown in Southeast Georgia. Indigo grows wild in its southern section, and was at one time culti- vated, 1mtil cotton absorbed almost all the attention of our people. Peas and beans grow in every section of the State and the value of the cow or field-pea to all the cotton belt of Georgia, both for forage and soil fertilization, cannot be overestimated. The peas furnish excellent food for stock, and are good foocl for man as well, superior to the Boston bean. The hay made from the vines is of fine quality and very nourish- ing. The reports that have been made on authority of the United States census concerning Georgia's soils give but a feeble conception of their productiveness. The autlmrs of those reports in making up their aver- ages for crops raised in the different belts, gave the result'l of the work of the unskilled laborers under overseers who were themselves ig- norant of the best modes of cultivation. But skillful farmers using the best methods give us a fair idea of the capacity o GeoTgia soil in every 11ection of the State. We give here some well authenticated yields: 168 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUS1'RIAL. In C.otton.-In Washington county, partly in Middle and partly in Southern Georgia, 6,917 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; in Troup county, Midde Gewgia, 4,594 pounds; in Burke county, in the northern part of Southern Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Carroll county, Middle Geor- gia, 4,500 pounds; in Crawford county, southeastern part, in Middle Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Clay county, Southwestern Georgia, and Brooks, bordering on the Florida line, 2,700 pound's; in Coweta and De- Kalb counties, in Middle Georgia, but both above the center of the State (DeKalb considerably so), 2,200 pounds. In Corn.-In Spalding county, Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the acre; in Cobb county, in the northwestern part of Middle Georgia, 125 bushels; in "Wilkes county, Middle Goo!I'gia, 123 bushels; in Thomas county, Southwestern Georgia, bordering on the Florida line, 119 bush- els; in Crawford county, partly in Middle partly in Southwestern Geor- gia, 115 bushels; in Cherokee county, in Middle Georgia belt, but north- western part of the State, 104 bushels to the acre. In Oats.-In wilkes county, Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the acre; in DeKalb county, Middle Georgia, 131 bushels; in Floyd county, Northwest Georgia, 121 bllS'hels; in Coweta county, westem Middle Georgia, 115 bushels; in Schley county, Southwestern Georgia, 100 bushels; in Brooks county, Southern Georgia, on the border of Florida, 75 bushels to the acre. In Wheat.-In DeKalb and Spalding counties, Middle Georgia, 65 bushels to the acre; in Carroll county, Middle Georgia, 40 bushels; in Cher()lkee, Middle Georgia belt, but northwestern part of the State, in Milton next on the south, and Walton, Middle Georgia, 28 bushels to the acre. In Sweet Potatoes.-800 bushels to the acre in Richmond, Crawford and Berrien counties; the first nam,ed being on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia and bordering on South Carolina, Crawford in South- western and Berrien in Southern Georgia, with hlilt one county between it and the Florida line; 500 bushels in Brooks county, on the Florida border; 400 bushels in Fulton county, Middle Georgia belt but north- western part of the State. In Irish Potatoes.-Four hundred and twenty bushels to the acre in Wilkes county, Middle Georrgia.; 109 bushels in Walker countf, extreme Northwestern Georgia. In Upland Rice.-One hundred bushels to the acre in Hall and White counties, in Northeast Georrgia; Pike, in Middle Georgia; and Early in lower Southwest Georgia on the Alabama line. In Cane Syrup.-Seven hundred galloil'S to the acre in Bulloch GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 171 county, Southerrn Georgia; 695 gallons in Thomas county, in Southwest Georgia, on the Florida border; 600 gallons in Brooks county, Southern Georgia, on the Florida border; and 480 gallons in Burke county, in the northern part of Southerrn Georgia. In Glover Hay.-Sixteen thousand pounds to the acre in DeKalb county, Middle Georgia; 10,000 pounds in Greene county, Middle Georgia; 6,575 pounds in Cobb county, northwestern part of Middle Georgia belt. In Poovine Hay.-Ten thousand seven hundred and twenty pounds to the acre in Spalding county, Middle Georgia. In Bermuda Grass Hay.-Thirteen thousand nine hundred and fiftythree pounds tothe acre in Greene C()Unty, Middle Georgia. . In Lucerne.-Nine thousand four hundred pounds to the acre in Gor don county, Northwest Georgia. In Ombb Grass Hay.-Eight thousand and forty-six pounds to the acre in Bibb county, on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia. In Corn Forage.-Twenty-seven thousand one hundred and thirty pounds to the acre in Greene county, Middle Georgia. In Sugar.-Twenty-one barrels to the acre in Bulloch county, northern part of Southern Georgia. 9 ga CHAPTER V. PUBLIC ROADS IN GEORGIA. RAILROADS AND WATER TRANSPORTATION. In every county there should be good roads; on which t.he farmer can haul to the nearest market, or shipping point, the produce of his farm with the greatest degree of comfort to himself and the least possible wear on his wagons and stock. Roads must keep pace with all other improvements; for the public highways will have an important bearing on the judgment formed in regard to the thrift and enterprise of any county. Much interest in this subject has been aroused in Georgia for several years. In 1891 a law was enacted authorizing commissioners of roads a:qd revenues of each county, upon recommendation of the grand jury, to fix and levy a special road tax, not to exceed two mills on theJ dollar, and also to exact o:f each male inhabitant a commutation tax not to exceed :fifty cents a day for the number of days' work required:.. The law also 1\j authorized authorities to organize chain-gangs of convicts; or to hire free labor f& improvement and maintenance of public highways. . The expenses were to be met by special road and commutation taxes, Many of the counties have adopted the new road law and every year adds to their number. The plan, on which the work is done, is to divide the foree employed into squads, each of which ,consists of from :fifteen to forty-five men und~r a corrtpetent superintendent and one or more orverse,ers. Each squad is supplied with camping outfit, two or more road' machines, wheeled scrapers, wagons, plows, and from ten to twenty mules. ".U~ally on leading roads the working force first goes over them with machine giving proper crown, opening s1ide ditches, macadamizing boggy places, and cutting doWn. the grades ~f the steeper hills. In the case of less~im portant roads the force employed works them from one to' two years. On the second working more attention is paid to grading and macadamizing. In counties having large cities, where from 100 to 400 oonvicts are errtployed, the roads are graded and macadamized at the first working. Under this system several hundred miles of first-class macadamized road!, ( 172) GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 173 have been built in several counties within the last three years. . Amon~ the best are the Manchester and Peachtree roads near Atlanta, thoroughfares equal to the best ideal. In this great work Fulton county leads all others, spending in 1900, $140,000, and constructing many miles o well-graded macadamized road. Other roads of similar merit are found in Bibb, Floyd, Bartow, Richmond, J e:fferson, Emanuel, Spalding, Meriwether and Chatham counties. . The sheU road from Savannah tO' Bonaventure and Thunderbolt was noted even before the civil war. The shell roads of Glynn county radiating from the city of Brunswick arealso worthy of mention:_ From the city of Rome in Floyd county some of the finest macadamized roads in Georgia lead out in all directions. These roads of Floyd county cover more than seventy-six miles, and are built of hard limestone and marble. They are being added to at the rate of one mile a month. All of these roads are !Qf easy grad~ and thoroughly drained. The county authorities expect to continue this system of road-building. In Bartow county there radiate from Cartersville in all directions splendid roads over which it is a delight to drive. The same is true of those of Richmond county, which center in Augusta, or thooe of Bibb, that form the favorite drives of the citizens of Macon. Thomas county has long enjoyed a good reputation for its well-graded drives through the fragrant pines. Ere many years at the present rate of progress all the citizens of Georgia will be blessed with good country roads, on which travel and transportation will be pleasant at all seasons. One of the most efficient means of arousing interest on this subject of good roads in Georgia, is the meeting of the county road commissioners held in Atlanta. RAILROADS OF GEORGIA. Georgia was from the first introduction of railroads into America, one of the most active in their construction. In fact, her preeminence among her Southern sisters in railroad building, combined with the leading part played: by her in the promotion of various manufacturing enterp:r:ises, gave her the proud title "Empire State of the South." In the number and extent of her railroads she still ranks foremost. Among and thro~gh her mountains and hills, valleys, plains and forests, highlands and lowlands, north, south, east and west, they thread their way, pouring wealth into the laps of Georgia's cities and towns, and giving convenient and rapid transportation to the farmers, merchants and manu- facturers of the State. The condition of the roads is excellent. The great trunk lines are laid with heavy steel rails and well ballasted. With 174 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. these main lines shorte,r ones connect many towns and stations, which otherwise would be remote from the great arteries o.f trade and travel. Several great systellliSi o railroads are operated in Georgia. The Central of Georgia enjoys the distinction of being the first built in the State (1833). It extended originally from Savannah t<} Macon. .By taking in other lines and building branch roads, it has spre,ad out in every direction, traversing with its 1,301.54 miles of rail fifty-one counties of Georgia, giving to them access to the ocean thropgh the port of iSavannah. The lines of this company penetrate and cover, in a most complete :manner, Middle and Southwest Georgia, the great fruit and: trucking sections of the State. Its lines also cross the Chattahoochee river at Columbus, Georgetown and Columbia, and, passing through the mineral, agricult ural, timber and naval stores section of Alabama, gather the rich products of that great State and bear the bulk of them to the markets of the world through Savannah, the greatest So,uth Atlantic seaport, where direct steamship connections are made for all points in the East and Europe. The lines of this great system reach nearly every important town in t he State, among which are Atlanta, Savannah, Macon, Augusta, Columbus, Athens, Americus, Albany and Griffin. A great many other progressive towns of Georgia are reached by this system. Twenty-one of these cities and towns have electric light pulants and are otherwise equipped with all modern conveniences. Among the most important industries located within the territoq covered by the Central in Georgia are: :fifty-six cotton mills, operating 69 8,070 spindles and 25,739 looms, representing an aggregate capital of $10,650,800; one w01o~en mill; twelve knitting mills; sixteen flour mills; twenty-five cottonseed-oil mills; twenty guano factories; sixty-three, brick kilns and clay potteries; twenty-&ix i1ron foundries ; twenty-seven machine shops; twenty-two canneries; sixteen wagon and buggy factories; :five spoke and handle factories; eleven tanneries; twenty-eight ice manufacturing plants; fhree granite quarries; 131 dairies and 5 creameries. In addition to the above there were handled from points on the lines of this company during the past year (1900), 126,891 barrels of rosin and 33,158 barrels of spirits of turpentine. No compendium of facts bearing on the resources of Georgia, or of that territory in the State covered by the Central of Georgia Railway would be complete without reference to the great agricultural and horticultural interests of this section. Of agriculture should be mentioned the more staple crops, cotton, corn, sugar-cane, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 177 field-peas and broom corn. Under this head we would also mention the making of hay from native and foreign grasses, to which more attention is being paid than ever before. In horticulture should be mentioned the market gardens, or truck farms, raising cucumbe,rs, beans of all varieties, tomatoes, cabbages, on ions, etc. Under this head comes the fruit industry, which has reached vast proportions. More interest than ever before is being taken in growing peaches, pears, plums, apples, grapes of many varieties, watermelons, cantall()upes, cherries, strawberries, blackbkerries, etc. In addition to the above mentioned crops, special attention should be called to the growi~g of tobacco, which has hitherto been a small crop in Georrgia. From successful experiments in planting tobacco during the past year in lower Middle Georgia it is confidently predicted that the section of the State lying south of Macon is destined to become in time, one of the greatest tobaccO"-growing sections of the Union. With the distribution of tobacco seed ap.d the assistance of an expert tobacco grower, all of which is being furnished free to the farmers by the Central of Georgia Railroad, every reasonable effort is being made to interest the farmers in this crop. The manufacture of syrup from sugar-cane has in the past year or two reached such a stage of perfection, as to render the growing of sugar cane very profitable. Analyses recently made by thoroughly reliable and expert chemists show that sugar-cane grown on the hill-sides of lower Middle Georgia, or in the light sandy soil on the Atlantic coast, contains from two to four per cent. more saccharine than can be grown in the alluvial lands. The farmers in this territory are appreciating the im portance of paying m!O're attention to growing sugar-cane and to the handling of its products. The timber and lumber industries in this State have reached vast proportions. In addition to the enormous trade in Georgia pine and all hard woods in our domestic markets, there are millions of feet of this class of timber and lumber exported annually through the South Atlantic and Gulf ports. T,he terminus of the Central of Georgia Railway, with its magnificent wharf and terminal properties, is at Savannah, the great South Atlantic seaport. In the sketch of Chatham county is given a complete statement in detail of the business handled through this port during the past year. A large percentage of this was handled by the lines of the Central system. The Southern Railway operates in the State of Georgia nearly 1,016 miles of travel. )3eginning at Atlanta lines rad~ate to the south, west, 178 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. north, and northeast, and place the cities and towns of the State along its lines ~ close touch with the Atlantic Ocean, the coal fields to the west and the great cities and markets of the North. Its lines pasS through the important cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Athens, Columbus, Griffin, Macon and Rome, and connect them with Savannah, the greatest South Atlantic port, and with Brunswick, the seoond in importance of Georgia's ports. Fifty-one counties are traversed by this system, and, taken as a whole throughout the State, every variety of resource, soil, climate and industry in Georgia is found somewhere contiguous to its lines. The textile industry is well represented. On January 1, 1900, there were in the towns tributary to the Southern in Georgia, forty-four cotton mills, operating 628,896 spindles and 16,960 looms, and representing a capital stock of over $10,000,000. There were also six knitting mills and six woolen mills, and there are now under construction, or completed since that date, twenty other textile concerns. The timber wealth of this country is enormous, and at the present time there are tributary to the Southern seventy-five saw and planing mills with a daily capacity of about 780,000 feet of pine, oak, poplar and other lumber. There are nineteen cottonseed-oil mills with several more under construction Oil." in contemplation. There are also more than forty grist and flom mills, besides new ones now contemplated, to handle the large wheat crop. In fourteen towns there are electric light plants; in five, large brick making establishments, while many more have clay deposits suitable for development; more than forty foundries, machine works, or other iron industries; five canneries, and as many more projected or being built; eight furniture plants and a large num:ber of factories making spokes, handles, wagons, crates, coffins,_vehicles, etc. Several towns have ice factorie~, and at a large number quite a business: is done in shipping naval stores to Brunswick and Savannah for exp~rt. Thme are four companies making leather products, two creameries, several fertilizer factories and a large number of ginneries. The niost active mineral district is Dahlonega, tributary to the Southern at Gainesville, where a large stamp mill and chlorination plant has been erected, extensive mining done and a large amount of money expended in developing the gold deposits of that section. At Gainesville a million do.Uar cotton-mill is being erected; another small .one organized and a smelter projected. The Southern traverses the great mineral section of the State as well as wme of the best lands for all the staple crops, fruits, melons, berries and vegetables, and some o[ the finest timber lands in the world. The Southern and Central systems give to a large section of the State two GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 179 splendid competing lines, and each stretches out its great arms into sections not traversed by the other. Both these roads are doing all they can to advertise and build up the sections through which they pass, and their e:fforts are meeting with great success. The Plant System operates in Georgia 616 miles, and traverses nineteen counties, possessing every grade of soil from light sandy and allu vial to the heaviest clay and river bottom, and having a climate temperate and especially adapted to agriculture and horticulture. On its line are three cotton-mills with 18,000 spindles; three cottonseed-oil mills, four fertilizer factories, two barrel factories, ninety~six turpentine stills, twenty-five camps where railroad ties are manufactured and sold. Eight of the towns on the system h~ve electric plants, viz.: Savannah, Brunswick, Quitman, Waycross, Albany, Valdosta, Thomasville and Bainbridge. There are two brick plants at Albany, one at Bainbridge and one each at Johnson's and Williams's stations, five in all; also one pottery plant at Stockton. There are foundry and machine works at Savannah, Brunswick, Waycross, Albany, Valdosta and Tifton, and canneries at Tifton and Albany. There are also bucket factories at Whigham and llfcRae's. Along the lines of this system ijjhe output of naval stores amounts to 260,000 barrels of rosin and 90,000 barrels or spirits of turpentine. There are ice plants at the eight large towns. Almost every mile of the territory traversed by the Plant System is suitable for agri cultural and horticultural pursuits, dairying and grape growing. Dairy farming is profitably conducted near most of the large towns. The Georrgia Railroad was the second chartered in the State (Dec. 31, 1833). Its main line connects Augusta and Atlanta, and including its branches operates 314 miles and traverses eighteen counties, having on its line the two important terminal cities already named besides Athens, Macon, Greensboro, Madison, Covington, Oxford, Milledgeville, and other smaller but flourishing towns. The country traversed is a part of the great cotton belt of Georgia. Many of the foundries and mills already spoken of as being on the line of the Central and Southern systems are also on the line od: the Georgia Railroad at Atlanta, Augusta, Athens and Macon. There are brick plants at several points, and potteries at Milledgeville, Macon and Grovetown. At each of the terminal points of the main trunk of the Georgia Railroad are extensive planingmills and furniture factories. No road in the State has more extensive local traffic, in both freight and passengers. The Georgia Southern and Florida Railway Company operates 169 mriles of track in Georgia, beginning at Macon and ending at the Florida State line, connecting Vienna, Cordele, Tifton, Valdosta and many 180 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. smaller towns with Macon, its chief terminal. The principal trade opened up by this line is that of lumber and naval stores. There are on its line within the State of Georgia forty-seven sawmills with a daily capacity of 1,073,000 feet of lumber; twenty-one planing-mills with a daily capacity of 454,000 feet; eighteen shinglemills with a daily capacity of 425,000 shingles; six lath mills, turning out daily 94,000 laths; five stave mills capable of a daily production of '7'7,000 staves; twenty-five turpentine stills turning out 85,000 barrels of rosin and 25,000 barrels of turpentine annually. Beginning at Macon this line runs along a ridge between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers, the waters of the former flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, and of the latter into the Gulf of Mexico. This territory is for the most part what is known as the "wire-grass" section, and is one of the best in the State for grain, cotton and stock. The farms are generally small and cultivated by the owners, whio1, raising their own provisions and making cotton a surplus crop, are generally out o debt and prosperous. Long-staple or "sea-:island!'' cotton is chiefly raised in the Southern counties, there being marketed at Valdosta alone onetenth 'Of this entire crop in the United States. This is also a great section for fruit, which is less liable than in other sections to frosts in the spring, as was shown in 1894 and 1899, when a considerable quantity was shipped off this line, while in other parts of the State peaches were a totai failure. There are on this line outside of Macon two cotton factories aggregating 14,000 spindles and 450 looms, with a capital of $235,000, three cottonseed-oil mills, three guano factories, two ice factmies, three iron foundries, four machine works, three canneries, one spoke and handle factory, one broom factory, four barrel factor'ies, one wagon and one buggy factory, and two harness factories. There are on the line in Georgia five brick yards, four be,ing in Macon and one near Lenox in Berrien county. There is not much dairying along this line, but those engaged in the business are prosperous. Considerable upland rice is produced for home consumption, and in some years considerable is shipped. The yield is 30 bushels to the acre. Both cigar-and smoking tobacco have been grown along this road, the former producing from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds to the acre, and the latter averaging '750 pounds to the acre. A good local market would cause a renewal of the growth of this plant. This region is especially adapted to the growth of sugar-cane, which is true also of the sections traversed by the Central, Southern and Plant systems. Many families from the northwestern and other States are settled along the Georgia, Southern and Florida. The Western and Atlarntic division of the Nashville, Chattanooga SHIPPING MELONS AT DIETir.F.N'S. GEORGIA: HIS'l'ORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 183 Railway system . operates in Goorgia 139 miles, o which eighteen are known as the Rome Railway. This road connects Atlanta with Marietta, Acworth, Cartersville, Rome, Calhoun, Dalton and Ringgold in Georgia, and Chattanooga in Tennessee, passing through seven counties, embracing a splendid agricultural section, whose crops o cotton, grain and hay are excelled nowhere in the State. Fruit trees, especially peach, have been planted in great numbers and with wonderful success. From Cartersville to the Chattahoochee river grape culture is successtully carried on, and iroo:n Ringgold and vicinity strawberries are grown and shipped in abundance. The section about Ringgold is best adapted to small fruits and grain; about Dalton to vegetables, fruits and grain; about Calhoun to corn, small grain and peaches; about Adairsville to wheat and peaches; about Cartersville to fine staple cotton, corn and wheat; around Marietta to cotton, peaches and grapes; around Smyrna to small fruits, peaches, grapes and cotton. Considerable sorghum is made for domestic use. Tobacco is grown in small quantities tOT home use only. A fine timber country is tributary'to the lineJ on the headwaters of the Ooosawattee and Conesauga rivers, which streams unite above Resaca to form the Oostanaula. All manufacturing interests seem to be in a thriving condition. The increase in mining has probably been 100 per cent., in other lines. about 20 per cent. Outside of Atlanta, are the following cotton mills: two at Dalton with a total of 25,000 spindles and 620 l~oms; one at Rome with 5,200 sp'indles and' 108 looms. There are nine:flour mills; cottonseed-oil mills at Rome and Acworth; knitting mills at Marietta and.Atlanta; paper mill at :Marietta, and mills for production of guano filler (graphitic slate) at Emerson. There is a carriage factory at Cartersville, a crate factory in Adairsville, furniture factories at Rome, Dalton, Acworth, Marietta and Atlanta. There are tanneries in Atlanta, Acworth and Cassville, and ice plants in Atlanta, Marietta, Cartersville and Rome. There are iron ore beds near Emerson, Cartersville, Roger's Station, Clifford, Adairsville, Tunnel Hill, Ringgold and . Allatoona, near which latter place is a gold stamping mill. There is manganese in abundance near Cartersville; granite at Vining's Station and on Kennesaw Mountain, but no quarries; black arid variegated marble near Calhoun and Dalton, but not being quarried; large marble mills in Marietta, using marble from along the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, on which connecting line are a number of quar ries in operation, the greater portion of whose output is handled by the Western and Atlantic. Limestone quarries are in operation at Graysville and Clifford, the output being eight car-loads a day. At Cement are cement works whose output is 200 barrels a day. The Southern 184 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Company plaster works at EmersO'll, making :filler for fertilizers, have an output of 10,000 tons per annum. The Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern, operating 105 miles in Georgia, runs from Marietta to the Tennessee line, through six counties, passing through the town of Canton, Tate, Jasper and Ellijay. Through the Western and Atlantic Railroad it connects with Atlanta. Along this line are some large orchards and the :finest marble quarries of Georgia. The Macon and Birmingham Railway operates nearly ninety-seven miles of its own track and uses about eight miles of the track of the Central between Macon and LaGrange, having on its line also the towns of Culloden, Yatesville, Thomaston and Woodbury. It traverses six counties of an excellent agricultural district, the principal product of which is cotton. There is one cotton mill of 6,600 spindles at 'Thomaeton; two at LaGrange agrregating 27,500 spindles, and a third one of 10,000 spindles in process of erection. There are electric light plants at Thomaston and LaGrange, a cottonseed-oil and guano factory at LaGrange, and a shoe factory at Thomaston. There is a factory fo~ the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds and crates at Woodbury, and a coffin factory at Mutual, operated by the Mutual Aid Society (colored). The output of naval stores is 5,000 barrels of rosin and 100 barrels of spirits of turpentine. There is a tannery at Thomaston and a creamery at LaGrange. There are excellent granite deposits for thirty or forty miles of the distance, principally in Upson and Meriwether counties. Tbenr is a granite quarry at Odessadale. Along the line the agricultural products are cottol\. corn, sugar-cane, S(?rghum, wheat, oats, rye and potatoes. The land is well adapted to grapes, peaches and other fruits, the flavor of which is especially good, owing to the large amount of potash in the soil. The Seabnard .Aar Line operates nearly 134 miles of railroad between Atlanta and the South Carolina State line, traversing eight counties, and passing through the towns of Lawrenceville, Athens and Elberton. The country traversed is a fine agricultural section and has great manufacturing interests at Atlanta, Athens and Elberton. The Georgia and Alabama road, running almost a bee line from the Alabama line eastward to Savannah with its many branch roads, 376 miles in all, and traversing sixteen 'counties, is now a part of the Sea board Air Line system. It transports the products of a large section o Georgia and Alabama to swell the exports o S~vannah. Some of its territory is also traversed by roads of the Central of Georgia and Southern systems. The leading cities and towns on this road and its branches are Columbus, Lumpkin, Preston, Americus, Dawson, Albany, Fitz GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ] 85 gerald, Abbeville, Mount Vernon and Savannah. All along its line are important manufactories, whose products help to swell its freights. .A great many people fron:i. northern and western States are settling along the three great lines of the Seaboard .Air Line. This is true also of the Central and Southern. The Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, which, with its hundred and thirty-eight miles, traverses eight counties of Georgia from the Flor- ida line to Savannah, thence northward to the South Carolina line in Effingham county, has also been consolidated with the Seaboard .Air Line system. .Along its line are large sawmills and turpentine distilleries. Its main shipments are naval stores gathered at the stations along its route through the great pine belt of Georgia. It passes near St. Mary's, but not through any important town in Georgia except the city of Sa- vannah, which it connects with Fernandina, J'a:cksonville, Lake Oity, Live Oak, MadisoiD, Tallahassee, St. Marks and other points in Florida. 'I'he total number of miles embraced in this great comhination, now known as the 'Seaboard .Air Line SJb"tem, is 648, passing through thirty- two counties of Georgia. The .Atlanta and West Point Railroad, named for its two terminal points, passes through five counties of a productive portion of Georgia. The solils along this line are red clay, sandy, with clay subsoil and hum- mock lands. .Abundant crops of the staple prod,uctions of G~orgia are handled by this road. It forms a connecting link between the great trunk line systems from the East and the Louisville and Nashville Rruilroad, and thus participates in the carrying of the trade :from the eastern markets to the Pacific coast, and likewise shares the freight moving in the rev;erse direction. The industries along its line are varied, consisting of agriculture, dairying, fruit-growing, cot1Jo111 fac- tories, foundries, canning establishments and tanneries. There is onE! flour mill at Newnan, one knitting mill at Grantville; of cotton~oil mills, one each at Newnan, LaGrange, Hogansville and West Point; of brick plants, one each at Moreland, West Point, Speers and Hogansville. Iron foundries and machine shops are located at Newnan, Moreland and West Point; there are two canning establishments, one at Newnan and one ice plant at Newnan. Three towns, Newnan, LeGrange and West funt, have electric plants. ' There is a gold mine in operation :p.ear Grantville. There are along this line seven cotton.mills with 144,- 000 spindles, representing a capital of $3,032,000. The lands are adapted to general farming, fruit and vegetables. Large quantities of grapes and peaches are ra'ised near Moreland, Coweta and Newnan. 186 GEORGIJ.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The above are the principal railroad systems o Georgia. There are many short lines which play an important part in giving an ~utlet to th& products of many sections, which without them could not reach the trunk lines except by the tedious and more expensive method of transportation offered by the mule team upou the country roa& The following table, prepared for the last annual report of the Railroad Commission of Georgia, gives the railroad mileage of tli.e State together with the names of the respective lines: RAILROAD MILEAGE IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA FOR 1901. Alabama Great Southern ............................. . 24.32 Albany & Northein .................................. . 35.00 Atlanta & West Point ............................... . 86.11 Atlanta Belt Line .... . .............................. . 5.50 Atlanta, Kn~xville & Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.30 Atlantic, Valdosta & Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.13 Augusta Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.80 Augusta & Summerville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 Augusta Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.44 Central of Georgia ................................... 1,30{54 Charleston & Western Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.47 Chattanooga Southern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.65 City & Suburban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.00 Collins & Reidsville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.91 Darien & Western .................................. . 29.00 Dooly Southern ....................... ............... . 8.00 East & West ....................................... . 45.70 Flovilla & Indian Springs ............................. . ,3.00 Foy Railroad ....................................... . 10.00 Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern ....................... . 65.00 Georgia ........................................... . 314.50 Georgia Northern ...... ,. ....... , .................... . 51.00 Georgia Pine ....................................... . 39.52 Georgia Southern & :Florida ......................... .. . . 169.00 Hartwell ....... .. ................................ . 10.10 Hawkinsville & Florida Southern , ...................... . 33.00 Lawrenceville ....................................... . 10.00 Lexington Terminal ................................. . 4.00 Louisville & Wadley .......... . : ..................... . 10.00 GEORGIA: HISTORJOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 189 Macon & Birmingham ............................... . 96.80 Macon, Dublin & Savan:p.ah ........................... . 53.54 Midville, Swainsboro & Red Bluff ...................... . 17.75 .Millen & Southwestern .......... . ........... . ........ . 33.78 Nashville & Sparks ................................. . 11.50 Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis .................... . 2.73 Offerman & Western ...................... , ......... . 35.00 Plant System ....................................... . 616.39 Sandersville ......................................... . 4.00 Savannah & Statesboro ............................... . 34.00 Seaboard Air Line ................................... . 647.83 Smithonia & Dunlap ................................ . 7.00 Smithonia, Danielsville & Carnesville ................... . 6.00 South Georgia ....................................... . 28.00 Southern Railway ................................... . 998.15 Sparks, Moultrie & Gulf ..... .. ...... . ......... . ....... . 40.00 Stillmore Air Line .................................. . 34.05 Sylvania ......................... ......... . ......... . 15.00 Talbotton .......................................... . 7.00 Tallulah Falls ................. . ........... .. ........ . 20.90 Tjlfton & Northeastern ............................... . 25.00 Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf ........................... . 55.50 Valdosta Southern .................................... . 14.50 Wadley & Mt. Vernon .................. ; ............ . 30.00 \Vaycross Air Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.00 Western & Atlantic (including Rome Railroad) . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.34 Western of Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Wrightsville & Tennille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.00 Total ........................................... 5,623.92 WATER TRANSPORTATION. Before the invention of railroads interior towns remote from navigable' streams had small chance of becoming centers of trade. The construction of railroads has altered this, and has built up great cities remote from any water highway. And yet a navigable stream gives to a city the great advantage of a competing line, which reduces freight charges to a considerable extent. The Savannah river is navigable to the city of Augusta, whose importance as an interior cotton mart is greatly enhanced thereby. A line of steamboats plies between that city and 190 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Savannah. The Chattahoochee is navigable from the city of Columbus to the Apalachicola and through that river to the Gulf of Mexico. The river trade of Columbus .through its several steamboat lines is considerable. The city of Rome enjoys a fine river trade through two navigable streams, the Coosa and Oostanaula. Steamboats bring to that city ihe productions or the Coosa valley, lumber, iron, grain and cotton, and the btaple products of the Oostanaula valley, among them large quantities of walnut, poplar and oak lumber. The Flint, which unites with the Chattahoochee to form the Apalachicola, flows past the flourishing little city of Albany, which enjoys the advantage Of an extensive steamboat traffic. Darien has always had .a considerable river trade along the Altamaha and its tributaries, the Ocmulgee and Oconee, boats running as far as Hawkinsville on the :first named tributary and Dublin on the latter. The Savannah is the most important of Georgia's navigable streams, because over eighteen miles of its course heavily laden ships bear to the ocean the rich and varied articles of export that find their outlet through the prosperous city of Savannah. The St. Mary's will some day play an important part in the development of the southeast section of the State. On its right bank is situated the beautiful little town of St. Mary's, which already, through its :fine harbor, accessible to the largest vessels, has a considerable trade in lumber, a large amount of which is brought to this port by the boats that ascend the river for some miles. The Satilla and Ogeechee are other navigable strams of Georgia, whose advantages have not been utilized to any considerable extent. Other navigable waters of Georgia are the inlets and sounds wh1ch flow between the mainland and the charming islands that skirt the coast from the Savannah to the St. Mary's. Through St. Simon's sound the largest vessels pass up the Turtle river to Brunswick, the second in importance of the seaports of Georgia, a city with a bright future before it, lilm Savannah, the center of a fine fruit and truck farming section, and having excellent shipping facilities. CHAPTER Vl. AGRICULTURE. Having discussed the economic minerals, water-powers, soils, and means of travel and transportation of our State, both by land and water, it is well to take up here the subject of agriculture, the special care of the department under whose auspices this work is given to' the public, and to which already abundant refereiD.ce has been made. What has been done in this important field of enterprise in Georgia is a matter of history. What shall be done in the ~uture will depend upon the skill, as well as the industry, of our farmers. Ootton.-Cottou, when made a surplus crop, and cultivated with such limitations as a sound business judgment would dictate, is still the great money crop of Georgia. Although our State has for several years past ranked most of the time as the second in coitton production, its average yield to the acre is not so great as one might s,uppose, who has seen the wonderful results secured on some farms by the employment of the best scientific methods. The reason for this is, that the loose methods which prevailed in the ante-bellum days, when, after exhausting the land, the planter sought new fields, are still employed on many farms. These are rented out for fixed money value or for share of products to unskilled negro laborers, who, without the guiding hand of an intelligent white farmer, cannot be expected to produce the best results. What Georg{a soil can be made to do under the best sdootific farming was shown in a previous chapter (page 155.) The more numerous the class of skilled farmers, the better show will Georgia make in her average yield by the acre. From the first Georgia has stood high in production among the cotton States of the Union. For many years it was outranked only by South Carolina, which State was the first to engage in this industry. After passing South Carolina, Georgia was second only to Mississippi. In 1849 it fell behind Alabama; but in 1880 again took rank just behiud' Mississippi. Since 1895 it has, with the exception of one year, gone ahead of everything except the combined yields of Texas and Indian Territory. In this connection the following table will be found interesting: 192 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. COTTON CROP BY STATES-BALES. Alabama .............. 1,000,000 1,008,313 1,159,000 1,159,000 1,019,000 830,000 Arkansas ............ . . Florida .... .......... 762,000 45,000 669,385 41,855 834,000 70,000 922,000 70,000 700,000 60,000 620,000 48,000 Georgia ............... 1,295,000 1,345,699 1,536,000 1,536,000 1,300,000 1,079,000 Louisiana ........ ..... . 719,000 699,476 590,000 740,000 575,000 430,QOO Mississippi .... . . . .... . 950,000 1,203,739 1,522,000 1,627,000 1,226,000 860,000 North Carolina . .. . .... 542,000 503,825 583,000 583,000 500,000 384,000 South Carolina . ....... 911,000 830,714 1,012,000 1,003,000 800,000 664,000 Tennessee ............. 350,000 355,000 414,000 485,000 330,000 252,000 Texas (and Indian Ter ri tory to 1!>99) ....... 3,809,000 2,438,555 3,555,000 3,075,000 2,248,000 1,990,000 For the season of 1899-1900 Texas is estimated by itself. The total cotton acreage of Georgia for the crop of 1899-1900 was :3,287,741. Of Georgia's cotton production for the season of 1899-1900 the upland crop was 1,284,811 bales, averaging 490 pounds to the bale, at 7.11 cents a pound, and thus bringing $44,761,530. The sea-island crop was 60,888 bales, averaging 397 pounds to the bale, at 13.5 cents a pound, making this crop worth $3,263,292. The entire crop of Georgia was 1,345,699 and was worth $48,024,822. The average to the acre for the whole State was about 600 pounds of seed cotton.* 'The total Sea-island crop of 1899-1900 is shown in the following table taken from the report of the U. S. Department of Agriculture: Sea-Island Cotton Crop for 1899-1900 State Savannah. Receipts a.t- I I Charleston Brunswick Jacksonville Total Crop Georgia ...................... Florida ..................... . 'South Carolina ........ . Bales. 49,939 22,278 33 Bales. Bales. Bales. ........................ 10.949: .........7',329"'"'" .........1.,sio........ :::::::::::::::::::::::: ........................ Bales. 60,888 29,607 7,843 Total .................. 72,2-'iO 7,8LO 10,949 7,329 98,338 The Department's special a~ent at Charleston, S.C., Mr. Lewis F. Sloan, submits the tol statistics and observations relatmg to this crop : F.:r.port. and Coastwise ShipmentA Ports B~ft~~~. I Exports !n Bales to- Continent. American Mills. From Charleston................................. 4,991 1,368 I 1,316 From Sava.nnah ........... ............ ........ 33,181 6,639 30,806 ~~~: fi~k~~~;~i;;::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::.::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::. 10,949 7.329 rota!. 7,675 70,626 10,949 7,329 Total ........................... . 38.172 8,007 50,400 96,579 Stock on hand at Ch11,rleston, S. C., September J, 1[)00..................................................ba~s... 885 Stock on hand at Savannah, Ga., September 1, 1900............ ............................................. do... 1,688 Total stocks .................. ......................................................................................do... 2,073 A CORN FIELD GEORGIA: ,HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. 195 The following States, including Oklahoma Territory, not in the above list also raised some cotton: Virginia, 8,007 bales; Missouri, 17,275;. Oklahoma, 66,555; Kansas, 188; Kentucky, 24; Utah, 26. A cotton crop does not necessarily deplete the soil more than other crops. But the fields, being left bare, are washed and leach~ by winter rains,. and some of the best elements of the soil are withdrawn. A systematic rotation of crops would save this waste and preserve the fertility of the land. A judicious use of fertilizers will enormously increase the productiveness of the fields and correspoodingly enlarge the profits of the planter. The composting of commercial fertilizers with animal manures, marl, muck and cottonseed will greatly reduce the cost of fertilization. All the manurial resources of the farm should be saved under shelter that they may be ready for application to' the fields at the proper time. For every pound of lint produced there are two of seed, which are useful as a fertilizer. Peavine hay, properly turned under, has already been frequently mentioned as a cheap and valuable fertilizer. No longer is the sale of the lint the only source of profit derived from the cotton crop. The various uses made of the seed, for food for stock, for oil and a fertilizer, swell the profits of the skillful and provident farmer. The steady increase throughout Georgia of millS, either for the manufacture of cloths and thread from the lint, or of oil, cotton-meal cakes and hulls from the seed, has already affected the price or cotton to the great ad vantage of the producer. Let every farmer raise his own supplies, and plant the rest of his land in cotton. Then competence and wealth will reward his skill and diligence. Some idea of the increased wealth to the farmers of Georgia, derived from the by-product of the cotton, may be gathered from the following statement: In 1890 the cottonseed of Georgia amounted 1;(:) 596,000 tons~ the average value otf which by the ton, was $10.21, which would give $6,085,160. Dming the season of 1898-99 the number of tons of cottonseed was 778,000. Toward the close of the season this sold as high as $14.00 a ton, At that rate the value of the total product amounted to $10,892,000.' Of course it was not all sold, some of it being used as a :fertilize:r, and some as feed for stock. Y6ft the possibilities, as shown by these figures, enable one to form some idea of the value to the farmer of his cotwnseed, which in ante-bellum days were considered of no acco1mt. There is no doubt that cotton properly managed is the greatest wealth-producing crop in the United States. Any skilled farmer of the West and North, who, in the great grain States, makes a success of farming, will ':find his opportunities for acquir- Io ga 196 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. ing wealth in his chosen occupation greatly enlarged by settling in Georgia and adding to his assets the rich revenue, that comes from an intelligent cultivation of the :fleecy king. EGYPTIAN COTTON. The experimnets in the Southern States on Egyptian Cotton have been very li.nrirted. The United States Department has several times in the lasrt dec'ade sent out a few of these Egyptian seed for experiments, but, although the results have not boon very satisfactory, the Department is convinced that the Egyptian cotton can be grown in favorable localities in the South, especially in parts of South Carolina and Georgia. It has been suggested that the Egyptian cotton. should supply the mills fr001 our Southern cotton fields, and the i~a is a good oo:e. The J annovitch Egyptian cotton was grown in South CaTolina under the direcrtion of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. In common with other Egyptian varieties it shows a mm-ked resistance to root disease. It h11s many good qualities, dhief among which ru-e the length and quality of the staple and fiber of the plants. It has disappoi'lllted the planters, however, by its small bolls, making the cotton hard to pick, besides the yield is not so large as that of upland cotton. It is easier to pick than the Sea-Island cotton, and makes about as much to the acre. This Egpyti.an cotton is inolined to run to wood on rich, moist soils, wherea.s it does not grow large enough i!n the poor soils in the hilly counties. H ence, the Egypti1m cotton grows best in those parts of Georgia, 'F1orida, Alabama, and South Crurolina, where the Sea-Island cotton is more or less established, not only because these soils will probably prove to be best adapted to the Egyptian cotton, but because the planters are accustomed to the planting rund handling of long-staple cotton, and have the roller g1ins necessary. "T!he importation of cotton from Egypt steadily increased," say the Department at Washington, "from less than two hnndred thousand pounds in1 1884 to more th:an forty-three million pounds rinJ 1896." The price of Egyptian cotton ranges from four to sh cents higher than the price of ordinary American .upland cotton. The annual import of cotton from Egypt for the last three years has averaged in value nearly four millions of dollars. The Egyptian cotton has a very fine, silky fiber, generally shorter than that of Sea-Island, but lcmger than tha1t of upland varieties. It is used in the manufactme of fine ya.I"lls for the finer quali,ties of hosiery and knit goods. A number of mills buy this Egyptian cotton to mix with wool, since it is much GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 197 . harder to detoot in wool than our American upland cotton. A, has been said beforo, some attempts have boon made to grow Egyptian cotton in this country. In 1894 m the matured grain comes the meal, which constitutes the chief source of the bread supply of thousands of people, while the b1:an separated from the meal by bolting, forms an excellent feed fo;r stook. For this latter purpose the unground grain is also used, the ration of corn upon the cobb being part of the daily stock :food in every well-filled stall. The truck farms, or market gardens, which :furnish vegetables .to neighboring or distant cities and towns, send to the market thousands of juicy roasting ears, a :favorite article of food in every American commnnity. But when we have considered the acreage and production of corn, we have by no means exhausted the subject. The leaves, or fodder, and the shucks that are stripped :from the ears constitute, when properly cured, a forage highly prized on ~very :farm. Sometimes while in a gTeen state, the stalk, fodder and shucks are cut up together, and being deposited in a silo, constitute the corn ensilage, so useful as a food for the milch-cow and other stock. The old-time custom of puning fodder is not so much in vogue now as formerly. At the proper time, befoTe the grain is fully ripe, the stalks, with their leaves and corn still on them, are cut and shocked like wheat or other grain. Then, when the ears have been taken out of the shucks, the shucks are shredded by me:alnS of a machine made for that purpose, and the material then baled is ready for the market. Sometim~ a field of corn is purposely planted so closely as not to produce ears, and GEORGIA: 1HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 201 the whole mass, at the proper stage of advancement, being cut down, a. fords most excellent forage. Further mention of the uses of corn as a forage crop will be made in the section on grasses and forage crops. Wheat.-Although Georgia, being a leading cotton State, has never ranked in whe,at production with the North Central grain States, yet her soil, when sowed in that important cereal1 is capable of producing great results. Before the days of low freight rates from the great west, wheat cultivation was very remunerative in Georgia, and Georgia flouring mills declared large dividends. But the grand trunk lines, with theil- low rates of transportation, made it so difficult for Georgia millers to compete with the west, that many of the leading mills abandoned the contest. Then the farmers sowed but little more than enough for their own use, and Georgia's acreage and production rapidly declined. At the time of the census of 1890 her wheat area was 196,633 acres, with a production of 1,096,312 bushels, or a little more than five and one-half bushels to the acre. But the fact that they were raising cotton to such an extent as to cause an over-production and consequent low prices, aided by rt:he const_ant and persistent efforts of the Department of Agriculture to induce the farmers to pay more attention to wheat, oats, and other small grains, brought about a wonderful revival of wheat culture. Articles urging the planting of more wheat which from time to tlm.e went forth from the department, were copied in many agricultural publications and reprinted in agricultural monthlies having exten~.>ive circulation among the farmers. The result was the selection of some of the best lands for wheat, and a great increase in the acreage from year to year. As the farmers increased their production, the Georgia mills once mo;re became active. Old ones that had shut down started up again, and new ones were built in different parts of the State. The revival of the wheat industry has been especially noteworthy in the last two years. The fall of 1899 saw a larger percentage of land in wheat than ever becfore. Georgia, not satisfied with her record as one of the foremost cotton State~, seems to be progressing to the poii:tt where she can take a proud stand among the wheat growing States of the South. Her wheat area in 1899 was 297,239 acres and her production, 2,021,225 bushels, showing an increase in area of 101,606 acres, and in production of 924,913 bushels. The value of the wheat crop of 1899 was $1,980,800. The wheat crop of 1900 was _5,011,133 bushels, valued at $4,760,576. This crop was grown on 550,674 acres, and 501,113 bushels were shipped out of the counties in which they were grown. The stock on hand March 1, 1901, was 1,302,895 bushels. The splendid increase in acreage and production 202 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. of wheat for 1900 is .highly gratifying to those who are anxious to soo Georgia take her proper stand as a wheat-growing State. Some farmers sow wheat as a forage crop, preferring it to oats, .rye or barley for that purpose. What ma_y be done with wheat in Georgia is best seen, not from the general average, reduced by causes previously mentioned, but from what has been accomplished on .some of the best managed farms. The following yields of wheat are well authenticated: from one farm in DeKalb county, sixty-five bushels to the acre; from one in Carroll, forty bushels; twenty-eight b,_shels an acre from farms f located in Cherokee, Milton and Walton counties. Of these :five counties Dekalb, Carroll and Walton are on the northern border of the Middle Georgia belt; Cherokee and Milton are higher north. In Oconee, a Middle Georgia county, forty-eight and one-half bushels of wheat were grown on one acre in 1900. On the 11th of July, 1900, the third annual convention of the Wheat Growers Associatio~ of Georgia was held at the Academy of _Music in Macon. Reports were made and prizes which had been o:ffered by the T e.legraph, the leading journal of Macon, were bestowed for the best yields of wheat. In each case the report was rendered by di:fferent com- mittees, each consisting of three gentlemen, who measured the field re- ported and the wheat as 'it was threshed, and supported their report by sworn affidavits. The yields were as follows: from four acres in Spalding county belonging to W. J. Bridges, an average of sixty-five bushels to the acre; from four acres in Spalding county, belonging to W. D. Walker, an average of fifty-nine and one~half bushels to the acre; from four acres in Bibb county, belo:nging to Julian R. Lane, an average of forty-one and one-fourth bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wash- ington county, owned by T. H. Cox, an average of twenty~eight bushels to the acre; from four acres in Jones county, owned by W. F. White, an average of twenty-four bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wilkin- son county, owned by Z. T. Miller, an average of nineteen and three- fourths bushels to the acre; from one acre in Bibb county, owned by J. S. McGee, thirty-nine and three-sevenths bushels. The average of all these reports from :five counties of Middle and Southern Georgia is something over thirty-nine and one-half bushels to the acre. This is another proof of what Georgia can do, and another strong argu- ment in behalf of wheat culture in this State. Mr. Bridges, the successful competitor in the wheat contest, in an in- terview with a reporter of the Macon Telegraph, said: "It has been said by some that wheat should not be planted in the same place two con~ secutive years, or that it could not be made to yie'ld satisfactorily if it was GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 203 done. This, I find, is a mistake, as a portion of my land this year had been planted in wheat for three consecutive years, and on sixteen acres I harvested 711 bushels, or an average of about forty-four and one-half bushels to the acre. This was done on upland too, as I do not approve of bottom land for wheat. . . . About four years ago I began to manure my land with the idea of bringing it up to where the benefit to it would be permanent, and by judicious use of stable manure and droppings from cattle, used with fertilizers, I brought it up to where it would make from one and a half to two bales of cotton to the acre. To do this I gave :it a very heavy coating of manure in the spring, and saw that it was well broken up with a two-horse plow. This should be done in the spring always. As to the land that I planted in wheat this year, I gave it a very heavy coat of manure in the spring and then planted it in cotton. After I had gathered the crop, I ripped out the stalks and then turned the land over with a two-horse plow, following that with a cutaway harrow, then rolling it with a heavy roller. My wheat was then put in with a drill, using about four hundred pounds of a special highgrade potash fertilizer at the same time. In planting the wheat, I put in 105 pounds, or one bushel and three pecks to the acre. . . . . The land upon which my crop was made is a gray, loamy top soil, with an undersoil of stiff red clay that retains the moisture to f eed the .roots. I consider that this is the best soil to be found for wheat, as it enables it to withstand a drouth better, or to go through a rainy season better, than a shallow gray soil or an all clay on~. The variety of wheat that I sow is the purple, or, as it is sometimes called ,the bluestem variety, which hal!! proved the best that I have known used. It should be soaked ! ' bluestone to prevent smut, whlch is more to be dreaded than rust. To do this successfully you should use about one pound of bluestone in enough water to wet the wheat thoroughly and go right on sowing it. The bluestone should be dissolved in boiling water. It takes only about a galhn of water to every two bushels of wheat. I have always followe~ this plan and have never lrad the smut to appear in my wheat. Wheat should never be sown until after the first big :frost in November, for then it will withstand more successfully the ravages of the fly, or small grub, that begins at the root and saps the vigor :from the young shoots, causing them to grow up spindling, stalks that are short, with faulty heads. The :frost seems to have the effect of killing this fly i:f the wheat has not been planted before and has come up to where it make'S a nest for the fly and its young. As for the other baM of the wheat growers, the cheat, I have never had any trouble with that, and am not prepared to suggest any method to get rid of it, though I think that if it were to make its ap- 204 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. pearance in my grain that I would take the pains to pull it out, each stalk separately, if necessary. ''After harvesting my wheat I then begin and plant the entire acreage in peas, which really amounts to the same thing as beginning to get your ground in condition for wheat again, as there is no known crop, not even clover, that under the same conditions will do your ground the permanent good that peas wilL From my peas I usually get from two to three tons of pea hay per acre, and sometimes I expect the yield will reach :four tons. lhis year I have planted about 100 acres in peas and am confident th~t with continued seasons a large portion of it will yield fully three ton!) per acre. It cannot be beat as a :forage for both horses and cows, and is one of the easiest raised. The acreage that I raised my ,ixty-five bushels per acre 9n will again be planted in wheat this fall and has on it as fine a crop of peas as ever grew out of ground. I am more than delighte!I with my success with wheat this year." Mr. Thomas H. Cox, whose four acres averaged twenty-eight bushels to the acre, in a letter to the :Agricultural Department said: "The land on which my wheat grew was a light gray. I sowed two bushels of the bluestem variety per acre broadca~t and plowed it as deep as I could with single plows. I used as a fertilizer about seventy-five bushels of cottonseed. I sowed this crop the middle O;f November, and gathered the 20th of May. I really believe that if I had prepared my land and had harrowed my grain in, I would have made more per acre by plowing in deep. My wheat never came up regular. I notice that some was coming up fully six weeks after the first had come up. My land was ele vated but well terraced." Mr. W. F. White, who made an average of twenty-four bushels to the acre, wrote to the department as follows: "I broke my land with a one-horse Haimon stock, using a common 1:-inch turnplow on what is known as red land, clay subsoil; used twenty-five bushels of cottonseed per acre, sowed one bushel of wheat per acre 15th of November, reaped on the 18th of May. I sowed purple straw, known as bluestem, broadcast; plowed wheat in with 4-inch turner; ran over land with Thomas's smoothing harrow. I soaked the wheat twenty-four hours in a solution of one and one-half pounds of bluestone to five bushels of wheat, keeping it well covered under water for time mentioned; I then rolled it in slacked lime. You can then see where every grain falls." Oats.-One of the most valuable of our crops is oats. To the raising of this important product our farmers are paying more attention th'an ever before. Under favorable conditions the yield is good and with comparatively little expense aids materially in making the farm self-sustain- OAT FIELD GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 207 ing; for, besides being one of the best forage crops, oats add greatly to the fertility of land on which they are raised. In 1890 the area devoted to oats in Georgia was 516,886 acres, and the production was 4,767,821 bushels. There was a slight falling off in acreage and production in i899. In 1900 the area devoted to oats was 467,336 acres and the production was 7,010,040 bushels, valued at $3,434,920. The stock on hand March 1, 1900, was 1,121,606 bushels. There were 140,201 bushels shipped out of the counties in which they were raised. Among well-authenticated extraordinary yields of oats in Georgia are the following: 137 bushels to the acre on a fannin Wilkes county and 131 bushels in DeKalb, both of these counties being in Middle Georgia; 121 bushels in Floyd county, Northwest Georgia; 115 bushels in Coweta county, Middle Georgia; 100 bushels in Schley county, Southwest Georgia; 75 bushels in Brooks county in the extreme south of the State. Thus we see there are lands well adapted to oats in every section of Georgia. Rye.-This is one of our best green forage crops, but is not so extensively cultivated in Georgia as oats. In 1899 the area devoted to rye was 15~805 acres and the.yield was 94,830 bushels, a falling off in acreage, but an increase in yield over the crop of 1890, when 20,949 acres produced 87,021 bushels. The area sown with rye in 1900 was 15,647 acres and the yield was 109,529 bushels valued at $112,815. Barley.-Barley is by $Orne valued more than rye, and is generally sown about the same time; but in Georgii;a not much attention is given its cultivation,.as may be seen by the fact that in 1890 the area given to barley according to the United States Census was only 549 acres with a yield of 6,053 bushels. In the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1900 Georgia is not credited with .any barley, though it is well known that several Georgia fanners did raise it. It would pay our farmers to give more attention to both rye andharley. Rice.-In China and India, the original homes of the rice plant, many varieties are known. But in America the co:mmon distinctions are upland and lowland. Its introduction into South Carolina in 1700 is said to have been acidental. It was carried also to Louisiana, which .State . leads all others, with South Carolina second and Georgia third. In 189..0 the acres devoted to rice culture in this State were 18,-126 and the pro-duction was 14,556,432 pounds. There have been for several years past fluctuation'S in these figures. One hindrance to its production has been the lack of a sufficient number of mills for cleaning it. This is particularly true of upland rice, t~ the cultivation of which much attention is being given in Southwest and also in Northeast Georgia. Milling facili- 208 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ties have been greatly improved of late, which will lead to a considerable growth of this industry. Improved. modern machinery for use in its cultivation may be expected to impart fresh impetus to the growth of this important cereal. The planters of Louisiana have replaced the antique implements of the hand laborer by the gang plow, disk harrow, drill and broadcast seeder. In the cultivation of the lowland rice where water is needed, if there is not a sufficiency of water, this its secured by irrigation canals. In the cutting of rice, the twine binder of the northern wheat fields is a very useful implement. The average yield of rice to the acre in Georgia :is 800 pounds. Some well-authenticate! yields of upland rice are: 100 bushels or 4,300 pounds to the acre in Hall and White counties of Northeast Georgia, Pike county of Middle Georgia, and Early county of Southwest Georgia. The present production of rlce in the United States falls far below the needs of our people. In some seasons tb.e 1mporn are hal as much again as we raise, sometimes they equal the domestic crop, and sometimes are even greater. Inasmuch then as the amount produced in this country falls below our own needs, there is room for great increase in the cultivation of rice. To men of enterprise and thrift wishing to embark in this business Georgia presents a promising field. In 1900 Georgia produced 7,500,000 pounds of rice, a decrease of more than 50 per cent. since 1890. Sugar~Oane.-Sugar-cane yields a handsome profit. A steadily increasing demand for sugar and molasses in the United State makes it certain that there will always be a ready sale for the product of the sugar-cane. Over large areas of the United States sugar and various syrups are being extracted from the beet cultivated for that purpose. But no other known plant equals the sugar or ribbon-cane in its capacity for supplying those two articles of universal consumption. When we consider that from 1880 to 1895 the United States produced only onetenth of the sugar consumed in this country, and paid out $1,500,000,000 for imported sugar, it can be readily seen that there is no immediate aanger of overstocking the market. The 20,000 acres in Georgia devoted to the sugar-cane in 1~90 produced 1,307,625 pounds of sugar and 3,223,194 gallons of molasses. Some of the best yields were: 700 gallons of syrnp to the acre in Bulloch county; 695 gallons in Thomas county; 600 gallons in Brooks county, and 480 gallons in Burke county. Of these counties Bnrke and Bulloch are in the northern part of the Southern Georgia bPJt, while Brooks and Thomas are in the extreme south on the Florida line. In Rockdale county in Middle Georgia 600 gallons of cane syrup were the product of one acre of the farm of Hon. W. L. Peek. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 209 The growing of sugar-cane and manu;facture of syrup in South Georgia has doubled in two years. Twenty-five thousand barrels of syrup have been sold in one year from a small section of the extreme southern part of Georgia. In the fall of 1899 a gentleman in Tennessee sold 150 barrels of Georgia syrup in six days. A great deal of it has been sold to people in Cleveland, Cincinnati and Boston, who, after mixing it with glucose, put the blended article upon the market as Georgia White Syrup. The planters are finding out every year that no country on the face of the globe can make as good syrup as Southwest Georgia, and are increas~ ing their acreage. Before many years this industry will equal that of cotton. Pittsburg, Pa., is getting to be a strong market for Georgia syrup. The present estimate is that the sales of Georgia syrup in Pittsburg for the year will amount to 10,000 barrels. A sample of Georgia cane tested by Professor Wm. C. Stubbs of New Orleans, in 1899 showed 16i per cent. sugar content and not quite one per cent. glucose, with a purity coefficient of nearly 90 per cent. Another sample contained 13-l per cent. sucrose (cane sugar), and only 1 and four one-hundredths per cent. of glucose, with a purity coefficient of 81 per cent. This means more than 12 per cent. of sugar available in ordinary mills, and upon a 75 per cent. extraction would be equivalent to 180 pounds of C. P. sugar to the ton of cane, or nearly 200 pounds of commercial sugar as usually made in Louisiana sugar-houses from firsts, seconds and thirds. The better grade of lands with ordinary cultivation and fertilization will yield from twenty to twenty-five tons to the acre, and the same land under the best methods will yield from thirty-five to forty tons to the acre. Proessor Stubbs, already mentioned, is authority for the statement that the price per ton of sugar-cane in Louisiana will average about 80 cents for each cent that prime yellow clarified sugar is worth on the New Orleans market. Hence, if prime yellow clarified sugar is worth five cents a pound, the price for a ton of cane will be five times eighty cents, or four dollars a ton. The number of gallons of syrup that can be obtained from a ton of Louisiana cane will depend entirely upon the extraction of the mill and density of juice. A mill getting as high as 75 per cent. extraction, or fifteen hundred pounds of juice to a ton of cane, will give from twentyfive to thirty-five gallons of syrup cooked to a .density of 34 degrees Baume. The variation is due to the "total solids" contained in the cane juice. The same statement will apply to Georgia cane. A complete plant for making syrup can be obtained at several places in the United States. But probablythe most improved machinery can 210 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. be better obtained in New Orleans, where every manufacturer is familiar with its practical use. For an up-to-date factory there is needed a first-class mill with filter presses, clarifiers and evaporators. There are also needed settling tanks, juice tanks and syrup tanks. .Any one who contemplatee embarking in the business of syrup-making, should study the question of sterilization of syrup, which' can now be easily done. The syrup, after being sterilized, must be put into sterilized vessels, where it will keep indefinitely, if the work has been well performed. Soils adapted to cane are those naturally rich and fertile, though upon soils af very moderate fertility, well prepared and fertilized, remunerative crops can be grown. In cane culture climate, rainfall and manures are more important factors than soils. In sandy soils without manures the cane is small. Calcareous soils develop a superior cane, rich in saccharine matter. On rich alluvial soils, not properly drained, the canes are poor in sugar produce, and though they yield a large quantity of syrup, it is not a first-class article. .As to wh~ther the entire cane should be planted or only that portion which is the least fitted for making sugar Dr. W. C. Stubbs of Louisiana says: "It can be positively asserted that the upper third of our canes can be profitably used for planting our crop, and we can send the lower two thirds of our entire cvop to the sugar-house, thus increasing largely our sugar yields and diminishing our heavy outlay annually for seed." Before planting all soils should be well-prepared, properly fertilized, and perfectly drained. It is best to break or flush the land, then bed into rows from five to six feet wide; then open the bed and in this furrow plant the cane. The part of the stalk selected for seed should be deposited in an open furrow and well covered. In the fall this covering should be several inches thick. Remove the extra soil in early spring to secure early germination. The cultivation best for corn land is generally good for sugar-cane. Let there be thorough and deep preparation o:f the soil; then cultivate rapidly and as shallow as the soil will permit, and " lay by'' when canes shade the ground. The fertilizers for cane should contain enough nitrogenous matter to insure a large growth by September 1st. Phosphoric acid is very beneficial to cane. Potash may be demanded upon light sandy soils. Experiments have shown that the limits of prifit in the use of fertilizers are between forty and fifty pounds of nitrogen obtained from cottonseed-meal, and from forty to eighty pounds of phosphoric acid. If under favorable conditions the above formula is used on our best HARVESTING RYE. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 213 cane lands in South Georgia, we should obtain from twenty to thirty rona of cane to the acre. It should be remembered that Georgia was the original cane-growing State of the Union. In 1825 she gave to Louisiana the seed of the ri!b- bon~ane, thus bequeathing to that State a mine of wealth. And now the genial soil of Southern and Middle Georgia offers this same source of wealth to her own people or to the stranger seeking a home within her gates. The establishing of sugar refineries will greatly promote the interests of the cane growers. There will be no scarcity of capital for such enter- prises if sufficient quantities of cane are grown. We predict for the near future the establishment of a number o!f sugar refineries in South Geor- gia. Syrup-mak!ing in Georgia commences about the last of October or the first of November, and continues until Christmas. At this season the traveler journeying on a country road will see on almost every farm the smoke issuing from the syrup furnace, an invitation to either neighbor or stranger to enter the home and share the hospitalities to which every one is made to feel welcome in cane-grinding time. Here youths and maid- ens, with those of riper years, engage in the sports of the holiday season, or seated near the cheerful fire regale themselves with the healthful and delightful beverage extracted from the sugar~ane. At this season of canecgrinding and syrup-m!akiing, the sick and feeble recupe;rate rund often find their health again. The negroes, too, both young and old, have their part in the good cheer, and even the stock upon the farm share in the general glee. , The stalks of the cane shredded are worth more as forage than corn- stalk or cottonseed-'hulls. The little, old-time sugar mill on each man's farm ought, in this progressive day, to give place to well equipped, up-to-date syrup mills and sugar refineries. This would transfer the syrup-boiling and sugar-mak- ing to the mill, just as cotton is taken to the fact.ory, and not spun upon each farm. If the most improved methods are med, the cost of extracting the juice from the stalks and converting it into syrup is a mere fraction of a cent per gallon. It has been estiinated that the average farmer can count on getting $120 gross to the acre for syrup, at a general average product of 600 gal- lons to the acre. In 1890 the area devoted to 'sugar-cane in Georgia was 20,238 acres~ 214 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. which produced 1,307,625 pounds of sugar and 3,223,194 gallons of molasses. In 1890 the area devoted to sorghum in Grorgia was 22,089 acres, which produced 1,342,803 gallons of molasses. CASSAVA. Recent experiments go to prove that cassava will make a profitable crop for South Georgia. The species of this plant recommended. for Georgia, cis the sweet cassava, which does not, like the bitter cassava, require boiling to drive out poisonous juices, but can be fed to stock in its natural state without risk of harm. It also makes a very paltable table vegetable. But its chief excellence consists in the fact that it yields abundance of the best starch. One acre of South Georgia land planted in sweet cassava will yield 4,000 .pounds of starch, while the best corn or potato lands .in lllinois OT' Michigan can produce only 1,200 pounds of starch from these vegetables. . Cassava is easily propagated by cuttings of the stem and grows rapidly, attaining maturity in six months. The production is at least sixteen times that of wheat. When the farmers o South Georgia become thoroughly convinced o its worth and embark extensively in its cultivation, starch factories will be started on every hand. It has been estimated that these will .pay five dollars a ton on the cars, at any station within one hundred miles of their factory. With . sugar-cane and sugar refineries, cassava and starch factories, South Georgia possesses grand opportunities for profitable farming. GRASSES AND FORAGE CROPS. I it be true that the farmer's only capital is his land, how important it is for him not only to preserve his capital but to increase it year by year. There is no surer or oosier way to do this than by growing the grasses. . The value of the hay crop o the United States exceeds that of the cotton crop by more than fifty million dollars. The present race o planters grew up under a condition of things which looked to cotton as the sole market crop and since grass was the deadliest enemey to cotton the energy of the planter was directed to the. complete extirpation -of all the grasses of the field. But in recent years new light has dawned upon our progressive farmers, and in every ~ection of Georgia the grasses and for- GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 215 age crops are receiving, to some extent, the attention which they deserve. While we recognize cotton, when cultivated upon a true business basis, as a great source of wealth to Georgia, yet we must remember that its culture is attended with great expense, since it requires constant attention and work from January to January. This labor largely consumes the profits, whenever cotton sells below seven cents a pound. If we look upon an agricultural map o the United State, we shall find that lands selLat the highest price in those States, or parts oif States, where the grasses and forage crops are cultivated with the greatest attention. On the other hand we shall see that lands sell cheapest in these States or parts o States, that raise all cotton and kill all grass. Hence we co~ elude that the value of land increases in proportion to the attention given to the grasses and forage crops. If we turn to Europe, we find a Similar state o affairs. Spain grows practically no grass and has cheap lands, while Holland is known as a vast grass meadow, and some of her .farm lands sell at $800 or $1,000 an acre. Therefore, every farmer who wishes to enhance the value d his land should give attention to the cultivation o the grasses and forage crops. Georgia is rich in native grasses, and it has been fully demonstrated by some of our intelligent, wide-awake farmers. that the artificial or foreign grasses also thrive well in Georgia soil. In act, when we consider the entire year, Georgia and other States o the South offer better advantages for these crops than the North. While Georgia's acreage in hay l& small compared to that o States which make it one o their pcincipal crops, yet she ranks high in her average yield to the acre. Georgia's acreage in hay has not quite doubled since 1890, but her yield has moTe than doubled. Her hay crop for 1900 amounts to 190,237 tons, being an increase of 120,468 tons over that of 1890. Alfalfa, or lucerne, is cultivated to some extent in Georgia, although it has not received the attention that its merits should claim. Among all the forage plants it stands unrivalled for abundant yield, longewty and hardness. It flourishes under heat that would destroy any other species .o clover. Over the entire plant are scattered purple, :pea-like flowers, in long, loose clusters or racemes. It is not affected so much by altitude as by the depth and warmth o the soil, and the depth of the water-table beneath the surface. A rich, sandy loam, limy, with a porous subsoil, suits it best. A considerable amount of sand in the soil is not injurious to it. It will grow on favorable soils at almost any altitude, fr~m sea level to 7,000 feet above the sea. Alfalfa, when young, is very delicate and requires much nursing. No 216 GEORGI.A.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. - crop requires more careful preparation to secure .a good stand. But when it is planted upon suitable soil, and a good stand is obtained, it may yield luxuriant crops for thirty or more years. It rarely grows tall enough the first year to be mowed for hay. It reaches its best growth during the third year. When properly managed: up to that time the number of cattle, which one acre of it will keep by soiling throughout the whole season, is something wonderful. While this is a good grass for hay, it is not good for pasturing. The trampling of stock compacts it so much that the plants deteriomte. Hogs, however, do not injure it' like heavier stock. Hence it may be used as pasture for them, and one acre will furnish a:bundant forage for from ten to twenty hog8 throughout a season. Bermuda grass is perennial and is the most valuable. for pasturage of any grown in the Southern States. It can endure the greatest amount of summer heat, and its growth is not arrested by droughts that threaten the vitality o all other grasses. It does not propagate grass by seed, except to a limited extent. The best means of propagating it is to cut pieces of the turf and scatter it along shallow furrows, or sowit over the land well prepared by plowing and harrowing, and cover or compress the roots into the soil with a roller or drag brush; or the plants can be gathered, root and branch, from any patch of ground covered by them, and, after being shaken free from earth, passed through a cutting-box, as though being prepared for the stall. Then sow these little cuttings by hand broadcast before the harrow in the spring of the year. Every joint will germinate and bud. When Bermuda grass is once thoroughly rooted it spreads rapidly and soon takes possession of a field. Being extremely difficult to exterminate, it should not be planted on land intended for tillage. But Rev. 0. W. Howard, who was in his life-time a well-known writer on grasses, thought it very doubtful whether any acre of land in the South thoroughly set with Bermuda grass was not worth more than with any other crop that might be grown upon it. "A good Bermuda sod," says a writer in the Southern Farm Magazine,. "will yield an almost incredible amount of pasturage that cannot be grazed out by the severest treatment in the hottest summer drought. Bermuda is highly esteemed for hay, wherever it grows to a sufficient height for mowing." It must be cut early and often to make good hay. When left until the culms harden, it will not do for feeding. To make good hay and make the largest yield, it should be mowed from three to five times every summer. Under the Be1muda sod large numbers of earthworms may be found. These add fertility to the soil, e.nd when in summer hogs are turned into r--=-=-==-=-7-------=-"'----' -- ------- --.-- -------~-------..,---- -------------------------------, GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 219 tlH: pasture, the worms and grass combined make a fattening food which they much enjoy. Bermuda grass will not bear dense shade, but thrives best where most exposed to the sun. On the same fields where cotton grows best Bermuda grass is most thriving. A grass which affords such excellent pasturage for cattle is capable of carrying also large flocks of sheep. There is no reason why the cheapest wool should not be produced on the same lands that produce the cheapest cotton. It has been estimated that one acre of Bermuda grass on soils entirely suited to its growth will, in many parts. of the South, maintain ten sheep for ten months of the year. Bermuda grassc pastures in Georgia, supplemented by pasture of winter grasses, suitable for grazing sheep, would add to our people another source of untold wealth. H Georgia should become a great wool-growing, as well as cotton-growing State, who can measure the degree of her prosperity? With cotton and wool, two of the most important fibers for clothing that the world produces and manufactures, our people would double their present opportunities for acquiring wealth. Dr. Thomas P. Janes in his "Hand Book of Georgia," in order to illustrate the fertilizing effects of a Bermuda grass sod of long standing, mentioned the following results obtained by Colonel A. J. Lane in Hancock kcounty: "The first year after breaking the Bermuda sod he harvested 1,800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, the second year 2,800 pounds. His third crop, OO'l"n, manured with cottonseed in the usual way and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels . to the acre. The fourth year he harvested forty-two bushels of wheat to the acre. Neither the cotton nor wheat was fertilized. On this same land oats or wheat may be sown after the corn. If Bermuda sod is torn up by the plow, and after harrowing, but before rolling, blue grass seed, white clover and hairy vetch are sown, a pasture of the highest capacity for both winter and summer will be obtained. As the Bermuda dies down in the late fall, the blue grass and white clover appear, giving pasturage in the winter. As the summer approaches, the reverse of this occurs. It will be well to bear one thing in mind. The cultivation of artificial grasses is accompanied with more or less expense. But Bermuda is within easy reach of the poorest farmer. Tf these localities there have been fine cloverel fields. Though lucerne is superior to it in the .quantity and quality of its hay, yet red clover does make good hay and in great abundance, with the additional advantage that it is splendid for pasturing, while lucerne cannot be grazed, and cannot form part of an ameliorating rotation of crops. The suitable soil for clover is one which ~ontains a large percentage of clay. Extremely sandy soils will not do. But where the surface is sandy, if there is a clay subsoil, the clay may be brought to the surface and manured. A good wheat soil is generally a good clover soil. The subsoil for clover must be dry, because it will not thrive on wet lands. But it will thrive on bottom lands that have been thoroughly drained. Captain C. W. Howard, in his "ForagE\ Plants at the South," published in 1881, says: "Clorver should be cut for hay as soon as a portion of the heads begin to turn brown.. Earlier than this it is too watery, later it is too woody. . . . . The great object is to cure it as much as possibJe in the shade~ The hay when cut at the proper time, and cured in this way, will be of a nice green color, with all the leaves and blossoms attached. . . . . No live stock should be turned upon a clover field, until the clover is in blossom. The temptation to violate this rule is very great. Clover springs so early and our live stock is so hungry, that the inducement is very great to put them upon the clover before the proper time. But it would be less costly to buy food than to do this. By too early pasturing the clover is killed out, and it is then said that clover will not succeed at the South. Precautions should be taken in turning horses or cattle into a clover field. If they are huh gry at the time, they would overeat themselve and the result is an attack of what is called hoven. The animal swells, and often in a short time dies. To prevent this, live stock turned into a clo,ver field should previously be fully fed; they should not have had access to salt within twenty-four hours; they should not the first day remain more than half an hour, and the dew should have been dissipated." White clover in the South will grow tall enough to be cut by itself, which is not the case Jn the North. In the spring it affords excellent pasture for hogs, sheep and cattle. It is also good for horses until the blossoms fall, when it salivates them. This is also true of the second crop of red clover. In England white clover is much valued on account of its manurial properties. The fescue grasses are perennial and are strongly recommended for worn-out soils and hill-sides. They grow well on dry, sandy soils, have a creeping habit and make good turf. GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIA.. Italian rye-grass is short-lived, having a duration of two or three years. It grows best on rich, moist alluvial lands and calcareous loams. It is a very valuable grass when early forage is desired. Indifferent to climate and texture of soil, it requires only dryness and richness. It grows successfully in every part of Georgia. If sowed in August or September it will be ready for grazing in February. Although it yields largely for hay or winter grazing, it is doubtful whether it be more valuable than barley or rye for these purposes. the Oow-peas and peavine hay have come into universal favor in all Southern States. Up to about thirty years ago their cultivation was confined mainly to the cotton-growing States, but now they are a staple crop even in the border Southern States. They have in many localities taken the place of clover, and may appropriately be called the clover of the South. The pea-vine is a leguminous plant and appropriates nitrogen from the atmosphere, as do all other plants of the same family. The vine and peas supply as much humus to the ground as clover, and can be grown upon soils, in which clover would wither and die. The peas can be sown in Georgia at any time between April 1st, and .August 1st, and the soil may be prepared by breaking it with a two~horse plow. About one bushel and a half to the acre should be sown, after which the ground should be well-harrowed. Some farmers prefer to drill the peas in rows, from two and a half to three feet apart, placing the peas at intervals CJf one or two inches in the row. After they have come up a cultivator should be run between the rows. Peas furnish a large amount of feed if planted between the corn rows at the second or last plowing of the corn. The hay should be cut when the first pods begin to turn yellow, and while the leaves are yet green and the stems tender. If cut after all the peas have thoroughly ripened, the stalks will be hard and the leaves will fall off. They should be cut in clear weather and after the dew is off. There are many varieties of the pea. Those commonly used in Georgia are the whippoorwill, the black clay, the red clay and the unknown. There is no better soil renovator than the cow-pea. The most worn-out soil can be brought to a condition of profita:ble production by planting a succession of cow-peas upon it. Valuable as is the pea-vine for food, its chief excellence is this property of restoring exhausted soils. It surpasses, perhaps, all other leguminous plants in producing maximum results in a minimum of time. In Georgia cow-peas are planted! in the late spring or early and middle summer, and the crops of vines are either harvested for hay or buried for fertil~' izing in the early fall. The more economical plan is to harvest the crop ---------------------- - - - - - - - - ---------------- -- --- --------- --- - -- - - - - - - GEORGIA: 1HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 225 for hay, then turn under the stubble and the roots, which are said to contain the greater part of the elements so essential for the renovation of the soil. The vetch is found in two varieties, the winter and summer vetch. The latter is of very little use to us in Georgia, because it will not for summer soiling yield as large an amount of green forage as corn. Since the winter vetch is ready for the first cutting during the first warm spell in February, it is very useful for soiling early in the spring. The seed should be sown early in August, allowing one bushel to the acre. Where land has been well manuroo, the vetch or tare yields a large amount of early cut food, or it may be made into nutritious hay, or may be used as a winter pasture. Eight varieties of millet have been cultivated in this cour:tr,v. It is used for soiling purposes, for hay and for its seed. More than fifty bushels of seed to the acre have been raised on rich land. The hay made from it is of good quality and large quantity. But Captain Howard says: "For forage purposes it is not superior to oats and is inferior to the vetch. It is an annual." All the millet family requires a strong, rich, deep soil, sufficiently clayey to retain a large amount of moisture; but at the same time the land must be thoroughly drained. The most favorable conditions for the growth of a large crop of miillet are a clayey soil in a moist situation, enriched by the application of well-rotted stable manure, kept in goiod tilth and thoroughly prepared by frequent plowings or harrowings. Millet must be cut as soon as it begins to head and before it blooms. Ga1'iU1 or Sesame grass is one of the largesrt; rund most beautiful perennial grasses grown in Georgia. It is a native grass and is found throughout the South from the mountains to the coast, reaching often a height of seven feet. The seed break off from the stem as if in a joint, a single seed at a time. The leaves are very much like those of corn. Horses and cattle are fond of the hay, which may be cut three or four times during the season. Herd's-Grass is the most permanent grass for all soils. It is a universal feeder and is therefocre of special value to every farmer. It is a good meadow grass and one of the best pasture grasses. When it has been -cut for hay, its aftermath makes excellent late summer and fall pastures. It may be sown in the fall or in the spring. It may be sown alone, or with wheat, barley, rye, or oats. It is often sown with other grasses, as timothy and clover. This herd's-grass is known in New England as redtop. 226 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Timothy, sometimes called cat-tail, is also called herd's-grass. It is useful only for hay. The well-drained rice land of the Georgia coast will produce it in perfection, as will also the richest of bottom land that is dry enough for wheat. It should be cut when in full bloom. Brome, cheat and rescue grasses, belonging to the same family, make a very good winter pasturage, but are liable to some objections. Peanuts or ground-peas, which when parched, are so much relished by young and old, and have such ready sale everywhere, are also fine fo:rage for cattle and hogs. The white peanut grows with spreading branches that lie flat upon the ground; the red has an upright growth. Spanish peanuts are earlier than other varieties and have an upright growth like the red. This is the surest crop of the three. Those grown in the far south are valuable for making peanut oil. The harvesting must always take place before frost. The usual yield to the acre is from thirty to fifty bushels, though sometimes as high as a hundred bushels are made. When carefully harvested before frost the vine makes an, excellent food for cattle and sheep. Ewes in lambing time can have no bette1 food given them than well-cured peanut hay, because it increases the flow o milk and adds richness to it. Corn, when desir:ed as a forage crop, is planted very close together, and on rich and well-prepared soil, makes an enormous yield. The whole crop is cut while yet green and tender, and properly cured. If desired as ensilage it is cut up green and deposited in a silo pit. Cane forag.e is prepared from the sorghum cane, grown iru the same way as the corn forage, and gathered and cut up in the same manner. The millets, or any of the grasses, including peavine and peanuts, may be gathered green and stored in the silo1. The Soja bean ranks among our best crops, both as an improver of soils and as food for stock, as will appear from an analysis taken from the United States Agricultural Department: AS A FOOD SOJA BEANS I I I ~ree I PPerroCteeinnt PeFribCeernt lNe~tc~~;t PerFaCtent Green fodder... . . .. ........ . ..... .. . ..... 4.0 6.7 10. 5 1.0 Dry fodder. . .............. . ..... . .... . ... 14.4 22.3 39.6 5.2 Grain ...... ... .. . ......... . ..... .. . . . ... . 34.0 4.8 23.8 16. 9 COW PEAS Green fodder. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 4 4.3 7.1 .4 Dry fodder. . ................... . ......... 16.6 20.1 42.2 2.2 Grain . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. 20 .8 4.1 55 .7 1.4 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 227 AS A FERTILIZER I I Nitrogen P . Acid Potash, Per Uent Per Cent Per Cent I I I r Soja beans ....... . . . ... . .......................... 2.32 .07 1.08 Cow peas . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1.95 1 05 .5.2 As you will understand protein furnishes the materials for lean flesh, blood, muscles, hair, wool, albumen of milk, etc., and is a very important ingredient of all feeding stau:ffs. Fiber is the framework of plants. The coarse fodders, as hay straw, contain a large proportion of fiber, hence less digestible. Nitrogen free extract includes the sugar, starch, etc., and forms an important part of stock feed, especially the grains. Fat includes besides real fats, wax, the green coloring matter of plants, etc. The culture of the Soja bean is very much like that of cotton. The rows should be from three to five feet apart. m Arctic, or 1es-cue grass thrives best North Georgia. and is held in high esteem by some of the farmers of that section. It will readily yield from 1,500 to 3,000pounds of hay to the acre. It can be s'Own in July with peas, or in August, September and October. If wwn then it mak~ a fine winter pasturage, and cattle can be kept upon it until the first of March without injury to the crop, which can be cut from llfay 15th to June 15th. But the rescue grass (bromus inermis) must be carefully distinguished from cheat (bromus seculinus). To show what can be done with the grasses and forage crops in Georgia, we give the following trustworthy reports of the work of some of our b~t farmers: In Bibb county on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia there were cut 8,046 pounds of crab-grass hay to the acre; in Gordon county in Northwest Georgia, 9,400 pounds of lucerne to the acre; in Greene county in Middle Georgia, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass hay to the acre; in Spalding county in Middle Georgia 10,720 pounds of pea-vine hay; while of clover hay there were cut in Greene county, Middle Georgia, 10,000 pounds to the acre; in Cobb county 6,575 pounds to the acre, and in DeKalb county 16,000 pounds to the acre, both of these last two counties being in Northwest Georgia on or near the northern line of the Middle Georgia belt. Greene county reports a yield in corn forage of 27,130 pounds to the acre. The hay crop of Georgia in 1900 was 190,237 tons, valued at $2,425,- 522. The area devoted to this crop was 112,566 acres, and the average yield per acre f, fruits and vegetables found their way northward, either by rail or by steamer from Charleston and Savannah. Immediately after the close of hostilities between the North and South, there wa sa great revival of this business, and new men entered into this inviting :field. From year to year there was a steady growth, until at the present time, not only in the neighborhood of cities and towns, but near even little railroad stations along all the great lines of transportation that traverse all sections of our State, market gardens have multiplied and trucking has reached those proportions, which entitle it to rank among the leading industries of Georgia. The vicinity of Savannah is still one of the chief centers of the trucking business. The soil is well adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables, and the eli.mate i\S so mild that one crop or another can be gro:wn almost every month O'f the twelve. Major Garland M. Ryals, who moved from Virginia to Savannah soon after the war, has accumulated a fortune in trucking. From one acre he gathers 400 crates of cabbage, selling them at $1.35 a crate or $540.00 for the product of one acre. After the cabbages have been gathered, he raises a crop of corn which brings him $30.00. Then he raises a fall crop of radishes, the sale of which, added to the other amounts, will bring the total income of one acre to about $700 in one year. Another farmer near Savannah gathered over 500 bushels of cucumbers from a single acre, which sold for a little more than (233) 234 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. $540, bringing him an enormous profit. Another truck farmer sold from one acre $400 worth of beets, a delicacy much in demand in the northern markets in the early spring. 801 mild is the season about Savannah, that lettuce can be grown in midwinter with only light covering of leaves O'l' canvas during the cold spells. This product reaches the northern markets when most in demand. English peas constitute one of the most profitable crops. They are ready for the table at Christmas time, and being shipped to the eastern markets bring the highest price. One farmer reports a net profit from two acres of this crop of :aver $600.00 in one season. The crop of tomatoes is so planted as to come in just when the northern supply is exhausted, and they always command good prices. One small farmer west of Savannah made $250.00 net from less than one acre of tomatoes. At Bloomingdale, Meldrim, Guyton, Egypt, Oliver, 1-Ialcyondale, Dover and Rocky Ford, along the Central Railway, the lands are specially suited for trucking, and many farmers of that section have abandoned .cotton for the more profitable truck crop. Mr. L. C. Oliver of Bloomingdale, gives an estimate of cost and profit by the acre on the Irish potato' crop alone. His expense on one acre for fertilizing, seed, planting and working, gathering and freight was $100.00. An acre produced 60 barrels at $4.00 a barrel, amountJing to $240.00, or a net profit of $140.00 to one acre. Fertilizing was the heaviest item of expense; but by this means his land is becoming permanently enriched. All truck farming enriches the land. In this famous trucking section lands can be bought at from three to fifteen dollars an acre, according to location in respect to towns and railways. Of course improved lands sell at a much higher figure. The value of the trucking business of Chatham county amounts to $225,000 a year; of Richmond county, $85,000; of Bibb, $35,000; of Muscogee, $30,000; of Fulton, $150,000. These are the coun1Jies in which are the largest cities, viz.: Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and Atlanta. Brunswick, the Georgia port of the Southern and Plant svstems of railway, is the center of a large trucking business, which in that vicinity has taken a great bound for ward. All kinds of vegetables and early fruits do well there. The bottom lands of the ,rivers of Southeastern Georgia are ad:mrirably suited, after drainage, to celery, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries and other products. The sea-islands cannot be surpassed in healthfulne'SS of climate., and with the advantage of the fish and shell-fish, the market gardener near Brunswick cannot fail to live .well and pr:OSper. With some vegetables as many as three crops can be raised on the same ground in one year. The value of the trucking business in the vicinity of Brunswick is $50,000 a year. - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----.-------------------GATHERING BEANS GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 237 Besides the morre important centers already named are numerous towns and stations along all the railway lines of Georgia. Some or the counties with a large trucking business are: Houston and Burke, the pr.oduct of whose market gardens is $15,000 a year for each; Spalding county, with a product of $16,000, and Macon county, with a product of $12,000. While Eastern Georgia supplies the markets of the North and East, Middle and Northwest Georgia should supply Louisville, Cincinnati, Chicago and the northwest with early vegetables. Men of intelligence and thrift here and there throughout Georgia have t:hown the great capacity of our soil for high cultivation. What has been done by some can be done by all with the same good skill and management. Georgia is so famous for melons that this subject should not be closed without reference to them. The Georgia watermelon stands unrivaled, both in quality and quantity, and enjoys a national reputation. SO' extensive is its cultivation and so large its shipment and sales, that it ranks as one of the money crops of the State. One hundred thousand acres are devoted to its culture, and more than 10,000 cars are required to carry this fruit to market. As many as 316,000 melons have been sold in or shipped from Augusta alone in a single season. Thousands of melons are consumed on the farms and in the cities and towns of the State, vast numbers of which were carried to their various markets in wagons and carts. So the shipments by rail or steamer do not give a complete idea of the great numbers sold and consumed. Georgia cantaloupes, too, get to the n:orthern markets first, and like all other early fruits command the first and highest prices. We close this section on truck-farming with one more example of the success which attends well-directed management. Mr. F. J: Merriam, who runs a hill-side farm near Atlanta, says that in 1893 he broke ground to meet the market demands in Atlanta. Though he only made $500.00 the first year, the receipt of $115.00 from 250 hills of cucumbers convinced him that he was on the right track. The next year his sales went to a little above $1,900, and from one acre of potatoes he received $500. The receipts from his land continued to increase and the fourth year his receipts were $5;068, of which $764.00 came from lettuce, $583.00 from turnip salad, and $404.00 from beets. In 1899, notwtithstanding the very bad season in the spring months, he had sold up to the 1st o:f August $4,138.55 worth, $600.00 of which came from one acre planted in cabbage. He estimated that he would, by the close o:f the year, receive a round $10,000 from his little farm. 238 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. To the careful, intensive farmer, the land yields rich returns. Many farm lands with just as good soil as those that have been ctited as examples, yet unimproved, can be bought on very reasonable terms. HORTICULTURE. In the product of her orchards, Georgia stands in the front rank. It has long been known that her so!il was well adapted to the raising of certain kinds o fruit. But of recent years it has been shown through the labors of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, that Geargia soil has a capacity for the production of a great variety orf !frnits, especially of apples, apricots, cherries, pe,aches, pears, plums, prunes, grapes and strawberries. In the extreme southern section of the State we can add to this list oranges, pineapples and bananas. Peaches.-But the queen of all these fruits [n Georgia is the peach, and our State has as great a reputation for pe,aches as Florida has for m-anges. Her acreage in peaches has much more than doubled since 1890, and the capital invested in orchards of this delicious fruit has greatly increased. From counties of the northern to those o the southern section the development has been rapid. There is in all America no peach of superior flavor to that ott Georgia. The land seems specially adapted to their production, and in this climate the crop can be marketed so early that it commands the higliest prices. With the gre~t improvement in the transportation service and the fine reputation of the Georgia peach the steady growth otf this business is well assured. The country lying south o Macon is the best fruitgrowing country in the world. The fruit-grower ships hls fruit to the best market at express speed. South Georgia fruit being the :first to reach the market has the advantage of the :first prices, which are, as before said, the highest. Some of the results of peach-growing in this section seem almost fabulous. A few years ago Messrs. N. Dietzen and brother, near Fort Valley, cleared $24,000 from a 200-acre orchard, the net profit being $120.00 to the acre. Mr. Ed. M. McKenzie, of Montezuma, by his first year's shipment, cleared $2,000 above all expenses from fifty acres of peach-trees. Mr. J.D. Howard, of Lorane, Ga., from a :five-acre orchard of three-year-old trees realized $1,200. Mr. S. M. Mashburn o Barnesvillle, from thirty acres, sold $4,000 worth of fruit. This was a net profit of $133.00 to the acre. Mr. S. H. Rumph, of lfarshallville, i:s probably the largest fruit-grower in the South. He was the :firstto produce the famous Elberta peach. He has more thrun 160,000 bearing trees, and one orchard of Abundance plums of 20,000 tree's. He GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. 239 is also largely engaged in the nursery business, from which alone his annual sales run as high as $70,000. Edgewood Farm, the property o the Hale Georgia Orchard Company, at Fort Valley, covers 1,000 acres o the best fruit and nursery lands of the South, and is situated on a tableland, 600 feet above the level of the sea. There are in the orchard 200,000 treS in full bearing from May to August. Four liunilled hands are employed in these orchards. Every extensive peach-grower should own and know how to operate a canning factory, as this would guarantee the saving of his entire crop in any kind of weather. The two canning factories of Eatonton offset in 1900 by canning a great deal Of what had been lost to Putnam county through the shipment of fruit which had been so affected by the wet spells in June; that it reached the market in an unsalable condition. During the peach season the canning factories of Fort Valley are kept busy putting up thousands of the best peaches, which are too ripe to bear shipment, and notwithstanding, are in fine condition for immediate use. The steam evaporator for drying the peaches has also been the means of saving much excellent fruit that otherwise could not have been utilized. In the neighborhood of Eastman a new peach region is rapidly de-veloping. At Tifton, the junctiorr of the Plant System of railways, and the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad, are large orchards producing the best varieties of peaches. This section is less liable to the effects of late frosts, as is shown by the fact that in 1894 and again in 1899, when peaches :in othQr parts of the State were a total failure by reason -of late frosts in the spring, a considerable quantity was shipped from Tifton and other points near by, Cobb county in the northwestern part -of the State, on the extreme northern border o the Middle Georgia belt, is among the leading peach-growing counties. The number -of peaches shipped from Marietta, the county seat, was much larger during the summer of 1900 than in any previous year, because so many new orchards were beginning to add their product. The largest shipper for the season .of 1900, Mr. W. R. Turner, shipped from his large packing house more than 20,000 crates. The principal crop of the county is the luscious Elberta. Mr. W. M. McKenzie, from his own orchard at the foot of Kennesaw Mo:untain and those of Mr. J. G. Morris and United States Senator Clay, shipped over 12,000 crates of some of the finest fruit, both in size and color, that went from Marietta in the summer of 1900. The orchards of Judge George F. Gober in Cobb and adjoining counties of Cherokee and Pickens, consit of 300,000 trees, most of which were too young to bear in 1900. Of these more than 100,000 :are inOobb county, 75,000 in Cherokee and 125,000 in Pickens. 240 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Mr. G. A. :Moore has an orchard of 60,000 trees, most of which are yet young. These details about Cobb county give some idea of how the fruit industry is growing all over Georgia. The vicinity of Rome, close up to the mountain region, and Dalton, among the mountains, is coming into notice for orchards which produce the very best of peaches, and in all the region between Dalton and Dallas neI fresh cream." The New York Tribune said: "They are larger than the peaches pro~ duced for this market on the Delaware peninsula and in New Jersey, and by universal consent much more delicious than the northern fruit." In ELBERTA PEACH. One of the largest and most esteemed of all yellow fleshed peaches tree vigorous and productive ; a valuable acquisition. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 243 an editorial !O'Il "A Nation's Debt to Georgia," the New York World said: "The more IlJO!l'thern States of this country have long had a deep sense of their obligation to the State of Georgia for its devotion to the cultivatioo of the watermelon. This debt is now increased by the suc- cess of the Georgia peach Cl10ip, which has this year been sufficient to drive out of the Eastern market the beautiful but tasteless peach CYi Cali- fornia." The following is an extract from an article which appeared in the Chicago Tribune of Thursday, March 7, 1901, regarding the peach crop of the country: "While the bulk of the Georgia yield goes ro New York and other eastern markets, Chicago is favored annually with a steauily increasing percentage, and fruit men agree in pronouncing the Georgia peach as by all means the best in point of size, flavor and firmness that .comes to this market." During the season of 1900 the number of car-loads of peaches from all Oeorgia shipping points ,was 2,500, of which l1,400 were from stations .along the Central Railway, along the various lines CYi which road about 2,100,000 trees were at that time in bearing. According to figures furniished by Professor W. M. Scott, the State entomologist, there are this year (1901) 5,253,000 bearing peach- trees located as follows: On the Central of Georgia, including the former Chattanooga, Rome and Southern ............................... 3,473,000 On the Plant System ................ ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 On the Georgia Southern and Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000 On the Macon, Dublin and Savannah . , ..... , .... , . , . . . 200,000 On the Georgia Road ......... ,...,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 On the Seaboard Air Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 On the lines of the Southern Railway ................... 1,250,000 On the Western and Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000 On the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,000 On the Chattanooga Southern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000 On the Wrightsville and Tennille , , ........ .,. . ... . . . . . . . 50,000 If the bearing trees away from the railroads be counted the number in Georgia will reach 6,000,000. At a moderate estimate there will be sold . from these trees 4,000,000 crates of peaches at a dollar a crate. Last fall (1900), 2,000,000 new trees were set out, which, with those put out in 1899, will give GeOil'gia over 8,500,000 bearing trees in 1903. Thus it is seen that the peach industry in Georgia is rapidly growing in importance. Apples._--The next largest fruit crop of Georgia is that of apples. 12 ga 244 GFJOilGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. These have been grOIWll successfully in all sections of Georgia. Those raised in the northern part of the State are particularly fine. Large ship- ments are made from Rome, Marietta, Cartersville and Dalton. . Thia section for early apples has the markets of the North and West. For later apples it has the holiday and winter trade in all the cities of the South, especially in the gulf region, where the best varieties cannot be successfully grown. The charming city of Rome, so romantically sit- uated on picturesque hills sloping to the water's edge, at the point where the Etowah and Oostanaula join their streams to form the beautiful Coosa, is the chief market for the receipt and shipment of apples for a large fruit-growing section. We have no apple that will grow in Soruth Georgia of such size and flavor as to come in competition with the ap- ples of the North, but may we not develop one? If, when Europe had no beet that would make sugar in paying quantities, scientific agriculture could develop one, may not our horticulturists do the same for the Geor- gia apple7 Judge Gober, who owns SO! many fine peach orchards in Northwest Georgia, has also 3,000 apple trees, bearing fruit of excellent flavor, and there are many thousands of apple trees all through North and Middle Georgia. Pears.-This fruit, too, receives considerable attention from the or- chard mffili of GOOI"gia. Th:ir!ty-:five varieties are mentioned with approval by the Georgia Sta:te Horticultural Society. In Houston, the banner peach county of Georgia, over 10,000 pear-trees are owned by Ohio com- pames. There are also numbers of small orchards of from 1,000 to 5,000 trees. These net their owners anywhere from $500.00 to $10,000 dollars a year. There is said to be a strip of land near Marshallville where the fruit crop never fails. Near this town there is a mile of pear-trees flank- ing the cotton :fields. Here can be seen fruit and cotton ripening side by side. One of the most noted points near Fort Valley is the Pear Drive with its double row of trees lining the road, a favo:r.ite resort for Hous- ton's belles and beaux. Plums.-There are also in Gemgia many varieties of plums. Many grow wild, but considerable attention is given now to the culture of the better kinds. In the two great peach counties of Houston and Macon, the number of plum-trees exceeds that of pear-trees by several thousand. Near Marshallville !is a magnificent orchard, partly M pears and :Qartly of plums. One of the prettiest views of the fruit lands of Georgia is the plum orchard of James Beaty of Spalding county. The whole country around Griffin is full of peaches, plums and grapes. On the line of the Central GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL 4ND INDUSTRIAL. 245 Bailroad are 200,000 plum trees bearing finer plums than thooe of Cali~ :fornia. Grapes.-Georgia iis rapidly coming to the front as a grape-growing State. The average in vineyards has greatly increased of late years, and their output has attracted the attention of the whole country. The eleventh census reported that Georgia produced 107,666 gallons of wine and 3,876,000 pounds of table grapes. "The latter ripen early," said the census report, "reaching the northern markets a month earlier than those grown in Ohio or New Yorrk, and consequently bring much higher prices than the northern and western grapes." The report added that the Niagara variety, a white grape, was hardy and ripened early, and for these reasons was meeting with great success in the Southern States, but that the acme of perfection was the Delaware. Grape culture is not confined to any one section of Georgia. .At Cornelia, in Habersham coUnty, a number of Swiss families settled a few years ago, planted vineyards and are now turning out wines of the finest quality and in great quantity. In the vicinity rth and West and even from Canada. Gladly would they use the product of our own farms. The sweetmilk, buttermilk, cream and butter from the dairy farms find a ready sale in all the cities and toWns of Georgia. The butter, which by most people, is preferred to the best imported article, falls far short of supplying the demand. Good creameries, well located, are a great help to the dairy farms. Creameries in Georgia pay about one half more for milk than is paid in the North, and the home mraket for butter and buttermilk insures them a good profit. At our creameries whole milk is worth $1.25 a hundredweight, and butter-fat brings twenty cents a pound, which is equivalent to fourteen cents a gallon for milk, a much better price than can be obtained North and West. A fully up-to-date creamery is located at Griffin, between Macon and Atlanta. There is also one at LaGrange, in Troup county, and another at Sparta in Hancock county. Another is to be located between Macon and Savannah. Thus dairy- 252 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. men in a large section o country will enjoy creamery advantages, and this will add much to the profits of their farms. The adaptation of the ice machine to creamery purposes has given to dairying in Georgia advantages unsurpassed in any section of the Union. Creamery men know the disadvantages attending this industry in new territory in the North. Here the difficulties are lessened in many respects. A good market for buttermilk, butter, etc., enables a creamery to start with a small supply of milk. The profit to the dairymen soon builds up a sentiment favorable to the creamery. Lumber for siloes, barns or other outbuildings will cost from $7.00 to $9.00 a thousand, and dressed lumber from $10.00 to $14.00. Land can be bought in Middle Georgia at from $4.00 to $15.00 to the acre, and can be had on reasonable terms as to time. The rate o interest is 8%. Land fully stocked can be rented on about the same terms as at the North. Most o the lands that are for sale are under cultivation and have more or less of the necessary buildings upori them. The creamery industry, like that o the dairy farm, has now passed the experimental stage in Georgia. The satisfactory results and handsome profits realized by those who have experimented on these lines, prove the correctness of the o;pinion of Pro. H. J. Wing, o the Georgia Experiment Station, that in comparing Georgia with many other sections for the production of milk, butter and cheese ,the "Empire State of the South has nothing to fear." Mr. R. J. Redding, director of the Georgia Experiment Statiion, says: "I know of no soils that respond so promptly and gracefully to fertilizers and manure as the soils o Georgia. During each o the last three years yields o twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat to the acre have not been unusual. The same soils would produ<:~e 75 to 100 bushels of oats, or 1i bales of cotton, or 50 bushels o corm. . . . . . . The common crab-grass, the inveterate foe o the old-time Georgia c-otton farmer, would be considered a very great boon in any northern State, if it would spring up in the corn :fields and small grain :fields after harvesting and produce 1 to 1i tons o good hay (much better than Timothy), as it will do in any good soil in Georgia, without any expense except the harvesting. . . . . . Cottonseed-meal and hulls afford an unfailing resource for feeding and fattening, being especially and admirably adapted to beef-cattle. Mr John Wallace of Griffin, Georgia, to whose "Conclusions of a Northern Creameryman" we are indebted for some excellent points, declares: "I have been extensively engaged in dairying in the North, especially in Northwest Iowa, where I operated se.veral creameries and PEACH PICKERS. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 255 cheese factories, and have now been operating a creamery in Georgia for the last six months, and am highly gratified with results. . . . Cheap lands, climatic conditions, variety of grasses, etc., offer inducements to young dairymen that can be found nowhere in the niOrthwest." Of course, after the questions of climate, soil, healthfulness, and food for man and beast have been considered, the selection df the proper breed of cattle for the dairy farm is of the highest importance. The question is what kind of cattle will pay best, and how much attention should be bestowed upon them. If milk is the object of the proprietorr, special attention should be given to providing suitable and abundant food, and proper care should be bestowed upon the cattle themselves. Of course, each individual must make his own choice of breed to suit his soil, climate and pasturage. At present in Georgia the Jerseys are the most popular and fashionable. Mrs. B. W. Hunt Olf Eatonton, the wife of one or the most successful farmers of Putnam county, in an article on "Ber- muda grass and the Jersey Cow," gives a decided preference to thl.s particular breed, which she considers the quoon of the milch-cows. Though the scepter of the Jersey is disputed by the Guernsey and the Holstein, she is undoubtedly the preference among the dairy farmers of Georgia. Skim-milk is a valuable by-product of the dairy, and many experiments have boon made in feeding it to pigs and calves at the dairy. These experiments have shown that skim-milk in combination with grain makes an excellent food for .hogs at all periods of their growth, but especially during the earlier periods. Not only does this combination make a much more economic ration for hogs than either milk alone or grain alone, but also causes the animals so fed to make much more rapid gains in fl.esh. When the proportion of these two articles of diet is three pounds or somewhat less of skim-milk to one of grain, the return for the skimmilk is greater than when a larger proportion of it is used. When hogs are fed on milk alone they gain very slowly and do not keep in good health, and young pigs fed on grain alone do not thrive as those to whom milk and grain are fed in proper proportion. H fed on either of these materials alone they do better pastured than when kept in small pens. Young calves up to 3i months of age require less of both milk and dry matter to make a pound of gain than do hogs. When they have reached five or six months, they require more dry matter, half of which at least should be hay. Considering only the gain in live weight and quality of meat, whole 256 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. milk is the best food far calves, but is too expensive a ration, and they may be very profitably fed on skim-milk when properly used. Calves whose rations are composed larkely of skim milk gain one hal of a pound less in a day than those fed on whole milk, but require practically the same amount of dry matter for every pound of gain. When fed to calves, fully as large financial returns are obtained for the skim-milk as when fed to hogs. At creameries or cheese factories, it pays to feed their by-products near these establishments. The proceeds from them can be divided among the patrons according to the milk supplied by each, in the same way as the butter and cheese made are divided. Under the very best conditions it costs five hours of labor, or fifty cents, to look after 500 hogs for one day. This is $50.00 for caring for 500 hogs for 100 days, or ten cents for one hog for a hundred days, or for a gain of 100 pounds, which gives onetenth of -a cent as the labor cost of producing one pound of live weight of hog. If the value of the gain was reckoned at four cents a pound, the labor cost of producing the pork was only 2! per cent. of its selling price. It is evident that when hogs are handled in large numbers, as they may be at a creamery, the labor of growing them is a very small item. These remarks on the labor-cost of feeding animals are just as applicable to the feeding of calves as of hogs, though it would be more difficult to feed a large number of the former than of the latter. On the farm the expense of feeding these animals would be greater than at the creamery. . The value of whey for feeding is generally estimated at one half that of skim-milk. ICING CARS. CHAPTER IX. STOCK-RAISING. So soon as our farmers began to diversify their agricultural industries and no longer to give their whole attention to the raising of cotton, a demand was created or improvement in the breeds of cattle, and more care than ever before was given to the raising of stock. Of course, even under the old system every enterprising farmer was careful to secure a full supply of good live stock for his plantation, and it was no unusual thing to see pastures on which were grazing fine-looking cattle, or flocks of sheep. Glossy-coated, well-groomed horses, champed in the stalls the :ripened grain or fed upon the nourishing grasses of the meadows. The well-ordered plantation of the olden time was well-stocked also with fine mules and well-fed hogs, and abundantly supplied with poultry of every kind. But there were many farmers who did well with corn and cotton, whose stock was of such inferior sort, as to convey an idea of thriftlessness and lack of enterprise. Of late years, with the great improvement in methods of cultivation, have come advanced ideas on the breeding, rearing and care of all kinds of stock needed on the farm. CATTLE. Oattle.-The industries of dairying and creameries comparatively new in Georgia, have had much to do with the preference shown in this State for the Jersey. Indeed the high favor in which they are held is not confined to Georgia. Mr. Henry E. Alvord, chief of Dairy Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, says: "Jerseys have been so numerously imported, have increased so rapidly in America, have been so largely used for grading, and have proved so remarkably well adapted to a wide range of climate, that the characteristic markings of no other breed can be so frequently seen wherever dairy cows are kept, from the Saint Lawrence to the Gulf, and from ocean to ocean." They derive thair name from the island in the English channel, known as Jersey, supposed to be a corruption of Oresarea, as the Romans called it. Though there were importations of this breed, at that time known as Alderneys, to the United States prior to 1840, these im- (259) 260 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. portations did not become active until about 1860. Since that time 2,000 animals or more have been imported from the little home island year after year, nearly all of them coming to this country. Jerseys are the smallest in size of the noted dairy breeds, cows ranging from 700 to 1,000 pounds and the bulls from 1,200 to 1,800 pounds. But their average weight in America is considerably above that attained in their native island. where effort bas been made to build up a herd of larger size, mature cows have easily attained an average of over 1,000 pounds. For a time many pel'\SOns imagined that a pure Jersey had to be o a solid color. This was an error; for all the earliest importations were bToken in color. For a long time they were bred almost exclusively for butter. In this country breeders have successfully striven to increase the milk yield, while still maintaining its high quality. A Jersey cow is essentially a machine for producing butter-making milk, and may be considered as worthless when she ceases to give milk. Sometimes a Jersey steer or an occasional non-breeding female has been found to take on flesh and make small beasts for the butcher. They then have a finegrained, high-flavored flesh, very rich in color. Guernseys can be better compared with Jerseys than with any other cattle. They are a size larger, stronger-boned, and a little coarser in appearance. They are claimed by some to be hardier and larger milkers, but both these points are strongly disputed. They are called after their native home, the second in size of the channel islands and in 0ommon with the Jerseys were long called Alderneys, both in America and England, without regard to.the island from which they came. They are light in color, yellow and orange predominating, with considerable white, usually in large patches on the body and'legs. On some cows darker shades, approaching brown, occur, and these colors are quite common on bulls olf this breed. The cows, when properly handled, are very gentle, and the aged bulls are more easily managed than Jerseys of like age. The Guernsey cows give milk in large quantities, and 'of uncommon richness in butter-fat and in natural color. Wherever quality secures a good price their milk ranks high in market. They are noted for the richness o their milk, combined with special economy in feeding. The grades, offspring of a Guernsey bull and well-selected cows of no particular breeding, usually make very satisfactory dairy stock. On their native island their beef is highly prized and young animals are said to fatten easily at a profit. The friends of the Guernsey in this country lay no claims to its being a bee producer; yet when an animal of this breevill suffer privation and become unprofitable. If there is not an abundant supply of perennial grass to which the fowls have daily access, small grain of some kind should be sown for them as pasturage for fall, winter and early spring. Breeders of poultry in Georgia do not need to> construct close houses for .their shelter. In our warm climate such houses are sources of disease and death to the poor birds, by reason of the impure air which they breathe. Mr. Henderson says: "They may be used during the winter months to advantage, if well ventilated, but the fowls should be excluded from them from May 1st to October 1st, and required to roost either in trees or open sheds. Thorough ventilation is absolutely necessary, even in winter, to prevent disease." The ventilation should be above the roost. The roof of the chicken-house should be close enough to keep out the rain and all its sides, except the south, should be close enough to exclude the cold winds. It is better to let the fowls roost on trees, where the whole body is exposed alike to the cold than to be confined in a house, in which they are exposed to draughts of cold air. The roosts should not be higher than thirty inches from the floor of the house, or eighteen from its sides. H too high, the larger breeds will be apt to injure themselves in getting up or down. It is a good plan to place a shelf about two feet wide immediately under the roost and about eighten inches from the floor. Over the sheH should be sprinkled coal ashes or cottonseed to catch the droppings, which should be collected and removed every twQ or three days. The flo\lr of the chicken-house, whether of dirt, planks or cement, should be occasionally sprinkled with diluted sulphuric acid, which should be car~ fully handled, so as to avoid injury to the clothing or person of those applying it. Thorough whitewashing twice a year helps to purify the house and kep it clear from hurtful insects. Fumigation with tobacco smoke is very beneficial. It is better to make the nest upon the ground than upon planks. A nest of green cotton seed hollowed into the form in which the hen prepares it when left to herself, is in some way offensive to mites and other injurious insects. The material of the nests that have been used by sitting hens should be entirely removed and either burned or thrown into the manure pile. In the cliimate of Georgia fowls are more healthy if required to roost in the trees during the summer. Indeed, they would be healthier roost- BROODERY AND INCUBATOR HOUSE liN COURSE OF EHEOTION) BELMONT FARM. SMYRNA GA. 1 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 297 ing on trees throughout the year; but will produce more eggs in winter :if kept in comfortable houses. The appearance of disease among poultry is generally the result of neglect. If contagious diseases appear, the best plan is to kill the diseased fowls, and either burn or bury them at a distance from the run of the balance of the flock. Then the premises should be immediately disinfected by the use of sulphuric acid~ all the well birds being kept from the yard, if possible, until the disinfection is complete. By universal consent the turkey is considered a native of the western o~ Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Macon, Ga., R. S. Patillo, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. H. Taylor, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Rome, Ga., W. M. Towers, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Columbus, Ga., J. A. Walker, Mgr. Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Albany, Ga., J. R. Forrester, !1:gr. Georgia Farmers Oil & Fert. Co., :Madison, Ga., B. A. Warlick, hg>r. Grovania Oil Co., Grovania, Ga. Hardman Oil Co., Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Haxdman, Pres. Interstate Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. D. Dawson, Mgr. J e:fferson Oil Mill, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, Pres. Jackson Oil !1:i1l, Jackson, Ga., H. M. Mallet, Pres. Lathrop Oil Mills Co., Hawkinsville, Ga. LaGrange Mills, LaGrange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, Pres. Lavonia Cotton Oil Co., Lavonia, Ga., L. H. Meekin, Mgt. Middle Ga. Oil & F ert. Co., Hogansville, Ga. McBride Oil Co., Newnan, Ga., R. McBride & Co. Macon Oil & Ice Co., Macon, Ga. !1:illedgeville Oil !fills, Milledgeville, Ga., A. E. Thornton, Pres. Monroe Guano Co., Monroe, Ga., T. C. !1:ohley, Secy. McGaw Mfg. Co.. Macon, Ga., Y.l. E. !1:c0aw, Pres. !1:utual Oil Co., Macon, Ga., Mr. Gray. Pelham Oil :Mill, P elham, Ga., or Hand Trading CD'. Rockdale Oil & Fertilizer Co., Conyers, Ga. Smithonia Cotton Oil Mills, Smithonia, Ga., J. JJ!(. Smith, Prop. Southern Cotton Oil Co., Savannah, Ga., J..,. \V. Haskell, !{gr. 352 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Southern Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., L. A. Ransom, Asst. Mgr. Talbot Co. Oil Mills, Talbotton, Ga. Valdosta Guano Co., Valdosta, Ga. West Point Oil Mills, West Point, Ga., D. H. Hickey, Mgr. Wilkins & Jones, Waynesboro, Ga. Waynesboro Oil Mill & Fert. Co., \Vaynesboro, Ga. Cedartown Cotton Oil Co., Cedartown, Ga. Conyers Oil Co., Conyers, Ga. Dublin Oil Mills, Dublin, Ga. Dawson Oil Mills; Dawson, Ga. McBurney Oil & Fert. Oo., Warrenton, Ga. Walton Oil Co., Social Circle, Ga. Washington Co. Oil Co., Tennille, Ga. Cotton Ginning.-Of course every farmer must have recourse to a cotton-gin in order to separate the lint from the seed. Cotton ginneries are divided in the census reports into three general classes, viz.: those cooducted exclusively for the public; those conducted exclusively for the plantation; those conducted for both the public and the plantation. The following table gives the number and charecter of ginneries and number of months operated for crop of 1899 by States and Territories: number of months operated for crop of 1899-1900 by States and TmTitories: States and Territories. NU>IBER OF G!NNERIES. Total. Operated for- The public only. The plantation only. Both. Average number of months in operation for crop of 1899 . Total .... ............... .... -- Alabama ... ...... . .......... . .. . Arkansas .... . ... .............. Florida ......... ..... .. ... .. . . . .. Georgia.. . . .. .................... Indian Territory .... . ...... ..... Kansas ................. . ........ Ken~~cky..... . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. I"omsrana ........ ..... . ......... Mississippi. ................. . .... Missouri .................... . :. . North Carolina.. ....... . ... . .... Oklahoma ...................... . South Carolina. ... ..... . ..... ... Tennessee .. . _...... . ..... . ...... Texas ... .... ..................... Virginia .... .......... .. ...... .. 29,6~0 --- 4 ,034 2,630 236 4,729 297 2 2 2,148 3,976 56 2,573 133 3,308 834 4,514 88 6,468 2,863 20,289 3 792 391 ()68 133 73 10 696 572 215 6 1 ... ... ... 1 ...... . . . 190 361 519 580 40 431 278 109 0 298 381 255 45 2,165 100 15 6 2,851 3 1,829 3 153 3 3,461 4 76 4 1 2 1 1 1,597 3 2,877 4 16 3 1,864 3 24 3 2,689 3 534 3 2,249 4 67 3 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 353 It will be seen that 'Georgia came first in 1899, in the total number o ginneries, Texas second and Alabama third. In 1879 a large percentage of the cotton crop of the United States was handled by private ginneries, and their motive power consisted for the most part orf horses or mules, and their daily capacity was from three to five bales. The introduction of steam power has crowded outthe primitive horse ginneries to such an extent that they are now almost a thing' of the past. Of the 29,620 cotton ginneries in the United States in 1899, only 2,863, or less than 10 per cent., are reported as ginning exclusively for the plantation, and a very small percentage o these are of the old-fashioned horse-power variety. Fertilizer M anufactories.-Georgia CQ/llsumes more chemical fertilizers than any other State in the Union. With all her advantages for diversity of manufactures she ought to be the largest producer. She does outrank all the Southern States in this industry, and always produces enough to supply the needs of our own people if the entire products were I.'Cnsumed in the State. But some of the Georgia farmers purchase fertilizer goods manufactured in other States, while a large part of the Georgia product is shipped abroad and sold outside our borders. This business is closely allied to that of the cotton seed-oil mill; for the cotton seed-meal produced by the latter is extensively used for the purpose of supplying nitrogen in the goods prepared by the fertHizer manufacturer. In 1880 there were in Georgia only three fertilizer factories giving employment to 67 men who received $22,872 in wages, and produced gooda valued at $256,500. In 1890 there were 44 estahrishments with a total capital of $5,501,881, in which 1,328 laborers were employed, whose wages amounted to $484,889, and whose product amounted in vlaue to $5,026,034. In October, 1899, there were 110 fertilizer establishments of which 32 were also enlarged in the manufacture of cotton seed-oil. Besides those were 30 establishments from other States, North and South, selling fertilizers ~n Georgia. A special act of the legislature passed and approved October 9, 1891, places all this business under the control of the commissioner of agriculture and protects the farmer from fmudulent fertilizers. A special bill, approved July 22, 1896, also forbids the sale of any cotton seed-meal tha.t is shown by the official analysis to contain less than 7i per cent. of ammoruia, provided this shall not apply to long-staplfl cotton, the ana.lysis of which must show not less than 5-! per cent. of ammoma. 354 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L. A third bill approved December 21, 1897, prescribes the manner of branding and grading commercial fertilizers. In 1900 Georgia consumed 412,755 tons of fertilizers. The consumption for 1901 amounted to about 478,000 tons, showing a considerable incre,ase. Other Chemicals.-For the manufacture of other chemicals in Georgia there were five other establishments in 1890 with a total product valued at $680,497. Among the items enumerated were paints, varnishes, japans and pharmaceutical preparations. This business has greatly increased in every way within the last decade. Lumber Manufacture.-This is one ot the most extensive industries in the State, and together with the tar and turpentine business has brought into the cities of Savannah and Brunswick a vast quantity of material for exportation, making the former of those cities the greatest lumber and naval stores market in the world. The trade arising from these industries adds much also to the prosperity of the smaller Georgia ports of Darien and St. Marys. There were reported for the census of 1890 lumber mills of all kinds in Georgia to the number of 516, whose total product was placed at $9,855,067. Of these mills 434 were engaged in producing lumber and other mill products from logs or bolts, while 82 were planing-mills, manufacturing sashes, doors, blinds, boxes, and other planing-mill products, such as wood turned and carved and all kinds of carpentry material. The basis of this immense business is the far-famed long-leaf pine of Southern Georgia, for which millions of feet of lumber are annually marketed. Its durability and adaptability or every class of building, interioc decoration and many kinds of ornamental work, have gained for it high esteem. In the Appalachian range through North Georgia there are also extensive forests of hardwood trees, which are comparatively undeveloped. In many of the counties there are bodies of these trees from which the planing-mills gather material for the manu: facture of furniture of all sorts. Between 1880 and 1890 there was a very great increase in the planing-mill product. This increase was from $737,200 to $3,548,972 withiin the decade. It has been estimated that the valuation put upon the total lumber output of Georgia by the United States census of 1890 was at least 50 per cent. short of the actual value. Groo.t difficulty attends the securing of exact reports. Rosin and Turpentine.-This business depends on the long-leaf pine of Southern Georgia, and is known as navel stores. The rosin is drawn from the standing tree which, after the exhaustion of its sap, is cut down, transported to the mill, and sawed into lumber. The increase in the output of this business has kept pace with that of other industries of Geor- GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 355 gia. The value of the entire product in 1880 wa:s $1,455,739. By 1890 it had more than doubled and amounted to $4,242,255. When the trees have been removed there remains a cleared field well suited to agricultural purposes, in some instances adapted to the raising of the highest priced octton, the long-staple or sea-island variety, or other staple crops. Especially are these fields fitted to the planting of market gardens for raising fruits and vegetables, a business for which there is an ever-increasing demand in the growing cities of our own State, or those of the whole Atlantic coast from Brunswick, Georgia, to Boston, in Massachusetts. Considering the whole product of the pine forests together, there is probably as much capital invested in it as in any other one interest, perhaps mOTe. An Atlanta capitalist purchased a tract of timber land in South Georgia for which he paid $75,000. After having sold from it enough lumber to pay for the property, he estimates that there remains on it enough timber to bring him, when cut, $150,000. When the land has been cleared at a big profit to himself he expects to use the tract for fruit-growing or for general farming purposes. This is only one example among many of the great possibilities of Southern Georgia: Furnitur.e Fac~ories.-This is a large and profitable business h\ 'Geo:t-gia. According to the census of 1890 the capital investeJ in al.l. lines of this business amounted to $1,036,825, and the value .of,the prouucts for that year was $1,633,813. This industry has been greatly enlarged during the last decade. The 13 establisments of the C' . ,y of Atlanta alone reported in 1897 an annual product worth $1,16;l.-JOO. Much of the furniture manufactured is of a high grade, and is largely sold in the Eastern markets. This is especially true of Atlanta, whose furniture fac tories are always represented at the annual exhibit at Grand Rapids, !1:ichigan. The growth in this business in the last three years has been very great. Foundries.-GMrgia has no great iron plants like those of Alabama and Tennessee; and yet there is in the State a well developed iron industry, in which a large capital is invested and from which large profits are derived. The many foundries manufacture machinery, agricultural implements, boilers, cotton-gins and castings. The census of 1890 showed! that there were in Georgia 52 iron foundries with a capital of $2,107,969 and an annual output valued at $2,272,653. The cotton-gins and presses manufactured in Georgia are unrivaled. Often the factories, working night and day, can hardly supply the demand from every section of the South. Ornamental Iron Worlcs.-The business of making architectural and 356 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. omamecntal WOrk from iron is of considerable importance anct is On the increase in Georg;ia. By the census of 1890 there were in the State three factories for turning out this kind of work. The capital invested in them vvas $67,242 and their product was worth $110,075. I ron and SBeel.-One o. the most notable features of the growth of the iron and steel industry of the United States is the activity displayed in the Southern States in the erection of iron-making plants. Steelmaking, though not whoHy neglected, has not formed a prominent feature of this metallurgical development. Under the head of "iron and steel industry," the census of 1890 reported for Georgia five establishments which had at that time a capital of $908,243 and a product valued at $471,357. Blast Furnaces.-In speaking of the pig-iron industry of the Southern States the United States census report of 1890 said: "This section has long been noted for the excellent character of the charcoal pig-iron produced within its borders; but prior to 1880 attention was not especially directed to its extensive and easily worked deposits of iron ore, nor to the advantages which the close proximity of coking coal and limestone to these deposits afforded for the production of coke pig-iron a.t low cost. Dul'i:n:g 1880 the Southerrn States produced 9.27 per cent. of the aggregate pig-iron yield of the United States, but in 1890 the furnaces in this section contributed 18.52 per cent. of the tota.l output, the increase in tonnage over 1880 being 4-23.52 per cent." According to the census of 1890 there were in the State of Georgia four blast furnaces with a capital of $748,845, and an output valued at $339,422. "The pig-iron industry of Georgia," says the census report, "remained practically stationary during the decade from 1880 to 1890." The greater part of the iron cre mined in Georgia is shipped beyond the State. Carriag.e and Wagon Factories.-Under this. heading are included custom work and repairing. There were in 1890 as many as 129 of these factol'ies in Georgia, some of them doing the best grade of work. The buggies manufactured at Barnesville enjoy a fine reputation. The capital employed by these establishments in 1890 was $849,441 and their output was valued at $1,221,119. The number of establishments, their capital and p!'loduct have steadily increased in the last de~ cade. In addition to these factories were several where carriage materials were made. The Blacksmithing and Wheelwrighting Establishments, which ten years ago numbered 331, with an aggregate capital of $245,721, turned out annually work worth $265,315. STEVENS POTTERY WORKS, BALDWIN COUNTY. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 359 Oar Shops.-Most of these are operated by the railway companies, and are for construction and repairs. .A.t some of them excellent boxcars for freight and handsome passenger coaches are made. The number reported tin 1890 was eleven, with a capital of $450,512, and doing work worth $842,610. The rapid increase of business on the railroad lines, and the constant need fio.r new cars and for repairs to o1d ones, insure constant employment for many hands in this kind of work. Flour and Grist Mills.-T'he falling off in the cultivation of wheat between 1880 and 1890 led to a corresponcliing decrease in the number of mills, the capital invested, and the value of their products. During that decade the numbers of mills decre:ased from 1,139 to 719, their capital from $3,576,301 to $2,347,835, and their output showed a corresponding de,crease. A. revival of wheat growing has commenced in Georgia, and with it a revival of the milling industry. Many old mills that had shut down have started up again, and new ones have been built. The Bread and Balcery.products are always in demand, whether the flour used be imported or made at home. Hence the rapid increase in the population of Georgia between 1880 and 1890 caused almost a triple increase in these products for the same periods. Twenty-six establishments with a capital of $118,450 and a product worth $464,162 had increased to 76 establishments with a capital of $394,356, an{!' products worth $1,241,349. Briclc and Tile JJfanufactori.es.-The presence of so much excellent material :fhr the manufacture of brick in Georgia has led to the erection of many establishments devoted to this industry, in which Georgia takes high rank among the States of the South. The brick and tile manufactories showed between 1880 and 1890 a very gratifying increase. Although the 76 establishments of 1880 had been reduced to 61, the capital of $212,660 had increased to $950,263, and the product of $409,025 had grown to $1,201,542. With the growth of cities and towns this business is sure to increase. Clay and PoNery Products.-In addition to brick and tiles there are other products of clay, such as pottery, drain and sewer pipes, etc. For the :Jllanufacture of the various articles fl'lom clay (exclusive o brick and tiles), there were in Georgia in 1890 seventeen establishments .wit11 an aggregate capital of $229,269 and an annual output valued at $211,250. There has been rrnit ory was enlarged by putting upon it a handsomQ mansard roof. In 1890 an engine-house and laundry were added with all necessary appliances, also a 500-gallon steam pump. Six-inch water mains were laid, with ten Ludlow fire plugs conveniently located; hose carriage and 700 feet of fire department hose were purchased and 402 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. steel stair :fire-escapes were erected where needed. In 1894 a new and handsome building was erected for shop purposes. This building has been equipped for a general line of wood-working; also a well-arranged printing office; a shoe shop; a blacksmith shop and wood-carving department. In 1897 the sum of $7,000 was spent in electric lighting and in steam heating. There is also a well-equipped art studio in the school building. The buildings are situated in the eastern part of the town o Cave Spring and command a fine view of Van's Valley and its picturesque sceneary. The A..cademy for the Blind is another of the institutions of Georgia established and supported by the State. It is located in the city of Macon. on College Hill. This institution was incorporated by act of the legislature, January 2, 1852. Itoriginated in a movement made by the citizens of Macon at a meeting called for this purpose on April 15, 1851. Mr. W. S. Fortescue was the first principal, and Miss Hannah Guillan was assistant teacher. For the years 1852 and 1853 the legislature appropriated $5,000 per annum to aid in the support of the institution. On February 18, 1854, the legislature appropriated $10,000 for the erection of a suitable building. Further appropriations were made and in 1860 the main building facing Orange street was completed at a total cost o $65,000. The average of the annual appropriations up to 1876 was about $13,000. For the year ending October 1, 1899, the appropriation from the State was $18,500. Additions were made 'tO the main building in 1893, and a handsome boy's dormitory was added several years later. The entrance to this is from College street. A two-story brick building in which are the workshops faces Orange street. In 1882 a department for the colored bli'Ild was opened and a large and comfortable brick building facing Madison street was erected. This is under the same management as the white department, but the two are on lots distant from each other. In August, 1858, Professor vV. D. Williams was elected principal and re- tained this office until his death, December 20, 1898. His son, Dudley Wil liams, was eJected his successor, and upcm his resignation in 1901 was succeeded by Mr. T. U. Conner. The Pemale Asylum at Savannah is one of the oldest of the benevolent institutions of Georgia. On the 17th of September, 1801, several of the prominent ladies of Savannah met for the purpose o organization, and Mrs. Ann Clay was called to the chair. Fourteen lady managers were elected, and the following officers of the asylum were chosen. Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, first directress; Mrs. Ann Clay, second directress; Mrs. Jane Smith and Mrs. Sarah Lamb, secretaries; Mrs. Margar81t Hunter, treasurer. AQADEM:Y l<'OR 'rH])J BLIND, MAQON, GA, GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 40.'> This institution is supported: by annual subscriptions and has received many valuable bequests. Its business is managed by a board of directors who meet once a month. A visiting committee is appointed to purchase the necessary food, such as groceries, and clothing. The house is under the direction of a matron, second matron and teacher. The Augusta .Orphan Asylum was incorporated. in Ja.rnuary, 1852~ In 1855 a house was rented and placed in charge of a matron, and four orphans were admitted to the privileges of the asylum. Mr. Isaac S.. Tuttle, who died December 12, 1855, bequeathed his home on Walker Street and other property amounting to $50,000 for the use of the assC p~; :> ..,. _~ ._<:.!",' ..0..1o". c;~ 0"' 0 .<:1 0 -""'.0,o~ ... oil .<:I P.O "~ ' ~ ISCIPLES) -- ----- ~ Number of Members. ------ 9,805 Church Buildings. 110 Number of Sunday- Value of all Church School Pupils. Property. 3,147 $146,200 RoMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE DIOCESE OF GEORGIA. Secular Priests ... 15 Number of Church Edi- Value. Parsonages. Priests of Reli- Members. flees ....... 26 gious Orders .... 25 Chapels ..... 14 $500,000 13 - 20,000 - Total. ......... 40 Tqtal. ..... 40 Value. $50,000 Sund""YSchools. 10 Pupils. 2,500 'l.'hree Orphan Homes, valued at $20,000. The Hebrews in Georgia constitute an enterprising law-abiding class o the population, and are found in all the cities and important towns. They number about 6,200, have handsome synagogues in all the large cities and several benevolent institutions in the State. GOVERNOR ALLEN D. CANDLER. CHAPTER XVI. STATE GOVERNMENT. The government of Georgia, like that of all the other States of the Union, is republican in form, and is divided into three departments, the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial. The executive, m administrative branch otfthe governmetnt, is placed in the hands of .the Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller-General, Treasurer, Attorney-General, Commissioner of Agriculture and State School Commissioner elected by the people, Principal Keeper of the Penitentiary, a Railroad Commission and a Pardon Board appointed by the Governor. The Governor is vested with the veto power. The legislative department consists of a Senate and House of Rrepresentatives, the members of both houses being elected by a direct vote of the people. The State :Us divided mto forty-four senatorial districts from each of which one senator is elected. The members of the House of Representatives are elected from the counties in proportion to population, the more populous counties having three representatives. The Judicial department consists of the Supreme Court with three justices, the superior court, the court of ordinary, and the justice courts. In addition to these, city and county courts are cr~ated by special act, and vested with limited jurisdiction and powers. The Supreme Court is the court of last resort and has no original jurisdiction. The superior court may be termed a court of general jurisdiction, though its jurisdiction does not extend to all cases. In certain cases it has also appellate jurisdiction. The comt of ordinary is the probate court, with general powers relative to county matters. The justice courts have jurisdiction in civil cases arising out of contract and damage to personal property, provided the amount does not exceed $100. In criminal cases it is a committing court. Under the conservation and safe administration of the State's affairs for many consecutive years, aided by wise enactments of the legislature, Georgia's :finances have been brought out of the chaos in which war and reconstruction left them, and now her credit stands as high as that of any State in the Union. The constitution of the State adopted in 1877 guards well the rights of the people and prevents extravagant appropriations by the legislature. (417) 418 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The laws enacted give proper protection to individual and corporate capital without any injustice to the laborer. There is no interference by the legislature with the right of contract, except where humanity demands it. In upholding and enforcing the law the courts and the governOT have the moral support of the community. . Never, except in the case of a most .heinous, unmentionable crime, has the right of trial by jury been violated, and even then under the most exasperating circumstances no Georgia mob has even been guilty of the exce,sses perpetrated by the Illinois mobs in the spring of 1900, or the mob at Akron, Ohio, in August of the same year. Although the power of taxation is vested in the legislature, the abuse of it is wisely guarded against by the State Constitution. No taxes can be levied by the legislature except for the support of the govern~nt and public institutions, the payment of principal and interest of the public debt, to suppress insurrections or repel invasion, to pension under cer-. tain restrictions Confederate soldiers and the widows of Conferedate soldiers, and to provide a system of elementary education. The Constitution provides that taxation shall be uniform on all classes and ad valorem on property. For educational purposes a poll-tax of one dollar is provided. Public property, colleges, schools, churches, cemeteries, literary associations and public libraries, paintings and statuary not for sale, are exempted from taxation. County ta..'<:ation is limited to public works, court expenses, prisons, the debt existing at the time of the.adoption of the Comtitution. A twothirds vote is required to increase the debt of any county or municipality, and the amount of the debt must n:ot exceed seven per cent. of the assessed value of p~~erty. Counties and municipalities are not allowed to be'come stockholders in any corporation, and are forbidden to lend or give except to charities and schools. All taxes mUISt be collected under general laws. The property, real or personal, of citizens of the United States not residing in Georgia cannot be taxed higher than the property of residents. No foreign corporation is allowed to own more than 5,000 acres of land without first becoming a corporation of the State under her laws. Conveyances of real estate are made by deed, which must be signed by the maker, attested by at least two witnesses, delivered to the purchaser or some one for him, and founded on a valuable or good consideration. No special'form is required. It as sufficient, if it states clearly the transaction between the parties. A deed executed out of the State, in order to be entitled to recOTd, must be attested by a commissioner of deeds for GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 419 the State of Georgia, a counsel qr vice-counsel of the United States, a judge of a court of record, with the certificate under seal of the clerk of the court to the genuineness of the signature of such judge. If the deed is executed tin the State, it cannot be recorded, until attested by a judge of a court of record, or a justice of the peace, or a notary public, or a clerk of the superior court. , In the case of the last named officers, the deed must be attested in the county where they hold office. If not so attested at the time of its ex&. cution, it maybe acknowledged before any of these officers and the fact certified on the deed. If it has not been so attested or acknowledged, it may become entitled to record upon the affidavit of a subscrib!ing wit- ness before either of the officers testifying to the execution and attesta- tion of the deed. If the witnesses are dead or incapacitated, the affi- davit of a third party to the execution or genuineness of the signature of the witness or witnesses will admit it to record. Deeds to evade the usury law, or a part of a usurious contract, are void. . The legal rate of interest in Georgia is seven per cent. though by spe0ial contract eight per cent. may be charged. Any rate above that is considered usury, the penalty for which is the forfeiture of the excess of interest. By law certain liens are established. 1. State, counties, and municipal corporations for taxes. 2. Decrees and judgments of the courts. 3. Laborers' special lien on the products o their labor, and generally on the property of theU- employer. 4. Special liens of landlord for any necessaries furnished to tenants for the purpose of making a crop or supporting their families, such lien being upon crops made during the year in which such supplies were fur- nished. They have also a general lien for rent. 5. Lien held by mechanics on property manufactured or r~paired, for material furnished or work done. G. Innkeepers, carriers, stable-keepers, pawnees, and depositaries have liens on special property in their possession. 7. Mechanics, contractors, material men, manufacturers, including corporations, have liens on railroads, factories, houses, etc., for material furnished or for work done. The gen.eral rule is that liens must be enforced by suits within one year. The statutes of limitations fix certain limits on the time in which actions must be brought, as follows: instruments .under seal, twenty JE>ars; statutory rights, twenty years; promissory notes not under seal 420 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. and other simple contracts in writing, six years; contracts not in writing m11l open accounts, four years; foreign judgments, five years; domestic judgments, seven years without execution issued, with docketed seven ;,;tars from the last entry on the execution. Dormant judments may be 1evived by scire fac~as within three years from dormancy; suits against administrators, guardians, executors o~ trustees, except om.: their bonds, ten years; suits to recover trust property, three years after the removal of the disability; trespasses or damages to realty or personalty, four years; personal i!lljuries, two years; injuries to reputatti.on, qui tam ac- tions of informers, and claims against a county, one year; against dis- charged administrator by the heirs or distributees, five years. The extreme penalty of the law for murder is death or imprisonment for life. For capital offenses other than murder the limit of impr:ison- ment is seven years; for all other felonies, four years; for misdemeanors, two years. All promises to answer in any way for the debts of others, in order to be binding, must be in writing, signed by the party to be bound, orr his authorized agent. The homestead laws differ materially from those of most States, being somewhat in the nature of a trust estate in charge of the court for the benefit of dependents, which becomes subject to debts when the con- ditions and purposes for which it was created cease to exist. Due precaution is taken to prevent fraud on the part of debtors in dis- posing of and conceding their property. While statutory proceedings in attachment and garnishment are allowed upon the usual grounds, the wages of daily, weekly and monthly laborers are excepted from garnish- ment. The rights of creditors are favored by the' courts and every facility for the collection of debts has been made. In the making of a will no particular form is required. All wills, ex- cept nuncupative, must be in writing, signed by the maker, or in his presence and by his direction. Every Will must be attested by three com- petent witnesses in the presence of the testator. All wills disposing of real property in the State, in order to be entitled to p_robate, must be executed with the same formality as if made in the State. Bequests to any kind of institutions must be executed at least ninety days before the death of the testato:r, and must not so dispose of more than a third of the estate, if the testator has a wife, child, or descendants. If any, bequest violates this rule, it is null and void. The legal age at which marriage may be contracted is seventeen in males and fourteen in females. Under eighteen in females the consent DR. THOS. P. JANES, First Commissioner of Agriculture. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 423 of the parents must be obtained. Marniage within the Levitical degrees of affinity and consanguinity are forbidden. Miscegenation, or marriage between the white and colored races, is forbidden. The divO!r'ce laws are better than those of many States, -in that they make the sundering of the marriage tie no easy matter. The property rights of the wife, both real and personal, are fully protected by the law. Banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express, and telegraph companies, formerly chartered by the General Assembly are now chartered by the Secretary o State upon petition, and are given by statute the powers usually conferred upon such oompanies. Other corporations are chartered by the superior court in the county wheTe their principal office is located. The Comptroller-General is ex officio Insurance Commissioner, and a license from him, granted only upon certain conditions, is required o-f all companies, and to him statements of the assets and: liabilities of the com~ panies must be made. No security is reqUired of purely mutual life companies. Fire insurance companies are required to make a deposit of $25,000 'in cash or approved bonds, and life insurance (stock) coo:npanies must make a deposit o $100,000. re- The State Treasurer is by law the State Bank Examiner, and is quired to examine each bank at least once a year, and to him is made a quarterly statement which is required to be published. The general banking laws of Georgia furnish the depositors excellent _pro~ection against fraudulent loss. One of these laws forbids their lending to their officers without good collateral, and except on collateral no more than ten per cent. of their capital can be loaned to any one person. Cash assets must not be reduced below 25 per cent. of the deposits. Every precaution is taken against any possibility o fraud. Pure food laws protect the people o the State against adulterated: and unwholesome foods of any kind. The propagation o fish is confided to the Commissioner o Agriculture, who is authorized to employ a superintendent o fisheries, who, under the direction of the commissioners, shall have charge of the prop- agation o fish. In all the rivers o Georgia, in which shad are caught, there is a "closed time" o forty-eight hours each week, from sunrise on Saturday to sunrise on the foUo,wing Monday, during which no shad or other migratory fish are allowed to be caught by any meims whatever No shad are allowed to be taken by any means whatever except between the 424 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. first day of J a~uary and the twentieth day of .April of each year, except for spawnmg purposes. The game laws protect birds and all othe game against hunters during certain specified seaso.ns. The Commissioner of .Agriculture is charged with the execution of the quarantine laws for the protection of cattle against Texas fever and the cattle tick. For a thorough understanding of this subject we publish the bulletin on Cattle Quarantine Laws, published by the Department of .Agriculture. .AUTHORITY FOR MAKING RULES .AND REGULATIONS. AN. ACT, To protect the cattle of this State from all contagious or infectious diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of .Agriculture of this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make such rules and regulation as he may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this .Act, to prohibit the driving of diseased cattle.through said State, or cattle calculated to spread disease, to provide a penalty for violation of same, anistrict shall be composed of the counties of Bibb, Monroe and Pike. The Twenty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Houston, Crawford and Taylor. The Twenty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed o:f the counties of J\IIuscogee, Marion and Chattahoochee. The Twenty-fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties o Harris, Upson and Talbot. The Twenty-six Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Spald>ing, Butts and Fayette. The Twenty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties o:f Newton, \!\{alton, Clarke, Oconee and Rockdale. The Twenty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Jasper, Putnam and Morgan. The Twenty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Wilkes, Columbia, Lincoln and McDuffie. The Thirtieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Oglethorpe, Madison and Elbert. The Thirty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Hart, Habersham and Franklin. The Thirty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of White, Dawson and Lumpkin. The Thirty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Hall, Banks and Jackson. The Thirty~:fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Gwinnett, DeKalh and Henry. The Thirty-fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Clayton, Cobb and Fulton. The Thirty~sixth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Campbell, Coweta, Meriwether and Douglas. The Thirty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Carroll, Heard and Troup. 462 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The Thirty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Haralson, Polk and Paulding. The Thirty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Milton, Cherokee and Forsyth. The Fortieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Union, Towns and Rabun. The Forty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Pickens, Fannin and G~lmer. The Forty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Bartow, Floyd and Chattooga. The Forty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of lfurray, Gordon and Whitfield. The Forty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of Walker, Dade and Catoosa. Par. III. The General .Assembly may change these districts after each census of the United States; provided, that neither the number of districts nor the number of Senators from each district shall be increased. Section III. Paragraph I. The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and seventy-five Representatives, apportioned among the several counties as follows, to wit: To the six counties having the largest population, viz.: Chatham, Richmond, Burke, Floyd, Bibb and Fulton, three Representatives each; to the twenty-six counties having the next. largest population, viz.: Dooly, Bartow, Coweta, Decatur, Houston, Greene, Gwinnett, Harris, Jefferson, Meriwether, Monroe, Muscogee, Pulaski, DeKalb, Hall, Walton, Sumter, Thomas, Troup, Washington, Hancock, Carroll, Cobb, Jackson, Oglethorpe and Wilkes, two Representatives each; and to the remaining one hundred and five counties one Representative each. Par. II. The above apportionment shall be changed by the General .Assembly at its first session after each census taken by the United States Government, so as to give the six counties having the largest population three Representatives each; and to the tweny-six counties having the next largest population two Representatives each; but in no event shall the aggregate number of Representatives be increased.* *According to the provision of this paragraph the apportionment by the new cenAus will be as follows: Fulton, Chatham, Richmond, Bibb. Floyd, Thomas, three representatives eRch. Burke, Muscogee, Decatur, Washington, Oarroll, Dooly, Sumtflr, Lau rens, GwinnPtt, Coweta, Cobb, J ackson, Troup, Meriwether. Houston, Bulloch, Emtmuel, DeKalb. Walton, Wilkes, Bartow, Hall, Monroe, Tattnall, Lowndes, ElbPrt, two representatives each. The remaining one hundred and five counties, one representative. The counties are here arranged in the order of population. QEORG!A WHEATFIELD. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 465 Section IV. Paragraph I. The members of the General Assembly shall be elected for two years, and shall a.erve until their successors are elected. Par. II. The first election for members of the General Assembly, under this constitution, shall take place on the first Wednesday in De- cember, 1877; the second election for the same shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and subsequent elections biennially on that day, until the day of election is changed by law. Par. III. The first meeting of the General Assembly, after the ratifi- cation of this constitution; shall be on the fourth Wednesday in October, 1878, and annually thereafter, on the same day, until the day shall be changed by law. But nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the Governor from calling an extra session of the General As- sembly before the first Wednesday in November, 1878, if, in his opin- ion, the pub1ic good shall require it. Par. IV. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the presence of its absent members, as each House may pro- vide. Par. V. Each Senator and Representative, before taking his seat, shall take the following oath, or affirmation, to wit: "I will support the con- stitution of this State, and of the United States; and on all questions and measures which may come before me, I will so conduct myself as will, in my judgment, be most conducive to: the interests and prosperity of this State." Par. VI. No session of the General Assembly shall continue longer than fifty days; provided, that if an impeachment trial be pending at the end of fifty days, the session may be prolonged till the completion of said trial. Par. VII. No person holding a military commission or other appoint- ment or office, having any emolument or compensation annexed thereto, under this State, or the United States, or either of them, except justices of the peace and officers of the militlia, nor any defaulter for public money, or for any legal taxes required of him, shall have a seat in either House; nor shall any Senator or Representative, after his qualification as such, be elected by the General Assembly, or appointed by the Gov- ernor, either with or without the advice and consent of the Senate, to any office or appdintment having any emolument annexed thereto, dur- ing the time for which he shall have been elected. Par. VIII. The seat of a member of either House shall be vacated on his removal from the district or county from which he was elected. Secti'DD V. Paragraph I . The Senators shall be citizens of the United States, who nave attained the age of twenty-five years, and who shall have been citizens of tMs State for four years, and for one year residents of the district from which elected. 466 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Par. II. The presiding officer o the Senate shall be styled the President o the Senate, and 'shall be elected v:iva voce from the Senators. Par. III. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. Par. IV. When sitting for that purpose, the members shall be on oath OT affirmation, and shall be presided over by the Chief Justice or the presiding Justice of the Supreme Court. Should the Chief Justice be disqualified, the Senate shall elect the Judge of the Supreme Court to preside. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of twothirds o the members present. Par. V. Judgments, in case o impeachment, shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, within this State; but the party shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Section VI. Paragraph I. The Representatives shall be citizens of the United States, who have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall have been citizens of this State for two years, and for one year residents of the counties from which elected. Par. II. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives shall be styled the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and shall be elected viva voce from the body. Par. III. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power to impeach all persons who shall have been, or may be, in office. Section VII. Paragraph I. Each House shall be the judge of the election, returns and qualifications of its members, and shall have power to punish them for disorderly behavior, or misconduct, by censure, fine, imprisonment, or expulsion; but no member shall be expelled, except by a vote of twothirds of the House to which he belongs. Par. II. Each House may punish by imprisonment, not extending beyond the session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of a contempt, by any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, any person arrested by order of either House. Par. III. The members of both Houses shall be free from arrest during their attendance on the General Assembly and in going thereto or rET turning therefrom, except for treason, felony, larceny, or breach of the peace; and no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for anything spoken in debate in either House. Par. IV. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish it immediately after its adjournment. P ar. V. The original journal shall be preserved, after publication, in the office o Secretary of State, but there shall be no other record thereof. Par. VI. The yeas and nays on any questlion shall, at the desire o one-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 467 Par. VII. Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times, and on three separate days, in each House, unless in case of actual invasion or insurrection. But the first and second reading o each local bill and bank and railroad charters in each House shall consist o the reading of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed. Par. VIII. No law or ordinance shall pass which refers to more than one subject-matter, or contains matter different from what is expressed in the title thereof. Par. IX. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing except appropriations fixed by previous laws, the orilinary expenses o the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Departments o the Government, payment of the public debt and interest thereon, and the support of the public institutions and educational interests of the State. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. Par. X. All bills for raising revenue or appropriating money shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur in amendments as in other bills. Par. XI. No money shall be drawn from the treasury except by appropriation made by law, and a regular statement and account of the receipt and expenditure of all public money shall be published every three months, and also with the laws passed by each session of the General Assembly. Par. XII. No bill or resolution appropriating money shall become a law, unless, upon its passage, the yeas and nays, in each House, are recorded. Par. XIII. All acts shall be signed by the President o the Senate and the Speaker o the House of Representatives, and no bill, ordinance or resolution, int~mded to have the effect of law, which shall have been rejected by either House, shall be again proposed during the same session, under the same or any other title, without the consent of two-thirds of the House by which the same was rejected. Par. XIV. No bill shall become a law unless it shall receive a majority of the votes of all the members elected to each House of the General Assembly, and it shall, in every instance, so appear on the journal. Par. XV. (By an act approved September 24, 1885, an amendment to the constitution was submitted to vote o the people in October, 1886, and adopted, whereby the original of this paragraph was stricken from this constitution.) Par. XVI. No looal or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the matter, or thing to be affected, may be situated, which notice shall be given at least thirty days prior to the introduction of such bill into the General Assembly and ~n the manner to be prescribed by law. The evidence o such notice having been published shall be exhibited in the General Assembly before such act shall be passed. 468 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. Par. XVII. No law, or section of the Code, shall be amended or repealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the section of the Code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly describe the law to be amended or repealed, as well as the alteration to be made. Par. XVIII. The General ASISembly shall have no power to grant corporate powers and privileges to private companies; nor to make or change election precincts; nor to establish bridges or ferries; nor to change names of legitimate children; but it shall prescribe by law the manner in which such powers shall be exercised by the courts. All corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigatJion, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the Secretary of State, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Par. XIX. The General Assembly shall have up power to relieve principals or securities upon forfeited recognizances; from the payment thereof, either before or after judgment thereon, unless the principal in the recognizance shall have been apprehended and placed in the custody of the proper officer. Par. XX. The General Assembly shall not authorize the construction of any street passenger railway within the limits of any incorporated town or city without the consent of the corporate authorities. Par. XXI. Whenever the constitution requ':ires a vote of two-thirds vf either or both Houses for the passage of an act or resolution, the yeas and nays on the passage thereof shall be entered on the journal. Par. XXII. The General Assembly shall have power to make all laws and ordinances consistent with this constitution, and not repugnant to the constitution of the United States, which they shall deem necessary and proper for the welfare of the State. Par. XXIII. No provision in this constitution, fo-r a two-thirds' vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, shall be construed to waive the necessity for the signature of the Governor, as in any other case, except in the case of the two-thirds' vote required to override the veto, and in case of prolongation of a session of the GeneralAssembly. Par. XXIV. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days, or to any other place, without the consent of the other; and in case of a disagreement between the two Houses on a question of adjournment, the Governor may adjourn either or both of them. Section Vill. Paragraph I. The officers of the two Houses, other than the President and Speaker, shall be a Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House O'f Representatives, and such assistants as they may appoint; but the (llerical expenses of the Senate shall not exceed sixty dollars per day for each session, nor those of the House of Representatives seventy dollars per day for each session. The Secretary of the Senate and Clerk o the House of Representatives shall be required to give bond and security for the faithful discharge of their respective duties. PACKED PEACHES GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 471 Section IX. Paragraph I. The per diem of members of the General Assembly shall not exceed four dollars, and mileage shall not exceed ten cents for each mile traveled, by the nearest practicable route in going to and returning from the Capital; but the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall each receive not exceeding seven dolJars per day. Section X. Paragraph I. All elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce, and the vote shall appear on the journal of the House of Representatives. When the Senate and House of Representatives unite for the purpose of elections, they shall meet in the Representative Hall, and the President of the Senate shall, in such cases, preside and declare the result. Section XI. Paragraph I. All property of the wife at the time of her marriage, and all property given to, inherited or acquired by her, shall remain her separate property, and not be liable for the debts of her husband. Section XII. Paragraph I. All life insurance companies now doing business in this State, or which may desire to establish agencies and do business in th~ State of Georgia, chartered by other States of the Union, or foreign States, shall show that they have deposited with the ComptroU~-Gen eral of the State in which they are chartered or of this State, the Insur- ance Commissioners, or such other officer as may be authorized to re ceive it, not less than one hundred thousand dollars, in such securities as may be deemed by such officer equivalent to cash, subject to his order, as a guarantee fund for the security of policy-holders. Par. II. When such showing is made to the Comptroller-General of the State of Georgia by a proper certificate from the State official hav- ing charge of the funds so deposited, the Comptroller-General of the State of Georgia is authorized to issue to the company making such showing a license to do business in the State, upon paying the fees re- quired by law. Par. III. All life insurance companies chartered by the State of Georgia, or which may hereafter be chartered by the State, shall, before doing business, deposit with the Comptroller-General of the State or Georgia, or with some strong corporation, which may be approved by said Comptroller-General, one hundred thousand doilars, ~n such securi- ties as may be deemed by him equivalent to cash, to be subject to his order, as a guarantee fund for the security of the policy-holders of the company making such deposit, all interests and dividends arising from such securitlles to be pa:id, when due, to the company so depositing. Any 472 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. such securities as may be needed or desired by the company may be taken from said department at any time by replacing them with other securities equally acceptable to the Comptroller-General, whose certificate for the same shall be furnished to the company. Par. IV. The General Assembly shall, from time to time enactlaws to compel all fire insurance companies doing business in this State, whether chartered by this State or otherwise, to deposit reasonable securities with the Treasurer of this State, to secure the people against loss by the operations of said companies. Par. V. The General Assembly shall compel all insurance companies in this State, or doing business therein, under proper penalties; to make semi-annual reports to the Governor, and print the same, at their own expense, for the information and protection of the people. ARTICLE IV. POWER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OVER T'A.X.A.TION. Section I. Paragraph 1. The right of taxation is a sovereign right, inalieniable, indestructible, is the life of the State, and rightfully belongs t6 the peo ple in all Republican governments, and neither the General Assembly, nor any, nor all other departments of the Government established by this constitution, shall ever have the authority to irrevocably give, grant, limit or restrain this right; ai:J.d all laws, grants, contracts and all other acts whatsoever,. by said Government, or any. department thereof, to effect any of these purposes; shall be, and are hereby, declared to be null and void for every purpose whatsoever; and said right of taxation shall always be under .the complete cpntrol of, and revocable by the State, notwithstanding any gift, grant or contract whatsoever by the General Assembly. Section II. Paragraph I. The power and authority regulating railroad freights and passenger tariffs, preventing unjust discriminations, and requiring reasonable and just rates o freight and passenger tariffs, are hereby conferred upon the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be .to pass laws, from time to time, to regulate freight and passenger tariffs, to prohibit unjust discriminations on the various railroads of this State, and to prohibit said roads from charging other than just and reasonable rates, and enforce the ,same by adequate penalties. Par. II. The exercise o:f the riglit of eminent domain shall never be abridged, nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies, and subjecting them to public use, the same as property of individuals; and the exercise of the police power of the State shall never be abridged, nor so GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 473 construed a.s to permit corporations to conduct their business in such a manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals, or the general well- being of the State. . Par. III. The General Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the charter of any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same, nor pass any other general or special law for the benefit of said corpora- tion, except upon the condition that said corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to thf;l provisions of this constitution; and every amendment of any charter of any corporation in this State, or any spe- cial law for its benefit, acepted thereby, shall operate as a novation of said charter, and shall bring the same under. the provisions of this con- stitution; provided, that this section shall not extend tq any amend- ment for the purpose of allowing any existing road to take stock in, or aid in the building of' any branch road. Par. IV. The General Assembly of this State shall have no power to authorize any corporation to buy shares, or stock, in any other corpor- ation in this.State, or elsewhere, or to make any contract or agreement whatever, with ,any such corporation, which may have the effect, or be intended to have the effect, to defeat or lessen competition in their re spective business, or to encourage monopoly; and all such contracts and agreements shall be illegal and void. Par. V. No railroad company shall give, or pay, any rebate, or bonus in the nature thereof, directly or indirectly, or do any act to misleaa or deceive the public as to the real rates charged or received for freights or passage; and any such payments shall be illegal and veid, and these prohibitions shall be enforced by suitable penalties. Par. VI. No prorvision of this article shall be deemed, held or taken to impair the obligation of any contract heretofoTe made by the State of Georgia. Par. VII. The General Assembly shall enforce the provisions of this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE V. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Section I. Paragraph I. The o:ffi('ers of the Executive Department shall consist of a Governor, Secretary of State; Comptroller-General and Treasurer. Par. II. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office during the term of two years, and until his successor shall be ~hgsen and qualified. He shall not be eligible to re-election, after the expiration of a second term, for the period o four years. He shall have a salary of three thousand ,dollars per annum (until otherwise provided by a law passed by a two-thirds vote of both branches of. the General Assembly), which shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected;. nor shall he receive within 474 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. that time, any other emolument from the United States, or either of them, or from any foreign power. But this reduction of salary shall not apply to the present term of the present Governor. Par. III. The first election for Governor, under this constitution, shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and the Governor-elect shall be installed in office at the next session of the General Assembly. An election shall take place biennially thereafter on said day, until another date be fixed by the General Assembly. Said election shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the several counties of this State, in the manner prescribed for the election of members of t.P.e General Assembly, and the electors shall be the same. Par. IV. The returns for every election of Governor shall be sealed up by the managers, separately from other returns, and directed to the President. of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives, and transmitted to the Secretary of State, who shall, without opening said returns, cause the same to be laid before the Senate on the day after the two Houses shall have been organized, and they shall be trans~ mitted by the Senate to the House of Representatives. Par. V. The members of each branch of the General Assembly shall convene in the Representative Hall, and the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives shall open and publish the returns in the presence and under the direction of the General Assembly; and the person having the majority of the whole number of votes shall be declared duly elected Governor of this State; but if no person shall have such majority, then from the two persons having the highest number of votes, who shall be in life, and shall not decline an election at the time appointed by the General Assembly to elect, the General Assembly shall immediately elect a Governor viva voce; and in all cases of election of a Governor by the General Assembly a majority of the members present shall be necessary to a choice. Par. VI. Contested elections shall be determined by both Houses of the General Assembly in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Par. VII. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor who shall not have been a citizen of the United States fifteen years, and a citizen of the State six years, and who shall not have attained the age of thirty years. Par. VIII. In case of the death, resignation or disability of the Governor, the President of the Senate shall exercise the executive powers of the government until such disability be removed, or a successor is elected and qualified. And in case of the death, resignation or disability of the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of .Representatives shall exercise the executive powers of the government until the removal of the disability, or the election and qualification of a Governor. Par. IX. The General Assembly shall have power to provide by law for filling unexpired terms by special elections. Par. X. The Governor shall, before he enters on the duties of his office, take the following o~th or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 477 {or affirm, as the case may be), that I will :faithfully execute the office {)f Governor of the State of Georgia, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution thereof, and the constitution of the United States of America." Par. XI. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief oi the army and navy of this State, and of the militia thereof. Par. XII. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, to .commute penalties, remove disabilities imposed by law, and to remit any part of a sentence for offences against the State, after conviction, ,except in cases of treason and impeachment, subject to such regulations .as may be provided by law relative to the manner of.applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason he may suspend the execution of the sentence and report the case to the General Assembly at the next Jneeting thereof, when .the General Assemby shall either pardon, commute the sentence, direct its execution or grant a further reprieve. He :Shall, at each session of the General Assembly, communicate to that body each case of reprieve, pardon or commutation granted, stating the name of the convict, the offence for which he was convicted, the sen-tence and its date, the date of the reprieve, pardon or commutation, and the reasons foT granting the same. He shall take caTe that the laws are faithfully executed, and shall be a conservator of the peace throughout represent the State in all cases in the Superior Courts of his circuit, and in all cases taken up from his circuit to the Supreme Court, and to perform such other services as shall be required of him by law. Section XII. Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts and Solicitors-General shall be elected by the General Assembly, in joint session, on such day or days as shall be fixed by joint resO>lution o.f both Houses. At the session of the General Assembly which is held next before the expiration of the terms of the present incumbents, as provided in this constitution, their successors shall be chosen; and the same shall apply to the election of those who shall succeed them. Vacancies occasioned by death, resignation or other cause shall be filled by ap_pointment of the Governor, until the General .Assembly shall convene, when an election shall be held to fill the unexpired portion of the vacant terms. Section XIII. Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall have, out of the Treasury of the State, salaries not to exceed three thousand dollars per annum; the Judges of the Superior Courts shall have salaries not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; the Attorney-General shall have 486 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. . a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; and the ~o licitors-General shall each have salaries not to exceed two hundred and fifty dollars per annum; but the Attorney-General shall not have any fee or perquis,ite in any cases arising after the adoption of this constitution; but the provisions of this section shall not affect the salaries of those now in office. Par. II. The General Assembly may, at any time, by a two-thirds vote of each branch, prescribe other and different salaries for any, or all, of the above officers, but no such change shall affect the officers then in commission. Section XIV. Paragraph I. No person shall be Judge of the Supreme or Superior Courts; or Attorney-General, unless, at the time of his election, he s11all have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been a citizen of the State three years, and have practiced law for seven years; and no person shall be hereafter elected Solicitor-General, unless, at the time of his election, he shall have attained twenty-five years of age, shall have been a citizen of the State for three years, and shall have practiced law for three years next preceding his election. Section XV. Paragraph I. No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts of two juries at different terms of the Court. Par. II. When a divorce is granted, the jury rendering the final verdict shall determine the rights and disabilities of the parties. Section XVI. Paragraph I. Divorce cases shall be brought in the county where the defendant resides, if a resident of this State; if the defendant be not a resident of this State, then in the county in which the plaintiff resides. Par. II. Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where the land lies, except where a single tract is divided by a county line, in which case the Superior Court of either county shall have jurisdiction. Par. III. Equity cases shall be tried in the county where a defendant resides against whom substantial relief is prayed. Par. IV. Suits against joint obligors, joint promisors, copartners or joint trespassers, residing in different counties, may be .tried in either county. Par. V. Suits against the maker and indorser of promissory notes, or drawer, acceptor and indorser of foreign or inland bills of exchange, or like instruments, residing in different counties, shall be brought in the county where the maker or acceptor resides. Par. VI. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where the defendant resides, and all criminal cases shall be tried in the county Be lo w -:1.-:1 in ch es. -:1.4_ to -1 Mi n ehc:~ . -:l 8 tn :i 2 in t:hcs . 52 to 5-l in c h es. 54 to G4 inch es . 64 t o GS inches . 48 to 72 inc h es. LEGEND - Over 72 in c: h es. RAIN MAP OF GEORG I A. ANN UA L. SHOWING BY ISOl'HYRTAL CURVES THE ME i\N PKEC I P ITATI ON O F RAIN AND MF.LTEIJ SNO W FOR THE Y EAH . SCAL E 2~3='-="="=:E"~====~2i3~"=""="~"=";;0,CO =====':;'"="=""=""""""I"OSO MILES GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 489 where the crime was committed, except cases in the Superior Courts where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in such county. Section XVII. Paragraph I. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal cases shall be vested in the Superior Courts, to be exercised in such manner as has been, or shall be, provided by law. Section XVIII. Paragraph I. The right of trial by jury, except where it is otherwise provided in this constitution, shall remain inviolate, but the General Assembly may prescribe any number not less than :five, to constitute a trial or traverse jury in Courts other than the Superior and City Courts. Par. II. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the selection of the most experienced, intelligent and upright men to serve as grand jurors, and intelligent and upright men to serve as traverse jurors. N evertheless, the grand jurors shall be competent to serve as traverse jurors, Par. III. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, by general laws, to prescribe the manner of fixing compensation of jurors in all counties in this State. Section XIX. Paragraph I. 1The General Assembly shall have power to provide for the creation of County Commissioners in such counties as may require them, and to define their duties. Section XX. Paragraph I. All Courts not specially mentioned by name in the first section of this article may be abolished in any county, at the discretion of the General Assembly. Section XXI. Paragraph I. The costs in the Supreme Court shall not exceed ten dollars, unless otherwise provided by law. Plaintiffs in error shall not be required to pay costs in said Court when the usual pauper oath is :filed in the Court below. ARTICLE VII. FINANCE, TAXATION AND PUBLIC DEBT. Section I. Paragraph I. The powers of taxation over the whole State shall be exercised by the General Assembly for the following purposes only: 490 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. For the support of the State Government and the public instit11tions. For educational purposes, in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English education only. To pay the interest on the public debt. To pay the principal of the public debt. To suppress insurrection, to repel invasion, and defend the State in time of war. To supply the soldiers who lost a limb, or limbs, in the military service of the Confederate States with substantial artificial limbs during life; and to make suitable provisions for such Confederate soldiers a& may have otherwise been disabled or permanently injured in such service, or who by reason of age and poverty, or infirmity and poverty, or blindness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves; and for _the widows of such Confederate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate States, or since from wounds received therein, or disease contracted in the service; provid,ed, that the act shall only apply to such widows as were married at the time of such service and have remained unmarried since the death of such soldier husband. Section II. Paragraph I. .All taxation shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects, and ad valo?-em on all property subject to be taxed within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws. The General .Assembly may, however, impose a tax on such domestic animals as, from their nature and habits, are destructive of other property. Par. II. The General .Assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation all public property, places of religious worship or burial; all institutions of purely public charity; all buildings erected for and used as a college, incorporated academy, or other seminary of learning; the real and personal estate of any public library, and that of any other literary association, used by or connected with such library; all books and philo~ sophical apparatus; and all paintings and statuary of any company or association, kept in a public hall and not held as merchandise, or for purpose of sale or gain; provided, the property so exempted be not used for purposes of private or corporate profit or income. Par. III. No poll tax shall be levied except for educational purposes, and such tax shall not exceed one dollar annually upon each poll. Par. IV. .All laws exempting property from taxation, other than the property herein enumerated, shall be void. Par. V. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the State shall be a party. Section III. Paragraph I. No debt shall be COIJ1tracted by or on behalf of the State, except to supply casual deficiences of revenue, to repel invasion, sup- GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 491 press insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, or to pay the existing public debt; but the debt created to supply deficiences in revenue shall not exceed, in the aggregate, two hundred thousand dollars. Section IV. Paragraph I. All laws authorizing the borrpwing of money by or on behalf of the State shall specify the purposes for which the money is to be used, and the money so obtained shall be used for the purposes specified, and for no other. Section V. Paragraph I. The credit of the State shall not be pledged or loaned to any individual, company, corporation or association, and the State shall not become a joint owner or stockholder in any company, association or corporation. Section VI. Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State to become a stockholder in any company, corporation or association or to appropriate money for, or to loan its credit to any corporation, company, association, institution or individual, except for purely charitable purposes. This restriction shall not operate to prevent the support of schools by municipal corporations within their respective limits; provided, that if any municipal corporation shall offer to the State any property for locating or building a capitol, and the State accepts such offer, the corporation may comply with such offer. Par. II. The General Assembly shall not have power to delegate to any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for educational purposes in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English education only; to build and repair the public buildings and bridges; to maintain and support prisoners; to pay jurors and coroners, and for litigation, quarantine, roads and expenses of Courts; to support paupers and pay debts heretofore existing. Section VII. Paragraph I. The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State, except as in this constitution provided for, shall never exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable property therein; and no such county, municipality or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan or loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of one per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law; but 492 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. any city, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum o the assessed value o the taxable property at the time of the adoption of this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase, at any time, the amount of said debt, three per centum upon such assessed valuation. Par. II. Any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State, which shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the provisions of this constitution, shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the assessment and collection of an annual tax sufficient in amount to pay the principal and interest of said debt within thirty year~ from the date of the incurring of said indebtedness. Section VIII. Paragraph I. The State :shall not assume the debt, nor any part thereof, of any county, municipal corporation, or political division of th& State, unless such debt shall be contracted to enable the State to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend itself in time of war. Section IX. Paragraph I. The receiving, directly or indirectly, by any officer of the State or county, or member or officer of the General Assembly, o: any interests, profits or perquisites arising from the use or loan of publicfunds in his hands, or moneys to be raised through his agency for State or county purposes, shall be deemed a felony, and punishable as may beprescribed by law, a part of which punishment shall be a disqualification from holding office. Section X. Paragraph I. Municipal corporations shall not incur any debt until provision therefor shall have been made by the municipal government. Section XI. Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall have no authority to appropriate money, either directly or indirectly, to pay the whole or any part of the principal or interest of the bonds, or other obligations, which have been pronounced illegal, null and void by the General Assembly, and the constitutional amendments ratified by a vote of the people on the first day of May, 1877; nor shall the General Assembly have ,authority to pay any of the obligations created by the State under laws passed during the late war between the States, nor any of the bonds, notes or obligations made and entered into during the existence of said war, the time for the payment of which was fixed after the ratification of a treaty of peace between the United States and the Confederate States; nor shall the General Assembly pass any law, or the Governor, or other State official enter into any contract or agreement, whereby the State shall be made a party to any suit in any Court of this State, or of the United States, instituted to test the validity of any such bonds or obligations. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 493 Section XII. Paragraph I. The bonded debt o the State shall never be increased, except to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in time o war. Section Xill. Paragraph I. The proceeds o the sale o the Western and Atlantic, Macon and Brunswick, or other railroads, held by the State, and any other property owned by the State, whenever the General Assembly may authorize the sale o the whole or any part thereof, shall be ap plied to the payment o the bonded debt o the State, and shall not be used or any other purpose whatever, so long as the State has any existing bonded debt; provided, that the proceeds o the sale o the Western and Atlantic Railroad shall be applied to the payment o the bonds or which said railroad has been mortgaged, in preference to all other bonds. Section XIV. Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall raise, by taxation, each year, in addition to the sum required to pay the public expenses and interest on the public debt, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which shall be held as a sinking fund, to pay off and retire the bonds o the State which have not yet matured, and shall be applied to no other purpose whatever. I the bonds cannot at any time be purchased at or below par, then the sinking fund, herein provided or, may be loaned by the Governor and Treasurer o the State; provided, the security which shall be demanded or said loan shall consist only o the valid bonds o the State; but this section shall not take effect until the eight per cent. currency bonds, issued under the act o February the 19th, 1873, shall have been paid. Section XV. Paragraph I. The Comptroller-General and Treasurer shall each make to the Governor a quarterly report o the financial condition o the State, which report shall include a statement o the assets, liabilities and income o the State, and expenditures therefor, :for three months preceding; and it shall be the duty o the Governor to carefully examine the same by himself, or through competent persons connected with his department, and cause an abstract thereof to be published or the information o the people, which abstract shall be indorsed by him as having been examined. Section XVI. Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution or order, grant any donation, or gratuity, in :favor o any person, corporation or association. 494 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Par. II. The General Assembly shall not grant or authorize extra compensation to any public officer, agent or contractor, after the service has been rendered, or the contract entered into. Section XVIL Paragraph I. rrhe office of the State Printer shall cease with the ex piration of the term of the present incumbent, and the General Assembly shall provide, by law, for letting the public printi~g to the lowest responsible bidder, or bidders, who shall give adequate and satisfactory security for the faithful performance thereof. No member of the General Assembly, or other public officer, shall be interested1 either directly or indirectly, in any such contract. ARTICLE VIII. EDUCATION. Section I. Paragraph I. There shall be a thorough system of common schools for the education of children in the elementary branches of an English education only, as nearly uniform as practicable, the expenses of which shall be provided for by taxation or otherwise. The schools shall be free to all children of the State, but separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored races. Section II. Paragraph I. There shall be a State School Commissioner elected by the people at the same time and manner as the Governor and State house officers are elected, whose term of office shall be two years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. His office shall be at the seat of the government, and he shall be p.aid a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars ( $2,000) per annum. The General Assembly may substitute for the State School Commissioner such officer .or officers as may be deemed necessary to perfect the system of public education. (Act approved December 18, 1894-.) Section ill. Paragraph I. The poll tax, any educational :fund now belonging to the State (except the endowment o:, and debt due to, the University of Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and of the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, which the General Assembly is hereby authorized to assess, and the proceeds of any commutation tax :for military service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals as, :from their nature and habits, are destructive to other property, are hereby set apart and devoted for the support of common schools. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 495 Section IV. Paragraph I. Authority may be granted to counties, upon the recommendation of two grand juries, and to municipal corporations upon the recommendation of the corporate authority, to establish and maintain public schools in their respective limits, by local taxation; but no such local laws shall take effect until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the qualified voters in each county or municipal corporation, and approved by a two-thirds vote of persons qualified to vote at such election; and the General Assembly may prescribe who shall vote on such question. Section V. Paragraph I. Existing local school systems shall not. be affected by this constitution. Nothing contained in section first of this article shall be construed to deprive schools in this State, not common schools, from participation in the educational fund or the State, as to all pupils therein taught in the elementary branches of an English education. Section VI. Paragraph I. The Trustees of the University of Georgia may accept bequests, donations and grants of land, or other property, for the use of said University. In addition to the payment of the annual interest on the debt due by the State to the University, the General Assembly may, from time to time, make such donations thereto as the condition of the treasury will authorize. And the General Assembly may also, from time to time, make such appropriations of money as the condition of the treasury will authorize to any college or university (not exceeding one in number) now established, or hereafter to be established, in this State for the education of persons of color. ARTICLE IX. HOMESTF..AD AND EXEMPTION. Section I. Paragraph I. There shall be exempt from levy and sale, by virtue of any process whatever under the laws of this State, except as hereinafter excepted, of the property of every head of a family, or guardian, m trustee of a family. of minor children, or every aged or infirm person, or persons having the care and support of dependent females of any age, who is not the head of a family, realty or personalty, or both, to the value in the aggregate of sixteen hundred dollars. NoTE-The above provision of the constitution was specially submitted to the people and ratified, as a part thereof, by them, on December l)th, 1887. 496 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Section II. Paragraph I. No Court or ministerial officet in this State shall ever have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judgment, execution or decree against the property set apart for such purpose, including such improvements as may be made thereon from time to time, except for taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon. Section III. Paragraph I. The debtor shall have power to waive or renounce in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in this article, except as to wearing apparel, and not exceeding three hundred dollars worth of household and kitchen furniture, and provisions to be selected by himself and wife if any, and he shall not after it is set apart, alienate or. encumber the property so exempted, but it may be sold by the debtor and his wife, if any, jointly, with the sanction of the Judge of the Superior Court of the county where the debtor resides or the land is situated, the proceeds to be reinvested upon the same uses. Section IV. Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, as early as practicable, for the setting apart and valuation of said property. But nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or repeal the existing laws for exemption of property from sale contained in the present Code of this State, in paragraphs 2040 to 2049 inclusive, and the act amenda~ tory thereto. It may be optional with the applicant to take either, but not both, of such exemptions. Section V. Paragraph I. The debtor shall have authority to waive or renounce in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in section four, except as is excepted in section three of this article. Section VI. Paragraph I. The applicant shall, at any time, have the right to supplement his exemption by adding to an amount already set apart, which is less than the whole amount of exemption herein allowed, a sufficiency to make b,is exemption equal to the whole amount. Section VII. Paragraph I. Homestead and exemptions of personal property which have been heretofore set apart by virtue of the provisions of the existing so 8 0 .LEGEND r--1 First. Qi' OteMest Degree L.__J of Density. . c:J Second Degree of Density. Third Degree of Density. FORESTRY MAP - - -OF--- GEORGIA . Showing the Prevailin >< 'rimbers and Relatlve Dens1ty or Existing Forest Areas. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULlURE. a.o Franldin Prtg. & Pub. Co., Atlanta, Ga. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 499 constitution of this State, and in accordance with the laws for the enforcement thereof, or which may be hereafter so set apart, at any time, shall be and remain valid as against all debts and liabilities existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, to the same extent that they would have been had said existing constitution not been revised. Section VIII. Paragraph I. Rights which have become vested under previously existing laws shall not be affected by anything herein contained. In all cases in which homesteads have been set apart under the constitution of 1868, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, and a bon.a fide sale of such property has been subsequently made, and the full purchase price thereof paid, all right of exemption in such property by reason o its having been so set apart, shall cease in so far as it affects the right of the purchaser. In all such cases, where a part only of the purchase price has been paid, such transactions shall be governed by the laws now of force in this State, in so far as they affect the rights of the purchaser, as though said property had not been set apart. Section IX. Paragraph I. Parties who have taken a homestead o realty under the constitution of eighteen hundred and sixty-eight shall have the right to sell said homestead and reinvest the same by order of the Judge of the Superior Courts of this State. .ARTICLE X. MILITIA. Section I. Paragraph I. A well regulated militia being essential to the peace :and security of the State, the General Assembly shall have authority to provide by law how the militia of this State shall be organized, o:fficered, trained, armed and equipped, and of whom it shall consist. Par. II. The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the formation of volunteer companies, and to provide for their organization into battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions and corps, with such restrictions as may be prescribed by law, and shall have authority to arm and equip the same. Par. III. The officers and men of the militia and volunteer forces shall not be entitled to receive any pay, rations or emoluments, when not in active service by authority of the State. 22 ga 500 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIA.L. ARTICLE XI. COUNTIES AND COUNTY OFFICERS. Section I. Paragraph I. Each county shall be a body corporate, with such pow ers and limitations as may be prescribed by law. All suits by or against a county shall be in the name thereof; and the metes and bounds of the several counties shall remain as now prescribed by law, unless changed as hereinafter provided. Par. II. No new county shall be created. Par. III. County lines shall not be changed, unless under the opera- tion of a general law for that purpose. Par. IV. No county site shall be changed or removed, except by a two-thirds vote of the qualified voters of the county, voting at an elec tion held for that purpose, and a two-thirds vote of the General As- sembly. , Par. V. Any county may be dissolved and merged with contiguous counties by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors of such county voting at an election held for that purpose. Section II. Parllgraph I. The county officers shall be elected by the qualified voters of their respective counties or districts, and shall hold their offices for two years. They shall be removed on conviction for malpractice in office, and no person shall be eligible to any of the offices referred to in this paragraph unless he shall have been a resident of the county :for two years and is a qualified voter. Section III. Paragraph I. Whatever tribunal, or officers may hereafter be created by the General Assembly for the transaction of county matters, shall be uniform throughout the State, and of the same name, jurisdiction and remedies, except that the General Assembly may provide for the appointment of commissioners of roads and revenue in any county. ARTICLE XII. THE LAWS OF GENERAL OPERATION IN FORCE IN THIS STATE. Section I. Paragraph I. The laws of general operation in this State are, first, as the supreme law: The constitution of the United States, the laws of the United States in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 501 Par. II. Second. As next in authority thereto: this constitution. Par. III. Third. In subordination to the foregoing: All laws now of force in this State, not inconsistent with this constitution, and the ordinances of this convention, shall remain of force until the same are modified or repealed by the General A8sembly. The tax acts and appropriation acts passed by the General Assembly of 1877, and approved by the Governor of the State, and not inconsistent with the constitution, are hereby continued in force until altered by law. . Par. IV. Local and private acts passed for the benefit of counties, eities, towns, corporations and private persons, not inconsistent .with the supreme law, nor with this constitution, and which have not expired nor been repealed, shall have the force of statute law, subject to judicial decision as to their validity when passed, and to any limitations imposed by their own terms. Par. V. All rights, privileges and immunities which may have vested in, or accrued to, any person or persons, or corpoTations, in his, her or their own right, or in any :fiduciary capacity, under and in virtue of any act of the General Assembly, or any judgment, decree or order,. or other proceeding of any comt of competent jurisdiction in thiS State heretofore rendered, shall be held inviolate by all courts before which they may be brought in question, unless attacked for fraud. Par..VI. All judgments, decrees, ordm-s and other proceedings of the several courts of this State, heretofore made, within the limits of their several jurisdictions, are hereby ratified and affirmed, subject only to revision by motion for a new trial, appeal, bill of review, or other proceeding, in conformity with the law of force when they were made. Par. VII. The officers of the government now existing shall continue in the exercise of their several functions until their successors are duly elected OT appointed and qualified, but nothing herein is to apply to any officer whose office may be abolished by this constitution. Par. VIII. The ordinances of this convention shall have the force of laws until otherwise provided by the General Assembly, except the ordinances in reference to submitting the homestead and capital questions to a vote of the people, which ordinances, after being voted on, shall have the effect of constitutional provisions. NoTE-Under the ordinance of the convention submitting the-question of the location of the capital to the people, the city of Atlanta was chosen, December 5th, 1877. ARTICLE XIII. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Section I. Paragraph I. Any amendment, or amendments, to this constitution may be proposed in the Senate or H ouse of Representatives, and if the same ilhall be agreed to by two-thirds o:f the members elected to eaeh of the two Houses, such proposed amendment, or amendments, shaH be l))2 GEORGiA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon. And the General Assembly shall cause such amendment, or amendments, to be published in one or more papers in each Congressional district for two months previous to the time of holding the next general election, and shall also provide for a submission of such proposed amendment, or amendments, to the people at said next general election, and if the people shall ratify such amendment, or amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment, or amendments, shall become, a part of this constitution. when more than one amendment is submitted at the same time, they shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment separately. Par. II. No convention of the people shall be called by the General Assembly to revise, amend or change this constitution, unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General Assembly. The representation in said convention shall be based on population as near as practicable. Section II. Paragraph I. The constitution shall be submitted for ratification or 1ejection to the voters of the State, at an election to be held on the first Wednesday in December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven in the several election districts of this State, at which election every person shall be entitled to vote who is entitled to vote for the members of the General Assembly under the constitution arnd laws of f01ce at the ~ate of such election; said election to be held and conducted as is now provided by law for holding elections for members of the General Assembly. All persons voting at said election in favor of adopting the constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "For Ratification," and all persons opposed to the adoption of this constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "Against llatificat'ion. '' Par. II. The votes cast at said election shall be consolidated in each of the counties of the State as is now required by law in elections for members of the General Assembly, and returns thereof made to the Governor; and should a majority of all the votes cast at said election be in favor of ratification, he shall declare the said constitution adopted, and make proclamation of the result of said election by publication in one or more newspapers in each Congressional district of the State; but should a majority of the votes cast be against ratification, he shall in the same manner proclaim the said constitution rejected. ORDINANCES. AN ORDINANCE. Be it ordained by lhe people of Georgia in Conv.ention assembled: 1st. That the question of tbe location of the capital of this State be kept out of the constitution to be adopted by this convention. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 503 2d. That at the first general election hereafter held for members of the General .Assembly, every voter may indorse Qn his ballot ".Atlanta" or "Milledgeville," and the one of these places receiving the largest number of votes shall be the capital of the State until changed by the same authority and in the sameway that may be provided fgr the alteration of the constitution that may be adopted by the convention, whether said constitution be ratified or rejected. .And that every person entitled to vote .for members of the General Assembly, under the present coll'stitution and laws of this State, shall be entitled to vote under this ordinance; and, in the event of the rejection of said constitution, shall (should) a majority of votes cast be in favor Qr Milledgeville, then this pr{)vision to operate and take effect as an amendment to the present constitution. AN ORDINANCE. Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled, and it is hereby ordained by authority of the same.' 1st. That the article adopted by this convention on the subject of Homestead and Exemption shall not form a part of thi3 Constitution. except as hereinafter provided. 2d. At the election held for the ratification or rejection of this con- stitution :it shall be ' lawful for each voter to have written or printed on his ballot the words, "Homestead of 1877," or the words, "Homestead of 1868." 3d. In the event that a majority of the ballots so cast have indorsed upon them the words, "Homestead of 1877," then said article so adopt- ed by this convention shall form a part of the constitution submitted, if the same is ratified; but in the event that said constitution, so sub- mitted, shall not be ratified, then the article on Homestead and Exemp- tions, so adopted as aforesaid by this convention, shall supersede article seven of the constitution of 1868 on the subject of Homestead and Ex- emptions, and form a part of this constitution. 4th. If a majority of the ballots so cast as aforesaid shall have in- dorsed upon them the words, "Homestead of 1868," then article seventh of the constitution of 1868 shall supersede the article on Homestead and Exemptions adopted by this convention, and shall be incorporated in and form (a part) of the constitution so submitted and ratified. Read and adopted in convention August 22, 1877. Attest: C. J. JENKINS, President Constitutional Convention. JAMES COOPER NISBET, Secretary. AN ORDINANCE. Whereas, A committee has been appointed by this convention to consider and inquire into the ways and means by which the expenses of this convention, over and above those provided for by the General As- 504 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. sembly, can be defrayed; and, whereas, the committee are satisfied that a sufficient sum of money for the same can be procured by an ordinance of this convention; therefore, Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Conv.ention ass.embled, and it is hereby ordained by authority of the same: That the President of this Convention shall be, and he is hereby, em- powered, by authority of this convention, to negotiate a loan of a suffi- cient sum of money, at seven per cent. per annum, to defray the residue of the expenses of this convention not provided for by the act of the General Assembly calling this convention. Read and adopted in convention August 18, 1877. Attest: C. J. JENKINS, President Constitutional Convention. JAMES COOPER NISBET, Secretary. AN ORDINANCE. Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled: 1st. That the constitution as adopted and revised be enrolled and signed by the officers and members of this convention. 2d. That the Governor shall issue his proclamation, ordering an elec- tion for members of the General Assembly, and a vote upon the ratifi- cation or rejection of this constitution, as therein provided, and a vote upon the Capital and Homestead questions, as provided by the ordi- nances of this convention. Read and adopted in convention, August 25th, 1877. Attest: C. J. JENKINS, President Constitutional Convention. JAMES COOPER NESBIT, Secretary. AN ORDINANCE. There shall be sixteen Judicial Circuits in this State, and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to organize and apportion the same in such manner as to equalize the business and labor of the Judges in said several circuits as far as may be practicable. But the General Assembly shall have power hereaft.er to reorgrunize, increase or dimin- ish the number of circuits; providfd, however, that the cuircuits shall remain as now organized until changed by law. Read and adopted in convention August 23, 1877. Attest: C. J. JENKINS, President Constitutional Convention. JAMES COOPER NESBIT, Secretary GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 505 AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION. Paragraph 15, of Section 7, Article 3, stricken out. Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, amended by adding at the end of said paragraph the following words: "And to make suitable provisions for such Confed,erate soldiers as may have been permanently injured in such service." See Acts of 1884-1885. Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, also amended by adding at the end of said paragraph the following words: "And to make suitable provision for such Confederate soldiers as may have otherwise been disabled or permanently injured in such service; and for the widows of such .Confederate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate States, or 'since from wounds received therein, or diseases contracted therein." Paragraph 3, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out "biennially" after the word "and?' and before the word "thereafter," and substituting therefor the word "annually." Paragraph 6, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out the words "forty days, unless by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of each House," and substituting therefor "fifty days." (These amendments were construed to apply to Article 3, instead of Article 2.) Paragraph 7, Section 7, Article 3, amended by adding thereto, "but the first and second reading of each local bill and bank and railroad charters in each House shall consist of the reading of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed." Paragraph 18, Section 7, Article 3, amended by striking out, after the word "companies," in the second line, the following words, viz.: "Except banking, insurance, raili-oad, canal, navigation, express and telegraph companies," and substituting therefor, at the end of said paragraph, a':fte'r the word "courts," the following, viz.: "All corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the Secretary of State in such manner as shall be prescribed by law." See Acts of 1890-91, Vol. 1, pages 55 to 60, inclusive. Paragraph 1, Section 1, of Article 7, by adding after the word service in the thirteenth line of said paragraph, the following words, to wit: "Or who, by reason of age and poverty, or infirmity and poverty, or blindness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves." Act approved, December 19, 1893. Adopted by vote of the people October, 1894. oo6 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. We call attention to the two following important acts relating to adulterated food or drinks: TO PREVENT THE SALE OF ADULTERAT~D BOOD OR DRINKS, EXCEPT ON CERTAIN CONDTTIONS, ETC. No. 329. An Act to prohibit the sale or offering for sale in this State, any adulterated article of food or drink, except on cert.ain conditions, and to prescribe a penalty for so doing, and for other purposes. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That from and aft.er the passage of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any person, in his own right, or as an agent for another, to willfully and knowingly sell, or offer for sale, in this State, runy adulterated article of food or drink, unless the package or vessel containing the same has attached there:to a true and correct analysis of the article or thing therein contained, and notice thereof given to each and every purchaser, when: such article or thing may be offered for sale, that the article or thing is adulterated. Sec. II. And be it further enacted, 'That any person or persons violating the first section of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished as is prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882 of this State. Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of each and every grand jury in the several counties of this State to diligently inquire into any violation of the first section of this Act, and true presentments make of all violations of the same, and it shall be the duty of the judges of the superior courts in the State to bring this Act to the attention of grand jurors at each term of the court in the several counties of this State for two (2) years next after the passage of this Act. Sec. IV. Be it further enaated by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in con:fl:ict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. Approved September 26, 1883. ARTICLE 16. SALE OF ADULTERATED MILK, REGULATIONS AS TO IMITATION BUTTER AND CHEESE, UNWHOLESOME PROVISIONS, ETC. Par. 456. S.elling, of{e1ing lor sale, or delivering, certain kinds of milk, prohibited. No person, corpora.tion or agent shall sell, or expose for sale, or deliver for domestic use, any unclean, impure, unwholesome, adulterated, or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been GEO.RGI.A.: HIS'l'O.RIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL, 507 held back, what is known as "strippings," or milk taken from an animal having disease, ulcers, or abscesses, or from an animal within less than :fifteen days before, or less than five days after, parturition; provided, that this section shall not apply to the sale of buttermilk, or to skimmed milk, when sold as such. :Milk which is proven by any reliable test or analy- sis to contain less than three and one half per centum of but,ter fat, shall be regarded as skimmed or partially skimmed milk. Par. 457. Imitation butter and oheese defrned. Every article, sub- stance, or compound, other than that produced from pure whole milk, or cream from the same, made in the semblance of butter or of cheese, and designed to be used as a substitute for butter or cheese made from pure milk or cream from the same, is imitation butter or imitation cheese, as the case may be; providl2d, the use of salt, rennet and harm- less colori'llg-matter for coloring the product of pure milk or cream shall not be construed to render such product an imitation. Par. 458. Making, selling, ,etc., imitation butter or cheese, prohibited. No peraoo shall, by himself Ol' employee or agent, produce or mallu~ facture or sell, or keep for sale, or offer for sale, any imitation butter or imitation cheese made or compounded in violation of this Article, whe,ther such imitation shall have been made or produced in this State or elsewhere; but nothing in this Article shall be construed to prohibit the manufacture and sale of imitation butter or imitation cheese under the regulations hereinafter provided, not manufactured or colored as herein prohibited. . Par. 459. Sale under pretense of genuineness. No person, by him- self or agent or employee, shall sell, or offer for sale, any imitation but- ter or imitation cheese, under the pretense that it is genuine butter or genuine cheese. And no person, his agent or employee, shall sell any such imitation, unless he shall notify the purchaser distinctly at the time of the sale that it is such imitation, and at the same time shall de~ liver to the purchaser a statement printed in black letters not smaller than 4-line pica, in the English language, that the article is imitation butter or imitation cheese, and give the name and address of its pro- ducer, and contain no other words. Par. 460. Use of imitations regulated. No keeper or proprietor of a bakery, hotel, boarding-house, saloon, restaurant, lunch-counter, or other place of public entertainment, or any employee or other person having charge thereof, or any person furnishing board for others than his own family, shall keep, use, or serve therein or elsewhere, either as food for his guests, boa.rders, patrons, customers or employees, or for cooking purposes, any imitation butter or imitation cheese, unless such keeper, proprietor, or other person in charge of such place of entertain- ment shall keep constantly posted in a most conspicuous place in the room or rooms, or other place where such imitations shall be served or sold, so that the same may be easily seen and read by any person in such room or place, a white card not less than ten by fourteen inches in size, on which shall he printed, in the English language, in plain, black 508 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Roman letters, not smaller than one inch in height and one-half inch in width, the words, "Imitation butter used here," or "Imitation choose used here," as the case may be, and said cards shall not contain any other words or expressions. Par. 461. Use of coloring-matter to produce r.esemblance, p'l\ohibited. No person shall coat, powder, or color with anatto or any coloring-matter whatever, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter or for cheese, whereby such substance or product shall be caused to resemble butter of cheese, the product of pure milk or cream. Par. 462. Combining substances to produce resemblances, prohibited. No person shall combine any animal fat or vegetable oil, or other substa'llce, with butter or cheese, or combine therewith or with animal fat, or with vegetable oil, or with a combination of the two, or with either one, or with any substance whatever, any anatto or any coloring-matter for . the purpose or with the effect oi imparting thereto a yellow color, or any shade of yellow, so that such substance shall resemble genuine yellow butter or cheese, nor introduce any such coloring-matter or any such substa'llce into any of the ingredients of which such substitute may be composed; provided, that nothing in this Article shall be construed to prohibit the use of salt, rennet, or harmless coloringmatter for coloring the products of pure milk or cream from the same. Par. 463. Marking substitutes. Every person who lawfully manufactures any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter 01!' for cheese, shall mark by branding, stamping, or stenciling upo'll the top and side of each tub, box, or other vessel in which such substitute shall be kept, or in which it shall be removed from the place where produced, in a clear and durable manner, in the English language, the words "Substitute for butter," or "Substitute for cheese," as the case may be, in printed letters, in plai'll Roman type, each of which shall be not less than one inch in height and one-half inch in breadth. Par. 464. Possession of substitute regulated. No perso'll shall have in his possession or control, except for the actual consumption of himself or family, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter or cheese, unless the vessel containing it shall be marked as required in the preceding section. Par. 465. Punishment. A violation of any of the foregoing provisions of this Article shall be a misdemeanor. Acts of 1895, page 60. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 509 STATE HOUSE OFFICERS. ALLEN D. CANDLER, Governor. JOS. M. TERRELL, Attorney-General. WM. A. WRIGHT, Comptroller-General. ROBT. E. PARK, Treasurer, PHILIP COOK, Secretaty of State. J. W. ROBERTSON, Adjutant-General. G. R. GLENN, State School Commissioner. 0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner of Agriculture. R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant Commissioner of Agricul- ture. JNO. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist. W. M. SCOTT, Entomologist. GLASCOCK BARRETT, State Oil Inspector. W. S. YEATES, Geologist. JAS. E. BROWN, State Librarian. .JNO. W. LINDSAY, Pension Commissioner. Prison Commission. JOS. S. TURNER, Chairman. CLEMENT A. EVANS, THOMAS EASON. Railroad Commission. THOS. C. CRENSHAW, JR., Chmn. SPENCER R. ATKINSON, J. POPE BROWN. SUPREME UOURT. T. J . SIMMONS, Chief Justice. SAMUEL LUMPKIN, Presiding Justice. WM. A. LITTLE, Associate Justice. WM. H. FISH, Associate Justice. H. T. LEWIS. Associate Justice. A. J. COBB, Associate Justice. SUPERIOR COURTS. CIRCUITS. JUDGES. SOLICITORS. Albany Circuit ......... W. N. SPENCE ......... W. E. Wooten. Atlanta Circuit ..........J. H. LUMPKIN........ C. D. Hill. Atlantic Circuit ........ PAUL E. SEABROOK... Livingston Kenan. Augusta Circuit .........E. L. BRINSON ......... J. S. Reynolds. Blue Ridge Circuit ...... GEO. F. GOBER........ Thomas Hutcheson. Brunswick Circuit ...... JOS. W. BENNETT~ ..... Jno. W. Bennett. Chattahoochee Circuit ... W. B. BUTT ...... . .... S. P. Gilbert. Cherokee Circuit ........ A. W. FITE ............. Sam. P. Maddox. Coweta Circuit ....... . .. S. W. HARRIS ..........T. -A. Atkinson. Eastern Circuit ......... ROBERT FALLIGANT .. W. W. Osborne. Flint Circuit ............ill. J. REAGAN .........0. H. B. Bloodworth. Macon Circuit .......... W. H. FELTON, Jr..... William Brunson. Middle Circuit .......... B. D. EVANS .......... B. T. Rawlings. Northeastern Circuit .... J. B. ESTES ......... W. A. Charters. Northern Circuit . . . . . . . H. M. HOLDEN ......... David W. Meadow. Ocmulgee Circuit . . . . . . . JNO. C. HART . . . . . . . . . . H. G. Lewis. Oconee Circuit ........D. M. ROBERTS ........ J . F. DeLacy. Pataula Circuit ......... H. C. SHEFFIELD .......J. A. Laing. Rome Circuit ......... W. M. HENRY .......... Moses Wright. Southern Circuit ........ A. H. HANSELL ........ W. E. Thomas. Southwestern Circuit ....z. A. LITTLEJOHN .... F. A. Hooper. Stone Mountain Circuit...JNO. S. CANDLER ...... W. T. Kimsey. Tallapoosa Circuit ...... CHAS. G. JANES ....... W. T. Roberts. Western Circuit ......... R. B. RUSSELL .........C. H. Brand. 510 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. THE GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION. In 1887 the Congress of the United States passed an Act appropriating $15,000 per annum, from the proceeds of the sale of public lands, to each State and territory for the support and maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station. Under this Act the Station was to be conducted ~n connection with the Agricultural College in each State and Territory. The Governor of Georgia, in behalf of the General Assembly, accepted the tender of the appropriation, in June 1888, and preparations were at once made to organize a Station at Athens, Ga. !Ill December, 1888, however, the Groleral Assembly of Georgia passed aJJ1 Act taking the Station from the immediate control of the college authorities and providing for a Board of Directors :for its management, consisting of one "practical and suocessful" farmer from each Congressional district, the State Commissioner of Agriculture, the Chancellor of the University and one member of the faculty of the State Agricultural College. The "farmer'' members are appoin:ted by the Governor for terms of five years, and the member of the college faculty is arunually designated by the same authority. Under authority of the State Act the Board of Directors, in May, 1889, removed the Station from Athens and located it one and a half miles north of the city of Gviffin, the citizens of Spalding county having donated a fine farm of 130 acres and $4,000 in cash. In a short time the Station Staff was orgaruized by the election of R. J. Redding, director; Gustave Speth, horticulturalist and accountant, and James M. Kimbrough, agriculturalist and dairyman. Active operations commenced in September, 1889. The Station is maintained exclusively by the fund received from the United States Treasury ($15,000 per annum), together with the proceeds of the sale of farm products. The State provides nothing for ita regular support, but has made three appropriations of $5,000 each, for specific purposes, as shown in the >following statement: 1. Dbnations from Spalding county: Farm of 130 acres, valued at .. .................... $10,000 Cash for building purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000 2. Appropriated. by General Assembly: In 1888 for estab1ishiing the Station (mainly expemded for buildings) .................................. $5,000 In 1891, for buildingnger . . . . . . . . . . . . Republican.. " . . . . . . . . " '' Searchlight .... ........ Democratic . '' Moun tain Oaucassian. .. ........ . .... '' " " ....... .Ball Ground , Cherokee . Gazet te.... .. . . .. ...... '' . . . . " .. . .. .. .Barnesville, Pike., Georgia Farmer....... .Agricultural Semi-Monthly . . . " '' Banner .... ... . . .. ... .. Democratic .Weekly . .. . . . .. . .Baxley, Appling. Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . " . . . . .. . .Blackshear, Pierce. Herald .. .. .. - ... .. . . . h Early County News.... " . . Blairsville, Union. " . . ... . . .Blakely, Early. Reporter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . . . . '' . . . . . . . . " '' SouthernPit Games .... Poultry .... . .Monthly.......... '' " Post-Record . .. ........ Democratic .weekly .... . ..... Blue Ridge, Fannin. Southern-World.................. .. " . . . . . . . . '' " Intelligence.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ........ Bowdon, Carroll. Times ... .. . . ........... Democratic .Daily............. Brunswick, Glynn. Evening Call.............. . .. .. .. .. " .. .. .. .. .. " '' Herald . . ..............Negro .......Weekly.......... " " Banner-Messenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;; ........ Buchanan, Haralson. Tribune . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. Marion County Patriot .Democratic. " " " . . .. .... Buena Vista, Marion. Alliance Plo\\rBoy . .. ... Populist. . ... :; . ... .. . .Buford, Gwinnett. Herald . .. ..... . . . . . . . .Dem,ocratic . " ... . ... .Butler, Taylor. Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,; Clarion . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. " ..... . ..Calhoun, Gordon: . ..... .. Camilla. Mitchell. American Union . . .... .Republican .. '' ....... .Canon, Franklin. Herald ................. Universalist. '' Advance;.............. .Democratic . " " " ........ Canton, Cherokee. Advance............... " " ....... .Carnesville, Franklin. Press .. ................ Populist .. .. " Free Press . ............ Democratic. " " '' ... . ....Carrollton, Carroll. People's Advocate......Independent :: Times . .. . . . ... . ........Democratic. Courant-American..... . Eagle .......... " ...... Republican.. News.. ..... . ... .. ..... . .Democratic. Advance Courier . . . . . . . " Standard . ... ... . .. . . .-. '' " " " " " Enterprise ..... ...... .. Independent " Advertiser ... ... . . .. . : .Democratic. Press. .. .. .. . . .......... " " " Tribune . ...... : .......-. " Courier .... ........... Independent " " Liberal ................ Democratic. " ;: ;; . ....... Cart,e,rsville, Barto,,w. " " .. . ... . .Cedartown, Polk. " " .... . ... Chipley, Harris. . .... .. .Clarkesville, Habersham. ........ Claxton, Tattnall. ....... .Clayton, Rabun. ........ Cleveland , White. . .......Colquitt, Miller. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 521 Name Character How Published Town and:County Enquirer-Sun ,.........Democratic .Daily(excpt.Mon)Columbus, Muscogee. " " . . . .. . . .. '' .... Sunday.......... " " " " ;; .... Weekly.......... :: :; Ledger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Daily(excpt Sat. eve.) " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... Sunday.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' .... Weekly.......... '' So. Unionist............ Labor....... " '' " Banner Weekly ........Democratic .Weekly .......... Conyers, Rockdale. Call.................... " ....Daily ............ Cordele, Dooly. Sentine! .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ....Weekly . . . . . . . . . . " " Enterprise .... : .... ~... " " ......... .Covington, Newton. Star ......... :. . . . . . . . . '' '' . . . . . . .. . '' '' - ~ Advocate-Democrat.... " " .......... Crawfordville, Taliaferro, Herald................. " " .......... Culloden, Monroe. Baptist ............... Baptist...... " ......... .Cumming, Forsyth. Leader ................. Democratic. " ......... .Cuthbert, Randolph. J~iberal Enterprise..... d" d.... :: .. . ....... D hl" L " k' Nugget ................In epen ent .. ..... . . . a onega, ump m. Sign-al ................. Populist . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . " " New Era ..... ........ .Democratic. '' ......... .Dallas, Paulding. Argus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :: Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .......... Da~~on, Whi,~field. . ....... . Herald .................Populist . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . " " Music Teacher ......... Musical.. . . . Arg~s ................. De~?cratic. :: Monltor. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... " " .......... Daniel,~ville, Ma~/son- . ........ . Gazette . . . . . . . . . . ... Independent '' .......... Darien, Mcintosh. Spectator (Colored).... " . . . " . . . . . . . . .. " " News .................. Democratic. " .......... Dawson, Terrell. Advertiser............. " " ......... Dawsonville, Dawson. New Era............... " " .......... Decatur, DeKalb. Our Missionary Helper. Populist . . . . .......... " " Standaru ..............Democratic . " . . . . . . . . . " " Advertiser....... . . . . ;; ;: .......... Doe Run, Colquitt. Brees.................. " .......... Douglas, Coffee. New outh............. " " .......... Doubglasville, Douglas. Courier-Dispatch....... . ... Semi-weekly .....Du lin, Laurens. Times~Journal......... " .... Weekly .......... Eastman, Dodge. Plow Boy .............. Independent " ..........East Point, Fulton. Messenger ...... . ......Democratic . " ..........Eatonton, Putnam. Star .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . :: . . . . ;; .......... Elberton, Elbert. Tribune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... " " News .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . :: ;; .......... Ellaville, Schley. Courier-Sentinel . . . . . . . . ......... Ellijay, Gilmer. Times............... ... '' '' . . . . . . . . .. '' '' News . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . :; :: .......... Fairburn, Campbell. News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........Fayetteville, Fayette. Citizen-Leader. . ...... Republican . " ......... .Fitzgerald, Irwin. Enterprise ............. Independent " . . . . . . . . . " " Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... . .....Flowery Branch, Hall. Advertiser ............. Democratic . " . ........ .Forsyth., Monroe. Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .......... " " Critic (Colored) ........ Republican . " . . . . . . . . . . " " Sentinel . , ............. De~?cratic. ;: ~eader a B.............. " " 1.'ews an anner . . . . . . . . ........ Fort Gaines, Clay. ... .......Fort Valley, Houston. . .... . .... Franklin, Heard. Cracker ... . . .. .. .. .. . .. " " . ......... Gainesville, Hall. Eagle.................. " " . . . . . . . . . . '' '' Journal................ :: ;; ..... . .... Georgetown, Quitman. Hecord. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ......... Gibson, Glascock. News .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. " " .......... Gray, .Tones. Ilerald. . . . . . ...... .Independent '' ......... .Graymond, En1anuel. Herald-Journal ........ De~?cratic. ;; .......... Greensboro, Greene. Vindicator............. . ......... Greenville, :Meriwether. Call........... . . . .... .. " ... :Daily ............ Griffin, Spalding. .022 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Name Character How Published Town and County .Farmer ................ Democratic .Weekly ....... . .. Griffin, Spalding. :Echo (Colored) ......... Republican . " . . . . . . . . . " " .News and Sun . ...... .. .Democratic .Daily..... . ...... '' " " " " . . . . . . . . . . " .... Weekly... .. .. . .. '' " News .. . ... . ........ . .. Independent " .......... Guyton, Effingham. ..Journal . ... . ........... Democratic . '' ...... .. .. Hamilton, Harris. :People's Cause ......... Independent " ....... . . .Harlem, Columbia. Sentinel ... .. . .... .. . . .Democratic . " . . . . . .. . . . " " Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .......... Harmony Grove, Jackson. Sun . ........ . ...... .... " " .......... Hartwell, Hart. Dispatch and News. . ... " " .......... Hawkinsville, Pulaski. Independent (Colored) .Republican .Bi-Weekly . .. ... . " " Herald .......... . ..... Democratic .Weekly ....... ... Hinesville, Liberty. Headlight ... . .. ........ Independent " ........ . .Hogansville, Troup. Farmer and Dairyman . .Agricultural Semi-Monthly .... Holton, Bibb. Journal .......... . .....Democratic .Weekly ... . ...... Homer, Banks. News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .. ..... . .. Homerville, Clinch. Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ... . . . ....Irwinton, Wilkinson. News ................. .Independent " ... . .. . .. .Isabella, '\Vorth. Argus ......... . ........ Democratic. " ......... .Jackson, Butts. Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .......... " " Progress............... " " .. .. ...... Ja~per, Pickens. Herald......... ... ..... " " ... .. ..... Jefferson, Jackson. Herald.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;; " .... . .. ... Jeffersonvillll, Twiggs. News . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. ...... .Jesup, Wayne. Sentinel ...............Populist .. .. " .. .. .. .. .. " " Enterprise ..... .. ...... Democratic. " ... . ..... .Jonesboro, Clayton. News ................. Populist . . . " .. .. . . .. . . " Correspondent .... . .... Democratic. " ......... .Knoxville, Crawford. 1\fessenger ............. Independent " ....... .. .LaFayette, Walker. Enterprise.. . .......... . . . ;: .......... LaG~imge, Tr,~up. Graphic .. .. .. ........ ..Democratic . . ........ . Reporter. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " .... Daily . . .. . . .. .. .. ;; " " ............... . . .. 'Veekly . . . . . . . . . . " :, Repub1ican ... _........ Rep'n (Col.). " ......... . Standard Gauge ....... Independent " ...... ... .Lavonia, Franklin. News I-lerald . .......... Democratic. '' ......... .Lawrenceville, Gwinnett. Echo... ... ...... .. ... . . '' '' .. .. ... . ..Lexington, Oglethorpe. Journal ................ Populist . . . . '' ... . . .... .Lincolnton, Lincoln. J..~eader . .. ... . .......... Democratic . '' ......... .Lindale. Floyd. News and Farmer. .... . '' '' .. .... ... .Louisville, Jefferson. Advertiser. . . . . .. . . . . . . . " " ..........Lumpkin, Stewart. Independmt .. .. .. .. .. . " " . . .. . . . . .. " " Weekly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . " .. . ....... McDonough, Henry. Appeal (Colored) ...... . Republican . '' ... . .... .. Macon, Bibb. Georgia Planter ....... Agricultural Monthly . . . . . . . . . " ;; News ...... .. .... . ..... Democratic .Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . " ~o. Dental Journal. ... Dental .... . Quarterly..... . .. " unday Press.. . . . . . . .. Democratic .Weekly . . . . . . . . . . " " Telegraph .... :. .. .. .. .. " . . . Daily .. .. .. .. .. . . " " " .. . .. .. .. .. . .. " .. . .Sunday.... . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . " .. . .Semi-Weekly.. ... " " Enterprise...... ....... " ....Weekly ....... . .. McRae, Telfair. News ... .. . .. ... ... .. .. Independent " . . . . . . . . . . " " Adviser ............... Democratic. " .......... Madison, Morgan. Gleaner (Colored) ..... .Republican . :; . . . . . . . . . . ;; " Madisonian ..... . ......Democratic . . .. . .. . .. . Critic ........ . .. . ... ... Independel)t Daily .... . . . ..... Marietta, Cobb. Journal . . .............. Democratic. Weekly . . . . . . . . . . " " Guidon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' " ......... Meldrim, Effingham. Union-Recorder. .. ... . . . . . . " . ........ Milledgeville. Baldwin. Banner . . ... .. .... .. .. .IJldependent " . ...... 0 , .Mitchell, Glascock. News and Messenger ... Democratic. " . . ... .... .Monroe, Walton. Tribune . . o 0 . Independent " Record . ......... ... .... Democratic . '' : : : :: :: : ~ u " :Montezuma, Macon. Advocate.............. " " ........ .. Monticello, Jasper. News . ... ~... ... . . . . . . . . '' '' ... 0 '' '' GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 5~3 Name Character How Published Town and County Courier ................Independent " Observer ...............Democratic. " Protectionist ........... Republican . '' Monitor ............ .. .Democratic. " ..........Moultrie, Colquitt. .. .. . . .. .. " " ... . ..... .Mount Airy, Habersham. ......... .Mt. Vernon Montgomery. GHeelr>rJa1gdianand. Advertl:ser . '' "" ...... ............. NNeawshnvainll,e,CBowerertiae.n. News .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . " ... Daily . .. . . . .. . . .. " " " . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . " .... Weekly.......... " " News .......... . ....... Independent " .......... Newton, Baker. Tribune ................ Democratic. " ......... .Norcross, G\vinnett. Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . . .. ... Ocilla, Irwin. Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ... .Semi-VVeekly.... Oglethorpe, Macon. Emory College Phamix. College ..... Monthly .......... Oxford, Newton. Enterprise ............. Democrati~ .Weekly .......... Pembroke, Bryan. Southern Informer ..... Independent " . . . . . . . . . " " Home ,Journal ........ .De1nocratic . '' ......... .Perry, Houston. Advertiser............. '' " .. . ....... Quitman, Brooks. Free Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ....... ... " " Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . .... Reidsville, Tattnall. Banner ................ Independent " ........ ~,Richland, Stewart. New South ............. Democratic. " .......... .Ringgold, Catoosa. Inquirer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ......... Riverdale, Clayton. New Era . -.......... . . . '' .......... Rochelle. Wilcox. Slate ................. .Independent '' ......... .Rockmart, Polk. Cherokee Messenger ... Missionary .. Monthly . . ...... Rome, Floyd. Chronicle .... , ......... Independent Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " ... Sunday........... " " Commercial Argus ..... Democratic .Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . :: :: Southern Argus. .. . . . . . " .... Weekly . . .. . . .. . . " ,, Masonic Herald ...... Masonic .... Monthly . . . .. . . .. " ,, Tribune ................Democratic .Daily ........... . " .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. " .... Weekly .. .. . .. . . . '' " Herald.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . '' ........... Sandersville, Washington. Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . ...... ... " '' Baptist Truth ........ .Baptist . . . . . " ......... .Savannah, Chatham. Bulletin ..............Democratic . " . . . . . . . . . . " " Gazette (Colored) ...... Republican . " . . . . . . . . . . " Journal of Mt>dicine and Surgery .............. Medical .... Monthly ........ . " " Musical Echo ..........Musical. . ... " ......... . News .................. Democratic .Daily ........... . " . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. . " .... Semi-Weekly .. .. Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' ... .Daily ........... . ,""", South'n Drug and Paint " " " " Review . . . . . ....... Pharmacy ...Monthly . . . . . . . . . " " Spy .................... Republican .Weekly.... . ..... " " Tribune (Colored)...... " . . . . " .. .. . . .. . . " " Enterprise-Gazette ....Democratic . " .......... Senoia, Coweta. Watchman ............. Republican . " ... 0 Sharon, Taliaferro. Journal ................ Democratic. " ......... .Smithville, Lee. Sentry................. '' " ......... .Social Circle, Walton. lshmaelite . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .......... Sparta, Hancock. Jimplecute....... . . . . . . " " .......... Spring Place, Murray. Herald. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' " .. . ....... Statesboro, Bulloch. .Star ................... Populist .. .. " . . .. .. . . . . " " Times ..................Democratic. " . ... ... .. . " " News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ........... Summerville, Chattooga. Blade ................. Independent " ......... .Swainsboro, Emanuel. Pine Forest ........... Democratic. " . . . . . . . . . . " " People's Press ......... Populist.... " ......... .SylVania, Screven. Telephone ........ . .... Democratic . " . . . . . . . . . . " " Local............. . .... " " ....... , . .Sylvester, Worth. New Era............... " " .......... Talbotton, Talbot. Journal . o Independent " .......... Tallapoosa, Haralson. Echo................... " . .. " .......... Tallulah Falls, Rabun. News.................. " .. .Semi-Weekly .... Tennille, Washington. 524 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Name Character How Published Town and County Times .... ..... ....... .Democratic .Weekly .......... Thomaston, Upson. News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . ....... ..Thomasville, Thomas. Times-Enterprise . .. ... " ... .Daily . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ;!.> " " .... Weekly .. .. .. .. .. " " Journal... .... .. . . ... . . " " .... . ... . .Thomson, McDuffie. Gazette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " .......... Tifton, Berrien. Southern Record.. . . . . . " " .. ..... ... Toccoa, Habersham. News .. _.. . . . ...... . ... Independent " .......... Trenton, Dade. Herald . ..... . ....... ... Democratic . " .. . . . ..... Trion Factory, Chattooga. P .assport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . . . . :; . . . . . . . . . U nadil1 a, Dooly. Afro-Am. Mouthpiece .. (Color('d).. . . . . . .... .. .Valdosta, Lowndes. Plaindealer . . . . . . . . . . . . " Rep'n .......... " " Times ....... . ......... .Democratic. " . . . . . . . . . . " " Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ......... Vienna, Dooly. Hustler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ... . ..... .Villa Rica, Carroll. Banner... . ............ " " ......... .Wadley, Jefferson. Clipper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " ....... . . .vVarrenton, Warren. Chronicle... ... .. . . . . . " .......... 'Vashington, Wilkes. Gazette .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . '' " .. .. .. .. .. " " Georgia Reporter . . . . . . " " .......... " " Enterprise .. ... ...... .. Independent " ....... .. . \Vatkinsville, Oconee. Herald................ Democratic .Daily . .. ...... .. .Waycross, Ware. " .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. " ....Weekly .. ........ " '' Journal..... .. .. .. .. .. . " " . . . . . .. .. . " '' True Citizen . . . . . . . . . . . " " ...... . . . .Waynesboro, Burke. News ........ .. .. .. .. Independent :: . ...... .. .West Point, Troup. Democrat .. . ........... Democratic. . ....... . .Winder, Jackson. Jjlckson Economist .. . .Populist . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . " " Georgian ... .. . . . ... . . .. Democratic . '' . ..... .... Woodbine, Camden. Messenger ....... ... .. .Independent " ........ . . Woodbury, Meriwether. Headlight .............. Democratic. '' . . .... .. . .Wrightsville, Johnson. Record ................ .Populist .. .. " .. .. . . .. .. " " News .... . .. . .. . ...... .Independent " . ........ .Young Harris, Towns. Journal . .... .. ........ .Democratic. '' . . ... .... .Zebulon, Pike. Republican .... .... ... .Republican . '' . . . . . . . . . . " " GEORGIA EXHIBIT,, AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, NASHVILLE, '.rENN., 1897. PART II. SKETCHIES OF THE COUNTIES. These sketches contain in:formatioo concerni~g the history, soil, productioos, live stock, manufactures, population, eto. of each county in the State. In en farms or ranges, June 1, 1900; !110 report. 556 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. BULLOCH COUNTY. Bulloch County wa,s laid .out in 1796 and named for Archibald Bul- loch, Governor of Georgia from January 20, 1776 to February 22, 1777, and a devoted. champion of the liberties. of America. This county runs up into a point at the north. It is bounded by the f10lllowing counties: 'Screven on the northeast, Screven and Effingham on the east, Bryan on the southeast, Tattnall on the southwest and west, and Emanuel on the west and northwest. The river Ogeechee flows along its northeastern and eastern bo!l'ders, and the Cannouchee along its western and solith- western boundary. Several creeks flowing into these rivers traverse the county. The most important are Belcher's Mill creek, Black creek, Bird':s Mill creek, Big Lott's and Little Lott's creeks, Sculls, Meril's, Dry and Hound creeks. TheTe is also near the Ogeechee river a lake about ten miles long. From this and the rivers and creeks abundance o:f :fish are caught. The county is level and is composed of pine-gray up- lands and hummock lands. About one-fifth of the soil is sandy and light loam, one-fifth a stiff dark soil, and one half a red clay soil. The hum- mock lands are ve~ productive, yielding cotton, long-and short-staple, corn, wheat, oats, rye, sugar-mine, rice and potatoes. The climate is healthy and pleasant. Many instances of longevity have been recorded. In the records of the county are the names of several who lived more than a hundred years. Religion and education are represented by prosperous churches and schools. . The pine and cypress timbers furnish lumber and shingles for the markets. These are cut up by 20 lumber mills in different parts of the county. There is a good business also in rosin and turpentine. There are 15 turpentine distilleries. There are 25 flour and grist-mills. Rice culture on the hummock lands is prorfitable. For travel and transporlation the people have the advantage of the following railroads: the Savannah and Statesboro, the former Dover and Statesboro and Pineora ro\lds, now a part 10 the Central of Georgia sys- tem, and Foy. 'fhe county site is Statesboro at the junction of the Sa- vannah and Statesboro Railroad with the Central. The court-house cost $20,000 and the academy, $15,000. There are in this town a bank with a capital of $50,000 and a blind and sash factory. A company has beer... organized here to build a cotton factory. The Statesboro district contains 3,706 inhabitants, of whom 1,197 live in the town. Both the district and town have doubled in population since 1890. The Methodists, Baptists and Presby;terians predominate, though other Christian sects are represented. The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia, and number. 77 for whites and 42 for colored, with an average attendance of 1,877 white and 1,133 colored pupils. The average yield per acre of the var~ous crops is: seed 0otton, 350 to 500 poundls of sea-island and 500 to 850 po1;mds of upland; corn 10 to 14 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish and sweet pot.atoes, 75 to 20unty, and in 179 8 a part to J e:fferson. The Savannah river separates it from South Carolina on the east and the Ogeechee from Emantlel county. Richmond county bounds it on the north, Screven oo the southeast, Emanuel on the south, and J effffi'Son on the west. Brier creek traverses the county from northwest to southeast and is noted for the rich lands along its borders. The county is also watered by Beaver Dam, Brushy, Horse, Rock and Buckhead creeks. On Brushy and Brier creeks and at Shell Bluff are beds of marl. Much of the subsoil !Consists of calcmeous marl from many of the springs and in the banks of the streams. At Shell Bluff is found an almost inexhaustible quantity of limestone m o'f the best quality for making lime. Buhrstone is also very abundant in the county. Chalcedony and jasper have been found. The water the county is impl'f3o<>ilated with rotten limestone. This adds to the productiveness of the soil, but detracts from the taste of the water. The introduction of artesian wells is proving a remedy for this. ,The artesian well at Waynesboro furnishes to that town a large quantity of wholesome, hard water, good not only for drinking, but also for general domestic purposes. Waynesboro, the county site, on the Central of Georgia Railway, named :in honor of General Antlmny Wayne of Revolutionary fame, is a thriving town containing 2,030 inhabitants in its corporate limits. lt has_good schools and churches of the denominations usually found in our Georgia towns, Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. The town has a bank with a capital ,of $50,000. It has two fertilizer factories and )two -cottonseed-oil mills. Burke county has good private schools and ernjoys the advantages Jalso .of the public scho1ol system of Georgia. There are in the whole county 105 schools, 40 for whites and 65 for colored. The average daily attendance, as reported by the State School Commissioner is '789 in the schools \for whites, and 2,419 in the schools for negroes. The school fund for 1900 was $22,063.73. The Centrail Railroad on the southern border and running through the county to Augusta and a branch of the Southern running through the northwest corner, give ample C'Onvenience for travel and transportation. The proximity of Augusta to the northern part of the county encourages the trucking business, the value of which amounts to nearly $20,000 per annum. The tributaries of the Ogeechee ful'lhlsh wa:t.erpower which has been utilized by nine.grist-mills; those of the Savannah operate 8 mills. Long-leaf pine and wire-grass cover a large area; the timber growth o the north and northwest portion& o the county is of the -different hardwood varieties. The timber pl'IOducts are valued at $75,~ GEORGIA.: HIS'l'ORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. 559 {)00; nearly all yellow pine, also some naval stores. There are 10 or 12 steam sawmills and 3 turpentine distilleries. According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 46,152 bales, of .which 45,977 were upland and 175 sea-island. According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,100 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,609 pounds, 8,007 cattle, 2,661 milch-cows, 392 working oxen, 30,248 hogs, 95,732 poultry ,of all kinds, 1,633 homes, 3,665 mules and 5 donkeys. Among the productioos were 438,533 gallons of milk, 70,027 pounds of butter, 600 pounds of cheese, 15,444 pounds of honey and 177,034 dozens of eggs. The yields of the various -crops to the acre under ordinary cultivation average about aJS follows: seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 15; sugar-cane, 150 gallons of syrup. The grasses are Bermuda, crab and wire-grass. The pea-vines also furnish hay. The production of hay is 2,500 pounds to the acre. In 1898 the production of Irish potatoes was 998 bushels; of sweet potatoes, 92,366 bushels. Fruit trees in the county: 4,853 apple-trees, 23,890 peach-trees. The area of Burke county is 1,043 square miles, or 667,520 .acres. The following :items are furnished by the report of the ComptrollerGeneral for 1900: acres of improved land, 589,198; average value per acre of improved la111d, $2.53; city or town property, $361,876; value of al oolored, 6,875. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 59 calves, 16 stem-s, 4 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 72 horses, 14 mules, 3 donkeys, 310 swine. 564 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IND USTRIAL. CAMDEN COUNTY. Camden County was formerly embraced in the parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary's. ln: 1777 these were formed into a county and named in honlor of the Ead o Camden who, in the British parliament, so boldly plead for the liberties of America. Part of it was taken from Wayne in 1805, and a part added to Wayne in 1808. It is bounded on the north by Glynn and Wayne counties, on the east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by :Florida, from which it is separated by the St Mary's river, and on the west by Charlton county. The Satilla (formerly called St. lila) river flows along its western border, then tul"lling to the northeast flows almost centrally across the county and empties through St. Andrew's sound into the Atlantic ocean. The Little Satilla, along its northeastern boundary, also empties into St. Andrew's sound. The county is also watered by several creeks. St. Mary's, the county seat, is beautifully situated on the river of the same name, in full sight of the ocean, from which it is distant nine miles. Its harbor lis accessible to the largest vessels, and St. Mary's enjoys considerable trade. The sawmills, constantly busy, impart to the place an air of thrift. The streets are broad and adorned with shade-trees, among which are orange-trees, laden in their season with golden fruit, and sycamore and wild olive-trees, clad in a foliage of perpetual green. In the winter season the town is thronged with Northern visitors seeking health or pleasure. It is well supplied with churches of the different denominations, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Roman Catholics. St. Mary's besides its excellent harbor has easy access by the river to the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, which traverses the county from north to south. The St. Mary's district has 1,291 inhabitants, of whom 529 live in the town. In Camden county are 26 white and 22 colored schools with an average attendance of 219 white and 372 colored pupils. The soils o Camden county a.Te of different kinds; gray, yellow and dark, and some blue clay bottom land. Only 50 acres were during the last season planted in cotton, 5,000 acres were planted in corn, none in whe,at, 1,000 in barley, 3,000 in rice,, 100 in sugar-cane, 20 in sorghum, 100 in Irish potatoes, 1,000 in sweet potatoes, 1,000 in field-peas, 500 in ground-peas, 200 in chufas and 1,000 in vegetables of every kind. The average yield by the acre was: 600 pounds of seed cotton; 15 bushels of corn; 20 bushels of oats; 30 to 35 bushels of rice; 160 bushels of Irish potatoes; 230 bushels of sweet potatoes; 10 bushels of field-peas; 60 busheLs of ground-peas; 170 bushels of chufas. The ribbon-cane aver ages from 130 to 200 gallons of syrup to the acre, and the sorghum 40 gaUons. The rice acreage :fnr 1901 was unusually large. Though no attention is paid: to the making of hay, the soil is well adapted to all the grasses. The wooded lands, carpeted with grass, afford pasturage all the year. Cattle require but little attention, and the cost of raising a yearling calf is nothing. About 75 per cent. of the fertilizers used is produced on the farm. Some improvement has been GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 565 made in the breeds of cattle, and more attention than formerly is being paid to the raising of beef cattle. By the census of 1890 there were in the county 407 horses, 49 mules, 2,354 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,972 pounds, 9,668 cattle, 969 being working oxen and 2,397 milch-cows; 17,411 of all kinds of poultry and 6,542 hogs. Among the farm products were: 84,395 gallons of milk, 8,526 pounds of butter, 21,577 dozens of eggs and 3,656 pounds of honey. The fish are of all kinds, both salt-wa.teir and fresh. The;re is also an abundance of shrimp, crabs, clams and oysters, though the demand for the last-named by the canning fact1ories has diminished greatly the sup- ply in the oyster-beds. The county abounds in game, such as deer, wild turkeys, quail (or partridge), doves and snipe. In the gardens all the usual vegetables, and common varieties of ber- ries are raised. Markets are found for them in Fernandina, Jackson- ville, Brunswick and New York. Every farm has an orchard in which are raised fruits for home consumption. In addition to peaches, plums, chenies, etc., they produce oranges, lemons, figs, olives, pomegranates and melons. Great quantities of grapes are also raised. Camden county is well supplied with artesian wells, and has several mineral springs. There are 3 grist-mills and the same number of saw- mills, also 9 turpentine di'Stilleries, and one buggy factory. The navig- able rivers, Satilla and St. Mary's, and the railroad give good facilities :for travel and transportation, by steamboat and train. The lands along the rivers are noted for their fertility in the production of rice and the long and short staple cotton. The area of Camden county is 718 square miles or 459,520 acres. Its population by the census of 1900 was 7,669, a gain over 1890 of 1,491. By the State School Commissioner's report of 1900 the school fund was stated to be $4,864.99. The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following items: acres of improved land, 18,555; of wild land, 298,272; average value orf imp1roved land, $14.02; of wild land, $0.60; city and town prop- erty, $67,592; money, etc., $103,319; capital invested in shipping, $8,351; stocks and bonds, $12,250; merchandise, $50,004; cotton factories, $6,500; household furn~ture, 543,554; farm and other animals, $136,681; plantation and me~hanical tools, $14,779, watches, jewelry, etc, $3,568; value of ail other property, $52,103; real estate, $506,564; personal estate, $435,691. Aggregate, $942,255. Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 4,643; value, $37,589; city property, $11,457; money, $128.00; merchandise, $300.00; household furniture, $13,172; farm and other animals, $33,- 937; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,568; value of all other property, $3,138; aggregate property, $103,495. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $334.00 in value of all property over 1900. There are several islands in the county, the most important 'Of which are J ekyl and Cumberland. The latter is eighteen miles long and one hal to three miles wide. The Indian name for it was Missoe. This 566 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. name was changed when Oglethiorpe visited it, at the request orf an Indian chief, who had received some kindn\SS from the Duke, of Cumberland. Dungeness, fwmerly the property of General Nathaniel Greene, is. on this island. It was on a visit to Mrs. Shaw, daughter of General Greene, that General Henry Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee, and familiarly known as "Light Horse Harry," died, and from this hospitable home his body was borne to its last resting place. On the 11th of January, 1815, before news of the treaty of peace haCi reached America, a force of about 1,500 British troops landed on Cumberland Island, where they had quite .a sharp skirmish with something less than one hundred Americans. During this same month twenty-three barges, filled with British soldiers ascended St. Mary's river for the purpose of burning Major Clarke's mills, whom they accused of breaking his parole. A detachment of 28 Americans under command of Captain William Cone, screening themselves behind the palmetto on both sides of the river, made it so hot for the enemy that they retreated. The British reported a loss of over 300 men killed and wounded. In Camden county lived and died General John Floyd who, at the head of a Georgia brigade, won great distinction as an Indian fighter during the second war with England. He was born of Virginia parentage in Beaufort district, South Carolina, October 3, 1769. About 1791 or 1792 both father and son moved to Georgia and settled in Camden county on the Satilla river. After the close of the second war with England General Floyd represented his county in the State Legislature, and the State in the Federal Congress. He died J un:e 24:, 1824:. Among the ratifiers of the Constitution of the United States in the convention which met in Augusta, January 2, 1788, were Henry Osborne, James SeagrQIVe and Jacob Weed of Camden. On Little Cumberland Island is a light-house sixty feet high, with a revolving light which can be seen at sea a distance of 20 miles. Population of Camden county by sax and color, 3JCCOO'ding to the cen~ sus of 1900: whtite males, 1,299; white females, 1,124:; total white, 2,4:23; CJOiloiJ'ed males, 2,725; colored females, 2,521; total colored, 5,24:6. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges June l, 1900: 61 calves, 83 steers, 3 bulls, 134: dairy cows, 67 horses, 37 mules, 21 sheep, 4:30 hogs, 9 goats. CAMPBELL COUNTY. OampbeZl Ooun~y was laid out from Coweta, Carroll, DeKalb (that part now called Fulton) and Fayette in 1828, and a part was added from Cherokee in 1832. It is watered by the Chattahoochee river and the creeks that flow into it and in:to the Flint. It is bounded by the following counties: on the niOrth by Douglas and Fulton, east by Clayton, south by Fayette and Coweta, west by Carroll, and northwest by Douglas. Ilt was named in: honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a distinguished lawyer and GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 567 member of the Georgia Legislature, a great advocate of the higher education of females, a oommissioner to treat with the Indians in 1823, and one of the signers of the treaty with the Creek nation at Indian Spring in 1825. The original county site was Campbellton, situated upon a commanding eminence em the Ohattahooohee river. The present county seat is Fairburn, a prosperous little town on the vVest Point Railroad about 22 miles from Atlanta. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians predomill!ate throughout the county. The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia and are in a prosperous condition. The 26 for whites have an average attendance of 978 pupils; the 16 for colored have an average attendance of 625. The soil is varied. On the rivers and creeks tit is a black loamy soil, suited for the raising of coTn, cotton, wheat am.d oats. The red and gray lands are productive of peaa, potatoes, onions, cabbage, turnips, and many other vegetables. Within easy reach of the two principal towns, Fairburn and Palmetto, are inexhaustible supplies of granite, some of which is so fine-grained and hard that it takes the highest polish. The average yield.per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, from 500 to 800 pounds; corn, 12! bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 18 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 to 150 bushels; hay from native and other grasses, 2,500 to 3,000 pounds. Clover, wherever tried, does well. Of fruits, apples and peaches make especially fine yields. For fall and winter pasturage Bermuda is the great reliance of the farmers. There are some 20 small dairy farms, and the Jersey is the favorite milch-cow. Some of these dairies make fair profits ron butter shipped to Atlanta. There are many market gardens from which cabbages, turnips and watermelolliS are gathered and sold in Atlanta. There are some cultivated strawberries, but for the most part they grow wild, and like the blackberries, dewberries and cherries, cost the sellers nothing but the picking. There are about 500 acres devoted to the raising of melons for the market, which bring an average net profit of $15.00 to the acre. About 1,000 acres are devoted to peaches, and very near the same number to apples. There are about 20 vineyards oontaining 250 acres, and the value of grapes sold in the county is about $500.00. Campbell county has about 2,500 acres of f orest land, mostly pine and oak. The annual output of lumber is about 800,000 superficial feet, at an average price of $10.00 per thousand f eet. At Palmetto is a cotton factory with a capital of $100,000, containing 5,500 spindles and 100 looms, using about 3,000 bales of cotton annually, and producing material worth about $75,000.00. Here also are extensive wood-working and blacksmith shops and a public ginnery. This town has a populaltion of 620 in its corporate Limits, and its entire militia district has 1,478 inhabitants. Fairburn, the county site, has a populati10n. of 761, but including the Fairburn district the population is 2,461. Here is a large harness and saddle factory which employs 60 hands, with a weekly pay-roll of 568 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. $450.00, and through its traveling salesmen disposes of its annual product of more than $150,000 in the States of Virginia, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Nea'r Fairburn is the Trentham Spring, a lithia water helpful to kid- ney and nervous troubles. According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton ginned in the dounty :for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,614 bales, all upland. According to the United States census of 1890 there were 464 sheep with a wool-clip of 883 pounds, 2,777 cattle, 1,133 milch-cows, 110 working oxen, 3,264 hogs, 58,619: poultry of all kinds, 390 horses, 1,057 mules and 2 donkeys. Among the productions were 382,048 gallons of milk, 141,835 pounds of butter, 13,039 pounds of honey, and 78,445 dozens of eggs. The area of Campbell county is 205 square miles or 131,200 acres. The population by the United States census of 1900 is 9,518. According to the report of the Department of Education the school :fund is $7,501.28. By the Comptroller-General's report :for 1900 the taxable property returned is as follorws: acres of improved land, 130,141; average value per acre, $5.94; city and town property, $148,989; money and solvent debts, $213,569; merchandise, $41,125; stocks and bonds, $2,050; cotton manufactories, $25,500; household and kitchen furniture, $62,076; :farm and other animals, $106,898; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,585; real estate, $922,469; personal estate, $526,289; aggregate property, $1,433,496. Property returned by calmed taxpayers: 2,500 acres of land, valued at $15,103; city or town property, $8,759; money, etc., $15.00; household and kitchen furniture, $5,388; watches, etc., $124; :farm and othe,r animals, $8,816; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,775; aggregate property, $40,322. The tax returns :for 1901 show an increase of $47,807 in the value o all property over the reported values of 1900. Opposite the village of Campbellton on the western bank of the Chattahoochee, in a tuft of trees, on a mound like those so common in Georgia, rest the remains of Anawaqua, an Indian princess, once the proprietor of the land in that neighborhood. This mound is in a meadow, in a bend of the river, near the :foot of a hill. Traces of ancient fortifications can be discerned all around the plain, :from the river to the hill. The towns of Fairburn and Palmetto are both situated on the dividing ridge between the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. Hence the rains :failing on the east side of these towns run into the Flint river and those on the west side, into the Chattahoochee. Population of Campbell county by sex and colar, according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,186; white females, 3,164; total white, 6,3 50; colored males, 1,619; colored females, 1,549; tO'tal co~l()rred, 3,168. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1. 1900: 57 calves, 9 steers, 1 bull, 97 dairy cows, 36 horses, 7 mules, 21 sheep, 187 swine. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 569 CARROLL COUNTY. Carroll County was laid off in 1826, a part set off to Campbell in 1828; and portions successively set off to Heard in 1830, 1831 and 1834. It was :organized in 1826 and named after Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence from Maryland. It is bounded by the following counties: Paulding and Haralson on the north, Douglas, Campbell and Coweta on the east, Coweta and Heard on the south, and the State of Alabama on the west. A little strip of the northern part of the county is bounded west by Haralson. Carroll county is watered by the Chattahoochee and Little Tallapoosa rivers and their tributaries, the largest of which are Big Indian and Sweet vVater cu.'eeks. The soil is varied; rolling red and gray lands with rert;entive day subsoil. The lands are very fertile, especially along the Chattahoochee, Little Tallap01osa and the bottoms along the creeks. The average yield per acre of the va11ious crops, taking all the lands, the best and the poorest, is about as follows: corn, 15 and one-third bushels; oats, 10 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; cotton, 700 'Or 800 pounds seed cotton; 8ugar-cane, 20 pounds of sugar, and 122 gallons of syrup; hay, 2,260 pounds. The county also raises about 8,000 bushels of cowpeas, 1,219 lmshels of peanuts, 2,800 bushels of Irish potatoes, 66,313 bushels of sweet potatoes, and 3,000 pounds of tobacco. The truck sold is somewhere near $10,000 worth per annum. Of fruit trees, about 33,000 are apple and 59,300 peach-trees. Fruits and vegetables do well. According to the'United States census of 1900, the cotton production of the county for 1899 was 28,504 bales, all upland. In 1890 there were in the county 1,276 horses, 2,407 mules, 11,903 swine, 159,548 of the various kinds of poultry, 9,055 cattle, 3,542 milchcoWlS, 57 working oxen, 1,897 sheep with a wool-clip of 2,761 pounds. There were produced 1,097,167 gallons of milk. The butter production of the county was 401,138 pounds, the honey, 28,111 pounds, and the eggs, 63,500 dozens. The timber growth is chiefly oak and hickory; on streams, aSh, maple, walnut, poplar and gum. The timber products amount to about $10,000 per annum. Ninety,threa manufactories have an annual output of $342,445: Along the Little Tallapoosa and tributaries are 17mills (flour and grist), and along the tributaries of the Chattahoochee 16 mills. The water is pure freestone. The climate is delightful. Gold, copper, iron, pyriteB, mica and asbestos are found, all in workable quantities. The gold of this county is said to be very :fine. Near Villa Rica, in the northerustern part of the county on the Southern Railway, there is an extent of country six miles long and one mile wide in which are numerous mines yielding large amounts of gold. Quartz and granite are also found. There is no more healthful region anywhere. Among other attractions to home seekers are good schools and churches. Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians are in the lead, the two former being the more numerous. 570 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. There are 76 white schools and 16 colored, with an average attendance of 3,425 white and 929 colored pupils. f Carrollton, the county site, a thriving town of near \ooo inhabitants, has a good trade and is growing in business and population. , Here the Chattanooga, Rome and Southern and a branch of the Central Railroad meet. Here is also a flourishing cotton 'factory with a capital of $100,- 000, and a cotton oil-mill. Carroll is one of the most prosperous counties of Georgia. Arl3a is 486 square miles or 311,040 acres: Population in 1900, 26,576; school fund, $17,903.34. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 282,181; of wild land, 6,775; average value per acre of improved, $5.12, and wild, $1.26; city property, $378,574; value of shares in bank, $113,300; gas and electric lights, $4,000; money, etc., $333,851; merchandise, $134,499; cotton manufactories, $89,000; household furniture, $140,333; farm and other animals, $270,555; plantation and mechanical tools. $71.578: jewelry, $6,883; value of all other property, $35,805; real estate, $1,831,994; personal estate, $1,214,296. Aggregate property, $3,046,290. Property given in by colored taxpayers: 5,127 acres; value, $19,432; city pr!operty, $5,449; household furniture, $1,066; farm and other ani- mals, $8,789; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,773; value of all other property, $191.00. Aggregate, $36,956. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of the value of all property over 1900 amounting to $595,839. In Carroll county lived General William Mcintosh, a half breed of the Muscogee or Creek nation. He commanded a force of friendly Creeks in the war of 1812-1815, and was greatly distinguished in the battles 0' Autossee, the Horse-Shoe Bend, and later ~n the Florida campaign. Chiefly through his agency was effected the treaty with the Georgians at Indian Spring on the 12th of February, 1825, by which the Creeks ceded to the whites the balance of the lands owned by them in Georgia. The faction of the Creeks opposed to this treaty came in large force to the house of General Mcintosh, set it on fire and shot the general. They also killed the son-in-law of Mcintosh, Colonel Samuel Hawkins, and another one of the chiefs, Etommee Tustunnugge; who had signed the treaty. Out of these troubles came the controversy between Georgia and the general government, with regard to the Indian lands, in which Geor- gia, through the firmness of Governor Troup, maintained successfully her position. There are several thriving towns in Carroll county. Carrollton, O'll the Central of Georgia Railway, has a population of 1,998 in its corporate limits, while the whole district has 5,934 inhabitants. A company has recently been organized to put in an electric light plant. The population of the other towns and their including districts :is as follows: Villa Rica district, 2,535; Villa Rica town, 576; Temple district, 2,795; Temple town, 397; Whitesburg district, 1,156; Whitesburg town, 296; Bowdon district, 1,547; Bowdon town, 397; Roopville district, 1,309; Roopville town, 109. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 571 The population of the whole county, 25,576, shows a gain of 4,275 over that of 1890. Populati0'!1 of Carroll county by sex and color, accOTding to the census of 1900: white males, 10,825; white females, 10,714; wool white, 21,539; colored males, 2,573; colored females, 2,464; total colored, 5,037. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farn'ls or ranges, June 1, 1900: 169 calves, 45 steers, 5 bulls, 291 dairy cows, 207 horses, 57 mules, 24 sheep, 460 swine, 7 goats. '\CATOOSA COUNTY. Catoosa :Oounty in the northwestern part of the State was set off from W alktlll.' and is bounded as follows: Tennessee on the north, Whitefield county on the east and south, and Walker county on the south and west. The soils are varlied; the valley lands being gray and dark; the bottom lands, black; the uplands, gray and gravelly, and red. . Of 96,000 acres in the county, about 24,000 are under cultivation, of which 15,500 are upland, 6,000 valley (or lowland), and 2,500 bottom land. About 66 per cent. is timber land. The uplands average about $4.00 to the acre; .the valley lands, $10.00; the bottom lands $20.00, About 1,000 acres are planted in cotton, 6,000 in corn, 3,000 in wheat, 1,000 in oats, 500 in sorghum-cane, 500 in Irish potatoes, 300 in sweet potatoes, 2,000 in field-peas and 5,000 in garden vegetables. Under ordinary methods of cultivation cotton yields from 500 to 800 pounds of seed cotton to. the acre; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels. All vegetables give abundant yields. Timothy Herd-grass and Orchard-grass, clover and German millet, do well and are extensively raised. From 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of hay to the acre is about the average; ro9,der about 300 pounds. Sorghum-cane yields about 250 gallons of syrup to tha acre. From 100 acres, devoted to raising melons for the market, the profit for last season amounted to $25.00 to the acre. l;arge quantities of strawberries a:re raised. Most of the early ones are shipped to Cincinnati, and the later ones to Atlanta. The proximity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, has given rise to; a large dairying and trucking business, the value of the latter being about $15,000. Through the instrumentality of the Trucker's Associatio~, coJd storage cars convey vegetables, melons and berries to Cincinnati and other points in the northwest. About 1,200 acres are devoted to pe:aches, the net value or: which is about $3.00 a crate. Facilities for travel and transportation are afforded by the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which connects at Chattanooga with lines branchling out in every direction. Many fine deposits of building and other stones are :found in this county. The sand and limestones are of ~Superior quality. Large works have been in operation :for years at Greysville, converting limestones into carbonate of lime. There is abundance of iron ore in Taylor's Ridge. 572 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. In this county is located the noted health resort, famed for its varied waters, the Catoosa Springs, from which the county derives its name. Ringgold, the county site, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, carries on a fine commercial business with the farmers of the vicinity. Much attention is being given of late to the raising of beef cattle and improvment of the breed. The cattle of the county numbered in 1890, 3,410. There were 1,312 milch-cows and 57 working oxem The summer pasturage lasts about six months, from May to October. For fuur months cattle must be fed. The chief food is cotton seed meal, hulls and bran, with some rye and hay. It costs about $1.50 to raise a yearling calf. Other farm animals in the county were in,1890, 644 horses, 722 mules, 1,914 'Sheep with a wool-clip of 3,335 pounds, 3,871 swine and 500 goats. Good crops and good ranges have improved all stock. The cost of raising a three-year-old mule or horse is $20. The poultry in 1890 numbered 49,724 of all kinds. There are in the county 21 donke~s. There is a production of 121,000 pounds of butter, 6,651 pounds of honey, and 64,000 dozens of eggs. Three-fourths of the acreage of the county is in forests, oaks, hickory, poplar and pine. .A. great deal of the salable timber has been cut for the mill at Chattanooga. There are in Catoosa county five flour and grist-mills and six lumber ()lr sawmills, the former operated by water-power and the latter by steam. Among the products of the county are 466,395 gallons of milk. The county has good schools, and the Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians have churches. There are 24 schools for whites and 4 for negroes, having an average attendance of 695 whites and 91 colored pupils. The condition of roads is good. There are about 20 miles of macadamized 'road built by the government.. According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton production of the county for 1899, was 810 bales, all upland. Ringgold, named for the gallant Marylander, Major Ringgold, who fell mortally wounded at Palo Alto, the first battle of the Mexican war, was the scene of a fierce conflict in November, 1863. .A.s General Bragg was retreating from Missionary Ridge after his disastrous defeat, General Cleburne halted his division at a gap in Taylor's Ridge, and inflicted a decisive repulse upon the pursuing Federal army under Hooker, thus saving the artillery and trains of :the Confederates. For this gallant battle of Ringgold, General Cleburne received the thanks of the Confederate ~ngress . .A.rea of the county is 171 square miles or 109,440 acres. _ Population of Catoosa county in 1900, 5,823; school fund, $3,858.84. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of improved land, 95,167; of wild land, 3,977; average value per acre of improved land, $5.55; of wild land, $1.60; city property, $45,130; money, etc., $70,835; merchandise, $14,165; mining, $375; household and kitchen furniture, $36,766; farm and other an:imal&, $109,918; planta- GEORGIA: IIISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 573 tion and mechanical tools, $27,613; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,167; value of all other property, $10,053; real estate, $578,882; personal estate, $273,458. Aggregate of all property, $853,340. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 676; value, $1,780; city or town property, $1,682; household and kitchen furniture, $760.00; farm and other animals, $2,976; plantation and mechanical tools, $504.00; value of all other property, $33.00. Aggregate of whole property, $7,734. The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $354 in the value of all property within the last year. fl'he county site is Ringgold, which has a population of 437 in the town and 1,221 in the whole Ringgold district. Population of Catoosa county by sex and color, according to1 the census of 1900; white males, 2,767; white females, 2,574; total white, 5,341; colored males, 280; colored females, 202; total oolored, 482. Domestic animals i:n barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 20 calves, 3 steers, 51 dairy cows, 35 horses, 10 mules, 1 donkey, 143 swine, 31 goats. CHARLTON COUNTY. Charlton County was laid off from Camden in 1856 and named for Judge T. U. P. Charlton of Savannah. It is bounded by thG follow~ng counties: Wayne, Pierce and Ware on the north., Camden , on the east, and ware on the west. The northeastern part of the county runs up between Camden on the east and Pierce on the west. The southeastern part runs down in such a way as to have Florida on three sides of it. For some distance along its eastern border runs the Satilla. The St. Mary's river rising in the southern part of the county runs along the western, southern and eastern sides of that part of it which projects into Florida. Okefinokee Swamp occupies a large part of the county. On the neck of land between Okefinokee Swamp and the Florida line melons, potatoes, long-staple cotton, sugar-cane and tobacco give good yields. Oranges and figs are plentiful. By far the greater portion oi lands in this county are wild lands and are devoted to stock-raising. There is no section of the State better adapted to raising sheep, cattle and hogs at small cost. Travel and transportation of products are over the Plant System, tne Atlantic, Valdosta and Western. T:rader's Hill, about four miles from the Savannah, Florida and W estern Railway of the Plant System, and also on the St. J\fary's river, is the county site. The lumber business of this town is considerable. -- ThP. streams supply 'abundance of fish, and the wild lands afford game orf every sort, such as deer, bear, turkey, wood-cock, partridge, snipe, etc. The people of Charlton do not raise much cotton, as is shown by the statistics of the United States Department{) Agriculture. According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in .574 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Charlton county for the season of 1899-1900, was 302 hales, all seaisland. By the census of 1890 there were 2,983 sheep with a wool-clip of 4,903 pounds, 9,255 cattle, 2,406 milch-cows, 831 working oxen, 7,094 hogs, 12,247 poultry of all kinds, 300 horses, 34 mules and 1 donkey. Among the farm products were 63,017 gallons of milk, 9,045 pounds of butter, 5,556 pounds of honey, and 14,763 dozens of eggs. The lumber business occupies the attention of many peiOple in the neighborhood of the great Oke:fi.nokee Swamp, where millions of feet of yellow pine and cypress are to he obtained. Large sawmills are in operation near the edge of the Swamp. This county has 24 'Sw water mark, twelve miles by a direct line from the 'ocean, and eighteen miles by the course of the river. Five lines of ocean steamships connect it with the great seaport cities of the North. Four lines of river steamers ply upon the Savannah, and on the sounds and inlets that flow between the mainland and the beautiful islands skirting the Georgia coast. H ere also converge five :great railroad li!J.es, the Plant System, the Georgia & Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line System, the Florida Central and P eninsular of the same system, the Southern System, and the Central of Georgia system. The numerous arms of these great trunk lines streltch out into all sections of Georgia and Florida, and many parts of Alabama, also giving through routes to the North and East and a continuous line to the West. The Central has the distinction of being the oldest railroad in Georgia. All these grand highways of travel and commerce pour into the lap of 'Savannah the rich products of Georgia, Alabama and Florida, which, by :great ocean steamers and sailing vessels, large and small, find their way to American and foreign ports. The commerce lof Savrunna:h for the year ending September 1, 1900, is valued at $165,775,000. In 1874 the usual high water draft of vessels to the city was about fourteen and a half feet. At that time the United States Engineering D epartment took charge of the work of improving Savannah Harbor. In 1890 a navigable channel 22 feet deep at mean high tide from the city to the sea had been secured. To-day (1901) Savanrnah has a clear depth of 26 foot. 'The tonnage of the port, which in 1873 ;was 1,074,367 tons, had grown by 1890 to 1,828,614 tons, and :for the yerur 1899 was 2,797,626 tons. For 1900 the tonnage of the port was 2,958,718, an increase of 161,092 tons. Vessels of from 2,000 to 5,000 tons now enter the harbor and load at the whwveiS of Savannah. It is expected that further im'Provement in the river and harbor will be accomplished through the 26 ga 576 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. South channel, by which 26 to 28 feet at mean low water can be obtained and maintained without jetties. This course would shorten the distance by about three miles between the city and the sea. For many years past the annual receipts of cotton at the port of Savannah have beoo more than a million bales. For the season of 1899-1900 they were again more than a million, notwithstanding the great falling off in cotton production and the deficit of 22 per cent. lin general receipts, "a high complimoot," says the Savannah Board of Trade, "to the railways entering here, the persistent efforts 1of which with the cooperation of the shipping agents of the port, have achieved this. enviable preerminence for Savannah." About 80 per cent. of the enti'I'e crop of sea-island cotton is received at Savannah. It is notable that during the past year there has been an increase weekly of the cotton fa0tory products of the different Southern mills through Savannah to China and Japan. These products are sent by rail to Savannah and from there by steamer to the Eastern ports, and are there forwarded direct to the above-named countries. The average annual receipts of naval stores at Savannah for the four years ending March 31, 1900, amount to 320,543 casks of spirits of tur pentine and 1,159,732 barrels of rosin. These products are carried from Georgia's great port in vessels under every flag to leading markets on the corust of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America, while coastwise steamships and great railroad lines supply Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, 1Iontreal and commercial cities of the interior. vVherever naval stores are needed for any purpose whatever, Savannah supplies by far the largest per cent. of that need. The shipments of lumber from Savannah have grown to immense proportions. For the year ending March 31, 1890, the shipments were 107,371,082 feet, which in two years increased to 140,243,603. Something over i of this was shipped to foreign ports. The largest foreign ship- ments were to Spain and the Argentine Confederation. The shipments of lumber for the year ending September 1, 1900 were 167,000,000 feet. The bank clearings of Savannah for the year ending September 1, 1900, !Show an increase of $65,730,295.51 over the previous year. The clearings for the year made up a grand total of $200,270,626.63. The revival of the sugar-cane industry in Georgia and Florida will soon give to these States a companion money crop with cotton, that can be made profitable even against free trade with Cuba and Porto Rico. This will add to the commercial importance of Savannah. The favorable year for the rice planters of Georgia increased the receipts of r~ce at Savannrah, which were for 1900, 270,000 bushels. Thme are at Savannah three large mills for cleaning rice, and the total output of these mills is valued at $300,000. The market gardens and truck :farms of Chatham county add, of course, to the prosperity of Savannah. A great deal of the best land of the county is being used to grow vegetables, melons, and berries for the Northern markets. In 1900 the shipments amounted to 100,000 crate& GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 577 :and 50,000 barrels of the truck farms, bringing to the farmers a revenue of $225,000. The shipments of the market gardens and truck farms commence to be forwarded by steamer from Savannah to the markets of the East between the first .and middle of April each year. While many of these products are shipped by rail, a large number go by water, as the steamship lines have averaged a daily sailing from Savannah to the ports of the East. The vessels of the Ocean Steamship Company often take 60,000 melons at one time to New York. Under the liberal sanitary appropriation all garbage is disposed of by cremation. The most improved plans for disinfecting purposes in maritime sanitation have been adopted, and the quarantine system is very thorough. The care of the city government for the health of the people has placed Savannah in the front rank of seaport towns in point of healthfulness. Pure water is furnished by arte'sian wells, with which. Savannah is well supplied. Of course Savannah and the county of Chatham have a fine system of public schools. The average attendance is: of white pupils 3,595, of colored pupils 2,914. Churches of every Christian denomination are numerous and well attended and maintained. The city has all the modern conveniences; electric lights, gas, ice :factories, electric street railroads, city and suburban, a splendid system otf water-wmks, and a firstclass paid fire department. In manufacturing, Savannah has every advantage. The raw materials :for the manufacture of cotton and WQolen -goods are at her very doors. Among her manufacturing establishments in successful operation are: a cotton yarn mill, a knitting mill, cotton seed oil mills, works for making agricultural implements, ice factories, boiler works, machine shops, brass foundry, brick manufactories, .s,ash, door, 'and blind factories, carriage works, :flour and grist-mills, rice--mills, fertilizer worke, cigar manufactories, soap works, and planing-mills. The Southern Rubber :Manufacturing Company has been lately organized. There are four oy5ter canning :factories in Chatham county which, in tlle season of 1899-1900, packed 2,550,000 cans. Not only is Savannah a great commercial mart. It is also one of the most attractive cities of the Union. With its many beautiful parks and neat residences it has an air of elegant refinement that charms the stranger. The favorite promenade of the citizens is out Bull street to Forsyth Park. F11om Bay Street out, one passes through five little parks, or squares. In Johnson Square is a neat marble obelisk, erected in 1829 to the memory of General Nathaniel Greene who, as second in rank nrider W as'hirngton, commanded the department of the South and rescued the Carolinas and Georgia from the grasp of the British invader. He was born in Rhode I sland, but after the close of the war for independence settled in Georgia upon land granted him by the State. The plain, unornamented style of this monument was meant to carry Nit the design of a Roman sword, which it was built to represent. The next monument on Bull street is one erected to the memory of W. Vv. Gordon, a pioneen. in railro'ad development in Georgia. Irr Madison Square stands the 578 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. monument of another Revolutionary hel'o, Sergeant -William Jasper. This was unveiled lin 1888 in the presence of President Cleveland and party, andthe local officials and dignitaries. In Monterey Square stands anothen' and very elegant monument to Oount Pulaski, the noble Pole, who gave his life for American freedom on the 9th o October, 1779, when the combined French and American armies met a disastrous re:pulse in their assault upon the British lines. In the extension of Forsyth Park is yet another handsome monument erected to the memory of the Donfederate soldiers who fell in the Civil War. This park is the large8t of about thirty, which give comfort and beauty to Georgia's lovely Forest 'City. In its center stands a fountain modeled after that in the Place de la Concorde at Paris. So:i:ne of :the pm:ks are ornamented with banana trees, and several of the gardens with orangetrees. Among the many lovely flowers the most beautiful is the Camellia J aponica, which here blooms in midwinter in the open air. Savan'n1ah is well supplied with suburban retre'ats. Tybee is reached by one of the branches of the Central of Georgia Railway, eighteen miles in length. The beach at Tybee is one of the best in the country, and the hotel accommodations are excellent. An electric _railway leads to Thunderbolt, a small, picturesque town on Warsaw river, famous for fish and oysters. On the same line of railway is Bonaventure, once a noble estate of the Tattnall family, now a beautiful cemetery. Its avenues of great live oaks, festooned with gray moss, give to the place an air of solemn grrundeurr well befitting the silemt resting p}ace of the dead. The plaoo was first settled by Colonel John Mullryne, an Englishman. By the marriage of his daughter Mary in 1761 to JO'Siia:h Tattnall of Ohmleston, it came into the pOISSession of the latter family. Tradition says that the marriage was the occasion of planting these magnificent oaks so arranged that the avenues by which they are lined would form the letters "M" and "T," to typify the union of the two families. In 1847 the estate passed into the hands of Captain P. Wiltberger, by whom it was adapted to its present use. The electric cars also run to the Isle of Hope, another summer resort of the people of Savannah. About two miles from Savannah is the Jasper Spring, the scene of a daring exploit of Sergeant Jasper, when he and Sergeant Newton rescued from the British guard an American prisoner who was being carried to Savannah for execution. On the banks of the Ogeechee river are some of the largest rice plantations in Georgia. A canal connects rthis river with Savrurunah. The area of Chatham county is 400 square miles or 256,000 acres. The population rin 1900 was 71,239; school fund $37,306. By the Oomptrolle'r-General's report .for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 189,026; value 1af improved land per acre, $15.10; city property, $19,037,370; money, etc, $2,057,990; gas and electric light companies, $201,420; merchandise, $1,652,800; value of' shares in bank, $2,537,625; stocks and hoods, $859,275; building and loan associations, $489,110; hous~hold furniture, $574,110; :farm and other animals, $178,200; capital invested in shipping and to1mage, $568,950; plantat.i:on and mechanical tools, $100;855; watches, jewelry, GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 581 etc., $50,125; ootton manufactories, $60,'750; value iOf all other property, $235,990; real estate, $21,881,803; personal estate, $9,449,690. Aggregate value of whole property, $31,331,493. Property, returned by colored taxpayers: ,number o acres of land 5,899; value, $266,625; city or town property, $632,4'75; household fur~ niture, $2,'785.; merchandise, $2,625; farm and other animals, $9,810; plantation and mechanical tools, lliO report. Aggregate value of whole property, $914,320. The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 o:f $328,319 in the value of all property. Yields of crops in Chatham to the acre with :fair cultivation: corn, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; crabgrass hay, 4,000 pounds; ribbon-cane syrup, 350 gallons. The county had i'll 1890 1,000 sheep with a wool-clip of 1,220 pounds; 3,866 cattle, 1,499 milch-cows, 520 horses, 590 mules, 4 donkeys, 4,320 swine, 10,399 poultry. There was a production of 25,000 dozen eggs, 1,855 pounds of honey, 9,000 pounds 0' butter, and 16'7,'762 gallons of milk and 500 pounds of cheese TheiSe statistics do not include horses and mules in Savannah. In the brief historical sketch with which this work opens are men'tioned several of the important events that have transpired in the history of Savannah and Chatham county. Another event worth mentioning is the fact that the :first steamship that ever crO'SSed the Atlantic sailed from Savannah in 1819. It was owned in Savannah, thO'Ugh built in New York. It made a successful voyag.e to Liverpool, England, and then to St. Petersburg in Russia. Savannah has always been among the most patriotic o American cities. She bore her full share of the dirsasters and glories of the war for independence, and during the great Civil War her sons were among the foremost in responding to call of their State. Fort Pulaski, on Cockspur Island, was in 1862 the scene of a breve but fruitless defenoo by a Savannah garrison, commanded by CoLonel Olmstead. Fort McAllister, sixteen miles from the city on the Ogeechee river, scored several victories over Union fleets, and, when Sherman app.eared before the city. in 1864, this fort was held byMajor Geo. W. Anderson with 150 men. .Arr1 assault was made upon the fort by nine regiments numbering between 3,000 and 4,000 men, led by Brigadier-General Hazen. The greatest compliment that could be paid the brave garrison is contained in the words of the Federal general who made the assault. "We fought the garrison through the port to their bomb-proofs, from which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered." The Federals in this affair lost 134 officers and men killed and wounded, and the total loss of the garrison was 48. During the Spanish-American war the best families of Savannah were represented in the Savannah Volunteer Battalion which enlisted in a body and under its own officers. Savannah was made by the War Department a port for embarkation and debarkation of troops. The result greatly promoted the business interests of Savannah and advertised her splendid advantages in an extra:ordinary manner. EXPORTS. General statement by a1ticles and count?ies, of merchandise, the g1owth, produce and manufactu1e of the United States, exported to foreign countries from the customs district of Savannah, Ga., for the year ending August 31, 1900. COUNTRIES. COTTON. Sea Island. I I Bales./ Pounds. Dollars. Bales. Upland. Pounds.j Dollars. COTTON SEED. All other Cotton PHOSPHATE ROCK. Seed Prod'cts I Pounds. Dollars. Dollars. ',l'ons.j Dollars. Argentine Republic ... ..... ..... . . .. ...... . . . ................................... . .................. ........ ....... Austria .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . 12,400 6,147,578$ 467,434 600$ 25 51,200 1,653 24,800 Belgium . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 6,275 3,107,361 288,919......... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 11,803 118,530 Brazil.. . ..... . .... . .. .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. . . .. ... . . . ....... ... ..... .. .. . France . ................ . ... 2,155 854,570 133,5~3 37,124 18,591 ,613 1,331,432....... .. . . . . . . . . 73,622 ............... . Great Britain .... ....... ... .. 33,167 13,167,686 2,055,373 148,083 74,824,4.48 5,810,336 17,184,241 140,851 122,81(1 17,457 174,570 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 398,025 56,808,358,i!l6 176,613,612 14,009,946 846,207 6,1 90 1,950 65,209 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,6\J7 23,788,154 1,844,201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,012 Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 318,598 23,245......... . . . . . . . . . 15,300 17,o50 673,821 20,120 193,436 Rus.sia..... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 39,882 6,500 16,925 8,439,266 649,599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .... . Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,497 23,167,125 2,014,708 . . . . . . . . . . ... . .................... .. .... . Sweden and Norway ... . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400 1,192,805 83,373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,319 82,571 '\Vest Indies .... ..... . ...... . ............ . . ........ . . .... . .. . ..... Japan............... .. . .... .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 14,352 7,137,024 536,652.. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 2,687 26,870 All others... ... ......... .. .. -. . .-. . .-. .-. . .-. . .-. - . .- - ..- - ..-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - .- - - - - - Totals ................... 36,404 14,459,963$ 2,252,214 692,199 343,327,579$27,095,848 18,031,048 .147,066 $ 264,888 126,790$ 1,314,718 - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Totals 1898-'99. . . . . . . . . . . 7,940 3,188,946$ 43!,372 603,742 16,316,028 $ 16,261,028 1,273,627 $ 12,281 . . . . . . . . 72,270$ 723,724 1 EXPORTS FROM PORT OF SAVANNAH.-Continued. COUNTRIES. NAVAL BTOBES. Rosin. ISpirits Turpentine. I I Barrels. f Dollars. Gallons. Dollars. PIG IRON. ALL OTHER IRON. LUMBER. SAWN TIMBER. HEWN TIMBER. I I I Tons Dollars. Tons Dollars F1,e00e0t/DoIIarsi1F,0e0e0t/DoIIar~ CFuebetic. Dolls. ALL OTHER. Dollars. Tot'l Value of Domestic Merchan- dise. Dollars. .... . Argent'e Rep. Austria ...... Belgium..... . Brazil. .... France Great Britain Germany .... Italy ....... Netherlands . Russia ..... .. . Spain . . .. .. .. Sweden&Nor. West Indies.. .Tafan .. . ... . AI others.... -- - - - - - - - - --- -- ----- Totals ...... - - - -::'T' :"' , : --- Totals1898-9 44,756$ 74,M6 87,975 32,462 214,671 274,195 61,931 104,147 108,871 10,228 6,43-5 ... .. ..... . 35 71,001 1,091,3531$ --- 1,109,~29,$ 82,901 102,025 134,000 . 43,966 ......... 348,003 395,102 85,475 138,114 181,985 14,ti00 9,075 . .. 46 100,640 1,6X5,932 --- 1,531,046 ... . . .... .. ... 21,208 $ 11,217 2,562,505 . . .. .... .. .... .. 1,172,683 ... 0 5,595,632 2,607,310 1,620,975 746,079 129,656 61,640 ..1.,8.1.3..,4.7..5 . 700,418 ....... .. .. . . ... ... . .. . .... . . ........ .. . ....... .. . . . . . . .. 500 250 -11-,743-,95-1 -$ 5-,38-9,5-97 10,169,6591$ 3,929,417 4,755 .. ... .. 3,262 348 . 1,663 .. ... . .... .. . .. . ...... . .. . .. . ..... -- 10,028 $103,120 . . . .. . . . .. . ... . .. . ..... 67,179 6,550 . . .2.8.,7.8.5. ... ... .. ... .... . ...... .. .. ... .. . ......... -- $205,634 .. . 744 . .. . . . .. . . . .-.. . ... .. . .... 5,175 . .. .. . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . .... . .. .. . .... --- $ 14,890 . .... ... 0 0 . ....... .. . . .1.0.1.,4..7.8 . ....... . . .. ... ---- . .,.. . ... . 204 10 95() 509 137 40 1,902 746 1,706 --- 6,210 3,022 . .. .... . ... . . . $ 2,809 180 14,695 7,244 2,110 soo 29,926 11,006 2S,l52 ---- $96,922 $39,394 . .... 145 . .... . 115 1,822 2,344 147 24 . .. . . . .... . ... . --- 4,597 . .. . .. . $ 1,815 1,380 23,776 28,415 2,539 305 .. ...... . .. .... . .... .. . ..... . . ... . .. --$-58-,2-3.0. . .... . ... . .. . .... 913 51,749 .... .. .. .. .... ... . ... . . ...... . .. .. -- 52,662 . .... . . . . $ . . . . . . 1$ . ... .. . . ... .. . .. .... . 145 7,792 .. ... .. .. . ..... ... .. .. .. ..... .. . .. ..... 7,937 . . .. $ 228 . . . ... . ... 3,439 . .. ..... . . 450 54,286 58,540 1,100 38,803 ........ .. 29,420 . . .... .. .. 17,288 . . .... . 4,137 $ 207,691 $ 1,532,635 $ 83,129 774,714 1,719,386 46,775 1,540597 11,419,340 15,998,437 2,147,448 1,200,421 838,084 2,01;8,654 175,019 28,294 563,.568 133,171} $-38-,75-7,0-J5 $ 24,498,297 584 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. IMPORTS. Port of Savannah, Ga., from September 1, 1899, to August 31r 1900: MERCHANDISE. \Quantity.! Value. I Cement, pounds ....... .... ....... ... ................. . .. . .. 36,147,449'$ Fertilizers, tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,438 Muriate of potash, pounds..... ...... .. . .. . . . ... .... ... .. .. 4,132,721 Pyrites, tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,307 Nitrate of soda, tons... . ................ ... ...... . ..... ... . 1,476 Jute bagging.................................. . ..... . .......... . ... . Iron and steel manufactures ..... . ......... ... . ...... .. ........... . . . Brimstone, tons... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Salt, ponnds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,291,125 China clay, tons . .................... . ......... .. ........... 888 Sulphate of potash, pounds......... . . . .... . ......... . ...... 169,151 Wines and liquors, gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,660 Carbolineum .. .. ....... . ....... . .. . ............ . ....... . .. . ...... . .. . Mineral water, gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,989 Cotton manufactures ...... . . ...... . .. . . .............. .. ............ . Leather manufactures ...................... . .. . ......... . . . ......... . Oranges ..... . ......... .... ....... . . .. ........... . ... . .. .. . . .... .. ... . Aniline dye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... . Malt liquors .. ......... . .. . . .. . ... .. .. .. . ...... . . . . . ... ........ .. ... . All other articles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .................. .. ... . 106,431 94 .703 es;o01 58,227 40,411 29,111 20,017 13,675 7,317 3,681 2,826 2,ti52 2,494 1,953 1,285 1,148 802 688 677 3,127 'fotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :$ 461,676 Populatioo of Chatham county by sex -and colo'l, aCC{)['ding to the census of 1900: white males, 15,223; whi:te females, 14,707; total white, 29,930; colorred males, 19,559; colored females, 21,750; total colored, 41,309. Population of Savannah by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 13,134; white females, 12,975; tortal white, 26,109; colored males, 12,791; colored females, 15,344; total co1ored, 28,135. Total population of Savannah, 54,244. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 172 calves, 156 steers, 16 bulls, 655 dairy cows, 1,897 horses, 636 mules, 3 donkeys, 177 sheep, 669 swine, 112 go-ats. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures in the limits of the city of Savannah, June 1, 1900: 51 C'alves; 17 steers, 3 bulls, 343 da~lry cows 1,561 horses, 504 mules, 2 donkeys, 77 sheep, 1 hog, 80 goats. CHATT1AHOOCHEE COUNTY. Chattahoochee County was formed from Muscogee and Randolph in 1854, and was named for the river, whose waters wash its western border. It is bounded on the north and northwest by Muscogee county, east by Marion, south by Webster and Stewart, and west by the State of Alabama. It contains 231 square miles and its mean elevation is 375 feet. Cusseta, the county site, is a small town on a branch of the Georgia GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 585 and Alabama Railroad, now a part of the great Seaboard Air Line system. A branch of the Central of Georgia system also traverses the county, bringing its people into close business relatkms with Columbus, Americus and Albany, the three leading cities of Southwest Georgia. Besides the two railroads the steamboats on the Chattahoochee river afford excellent facilities for freight and travel. The face of the country is level. The soil is entirely cretaceous, a gray, sandy loam with clay subs01lr The average yield to the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; cotton, 500 to 600 pounds; sugar-cane, 14 to 16 pounds of sugar and 150 to 200 gallons of syrup. Therre are also raised !l!Illllually about 1,000 pounds of upland rice, 9,166 bushels of cow-peas, 1,485 bush- els of peanuts, 250 bushels of Irish potatoes, 13,235 bushels of sweet po- tatoes. 'There are 4,000 apple-trees, 17,126 peach-trees, 6,651 plum- trees. Truck raised above home consumption and sold amounts to $3,000, The people are waking to the fact that it costs no more to raise a good cow than a poor one, and are beginning to pay more attention to breed. This is true of all other kinds of stock in the county. According to the United States census of 1900 the ootton ginned in this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 5,039 bales, all upland. By the census of 1890 there were 22 sheep with a wool-<;~lip of 250 pounds, 2,629 cattle, 870 milch-cows, 161 working oxen, 3,373 hogs, 16,005 poultry 10f all kinds, 248 horses and 639 mules. Among the farm products were 132,855 gallons of milk, 38,878 pounds of butter, 6,082 pounds of honey and 31,028 dozens of eggs. 'The mmnufactories consist of flour and grist-mills, run by water and sawmills run by steam. On the tributaries of the Chattahoochee river there are seven mills (:flour and grist), al).d there are good water-powers on Woolfolk's branch and Oswichee creek. The growth is chiefly piney woods. The timber products are not extensive. Some yellow pine and hardwood~ are lumbered, the annual output being worth about $8,000. There are six sawmills run by sterun. The churches are mostly Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian. The schools belong to the public school system of the State, and numbeT 12 for whites and 15 for negroes, with an average attendance of 268 white and 441 colored pup1ls. Area of Chattahoochee county, 231 square miles, or 147,840 acres. Population in 1900, 5,790; school fund, $4,155.95. By the Comptroller-Gerrreral's report forr 1900 there were: acres :of im- proved land, 188,340; average value per acre of improved land, $2.28; cotton manufactories, $1,600; value of city property, $14,553; money, etc., $17,959; value of merchandise, $6,845; iron works, $400;,value of household and kitchen furniture, $24,280; mining, $411.00; farm animals, $65,832; plantation and mechrun:ical tools, $14,663; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,405; value of all ortherr property, $8,380; real estate, $366,566; personal estate, $167,430. Aggregate, $533,996. Returns of property by color~d taxpayers: number of acres of land, 7,955; value of land, $14,399; city or town property, $75.00; merchan- 586 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. dise; $300.00; househiold and kitchen furniture, $5,207; farm and other animals, $10,962; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,504:; value of all other property, $655.00. Aggregate value of all property, $34:,193. : The tax.returns for 1901 show a gain OVeT 1900 of $27,254: in the value of all propwty. The county seat is Cusseta, on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad.. The population of the Cusseta milita district in 1900 was 1,078, of which 301 lived in the town. The population of the whole county (5,790) shows a gain of 888 over that of 1890. On the Seaboard Air Line to the northwest of Cusseta is the village of Sulphur Springs, p.oted for its mineral waters. .Population of Chattahoochee counrty by sex and color, aC<}ording to the cens1ls of 1900: white males, 94:3; white females, 909; total white, 1,852; coldred males, 1,922; colored females, 2,016; total colored, 3,938. . No report of domestic animals in barns or inclosures June 1, 1900. OHATTOOGA COUNTY. OhaetOQga Qounty was laid off from Walker and Floyd in 1838 and (}erived its name from its principal river. The county is traversed by mountains and ridges running northeast and southwest, and is interspersed with rich and beautiful valleys, the most noted being Broomtowu, Ohattooga and Armuchee. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge, John's Mountain and a high, solitary peak called Dirtseller Mount11in, whose Indian name was Kunteesky. Chattooga is bounded by the9 following counties: Walker on the north, Gordon on the east, Floyd on the south and southeast. The State of Alabama bounds it on the west. The bottom and valley lands are very fertile, having a dark mulatto soil, which produces cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoeS, clover, barley, tobacco and almost every kind of vegetable. Taking all the lands; good and poor, theaverage yield of the various crops per acre is as fol lows: seed cotton, 750 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; crab-grass and clover, each 5,000 pounds of hay. On some .of the best lands 30 bushels of wheat to the acre are the ordinary yield. Those same la!Ilds produce 40 bushels of corn to the acre and in a few instances as high as90 bushels have been raised on one acre in especially good seasons. The people are beginning to realize the profit in hay and are raising it for the market. The cotton ginned in this county during the season of 1899-1900 was 7,079 bales, all upland. The market gardens near the towns are doing well. The shipments o strawberries during the seasons of 1900 and 1901 have demonstrated the fact that Chattooga county is especially adapted to the production of this luscious fruit. This year (1901) this county shipped 38 car-loads of her- GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 587 ries to northern markets, bringing in every instance a handsome profit to the shippers. The ridges, which, running in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction and pareUel to Lookout Mountain, tmverse the county, form the fruit lands of Ohattooga. No :finer peaches and strawberries are grown than on these hills and ridges. Even now they are dotted by 600,000 peach-trees, and the number is being increased every year, and when all these come into bearing it is estimated that Ohattooga county alone will send 2,000 car-loads of peaches to the northern markets annually. There are also vineyards producing :fine grapes. Upon the northwestern border of the county is the famous Lookout Mountain, whose tableland twelve miles wide and extending along its entire length, is unexcelled in the growth of apples, and large apple orchards are being set out now. The table-lands of Lookout and of the parallel ridges furnish an almost inexhaustible range for cattle which thrive without additional food fot two-thirds of the year. By the census of 1890 there were in Ohattooga county 3,116 sheep with a wool-clip of 5,558 pounds, 6,032 cattle, of which 478 were working oxen, and 2,159 milch-cows (175 of these being of improved breeds); 10,614 hogs, 92,996 domestic fowls of all kinds, 1,030 horses, 1,217 mules and 5 donkeJIS. Among farm products were 739,177 gallons of milk, 242,897 pounds of butter, 19,168 pounds of honey and 134,019 dozens of eggs. More attention is being paid to beef cattle and several Devon bulls have been imported from Tennessee and Kentucky. About one half of the county is in original forest, pine and hardwoods, all available for market, and giving employment to about 24 sawmills which prepare timber for the local markets. Taylor's Ridge, which runs from High Point in Ohattooga to Ringgold in Catoosa county, a distance of 40 miles, is well-wooded with white oak, chestnut, oak an<1 poplar. From the chestnut oak is obtained a tan bark that :is always in demand, and the poplar is used in the manufacture of fruit crates. The price of the timber :iJs from $8.00 to $10.00 a thousand feet. Iron, bauxite, clay, limestone, manganese, coal, slate, talc and sandstone are found in large quantities. Iron is mined at Dirtseller Mountain, near Lyerly; Shinbone ridge, near :Menlo and Taylor's ridge near Summerville. All this irorn: is shipped to other points. Bauxite is mined in the town of Summerville, and there are outcroppings of this metal in ridges entirely through the county. Red iron ore is found in great abundance in six different veins and is being mined in some localities. Mining property, though cheap, is steadily advancing. During the last two years an immense amount of iron ore has been shipped from the mines on Taylor's ridge. Some of the marnufactories of Ohattooga county are: The Trion Manufacturing Company's mills, the Raccoon Mills, a chair factory at Lyerly, 6 flour-mills operated by water-power, 12 grist-mills, some by water and 588 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. some by steam; 24 sawmills, about one half being operated by water and ha"lf by steam; and 6 tanneries. Summerville, the county site, on that part of the Central of Georgia system, formerly known as the Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, is situated about half way between Rome and Chattanooga. The business houses and residences are handsome in appearance, and the streets have heen put in iine condition by the free use of che1:t. The town is surrounded by farms which are cultivated in a thoroughly scientific manner. The region in its immediate vicinity is rich in hardwoods and iron ore. During the spring of 1901 there were shipped from this point 157 cars of iron ore, 65 cars of logs and over 100 cars of chert. It is claimed that within the last five years about 10,000 cars of chert have been shipped from this neighbo.rhood to various cities to be used in improving their streets, and for roads and railways. Although by the census of 1900 there were only 486 persons living in the town of Summerville, the entire Summerville district has a population of 2,261, and includes also Raccoon Mills, with 441 people, many of whom are employed at the Raccoon Cotton Mills, which has 104 looms, 3,400 spindles and a capital of $164,700. Lyerly, in the midst of the productive valley of the Chattooga river, is also on the Central Railway, southwest of Summerville. Here there is a chair factory whose products find a ready sale throughout this section. The Lyerly district has 729 inhabitants, of whom 234 live in the town. Lyerly has also a first-class grist-mill on the Chattooga river. Trion is the largest town in Chattooga county, having in 1900, a population of 1,926 in the town and in the entire Trion district, 3,020. Here is the Trion Manufacturing Company's plant, consisting of three mills with an aggregate of 1,422 looms, 50,016 spindles and a capital of more than $600,000. The capital stock and surplus of the company approximate $1,000,000, a!Ild the yearly booinesrs amounts to $1,200,000. These mills consume daily 20 tons of coal and use 60 bales of cotton. They manufacture sea-island sheeting, shirting, drills and r:orpe. The first mill was built here in 1847 by Judge A. P. Allgood of Walker county, and Judge Spencer Marsh of LaFayette, in partnership with Colonel W. K. Briers, who began with a capital stock of $25,000, This factory escaped destruction during the war but was destroyed by fire in 1875. In 1876 the Trion Manufacturing Company built number 1 of its present plant and have been steadily adding to their property. The name Trion was given to the factory and town from the trio otf men, Allgood, Marsh and Briers, who were the origina:tors of this great enterpr ise, built and operated by Georgia capital. Menlo, on the Chattanooga Southern Railroad, about forty miles from Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the same distance from Gadsden, Alabama, is in the midst of a fine farming and fruit section. It has fine mineral springs, possessing excellent medidual p roperties. Near by are also valuable iron ore deposits. All these towns are provided with good schools and churches of the GEORGIA: Hll:J'l'URIGAL AND INDUS'I'RIAL. 589 Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. In fact, every section of the county is well provided with educational and religious advantages. In the 33 public schools foi: whites there is an average daily attendance of 1,169 pupils and in the 12 schoGls for negroes a daily attendance of 256 pupils. The State School Commissioner, in his report published in 1900, gives the public school fund of Chattooga county as $8,758. 72. The area of ChattoGga county is 326 square miles or 208,640 acres. Population of the county in 1900, 12,952; a gain of 1,750 since 1890. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 170,644; of wild land, 40,957; average value per acre of improved land, $4.85; of wild land, $0.53; city or town property, $76,717; value of shares in bank, $18,650; money, etc., $234,512; merchandise, $73,860; stocks and bonds, $30,640; cotton factories, $558,070; capital invested in mining, $50.00; value of household and kit whites the average daily attendance is 288 pupils, and in the 17 for negroes, 448. In the local schools for whites in the city of Athens there are 871 pupils, and in those for negro,es, 717. In the private schools for whites including pupils in the State University, Lucy Cobb Institute, Home School and others, there are 600 or more white pupils, and in two schools for negroes 484 pupils. _ The school fund for the county is $5,005.91 and for the Athens city schools, $6,744.64. The area of Clarke county is 159 square miles, or 101,760 acres. By the United States census of 1900 the population was 17,708, an increase of 2,522 since 1890. The following are the towns in Clarke county besides the city of Athens (already given), with their population and that of theJr including militia districts: Whitehall, 660, and in its entire district, known as Georgia Factory, 1,098; Princeton, 244, and in its entire district of the same name, 873. The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gtives the following items: acres of improved land, 70,016; average value per acre of improved land, $10.37; value of city or town property, $2,752,670; shares in bank, $460,000; money and solvent debts, $746,035; stocks ~nd bonds, $399,695; merchandise, $528,985; cotton manufactories, $305,000; iron works, $15,000; household and kitchen furniture, $265,105; farm and other animals, $100,750; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,980; wat{)hes, jewelry, etc., $60,715; value 'Of all other property, $43,425; real estate, $3,472,495; personal estate, $2,945,252; aggregate value of whole property, $6,418,020. GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIA.!J. 595 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 5,258; value of land, $57,430; household and kitchen furniture, $24,- 360; farm and other animals, $12,490; city ortown property, $165,005; watches, jewelry, etc., $720.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,790; value of all other property, $390.00. Aggregate value of whole prop- erty, $263,795. . The tax returns for 1901 show a falling off in the value of all property amounting to $1,985 since the return of 1900. In the city of Athens is a tree which has a peculiar history. A beauti- ful oak was so admired by its owner that he made a deed to the tree itself of the ground in which it grew, so that it might be secured from molesta- tion so long as it lived. The tree is surrounded by a little fence to pro- tect it from trespassers. There are exclusive of the city of Athens more than twenty miles of macadamized roads in Clarke county, to the extent of which constant ad. ditions are being made. Populatioo of Clarke county by sex and colorr, acco~ding to the cen- sus of 1900: white males, 3,878; white females, 4,352; Wtal white, 8,230; colored males, 4,387; colored females, 5,091; total colored, 9,478. Populatioo o the city of Athens by sex rund color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,387; white females, 2,666; total white, 5,053; colored males, 2,253; co:lored females, 2,939; total oolored, 5,192. Total population of Athens, 10,245. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in Clarke county, June 1, 1900: 120 calves, 17 steers, 5 bulls, 522 dairy cows, 475 horses, 86 mules, f donkey,''"715 sheep, 21 goats. CLAY COUNTY. Clay County was formed in 1854 from Early and Randolph, and was named in honor of Henry Clay of Kentucky, one of the greatest statesmen and most el:oquent orators of the nineteenth century. The follow..; ing counties bound it: Quitman on the north; Randolph on the east and also on the north of the lower section; Calhoun on the east 'Of the lower section, and Early on the south. On the western side is Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. Col:omokee creek forms part of the boundary between Clay and Early counties. Through the northwest runs Pataula creek. Each of these creeks flow into the Chattahoochee river. This was one 'Of the three counties ill Southwestern Georgia laid off in 1854 and named in honor of America's immortal trio, Clay, Calhoun and Webster. Clay county has two towns, Fort Gaines and Bluffton, the former havting 1,305 inhabitants in its limits, and 2,775 in its entire district, and the latter 312 in the corporation and 2,232 in its entire district. Fort Gaines is the county site and is beautifully situated on a bluff of the Chattahoochee, 160 feet above common water mark. The name 596 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. of the town is derived from a fort built here against the Indians in 1816, by ()rder of General Gaines. It is the terminus of a branch of the Central of Geor~ia Railroad system. The Baptists and Methodists have churches in the town and county. The Presbyterians also have a church in :Fort Gaines. The public schools are well attended. There are 15 for white and 14 for colored pupils with an average attendance of 410 white and 650 colored pupils. . The bank has a capital of $50,000. The court-house is valued at $20,000. The value of the gas plant is $5,000. The ooruntry is comparatively level, an:d the most of it has an abundant growth or long-leaf pine. Along the Chattahoochee and some creeks the timber is oak and hickory. The soil is gray in the uplands, and somewhat sandy on the lowlands. Some of the pine lands have a red clay formation and produce cotton finely. Under ordinary cultivation the average production to the acre of these lands is: com, 10 bushels; 600 or 800 pounds of seed cotton; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rice 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. Accous kinds, and adequate banking facilities. It is lighted by electricit y, has the largest .chair fac- tory and largest paper mill in the State, four marble yards and: a large plant for finishing marble. There is also a canning factory, a creamery and a knitting mill, a foundry and machine shop. The courthouse is valued at $40,000. In the northeastern part of the county on a branch of the Southern Railway, is the manufacturing town of Roswell with a popp.lation of 1,329. The water powers of the Qhattahoochee are here utilized in two large cot ton factories, one of which uses steam also. The Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company operate a woolen factory, run by water, which makes jeans, cassimeres and tweeds. Here is also' a wagon and harness factory. At Nickaja.ck, in the southwestem part of the county, on the South- ern Railway, are the Concord Woolen :M:ills, using both water and st eam. In the southwestern part of Cobb, on the Southern Railway, is the town of Austell, with a population of 648. The entire Austell district contains 1,017 inhabitants. On the same railway about five miles north- west of Austell, is the tuble-peaked Kennesaw Mountain, from whose summit there is spread out before the eye of the beholder a comprehensive view of the country over which for six weeks the Union and Confederate armies met in daily combat. On Pine Mountain fell General Leonidas Polk, while he, with Generals Johnston and Hood, were reconnoitering the enemy's position. Kennesaw Mountain ~vas itself the scene of constant skirmishing and minor combats until the 27th of June, when Sherman's grand assault met disastrous repulse at every point. Of this battle General Sherman, the Federal commander, said: "We failed, losing 3,000 men to the Confederate loss of 630." About one-third of Oobb county is timber land. In its :forests are found yellow and white hickory, post and red oak, maple, ash and some short-leaf pine. The average price of lumber is $8.00 a thousand feet. Some gold and copper are found in Cobb county, the eastern portion of the Carroll county gold belt, extending through its northwestern corner. Some of the veins are one and a half miles east o:f Acworth and others seven miles south of the same town near Lost Mountain. The streams are tolerably well supplied with fish. The principal game of the county is quail and wild turkeys, or which the fo.rmer are very plentiful, the latter not as abundant as in former years. Nearly one-half the land under cultivation in Cobb county is devOVlith the growing city of Waycross in Ware cournty. GEORGii!: HISTORICAL AND INDUS'l'RIAL. 609 A little to the north of this road the Brunswick and Birmingham Railway crosses the county. Altogether there are about 90 miles of railroad in Coffee county and 30 miles of steamboat transportation on the Ocmulgee river. The public roads are being worked under the system p:r1 10,759; colored males, 7,016; colored females, 7,205; total colored, 14,221. Population of the city of N ewnwn by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,070; white females, 1,072; total whiter 2,142; colored males, 681; colored females, 831; total colored, 1,512. Total popula,tion of city, 3,654. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 107 calves, 2 steet"S, 4 bulls, 307 dairy cows, 232 horses, 61 mules, 589 swine, 2 goats. ORAWFORD COUNTY. Crawford O in 1734, is about 25 miles from the city of Savannah. Some of the des- cendants of these people still cultivate the silkworm. The Lutheran church was used by the British as a hospital during that period of the . Revolution when they had possession of Savannah ' and the greater part of the State. There are in Effingham county 48 schools belonging to the public school system. The average daily attendance of pupils is 680 in the 33 for whites, and 379 in the 15 for negroes. The school fund of Effing- ham county was given in the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900, as $5,018.92. The area of Effingham county is 419 square miles, or 268,160 acres. . According to the United S,tates census ,of 1900, the population is 8,334 a gain of 2,735 since 1890. . The ComptrGller-General repGrts for 1:'900 as .follows: acres of im- proved land, 250,287; of wild land, 24,515; average value per acre of improved land, $1.78; of wild land, $0.54;. city or town property, $146,- 315; shares in bank, $20,283; money and solvent debts, $143,239; mer- chandise, $32,570; stooks and bonds, $17,536; cotton manufactories, $16,800; household and kitchen furniture, $66,560; farm and other ani- mals, $141,461; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,613; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,129; value of all other property, $53,825; real estate, $606,016; personal estate, $549,332. Aggregate value of whole prop- erty, $1,035,531. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 12,273; value of lrund, $27,243; city or town property, $815.00; money and solvent debts, $1,052; household and kitchen furniture, $4,753; farm and other animals, $8,630; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,- 467; watches, jewelry, etc., $209.00; value of all other property, $1,008. Aggregate value of whoie property, $48,472. The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $2,107 in the value of .all property since 1900. 646 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L. Population of E:ffi!ngham county by sex and oolor, accorrding to the census of 1900: white males, 2,349; white females, 2,281; total white, 4,630; colored males, 1,917; colorred famales, 1,787; total colored,.3,704. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 5 steers, 3 dairy cows, 6 horses, 80 mules, 107 swine. ELBERT COUNTY. Elbert County was laid out from Wilkes in 1790. It is bounded following items were returned for taxation in 1900: acres of improved 668 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. land, 195,179; average value per acre, $4.71; city or town property, $132,503; shares in bank, $12,000; money and solvent debts, $180,074; value of merchandise, $67,241; cotton manufactures, $15,000; household and kitchen furniture, $81,472; farm and other animals, $186,511; plantation and mechanical tools, $46,616; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,151; cotbon, corn, annual crop, etc., $9,255; value of all other property, $39,590; real estate, $1,090,075; personal estate, $641,372. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,731,447. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 2,626; value ofland, $9,539; city or town property, $1,263; money and solvent debts, $157; merchandise, $208; household and kitchen furniture, $4,740; watches, jewelry, etc., $68.00; farm and other animals, $10,894; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,071; value of all other property, $1,492. Aggregate value of whole property $30,432. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $119,789 over thereturns of 1900. One 'Of the early settlers of this county was Captain James Terrell, who died in the 77th year of his age. During the Revolutionary struggles, though living in the midst of royalist neighbors, he was among the first to embrace the cause of America, and served with distinction until disabled by a musket ball which shattered his hip. There are in Franklin county several Indian mounds. This section of the State was long exposed to the ravages of the Indians. In almost every part of it the settlers found it necessary to erect forts and blockhouses to protect themselves against the savages who, wjhenever opportunity offered, inflicted upon helpless women and children cruelties, the very record of which would chill the blood. The remembrance of these thing~ was still fresh, when in 1837 the Creek warriors in Alabama gathered to do battle against the whites. One of the most gallant companies that V1oJunteered for this war was from Franklin county, and was commanded by a Captain Mornis. At the battle of Pea River Swamp in Alabama (March 25, 1837), the Franklin Volunteers greatly distinguished themselves. One of their number, after the Indians had boon routed, while pursuing a :fleeing savage, got into their camp when two I'l!-dian women seized him. Disdaining to strike a woman, he made every effort to escape, but finally when they were about to dispatch hrim with knives, he drew his bowie, and killing them both made good his escape. Population of Franklin county by sex and color, according to ~he census of 1900: white males, 6,783; white females, 6,713; total wh1te, 13,496; eiolored males, 2,146; colored females, 2,058; total colored, 4,204. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, niQt on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 40 calves, 14 steers, 1 bull, 123 dairy cows, 81 horses, 24 mules, 1 donkey, 7 sheep, 179 hogs. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 669 FULTON COUNTY. Fulton County was set off from DeKalb in 1853 and was named in honor of Robert Fulton, of New York, who first demonstrated the fact that steam could be used in the propulsion of vessels large enough to carry freight and passengers, (1807). This county is bounded on the north by Milton and Cobb, on the east by DeKalb, on the south by Clayton and Campbell a[}d on the west by Campbell and Cobb. The Chattahoochee river flows along its northern and western border. South river, one of the headwaters of the Ocmulgee, rises in the southern part of this county. Other streams are Peachtree, Clear, Woodall, Shoal, Proctor's, Sugar and Utoy creeks. The face of the country is rolling and broken. The soil is red clay, interspersed with gray, gravelly ridges and bottoms. The average yield of the various crops to the acre is: Seed cotton, 700 to 800 pounds; corn, 19 to 20 bushels; oats, 24 bushels; rye, 13 bushels; wheat, from 6 to 10 bushels; hay, 4,000 pounds. The grasses from which hay is made, are clover, blue grass, Bermuda, crab, orchard, red top, timothy and peavine. All these do well. There is an annual product of about 7,000 bushels of cowpeas, 500 bushels of peanuts, 52,000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 124,000 bushels of sweet potatoes. The proximity of Atlanta causes a great demand for vegetables, and the amount of truck sold from the market gardens is valued at $150,000. There are in Fulton county 47,000 peach-trees, 1,500 cherry-trees, 25,700 apple-trees, 1,700 pear-trees and 2,356 plum-trees. The suburbs of Atlanta enjoy unrivalled advantages for profitable dairying, bee-keeping, poultry farming and trucking, and there is a steady growth all along these lines of industry. By the census of 1890 there were 157 sheep, with a wool-clip of 487 pounds; 3,291 cattle, of which 72 were working oxen, and 1,839 were milch-cows, producing 817,310 gallons of milk from which were made 201,435 pounds of butter. There were reported 649 horses, 1,112 mules, 4 donkeys, 3,617 swine, 56,969 poultry of all kinds, 146,074 dozens of eggs and 16,812 pounds of honey. Of the cattle 380 were recorded as pure bred and 890 were graded as half blood or higher. In these statistics horses and mules in the city of Atlanta were not recorded, but only those on farms. The minerals are some copper, iron pyrites, asbestos and gold. None are being mined. The clays for making brick and terra cotta are profitably worked. The timber products are small; some oak and walnut, used in shops which manufacture various articles of wood work. The output of lumber, shingles, staves, etc., amounts to about $8,000 per annum. The gross horse-powers of the Chattahoochee not utilized are 31,677. The utilized water-powers are: On the Ohattahooche 159, running 14 small grist-mills; on Sourth river 33, running 3 small grist-mills. 670 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. In the city of .Atlanta is one of the largest steam flour mills in Georgia, with patent roller process. The county site and also the capital of Georgia is Atlanta, with a population in the city limits, according to the United States census of 1U001 of 89,872, or in round numbers, 90,000. If we add to these figures the populat~on of the immediate suburbs, we would have over 103,000 peo.ple whO\Se living depends upon the various industries of the City of Atlanta. Besides these, many of the business men of .Atlanta have their homes in the small cities, towns and villages scattered about within a radius of 20 and more miles in every direction, going to their homes every evening and returning in the morning, on numerous lines of steam or electric railways. Although the youngest of all the great commercial centers of Georgia, Atlanta is now the largest city between Washington, D. C., and New Orleans, La. In 1837 the southeastern terminus of the Western and Atlantic Railroad was established near where the union passenger depot now stands (1901). It was chosen as being the best point for "the running of branch roads to .Athens, Madison, Milledgeville, Forsyth and Columbus." Terminus was the name given to the site thus chosen. In 1843 the village was called Marthasville, in compliment to the daughter of ex-Governor Lumpkin, who had been distinguished by his deep interest in the development of railroad enterprise in Georgia. In 1846 Atlanta, derived from the word Atlantic, was suggested as an appropriate name for the embryo city, by Mr. J. Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, in a letter to Mr. Richard Peters, also an engineer of the road. Mr. Peters and Mr. Garnett decided upon this name, and on the 29th of December, 1847, the Georgia legislature incorporated, as the "City of Atlanta," the new town, which had begun to give evidence of rapid growth. The population at that time numbered about 500. By the census of 1850 the population was shown to be 2,572. Up to 1853 the people of .Atlanta went to Decatur to transact their legal business; but in that year the county of Fulton was formed with Atlanta as its oounty site, and a city hall was erected where the State capitol now stands. It was about this time that Rev. George White was superintending the publication of his "Historical Collections of Georgia," in which appears a statement from Mr. Jonathan Norcross to the effect that the population of .A.tlanta was not then precisely known, "but placed by none under 4,500, and still increasing." When the census of 1860 was taken, .Atlanta was shown to have 9,554, or in round numbers, 10,000 inhabitants. During the civil war Atlanta was the seat of important industries, whose principal object was to sustain the military operations of the Confederate States. In July, 1864, .Atlanta and vicinity became the scene of a fierce struggle between opposing armies and the battles of Peachtree Creek, Atlanta and Ezra Church were fought without decisive results. On .August 6th another fierce engagement occurred between portions of each army at Utoy creek. From the 9th to the 25th of .August the city was subjected to a furious bombardment, and women and children had to seek shelter in cellars night and day. But GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 671 the women and children had the '&pirit of heroes, to which General. Hood bore testimony in these words, "I can not recall one word from their lips expressive of dissatisfaction or willingness to surrender." When all his efforts to capture .Atlanta by direct attack had failed, General Sherman moved the bulk of his army to Jonesboro, across the only line of supply in possession of the Confederates. Then Hood, being unable to dislodge him, was compelled to let go, and Sherman entered .Atlanta on the 2d of September, 1864. When he started on his march to the sea, Sher- man ordered everything burned except the mere dwelling houses and the churches. Only 450 houses, including some of the churches, es- caped. .All the stores, workshops, mills, depots and most of the dwell- ings were reduced to ashes. The city just befor:re its capture had 14,000 inhabitants. Before the close of hostilities, in the following spring, the people began to return and prepared to rebuild the ruined city. By 1870, a little over five years from the time of its destruction, .Atlanta bad arisen from her ashes and had a population of 22,000. In 1880 it had increased to 37,000, and in 1890 to 65,533. This growth from less than 3,000 in 1850 to 90,000 in 1900 has no parallel outside of the Northwestern States. Nearly 1,100 :feet above sea level, .Atlanta ha~s a bracing atmosphere, with breezes blowing over the foothills of the Blue Ridge. The public buildings, whose cost aggregates nearly $8,000,000, are imposing structures, and the business edifices compare favorably with them. Few cities in any part of the United States can show more attrac- tive residence streets or more beautiful homes; and by the United States census .Atlanta is accredited with a larger percentage of home owners than any city of its size in the Southern States. The streets are well paved, and macadamized roads extend :far out from the city limits into the country. . The city is supplied with water works, gas and electric light plants, street and suburban electric railways, long distance telephones to the leading cities and towns of the State, and other great cities in different sections o:f the Union, and enjoys telegraphic communication with every quarter o:f the globe. \Vith no advantage of water transportation .Atlanta enjoys, through her magnificent railroad connections, a great trade north, south, east and west. In several specialties the trade of .Atlanta extends throughout the United States. This is particularly true of cotton and paper bags, furniture and proprietary medicines. Groceries and dry goods are the two largest items in Atlanta's whole- sale trade. The sale of groceries for 1899 amounted to over $12,000,- 000 and those o:f dry goods to $10,000,000. In Atlanta and vicinity there are 9 cott-on mills, _and the .Atlanta woolen mill, with an aggregate invested capital o:f $1,860,000; 13 iron manufactories, making machinery, agricultural implements, boilers, gins and castings, with a capital of $1,467,000; 12 manufactories of sash, doors, blinds and interior finish, with a capital of $694,000; 5 establishments working in sheet metal, producing cornices, wirework and tinware, 31 ga 672 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. with a capital of $222,000; 8 making brick, tile and terra cotta, from clay, with a capital of $301,000; 10 manufactories of commercial fertilizers, with a capital of $1,215,000 in operation and a new plant approaching completiO'll; 5 wagon and carriage factories, with a capital of $126,000; 14 manufactories of proprietary medicines,. with a capital of $248,000; 13 furniture factories, with a capital o $532,000; 7 candy and cracker factories, with a capital of $2o5,000; 10 tobacco factories, with a capital of $::18,000; 3 collin factories, with a capital of $260,000; 6 bottling and carbonating establishments, with a capital of $5::1,000; 5 paper and paper bag factories, with a capital of $480,000; 4 paint and oil manufactories, with a capital of $114,000; 4of cotton seed oil and by-products, with a capital of $750,000; 1 ice factory, with a capital of $140,000; 26 miscellaneous establishments representing $718,000. The aggregate invested capital of all these establ~shments is $1),454,000. Be:>ides these are nearly 400 small manufactories of various articles not estimated. The manufactories above enumerated employ more than 10,000 operatives, with an annual payroll o over $3,000,000. The value of the raw material consumed is more than $10,000,000, and the product between $15,000,000 and $20,000,000. The factories of Atlanta take the cotton crop of four average Georgia counties. The lumber interest is the third largest in the south. The raw material consumed by the lumber mills amounts to $500,000, and has a. market value, when manufactured, of $1,500,000. The tannnng industry is yet in its incipiency, but the quality of the goods produced is of such a high standard, that they are always in demand at high price~?. There are in Atlanta 20 banking institutions, with a capital of mora than $3,000,000. There are upwards of 20 building and loan associations representing nearly $2,000,000 capital. The hardware business of Atlanta amounts to wmething more than $6,000,000 annually. The largest wholesale and .retail seed growing establishments in the south are located in Atlanta. They grow their own seed and guarantee them. In fire insurance Atlanta has long led all other Southern cities. Here is the home of the Southeastern Tariff Association, which is composed of 60 of the leading fire companies doing business in the south. It has in the last 15 years done a splendid work in equalizing rates, liberalizing policies, driving orut irresponsible agents and wild cat companies and improving building laws. Sixty companies through their Atlanta agencies report Georgia business for the year ending April 30th, 1!100, as follows: New business written, $184,000,000; premiums received, $2,400,000; losses paid, over $2,000,000. The Georgia Insnrance C'ommi~ionPr's report shows that 28 accident, marine, g-uarantee anfl nlllte g1ass companies, through their Atl::mta ag-ents, report Geor!!ifl hnsinPRBfor the year ending April 30th, 1900, amounting to $75,000,000, with BRIGHTON. Our ten years' experience with this valuable variety warrants us in saying that it ranks as best in all the qualities of a number one family or market grape. It is equal to or better than the Delaware, of larger size, with less pulp, and ripens a week or ten days earlier. The vine is a strong grower; foliage rich and glossy, and the many tests to which 1t has been subjected indicate that it has no superior for vigor, hardiness, freedon1 from disease and abundant crops of handsome, 1uscious fruit. GEORGIA.: HIS'l'ORICA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. 675 premium payments of $260,000, and losses paid $144,000. For the same perw<1 oo old line life i'Il.Surance companies, through their At- lanta offices, report new business written in Georgia $28,000,000; new premiums collected, $800,000; total business now in force, $11;),000,;000, with annual premiums of $3,163,000, and annual death claims of $1,500,000. Assessment and fraternal companies add greatly to the above amounts. All this immense business aggregates in Georgia $300,000,000, with annual premium payments of $ti,OOO,OOO and annual losses of $4,000,000. The sanitary, police and fire departments of Atlanta are in first claiiS condition, and no city in the Union surpas'ses her in these r espects. The hotels are numerous and fir:3t-class in their appointments. Atlanta's public school system is up to the highest mark. The churches and religious organizations represent every Christian denomination and Hebrews also. The churches number more than 100, and have large memberships. Atlanta is surrounded by springs of great medicinal value, some of them in Fulton and some in adjacent counties. The Lithia waters of Georgia are of a superior quality and are claimed by some to excel those of any other State. They are sold in Atlanta at all soda fountains; they are barrelled and bottled and shipped to all points. The spring8 all have headquarters here. The waters have been found very beneficial, and a. great many citizens of Atlanta drink nothing but lithia water. Atlanta has several business and medical colleges, a law college and two dental colleges. In addition to the day schoors, public and private, there is a large night school connected with the public school system, and one under the auspices of the Young Men's Christian Association. The colleges of Atlanta have already been mentioned in the chapter on education in Georgia. In 1870 the taxable property of Atlanta was returned at $9,500,000, and in 1901 at $47,986,535. Of this amount the whites own $47,097,550 and the negroea $888,985. Atlanta's railroad facilities have already been referred to. The Sonthern, the Georgia, the Seaboard Air Line and the Central of Georgia connect her with the Middle, Northern and New England State~. The Western and Atlantic, the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern, and that branch of the Southern system formerly called the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia bring her into close communion with the entire .conntry between the Alleghany and Rocky 'Mountains, and the region of the great lakes. That branch of th e So11thern, once known as the Georgia Pacific, and the Atlanta and '\VAst Point, connect her with the great Southern transcontinentlll lines to the Prwific and to Mexico. The flentral of Oeorgia, the Atlanta and West Point and two br:mches of the great Southern system connect her with the South Atlantic and Gulf States. H er miles of well-built business strPPts r11diating in all directions, her handsome rcsi.-lernce streets, the beautiful parks in the suburb8, re8ched 676 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. by the elootric railways, make Atlanta a very attractive city, as well as a great mart of trade. Atlanta is not only the county site of Fulton county, but also the .capital of the State of Georgia. The capital was brought here from Milledgeville when the city was barely out of the ashes of the war, and in 1877 the people of Georgia voted to make Atlanta their permanent seat of government. The handsome capitol was erected on a lot given by the city during the incumbency of Governor McDaniel, and cost $1,000,000. It is one of the few public buildings erected in the United States that came within the appropriation set apart by the legislature for its construction. The rapidly developing business and manufactures of Atlanta wer~ brought prominently before the whole country by the Cotton Exposition of 1881, and the great development of the Southeastern States between 1880 and 1890 was splendidly illustrated in the great Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895. One of the new enterprises of Atlanta is a large plant for the manufacture of genuine all woven Smyrna rugs of imported material. The Atlan ta Rug Mill, though of recent origin, has already doubled its capacity and has additional machinery ordered to still farther enlarge its output. East Ponit, six miles from Atlanta, has a wagon factory and a horse collar factory. A little beyond East Point are two new cotton mills. According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned in Fulton county 1,604 bales 'Of upland cotton. The business of the county is mostly in manufactures and commerce for the city, and in truck farming and dairying for the country. The area of Fulton county is 174 square miles, or 111,360 acres. Population of Fulton county in 1900, 117,363, an increase of 32,708 since 1890; school fund for county, $13,747.71; school fund for city of Atlanta, $39,672.23; school fund for East Point, $778.31; school fund of Hapeville, $325. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of improved lan d, 95,537; average value per acre, $41.28; city and town property, $32,621,690; gas and electric light company, $450,000; building :md loan associations, $211,410; money, ete., $3,924,828; shares in bank, $1,149,1!)0; stocks and bonds, $1,190,351; cotton manufactories, $461,346, which should be more than $1,000,000, a mistake arising from more than $600,000 worth of factory stock having heen reported under the head of "all other property"; iron works, $49,955; mining, $735; merchandise, $3,369,821; household furniture, $1,375,658; farm and other animals, $201,394; plantation and mechanical tools, $99,313; watches, jewelry, etc., $126,252; value of all other property, $982,523; real estate, $36,564,688; personal estate, $14,926,354; aggregate value of property, $51,491,042. Propertv retnrned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 1',037; value of same, $93,618; city and town property, $787,875; money, etc., $1,- GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 677 750; merchandise, $8,720; watches, jewelry, etc., $470; household fur:- niture, $31,620; farm and other animals, $7,635; plantation and me- chanical tools, $1,954; value of all other property, $1,090; aggregate value of property, $934,732. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase over those of 1900, in the value of all property, amounting to $910,843. The county public schools number 27 for whites, with an average at- tendance of 1,550, and 10 for colored, with an average attenc1snce of 525. In the public schools of Atlanta there is an average attendance of 6,900 in those for whites and 2,700 in those for colored. The enroll- ment in Atlanta schools is 9,902 whites and 3,735 colored. Besides Atlanta there are in Fulton county the following towns: College Park, with a population of 517. East Point, with a population of 1,315. Hapeville, with a population of 430. Oakland City, with a populatron of 823. Of the immediate suburbs of Atlanta Cooks has 6,558 people, Black Hall, including Oakland City, 3,226; Edgewood, 1,552, and Peachtree 2,217, or 13,553 in all. This gives for Atlanta and its immediate su- burbs a population of 103,425. Population of Fulton county by sex and color, according to the cen- sus of 1900: white males, 35,334; white females, 36,257; total white, 71,591; colored males, 19,484; colored females, 25,924; total colored, 45,772. P opulation of the city of Atlanta by race and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 26,434; white females, 27,471; total white, 53,905; colored males, 14,943; co1ored females, 21,024; total colorea, 35,967. Total population of Atlanta, 89,872. Domestic animals in Fulton county in1barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 381 calves, 45 steers, 28 bulls, 2,800 dairy cows, 2,797 horses, 982 mules, 3 donkeys, 2 sheep, 952 swine, 100 goats. Domestic animals in the limits of the city 'Of Atlanta in barns and inclosures, June 1, 1900: 161 calves, 23 steers, 6 bulls, 1,132 dairy cows, 2,227 horses, 614 mules, 1 donkey, 2 sheep, 4 swine, 56 goats. GILMER COUNTY. Gilmer County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was named in honor of George R. Gilmer, Governor of Georgia from November, 1829, to November, 1831. It is bounded by the following counties: F annin on the north and northeast, Dawson on the southeast, Pickens on the south, Gordon and Murray on the west. The Oartecay and Ellijay rivers uniting at Ellijay in the center of the county form the Ooosawattee river, which flows across the county in a southwesterly direction. It is also watered by Mountain Town creek, Owltown creek and many smaller streams. The face of the country is broken by mountains, the principal of 678 GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL. which are Cohutta, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, Amicalola, Turnip Town, Tallona and Sharp Top. In the valleys and along the water courses the lands are very rich, the soil being a black sandy loam. The hilly uplands have a mulatto top soil with red clay subsoil, and in some places a gray gravelly soil. The mountain lands are very similar to the valley lands. The principal crops are best shown by comparing the acreage of each, which is as follows: Cotton, 100 acres; corn, 40,000 acres; wheat, 10,000; oats, 2,000; rye, 2,000; rice, 10 acres; sorghum, 100 acres; Irish potatoes, 500; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 1,000; garden vegetables of every kind, 100. The average yield of these crops to the acre is: Corn, 25 bushels; oats, 12; wheat, 10 to 15; rye, 8 to 10; hish potatoes, 100 to 150; sweet potatoes, 100; fi.eld-peas, 10; 100 gallons IYf syrup. Red top, timothy, Bermuda, crab-grass, orchard, blue grass and clover do well. The production of crab-grass hay is 2,000 pounds, of clover, 4,000 pounds, of corn fodder 300 pounds. By the cen~us of 1890 there were in this county 8,446 sheep, with a wool-clip of 13,277 pounds; 8,020 cattle, 1,708 working oxen; 2,389 milch-cows, with a butter product-ion of 131,553 pounds, and a milk production of 649,587 gallons; 75,000 of all kinds of poultry, with a p;roduct of 150,000 dozens of eggs. There were also 10,000 hogs, and other animals were 687 horses, 458 mules and 11,478 hogs. The honey produced in Gilmer county amounted to 29,615 pounds. Last year it was estimated that there were in this county 30 donkeys rund 500 goats. Small game is plentiful and the streams furnish the people with fish. Vegetables .O'f all kinds do well. This is also a good county for fruit. Apples grow to perfection and have a ready and profitable sale. Peaches do well, but do not have much of a market. Quinces, plums and cherries are grown, but not to any great extent. Some farmers have small vineyards that produce excellent grapes. The fruit business is in its infancy, but intelligent people in the county believe that it will prove very profitable. The lumber, mostly oak and poplar, is being cut out in large quantities. It is estimated that the .annual O'Utput of lumber is 10,000,000 superficial feet at an average price of $15 a thousand feet. At Ellijay is a large new lumber mill run by water, using 400 horsepower, and with a capital of $100,000 and a capacity of 50,000 feet per diem. There are in the county six flour and grist-mills run by water-power with an aggregate invested capital of $10,000. There are also several small portable sawmills. There is a wagon factory at Ratcliff and two tanneries at Ellijay. The streams afford fine water-powers, and those within a few miles of Ellijay are estimated at :nearly 1,000 hol"Se-powers. Gold and iron are being mined to,a considerable extent. BeautHul marble, white and variegated, limestone, sandstone, mica, slate and granite are found. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 679 Ellijay, on the .Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, is the county site. lt has a court-house which cost $10,000. The Jllijay district has a population of 2,472, of whom 581live in the town. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing Christian denominations. The schools are in good condition and well attended. The average attendance on the public schools is: in the 51 white schools 1,210 and in 1 for colored 18. By reason of its healthful climate, pure water and mineral and agricultural resources this is a very attractive and inviting section of the State. The area of Gilmer county is 450 square miles, or 288,000 acres. Population in 1900, 10,198, a gain O'f 1,124 since 1890; school fund, $6,974.45. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: improved lands, 256,549 acres; wild lands, 41,786; average value of improved lands per acre, $1.39; of wild lands, $0.51; city property, $61,019; money, etc., $60,289; merchandise, $25,815; manufactures, $7,343; household furniture, $34,935; farm and other animals, $113,7 52; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,731; watches, etc., $2,664; value of all <>ther property, $11,752; real estate, $440,565; personal estate, $275,555; aggregate property, $716,120. Pro,perty returned by colored taxpayers: .Acres of land, 672; value, $602; city property, $10; household and kitchen furniture, $70; watches, tc., $15; farm and other animals, $321; plantation and mechanical tools, $113; value of all other property, $25; aggregate property, $1,156. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $11,475 in the value of -all property over the returns of 1900. Population of Gilmer county by race aii!d cOlor, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,069; white females, 5,052; total white, 10,121; colored males, 37; colored females 40; tortal colored, 77. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: no report. Ellija, an Indian town, formerly stood where Ellijay now stands. White Path, a chief of this town, accompanied John Ross to Washington in 1834. General Jackson invited him to dinner and presented him with a silver watch, which he always kept as a precious treasure. On his death his watch was sold and the proceeds appropriated to the erection of a marble monument. Talona was south of Ellija. It was sometimes ca11ed Sanderstown after its principal chief, George Sanders, who kept a house of entertainment on the Federal road. He also went on a visit to Washington with John Ross. This John Ross was the man after whom Ross's Landing (now Chattanooga) was called. 680 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. GLASCOCK COUNTY. Glascock County was laid out from Warren county in 1858 and was named for General Thomas Glascock, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the State Legislature and Representative in Congress from 1835 to 1838. Glascock county is bounded by the following counties: Warren on the northeast and northwest, on the southeast Jefferson, and on the southwest Washington. The north fork of the Ogeoohee lliver runs along its southwestern border, while Comfort, Rocky and other creeks coming from the northeast and northwest flow centrally through the county, emptying into the Ogeechee river. These streams afford a quantity of fish and sport to th!Qse fond of the seine or hook and line. The lands, with fairly good culture, will yield to the acre: seed cotton, 750 to 800 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons. By the ceusus of 1890 there were 478 sheep, with a wool-clip of 923 pounds; 1,667 cattle, of which there were 120 working oxen and 567 milch--cows. There was a production of 94,337 gallons of milk and 25,202 pounds of butter; 19,299 of all kinds of poultry, with a product of 20,653 dozens of eggs. The honey produced amounted to 8,662 pounds. There were also 240 horses, 468 mules and 6,152 swine. The timber growth is like that of this section of Georgia, oak, walnut, pine, chestnut, hickory, maple a.nd gum. Facilities for travel and transportation are furnished by a branch of the great Southern system, which brings Gibson, the county site, into close connection with Augusta, the chief city :of that section of Georgia. According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned 3,902 bales of upland cotton. The area of Glascock county is 85 square miles, or 60,800 acres. * Population in 1900, 4,516, a gain of 796 since 1890; sch10ol fund, $2,952.81. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres o improved land, 81,771; of wild land, 1,326; average value per acre of improved land, $2.96; of wild land, $0.89; city property, $38,415; money, etc., $60,525; value of merchandise, $20,125; household furniture, $26,095; farm and other animals, $55,018; plantation and mechanical t-ools, $20,815; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,363; value of all other property, $1,600; real estate, $246,632; personal estate, $195,720; aggregate property, $442,352. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 435; value, $1,202; city property, $1,110; amount of money, $29; household furni- *There is an error in either the statement of the Census Bureau, or in thereoprt to the Comptroller-General, as to the acreage of Glascock county. POTATO FIELD IN MARCH IN THE SUBURBS OF BRUNSWICK, GA. PECAN GROVE NEAR BRUNSWICK, GA. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 683 ture, $3,055; watches, etc., $66; farm and other animals, $3,221; plantation and mechanical tools, $712; Aggregate property, $9,464. In the public school system there are 13 schools for whites, with an enrollment of 741 pupils, and 6 for colored, with an enrollment or 248. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $21,193 since the returns of 1900. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not O'll farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: no report. Population of Glascock county by sex and color, according to th e census of 1900: white males, 1,458; white females, 1,543; total whit e, 3,001; colored males, 713; colored f emales. 802; total col10red, 1,5Ib. GLYNN COUNTY. Glynn County was first laid out in 1765 into two parishes, St. Patrick's and St. David's. Extensive settlements had been made here many years before. In 1777, during the war for independence, the above named parishes were formed into the county of Glynn, so named in honor of John Glynn, E sq., distinguished for his unwavering fidelity to the cause of. American liberty. This county is bounded as follows: north by Wayne county and northeast by Mcintosh, east by the Atlantic ocean, south by Camden county and west by Wayne. The principal streams are the Altamaha on the northeastern border, the Little Satilla on the southwest, the Turtle river, on whose east bank stands the city of Brunswick, the St. Simon's river, St. Simon's sound and numerous inlets. There are also many creeks. There is considerable marsh lands. Wherever the marshes have been drained, the lands are very productive. There is a great variety of soil; stretches of sand, black hummock lands and gray loam mixed with oyster shells. The acreage of crops will show what things are chiefly cultivated in this county. The number of acres planted in cotton are 10; in corn, 2,000; in wheat, 5; ,in oats, 1,000; in rye, 25; ~in rice, 1,000; in suga.rcane, 1,000; in Irish potatoes, 100; in sweet potatoes, 1,000; in field peas, 1,000; in: ground-peas, 300; in garden vegetables of every kind, 500. The sea-island or long-staple cotton, though not planted much, produces about 1,200 pounds to the acre. The other average yields to the acre are: Corn, 25 bushels; wheat, 5 bushels; oats, 20 to 35 bushels; rice, 47 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 to 200 bushels; sweet pot~toes, from 200 to 400 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 300 to 630 gallons. There is but little hay raised in the county; but Bermuda and crab grass do exceptionally well. As many as 10,000 pounds of the latter have been raised in one season. Eighty bushels to the acre of barley and rye sown together have been raised in one season. Market gardens or truck farms have a fine local market in the city of ~84 GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL A.ND INDUSTRIAL. Brunswick. Some of the farmers ship Irish potatoes to northern and eastern markets in May and June. Some buyers from Boston cleared $150 an acre on Irish potatoes in the spring of 1900. Strawberries are very profitable, as are also blackberries and whortleberries, which grow in wild profusion. Five hundred acres were devoted to melons in 1900, the average net profit on which wa:s $50 an acre. The mel<>ns of Glynn county are famous for size and flavor. The market gardens are seven, with products averaging $7,000 each. :Fruit-raisi'rlg is .so far in the experimental stage. About 50 acres each have been devoted to peaches, plums and pears and 5 to quinces. The peaches bring a net value of $50 tJo, the acre, the plums $25, the pears $20. On account of experiments made at Sterling, Ga., on the Southern road, much attention will be given in future to fruit-raising. There are also two florists' establishments, engaged in the cultivation of flowers and flowering plants for the market, whose sales amount to about $2,000 a year. In 1890 there were in Glynn county about 258 sheep, with a wooldip of 222 pounds; 4,890 cattle, 264 being working oxen and 1,034 milch-cows, producing 69,110 gallons of milk; 9,276 poultry of various kinds, producing 19,662 dozens of eggs; a'rld 3,341 hogs. The production O'f honey was small, 1,930 pounds. At the same time there were reported 255 horses and 69 mules. But these did not include those in the city of Brunswick. According to a recent estimate there are 300 goats in Glynn county. Some little attention is being paid to the improvement of the breed of heef cattle. Two Hereford bulls and one Shorthorn have been lately imported into the county. There are two dairy farms near Brunswick having about 75 cows, and making a net profit of about $5,000. Most of the cows on these :farms are Jerseys. Game is plentiful, especially ducks in the winter. Fish are abundant the year round; oysters and clams in the winter. Probably $5,000 worth of fish are shipped in a year. It could easily be $100,000 worth. O.vster beds are cultivated tn some extent. Choice Brunswicks bring the highest prices known in the markets. Crabs and shrimp abound in the proper season. There are about 500 people in Glynn county who make a livelihood by fishing. One firm is engaged in supplying the interior trade. The market so far is mostly local. The timbers in the county available for market and manufacturing purposes are about as follows: Cypress, 5,000,000 feet; sweet gum, 10,000,000; beech gum, 5,000,000; white oak, 3,000,000; ash, 3,000,000; post oak, 5,000,000; live oak, 5,000,000; hickory, 1,000,000: pine, 10,000,000. About 40,000,000 feet of lumber are exported from Brunswick, and 20,000,000 are cut out by the county mills. :Most of the lumber is carried down the river and sawed at Brunswick. Of 7 saw-mills 3 cut cypress logs and have a capac:ity of 100,000 feet in a day; and 4 that cut yel1ow pine have a capacity of 60,000 feet a day. All these mills are operated by steam. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 685 There are two barrel factories, employing 200 hands, with an annual output of 125,000 barrels, valued at $150,000. These .bar- rels are used for rosin and spirits of turpentine. Brunswick, the county site, the second seaport in Georgia, with a pop- ulation numbering 9,081, is beautifully situated on a bluff of white sand, elevated from 8 to 12 feet above high water, and extends up and down the river more than two miles. Its situation is suited for a city of the largest extent. It has water-works, gas and electric lights, all under the control of one company, valued at $200,000. It has also an ice fae- tory mak;ing good profits, two banks with an aggregate capital of $200,- 000, three planing and variety mills and the large sawmills already men- tioned. The Brunswick and Western division of the Plant System has repair shops here which employ 100 hands. The Southern Railway also employs several hands at its extensive yards. Among the public buildings of Brunswick are a court-house, valued at $20,000; a city hall, worth $35,000; two public school buildings, one valued at $8,000 and the other at $5,000. In the public schools of the f salt water rivers and creeks, together with the railroads, make the matter of marketing quite easy. The county convicts are kept busy all the time repairing the roads. Artesian wells supply pure water to the city and oounty, and also furnish to truck farmers easy means of irrigation. The schools of the city a~d county are of the very best. In the 18 county schools fo:r whites the average attendance is 650, and in the 19 for colored 1,274. All the Christian denominations have good church edifices and large memberships. The Jews also have a synagogue. . The shipments of lumber from Brunswick for 1900 were as follows: Domestic. Lumber (feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,084,000 Timber (feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353,000 Shingles (number) . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 9,017,100 Ties (number) ... . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,131,173 Staves (number) . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Laths (bundles) .. .. .. .... .. .. . .. .. .. 75,000 Foreign. 25,286,000 11,484,000 917,000 50,44-4: 60,000 The area of Glynn county is 468 square miles, 'Or 299,520 acres. Population of Glynn county' in 1900, 14,317, a gain of 897 since 1890; school fund, $9,797.19. 686 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 69,712; 'Of wild land, 120,131; average value of improved l:md, to the acre, $6.00; of wild land, $1.12; city property, $2,113,944; shares in bank, $184,400; gas and electric lights, $62,540; building and loan association, $85,912; money, etc., $155,712; merchandise, $25,9,815; shlipping, $2,850; cotton manufactories, $1,050; iron works, $3,100; mining, $200; household furniture, $189,284; farm and other animals, $79,151; plantation and mechanical tools, $15,011; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,567; value of all other property, $128,667; real estate, $2,666,521; personal estate, $1,193,875; aggregate porperty, $3,862,396. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 14,791; value, $42,659; city property, $124,570; money, $900; merchandise, $2,030; household furniture, $15,932; watches, etc., $190;: :farm animals, etc., $17,186; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,668; value of all other property, $965; aggregate property, $206,100. The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $112,859 since the returns of 1900. On the coast of Glynn county are several islands, the moot important of which are St. Simon's, J ekyl, Blythe, Colonel's, Crispine, Little St. Simon's, Long Island, Rainbow, Hammock and Latham. Frederica, on the west side of St. Simon's Island, was settled in 1739, and was named' for Frederick, Prince of Wales, only son of George the Second. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange trees. This place, which was the residence of General Oglethorpe and :figured much in the early history 'of Georgia, is now in ruins. On St. Simon's Island on July 7th, 174:2, was fought a battle between Oglethorpe's regiment and the Spaniards, in which the latter, though greatly outnumbering the English, were defeated with such great loss that the scene of the conflictis to this day known as the "Bloody Marsh." In this section of the State a gallant exploit was performed by the Americans. The particulars of this affair are given by ColoiJlel Elbert in a letter to Major-General Howe, who commanded the Americans at Savannah. Colonel S-amuel Elbert having learned that a British brigantine, a sloop and a prize brig were near Frederica, embarked at Darien with 300 men and two pieces of artillery on three galleys and another boat, and made so sudden and bold' an attack that the British vessels promptly surrendered. In 1788 the Creek Indians overran the coun,trv from the Altamaha to the St. Mary's. Captain J oh~ Burnett lived at"this time at the head of Turtle river with his family and slaves. All the neighbors had fled from the mainland to the islands. Going out one day with his son John, the captain discovered some Indians lying behind a log. The two charged them, receiving the fire of ten Indians, who then went away. The captain was wounded in several places. One of the wounds was in the ear and finally proved fatal. With the aid of his son and a black boy he succeeded in getting to a house. About two weeks afterwards GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 687 100 Indians in the dead of night killed a negro serntinel at the gate, and approaching the house attempted to fire it and to break down the door. For four hours the inmates kept the Indians back. The two daughters of Captain Burriett loaded the muskets below and handed them to their brothers above. .About daylight 30 men from St. Simon's Island came to their rescue and the savages fled. One negro in the house had been killed and all the negroes outside had been carried away by the Indians. Jl.{oses Burnett had received three wounds, none of which proved fatal. Population of Glynn county by race and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,760; white females, 2,440; total white, 5,200; colored males, 4,547; colored :females, 4,570; total colored, 9,117. Population of the city of Brunswick by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,029; white females, 1,855; total white, 3,884; colored males, 2,466; colored females, 2,731; total colored, 5,197. Total population of the city of Brunswick, 9,081. Domestic animals in Glynn county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 17 steers, 6 bulls, 206 dairy cows, 348 horses, 46 mules, 81 swine. GORDON COUNTY. Gordon County was laid out from Floyd and Cass (now Bartow) in 1850, and was named in honor of William Washington Gordon, son of Lieutenant .Ambrose Gordon of Maryland, who served in the war for independence under Colonel W m. Washington, and upon the return of peace settled in .Augusta, where his son William was born in 1796. Mr. Gordon was one of the main promoters of railroad enterprise in Georgia, and was president of the Central Railroad at the time of his death in Savannah in 1842. Gordon county is bounded by the following counties: Murray and Whitfield on the north, Gilmer and Pickens on the east, Bartow and Floyd on the south, and Floyd and Chattooga on the west. It is watered by the Oostanaula, Ooosawattee and the Connesauga rivers, and by. Oothcaloga, Sillacoa a'lld Pine Log creeks. The soil is similar to that of Floyd and Bartow. The average yield to the acre, according to soil and cultivation, is: Seed cotton, 800 to 1,000 pounds; corn, 15 to 50 bushels; oats, 20 to 50 bushels; wheat, 10 to 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover hay, 5,000 pounds; fodder, 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 to 300 gallons. .A diversified system of farming prevails. By the census of 1890 there were in this county 3,581 sheep, with a wool-clip of 6,807 pounds; 6,495 cattle, 421 working oxen, 2,416 milchcows, with a production of 752,158 gallons of milk, 212,000 pounds of butter and 915 pounds of cheese; 114,449 of all kinds of poultry, pro~ J.ucing 187,725 dozens of eggs. This county also produced 13,175 pounds 688 GEORGIA.: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUBTRIA.L. a honey. There is one regular dairy farm producing milk and butter for marKet. 'lhere were 11oi:l5 horses, 11:&!:15. mules, 11 donkeys and 11,578 hogs. The minerals of Gordon county are iron and limestone, but no mines or quarnes of these materials. lhe bauxite depos1ts extend into this county and the limestone deposits are unusually high in carbonate of lime. There are black and variegated marbles near Ualhoun, but none are being mined. The timber growth is mostly hardwood, with some pine. Thirtythree per cent. of the original forel>t growth is still standing. Several smaH sawm1J.ls find steady employment. The county site is Calhoun, a pretty and thriving town on the Weste~n and Atlantic Railway. lt haa one bank, with a capital of $:i5,000; a court-house valued at $25,000; good churches and schools, and about 20 commercial houses and 2 life insurance agencies, which all do a prosperous business. Corn, the small grain and peaches do exceptionally well around Ualhoun. Resaca, five miles north of Calhoun, and Lay's Ferry were the scene of fierce combats during the Dalton-Atlanta campaign in 1864. At Calhoun and Resaca are large flour mills, and at Calhoun is a successful brick-ya1d. Plumville, Sugar Valley and other thriving villages are on the line o the Southern Railway. This county is steadily growing in population and wealth. The cotton receipts are from 5,000 to 6,000 bales for the county. Most of the products of the county are marketed at Calhoun. According to the United States census of 1900 during the season CYf 1899-1900 there were ginned 6,609 bales of upland cotton. The area of Gordon county is 387 square miles, or 247,680 acres. Population in 1900, 14,119, an increase of 1,361 since 1890; school fund, $10,148.40. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 217,952; of wild land, 20,059; average value per acre of improved land, $5.42; of wild land, $0.28; city property, $191,276; shares in bank, $10,000; money, etc., $193,231; merchandi:>e, $56,244 ; qotton manufactories, $14,100; household furniture, $96,105; farm and other animals, $212,941; mining, $100; plantation and mech.anica1 tools, $61,659; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,108; value of all other property, $34,702; real estate, $1,378,243; personal estate, $726,606; aggregate property, $2,104,849. Property retnrned by colored taxpayers: number of acrPs of lnnd, 2,511; value, $8,440; city property, $4,108; household fnmitme, $3,157; money, etc., $139; farm animals, $5,429; merchandise, $50; plantation and mechanical tools, $889; watches, jewelry, etc., $93; vfllne of all oth er property, $260; aggregate property, $23,121. Th EJ tax retmns for 1901 show a gain of $6,270 in the valne of all propertv over th e returns of 1900. At N ew Echota, in th e first n:nt of the 19th century, livPC! sPvPr'l.l distinguished Cherokee chiefs, Elijah Hix, Bondenot and AlexnmlPr Me- GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 689 Coy. In 1832 it had 300 inhabitants. Here what was known as the Schermerhorn treaty was negotiated. Oostanaula was a large lndi31.11 town in 1791, and its inhabitants were very hostile to the Americans. The average attendance on the public schools of Gordon county ifi. 1,650 in the 53 schools for whites and 123 in the 6 schools for colored. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have churches and other Chru- tian sects are represented. By the census of 1900 Calhoun, the largest town; had a population of 851, and in the whole Calhoun district there were 2,484 inhabitants. Population of Gordon county by sex and color, according to the cen- sus of 1900: white males, 6,189; white females, 6,299; total whiter 12,488; colored males, 850; colored females, 781; total colored, 1,631. Domestic animals lD Gordon .county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, J nne 1, 1900: 72 calves, 33 steers, 7 pulls, 137 dairy cows, 86 horses, 15 mules, 1 donkey, 24 sheep, 314 swine. GREENE COUNTY. Greene County was laid out from Washington county in 1786, and was named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, Rhode Island's .gallant son, who, as commander of the Department of the South, wae under the blessing of heaven the greatest factor in the deliverance of the Carolinas and Georgia from British rule, and who after the achievement of independence lived and died in Georgia. A part of this county was set off to Hancock in 1793, a part to Oglethorpe in 1794, a part to Clarke in 1802 and a pa rt to Taliaferro in 1825. Greene county is bounded by the following counties: Oconee and Oglethorpe on the north, Taliaff'rro on the east, Taliaferro and Hancock on the southeast, Putnam on the southwest and Putnam and Morgan on the west. The Apalachee and Ocone,e rivers are in the western part of the county, the former flowing into the latter on the western border. The Ogeechee river rises in this county not far from Greenesboro. Other streams >~re Beaver Dam, Richland a:nd Fishing creeks. Of 243,ROO acres in the county 82,000 are under cultivation. The uplands embrace 195,000 acres; the bottom lands, 48,800; the timber lands, 120.000; the uncultivated lands, 161,800. , The average valne per acre of the upland and timber lands is $7.00, of the bottom lands, $4.00, and of the uncultivated lands, $2.50. The soils are both gray and red clay. The 40,000 acres planted in cotton yield on an average 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; th() 20,000 in f'orn yield 10 bushels to the acre; the 8,000 in wheat, R h,, Qhels to the ::tcre; the 4,000 in oats, 20 bnshels; the 500 in barley, 25 bmhels~ the 500 in rye, 8 bnshels ; the 500 in sorghnm, 30 gallons to the acre; the 500 in Irish potatoes, 50 bmhels; the 1,000 in sweet potatoes, 40 bmhPls to the acre; the 3,000 in field-p eas, 18 bushels to the acre; the 1,000 acres in ground-peas give 15 bushels to the acre. 690 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The soils are well adapted to Bermuda, clover, pea-vines, German millet and other grass and forage plants. Enough hay is made for home consumption and some is marketed. The product of the county is about 500 tons or 1,000,000 pounds. Under careful culture there have been in Greene county yields of 10,000 pounds of clover hay to the acre, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda-grass hay and 27,130 pounds of corn forage. There are 12 dairy farms with 325 milch-cows. The Jersey is the favorite. Nearly all other farms have milch-cows, many of them Jerseys, and make butter for domestic use. The total number of cows in Greene county in 1890 was, 2,322, producing 667,785 gallons of mlik and 195,220 pounds of butter. A large quantity of beef cattle is raised in this county, and the shipment amounts to about 50 per cent. Attention is being paid to the improvement of the breed, and within the last five years 5 pure-bred Hereford bulls have been imported into the county. The total number of cattle of all kinds in the county in 1890 were 5,549, of which there were 463 working oxen. There were at that time 881 sheep, with a wool-clip of nearly 2,581 pounds; 1,273 horses, 1,877 mules, 3 donkeys and 9,434 hogs. The goats in the county are estimated at 400. All the various kinds of poultry aggregated 77,113 and their eggs amounted to 155,632 dozen. The county also produced 11,743 pounds of honey. There is enough of fish and game in the county for sport,. but not enough for profit. There are about 50 market gardens raising several varieties of vegetables for home consumption and for the Atlanta market. Many varieties of fruits, berries, grapes and melons are raised, but only for home consumption or the.local markets in the. towns of the county. Pine and the various hardwoods are found in the forests. Very little lumber is shipped from the county. There are 12 sawmills, operated by steam. There is a planing-mill at Union Point, a wagon factory at White Plains, and a box factory at Siloam. Other manufactories are a cottonmill at Greenesboro, two knitti'llg-mil1s, one at Union Point and one at Penfield, an electric light plant at Union Point, and 12 flour and gristmills scattered through the county. There are fine water-powers, especia1ly on the Oconee river. Some of the water-powers are Riley Shoals, I.awrence Shoals, Park Mill Shoals and Scull Shoals. :Many thousa'Dd horse-powers are undeveloped. There is a copper and iron mine at Union Point, but it is not worked. Greenesboro, the county site, is located on the Georgia Railroad, between Richland and Beaver D am creeks. It has 2 banks with an ag-gregate capital of $100,000, and a court-house valued at $20,000. Its population is 1,511, and that of the whole Greeneshoro district is 2,402. Other towns and villages in the county are Woodville, Union Point, Siloam, White Plains, Greshamville, Liberty, Veazey, Parsons and Daniel Springs. The Baptists, Methodists, Prseb;vterians and Episcopalians have chmches in the county, in good condition and full membership. The school privileges are excellent, both in town and country. In GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L. 691 the 29 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 665 pupils, and in the 40 for colored there is a like attendance of 1,276. The roads of the county are in fine condltion and are worked by con- victs. There are five hundred miles of public roads and oo milet> of rail- .road on which are 8 stations. Two branches of the G-eorgia Railroad traverse the county, one from north to south, the other (the main line) from east to west. The products of the county are marketed in Augusta, Atlanta and Athens, Georgia. About 12,uuubalesof cotton are received from the entire county, and about 3,500 are sh1pped from G-reenesboro. By the United l:)tates cen:ma Qf 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 11,5~3 bales (upland). The mills of the county use l,tlOO bales. The area of Greene county is 400 square mile::!, or 256,000 acres. Population in 1900, 16,542; school fund, $12,565.62. By the Comptroller-General's report for 11:)00 there are: acres of im- proved land, 240,5!HI; of wild land, none reported; average value per acre of improved land, $3.34; eity property, $24U,5o3; money, etc., $151,211; buildirng and loan, $8,000; merchandise, $72,453; stocks and hoods, $17,200; manufactories, $35,000; iron works, .$2,000; household furniture, $79,583; farm and other animals, $127,- 690; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,087; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,788; value of all other property, $36,748; real estate, $1,052,362; Jlersonal estate, $562,486. Aggregate, $1,614,848. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 7,057; value, $22,698; city property, $12,840; money, etc., $100; household furniture, $14,461; farm and other animals, $23,509; watches, etc., $57.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,748; value of all other property, $336.00. Aggregate value of property, $77,749. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all prop- erty over the returns of 1900, amounting to $82,877. The total population of the county, 16,542, shows a 101S8 of 509 since 1890. This loss is the result of a considerable emigration of negroes from the county. Before the lndians were removed across the Mississippi river, they used to commit many depredations in this county. At one time a party of them burned the town of Greenesboro. On the 31st of May, 1787, a party of the upper Creeks came to the frontiers of Greene county, killed and scalped two men and carried off a negro and fourteen horses. The militia pursuing them killed twelve. The Indians of the lower towns claimed that these were their men and demanded that an equal number of white men should be delivered up to them. Governor Matthews replied: "We will . deliver up none of our people, and, if the Indians spill a drop of blood, we wil lay their towns in ashes and sprinkle their land with blood." In the month of April, 1793, the Indians perpetrated many outrages, killing men, women and children. On one occasion a party of thirteen attacked the home of Mr. Fielder, a celebrated scout, during his absence. :12 ga 692 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Mrs. Fielder and a negro woma,n attempted to save the homes. The negro woman being wounded in the thigh, her mistress dragged her into the house, in which were four or five guns, which the two women handled with such effect that the Indians were driven off. Population of Greene county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,623; white femal es, 2,702; total white, 5,325; colored males, 5,373; colored femal es, 5,844; total colored, 11,217. Domestic animals in barns and inclo'sures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 12 steers, 3 bulls, 188 dairy cows, 107 horses, 1 donkey, 307 swine, 21 goats. GWINNETT COUNTY. Gwinnett County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818. A part was taken from Jackson in 1818 and a part set off to DeKalb in 1822. It was named after the Hon. Button Gwinnett, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence from the State of Georgia. The counties bounding it are: Hall and Jackson on the north and northeast, Walton and Rockdale on the southeast, DeKalb on the southwest, DeKalb, Milton and Forsyth on the west and northwest. Along its whole northwestern boundary runs the Chattahoochee river. The Ulcofauhachee and Yellow rivers, both branches of the Ocmulgee, rise in this county, as does also the Apalachee, a branch of the Oconee. The northern part of the county is hilly. A belt of red land of superior quality enters the county at the east and runs south. The lands along the rivers and creeks are productive. The uplands are mostly of a gray soil. The average production to the acre, under fair methods of cultivation is: of corn, 15 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 10; rye, 5; barley, 10; Irish potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, 750 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clover, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 to 100 gallons. With the best methods these yields are doubled on some of the best lands. By the census of 1890 there were in Gwinnett 2,992 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,312 pounds; 9,168 cattle, 679 working oxen, 3,528 milchcows producing 1,070,368 gallons of milk, from which were made 346,562 pounds of butter and 115 pounds of cheese. There were 153,216 oi all kinds of poultry, producing 203,623 dozens of eggs. There were also 1,240 horses, 2,094 mules, 6 donkeys and 12,130 swine. The county produces also 32,763 pounds of honey. The native grasses give a fine range for sheep and cattle. There are fine water-powers along the Chattahoochee river. The timbers are the various kinds of oak, hickory, maple, poplar, gum and some pine. Lawrenceville, the county site, is situated on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. It has a branch road of this same system connecting it with Loganville, in Walton county, and another, th e Lawrenceville road, con- GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 693 necting it with Suwannee, on the Southern Railway. Lawrencevme has a bank, and during the past year a cotton-mill with a capital stock of $60,000 has been put in operation. The Lawrenceville district has a population of 2,535 of whom 853 live in the town. Buford, on the Southern Railway, is a busy town, having two banks with an aggregate capital of $50,000; 4 tanneries, 3 large harness factories and 1 small one employing 575 hands and turning out more than 200 dozen horse collars a day. The Sugar Hill district has a population of 3,226, of whom 1,352live in the town of Buford, and 211 in the town of West Buford. This is a prosperous and growing county with a fine climate and a progressive people. Granite of excellent quality is abundant. Iron, quartz and buhrstone are found in considerable quantities. Some gold has been found in the Chattahoochee river and in some other places. The schools are in good condition, and churches are found in every neighborhood. In the 84 schools for whites, the average attendance is 3,123, and in the 20 for colored there is an average attendance of 468~ According to the United States census of 1900 the number 'Of bales o:: cotton ginned in Gwinnett county for the season of 1899~1900, was 17,- 667 bales (upland). The area of Gwinnett county is 510 square miles, or 326,400 acres.. Population in 1900, 25,585, an increase of 5,686 since 1890; school fund, $16,168.94. By the Comptroller~General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-proved land, 286,490; average value per acre of improved land, $5.92 ;: city property, $374,793; shares in bank, $32,000; money, etc. $385,378 ;; merchandise, $125,299; cotton factories, $35,630; iron works, $300; household furniture, $155,208; farm and other anumals, $268,224; plantation and mechanical toQls, $74,709; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,311; value of all other property, $51,563; real estate, $2,073,139; prsonal estate, $1,142,086. Aggrega.te property, $3,215,225. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 2,615; value, $4,998; city property, $4,375; money, etc., $787; household furniture, $5,122; farm and other animals, $10,562; watches, etc., $87; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,857; value of all other property, $131.00. Aggregate property, $37,919. The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $166,011 in the value of all property, as compared with the returns of 1900. In the court-house square at Lawrenceville stands a monument, on one side of which is the following inscription: "This monument is erected by their fri ends to the memory of Captain James C. Winn and Sergeant Anthony Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who were taken in honorable combat at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the llfexican commander, March 27, 1830." On the other side of the monument is another inscript ion which reads thus: "To the memory of Ensign Isaac Lacy, Sergeant James C. Martin, and privates \Vm. M. Sims, John A. V. Tate, Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland, brothers; Henry W. Peden, James M. Allen, members of the Gwinnett company of Mounted Vol- 694 . GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. unteers, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, who were slain in battle with a party of Creek Indians at Shepherd's, in Stewart county, -June 9, 1836. Their remains rest beneath this monument." Population of Gwinnett county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 10,735; white females, 10,707; total white, 21,442; colored males, 2,094; colored females, 2,049; total colored, 4,143. Domestic animals in barns an~ inclosures, not on farms or ranges, .June 1, 1900: 132 calves, 21 steers, 18 bulls, 285 dairy cows, 151 horses, 19 mules, 525 swine, 6 goats. HABERSHAM COUNTY. Habersham County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was named for Joseph Habersham of Savannah, a distinguished patriot of the Revolution, who was Postmaster-General under Washington and Adams. This county is bounded on the north by Rabun, on the east (or rather northeast) by the State of South Carolina, from which it is separated by the Tugaloo river, on the southeast by Franklin county, on the south by Banks, on the southwest by Hall, and on the west by White. The Chattahoochee river is on the western bou!lldary and the Soque is one of its tributaries. Other streams are Hazel creek and Mud creek. The surface of the county is broken. The lands along the Tugaloo river are productive of corn, wheat, rye and oats. Some cotton is raised in the southern part of the county. Of 224,857 acres in the county, 74,779 are under cultivation, 114,286 are uplands, 61,408 lowland, 37,650 bottom land, 137,567 timberland and the number of acres uncultivated is 150,078. The soils are varied and are adapted: the uplands, to fruit and the vine; the lowlands to grain, root crops, peas and grasses; the bottom lands to corn, hay and melons. Vegetables and legumens do well on all of these. Two thousand one hundred and seventy acres in cotton produce 500. pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 44,200 in corn, 18 bushels to the acre; 11,214 in wheat, 15; 6,455 in oats, 12 bushels to the acre; 1,172 in rye, 15 bushels; 4,150 acres in sorghum give 100 gallons to the acre; 1,170 acres in Irish potatoes yield 200 bushels to the acre; 1,730 in sweet potatoes give 80 bushels to the acre; 1,200 in field-peas, 40 bushels to the acre. Some farmers have raised 30 bushels of corn to the acre and 40 of oats. Garden vegetables do well, especially cabbage and Irish potatoes. Berries, fruits of all kinds, and melons grow to perfection. Apples and peaches bring good profits. There is no soil or climate better suited to the growth of forage crops. Clover, alfalfa, vetches, and all the hay grasses do well. They are little raised, however, because the native grasses supply abundant paRtnre without them. The cultivation of hay would be profitable in Habersham county. Without any special effort 2,000 pounds of clover to the acre are produced. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 695 While there are no dairy farms by the census of 1890, there were 51 18~ cattle and 1,701 milch-cows (many of them Jerseys), producing 4541140 gallons of mu.k and lo01 ti4~ pounds of butter.' J.ne r-ea1rug of l>wt car.ue W:l an llli.lW:>try is O'U the increase, and the breed is llllprovmg rapidly. Two .Polled Angus and l:l shorthomed. bulls have lately been imported into the county. Of ali kinds of poultry there were in 1890 43,037, producing 89,876 dozens of eggs. This county produced also 14,56~ pounds of honey. There were 5,343 sheep, with a wool-clip of 8,~~o pounds. There were also 7,!:!39 swine, ti~o horses, 436 mules and 14 .donkeyil. During tlre patlt tive years lltock of all kmdB hail improved 30 per cent. There are 51 vineyards covering about 1170 acres. The value of the grapes sold is $9,780, and the revenue derived from the sale of their wine is $71,720. The timber of the county is white oak, post oak, maple, hickory, beech, walnut, cedar and pine. All these are available for manufacturing pur- pose::!. There are six sawmills in the county operated by steam and valued at $8,000. Near Uornelia are the cotton-mills of the Porter Manufacturing Com- pany, with ti,OOO spindles and a capital of $125,000, and at Toccoa are the Toccoa Mills, with 5,000 spindles and a capital of $50,000. There ill a woolen-mill in connection with the Porter Manufacturing Company. There are also 8 flour and grist-mills in Habersham county. There is a sallh and blind factory at Cornelia and one at Toccoa. There are also a tannery and a wagon factory at Cornelia. All the grist-mills and the mills of the Porter Manufacturing Company at Cornelia use water- power. The rest use steam. All the manufactories of the county, taken together, employ 728 hands, and pay out in salaries $215,300. In addition to the manufac- torieto already mentioned, there are 5 registered brandy distilleries: Clarkesville, the county site, is situated on the line of the Tallulah Falls Railway, near the Soque river, on a high ridge. Here the eye of the tourist is delighted by the picturesque grandeur of the surrounding country. The population of the district is 1,382, of whom 491 live in the town. Cornelia, on the Southern Railway, is a thriving town with several manufacturing establishments and a bank with a capital of $25,000. In the neighborhood of Cornelia !!Orne of the finest peaches of Georgia are raised and its vineyards produce the .most luscious grapes, from which -wines of the finest quality are made. The Cornelia district contains 1,058 inhabitants, of whom 467 live in the town. Toccoa, already mentioned for its manufactories is a thriving town of 2.176 inhabitants on the Southern Railway, at the junction of the El- berton branch with the main trunk line. Toccoa district contains 3,419 inhabitants. Within three miles' of it are the lovely falls of Toccoa, al- ready described in a previous chapter. ' Demorest, on the Tallulah Falls Railway, is a pretty town with a good trade and commanding from all sides a lovely view. The Demorest dis- 696 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. trict, which is coextensive with the town of that name, had a population of 560 in 1900. Tallulah Falls, just across the boundary of Habersham, in Rabun county, and known far and wide for their scenery in which grandeur and beauty are so charmingly blended, were long claimed by Habersham, but a decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia adjudged them to Rabun. Other towns are Mount Airy and .A.yersville on the Southern, and Turnerville, .A.na:p.dale and Azalea on the Tallulah Falls Railway. The products of the county are marketed at Toccoa, Cornelia, Mount Airy, Turnerville, Clarkesville and Demorest, local markets, and at the city of Atlanta, with which all this section is connected by the Southern Railway. The total cotton receipts and shipments from the entire county are 8,400 bales. The mills of the county use 3,200 bales. The cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899-1900, according to the United States census for 1900, was 1,435 bales (upland). The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians are all represented by the churches of this county. There are good schools in the towns, villages and throughout the county. The average attendance in the 47 schools for whites is 1,169, and in the 7 for negroes, 154. In the schools of Toccoa are enrolled 296 whites and 130 colored. There are several mountains in this county, of which Currahee is the most noted. It rises in a conical form until it reaches an elevation of nine hundred feet. On the east it descends to the usual level of the land, but on the west, after descending many hundred feet, it blends with a ridge that joins it to the chain of the .A.lleghanies. Iron ore of superior quality is found in Habersham county. Granite of the best quality and apparently inexhaustible is all over the county. .A. mine of asbestos is being profitably worked. The capital invested is $8,000, and the annual output is $22,000. Gold, copper, manganese, ochre, marble, slate, graphite, mica, talc and sandstone are found. Intelligent citizens claim that the county has unlimited mineral resources that only need development to show some of the richest mines in the Appalachian region. The area of Habersham county is 372 square miles, or 238,080 acres. Population in 1900, 13,604, an increase of 2,031 since 1890; school fund, $9,087.75. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 213,680; of wild land, 12,085; average value per acre of improved land, $2.51; of wild land, $0.47; city property, $273,719; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $125,783; merchandise, $76,594; building and loan associations, $7,445; stocks and bonds, $,9,800; cotton manufactories, $131,781; iron w.orks, $800; household furniture, $85,290; farm and other animals, $107,645; plantation and mechanical tools, $24,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,333; value of all other prop- GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 697 erty, $15,054; real estate, $917,366; personal estate, $671,975. Aggregate property, $1,589,341. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 2,445; value, $5,799; city property, $15,318; money, etc., $310; merchandise, $95; household furniture, $3,209; farm and other animals, $3,347; plantation and mechanical tools, $561; watches, etc., $84.00; value of aU other property, $273.00. Aggregate property, $32,354. The tax returns of 1901 show an increase in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,722. Population of Habersham county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,870; white females, 5,942; total white, 11,812; colored maleS, 869; colored females, 923; total colored, 1,792; Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 46 steers, 2 bulls, 281 dairy cows, 203 horses, 40 mules, 1 donkey, 4 sheep, 498 swine, 3 goats. HALL COUNTY. Hall County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was named for Lyman Hall, a signer of the Declaration of Independence in behalf of Georgia and governor of the State from January 9, 1783 to January 9, 1784. It is bounded by the following counties: White and Lumpkin on the north, Habersham on the northeast, Banks on the east, Jackson on the southeast, Gwinnett on the south and southwest, Forsyth and Dawson on the west and Lumpkin on the northwest. The principal rivers are the Chattahoochee, Oconee, Chestatee, Walnut and Little. There are also numerous creeks. On these streams the lands are very productive. Almost every variety of soil is found in this county. According to the soil and method of cultivation the lands of Hall county will produce to the acre: from 750 to 1,500 pounds of seed cotton; from 15 t{) 20 bushels of corn; from 10 to 20 bushels of wheat; from 20 to 40 bushels of oats; from 10 to 15 bushels of rye; 100 bushels of Irish potatoes; 200 bushels of sweet potatoes; 15 bushels of :fieldpeas and 25 of ground-peas; 250 gallons of sorghum syrup. All grasses and forage crops do well and are raised to a considerable extent. The average hay production is: crab-grass, Bermuda-grass and clover, two tons, or 4,000 pounds each to the acre. The people are very much interested in getting good milch-cows and have a preference for the .Tersey. Nearly etrery family in the country and many in the towns and villages have at least one cow. Some attention also _is paid to the rearing of beef cattle, and there have been a few importations of full bred bulls. In 1890 there were in Hall county 6,635 cattle, of which 2,429 were milch-cows, producing 734,188 gallons of milk, 247,355 pounds of butter, and 75 pounds of cheese. There were also 112,635 of all varieties of poultry, producing 122,102 dozens of eggs. The county also produced 29,937 pounds of honey. Other animals were 823 horses, 1,437 mules, 698 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 8 donkeys, 8,724 swine and 2,479 sheep, with a wool-clip of 3,913. pounds. There is some trucking in a small way to supply the home market. Berries of all kinds and grapes are raised extensively. There are several small vineyard:; of from 5 to 20 acres. Fine melons, peaches and apples are raised. All fruits of every kind grow to perfection and the home market is kept well supplied. The apples only are marketed to any considerable extent outside of the county. There are 2 florists engaged in raising flowers and flowering plants for sale. There is a great variety of minerals in the county. Some of the gbld mines are operated profitably. There are also iron, lead and silver in small quantities. Large quantities of brick and lime are made. There is also a large .:mpply of building stone. The county has several valuable water-powers amounting to about 6,000 horse-powers. Since 1892 there has been some additional utilization of water-powers by several new flouring aud gri:;t-mi11s. There are in all 35 of these mills, with an aggregate value of $35,000. About half the land of the county is timber, mostly white oak, post oak, poplar, hickory, pi'De, maple, ash, walnut, mountain oak, a'lld locust. These fine timbers are utilized by 12 or more sawmills. Gainesville, the county site, on the Southern Railway 53 miles from Atlanta, is a gmwing city of 4,382 inhabitants. It has a court-house valued at $7 5,000; three banks, whose capital aggregates nearly $200,000, and an electric light plant and water-works owned by the city. There are located here many manufacturing establishments, viz.: a large shoe factory, 4 ta.rmeries, 4 planing-mills, 3 sash, blind and furniture establishments, 3 wagon and carriage and buggy factories, 1 ice factory, 1 furniture and chair factory, 1 steam laundry, 1 iron foundry and machine shop, 5 brick works, limeworks, 1 paper box factory, 1 pottery, 1 cotton seed oil-mill, the railroad shops of the Gainesville, J e:fferson and Southern and two cotton-mills. One of these now nearing completion represents a capital of $1,000,000. In all these manufactories between two and three thousand hands are employed. The enterprising citizens of this progressive town are projecting canneries, wool factories, electric power-plant for street railways and a manufactory of cotton towels. Of course life and fire insurance companies have their active agents in this busy city. In the Gainesville drstrict, which includes the city, there are 5,820 inhabitants. The Southern Railway crosses the county from southwest to northeast, and a branch of it running along its eastern boundary connects Belton, on the main line, with the city of Athens. The Gainesville, J e:fferson and Southern connects Gainesville with Monroe and Social Circle in Walton county, and, by another branch, with J efferson, the county site of Jackson county. The roads of Hall county are not macadamized, though the streets of Gainesville are. The county receipts of cotton are about 15,000 hales, about 10,000 of GEORGIA: HIB'l'ORIOAL A.ND lNDUSTRIAL. 699 which are handled at Gainesville. According to the United States census of l!JOO there were ginned !J,58o bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1!:100. The products of the county are marketed chiefly in Gainesville, but Flowery Branch and Belton on the Bouthern Railway come in for a share. When the new cotton mill is completed, the mills will use more than 30,000 bales a year. The Brenau Cu1lege and Conservatory of Music is situated at Gainesville. It has a large attendance of pupils. The public school:> of the city and county are in a good condition. The Georgia Military Institute for young men was completed in 1900. The churches of the city and county are at convenient distances, and are in easy reach of all the citizens. They represent Methodi:>ts, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians. The average attendance in the public schools of the county is 1,995 in the 68 schools for whites, and 285 in the 15 for colored. In the schools of Gainesville there are enrolled 615 whites and 214 colored pupils. The area of Hall county is 449 square miles, or 287,360 acres. Populatiou in U:!OO, 20,7 52, an increase of 2,705 since 18!)0; school fnnd, $14,132.02. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of improved land, 252,457; of wild land, 1,473; value per acre of improved land, $4.98; of wild land, $0.65; city property, $1,05V,850; shares in bank, $100,000; mon ey, ere., $4::l3,H57, merchMHli~e, :li:::;: l,f\Hi>; stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $81,475; iron works, $1,200; mining, $1,450; household furniture, $181,072; farm and other animals, $221,538; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,897; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,347; value of all other property, $50,277; real estate, $2,317,827; personal estate, $1,512,718. Aggregate property, $3.830,545. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 3,754; value, $11,430; city property, $12,625; money, etc., $175; merchandise, $20; household furniture, $6,698; fllrm and other animllls, $7,527; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,183; watches, etc., $115; va)np of all other propPrtv. :1\704.00. . Agg-re,CZ:!tP wonertv. ~qfl l)'l2. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the valne of all property of $176 t161 over the retmns of 1900. Popnlation of Hall co1mty ?Y sex and color, llccorrling to the census of 1000: white males, 8,655: white femllh~s. 8.R2!1: totlll white, 17,480; col orf>fl mllles, 1,627; colorerl females, 1,645: totfll colo~ed, 3,272. Pop11l lltion of Gainesville City by race llnrl color, llccording to the censn!'; of 1900: white males. 1.525; white fpmalps, 1,671; total white, 3, Hlfl: ('olored males, 50fi: colored femllles, fl!)O: totlll colored. 1,186. Total population of Gainesville, 4,382. Domestic animals in Hall connty in barns anrl inclosmes, not on fllrms or ranges, Jnne 1, 1900: 108 calves, 21 steers, 1 bull, 329 dairy cows, 270 horses, 89 mules, 2 donkeys, 401 swine, 4 goats. 700 GEORGIA: HIS'l.'ORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. HANCOCK COUNTY. Hancock County was laid out in 1793, and received its name in honor of John Hancock of Massachusetts, chairman of the Continental Congress, in which position he performed duties now belonging to the President of the United States. By virtue of his position he was the first man to sign the Declaration of Independence. The north fork of the Ogeechee river separates the county from Warren, and the Oconee from Putnam. It is bounded by the following counties: Taliaferro oo the north, Warren on the northeast, Glascock a few miles on the east, Washington on the southeast, Baldwin on the southwest, Putnam on the west, and Greooe on the northwest. The northern part of Hancock county is very hilly, with a red, aluminous soil. The southern portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil. The best lands are said to be on Shoulderbone creek and its tributary waters. Other streams in the county are Little Ogeechee river, Buffalo, Keg and Town creeks. The lands of the county under good cultivation will average per acre: seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; wheat, 10 to 20 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas, 60 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 5,000 pounds; clover, 4,000 pounds; corn forage, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. Some of the best lands in the county, under careful cultivation, have yielded as high as 2,800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 65 bushels of corn and 42 bushels of wheat. According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 14,371 bales of upland cotton in Hancock county. Garden vegetables of all kinds do well in Hancock county. Melons and berries of the best quality are among the products of fields and gardens. Several farmers of the county have orchards containing from 2,000 to 12,000 peach-trees, from which great quantities are sh1pped to market, and large quantities used for home consumption. By the census of 1890.there were in the county, 6,390 cattle, of which there were 606 working oxen and 2,366 milch-cows, producing 482,352 gallons of milk and 134,733 pounds of butter. The 72,985 domestic fowls of all kinds produced 114,404 dozens of eggs, and from the beehives were gathered 13,454 pounds of honey. There were also 1,253 horses, 1,735 mules, .2 donkeys and 12,920 swine. The 502 sheep gave a wool-clip of 1.,569 pounds. The timbers are pine, oak, sweet-gum, maple, hickory and other hardwoods. Sparta, the county site, with a population of 1,150, is a beautiful town, on that branch of the Georgia Railroad which connects Augusta and Macon. Its court-house is an imposing building valued at $50,000. A company has been organized to build at Sparta a cotton-mill. At this GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 701 town is a creamery which receives 2,200 gallons of milk a day. Sparta is partly in the 102d and 113th militia districts, the former having 3,116 inhabitants and the latter 2,442. The people of this county have given much attention to education, and are among the most intelligent and cultured in the State. The schools of Sparta have a fine reputation, aru.d at Mount Zion, seven miles from Sparta, is the celebrated academy so many years presided over by Dr. Beeman, and afterwards by Hon. W. J. Northen, subsequently governor of Georgia for two terms. In this county also lived for many years the eloquent divine, Dr. Lovick Pierce, and his gifted son, Bishop George F. Pierce, one of the most eloquent pulpit orators that America ever produced. - At J ewells on the north fork of the Ogeechee, is a cotton-mill with a capital of $75,000. Other postoffices in the county are Carr's Station, Cawthen, Culverton, Devereux Station, Linton, Mayfield, Powelton and Shoulder. Some valuable minerals have been found in this county: asbestos, plumbago, kaolin, agate, etc. There are some remarkable mounds. The principal one is 400 feet north of the center prong of Shoulderbone creek. Its base is 20 feet above the level of the creek. Around it are the remains of an entrenchment, containing about four acres. Near the mound is an inclosure. Human bones to a large amount have been found. Shoulderbone creek is memorable as the place where a treaty was made with the Creek Indians in 1786. This is a county of churches and strong religious influence. All Christian denominations are represented in membership. The area of Hancock county is 523 square miles, or 334,720 acres. Population in 1900, 18,277, an increase of 1,128 since 1890; school fund, $14,157.88. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 276,282; average value per acre, $3.70; city property, $186,695; money, etc., $203,879; merchandise, $88,730; stocks and bonds, $31,950; cotton factories, $115; household furniture, $85,062; farm and other animals, $159,105; plantation and mechanical tools, $33,831; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,607; real estate, $1,219,291; personal estate;."$686,832; value of all other property, $48,803. Aggregate property, $1,906,123. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 19,703; valqe, $89,555; city property, $10,760; money, $8,075; merchandise, $1,515; household furniture, $12,350; farm and other animals, $37,202; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,844; watches, etc., $286; value of all other property, $6,550. Aggregate property, $173,803. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property since the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,851. There is an average attendance of 757 in the 29 schools for whites, and 1,191 in the 34 for colored pupils. Population 10f Hancock county by sex and color, accorrding to the 702 GEORGIA: HlSTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. census of 1900: white males, 2,291; white females, 2,358 ; total white, 4,649; colored males, 6,615; colored females, 7,013; total colored, 13,628. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 60 calves, 63 steers, 5 bulls, 125 dairy cows, 101 horses, 6 mules, 1 donkey, 16 sheep, 189 swine, 17 goats. HARALSON COUNTY. Haralson County wa-s formed from Polk and Carroll in 1856, and was named for Hon. Hugh A. Haralson of Troup county, who was a member of Congress from 1845 to 1850. It is bounded as follo.ws: .Polk county on the north, Paulding and Carroll on the east, Carroll on the south and the State of Alabama on the west. The Tallapoosa river and numerous branches water the county. Of 180,480 acres in the county, about 75,000 are under cultivation. This does not mean, however, that all the rest are wild lands. The acree. of upland are about 125,000, of lowland 50,000, of bottom land 25,000. The bottom lands bring in the market $20 an acre; the lowlands, $10; the uplands, $5. There are 125,000 acres of timber land, more or less cleared. These lands vary in price from $1 to $25. Considerable pine of excellent quality is obtained. There are also several vruieties of hardwood. The face of the country is broken. The climate is cool and bracing and pure water is abundant. The bottom lands on the watercourses arnd the valley lands are rich and produce abundantly. The soil is for the most part red with clay subsoil. The acreage of the various crops is: for cotton and corn, 30,000 each; wheat, oats, rye, sorghum, Irish potatoes and garden vegetables about 1,000 each, for sweet potatoes, 4,000; and for field-peas, 5,000. The average yield to the acre of all crops is: seed cotton, from 600 to 1,100 pounds; corn, 20 to 25 bushels; oats, 30 to 40; wheat, 15 to 25; rye, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, J-5; ground-peas, 70; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; clover, 8,000 pound's; COol'Jl fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. The above yields of hay have been made il) the county, but of late years very little attention ha:s been paid to it.ll'oo much time and labor have been put upon cotton to the neglect of the other crops. The county can raise its own hay and forage crops and be independent. The native grasses give fine range for sheep and cattle. Though there are no dairy farms, there were by the census of 1890 1,507 milch-cows producing 399,705 gallons of milk, from which were made 147,320 pounds of butter. Some attention is being paid to the improvement o the breeds of cattle, and many shorthorns, among them thoroughbred bulls, have been introduced, and also many Jerseys, which here, as everywhere else in the State, are the favorites for dairy purposes. According to the census o: 1890 the total number of cattle in the GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 703 county was about 4,501, of which 660 were working oxen. 57,536 domestic fowls of all kinds gave 1Uo,510 dozens of eggs. This county produced 11,474 pounds of honey. There were 421 horses, 6~3 mules, 5 donkeys, 8,076 hogs, and 2,656 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,841 pounds. Apples, peaches, grapes, berries and a great variety of vegetables, yield abundantly. About 1,000 acres are devoted to melons, with a profit of $50 to the acre. About 500 acres each are devoted to apples and peaches. There is one canning establishment which puts up 500 cans of peaches and apples a day. The profits by the acre on these fruits in a favorable season amount to $100. This is a great county for vineyards, of which there are 500, covering 5,000 acres. Twenty-five per cent. of the grapes is the number marketed, and from nearly all the balance wine is made. The value of the grapes sold is stated as $50,000, and the revenue from the sale of the wine is estimated at $100,000. There are two wineries, one of which manufaetures unfermented wine. In addition to the pine the county abounds in oak, gum, maple, poplar and other hardwoods of good quality. There are many small sawmills preparing the lumber for planing mills and shingle machines. The annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet, with an average price of $8 a thousand feet. Gold is being mined quite extensively. The Royal Gold mine, at Tallapoosa, has a plant which cost $200,000. There are other small mines in operation. There is in the county water-power sufficient for all needed purposes. Among the manufactories may be mentioned a charcoal pig-iron furnace and a glass factory, and several flour and grist-mills. The old Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, now a part of the Central of Georgia system, and the Georgia Pacific branch of the Southern system, pass through the county, the first from north to south, the latter from east to west. A short road from Alabama also touches the Southern at Tallapoosa. Tallapoosa is a thriving town of 2,128 inhabitants, with banking privileges and with a water-works plant valued at $50,000. Here there is !l railroad shop. The entire Tallapoosa district has a population of 3,005. The county seat is Buchanan, named in honor of James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, president of the United States from 1856 to 1860. It is on the 0hattanooga, Rome a!Ild Sonthern RaQlway near the headwaters of the Tallapoosa river. The court-house is valued at $25,000. All the Christian denominations are represented in this county, the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians being the most numerous. The schools are in a flourishing condition. At Tallapoosa is a large school bniJding which cost $15,000. In the 40 white schools of the cmmty the average attendance is 958 and in the 4 colored schools, 90. T11llanoosa handles about 2,000 bales of cotton annually. According to the United St11tes census of 1900 there were ginned in this county for the season 1899-1900 5,597 bales of upland cotton. The area of Haralson county is 282 square miles, or 180,480 acree. 704 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Population in 1900, 11,922, an increase of 606 since 1890; school fund $7,982.57. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 158,540; wild lands, 32,997; average value per acre of improved land, $4.20; of wild, $1.15; city property, $351,628; money, etc., $131,151; value of merchandise, $61,783; bonds, $600; cotton manufactures, $12,182; iron works, $1,750; capital in mining, $212; household furniture, $84,533; farm and other animals, $114,846; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,607; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,925; value of all other property, $30,610; real estate, $1,054,953; personal estate, $476,500. Aggregate, $1,531,453. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 1,604; value, $6,567; city property, $3,594; money, $200; merchandise, $700; household furniture, $2,577; farm and other animals, $3,057; plantation and mechanical tools, $573; watches, etc, $73; value of all other property, $158.00. Aggregate property, $17,499. The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $13,320 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900, but this apparent decrease arises probably from some slight error in the returns. Population of Haralson county by sex and color according to the census of 1900: white males, 5,148; white females, 5,132; total white, 10,280; colored males, 808; colored females, 834; total co~ored, 1,642. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 103 calves, 132 steers, 4 bulls, 210 dairy cows, 130 horses, 64 mules, 3 donkeys, 191 sheep, 363 swine, 34 goats. HARRIS COUNTY. Harris County was laid out from Troup and Muscogee in 1827. A part was given back to Muscogee in 1829. It was named in honor o Charles Harris, Esq., an eminent jurist of Savannah. It is bounded on the north by Troup and :Meriwether counties, on the east by Talbot, on the south by Muscogee, and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee 11iver. It is well watered by Mulberry, Sowhachee, Stlgl_Q.i:ug ]~oy, West End, Flat Shoals, Old House and Mountain creeks, all of which empty into the Chattahoochee. The face of the country is much varied, and so is the soil. The Pine Mountains enter the county near its northeastern corner, and Oak Mountain on the east. Above the Pine Mountains the country is level with a light soil, productive when new, but not lasting. \Vest of the center it is a broken, rich country, heavily timbered. In the valley between Oak and Pine Mountains the soil is gray, while the growth is Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak Mountain all the way down llfulberry creek to its union with the Chattahoochee river, the soil is rich. With lands so widely different in point of fertility, the averages o:f production differ according to location of land as well as manner of culti- GEORGIA: HISTORiaAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 705 vation. The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, 600 to 900 pounds; corn, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, 15 to 25 ,bushels; wheat, 8 to 10 bushels; rye, 5 to 8 bushels; barley, 20 to 50 bushels; sugar-cane, 75 to 300 gallons of syrup to the acre; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 to 100 bushels; field-peas, 5 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 10 to 20 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds. There are no dairy farms, but most families have milch-cows. The total number in 1890 was 2,847, with a production of 671,384 gallons of milk and 200,661 pounds of butter. A good deal of intm"est is manifested in the rearing of beef cattle, and this has led to improvement of the breed. The total of all kinds of neat cattle in 1890 was 6,962. Much attention is giv61Il to poultry, and the domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 87,571, and produced 125,679 dozens of eggs. The product of the bee-hives amounted to 20,803 pounds. Four hundred and forty-five sheep gave a wool-clip of 944 pounds. There were 8,518 swine, 890 horses, 2,213 mules, 7 donkeys, and 313 oxen. Vegetables of every kind are raised, and fruits of many varieties, but almost exclusively for home use. Pine and Oak Mountains afford large quantities of lumber which the sawmills are getting ready for building or manufacturing purposes. The sawmills are generaily operated by steam. The Chattahoochee river abounds in water-power for factories of all kinds. Some of the citizens of West P oint, just across the line in Troup county, availing themselves of these water-powers, have established cotton-mills on the river just below the town, extending into Harris county. The citizens are anxious for cotron factories and cotton seed oil-mills. Hamilton, the county site, with a population of 418, on a branch of the Central Railroad, is beautifully located between Pine and Oak Mountains. The court-house cost about $12,000. The Methodists and Baptists have churches here. There are good schools, one for boys and one for girls. The Hamilton district has 2,278 inhabitants. The whole county is well supplied with schools and churches. Hamilton is 22-! miles from each of the following cities and towns: Columbus, LaGrange, West Point, Talbotton and Greenville. Hamilton ha:s a canning factory, a broom factory and a shoe factoq. Chipley, tm the Central Railroad, has a bank with a capital of $25,000 and two sawmills. On this same road are Summit and Cataula. Ellerslie, Waverly,Hall and Shiloh are on the Southern. There are altogether 66 miles of railroad in the county. The corf:ton receipts and shipments from railroad stations in the county number 12,500 bales, and according to the United States census for 1900, for the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 22,852 bales of upland cotton in Harris county. The area of Harris county is 486 square miles, or 311,040 acres. Population in 1900, 18,009, an increase of 1,212 since 1890; school fund $12,355.43. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 268,194; of wild land, $3,901; average value to the acre 706 GEORGIA: HIRTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. of improved land, $3.14; of wild land, $0.74; city property, $104,168; money, $120,340; ' merchandise, $61,500; st.ocks and bonds, $11,280; cottou manufactures, $2,100; mining, $800; value of household furni ture, $73,828; farm and other animal;;, $160,591; plantation and mechanical tools, $35,ti61; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,718; value o:f all other property, $::38,828; real estate, $958,733; personal estate, $641,985. Aggregate property, $1,600,718. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number o:f acres o:f land, 12,51::3; value, $o4,H62; city property, $2, 8tl5 ; merchandise, $150; household furniture, $13,769; farm and other a:nirn~L;;, $31,317; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,960; value of all other property, $13,261. Aggregate property, $116,084. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase o:f $90,044 in the value of all property since 1900. In the 39 :>chools for whites there is an average attendance o:f 939, and in th e f\ 1 for colored the average attendance is 1,662. Population of Harris county by sex and color, according the census o:f 1900: white males, 2,884; white f emales, 2,93!1; Ulta.l white, 5,823; colorPd males, 5,999; colored females, 6,187; total colored, 12,1R6. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 11 steers, 19 dairy cows, 21 horses, 31 swine, 1 goat. HART COUNTY. Hart County was :formed from Franklin, Elbert and Madiwn counties in 1856. It was named in honor of Mrs. Nancy Hart, a heroine of the Revolntion, who lived in Elbert county. A sketch o:f her appears in the account o:f Elbert county. Hart county is bounded as follows: On the north and east by the State of South Carolina, from which it is divided by the Tugaloo and Savannah rivers; on the southeast, south and southwest by Elbert and Madison counties; on the west by Franklin. Beaverdam, Log, Cedar and Shoal creeks flow through the county. The soil of the uplands is gray and gravelly; that of the bottom lands gray sa:ndy with red clay subsoil. The chief crops are cotton and corn, but wheilt, oats, rye and a little barley, garden vegetables, gra;;ses, etc., are raised. The lands along the Savannah and Tugaloo rivers are very productive. Theclimate and water are both conducive to health. The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, from 500 to 800 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10; oats, 15 to 30; rye, 10; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 each; field-peas, Hi; crah-grass hay, 2.000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder with stalk (shredded eorn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum syn1p, 75 gallons. Peavine, German and Cattail millets, sorghum and corn forage produee abundantly. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 707 A little irrigation is practiced by turning small streams somewhat out Of their natural channels and causing them to go where needed. From April to October broom sage, Japan clover, Bermuda and meadow grass are used for pasturage; from January to May, rye, barley and oats are used. A cross between the Jersey and Holstein is preferred here for milk and butter purposes. In the rearing of beef cattle for the market the people are taking great interest, and from nearly every farm beeves of :fine quality are sold. A few pure bred Hereford bulls have been imported into the county. In 1890 there were 5,054 cattle in the county, 1,915 of them milch-cows, producing 555,440, gallons of milk and 199,274 pounds of butter. The sheep numbered 1,511, with a wool-clip of 2,062 pounds. There were 678 working oxen. There were 740 horses, 897 mules, 10 donkeys and 4,696 hogs. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 87,372 and produced 75,805 dozens of eggs. The honey product of the county was 19,080 pounds. There are 12 market gardens, the total value of whose products is about $6,000, of which 40 per cent. is clear profit. About 25 acres are devoted to melons, which bring a profit of $75 to the acre. Fine apples and peaches are raised and have a ready sale. There arealso several vineyards, making good profits. About 30 per cent. of the original forests are still standing. Very little lumber is shipped from the county, but much pine, oak, poplar and hickory are used by the sawmills of the county, which, large and small, number about 25. The annual output of lumber in superficial feet is estimated at 3,750,000 feet, valued at $7 to $7.50 a thousand. The flour and grist-mills number about 25. At Hartwell is the \Vitham cotton-mill, which has lately been enlarged to double capacity. This is being operated by steam. At Shoal creek is another cotton-mill operated by water. One department of this mill manufactures woolen goods. Other manufactories are shingle and planing-mills, brick kilns and the Hartwell Canning Company's factory and 4 cotton seed oil-mills, all in successful operation. Hartwell, the county site, is located on the Hartwell railroad, which connects with one of the arms of the Southern Railway at Bowersville. Hartwell's two banks, with an aggregate capital of nearly $100,000, give to the citizens of the town and county good commercial advantages. The court-house at Hartwell cost $10,000, the jail $20,000. Town district, which includes Hartwell, has a population of 3,882, of whom 1,672 live in Hartwell. The Hartwell Collegiate Institute has an attendance of DVer 400. The Bowersville and other high schools and lower grades of the public school system are well attended. The cotton receipts of the county amount to about 10,000 bales, and the shipments, mostly from Hartwell, amount to between 5,000 and 6,000 bales. The mills of the county use about 2,500 bales. According 33 g& 708 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. to the United States ce of 1900: white males, 4,721; white females, 4,239; total white, 8,960;. colored males, 2,610; colored females, 2,075; total colored, 4,685. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 52 calves, 11 steers, 4 bulls, 114 dairy cows, 130 horses, 11 mules, 242 swine, 1 goat. JACKSON COUNTY. Jackson County was formed in 1796 and was named for General James Jackson, of Savannah, one of the most gallant of Georgia's soldiers in the Revolution, who aided in forming a constitution and government for the State, and was a member of the legislature, a Representative and Senator in Congress, and Governor of the State. From part of this county was formed the county of Clarke. A part of it helped to form Madison county in 1811, and part was added to Walton, Gwinnett and Hall in 1818. Jackson county is bounded on the northeast by Banks county, on the east by Madison, on the southeast by Clarke and Oconee, on the southwest by Walton and Gwinnett and on the northwest by Hall. Several branches of the Oconee river water this county. Big Sandy, Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's and Beach creeks are some of the streams. On all these streams the lands are very productive. The uplands are not so fertile as the bottom lands, but with careful cultivation yield well. The soils are red and gray. With proper culture they will average to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 10; barley, 15; Irish potatoes, 60; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 30; seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150- gallonS~. Some of the best lands produceto the acre: 25 bushels of corn, 100 bushels of Irish potatoes, 150 of sweet potatoes and 1,500 pounds of seed cotton. \Vhen lands are well pre- 722 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. pared they produce well sorgh"um and corn forage, millet, red clover, Bermuda, crab-grass and pea-vines. 'Some ensilage is stored away in silos, especially by the two dairy farms. Among the milch-cows are many Jerseys and Guernseys. More attention than ever before is being given to the improvement of the breeds of dairy and beef cattle. The total number of cattle in the coun- ty in 1890 was 7,164. The milch-cows numbered 3,038 and produced 896,567 gallons of milk, 301,758 pounds of butter and 25 pounds of cheese. There were 1,587 horses, 1,884 mules, 5 donkeys and 8,418 hogs. The 1,709 sheep produced 2,466 pounds of wool. There were 134,490 domestic fowls of all kinds, whose production of eggs amounted to 167,- 834 dozens; 21,389 pounds of honey were produced in 1890. There were also 378 working oxen. . Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are used in abundance for home consumption, but none for the markets. There are, 7 vineyards embracing 75 acres altogether. The revenue derived from the wine amounts to about $4,000 annually. The timber consists of pine, red oak, post oak, water oak, white oak, hickory, poplar, dogwood, persimmon, beach, birch and ash. The an- nual output of lumber in superficial feet is 300,000 at an average of $7 a thousand. This lumber is used in various manufactories that work in wood. There are in this county the following manufacturing establishments: At Harmony Grove, one wagon and buggy factory, one harness .factory, o:r:e cotton-seed oil-mill, with a capital of $30,000, one mattress factory, tnro potteries for manufacturing jugs, jars, etc., and one cotton mill with a capital of $100,000; at J e:fferson, one cotton mill with a capital of $80,000, a cotton-seed oil-mill with a capital of $18,000, and a foundry; at Maysville, a chair factory; at Hoschton, one tannery and harness and saddle factory. There are also in Jackson county six sawmills and 20 flour and grist-mills. There is also a factory being organized at Winder, a town of 1,145 inhabitants, the greater part of which is in Jackson county, though a small part of it lies in Gwinnett and another small part in Walton county. There are 4 banks, 1 each at Harmony Grove, Winder, Jefferson and Maysville. About 15life and fire insurance agencies are in the county. The county abounds in granite and quartz, soapstone, asbestos a,nd tourmaline. There is also some iron ore, but it is not now being worked. It was mined some during the civil war. Jefferson, named for Thomas J e:fferson, of Virgina, the author of the .declaration of independence, is the county site. It is situated on the waters of the Oconee and was incorporated in 1812. It contains 726 inhabitants, but, if we include the district of the same name, 2,107. Harmony Grove is a thriving town of 1,454 inhabitants, and the dis- trict of Minish, which includes the town, has a population of 3,487. The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations. All sects are represented. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 723. There are several fine schools, of which the Martin Institute at J efferson is the most noted. The average attendance on the public schools is in the 80 white schools 2,452, and in the 24 colored schools 781. There are three railroads in the county, the Southern, the Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern and the Seaboard Air Line. The county roads are in good condition, but not macadamized. The cotton receipts from the entire county are about 50,000 bales~ of which 3,000 are shipped from Jefferson, 15,000 from Harmony Grove, 12,000 from Winder, 5,000 from Hoschton, 2,000 from Pendergrass, 3,000 from Maysville, 3,000 to Gainesville and 7,000 to Athens. The cotton mills use about 3,000 bales. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 22,866 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. The area of Jackson county is 460 square miles, or 294,400 acres. Population in 1900, 24,039, a gail). of 4,863 since 1890; school fund,. $16,832.35. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 242,469; average value per acre, $5.95; city property, $332,715; shares in bank, $110,000; money, $311,382; merchandise, $140,034; iron works, $4,000; stocks and bonds, $11,750; cotton manufactories, $142,460; household furniture, $121,056; farm and other animals, $232,944; plantation and mechanical tools, $63,493; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,157; value of all other property, $44,545; real estate, $1,775,852; personal estate, $1,217,427. Aggregate property, $2,993,277. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 4,924; value, $25,400; city property, $3,190; money, $105; household furniture, $6,313; farm and other animals, $15,068; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,580; watches, jewelry, etc., $81; value of all other property, $490; aggregate value of property, $51,587. The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $180,193 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Jackson county by sex and color, according to the censusof 1900: white males, 8,223; white females, 8,210; total white, 16,433; colored males, 3,808; colored females, 3,798; total colored, 7,606. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 57 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 151 dairy cows, 120 horses, 27 mules, 1 sheep, 313 swine, 4 goats. JASPER COUNTY. Jasper County was laid off by the name of Randolph in 180'?:, but the name was changed to Jasper in 1812, in honor of Sergeant Jasper, so renowned for his patriotic devotion in the war for independence. In 1815 a part of the county was set off to Morgan, and in 1821 a part to Newton. The Ocmulgee river, which divides the county from Butts and Monroe, is the principal stream. Other streams are, Rocky, Falling, Cedar, Murder, Shoal, White Oak, Wolf and Panther creeks and Al- covy river. '7~4 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRUL. This county is bounded on the northeast by Morgan county, on the east by Putnam, south by Jones, southwest .by Monroe, west .by Butte, and northwest by Newton. The lands are generally rolling, especially in the eastern part, those near the streams being rich. The southern part of the county has a gray soil. The lands, properly ~ultivated, will give as an average yield to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 750 pounds; corn, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 20; wheat 10 to 12; rye, 20; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 125; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 20; ground-peas, 50; crab-grass, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 to 6,000 pounds; cane syrup, from 200 to 300 gallons; sorghum, 150 gallons. Much hay is saved and marketed. Considerable attention is paid to cattle for milk and butter, and the Jersey is preferred. In 1890 the cattle of the county numbered 41304, of which 1,904 were milch-cows, producing 495,650 gallons of milk and 148,666 polinds of butter. There were also 105 working oxen. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 68,035, and produced 65,463 dozens of eggs. From the bee'-'hives were obtained 15,555 pounds of honey. There were 1,000 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,404 pounds. The county had also 733 horses, 2,006 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 jennets and 9,408 hogs. Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised for home consumption. Th~re are 10,000 acres devoted to peaches, and 2,000 to apples. About 200 acres are devoted to grapes. The Ocmulgee and Alcovy rivers and 1\furder creek furnish immense water-powers, some of which are used by 5 grist-mills. The few sawmills of the county are operated by steam. There are at Monticello a harness and cO'llar factory and a bobbin factory. A company has been formed for the erootion of a cotton-mill at Monticello. This town, which is the county site, is on the Macon and Northern Railroad, a branch of the Central of Georgia system. Another branch of this same system runs across the northeastern section of the county. Other growing towns of the county are Hillsboro and Shady Dale. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian denominations. The county roads are in e_xcellent condition, and the two railroads give ,good facilities,for travel and transportation. The schools of the county are well maintained. The average attend. ance is 855 in 30 white schools and 997 in the 25 colored schools. The cotton receipts reach 15,000 bales, about 10,000 of which are handled in Monticello, where the merchants have the advantage of two .good banks. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Jasper county 15,320 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899~1900., Other towns at which products of the county are marketed :are Shady Dale, Machen and Hillsboro. Monticello is the county site and contains 1,106 inhabitants. The en- GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 725 -tire Monticello district has a population of 2,297. There is a large harness factory here. The area of Jasper county is 410 square miles, or 262,400 acres. Population in 1900, 15,033, a gain of 1,154 since 1890; school fund, $9,795.02. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 227,095; average value per acre, $3.37; city property, ,$155,295; shares in bank, $47,295; money, etc., $124,811; merchandise, $62,313; invested in shipping, $25; stocks and bonds, $2,000; cotton manufactories, $3,372; iron works, $1,015; household furniture, :$72,194; farm and other animals, $126,488; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,764; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,362; value of all other property, $36,119; real estate, $921,891; personal estate, $564,819; aggregate of all property, $1,486,710. Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres of land, 5,534; value, $20,454; city property, $6,334; money, etc., $135; household furniture, $11,379; farm and other animals, $25,666; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,857; value of all other property, $1,570; aggregate of all property, $73,909. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $175,378 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Jasper county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,767; white females, 2,621; total white, 5,388; colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,645. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 6 calves, 2 ~;teers, 37 dairy cows, 39 horses, 22 mules, 30 ,swine. JEFFERSON COUNTY. Jefferson County, was laid out from Burke and Warren in 1796, and was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, o:f Virginia, author o:f the declaration o independence and President o:f the United States from March 4th, 1801, to March 4th, 1809. It is bounded on the north by Richmond and McDuffie counties, on the east by Burke county, on the south by Emanuel and Johnson counties, on the west by Washington -county, and on the northwest by Gla~cock and Warren counties. The Ogeechee river runs through the county, and before the building of the Central Railway was the medium of traffic with Savannah. Other streams are Rocky Comiort, Williamson's, Brier and Big creeks. The soils vary from sandy to clay, being gray or red in different sections, and well adapted to the staple crops of Georgia and to forage crops of all kinds. The best lands o the county are devoted to cotton and corn, which are by many cultivated almost to the exclusion of other crops. The average yield to the acre, varying according to soil and cultivation, is: seed cotton, 450 to 750 pounds; corn, 10 to 25 bushels; wheat, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, from ;12 to 30 bushels; rye, from 6 to 10 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, from 100 to 300 bushels each; field peas, from 726 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l.'RIAL. 6 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 poun~;. corn fodder, stalk and blade (shredded corn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 300 gallons; ribbon-cane syrup, 400 gallons. Some lands in the county in the season of 1899 by careful culture produced 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and some of the best landsaverage that much every year and produce other crops in like proportion. Very little attention has been paid to the grasses, but wherever tried, they have been grown with great success. For summer pasturage Bermuda and crab-grass are best, and often afford abundant feed from the last of March to the 1st of December. In winter the cattle find nourishing food in the cane which abounds in the branches, creeks and swamps. Cotton seed meal and hulls are considerably used as food for itock. Very little attention has been paid so far to the rearing of beef cattle, but more than formerly. Those farmers who pay special attention to their milch-cows prefer the Jersey. In 1890 there were in Jefferson county 1,973 sheep, with a wool-clipof 4,233 pounds; 5,490 cattle, 1,738 milch-cows, producing 257,710 gallons of milk and 43,355 pounds of butter. There were also 286 working oxen, 1,149 horses, 1,900 mules, 32 donkeys, 16,883 swine, and domestic fowls of. all kinds, 43,049, producing 86,604 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 13,645 pounds. The truck marketed is valued at $7,000, and consists of vegetables, fruits, berries and melons. There are 10,930 peach and 1,525 apple trees. The timber growth is rni'{ed, long-leaf pine and hardwoods, with the usual swamp growth on the watercourses. The arnnual output of all timber sawed is about 750,000 superficial feet, at prices ranging from $6 to $8 a thousand feet. There are eight sawmills nearly all operated by steam. Nine grist-mills along the Ogeechee river use 189 horse-powers. There are two large roller mills for flour operated by steam. Shell marl and limestone are found in several localities. Buhrstone f>f excellent quality is found near Louisville. Agate and chalcedony have also been found. In some sections the water is freestone, in others limestone. There are in Jefferson county 12 artesian wells and 3 mineral springs. This is a fine old county, having been at one time very productive. Lands that had been exhausted, have of late years been built up again by judicrous rotation of crops. In this process the cowpea has played a prominent part. Louisville, the county site, with a population of 1,009, in the corporate limits and 1,574 in its entire district, is the terminus of the Louisville and W a.dley Railroad, which connects :it with Wadley, a growing town on the Central of Georgia. This latter railroad traverses the southern part of Jefferson county. Across the northern part runs a branch of the- Southern Railway. Louisville was the capital of Georgia from 1795 until 1804, when GEO-RGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 727 .Milledgeville became the seat of government. The court-house, valued at $10,000, is built of the materials which formerly con1posed the State House. It was at Louisville that the Yazoo act was passed, and here by the act of a subsequent legislature it was rescinded, and all the papers and evidence connooted with it were burned in front of the capitol in :the presence of the Governor and both houses of the legislature, and a large concourse of people gathered from all the country around. The schools of this county are ,in good condition. Me,thodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each good churches and :a large membership, both in town and country. In the public schools the average attendance is 997 in the 28 schools for whites and 808 in the 18 schools for negroes. Besides the excellent facilities afforded by the railroads, the county roads are in fine condition and well cared for under the new road law of Georgia. . The receipts and shipments of cotton in J e:fferson county are about 25,000 bales. Of this number about 6,000 are handled at Louisville, the rest at Wadley, Bartow, Wren's, Spread and Averay. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 21,- 182 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. The second largest town in the county is Wadley, with a population of 630 in the corporate limits and 2,815 in the entire district. The area of Jefferson county is 686 square miles, or 439,040 acres. The population in 1900 was 18,212, a gain of 999 since 1890; school fund, $12,754.34. The Comptroller-General gave the following returns for 1900: Acres of improved land, 311,060; average value per acre, $3.08; city prop- erty, $279,420; shares in bank, $22,500; money, etc., $286,380; mer- chandise, $95,710; stocks and bonds, $3,900; household furniture, $109,- .104; farm and other animals, $210,755; plantation and mechanical tools, $50,834; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,475; value of all other property, $42,501; real estate, $1,240,024; personal estate, $870,574; aggregate property, $2,110,598. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 8,517; value of same, $24,859; city property, $10,405; money, etc., $270; merchandise, $105; household furniture, $22,081; farm and other animals, $35,950; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,899; watches, jewelry, etc., $250; value of all other property, $2,336; aggregate prop- erty, $105,155. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property -over the returns of 1900 amounting to $84,891. Population of Jefferson county by sex and color, according to the cen- .sus of 1900: white males, 3,377; white females, 3,257; total white, 6,634; colored males, 5,628; colored females, 5,950; total colored, 11,578. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 70 calves, 37 steers, 2 bulls, 130 dairy cows, 98 horses, 12 mules, 475 swine, 24 goats. 34 ga 728 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. JOHNSON COUNTY. J olvnson County was laid off from Laurens and Emanuel counties in 1858, and was named in honor of Herschel V. Johnson, a distinguished son of Georgia, Governor of the State from 1853 to 1857, then judge of the Ocmulgee circuit and in 1860 on the ticket for Vice...President with Stephen A. Dougla~, of Illinois. Johnson county is bounded by the following counties: Washington on the north, Jefferson on the northeast, Emanuel on the east and south- east, Laurens on the south and southwest, and Laurens and Wilkinson on the west. The Oconee river is on ita western border and the Ohoopee flows through the center. Other streams are Dry, Cedar and Yamgrandee creeks. The face of the country is level. The lands are easily cultivated, and under proper tillage produce to the acre the following averages: Seed cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea-island cotton, 300 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 4 bushels; Irish po- tatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 40 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. The hay crop of this county is made from crab-grass and the peavine. Though very little attention is given to the rearing of bee cattle, yet some care is taken lin the improvement of the breed, and the Devon cow is being brought in as a milker. Both Devon and Jersey bulls have been introduced of late years. The native grasses and the woods give a pretty good range for stock. In 1890 there were in Johnson county 4,233 sheep, with a wool-clip of 8,867 pounds; 3,224 c-attle, 1,053 milch-cows, producing 89,562 gallons of milk, but only 2,817 pounds of butter. The worlcing oxen numbered 165. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 24,248 and produced 35,080 dozens of eggs. Of other live stock there were 593 horses, 504 mules, 3 donkeys and 7,706 hogs. The honey produced was 920 pounds. Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are raised in considerable quan- tities, but only for home consumption. The same is true of grapes. About 50 per cent. of the original forests, mostly pine, are still stand- ing. A great quantity of lumber is cut and shipped to Savannah and many sawmills are kept busy preparing it. Rosin and turpentine are among the most remunerative products of this county. Two distilleries are in constant operation preparing spirits o turpentine. There are no mineral springs, but there are two artesian wells. The Wrightsvme and Tennille Railroad runs through the center of the county, and through its eastern side runs the Wadley and Mount Vernon, each connecting with the Central of Georgia Railroad. Wrightsville, the county site, with a population of 1,127 in the cor- porate limits and 3,614 in the district, has a court-house worth $20,000, and a good school building, the N annie Lou Worthen Institute, valued GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 729 at $8,000. The town has also several successful merchants and several life and fire !insurance agencies. About 15,000 bales of cotton are received in this county and shipped from it. Of these 5,000 are handled at Wrightsv.ille. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 8,336 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899- 1900. There has been much improvement in educational matters. The schools belong for the most part to the public school system of Georgia, and the average attendance is 844 in the 32 schools for whites and 364 in the 16 schools for colored pupils. There are members of the val'lious Christian denominations in this county. The Methodists and Baptists predominate. Besides Wrightsville there are other post-offices, as Ethel, Hodo, Kite, Kittrell, Nasworthy, Regnant and Spann. The area of Johnson county is 258 square miles, or 165,120 acres. Population in 1900, 11,409, an increase of 5,280 since 1890; school fund, $7,254.12. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of tim- proved land, 173,816; of wild land, 5,539; average value per acre of im- proved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.21; city property, $122,423; shares in bank, $21,900; money, etc., $91,746; merchandise, $49,142; house- hold furniture) $68,374; farm and other animals, $154,638; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,756 ;watches, jewelry, etc., $5,048; value of all other property, $42,327; real estate, $592,725; personal estate, $481,- 332 ;'aggregate property, $1,074,057. Returns of property by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 3,535; value, $8,276; city property, $2,020; money, etc., $125; house- hold furniture, $6,402; farm and other animals, $12,361; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,763; watches, jewelry, etc., $99; value of all other property, $758; aggregate property, $32,819. The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $61,641, in the value of all property, over the returns of 1900. Population of Johnson county by sex and color, according to the cen- sus of 1900: white males, 3,487; white females, 3,391; total white, 6,878; colored males, 2,291; colored females, 2,240; total colored, 4,531. ) Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 39 calves, 14 steers, 2 bulls, 77 dairy cows, 53 horses, 17 mules, 341 swine, 15 goats. JONES COUNTY. Jones County was laid out in 1807 and named for Ron. James Jones, of Chatham county. A part was added to it from Putnam in 1810 and a part was given to Bibb in 1822. _ This county is bounded on the north by Jasper and Putnam, on the east by Baldwin, on the south by Wilkinson, Twiggs and Bibb, on the west by Bibb and Monroe. The, Ocmulgee river runs along its western border. There are in the county several creeks. 730 GEORGI.4..: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The ganeral character en the soil is metamorphic. Gray surface soil predominates. There is a belt of stiff red clay land north and south through the center of the county. An impervious red clay subsoil underlies the whole formation. The surface is rolling and broken. The fine, dark mulatto lands of this county were once regarded among the best in the State. By injudicious cultivation they lost much of their fertility; lmt under improved methods they are being gradually brought back to their former productiveness. With proper culture the average production to the acre is: corn, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30; wheat, 12 to 15; rye, 6 to 10; barley, 40 to 50; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 each; field-peas, 10 to 20; ground-peas, 40 to 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass, from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds; clover, 4,000 to 5,000 pounds; corn fodder, stalk and blade, 4,000 to 6,000 pounds; sorghum syrup and sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons each. Considerable attention is paid to hay. Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised, mostly for home con- sumption. Some are sold and the truck marketed brings about $4,000. The peach trees number 28,291, and the apple trees 6,635. In 1890 there were in Jones county 554 sheep, with a wool-clip o 1,118 pounds; 5,031 cattle, 108 workirng oxen, 1,982 milch-cows, pro- ducing 450,147 gallons of milk, from which were made 115,252 pounds of butter; 59,183 domestic fowls of all kinds, produCing 59,638 dozens of eggs, 11,591 hogs, 615 horses, 1,847 mules and 1 donkey. The coun- ty also produced 11,581 pounds of honey. According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Jones county 11,130 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. The timber products are light; hardwoods and short-lea pines, hick- ory and oak. On streams poplar and white oak are sawed, employing 5 or 6 small sawmills. The value of the output is about $5,000. There are on the tributaries of the Oconee 4 grist-mills, using 98 horse-powers. All the manufact~ries of the county, about 9, have an annual output worth $29,000. There is in this county a fine vein of kaolin, which is being utilized. The main trunk of the Central of Georgia Railroad runs along the southern border of this county, while a branch of the Central and one of the Georgia Railroad traverse its center, one running northwest, the other northeast. Clinton, the county site, is located not far from the branch of the Cen- tral railway. In the public school system there is in the 33 schools for whites an average attendance of 607, and in the 30 for colored an average of 765. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians _predominate among Christian denominations. The area of Jones county is 397 square miles, or 254,080 acres. Population in 1900, 13,358, an increase of 649 since 1890; school fund, $10,356.53. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- proved land, 244,619; average value per acre, $2.97; city property, GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 731 $23,615; money, etc., $41,119; merchandise, $17,210; cotton manufactories, $66,000; household furniture, $45,794; farm animals, $119,078; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,935;'watches, jewelry, etc., $3,892; value of all other property, $24,881; real estate, $749,936; personal estate, $354,344; aggregate property, $1,104,280. Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres o land, 11,629; value, $35,212; city property, $2,407; money, etc., $44; merchandise, $215; household fmniture, $8,968; farm and other animals, $26,513; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,171; watches, jewelry, etc., $335; value of all other property, $1,050. Aggregate property, $88,628. The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,050 in the value of all property, as compared with the returns of 1900. com Population of Jooes county by sex and according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,956; white females, 1,952; toltal whites, 3,908; colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,450. Domestic animals .in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 9 calves, 2 steers, 1 bull, 39 dairy cows, 26 horses, 2 mules, 80 swine. LAURENS COUNTY. Lauren.s County was laid out in 1807. Portions Qf it were added to Pulaslci in 1808 and 1809. It was named in honor of Lieutenant-Colo~ nel John Laurens of South Carolina, who was bom in the city o Charleston in 1755. He was aid'e-de-camp to General Washingtorn and was greatly distinguished at the battle of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. On the 27th of August, 1782, while serving under General Nathaniel Greene, he was mortally wounded in a skirmish near Combahee, South Carolina. Laurens county is bounded by the follow ing counties: Johnson and Wilkinson on the north, Johnson, Emanuel and Montgomery on the east, Mon4,omnery and Dodge on the so.uth and Dodge and Pulaski on the west. The Oconee river and several of its tributary creeks, as Okeewalkee, Palmetto, Turkey and others, run through the county, which is also watered by Alligator creek, a tributary of the Little Ocmulgee, which empties into the Ocmulgee river not far from its junction with the Oconee. The face of the country is rolling. The soil has a clay foundation with sand and vegetable mould in the pine lands and lime in the oak lands. The lands are very fertile, and under good cultivation give an average yield to the acre as follows: seed cotton (upland), 800 pounds and seaisland, 500; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels, corn, 20 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; rye, 15; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 300; fieM-peas, 50; ground-peas, 75; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; Bermuda hay, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; SOii'ghum syrup, 150 gallons, a.n.d sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. Considerable attention is being paid to the grass,es and forage crops. Pea-vine hay, as elsewhere in the State, is greatly prized. According to the census Otf 1900 there were ginned in this county, 22,080 bales of upland cotton for the season of 1899-1900. 732 GEOBGIA: HIBTOBIOJ.L AND INDUBTBIAL. All known varieties of vegetables of the best quality are grown in this county. Some attention is being paid to pure bred cattle and sheep. In 1890 the county had 13,100 sheep with a wool-clip of 9,050 pounds; 8,497 cattle, 619 working oxen, 2,815 milch-cows, with a production of 292,895 gallons of milk, but only 16,586 pounds of butte,r; 1,221 .horses, 1,223 mules, 1 donkey, 20,461 swine, and 51,417 poultry, producing 77,876 dozens of eggs. The county also produced 7,034 pounds of honey. The finest fruits 'are produced in great a:bundance. The timbers are fine, and afford great quantities of lumber, rosin and turpentine for export to Savannah. This timber is worked up by a large number of sawmills, and the naval stores are prepared by 15 turpentine distilleries. The rivers and swamps afford abundance of fish and game. Dublin, the county site, located a half mile from the Oconee river, at the junction of the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad, with the Wrightsville and Tennille, is a thriv1ng and rapidly growing town with 2 banks, several fine mercantile establishments, a new cotton-mill with a capital of $100,000, a furniture factory, ice factory, variety works, brick company, a foundry, shlngle machine, stove factory, a cotton seed oilmill, a ham packing establishment, a nursery company and several small industries. The population of Dublin by the census of 1900 is 2,987 in its corporate limits, and 6,298 in the entire ilistrict. The MethodisM and Baptists have fine churches in the city and numerous church edifices in the county. Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and other Chl"istian sect.s are represented. There are good schools in the city and county. The average attendance is 2,689 in 84 white schools and 1,368 in 34 colored schools. In addition to the railroads already mentioned, are the Wadley and Mount Vernon, and the Pineora Railroads, the last-named being a stem of the Central of Georgia system. General David Blackshear, who was born in Jones county, North Carolina, January 31, 1764, settled in this county in 1790. He was distinguished for valuable services in the campaign against the Creek Indians during the second war with England. ..-" Hon. George M. Troup, so distinguished in the annals of Georgia, was a resident of this county. The area of Laurens county is 791 square miles, or 506,240 acres. Population lin 1900, 25,908, a gain of 12,161 since 1890; school fund, $17,504.43. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 432,516; of wild land, 85,356; average value to the acre of improved land, $2.72; of wild land, $1,18; city property, $484,100; bank stock, $92,700; money, etc., $443,110; merchandise, $163,393; stocks and bonds, $3,600; cotton manufactories, $18,715; iron works, $2,600; hous~hold furniture, $183,907; farm an~mals, $321,400; plantation ami mechanical tools, $66,606; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,460; GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 733 value of all other property, $154,086; real estate, $1,771,088; personal estate, $1,486,474. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,257,562. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 18,809; value, $54,079; city property, $10,196; money, etc., $2,046; merchandise, $260; household furniture, $21,355; farm animals, $38,483; watches, jewelry, etc., $375; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,716; value of all other property, $3,834. Aggregate value of whole property, $139,410. The tax returns for 1901 show a garin in the value of all property over the returns of 1900, IUD.ounting to $122,594. P opulation of Laurens oounty by sex and color according to the census of 1900: white males, 7,478; white females, 7,091; total white, 14,569; colored males, 5,711; colored females, 5,622; total colored, 11,339. Population of Dublin city by sex and color according to the census of 1900: white males, 940; white females, 895; total white, 1,835; col01red males, 531; colored females, 621; total colored, 1,152. Total population of Dublin, 2,987. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 44 calves, 119 steers, 10 bulls, 182 dairy cows, 215 horses, 198 mules, 8 donkeys, 834 swine, 19 goats. LEE COUNTY. Lee County was laid out in 1826, and was named in honor od: Richard H enry Lee of Virginia, who, in his place in the Continental Congress on the 7th of June, 1776, moved that the colonies declare themselves free and independent. A part of this county was set off to Muscogee and :Marion in 1827, and at the same time a part was added to it from Dooly. A part of it was given to Randolph county in 1828, and a part to Sumter in 1835. It is bou,nded by the foHowing counties; Sumter on the nolrth, Dooly and Worth on the east, Dougherty on the south and Terrell on the west. Flint river forms its eastern boundary. Kinchafoooee and Muckalee creeks, flowing through the center of the county, unite in the northern part of Dougherty and fall. into the Flint river just above the city of Albany. The soil consists of sandy, sandy loam and red clay lands, and those along the streams are very rich and productive. According to the location, culture and ferWity these lands make an average yield to the acre as. follows: corn, 8 to 20 bushels; oats, 12 to 30; wheat, 8 to 12; rye, 20 to 25; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200 to 300; field-peas, 25 to 50; ground~peas, 50 to 75; upland seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds; suga~cane syrup, 200 to 300 gallons; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fu.dder, 400 pounds. Bermuda and Crowfoot grasses also do well, and pea-vines make splendid hay. For summer pasturage the native grasses are used, and for winter pasturage rye-from December 1st to April 1st. The rye pastures are supplemented by cotton-eed meal and pea-vine hay. 734 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. While Lee cormrty reports no dairy farms, it had in 1890 2,286 cattle, 136 working oxen, 930 milch-cows and a production of 147,865 gallons of milk and 34,634 pounds of butter. There were 528 horses, 1,327 mules, 6,408 hogs and 26,398 domestic fowls of all varieties, producing 45,808 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered was 5,540 pounds. The sheep numbered 161, with a wool-clip of 280 pounds. Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised in great abundance for the home market and some for shipping. The amount of truck sold in the county amounts to between $9,000 and $10,000. There is a falling off in the melon business, owing to freight and commission rates. There is some yello1w pine still left. Poplar, cypress, hickory, aDJd white oak are found along the streams. The lumber trade and naval stores keep 4 steam sawmills and 2 turpentine distilleries in steady opera- tion. The annual output of these industries is estimated at $25,000. On tributaries of Flint river are four grist-mms, using 41 horse-powers. The water of the county is limestone, but the advent of artesian wells has given a better drinking water, and grea~ly increased the healthfulness of the county. Leesburg, the county seat, located on the Central of Georgia Railway, between Smithville and Albany, is a town having 413 inhabitants in its corporate limits, and 1,949 in its whole district. It has a court-house valued at $20,000. The sawmills at this point do a good business. . Smithville, having 597 people in ~ts corporation and 1,954 in the whole district, is at the junction of the Southwestern and tlie Americus and Albany Railroads, both branches of the Central of Georgia. Here are located two large sawmills, one turpentine distillery, a blacksmith and a wood shop. A large grist-mill, grinding 600 bushels o corn in a day, though just across the line in Sumter, is owned by citizens of Smith- ri~ - Smithville is surrounded by orchards of LeCvnte and Ke,iffer pears from which many thousand barrels are shipped in a season. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Lee county 8,654 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. The products of this county are marketed in Leesburg and Smithrille, and at Americus in Sumter county, and Albany in Dougherty. The re>- ceipts of cotton amount to 20,000 bales, of which 2,500 are handled at Leesburg and 3,000 at Smithville. The Methodists and Baptists are the tw01 leading denominations of the county, in every section of which their churches are found. There a.re enrolled in the public schools 476 in the 12 white schools, and 1,250 in 23 colored schools. The area of Lee county is 436 square miles, or 279,040 acres. Popu- lation in 1900, 10,344, an increase of 1,270 since 1890; school fund, $5,948.99. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- proved land, 221,449; of wild land, 3,065; average value to the acre of improved land, $3.02; of wild land, $0.85; city property, $87,564; money, $33,606; merchandise, $33,907; stocks and bonds, $2,246; min- BARTLETT. The most reliable early pear; buttery, very juicy and high flavored. Annual bearer. market variety. One of the best grown. Tree a strong grower, bearing early and abundantly. August and September. Superb GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 737 ing, $400.00; cotton factories, 32; household and kitchen furniture, $45,125; farm and other domestic animals, $119,158; plantation and mechanical tools, $2_4,875; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,517; value orf all other property, $31,159; real estate, $765,723; personal estate, $294,483. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,017,037. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 13,335; value, $43,945; city or town property, $12,154; mouey, etc., $350; watches, silver, etunty, with a wool-clip of 6,205 pounds. There were 3,754 cattle, of which 829 were working oxen, 1,184 cows producing 294,974 gallons of iniilk, from which were made 70,667 pounds of butt..m' and 110 pounds of cheese. Of all the varieties of domestic fowls the aggregate was 39,453, with a production of 57;651 dozens of eggs. There were 294 horses, 339 mules, 4 donkeys, and 6,138 hogs. The honey product was 14,444 pounds. Lumpkin county is in the g<>M belt of Georgia. Many millions of dollars have been taken from ~ts mines. Singleton mines, near Dahlonega, and! the Calhoun mine on the Chestatee, have: yielded great 744 GBOBGIA.: BISTOBIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL. qua:ntitioo of gold. Cain and Yahoola creeks are celebrated localities. The famous lot, 1,052, which in the '30's created such a sensation anwng the gold speculators, is on Ya.hoola crook. The vicinity of Dahlonega has for the last half century been the center of the most extensive gold min- ing operations carried on within the limits of Georgia. Immed!iately east of Dahlonega is a long line of high ridges and hills extending many miles to the southwest. These ridges and hills form the axis ()r the gold belt, and are everywhere covered with the prospecter's pits, cuts and tunnels. In many instances streams have been turned out of their original channel to wash the alluvial and gravel in their beds for gold. There are 12 gold mills now in operation paying good dividends. Dahlon-ega, the county site, with a population of 1,255 in the corpo- rate limits and 1,623 in the entire district, is situated on a high hill, com- manding a good view of Walker's, Mossy creek and Yonah Mountains. The name of the town is derived from the In"dian word Tau-la-ne-ca, meaning yellow money. Here was established a branch of the United States mint. Here is also a branch college of the University of Geor~a. In almost every portil:m of this county gold is found, and the evidence of its existenoo everywhere meets the eye. A railroad through the county would prove a great developer. The area of Lumpkin is 282 :miles, or 180,480 acres. Population in 1900, 7,433, a gam of 566 since 1890; sehool fund, $4,943. By the ComptroUer~General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- proved land, 177,028; of wild land, 32,746; average value to the acre of improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $127,200; money, etc., $121,463; merchandise, $42,789; shipping and tonnage, $2,400; household furniture, $42,758; farm animals, $69,875; planta- tion and mechanical tools, $13,337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,210; value of ail other property, $10,356; re~l estato, $593,366; personal estate, $310,100. Aggregate value of whole property, $903,466. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 1,791; value, $2,505; city property, $3,225; money, etc., $42; merc!J.an- dise, $125; household furniture, $996; tfarm animals, $2,006; watches, silver, etc., $26; plantation and mechanical too~s, $212.00; value of all other property, $95.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $9,232. The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $2,337 in the value of all property since 1900. . The schools of the public school system and the branch of the State University are in a prosperous condition. The average attendance is 739 in the 29 schools for whites and 49 in the 3 schools for colored pupils. The churches () Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are scattered throughout the county. Population of Lumpkin county by sex and' cololl", according to the census of 1900: white males, 3,467; white females, 3,484; total white, 6,951; co~ored males, 247; colored females, 235; total co~ored, 482. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 49 calves, 5 steers, 118 dairy oows, 84 horses, 44 mules, 3 sheep, 80 swine, 10 goat:& GEORGI.!: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 745 McDUFFIE COUNTY. McDuffie County was laid out from the adjoining counties soon after the close of the civil war, and was named in honor of Senator McDuffie, of South Carolina. It is bounded by the following counties: Lincoln and Wilkes on the north, Columbia on the east, Richmond, J e:fferson and Warren on the south, and Warren and Wilkes on the west. Little river, a tributary of the Savannah, runs along its northern and northwestern boundary. Upton creek, running through the county, empties into Little river. Briar creek runs along its southern borders. There are other small streams. The face of the country is undulating. The lands of the nort.hem section have good clay foundations and are mo,re productive than the gray, sandy soil of the southern part of the C-'ounty. Some of the lands have been exhausted from bad usage; but in some places the farmers, by a proper system of cultivation and rotation of crops, are bringing them back to their former productiveness. Taking all the lands, good and bad, the average production to the acre is: corn, 8 bushels; oats, 10; wheat, 9; rye, 12; barley, 10; Irish and sweet potatoes, 150 bushels each; field-peas, 6; ground-peas, 75; seed cot- ton, 700 pournds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Of course the best lands under scientific culture will yield far more than is above stated as the average. A good deal of attention is paid to vegetables, fruits, berries and melons along the line of the Georgia Railroad. Some of the largest and best flavored watermelons in the State are raised in McDuffie county and sold in the Augusta market. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 8,635 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. In 1890 there were in :McDuffie county 897 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,416 pounds of ~ol; 2,837 cattle, 140 working oxen, 1,073 milch-cows producing 271,028 gallons of milk, from which :were made 85,742 pounds of butter and 150 pounds of cheese. There were 653 horses, 790 mules, 1 donkey, 6,088 hogs and 41,031 of all kinds of poultry, whose eggs numbered 56,503 dozens. The honey product of the county was 8,322 pounds. The timbers are pine and the various hardwoods. Saw and planing- mills cut up considerable quantities of it every year. There are in McDuffie oounty three gold mines in successful operation. These are the Talahu, Partu and Williams. Thomson, the county site, is on the Georgia Railroad not far from the center of the county. It is a growing town of 1,154 inhabitants in the corporate limits, and 3,843 in the entire district, and has good schools and churches. Dearing and Boneville are also on the Georgia Railroad. Wrights- bora min the northern part of the county. Every neighborhood has its S5 ga 746 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRJA.L. school and church. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the prevailing denominations. The average attendance of pupils in the county public schools is 605 in the 21 schools for whites, and 843 in the 22 schools for colored. The area of McDuffie county is 258 square miles, or 165,120 acres. Population in 1900, 9,804, a gain of 1,015 over that of 1890; school fund, $6,386.92. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 144,914; average value per acre, $3.22; city property, $144,495; shares in bank, $19,000; money, etc., $73,704; merchandise, $32,222; cotton factories, $1,122'; iron works, $650; household furniture, $51,883; farm and other animals, $91,194; plantation and mec0hanical tools, $20,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,272; value of all other property, $25,806; real estate, $612,429; personal estate, $348,590. .Aggregate value of whole property, $961,019. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 4,512; value, $18,206; city or town property, $2,530; money, etc., $41.00; household furniture, $5,706; farm animals, $13,925; watches, jewelry, etc., $53; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,082; value of all other property, $446.00. .Aggregate value of property, $38,994. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $336,920 in the value of all property, as compared with the returns of 1900. Population o,f McDuffie county by sex and color, according to the cernsus of 1900: white males, 1,845; white females, 1,816; total white, 3,661; colored males, 3,026; colored females, 3,117; total colored, 6,14-3. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 7 calves, 58 dairy cows, 54 horses, 4 mules, 2 donkeys, 1 sheep, 110 swine and 2 goats. MciNTOSH COUNTY. Mclntosh County was laid off fliom Liberty in 1793, and was named to commemorate the services of the Mcintosh family. One of these was Lachlan Mcintosh, who was born in Scottland and emigrated t!o' Georgia. He was colonel of the :first regiment in Georgia, was promoted to general and was placed by Washington in command of an important western post. Colonel John Mcintosh, who made the gallant defense of the post at Sunbury, is another member of this distinguished family. Many years after this county was formed, Colonel James S. !fcintosh, who was born in the county of Liberty, and who had ente:red the army in 1812, lost his life in the battle of Molino del Rey, near the city of M~xico. Mcintosh county is bounded on t.he north by Liberty county, on the east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by Glynn county, on the southwest by GlJ'lln and W ay-.1e counties, and on the west by Liberty. South Newport river divides it from Liberty on the north, the Altamahafrom Wayne on the southwest and Glynn on the south. The islands of Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Hinds, Blackbeard, Broughton, Butner's, Wright's and Patterson's, skirt its coast and are separated from the main- GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 747 land and each other by numerous inlets. These islands are favorite re- sorts for the hunter and fisherman. The lands along the Altamaha are very rich, producing great quan7 tities of rice and sugar-cane. With good cultivation the lands in Mc- Intosh county will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 250; field-peas, 20; ground-peas, 30; sea- -island seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; corn fod- -der, 250 pounds; rice 40 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. The splendid grazing adapts this county to sheep and cattle, and the mild winters relieve the farmers almost entirely of the expense of hous- ing and feeding them. In 1890 there were 1,132 sheep, with a wool- clip of 1,691 pounds; 3,613 cattle, 249 work,ing oxen, 1,469 milch-cows producing 76,915 gallons of milk. Only 416 pounds of butter were reported as made in this county in 1890. There were 364 horses, 84 mules, l donkey, 4,474 hogs and 7,427 domestic fowls of every kind, producing 15,270 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 19,332 pounds. Darien, the county site, is situated on the north bank of the .Altamaha river, and is the shipping point f10r great quantities of shingles and lum- ber. There is also a big trade at Darien in rosin and turpentine. This city has 1,739 inhabitants, while the district of Darien, which includes the city, contains a population of 3,129. The Darien and Western Railroad, the Altamaha river and the Atlan- tic ocean give every facility for transportation. The Florida Central .and Peninsular also traverses the western part of the county. During the year 1900 there were received at Darien and shipped from that port 1,000 barrels of rosin. The area of Mcintosh county is 429 square miles, or 274,560 acres. Population in 1900, 6,537, an increase of 67 since 1890; school fund, -$4,639.52. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- proved land, 75,599; of wild land, 112,824; averrage price per acre of improved land, $3.19; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $155,812; shares in bank, 19,000; money, etc., $28,513; mercha!Ildise, $52,105; invested in shipping, $40,000; cotton factories, $8,600; household furni- ture, $32,957; farm animals, $54,599; plantation and. mechanical tools, $6,255; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,472; value of all other property, $40,320; real estate, $454,796; personal estate, $288,849. Aggregate value of properrty, $961,019. :Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 13,022; value, $41,016; city property, $50,087; merchandise, $2,430; money, $2,069; household furniturre, $3,506; farm and other animals, $17,736; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,807; value of all other property, :$1,844. .Aggregate value of whole property, $123,151. The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $4,486 in the value of all. property since the returns of 1900. The people enjoy good school and church privileges. The average at- 748 GEORGIA: HIS1'0RIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. tendance is 161 in the 9 schools for whites, an!l564 in the 15 for colored pupils. The products of the county are marketed at Darien, Brunswick and Savannah.. Population of Mcintosh county by sex aJnd color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 767; white females, 689; total white, 1,456; colored males, 2,549; colored females, 2,532; total colored, 5,081. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 213 calves, 125 steers, 10 bulls, 222 dairy cows, 162' horses, 83 mules, 25 sheep, 313 swine and 4:0 goats. MACON COUNTY. Macon County was named in honor of Ron. Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, who served through the war of the Revolution as a. private, refusing promotion; served as a representative in the legislature of his native State; next as a representative in Congress for three terms, part of which time he was Speaker of the House; then a Senator in Congress and president pro tern. of the Senate. This county is bounded as foHows: north by Taylor and Crawford,. east by Houston, south by Dooly, Sumter and Schley, and west by Schley and Taylor. The Flint river flows through the county and has the following t1.1ibutaries: Beaver, Juniper, Horse, White Water, Buck's, Buck Head and' Spring. Considerable quantities of fish are taken from these streams. The soil is of the tertiary formation, mainly a gray, sandy loam, with "red level" outcrop in the eastern part. The lands, according to loca-tion and cultivation, give as an average yield to the acre: corn, 7 to 10 bushels; wheat, 6 to 8; oats, 9 to 10; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; Irish and sweet potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; seed cotton, 600 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 100 to 200 gallons; hay, 3,000 pounds. Vegetables of all kinds, berries and melons are plentiful. The amount of truck sold amounts to about $12,000 a year. This is the sec10nd largest peach-growing county in the State, shipping in one season from Marshallville alone 450 car-loads or 240,000 crates. .At this town is the home of Mr. Samuel B. Rumph, the originator of the celebrated Elberta peach. In easy sight of the veranda of his home are 80,000 peach trees. He also raises grapes and makes wine of fine quality. The whole number of peach-trees in the county is 1,500,000. There are also in Macon county 11,330 plum"trees, 9,800 apple-trees and 6,000 pear-trees. :Macon county produces also large melons of exce1lent flavor. Hay is made to only a small extent. Some farmers have thoroughbred cattle, but the great majority have only the ordinary stock. In 1890 there were in the 0ounty 173 sheep, with a wool-clip of 306 pounds; 3,624 cattle, J 76 working oxen, 1,469 milch-cows producing 226,683 gallons of milk, from which were made 51,152 pounds of butter. The eggs from 31,236 poultry of all kinds amounted to 55,473 dozens. The honey produced was 7,563 pounds. There were 572 horses, 1,512' mules, 1 donkey and 11,280 swine. OLWHARD AND NUR:SERY GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 751 The timber products are slight, being a little long-leaf pine and some hardwoods, mainly used in making crates and boxes for shipping fruit. Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint utilize 132 horse-powers. The output of all the manufactories of the OOlillty is about $70,000. These are mostly canning and packing factories. Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint river, utilize 132 horsepowers. Oglethorpe, the county seat, is located on the west side of the Flint river. The court-hD'\100 is valued at $20,000. Montezuma, on the right side of the same river and only a few milee from Oglethorpe, is the largest town. There is abundance of hardwood near the town. Marshallville, not far from the line which divides Macon and Houston counties, is another prosperous town. At each of these towns is a wellconducted bank. Each of them is located on one of the arms of the Central of Georgia system. No' other raHroad passes through the county. There is a high school at each of the above named places, and throughout the county the public school system of Georgia prevails. The average attendance is 754 in 24 schools for whites, and 1,357 in the 28 schools for colored. In the Marshallville high school for whites there are 95 pupils and in the schools of Montezuma are 162 in those for whites, and 245 in those 'for colored. The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations. Twenty thousand bales of cotton are shipped from this county, 12,- DOO of which go from Montezuma. According to the census oi 1900 there were ginned in this county 16,713 bales of upland cotton of the erop of 1899"1900. The area of Macon county is 392 square miles, or 250,880 acres. Population in 1900, 14,093, an increase of 910 since 1890; school fund, $ 9 ,4 82.83. By the Comptroller~General's report for 11}00 there are: acres of improved lands, 211,281; of wild land, 4,200; average value of improved la:nd per acre $4.01; of wild land, $1.13; city property, $340,340; shares in bank, $1,400; money, etc., $244,532; merchandise, $109,445; stocks and bonds, $10,200; shipping and tonnage, $2,400; cotton manufactories, $425; horusehold furniture, $113,204; farm animals, $142,689; plantati'{)ln and mechanical tools, $34,366; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,252; "\1"alue of all other property, $34,009; real estate, $1,192,768; personal estate, $709,029. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,901,797. Property returned by colored ta..-.q>ayers: number of acres, 7,016; value, $20,856; city property, $25,151; money, etc., $875; merchandise, $1,215; household furniture, $26,873; farm and other animals, $2,116; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,396; value of all other property, $2,532. Aggregate of whole property, $107,530. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $191,862 in the value of all property since 1900. The population of the districts containing the three largest towns, and of their towns also, is as follows: 752 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUS'l'RIA.L .Montezuma district 4,643, Montezuma town 903; Marshallville distnct 2,288, Marshallville town 879; Oglethorpe district 2,174, Oglethorpe town 545. Population of Macon county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,123; white females, 2,179; total white, 4,302; colored males, 4,662; colored females; 5,129; total colored, 9,791. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 6 steers, 126 dairy cows, 131 horses, 17 mules, 1 donkey, 256 swine and 2 goats. .MADISON CODN'TY. Madison County was laid out from Oglethorpe, Clarke, JacksQill, Franklin and Elbert counties in 1811. Other parts were afterwards added to it as follows: from Clarke in 1813; from Elbert and Frrunklin in 1819; from Franklin in 1823; from Clarke in 1829; and from Oglethorpe in 1831. It received its name from James Madison, of Virginia, fourth president of the United States, and often styled the "Father of the Coostitution." The county is bounded by the following counties: Franklin and Danks on the north, Hart on the northeast, Elbert on the east, Oglethorpe on the south, Clarke on the southwest and Jackson on the west. The streams are the North and South forks of Broad river, Mill Shoal, Brushy and Holly creeks. The lands along these streams are fertile. The average production to the acre is: corn, 18 bushels; wheat, 7; rye, 8; oats, 10; Irish potatoes, 40; sweet potatoes, 50; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, upland, 400 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,200 to 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. Tobacco, with proper attention, does well. So do vegetables, fruits, berries and melons. According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned .in Madison county 11,443 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. In 1890 there were 2,085 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,830 pounds; 5,097 cattle, 349 working oxen, 1,878 milch-cows producing 507,385 gallons of milk and 201,711 pounds of butter; 836 ho,rses, 1,113 mules, 6 donkeys, 8,585 swine, 72,588 domestic fowls of all kinds, producing 77,671 dozens of eggs. This county produced also 16,616 pounds of honey. The timber growth >is some short-leaf pine and the varieties of hardwood common to that section. The many natural shoals on the water courses afford ample power for mills and factories. The Seaboard Air Line Railroa;d passes through the southern part of the county:. A part .of the Smithonia, Danielsville and Carnesville Railroad is also completed. Danielsville, named for General Allen Daniel, and located on a high, uneven ridge, is the county site. The railroad, designed to connect this town with the Seaboard Air Line and Georgia Railroads, is in process of .ARTESIAN WELLS I~ 1\IONTEZUl\'IA, GA. GEORGIA: JJISTORICA.L AND INDUSTRli!L. 755 construction. When ,it is completed the county will have good facilities for trade and travel. Carlto~, Medicus, Comer, Five Forks and Dowdy, are stations on the Seaboard Air Line. The schools belong to the common school system of the State. The average attendance is 1,255 in the 40 schools for whites and 370 in the 17 schools for colored. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations of the county, and have go0d churches. The area of Madison ooonty is 278 squar11 miles, or 177,920 acres. Population in 1900, 13,224, an increase of 2,200 since 1890; school fund, $8,834.60. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 170,243; value per acre, $3.64; city property, $67,655; money, etc., $123,446; merchandise, $31,667; stocks and bonds, $4,200; household furniture, $67,678; farm and other animals, $131,521; plantation and mechanical tools, $35,931; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,971; value of all other property, $27,630; real estate, $687,962; personal estate, $432,430. Aggregate value of property, $1,120,392. Property returned by oolored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,214; value, $9,860; city property, $775; money, etc., $53; household furniture, $4,248; farm animals, $11,047; watches, etc., $52; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,318; value of all other property, $269.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $28,622. Theta..'{ returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,176 in the value of nll property since 1900. Some gold has been found on Broad river, and iron ore in considerable quantities; also a good article of granite and quartz. Population of Madison county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,696; white females, 4,643; total white, 9,339; colored males, 1,945; colored females, 1,940; total colored, 3,885. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 53 calves, 8 steers, 3 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 74 horses, 9 mules, and 156 swine. MARION COUNTY. Marion County was laid out from }fuscogee and Lee in 1827. Part of it was given to Crawford in 1827 and part returned to Muscogee in 1829. lt was named for General Francis Marion, of South Carolina, who, b.ecause of his rendezvous in the swamps of the Pedee, from which he sallied forth to his sudden attacks upon the British, received the title of "Swamp Fox." The counties bounding it are: Talbot on the north, Taylor, Schley and Sumter on the east, Webster on the south and southwest, and Chatta- hochee and Muscogee on the west. There are no rivers in this county, but some large creeks, as Juniper and Pine Knot, tributaries of the Chattahoochee, Muckalee and Kincha~ foonee, branches of the Flint. 756 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The soil is cretaceous, tertiary in the southern portion. The la:nd is a gray, sandy loam; but, like most cretaceous soils, productive. The southern part of the county was originally the best, but the lands have been injured by injudicious cultivati,on. With scientific farming these lands c!m be restored to their original fertility. Under proper cultivation there is no better farming land in Georgia. The pine belt of the county is now attracting attention, and is being settled up very rapidly. Lands in the pine belt sell for $1 an acre; in the middle and lower seCtion, on an average of $5.00 an acre. Cow-peas, sown after stubble, give fine hay. Some of the farmers who prepare their stubble get in good seasons an excellent yield of crab and crowfoot-grass hay. According to location and culture the lands average to the acre: corn, 7 to 10 bushels; oats, 8 to 25; wheat, 5 to 18; rye, 3 to 10; Irish potatoes, 50 to 110; sweet potatoes, 50 to 150; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 25; upland seed cotton, 300 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 50 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are ra.ised, but almost entirely for home use. The total truck sold will amount to about $4,000. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 9,681 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 18991900. In 1890 there were 73 sheep, with a wool-clip of 195 pounds; 2,775 cattle, 149 working vine, 13 goats. MERIWETHER COUNTY. Meriwether County was laid out from Troup, and organized Decem- ber, 1827. It was named in honor of General David Meriwether, who eame from Virginia and settled in Wilkes county in 1785. It is bound- ed by the following counties: Coweta on the north, Spalding, Pike and Upson on the east, Talbot and Harris on the south, and Troup on the w~. Line creek forms its eastern boundary for a few miles, and empti6'11 into the Flint river, which flows along the balance of its eastern border. Other streams are Red Oak, White Oak, Pigeon, Cane, Walnut and Bear creeks. The surface of the country is undulating. The Pine Mountains rise in this county west of the Flint river and afford much picturesque scenery. The soil is metamorphic, with undulating red lands, interspersed with .gray, gravelly strips, both with red clay subsoil. The water is pure free- stone. The lands will average to the acre: corn, 11 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to 20; wheat, 6 to 8; rye, 10 to 25; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 100; 'field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 25; seed cotton, 600 to 750 poU!!lds; crab- 758 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. grass hay, 5,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugar-.cane syrup, 250 gallOI!S. The figures for the yield of the various crops represent the averagb production of all lands, rich and poor, under ordinary cultivation; but the better lands under improved methods yield 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, 28 bushels of wheat, and other crops in proportion. Vegetables in great quantities, berries, fruits and melons are raised, mostly for horne use. Some of these products are marketed and bring about $9,000 per annum. Considerable hay is raised by wme farmers. The number of pure bred cattle recorded is considerably above the average. In 1890 there were 610 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,307 pounds; 6,454 cattle, 278 working oxen, 2,720 milch-cows giving 690,401 gallons of milk, from which were made 219,798 pounds of butter. There were 1,021 horses, 2,640 mules, 10,476 hogs and 91,967 poultry, who;;e eggs amounted to 157,334 dozens. The product of honey was 30,928 pounds. In the ,orchards there are 65,873 peach trees, 7,000 apple trees and 1,200 plum trees. The timber products consist of considemble hardwoods on the water courses. The output is small, about $6,000. The water powers of the county are fine. On the Flint river and its tributaries are 12 grist-mills, using 223 horse"powers. On a tributary of the Chattahoochee is one mill using 11 horse-powers. On the Flint river there are utilized 4,255 hors~powers, which are, however, partly in Pike county. The 18 manufactories of the county have an output valued at $40,741. The mineral products are gold, iron, asbestos and granite. The gold mines, with primitive methods, have yielded handsomely for fo,rty years. Under recent development, the result of northern capital, the mines haYe equalled if not surpassed any in the State. At Chalybeate Springs iron ore is found in great quantities, which, when analyzed, is found to equal the ores of Birmingham. Only capital is needed for their development. The recently discovered asbestos deposits are found to he very rich in their yield and easily worked. Me11iwether granite is pronounced equal to that of the famous Quincy granite of Massachusetts and is susceptible of very fine polish. The elegant church of St. Luke, in Columbus, Georgia, used thi:s granite exclusively in all th:E; granite WOl'k and granite columns employed in its construction. Immense quantities have been shipped to Savannah and other Atlantic ports. v The county is famous for its mineral springs. The Chalybeate, in the eastern part of the county, :Us as strongly impregnated with iron as any of the Spas of the world. The Warm Springs, six miles west of the Chalybeate, afford the most delightful baths in all the South or the Union. The temperature of the water is 92 degrees and the swimming pool is most luxurious in its equipments and delights. The waters, forming an immense stream, gush from a spur of the Pine Mountain and the great hotel on the hill makes this one of the coolest summer resorts in GEORGIA: HI-STORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. .75S the State. One mile east o Warm Springs is the Cold Spring. Her~ the United States fish commission has established a hatchery a few hundred yards below the bold spring, which furnishes many thousand gallons of water per minute. Six miles west o Warm Springs are the White Sulphur Springs, auother popular summer resort. The water is very strongly impregnated with sulphur, its analysis being the same as the Indian Spring in Butts county. The climate is delightful, the mean temperature being 63 degrees. The extremes in temperature range rom 20 to 98 degrees, these points being rarely ever reached. The county enjoys limited railroad facilities, but with those promised a period o rich development may be anticipated, 'its mineral wealth and other resources having then a rare chance of securing outside investment. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Meriwether county 22,452 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 18991900. i Greenville, named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, is the county site. It is located on a high ridge near the center of the oounty, Oli a branch o the Central of Georgia Railway. A company has bee1.o. formed to erect here a new cotton factory. The Methodists and BaptistL. have churches and academies or male and female. Greenville has one bank with a paid-up capital of $25,000. Its population is 815 in th o corporate limits, and including the district of the same name it is 2,630. The county has good schools and churches o every denomination. The average attendance on the schools is 1,699 in the 52 or white pupils, and 1,604 in the 38 schools or colored pupils. "\Voodbury, ten miles south of Greenville, where the Macon and Birmingham Railroad crosses the Central, is a gro'\ving town. At Flat Shoals, twelve miles rom Greenville on the Flint river, are some of the finest water powers in the State. Lutherville, Oakland, Gay, Raleigh, Bullochville, St.inson, Odessa, St. Mark's, Oak Ridge and Rocky Mount are :flourishing business centers. The area o Meriwether county is 544 square miles, or 348,160 acres. Population in 1900, 23,339, a gain o 2,599 since 1890; school fund,. $22,427.16. By the Comptroller-General's report or 1900 there are: acres o improved land, 295,396; o wild land, 6,306; average value per acre of improved land, $3.75; of wild land, $0.40; city property, $167,413; money, etc., $109,425; value of merchandise, $68,080; shares in bank, $25,000; bank stock and bonds, $38,500; household furniture, $87,114; farm animals, $174,763; plantation and mechanical tools, $43,690; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,197; value of all other property, $37,976; real estate, $1,277,771; personal estate, $594,560; aggregate value of property, $1,872,334. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number o acres, 5,413; value, $20,258; city property, $4,362 ; household furniture, $14,834; "760 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. watches,, etc., $110; farm ani.mals, -$23,648; plantation and mechanical ~ools, $4,427; value IOf all other property, $490; aggregate value of property, $69,169. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $90,589 in the value of .all property since 1900. Population of Meriwether county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,715; white females, 4,807; total white, '9,522; colored males, 6,858; colored females, 6,959; total colored, 13,817. . Domestic anJmals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, .June 1, 1900: 32 calves, 10 steers, 12 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 78 horses 13 mules, 205 swine, 6 goats. ' MILLER COUNTY. .ilfilkr County was formed in 1856 from Early and Baker, and was named in honor of Andrew J. Miller, who had ft_equently served in the .State legislature, and as President of the Senate had been noted for his .ability and the fairness with which he treated each party. Miller is bounded by the following counties: Baker and Early oo the north, Baker on the east, Decatur on the south and Early on the west. Spring creek, running from north to south through the center of the county, is the principal stream. It aborunds in fish of the varieties gen'erally found in Georgia streams. This creek has tributary creeks from .the east and west. Almost the entire surface of the county is level. The soil is light with a heavy growth of pine timber. The lands yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 10; sweet potatoes, 150; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. Vegetables and melons do well. The fine pasturage afforded by the native grasses causes the farmers to pay no attention to hay. Their stock seem to take care of themselves -entirely. By the census of 1890 there were in this county 5,804 sheep, with a wool-clip of 12,963 pounds; 8,776 cattle, 330 working oxen, 3,005 milchcows, but a productiGn of only 144,730 gallons of milk and 1,770 pounds ()f butter. There were also 727 horses, 311 mules, 2 donkeys; 12,938 swine and 24,583 of all kinds Gf domestic fowls. The. production. of eggs was 50,028 dozens and of honey 820 pounds. R08in, turpentine and lumber are the chief articles of trade. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 2,025 bales of upland and 50 of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900. Colquitt is the county site. It is on the Georgia Pine Railway which connects Bainbridge, in Decatur county, on the Savannah, Florida and Western of the Plant System with Arlington, in Oalhorun county, on ()De of the arms of the Central of Georgia system. In the towns and county are churches of the leading Christian denominat.ions. Methodists and Baptists predominate. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 761! Other postoffices are Bait, Ho~rn's Cross Roads, Mayhaw, Pond Town,. Spooner and Twilight. The schools of the county belong to the public school system of Georgia and are in good condition. The average attendance is 510 in the 23 schools for white pupils, and 195 in the 11 schools for negroes. The area of Miller county is 275 square miles, or 176,000 acres. Population in 1900, 6,319, an increase of 2,044 since 1890; schooL fund, $3,976.11. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-proved land, 145,875; of wild land, 28,307; average value per acre of improved land, $2.25; of wild land, $1.97; city property, $31,480; money, etc., $81,693; value of merchandise, $31,870; stocks and bonds, $500; household furniture, $42,441; farm and other animals, $113,569; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,346; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,056; value of all other property, $67,043; real estate, $516,279; personal estate, $351,697; aggregate value of property, $777,976. Returns of property by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 4,962;: value, $10,239; city property, $330; money, ,etc., $142; household furniture, $4,982; watches, etc., $37; farm and other animals, $912; -plantation and mechanical tools, $1,688; value .of all other property, $570 ;: aggregate value of property, $27,100. The tax returns of1901 show a gain in the value of all property over the returns of 1900 amounting to $61,935. Population of Miller county by sex and color, according to the censusof 1900: white males, 1,837; white females, 1,774; total white, 3,611; colored males, 1,436; colored femal.es, 1,272; total colored, 2,708. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,. June 1, 1900: 56 calves, 36 steers, 14 bulls, 92 dairy cows, 47 horses,. 111 mules, 3,100 sheep, 660 swine. MILTON COUNTY. Milton County was formed in 1857 from Cherokee, Forsyth and Cobb,. and was named 'in honor of Colonel John Milton, Secretary o State for Georgia in 1789. It is bounded by the following counties: Cherokee on the north, _Forsyth on the east and north, Gwinnett on the southeast and south, De:Kalb and Fulton on the south, Cobb on the west and Cherokee on the west and northwest. The Chattahoochee river flows along its entire southern boundary. Creeks tributary to the Etowah and the Chattahoochee flow through thecounty. The lands along the streams are productive. The people are blessed with abundance of good water and a healthy climate. The lands give as an average yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; wheat and oats, 10 bushels each; rye and barley, 8 bushels each; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; :field-peas,_15 bushels; groundpeas, 50 bushels; seed cotton, 650 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds;: clover hay, 6,000; corn fodder 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. It is a good county for hay. 762 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. In 1890 there were 394 sheep, with a wool-clip of 677 pounds; 3,329 cattle, 165 working oxen, 1,270 milch-s, and many are brought in from other points. Game is plentiful. Very little of the original timber is left in the county, not more than 20 per cent. About 40 per cent. of the county is under cultivation and 4:0 per cent. of what was once cultivated is covered with a second g'l"owth of timber. Pine predominates, but in the northern part of the county 774 GEORGIA: HISTORIO.iL AND INDUSTRIAL. there is considerable oak, hickory, poplar, chestnut and dogwood. The products are slight. Some shingles, staves, etc., are sawed, perhaps $8,000 worth in all. Farm lands in Muscogee county can be bought at from $5 to $40 an acre. There are in Muscogee county five florists' establishments doing a good business. Columbus, the fifth city of the State in population, is the second in the south in the manufacture of cotton goods, Augusta alone exceeding it. Columbus has for 49 years been a cotton and woolen manufacturing point, and there is here an abundance of skilled white labor, the only kind used in the cotton and woolen mills of Georgia. The Eagle and Phoenix }.fanufacturing Company has three mills with an aggregate of 1,492 looms and 50,000 spindles. Their mills use 18,000 bales of cotton per annum. The Muscogee Mills have 450 looms and 16,000 spindles, and use 7,500 bales of cotton. The Swift Mills have 400 looms and 13,000 spindles, and use 5,200 bales of cotton. The Hamburger Mills have 210 looms and 6,000 spindles, and use 2,800 bales. The Columbus Manufacturing Company's mill has 800 looms and 25,000 spindles, and uses 6,500 bales of cotton. The grand total is 3,352 looms, 110,000 spindles and 40,000 bales of cotton. The Bibb Manufacturing Company, of Macon, is putting up a new mill which will have 600 looms and 20,000 spindles. Some of the mills of Columbus gin the cotton received from the farm and then save the cost of baling. The total receipts of cotton at warehouses and compresses are 150,000 bales a year. The warehouse receipts alone are 60,000 bales. Other manufactories at Columbus are: a sugar refinery, 2 compresses, 2 cotton seed oil-mills, 2 flour and grist-mills, 4 lumber and planin~ mill, 2 foundries valued at $200,000, 1 plow and 1 gin factory, 1 barrel factory, 3 sash and blind f~ctories, 1 furniture factory, 1 box factory, 1 showcase manufactory, 1 ice factory, wagon, broom and pa'!1ts factories, 1 guano factory, cider and vinegar works, marble yards and' brick yards, and one canning factory with a capacity of 8,000 cans daily. The number of hands employed in all these manufactories is 3,000, receiving wages amounting to $15,300 a week. Five cotton, 1 woolen and 1 flour-mill are operated by water-power. T}lere are two falls within the corporate limits of the city, and in this oounty are 17,000 horse-powers yet undeveloped. Immediately contiguous to the city and extending for forty miloo north is an inexhaustible supply of water power yet to be developed. Corporations of any respectable magnitude, wishing to locate in Columbus, can obtain free and ample mill sites, well located for steam mill plants with railroad front. Columbus enj.oys a fine wholesale trade, and the present jobbing trade of the city reaches eleven Southern States. There are five banks in the city with a combined capital of $550,000. About 80 life and fire insurance companies are representel by 20 agen- cies. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 77i The city has gas and electric lights, water works, an electric street rail- rdad and two power houses. Seven railroads center here, and two o them have shops at this point. Four lines o steamboats, plying on the river, give competition in :freight by water. The court-house cost $105,000, the hospital, engine.ltouse and market $40,000, the United States postoffice $125,000. Tw bridges spatirning the Chattahoochee cost $25,000. There are 18 churches or whites, valued at $265,000, and 11 or colored, valued at $48,000. All denominations are represented. Columbus was the first city in the south to adopt the graded public school system. There are 6 city public schools or white and 4 or colored children. The whole Munty is well provided with schools and churches. The average attendance o pupil'& in the public schools o Muscogee county outside o the city o Columbus is 400 in the 18 schools for whjtes, and 678 in the 19 for colored pupils. In the city schools of Columbus, which also belong to the public school system of Georgia, there are enrolled 1,222 in the schools for whites, and 1,368 in the schools or colored. Besides these there are 323 pupils in private institutions or whites, and 160 in the industrial school :for colored pupils. In this connection the important work done by the Eagle and Phoenix Manufacturing Company for its operatives, through the agency o:f its president, G. ~}!.l_l..b.}: . JQ!".<~Jl, is worthy of all praise. The Eagle and Phoenix Ol~b was instituted :for the exclusive benefit o:f the 1,800 oper- atives of that greatcorporation. It has a large, bell-built brick building, which embraces an auditorium capable o:f seating about 800 people, a gymnasium and a :free circulating library of over a thousand volumes. Each member o the club is allowed to take home two copies rom this library at one time, and thus his :family gets as much benefit from it as he does himself. A physical instructor is constantly employed who meets classes in gymnastics and athletics three times a week. At the auditorium a lyceum course, embracing twelve numbers, is regularly given during tbe winter months. These evening entertainments are o the best and include illustrated lectures o travel, dramatic entertainments o a high Ol'der, experiments in electricity, chemistry and liquid air. In addition to these are concerts given by the individual members o the club or ~eir friends. A musical class is taught by capable professors. In the library much of the current literature o:f the day can be obtained. Other manufacturing establishments in Georgia have adopted similar arrangements for the benefit of their operatives. According to the census of 1900 the population in the corporate limits of Ool11mhi1s was 17,617, but, including suburbatn' resorts, it amounts to about 25,000. In 1900 there were ginned in Muscogee county 7,042 bales of upland cotton, which amount represents nearly the production of the co1mty. The area of ::Muscogee county is 255 square miles, or 163,200 acres. The population in 1900 was 29,836, a gain of 2,075 since 1890. The school fund for the county was, by the report of the Commissioner of 776 GEORGIA.: HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRI.A.L. Education, $7,646.63 for 1900, and to this should be added the special assessment for the local system of Columbus, amounting to $9,515.35. The report of the Oomptroller-General for 1900 gives the property returned for taxation as follows: Acres of improved land, 139,597; value pm- acre, $9.39; city and town property, $6,046,665; gas and elec- tric lights, $92,600; shares in bank, $516,015; money and solvent debts, $1,077,920; building and loan associations, $216,190; merchandise, $989,095; shipping and mining, $24,000; stocks and bonds, $453,790; .cotton manufactories, $943,530; iron works, $158,100; household furni- ture, $544,735; farm and other animals, $119,875; plantation and me- .chanical tools, $42,455; watches, jewelry, etc., $51,030; value of all other property, $138,205; real estate, $7,457,615; personal estate, $5,- 497,540; aggregate value of whole property, $12,206,545. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Numbm- of acres of land, .5,448; value, $91,175; city or town property, $153,735; money and sol- vent debts, $1,815; merchandise, $695; household furniture, $68,930; watches, etc., $405; farm and other animals, $12,580; plantation 'and mechanical tools $1,990; value of all other property, $315; aggregate value of all property, $331,640. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $1,043,285 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. . _Population of Muscogee county by sex and color, according to the .census of 1900: white males, 6,813; white females, 7,416; total white, 14,229; colored males, 7,026; colored females, 8,581; total colored, 15 , 607. Population of the city of Columbus by sex and color, according .to th~ census of 1900: white males, 4,881; white females, 5,456; total white, 10,337; colored males, 3,009; colored females, 4,268; total colored, 7,277. The population of Columbus, 17,614. Domestic animals in Muscogee county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 109 calves, 8 steers, 5 bulls, 383 dairy cows, 550 horses, 181 mules, 620 swine, 46 goats. NEWTON COUNTY. Newton County was laid out from Jasper, Walton and Henry in 1821. Part of it was given back to Jasper in 1822 and again in 1834. A part was given to DeKalb in' 1826. This county was named in honor of Sergeant John Newton, a companion of Sergeant Jasper, and a sharer with his friend in the brilliant rescue of an American prisoner from a British guard, consisting of a sergeant and eight men; at a spring two miles from Savannah, just within the edge of a forest of oaks and gums. Newton county is bounded as follows: Walton county on the northeast, Morgan and Jasper on the southeast, Butts and Henry on the southwest, and Rockdale on the northwest. Terminating in a point both at the north and south Newton county has no s-trictly northern or sout'hern boundary. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 777 The streams are the South, Yellow and Alcovy rivers, all tributaries of the Ocmulgee, which bounds it for a short distance on the extreme south. The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation. The surface is rolling, and broken in the southern and southeastern parts of the county. The soil is a stiff red clay, with some gray land in the eastern and northern portions. The lands under proper cultivation will yield per acre according to location on uplands or bottom lands: corn, 12 to 20 bushels; wheat, 7 to 10 bushels; oats, 10 to 30 bushels; rye, 8 to 10 bushels;. barley, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 125 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 8 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 500 to 700 pounds; crab-grass, 2,500 pounds; Bermuda, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, blade and stalk, 4,000 pounds; so~rghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugarcane syrup, 100 gallons. The farmers are beginning to pay considerable attention to hay from the cow-pea vines and such grasses as Bermuda, crab, clover, and red-top. .All forage crops do well. Attention is being paid to' the improvement of dairy cattle and the Jersey is the favorite. There rs one dairy farm with a capacity of 50 gallons of milk a day. There are cows owned by the majority of farmers, and butte'r is made on every farm. In 1890 there were in Newton county 3,888 cattle, of which 1,568 were milch-cows producing 404,505 gallons of milk, from which were made 110,332 pounds of butter and 108 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 70,064 and produced 100,826 dozens of eggs. There was also a product of 14,840 pounds of honey. There were 299 sheep, with a wool-clip of 482 pounds, 686 horses, 1,596 mules, 5 donkeys and 5,080 hogs. Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised in sufficient quantities for home consumption. The truck sold amounts to $8,000. There are 39,672 peach-trees, 6,678 apple-trees, 4,100 plum-trees, 1,730 pear-trees, and 750 cherry trees. The hardwood forest growth, except in the southwestern and south- eastern section of the county, is almost destroyed. It has been mainly succeeded by a second growth of short-leaf pine. The timber products are inconsiderable, perhaps $4,500 worth annually in "old-field" pine lumber and some oak and poplar. The water-powers utilized are: on South river, 3 mills, 47 horse-pow- ers; on Yellow river, 8 mills, 267 horse-powers; on Alcovy river, 4 mills, 93 horse-powers. The water-powers not utilized are: On Ocmulgee river, 1,614 gross horse-power; on South river, 1,418 gross horse-power; on Yellow river, 4,395 gross horse-power; on Alcovy riv1', 531 gross horse- power. Covington, the county seat, named for General Covington, is located on a ridge 3f miles east of Yellow rive'r and' 3 miles west of the Alcovy, It has a court~houS>e worth $35,000. A street railway connects the business portion of the city with the railroad station. The Georgia railroad connects it with Atlanta and Augusta, and a branch of the Central of Georgia, with Macon and Savannah. It has for whites 3 Methodist 778 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOJ..L J..ND INDUSTRUL. churches, 1 Presbyterian and OID.e Baptist, and for ooJored people 2 Bap- tist and 2 Methodist churches. Churches for white and colo~red are in every village in the county. Covington has a fine system of public schools. It has a successful bank with a paid up capital of $80,000. A new cotton-mill to manufacture sheetings is approaching completion. It will have 320 looms and 5,000 spindles. The capital invested is $100,000. Connected with Covington by a short railroad is the Porterdale !fill, belonging to the Bibb Manufacturing Company of Macon. This mill has in operation 80 looms and 6,000 spindles, and a capital of $1251000. There are alwgether inNewton county 10 sawmills. Several gristmills on the water courses have already been mentioned. The manufactories of every sort in Newton county are 31, with an annual output of $193,472. This will be greatly increased when the new cotton-mill gets into operation. The mill at Porterdale uses 12,000 bales of cotton annually. The cotton receipts and shipments of Covington are about 15,000 bales. The population of this city is 2,062, and of the whole district, 3,083. According to the United States census of 1900 there were oo ginned in Newton county 14,373 bales upland cotton during the sea- son of 1899-1900. About two miles to the northwest of Covingtorn is Oxford, a town of 800 inhabitants, the seat of Emory College, which is one of the foremost educational institutions in the South, and the property of the North and South Georgia and Florida oonferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The population of the whole district of Oxford is 1,149. This town is conrnected with Covington by a street railway. Other postoffices are Almand, Corra, King, Sequin, Newborn, Newton Factory, Snapping Shoais, Sarrsville, St'ewart and winston. Newton il'i one of the best counties in Middle Georgia with a cultured and refined vantages. population, enjoyi'ng. the best religious and educational ad- This county has brick clay and granite of excellent quality. One granite quarry is in operation. The area of Newton county is 259 square miles, or 165,760 acres. Population in 1900, 16,734, a gain of 2,424 since 1890; schoo.l fund, $9,773.34; Covington city school fund, $1,266.11. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 166,673; average value per acre, $5.88; city property, $45,241; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $326,385; merchandise, $115,520; stocks and bonds, $2,350; cotton manufactories, $549,270; household furniture, $116,015; :farm and other animals, $155,261; plantation and mechanical tools, $48,000; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,514; value of all other property, $38,400; real estate, $1,428,636; personal estate, $1,459,665. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,865,063. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number o-f acres o:f land~ 4,074; value, $24,303; city property, $65,585; money, $1,385; merchandise, $100; household furniture, $12,239; watches, etc., $313; farm and GEORGU: HIBTORIO..tL AND INDUSTRUL. 779 other animals, $21,253; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,338; value 'Of all other property, $773.00. Aggregate value of property, $104,693. The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $136,845 in the value of all property since 1900. The average attendance of pupils in the public schools is 920 in the 28 schools for whites, and 689 in the 27 schools for colored pupils. The city of Covington has an enrollment of 233 in the white schools, and 250 in the colored schools. Population of Newton county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,348; whiti) females, 4,241; total white, 8,589; colored males, 3,955; colored females, 4,190; total colored, 8,145. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 92 calves, 34 steers, 3 bulls, 141 dairy cows, 106 horses, 21 mules, 33 shoop, 279 swine and 2 goats. OCONEE COUNTY. Oconee County was laid out from Clarke, and derived its name from the Oconee river. It is bounded by the folLorwing counties: Clarke on the northeast, Oglethorpe on the east, Greene on the south, Morgan and vValton on the southwest, and Walton and Jackson on the northwest. The Oconee river is on its eastern boundary, the Appalachee on the southwest boundary. Barber creek, running a short distance on its northeastern border, ,empties into the Oconee river. The surface of the country is broken and hilly. The soil is metamorphic, with red and gray lands. According to culture and location the lands will yield: corn, 10 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to 20; wheat, 6 to 12; rye, 7 to 9; barley, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 100 to 175; sweet potatoes, 125 to 150; field-peas, 8 to 15; ground"--peas, 20 to 40; seed cotton, 500 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 to 4,000 pounds; clover, 3,750 to 5,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 4,500 to 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syn1p, 120 to 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 75 to 100 gallons. According to the United State census of 1900, there were ginned in this county, 7,349 bales of upland cotton of the season of 18991900. Some attention is paid to the improvement of dairy cattle. The whole number of cattle in the county in 1890 was 3,102. There were 1,218 milch-cows yielding 339,490 gallons of milk and 120,915 pounds of butter. All kinds of poultry aggregated 51,851, and yielded 52,056 dozens of eggs. The production of honey was 11,043 pounds. There were 595 sheep, with a wool-clip of 894 pounds, 589 horses, 756 mules, 3 donkey~." and 4,409 hogs. In addition to vegetables, berries and melons consumed on the farms about $3,000 worth are sold annually. The peach-trees number 17,521, and the apple-trees, 5,993. Along the streams for the most part the forest growth consists of sycamore, poplar, maple, ash and gum. Other sections have oak, hickory, chestnut and walnut. There is also some \Short-leaf pine. The output of the sawmills is about $5,000 worth. 780 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The mineral products consist of some mica, feldspar, hornblende ana gneiss. The water is pure freestone. On the Oconee' and tributaries 4 grist-mills employ 360 horse-powers. The gross unutilized horse-powers of the Oconee river are 4,923. There are altogether 14 manufactories with an output valued at $46,836. At High Shoals, on the Appalachee river, is a cotton factory with 150 looms, 5,000 spindles and a capital of $150,000. Watkinsville, the county site, is located within a belt of red lands which run across the county from the upper portion of Clarke southward into Morgan county. It is on the Macon and northern branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad, which traverses the county from north to south. The Se.aboard Air Line Railroad runs across the northeast corr- ner of Oconee county. The Watkinsville district contains, 1,535 inhabit- ants, of whom 351live in the town. This county has 22 schools for whites, and 16 for colored, and the average attendance is 621 whites and 739 colored. Churches for both races are found in every section of the county. The Baptists and Method- ists are the leading denominations. ' The area of Oconee county is 184 square miles, or 117,760 acres. Population in 1900, 8,602, a gain of 889 since 1890; school fund, $6,102.92. By the report of the Comptroller-General :for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 112,614; average value 1Jo, the acre, $5.95; city property, $18,980; gas and electric light companies, $596; money, $57,389; mer- chandise, $17,095; cotton manufactories, $65,000; value of household furniture, $57,851; farm and other animals, $101,587; plantation and mechanical tools, $31,817; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,619; value of all other property, $20,118; real estate, $688,992; personal estate, $360,- 253. Aggregate value of property, $1,049,245. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 2,667; value, $17,045; merchandise, $50; money, $375; household furniture, $10,650; farm and other animals, $15,546; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,097; value of all other property, $1,193. Aggregate value of whole property, $48,979. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $26,890 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Oconee county by sex and color, aceording to the cen- sus of 1900: white males, 2,083; white females, 2,106; total white, 4,189; colored males, 2,199; colored female,g, 2,214; total colored, 4,413. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 16 calves, 1 steer, 38 dairy cows, 20 horses, 3 mules, 41 swine. OGLETHORPE COUNTY. Oglethorp.r!- County was laid out in 1793. A part was taken from Greene in 1794. The boundRries were somewhat changed in 17\Hl. when parts of Oglethorpe were addPd to Greene, and parts of GreenE' to Oglethorpe. A part was set off to Madison county in 1811, and a portion was WICKSON. This plum stands pre-eminent among all plums in its rare combination of good qualities. The color of the fruit is dark crimson upon a yellow ground. Ripens just after Burbank. Will keep two weeks or more after ripening. Don'tfailto try vViclduction on all farms of 610,247 gallons of milk and 181,111 pounds of butter. The honey gathered from hives amounted to 13,927 pounds. There were 46,031 domestic fowls and their eggs numbered 104,954 dozens. There were 864 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,928 pounds; 645 horses, 1,975 mules, 2 donkeys, 117 working 9xen and 7,935 swine. By a recent estimate there are 500 goats in the county. The vegetables and melons raised are for home consumption, because other crops, being colllsidered more profitable, receive the attention of the farmers. Peaches and plums are raised for the markets, also some apples. The peach-trees number 36,670, the appl"-trees 3,815. The plum and peartrees number each about 3,000. There are two canning factories putting up each 100 cases a day. There are ten vineyards aggregating 100 acres. About 20 per cent.. of the grapes are sold in the markets and from 50 per cent. o them wine is made. There remain in the county about 25,000 acres o original forest, the growth o which is short lea pine, oak, hickory,_gum, poplar and ash. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 799 In many places the oaks are dying from bugs or worms boring into the trees near the roots. The annual output of timbru- products does not exceed $4,000. There are several varietiea of granite, pronounced by competent authorities to be as good as any in the State. Twelve miles from Eatonton are the Oconee Springs, the mineral properties of which are iron, magnesia and arsenic, considered very tine for stomach and other troubles. On the Oconee and tributaries are 9 grist-mills, using 433 horse-powers. The gross horse-powers of the Oconee are 726; of the Little river, 237. There is one grist-mill operated by steam. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Putnam county 9,609 bales of upland cotton for the season of 18991900. Eatonton, the county site, is a beautiful little city of 1,823 inhabitants, with pretty groves and nicely shaded streets. The Eatonton district, which includes the city, contains a population of 2,491. It has a court-house valued at $20,000, two banks with a capital of $60,000 each, a good hotel, several prosperous mercantile establishments, five life and fire insurance agencies, good church buildings of Methodists, Bap.tists and Presbyterians, graded schools and an elegant public school building, and water works owned by the city. There is at Eatonton a shoe factory with a capacity of 500 pairs of shoes in a day. There are now being constructed in the vicinity of Eatonton three cotton-mills: The Middle Georgia, valued at $125,000; the Electric Cotton Mill, valued at $65,000; the Quintet Cotton Mill, valued at $25,000. When these mills are completed, they will consume 6,500 bales of cotton annually. The cotton receipts and shipments from Putnam county amount to about 15,000 bales, of which Eatonton handles 12,000. There are in Putnam county 16 schoolhouses for whites, with an -average attendance of 546 pupils, and 25 for colored, with an average -attendance of 608 pupils. The churches of the county for the whites are 10 Methodist, 10 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian. There are 5 for colored Methodists and 7 for colored Baptists. A branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad passes through Eatonton, connecting that place with Atlanta, Macon, Covington, Milledgeville and Savannah. The public roads of Putnam county are among the best in all that section of Georgia. Eatonton was named for General Wm. Eaton, of Connecticut, who was greatly distinguished in the war with the Tripo1itan pirates in 1805. Other postoffices in the county ar.e: Clopton, Nona, Note, Spivey, Stanfordville and Willard. The area of Putnam county is 348 square miles, or 222,720 acres. Popnlation in 1900, 13,436, a loss of 1,406 since 1890; school fund, $11,368.99. By the Comptroller-General's report :for 1900 there are: acres of im~ proved land, 207,767;. average value, $4.51; city property, $279,270; 800 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. shares in bank, $109,800; money, etc., $202,106; value of merchandise, $61,395; stocks and bonds, $1,800; household furniture, $60,562; farm and other animals, $121,794; plantation and mechanical tools, $37,005; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,958; value of all other property, $3,178; real estate, $1,214,483; personal estate, $605,428; aggregate property, $1,819,911. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 5,446; value, $24,590; city property, $16,670; money, etc., $500; merchandise, $65; household furniture, $5,310; farm and other animals, $23,338; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,055; aggregate value of property, $74,528. Six miles southwest of Eatonton is a mound composed of quartz rock of different varieties. Upon it there is a vestige of an ancient wall nearly circular and embracing 110 feet. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $51,206 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Putnam county by sex and color, according to the cen sus of 1900: white males, 1,726; white females, 1,653; total white, 3,379; colored males, 4,834; colored females, 5,223; total colored, 10,057. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,. June 1, 1900: 80 calves, 10 steers, 59 dairy cows, 42 horses, 5 mules,. 116 swine, 1 goat. QUITMAN COUNTY. Quitman County was formed from Randolph and Stewart in 1858, and was named for General John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, who waa distinguilshed in the war with Mexico. It is bounded on the north by Stewart and a corner of Randolph, on the east by Stewart and Ran dolph, on the south by Clay and a corner of Randolph, and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chatta hoochee river. Two large creeks, Big Potato and Houchookee anrace ash, maple, poplar and yellow pine, all available for the muket. Some of these are being sawed every year, and the annual output i~ about $6,000 worth, or 1,000,000 superficial feet at $6 a thousand feet. On tributaries of the Flint river are 6 grist-mills using 84 horse-pow-ers, and on a tributary o the Chattahoochee (Pataula creek) is 1 mill using 8 horse-powers. The unutilized gross horse-powers are on Roa.ring Branch, 14; on Wakefortsee creek, 5. The total output of all manufactories in the county is $24,860. Two establishments are engaged in cultivating flowers and flowering plants for the market. Cuthbert, the county site, was named for Ron. J. A. Cuthbert, who had represented Georgia in the United States Senate, and who died in Mobile, Ala., at a very advanced age. This is a live little city at an elevation of 446 feet above sea level, having a population of 2,641. The Cuthbert district, which includes the town, has 4,461 inhabitants. It is located on a branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad running between Smithville and Georgetown. A short distance from Cuthbert is the junction of this road with another branch of the same system, running to Fort Gaines. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have good church buildings and a full membership at Cuthbert. . There is here a good system of schools, and the Methodists have a fine institution for the education of young ladies, Andrew Female College. An excellent Baptist school is also here, Bethel Male College. Shellman, on the same railroad, has also good schools and church buildings. There are also many Episcopalians in Randolph county. The public schools in Randolph county number 27 for whites and 24 for colored pupils. The average attendance of white children is 1,000, of colored 990. Cuthbert has one bank with a capital of $50,000. Shellman has two banks with a combined capital of $85,000. The court-house at Cuthbert was built in 1885 at a cost of $23,000. 808 GEORGIA: HIBTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Cuthbert has a good system o1 water works, also electric lights, two grist-mills and two gins. Other posto:ffices are Coleman, Springvale and: Benevolence. The products of the county are marketed at Cuthbert, Shellman and Coleman. The total receipts and shipments of cotton are 22,000 bales, 't>f which Cuthbert handles from 12,000 to 15,000 bales annually, Shellman about 8,000 and Coleman 2,000. According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Randolph county 18,558 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. Among the industries of Cuthbert there are: the Randolph Cotton Mills, a carriage factory, machine works, ice factory and factories for making _spokes, hoops, vandles, barrels, buckets, brooms and soap. ' In Shellman and neighborhood are three sawmills, and the town has a good retail business. The area of Randolph county is 476 square miles, or 304,640 acres. Population of Randolph county in 1900, 16,847, a gain of 1,580 since 1890; school fund, $12,963.80. . . By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- proved land, 261,253; of wild land, 202; average value per acre of im- proved land, $3.55; of wild land, $0.25; city property, $349,185; shares in bank, $39,500; money, etc., $178,475; merchandise, $94,305; iron works, $1,200; household furniture, $97,165; farm and other ani- male, $170,380; plantation and mechanical tools, $40,090; watches, jew- elry, etc., $6,940; value of all other property, $40,720; real estate, $1,- 277,830; personal estate, $680,405; aggregate value of property, $1,- 958,235. Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 8,777; value, $30,955; city property, $28,810; money, etc., $40; merchandise, $310; household furniture, $42,300; watches, etc., $210; farm and other animals, $16,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,355; value of all other property, $1,045; aggregate property, $95,010. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $61;480 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. . Population of Randolph county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,699; white females, 2,851; total white, 5,550; colored males, 5,458; colored females, 5,839; total colored 11,297. Population of the city of Cuthbert, by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 410; white females, 460; total white, 870; colored males, 811; colored females, 960; total colored, 1,771. Total population of Cuthbert, 2,641. . Domestic animals in Randolph county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 37 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 81 dairy cows, 11.6 ho:rEes, 26 mules, 260 swine, 1 goat. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 809 RICHMOND COUNTY. Richmond County was known in the old colonial days as St. Paul's Parish. The first settlement was at Augusta, which was named by Oglethorpe in honor of one of the royal princesses. It was laid out in 1735 by the trustees of the then infant colony of Georgia, and garrisoned in 1736. Several warehouses were built here for the Indian trade. The Savannah river furnished water trwnsportation, the best known in that day. As steamboats were unknown at that time, long boats propelled by poles made four or five voyages a year to Savannah, from whence their contents were transferred to vessels that carried them to Charleston. In 1777, while the newly proclaimed States were fighting for independence, St. Paul's Parish was made the county of Richmond, being so called in honor of the Duke of Richmond, wbo in Parliament and on all occasions championed the cause of American independence. In 1790 a part of Richmond county was set off to Columbia. Richmond county i'S bounded on the northeast and east by the State of South Carolina, on the south by Burke and Jefferson counties, on the western side along a straight line running from northeast to southwest by Columbia and McDuffie counties. The Savannah river separates it from the State of South Carolina. Brier creek runs across the southwestern part of the county, and after :flowing through Burke and Screven empties into the Savannah. Butler's creek, about seven miles below Augusta, empties into the Savannah river. Other streams tributary to the Savannah are: McBean's, Spirit and Rae's creeks. The soil over three-fourths of the county belongs to the tertiary formation, and is of a light sandy loam, easily worked and well adapted to truck farming. Along the streams the soil consists of alluvial and hummock land. In the western part of the county it is dry and sandy, unproductive and covered with a growth of "black jack," oak and yellow pine. The northern part of the county is high and rolling, with red clay and gravelly soil, covered with hardwood growth and shortrleaf and yellow pine. The alluvial lands of the Savannah river are of unsurpassed fertility, and are especially adapted to corn, hay and: the small grains. The average production to the acre of the lands in this county is: corn, 11 bushels; oats, 17 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-pe,as, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 576 pounds to the acre; hay, made from Bermuda, crab and Guinea grasses, peavines and vetch, 2,800 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 70 gallons; Irish potatoes, 180 bushels; sweet potatoes, 300 bushels. On some of the lands there are yields far ahead of these averages. There have been produced as high as 800 bushels of sweet potatoes to the acre by some of the truck farmers. There can be grown 60 bushels of corn and 8,000 pounds of hay to the acre on the alluvial lands. The truck sold in the county amounts to $85,000. The melons are celebrated for their size and quality. Augusta is one of the most noted melon markets in the United States. -810 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. This county has 38,607 peach-trees, 8,617 apple~trees, 5,032 plumtrees, 2,622 pear-trees and 1,343 cherry-trees. PecanS! of superior quality grow in Richmond county. The timber products are light. Perhaps the annual output amounts to -$8,000. The 388 manufactories of this county have an output worth $10,069,'150. The total maximum available horse-power of the Savannah river and the Augusta canal is 34,090; the total developed is 14,000, and that in actual use is 11,000. On the tributaries of the Savannah river 504 horsepowers are utilized by 21 mills. The mineral products are sandstone and some kaolin, brick and pottery clay, all of excellent quality. Richmond county had on farms in 1890: 277 sheep, with a wool-clip of 278 pounds; 1,806 cattle, of which 93 wore working oxen and 912 milch-cows; 625 horses, 678 mules, 4 donkeys, 27,227 of all kinds of domestic fowls and 5,094 swine. Among farm products were 165,992 gallons of milk, 18,923 pounds of butter, 25 pounds of cheese, 47,746 dozens of eggs and 7,930 pounds of honey. These statistics do not include live stock in Augusta and other towns. Augusta, the county site, is located on the Savannah riverr at the head of steamboat navigation. By the census of 1900 the population of the city was 39,441, an increase of 6,141 over that of 1890. If we add to this the population of the immediate suburbs, we have overr 45,000 people. Augusta is the third city in size in Georgia, and ranks first in the south in the manufacture of textile goods. Appropriately has it been called the "Lowell of the South" and "Fall River of the South." The great water power canal, nine miles long and 150 feet wide, owned by the city, develops 14,000 horse-powers, of which 11,000 are now in use. Thi;; immense power is available 12 months of the year and rents for only $5.50 a horse-power per annum. The water of the canal is taken from the Savannah river at a point seven miles above the city, where a lock and dam of solid masonry are constructed. There are mills belonging to nine different companies, having 6,188 looms and 220,166 spindles, which consume over 70,000 bales of cotton annually. Several large cotton-mills located across the river in South Carolina, though really a part of the city's industries and operated by its capital, are not here included. If they were, as has been dbne by perrsons estimating the factories of Augusta, the aggregate of mills, spindles, looms and capital would be greatly increased. But we must confine our estimate to mills situated in Richmond county. Two :ard Telfair and a military escort. He was entertained at Meadow Garden by Chief Justice George Walton. The first bridge across the Savannah at Augusta was built by Wade Hampton, father of General \Vade Hampton, the gallant Confederate. Being washed away by the Yazoo freshet of 1796, another was commenced in 1812, and completed in 1815, on the day when the news reached Augusta of the victory of General Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, in honor of which event the new bridge was decorated and at night brilliantly illuminated. The first steamboat on the Savannah river, called the Enterprise, appeared at Augusta in 1817, on which occasion the stores were closed and hundreds from the city and surrounding country flocked to see it. It is said that many paid a dollar for the privilege of inspecting its works. In 1825 Augusta was honored by a visit from the Marquis de La. Fayette. It is claimed that Eli Whitney perfected his cotton gin on the plantation of the widow of General Nathaniel Greene, in Richmond county,, subsequently owned by Mr. John Phinizy. Whitney received his patent from the State of Georgia in 1793. The first gin practically operate& was owned by Patrick Moore, and was located on the west side of Washington street, between Greene and Telfair streets. By a strange coincidence, Mr. Joseph Eve, father of the celebrated physician of that name, and grandfather of Judge W. F. Eve, of Richmond county, wrote a letter from Nassau, dated November 24th, 1794, in which he stated that he had invented a machine for separating the seed from the cotton which had been for several years used in the Bahama Islands, and for which he requested a patent. It is not known what principle was involved in his device. As early as 1834 the Richmond Factory was built. on Spirit creek. During the four years of the civil war thirty companies were raised in Augusta and Richmond county, and not less than 2,000 men out of a total white population of about 10,000 people enlisted in the Confederate army. Of these 292 were killed or died in service. The following general officers of the Confederate army lived in Augusta, or vicinity in Richmond county, at one time or another: Lieutenant-Generals James A. Longstreet and Joseph Wheeler; Major-Generals W. H. T. Walker, A. R. Wright and I~aFayette McLaws; Brigadier-Generals Montgomery Gardner, M. A. Stovall, John K. Jackson, Goode Bryan and Alfred Cumming. When Sherman was marching through Georgia in December, 1864, and again when in the spring of 1865 he was making his advance through South Carolina, General Joseph Wheeler, by the defeat of the Federal cavalry under Kilpatrick, saved Augusta from the fate which befell Atlanta and Columbia.. 39 ga 816 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. R00h.1JA.LE COUNTY. Rockdale County received its name on account of the immense ledge- of rock running through it. The following counties bound it: Walton on the northeast, Newton on the southeast, Henry on the southwest, De- Kalb and Gwinnett on the northwest. DeKalb also lies north of a nar- row projection of Rockdale county in the southwest. This county is nearly rectangular in shape, the general direction of its two longest sides being from northeast to southwest. It is watered by Yellow and South rivers, both tributaries of the Oc- mulgee. There are also several smaller streams in the county. There are natural falls sufficient f<;>r operating mills or factories, some of them possessing 100 horse-powers. The aggregate water-power of the county is about 1,000 horse-powers. The lands on the ridges are gray; on the rivers and creeks, dark and very productive. Under ordinary cultivation the average production ro the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 60 bushels; field peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas, 10 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab- grass hay, 11000 pounds; corn fodder hay, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-ca:ne syrup, 75 gallons. Under improved methods, much better results are recorded, as for instance: corn and oats, 20 bushels each; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 20 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass and Bermuda grass hay, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. Mr. W. L. Peek made 600 gallons of syrup from one acre of sugar-cane. Bermuda grass is extensively cultivated and is becoming quite popular. All kinds of forage, such a:s sorghum, peavine and the different species of millet, do well and are being cultivated more and more. Much more attention is being paid than ever before to the improve- ment of the breeds of milch-cows and beef cattle. There is one dairy farm, but all farmers keep cows and have milk and butter for home use, and many of them have a surplus for sale. In 1890 there were 2,141 cattle, of which there were 72 working oxen and 973 milch-cows. The production of milk amounted to 315,791 gallons, and of butter to 119,- 437 pounds. The poultry amounted to 45,417 of all kinds and their eggs numbered 65,402 dozens. There were also gathered 7,337 pounds of honey. Rockdale county had 353 horses, 691 mules and 2,727 swine; also 78 sheep, yielding 15 pounds o wool. There is abundance of game in the county, but fish are scarce. Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised for home consump- tion. About 1,500 acres are devoted to peaches, 100 each to cherri~s and apples. There are still about 10,000 acres of forest timber. Most of the large trees have been cut off. A few steam sawmills are in operation. Gb'U JWJA: JJUi'i'Ul(J()dL .iND lNDWiTJUA.L. 817 Grttnite is fouud in tl1is county in great quantities. There are four quarries kept busy in prcpnring tbc granite for paving and building ma- .tcri~ l. The manufactorieg of the county are: one paper mill, one cotton seed oil-m ill, one fertilizer manufactory, one roller flour-mill, one furniture factory and five flour and grist-mills. The paper mill and four of the fl our aud grist-mills arc opcrutcd by water, the rest by steam. There nro 10 cotton gins in the county. Conyers, the county site, with a population of 1,605 people, is located in the center of the conn ty, on the Ocorgia Railroad. ln the district in whid1 it is situ ated there are 3,880 people. The court-house cost abou t $5,000 and the jail about $3,000. It contoins most of the manufacturing establ ishments mentionf'.d above, a bank with a capital of $100,000, several fine mercantile estaUlishments, good schools, and churches of the :Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Bible Christian denominations. The pn blic flchools of the whole county number 34, and churches are convcm ient to every neighborhood. Th e anmull shipmentt~ of cotton, mostly from Conyers, amount to about 10,000 bales. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 7,368 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-HIOO. T he prox imity of this county to tho great city of Atlanta adds to ita ndvm1t11ges. It has for a market not only its home town, Conyers, but in At lanta there will always Le a ready sale for all the products that it cnn rnisc above homo consumption. 'fhe area of R.ockdale connty is 121 square miles, or 77,440 acres. Popnlation in HJOO, 7,515, a gain of 702 since 1800; school fund, '$2,9:.33.RO; flchool fund of Conyers, $982.10. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1000 there are: acres of im- proved land, 83,696; avernge valu e per acre, $6.44-; city property, $231,12!1 ; money, c lc., $l flfJ,521; merchand ise, $42,4G9; cottan ma-nufnr. trwiC's, $50; household furn iture, $70,454; farm and other nn i mfll~~ lf\Rf,,236 ; p lantntion And m<>ch:mical tools, $28,246; watches, j ewC' lr.r, C'te., $4-,862; vnluc of all other property, $Hl,240; real c~ Mill. There are good churches and schools in every part of the co-unty. There are 20 public schools, half for white and hal for colored. The attendance is 201 white and 357 colored. The area of Schley county is 188 square miles, or 120,320 acres. Population in 1900, 5,499, a gain of 5G since 1800; school fund, $3,551.18. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there arc: acres of improved land, 83,69G; average value per acre, $6.94; city property, $58,370; money, $51,838; merchandise, $33,659; household furniture , $42,4!:iG; farm and other animals, $7U,55G; plantation and mechanical tools, $16,330; watchCB, jewelry, etc., $2,662; value of all other property, $10,~J:12; real estate, $479,218; personal estate, $241,834; aggregate value of property, $721,052. Property returned hy colored taxrayers: Number of aereg, 3_,037; value, $8,740; city property, $2,430; money, etc., $62!); household furnitme, $9,404; watches, etc., $01 ; fann and other animals, $!J,\J20; plantation and mechanical tool~, $1,977; value of all other property, $434; aggregate value of property, $34,717. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $62,681 in the value of an property since the returns of 1900. Population of Schley county by sex and color, nccordi'Tlg to the census of HlOO: white males, 9G2; white femaleE!, 964; total \vhite, 1,916; colored males, 1,71G; colored females, 1,807; total colored 3,583, Domestic animals in Schley county in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 4 calves, 1 steer, 1 bull, 16 dairy cows, 19 horses, 3 mules, 32 swine. SCREVEN COUNTY. ScreL'en C()unty was formed from Burke and Effingham in 1703, and n purt. was set off to Bulloch in 1'716. It was named for General Ja.m88 Screven. The boundaries are as follows: Burke county on the northwest, the State of South Carolina on the northeast and east, Effingham county on the southeast and Bulloch and Emanuel counties on the southwest. The Savannah river separates it from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee rivrr from Bulloch and Emanuel counties. Brier and Beaverdam crooks enter the county from the northwest and uniting a little above the ccntPr, flow eastward 1mder the name of the fonner and empty into the Savannah river. Horse creek and Little Ogeeehee river empty into the Ogeechee on the southwest. The soil is siliceous. The uplands are gray and sandy, with hummock land along the streams. In plnces there are outcrops of red elny and marl 820 GEORGIA.: BJSTORI CA. L A.ND JND U81'RI AL. beds. The average y ield to the acre of the various crops variel in different sections, but taking the average of four different repom we have: coro, 12i bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15i bushels; rye, 11 bushels; rice, 27-2- bushels; field-peas, 8 bushels; ground-peas; ~5 bushels; chufas, 50 bullhels; Irish potatoes, 65 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; seed cotton, 676 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 240 gallons. No report of average yield of hay, but sorghum forage is highly esteemed f or stock. Field-peas are sowed after oats, and being cutwith the crab-grasa make fine hay. One report gives the amount of hay f or the coun ty as 262 tons, or 524,000 pounds. 'fhe introduction of better cattle has greatly increased during the last ten years, but very liUIG attentiO'Il has been paid to the rearing of beef cattle. All the farmers keep cows, but there is only one dairy farm and this has a capacity of 25 pounds of butter a day. lu 181)0 the.re were 12,091 cattle in the county, 228 of these being working oxen. The mi lchcows, which numbered 8,G57, produced 326,779 gallons of milk. The butter made on farms was 24,97 9 pounds. F rom the hives W<'re gathered 12,936 pounds o honey. The poultry numbered 70,122. The production of eggs amounted to 113,382 dozens. There were 5,970 sheep, y ielding 11,773 pounds of wool. There were 978 horses, 1,431 mules, 5 donkeys, 22, 193 swine and {by a more recent estimate) 500 goats. T he best yield reported f or seed cotton is 800 pounds to the acre; for oats, 25 bushels; for sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; for lri~h potatoe11, 100 busels; for rice, 40 bushels. The rivers and creeks are very well stocked with fish, but game is rather scarce. V egetables, berriee and fn1its are raised, mostly for home consumption. A great many melons are raised, and the profits on them vary from $5 to $15 an acre, acoording to size, quali ty and difficulty of trnn.,;.. poration. The oount.y has 29,495 peach and 11 ,867 applc~trces. The truck sold is worth about $8,500. A very large per cent. of origin al forest is still etanding, consisting of long leaf pine tmd cypresR, and along the streams white oak, ash, maple and poplar. The annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet at from $6 to $10 a thousand feet. The total output of all timber producta is about $50,000. There is considerable clay in the county useful !or manufactming purposes. Buhrstone of splendid quality is f ound. On the Ogccchce river two small mills me about 20 horse-pow<>rs. There are in the county 1 flour-m ill , 20 or more small grist-mi11s. nnd a dozen sawmills. A new cottoo factory at Millen, having 5,000 spindl es and a capital of $80,000, is rapidly approaching completion. There are also 12 turpentine distill eries. Methodist.B, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians nnd Lutherans con. stitute the religions denomination'!. Churches are conveniently located f or the people. The public schools are 86 in all. The average attendance is 1,063 in the 48 white schools and 1,2V4 in th e 38 colored schools. GEORGIA: B/8TORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 821 The facilities for travel and transportation are tbe Central of Georgia and a branch road running from Roekyford on the Central to Sylvania. There is n.leo the Savannah river, on whieh there are lines of ~teamboat8 plying between Augwsta and Savannah, and touching at landings in the county. Sylvania, the county site, is conveniently located, and has a courthouse and jail worth $20,000. The Sylvania district has a population of 3,135, of whom 545 live in tho town. Millen, on the Central of Georgia Railroad, is a growing town with several succesaful mercantile establishment!~, and baa a bank with a capital of $100,000. The Millen district has 2,49 1 people, of whom 411 live in the town. The merchants of this town handle about 10,000 of the 40,000 bales of cotton shipped from this county. The producta of this county are marketed in Savannah and Augusta. According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 17,666 bales of upland and 297 of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900. Millen has a cotton and yarn mill with 5,000 spindles. The area of Screven county is 734 square miles, or 467,760 acres. Population of Screven county in 1900, 19,252, a gain of 4,828 since 1890; school fund, $18,051.86. By the Comptro11er-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 404,080; of wild land, 19,145; average value per acre of improved land, $1.29; of wild land, $0.37; city property, $108,357; money, etc., $168,636 ; merchandise, $112,242; stocks and bond.s, $33,826; cotton manufactories, $1,000; household furniture, $80,989; iron works, $3,430; farm and other animals, $221 ,680; plantation and me- chanical tools, $47,379 ; watches:, jewelry, etc., $6,613; value of all other property, $79,758; real estate, $639,295; personal estate, $784,157; Aggregate value of property, $1,423,452. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 14,552; value, $18,763; city property, $2,360; money, etc., $1,028; merchandise, $550; household furniture, *11,453; watches, etc., $527; farm and other animals, $34,221; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,685; value of all ot.her property, $2,004. Aggregate value of property, $78,645. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $166,186 in the value of aU property since the returns of 1900. Population of Screven county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white malea, 4,269; white females, 4,037; total white, 8,306; colored males, 15,582; colored females, 5,364; total colored, 10,946. Domestie animals in bllrns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 150 calves, 89 steers, 4 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 69 horses, 38 mules, 328 swine, 47 goats. 822 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. SPALDING COUNTY. Spalding County was formed in 1851 from the counties of Pike and Henry. It was named for Ron. Thomas Spalding, of St. Simon's Island, ~ly~n county, a member of the Georgia Legislature and a representative m Congress. The following counties bound it: Clayton and Henry o~ the north, Henry on the northeast, Butts and Monroe on the east, P1ke on the south, Fayette on the northwest, Fayette, Coweta and Meriwether on the west. The Flint river flows along its northwestern border and then through the western section of the county. Line creek runs along part of its western boundary and empties into the Flint river at its southwestern point. Towaliga creek (or river, as it is sometimes called), after dividing part of the northeastern section of Spalding from Henry county, runs through Butts and Monroe counties and empties into the Ocmulgee river. Big Potato creek, rising near the center of the county, flows southward through Pike and Upson counties and empties into the Flint river. Other streams are Cabin, Grape and Head's creeks. The lands on and adjoining all these streams are generally rich. The character of the soil is metamorphic; red clay or mulatto lands in the eastern part; gray, gravelly lands in 1\e western. The average yield of the various crops varies of course according to location and favorableness of season. Two reports made in different years show averages to the acre as follows: corn, from 10 to 14 bushels; oats, from 10"~ to 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 300 bushels each; sugarcane syrup, 169 to 300 gallons; seed cotton, 428 to 714 pounds; hay, 2,816 to 4,000 pounds. The best farmers in the county have proved that with proper cultivation the lands can be made to produce from 30 to 60 bushels of wheat to the acre. In 1900 Mr. W. J. Bridges, on four acres of ground, raised 65 bushels of wheat to the acre, and on the same number of acres Mr. W. D. Walker raised 59-! bushels to the acre. Each of these gentlemen received a prize at the convention of the Wheat Grower's Association of Georgia, held in Macon, July 11, 1900. Some years ago Mr. Solomon W. Bloodworth gathered 137 bushels of corn from one acre near Griffin, and received the first premium at the State Agricultural Fair. Another well-authenticated yield is 10,720 pounds of pea-vine hay to the acre. These things show what can be done by scientific culture in Spalding county. Bermuda is considered the best pasture for cattle, since it comes in early in the spring and lasts until late in the fall. Clover and vetches, pea-vine hay, sorghum and millet are cultivated for forage crops. The cane bottoms afford good winter pasturage. The breeds of dairy cattle have been much improved, the Jersey being the favorite. All the farmers have milk and butter. There are 10 dairy farms with from 10 to 60 cows each, which make good profits on the investment. More interest is being taken in beef cattle and better breeds are being brought in. In 1890 there were in Spalding county 2,711 cattle, of which 1,190 were milch-cows producing 425,370 gallons of milk, from which 124,721 pouru:ls of butter were made. One thousand and two hundred THE CHOICE NEW EARLY WHITE GRAPE '' moort's Diamond.'' From seed of Conco rd, fertilized w ith ) Iona, by jACOB MooRE, Esq. , of Brighton . N . Y .. (the well-known originator of the (1 Brighton'' Grape and other new fruits) , who considers this the most valuable variety he has ever produced . In vigor of growth, color and texture, foliage and hardiness of vine, it partakes of the nature of its parent, Concord; \vh ile in quality the fruit is equal to many ot the best tender sorts, ar.d ripens from two to four weeks earlier 1han Concord. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIJ..L. 823 pounds of cheese were made in 1900. The working oxen of the county numbered 97. They are being rapidly supplanted by horses and mules. The creamery at Griffin has a capacity of 10,000 pounds of milk a day. The present output of the creamery (1900) is 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of milk, and 50 pounds of butter a day. More milk is needed to work the creamery to its full capacity. The domestic fowls (poultry) of all kinds in the county in 1890, numbered 20,475, and produced 69,939 dozens of eggs. The production of honey was 8,906 pounds. This county had 514 honses, 1,288 mules, 1 donkey and 3,924 swine. In 1890 the sheep numbered 287 and yielded 723 pounds of wool. The supply of fish from the streams is not so abundant as formerly. The principal game birds are quail and doves. There are 12 market gardens raising all varieties of vegetables. Berries and plums are also extensively raised. Melons of the best quality are raised. The value of truck sold is about $16,000 annually, most of it for home consumption. Of the acreage given to fruits, far the greater portion is devoted to peaches. There are in the county 134,924 peach, 19,390 pear and 3,152 plum-trees. The vineyards of the county are not as numerous as formerly, bt:r cause attention has been directed to other products. The timber products are small: short-leaf pine and hardwoods ; some ash, maple and poplar. The output is about $8,000 worth. There are four sawmills. There is one flour and grist-mill in the limits of Griffin, and one in the Mount Zion district. The mills are operated by water-power. Griffin, the county site, is situated near the center of Spalding county at the junction of two branches of the Central of Georgia Railroad, and that branch of the Southern Railway connecting Columbus with McDonoogh. Its population by the census of 1900 is 6,857. That its location is one of the best agricultural and horticultural sections of Georgia is evidenced by the fact that the State of Georgia and the United States government unanimously selected the vicinity of Griffin as the site for the Experiment Station. Within the last decade Griffin has become a factory center, having built four cotton-mills, representing almost entirely a home capital of $1,000,000. We give a list of these mills and the class of goods manufactured by them. The Griffin Manufacturing Company has ii capital of $350,000, and contains 15,000 spindles and 593 looms. It manufactures cottonades, ticking, duck, cheviots, skirts, hickory shirting, domestic shirting. It spins 450 bales of cotton a month, employs 550 hands, has a pay-roll of $8,500 a month a.nd an annual output of $600,000. The Kincaid Manufacturing Company has a capital of $250,000, and contains 12,500 spindles and 430 looms. It manufactures Turkish towels, table damask, a fine grade of ginghams, ticking and 824 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. crashes. It spins 350 bales of cotton a month, employing 425 hands, has a pay-roll of $7,000 a month and an annual output o.f $500,000. The Spalding Cotton Mills have a capital of $200,000, and contain 9,000 spindles and 236 looms. They spin 208 bales of cotton a month and manufacture sheeting and cotton diaper. The hands employed number 175, the pay-roll is $2,000 a month and the value of the annual output is $300,000. The Rushton Mills have a capital of $100,000 and contain 5,000 spindles and 150 looms. They spin 125 bales of 'cotton a month and manufacture sheeting. The hands employed number 136, the pay-roll is $2,000 a month, and the value of the annual output is $150,000. The Griffin Knitting Mill has a capital of $20,000; manufactures men's ribbed underwear, employs 40 hands, and has an annual output of $50,000. The Griffin Creamery has been already described. There is also a cotton seed oil-mill, with an output of 160,000 gallons of oil and 1,450 tons of cotton seed-oil meal. There are also an ice factory, a pants factory, a sash, blind and chair facoory, a small foundry, and various smaller enterprises. There is one establishment which cultivates flowers and flowering plants for sale. Griffin has :four banks with a combined capital of $500,000. It has a system of graded schools and some of the finest public buildings of the State. The value of the court-house is $35,000. Its extensive system of water-worb gives complete protCtion against fire and furnishes water everywhere. By its electric plant the streets are brilliantly lighted. The water-works and electric plant are owned by the city. Griffin has good church buildings of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Bible Christians. The union depot of Griffin is the highest point between Macon and Atlanta. The public roads of Spalding county are worked by convict labor, and the 600 miles of roadway are kept in first-class condition. In addition to the three railroads mentioned as crossing each other at Griffin, there is another branch of the Southern Railway from Atlanta to Fort Valley, running through the western section of the county. Griffin is the shipping point and market for the county. The number of cotton bales received is 18,500, of which 5,000 bales are exported and 13,500 are used by the cotton-mills of the county. By the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 11,390 bales (upland) of the cotton crop of 1899-1900. The public schools of the county are 22 for the whites and 20 for the colored with an average attendance of 723 white pupils and 529 colored. In the Griffin white schools are 542 pupils and in the colored schools 119. With unsurpassed advantages of climate, soil and various enterprises Spalding county and the city of Griffin offer great inducements and a hearty welcome to new citizens. Other postoffices are Sunnyside, Pomona, Vineyard, Orchard Hill, Experiment, Drewryville, Rover, Zetella and Strickland. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 825 Sunnyside was for years the home of Colonel John :Mcintosh Kell, once first officer of the Confederate cruiser Alabama. The area of Spalding county is 203 square miles, or 129,420 acres. Population in 1900, 17,619, an increase of 4,502 since 1890; school :fund, $6,519.17; school :fund o:f Griffin, $3,065.55. By the Comptrolle~-General's report :for 1900, there are: acres of improved land, 116,287; average value per acre, $7.97; city property, $879,347; shares in bank, $250,500; money, etc., $160,395; value of merchandise, $124,360; stocks and bonds, $7,300; cotton manufactories, $718,150; invested in iron works, $9,000; household furniture, $150,938; farm and other animals, $121,301; plantation and mechanical tools, $41,460; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,467; value of all other property, $58,569; real estate, $1,806,409; personal estate, $1,695,407. Aggregate value of property, $3,501,816. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,891; value, $40,251; city property, $75,705; money, etc., $100; merchandise, $1,245; household furniture, $16,675; watches, etc., $104; farm and other animals, $18,325; plantatiO'll and mechanical tools, $5,348; value of all other property, .$425.00. Agg'regate value of whole property, $159,310. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $233,957 in the value of all property since the returns of 1900. Population of Spalding county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 4,152; white females, 4,313; total white, 8,465; colored males, 3,396; colored females, 4,758; total colored, 9,154. Popula1tion of the city banks with a combined capital and surplus of $300,000. There are three cotton-mills owned and operated by home people, with an aggregate of 454 looms, 31,600 spindles and a combined capital of $!532,400. They manufacture shee,ting, shirting, drills, osnaburgs, duck, run;d a variety of white cotton goods. These facto:rti.es are the La- Grange Mills, the Dixie Mill and the' Troup Factory. Other manufaetories are: a cotton oil-mill, of large capacity, a gin- naenrdy~aarigeutyanwoofrakcsthoorpys,, a foundry a:nd two buggy and machine shop, two wagon factories, a planing-mills grist-mill and a successful cre3.mery and cheese factory. Through the work of the 0reamery there are now (1901) more than 300 Jersey cows in the vicinity of LaGrange. More than fifty farmers furnish milk to this cre,amery and some of them make as much as $165.00 a month. The butter from this creamery took the World's Fair prize at the Paris expos-ition of HiOO, and won the Biltmore prize at the dairy exposition held the same year irr Atlanta. Surrounding LaGrange are many elegant suburban homes, stock 852 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIA.L. farms, dairy farms, orchards and vineyards. The farms are well supplied with wood and water. Bermuda grass furnishes pasturage for nine months of the year, andi on some of the farms yields from three to six tons to the acre. Well located farm lands can be purchased at from $10 to $20 per acre. Good manufacturing sites are abundant. The second largest place in Troup County i:s the thriving city of \Xfest Point, 87 miles from Atlanta, with a population of 1,797 in its co1vetry fine trees are at Waycross. The nuts are mostly of the paper shell 'Variety. Many of them have beoo shipped to Jacksonville, Florida, where there is a good demand for them. The land area of Ware county is 676 square miles, or 432,640 acres. Population in 1900, 13,761, a gain of 4,950 since 1890; school fund, $5,008.08; s0hool fwn:d for Waycross, $2,668.80. According to the Comptrollel"-Genetral's report for 1900 there are: acres of improved lands, 182,937; wild lands, 588,966; average value of improved lands per acre, $1.86; of wild lands, $0.18; city properly, $942,494; shares in bank, $89,000; gas and electric light companies, $3,000; money, etc., $36,131; merchandise, $244,813; cotton manufactr ories, $2,720; iron works, $400; household furniture, $180,108; farm and other animals, $190,211; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,898; watches, jewelry, etc., $13,880; value of all other pi"operty, $113,448; real estate, $1,379,332; personal estate, $1,625,996. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,605,328. Property returned by colored ta:xpayerrs: numlberr of acres of land, 5,802; value of same, $14,110; city propell"ty, $53,269; money, etc., $90; household furniture, $13,036; watches, $635; farm md other ani- mals, $8,510; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,805; value of all othru; property, $767.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $98,222. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $278,841 in the value of all proparty over the returns of 1900. Population of Ware oounty by sex and color, accorrding to the oonsus <>f 1900: white males, 4,485; white females, 4,167; total white, 8,652; -colored males, 2,715; colored females, 2,394; total colored, 5,109. Population of Waycross by seoc and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 1,539; white females, 1,481; totlal white, 3,020; colored males, 1,448; colored females, 1,451; total colored, 2,899. Total population of Waycross, 5,919. . Domestic animals in Ware county in hams and inclosrures, not on farms or ranges, J11ll1e 1,1900: 214 calves, 12~steers, 18 bulls, 344 dairy cows, 190 horses, 167 mules, 12 sheep, 752 swine, 86 goats. WARREN COUNTY. Warren County was laid out in 1793 and named in honor of Major General Joseph Warren of Massachusetts, who fell at the battle of Bunkerr or Breed's Hill, near Boston, on the 17th of June, 1775. Portions of this county were set off to Jefferson in 1796, and to Taliaferro in 1825. It has the following counties on its borde:rs: Wilkes and Taliaferro on the north, McDuffie on the east (or slightly northeast), Glas- GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 867 cock and Jefferson on the south, Hancock and Taliaie:rTo on the west, and Taliaferro on the northwest. The North Fork o the Ogeechee is on the western boundary. Brier creek rises OnJ the southeastern border, runs southeast :for 100 miles through other counties, and empties into the Savannah river. Long and Rocky creeks flow :from the center o the county southward into the Ogeechee river, which abounds in fish.- The best lands o the county are those where oak and hicko1ry are the prevailing growth. These are well adapted to corn and cott<>n. Other lands containing some oak and hickory, but with pine predominating, are suited to the small grains, vegetables, potatoes, melons and :fruits. Some hay is made :from crab and bermuda grasses, which also .give good pasturage :for stock. The average production o all the lands to the acre is: Corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12; wheat, 9 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 8; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds; corn :fodder, 200 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons. Some o the best lands make 20 bushels o corn and oats to the acre, wheat, 12 bushels, and 10 to 12 bushels o }leas. Peavines are used extensively :for hay. In 1890 Warren county had 770 sheep, with a wocl-clip o 1,562 pounds; 4,022 cattle, 333 being working oxen; and 1,425 milch-cows; '975 horses, 1,041 mules, 5 donkeys, 51,486 domestic :fowls, and 9,615_ hogs. In 1890 there were 101 dairy cows kept in barns or inclosures. Among the :farm products, according to the census o 1890, were 333,315 gallons o milk, 98, 786 pounds o butter, 9,589 pounds o honey, and 55,909 dozens o eggs. Vegetables, fmits and melons are raised OIJl :farms and in gardens in Lbe towns and villages. The product8 of the county are marketed at Varrenton, Oamack and Barnett. The Georgia railroad :from Augusta to Atlanta, entering the county n the easil, crosses it, turning a little to the northwest. Another uranch o this road turns off at Camak, and going through W arrenrt;on, turning to the southwest, traverses the central section on its course to Macon. Another road runs :from Barnett to Washington, in Wilkes county. Thus Warren county enjoys excellent railroad :facilities. Every section o the county has good educational and :religious advantages. The prevailing soots are Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. Warrenton, the county site, is a pretty town, with a cultured and moral population o 1,115 inhabitants, while the district in which it is included, has a population o 2,842. A company has been organized to build a cotton :factory at Warrenton. Other towns are Camak, Ba:rnett, Norwood and Mesena. Warren county is credited by the United States census of 1900 as having ginned 9,659 bales of upland cotton in the season o 1899-1900. Gold has been 'found 5.n the upper part o the county. There are in the county 27 schools for whit;e and 24 :for colored pupils, with an avetrage atterndance of 632 white pupils and 815 868 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. colored. The area of vVarren county is 298 square miles, Yhitc, 3,842; colored males, 3,6:16; colored fcnu:les, 4,008; total colored, 7,621. Domestic animals in barns and inelo;:un:s, not on farms or r<-:11gcs, June 1, 1900, 70 calves, 100 steers, 2 bulls, !)2 dairy cows, 10".1: hor~e,, 2 mules, 308 swine, 3 goats. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Washington County was eetablishcd in 1784, and named in hono: of George \Vashington. It at that time included all the tenitory ..from tile Cherokee corner north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee south to Liberty county." In 1786 a portion of it was added to Greene county; in 1793, a part to Hancock; in 1807, a part to Baldwin; an\l in 1826 another part to Baldwin. It is bounded by the following counties: Glascock and Jefferson on the northeast, J effer3on on the ea'lt, J olmson on the South, wilkinson on the southwCtSt, Wilkinson and Bald>Yi:'i on the west, and Hancock on the northwest. The Ogeechee river is on its northeastern boundary, the Oconee on it.s westem and southwestern border, the Ohoopee river and its tributary, Dyer creek in the south central portion. Swamp creek, rising in the north, :flows in a southeasterly direction, finally emptying into the Ogeechee river at the southeasi:em edge of Jefferson county. Buffalo and Keg creeks, entering the county on the no;-thwest, unite their waters near the west-cerntral section and turning southwest, enter the Oconee on the southwoot border. Town creek forms part of the western boundary between vVashington and Baidwin counties. This is, therefore, a wellwate:Td county. The >vater is mainly freestone. The face of the county is for the most part level, but in some pJace:s GREENVILLE. The berry is of large size, good quality, very productive ; season, medium to late; color very fine ; plants vigorous and free from Tust. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 869 gently rolling. The soil is of the tertiary tformation, having gray, sandy lands with red outcroppings in places. It is also mixed with lime in some parts of the county. The productions are the same as in most of the counties of the mid- dle Georgia belt. The native grasses furnish excellent grazing. Crabgrass, sorghum and p~avines constitute the principal hay crop. Taking all the lands of the county together, the average production to the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potrutoes, 120 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground- peas, 15 bushels; seed--cottoo, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. But the better class of lands, with skillful cultivation, will produce to the acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 35; rye, 10; wheat 12; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 25 to 30 bushels; seed-cotton, 800 pounds, and with inten- sive farming on the best lands, 3,000 pounds; cnab-grass hay, 4,000 polillds; sugar--cane syrup, 350 gallons. By the census of 1890 Washington county had 2,920 sheep, with a wool-clip of 6,603 pounds; 8,531 cattle, 571 being working oxen, and 2,892 milch-Cows, 1,527 horses, 2,418 mules, 1 donkey, 26,563 hogs, and 117,307 domestic fowls. There are 188 dairy cows kept in barns or inclosures. Among the farm products are 502,920 gallons of milk, 101,092 pounds of but.ter, 50 pounds of cheese, 28,645 pounds of honey, and 172,583 dozens of eggs. \Vrushington exports about 800 head of cattle annually. The timber products are valued at about $18,000 annually, and are obtained from the yellow pine and hard-woods, the latter including white oak and other swamp timber on streams. On the tributaries of the Ogeechee river ab~ut 33 hol"Se-powers are utilized, and 58 horse-poweo:s on the tributaries of the Oconee. The value of truck sold in the county amounts to $12,000 annually. The output of the manufactories of Washington county is valued a.t $252,969. Potter's clay, sandstone, and buhrstone abound. Opal, horns:tone, jasper, chalcedon~ and agate have been found. N e!llr Sandersville a;re sinks or caves in which are gathered fossil teeth, and a great variety of ribs and shells. Rare mussels are found in the streams. Brick and jug ware are among the clay products. At Sandersville are Lang's machine works, and Jorda!n's flour-mill; at Tennille, a cotton factory with 4,000 spindles and a capital of $60,000, a cotton oil-mill, and Smith's mineral works; at Chalker, Robert's brick works; at Warthen, Warthen's flour-mill; at Thena, Walker's flour-mill. The flour and grist-mills of the county number 10, of which four use water power. There are two banks at Sandersville, and two at Ternnille. At these places are several prosperous mercantile establish- ments, and life and fire insurance agencies. At Tennille there are also a hard-wood faotory, a novelty factory, ma- chine works and an electric light plant. By the census of 1900 the cotton ginned in vVashington county in 1899-1900 was 29,544 bales (upland). 870 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRU.L. Sarndersville, the county site has a court-house valued at $40,000, and a jail worth $20,000. This town is situated on a ridge between: the Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide water. It has a popuration of 2,023, according to the census of 1900, while its whole district contains 3,013 people. It is on a branch of the Southffi"'l railway~ three miles north of Tennille, where the Southern meets the Central of Georgia railway, and which is the terminus of the Wrightsville and Tennille railroad. Tennille, with a population of 1,121, is the second most important town of the county. The whole Tennille district contains 3,195 people. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. There are 47 public schools for white pupils in the coull!ty, and 37 for colored, with an average attendance of 1,576 whites and 1,421 colored. The area of Washington county is 680 square miles, or 435,200 acres. The populatiO'll in 1900 was 28,227, a gain of 2,900 since 1890. The school fund is $18,850.76. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres o1f improved lands, 407,375; of wild lands, 1,450; average value per acre of improved lands, $4.29; city property, $495,362; shares in bank, $20,500; money, etc., $399,324; merchandise, $181,044; stocks and bonds, $27,905; cotton manufactories, $500; mining, $100; iron works, $5,900; household furniture, $178,159; farm and other animals, $295,213; plantation and mechanical tools, $68,513; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,763; value of all other property, $105,962; real estate, $2,241,217; personal estate, $1,370,893; aggregate value of whole property, $3,481,014. Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 10,462; valu~ of same, $42,928; city property, $13,901; moll'ey, etc., $770; me,rcharndis:e, $25; household furniture, $25,565; watches, etc., $455; farm and other animals, $43,686; plantation and mechanical tools, $11,243; value of all other property, $34,624; aggj;."egrute value ~f whole property, $207,899. The tax returns for 1901 show am increase of $125,419 in the value, of all propeu:ty over the returns of 1900. Population of Washington county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, q,485; white females, 5,320; total wh:ite, 10,805; colored males, 8,526; colored females, 8,896; total colored, 17,422. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 82 calves, 38 steers, 2 bulls, 174 dairy cows, 167 horses, 56 mules, 1 donkey, 22 sheep, 548 swine, 9 goats. WAYNE COUNTY~ Wayne County, which was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, was organized in 1805, and named in honor of Major-General Anthony Wayne, one of the most distinguished among the heroes of the American revolutiOIIl. Part was taken from it in 1805 and given to Camden. Pam were added to it from Oamden in 1808 and 1812. A part was added to it from Glynn in 1820, and a part was added t:o Glynn in 1822. GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L aND INDUSTRIAL. 871 Wayne county is bounded on the northeast by TattJmll, Liberty and Mci!lltosh counties; on the east by Glynn county, which is also south of a small portion of it, on the south by Camden, Charlton and Pierce, and on the west by Pierce and Appli!llg. Along the whole northeasterrn border runs the Altamaha river. The Satilla river, after forming part of its western border, turns to the southeast, and passing through the lowell' section o the cou!llty, enters Camden at about the center of the tlouthern boundary. Each of these rivers abounds in fish. The central portions of the cuun!ty are watet"ed by tributaries of the Altamaha and SaUilla, the most important of which is the Finoholloway, or Phennohaloway river (an Indian rrame meaning turkey), which flows northeast- ward iinto the Altamaha. The soil, when fertilized, is productive of sugar-cane, potatoes, rice, corn, a variety of vegetables, nrehns and lO'Ilg--st;ap1e cotton. A great part of the county is wild land, which, being covered with grass, affords a splend!id range for cattle, sheep and hogs. The mild winter saves the expense of housing, and but litt:le outlay is required to carry thron through the cold season. In the spring they are marked and branded, and in the fall are in good cO!lldition for the market, which is in the main a home O'Ile. By the census of 1890 Wayme county had 3,642 sheep, with a woolclip of 8,762 pounds; 10,667 cattle, 396 being working oxen, and 2,794 milch-cows; 690 horses, 104 mules, 1 donkey, 12,858 hogs and 24,102 domestic fowls. Among the frurm products were 108,632 gallons of milk, 36,035 dozens of eggs, 4,754 pounds of honey, and 2,638 pounds of butter. The lamrd, with prope!l" fell'tilization and culture, will produce to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oa.ts, 20 bu:shele; Irish potatoes, 75 ; sweet-pota. toes, 200; field peas, 16; ground-peas, 30; sea-island cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. The county is traversed by the Southern railway, and the Savannah, Florida and Western, of the Plant System. The Florida, Central md Peninsular, of the Seaboard Air Line system, touches a corner of the county on the east. The Altama.ha and Satilla rivm-s also furnish wruter transportation. Jesup, the county site, is a growing town at the poinrt; where: the Plant a,nd Southetrln railway linea cross each other. The timbers are pine and cypress. There is a large trade in rosin, turpentine and lumber. There are many sawmills md turpentine distilleries. On lands that have been clea)r'ed, enterprising men have found profit in raising sugar-cane, vegetables, peaches and grapes. A few years ago Mr. Alexander Hurn, a,n Englishman, came to Georgia, and at Gardi, on the line of the Southern railway, planted a vU.neyard, and also engaged in peach culture with gra:l:lifying results. His vineyatrd is one of the most 311Jtractive sights on the li;ne of the Southern railway in Wayne county. In respon...<>e to a request from Colonel Wade, of the Southern, Mr. 872 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Hum. planted one acre in cassava, and he reports great success. The result of many other recent experiments go to show that this new crop is destined to be a great source of profit to the farmers of Southern Georgia. Wayne county is reported in the United States census of 1900 to have ginned 110 bales of upland cotton and 855 of sea-island cotton in the season of 1899-1900. The Jesup district, including the town, contains 1,713 inhabitants, and in the town proper are 805 people. The area otf Wayne county is 766 square mileiS, or 490,240 acres. The population in 1900 was 9,449, a gain of 1,964 since 1890. We are indebted to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 for the following items: Acres of improved land, 270,147; of wild land, 267,531; average value per acre of improved land, $1.39; of wild lrund, $0.57; city property, $144,593; shares in bank, $5,000; money, etc., $178,633; merchandise, $61,216; cotton manufactories, $20,000; household furniture, $69,068; farm and other aminals, $198,504; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,863; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,239; value of all other property, $64,878; real estate, $675,419; personal estate, $622,733; aggregate value of whole property, $1,298,152. Property returned by colored taxpayers: .A.Cil'es of land, 11,179; value of same, $13,465; city property, $12,320; money, etc., $120; mer0handise, $225; household furniture, $4,501; watches, etc., $241; farm and other ammals, $6,954; plantation and mechanical tools, $820.00; value of all other property, $1,896; aggregate value of whole property, $41,105. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $213,036 .in the value of all property over the returns of 1900. The public school system has 59 schools for white, and 13 for colored, with an average aiJtendrun:ce of 1,258 white pupils, and 318 colored. Population of Wayne county by sex and color, according _to the census of 1900: white males, 3,670; white females, 3,552; total white, 7,222; colored males, 1,176; colored females, 1,051; total colored,. 2,227. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on fmms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 31 steers, 5 bulls,. 65 dairy cows, 26 horses, 14 mules, 240 swli.ne. WEBSTER COUNTY. Webster County was lrui.d out in 1854, and named in honor of Daniel Webster, a :native of New Hampshire, and for many yea~'S a United States Senrutor from Massachusetts. This county is bounded, north by Marion and Chattahoochee, east by Marion and Sumter, south by Terrell and Randolph, and west by Stewart. The principal streams in vVebster county are Kinchiafoonee, Choctaw- ha tWcheebes)t Ta er ncaohuanptyeei)s Ichawaynochaway, traversed bY, two Bear and branches o S f laug the hSteerabcoreaerkds. A.!- .nw: Line system of railways, one of wh~ch passes from east to west through the center, the other paa.~ng from southeast to northwest through the GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 873 southwestern sectio!!l of the county. On the fo:mer of these is Preston, the county site. The surface of the county is generally level, havinga gray, sandy topsoil, with red clay subsoil. Under the ordin!ary methods of cultivrutio!Il: the average yield of the various crops to the acre is: corn, 8 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; oatJs, 14 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas and chufas, 25 bushels, each; crab-grass or crow-foot hay, 3,000 pounds; seed-cotton, 400 pounds. But under improved methods the yields to the acre. are grootly increased in several of these crops, as for instance: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; hay from crow-foot or crab-grass, 6,000 pounds. The sugar-cane syrup averages 200 gallons to the acre. The native grasses :already mentioned are the chief reliance for hay and pasturage. These, with smut and swamp-grass, give good grazing for eight months of the year. For four months, at least, cattle should be caimfully tended and fed on,bran, oottorn.-seed meal and hulls, with a fair mixture of hay. W,hile there are no daliry farms in the county, se.veral Jerseys are found Qn farms. Of pure breeds and those of half grade or higher there 3jt"e about 200. Very little at,tention has so far beelni paid to 'l:lhe improvement 01f beef caittle. In 1890 Webster county had 239 sheep, with a wool-clip of 471 pounds; 2,492 cattle, 143 being workingoxen, and 838 milch-eows; 398 horses, 794 mules, 1 donkey, 7,972 hogs, 28,480 domestic fowls. Some of the farm products wey'e 139,035 gallons of milk, 36,444 pounds of butter, 58,569 dozens of eggs, and 12,879 pounds of honey. Fish are plentiful in the streams. There are also a few private ponds. Vegetables, melons and fruits are produced in sufficient quantities for home coosumption and for sale in the towns of the county. About 300 acres are devoted to peach~t.rees, 150 to apples, 100 each to pears and plums, aind 10 to cherries. About 71 acres are devoted to grapes, of which choice varieties are ralised in l-arge quantities. The forest growth cOilBiists of pine, poplar, as:h, bireh, tupelo, sweet and black gum, hicko;ry, black-jack, red, white and Spanish oaks. The standing timber is worth $7.00 per acre for soft-wood, and $8.00 to $10.00 per acre for hard-wood. The annual output of lumber in supe;rficial feet is 800,000, averaging $7.50 per 1,000 feet at the mill. There are two sawmills operated by steam, worth in the aggregate $3,800. The streams already mentioned afford cO'l.l.Siderable wa.ter-power, some of which is utilized in the runllling of five flour and grist--mills, worth $6,500 in, all. The mine;rtal producis are inconsideTable, CO'Il!Sisting of !iron, clay, limesto!!le, manganese and mioa lin small quantities, none of which is mined or. quarried. The products of the county are marketed at Preston and Weston, the former of which is the county site. The receiptJs and shipments of cotton for the entire connty are 5,260 bales. The cotton ginned for the 874 GEORGI.d.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. season of 1899-1900 is stated by the United States census report for 1900 to be 4,116 bales (uplllill:d). The leading denominations in the county are Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians, the two former being the more numerous. There are in the county 14 schools for whites, and 17 for colored. The average daily attendance of the former is 390; of the latter, 448. The area of Webster couruty is 227 square miles or 145,280 acres. Population in 1900, 6,618, a gain of 923 since 1890; school fund $4,695.88. According to the report of the Comptroller-Genernl for 1900 there are: acres, of improved land, 125,844; value of improved land per acre, about $3.16; city and town property, $19,504; money and solvent debts, $54,552; merchandise, $16,640; stocks and bonds, $1,242; household furniture, $39,075; value of farm and other animals, $85,670; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,328; watches, jewelry, m,c,, $1,772; value of all other p!roperty, $20,578; real estate, $415,250; perrsonal estate, $242,709; aggregate value of whole, $657,959. Property returned by colored taxpayers: 'acres o.f land, 5,048; value of land, $14,068; city or town property, $595; household and kitchen furniture, $8,648; watches, jewelry, etc.,, $130; farm and otther animals, $13,156; plantation and meclranical tools, $2,704; value of all other property, $805.00; aggregate value of whole property $40,116. The tax returns for 1901 show an_increase of $66,478 in the value of all property since 1900. Population of Webster county by sex and coJor, according to census of 1900: white males, 1,244; white females, 1,260; total whlite, 2,504; colored males, 2,086; colored females, 2,028; tota'l colored, 4,114. Domestic animals in l>arns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: no report. WHITE COUNTY. W.hite County was formed from Lumpkin and Habersh'am in 1857,. and was named in honor of Colonel John White, of Chatham county, who, as an officer of the Georgia line distinguished himself during the siege of Sava'Illlah by the Americans and French in October, 1779, by a stratagem, by wlillch with only seven men he captured Captain French and one hundred and eleven British soldiers, and five vessels on the Ogeechee river. He did this by building large fires in the forest around their eamp, thus causing them to suppose that they were, surrounded by a greatly superior foree. White county is bounded by the following counties: Towns on the north, Habersham on the east and southeast, Hall on the south, Lumpkin on the west, and Union: on the northwest. It is watered by the Chattahoochee and Tesentoo rivers, and by Duke's, Smith's, Sautee, Shoal, Blue and Mossy Cll"eeks. The face of the country is gene,11ally hilly and in many places mounltainous. The Blue Ridge mountains traverse the northern section. The most noted peaks are Tray and Yonah. From the summit of the latter Stone Mountain can be distinctly seen witih the nlaked eye. GEORGI.d.: HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRI.A.L. 1 875 T~e landS suitable for cultiva!bion are gelllerally in the valleys. When skillfully cultivated they will yield to the acre: com, 25 busheJs; oats, 20 busheJs; wheat and rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; sweet, or Spanish potatoes, 150; field-peas, 30 bushels; ground-peas, 60 bus:hels; rice, 75 bushels; seed-cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds; bermuda grass and clover hay, each 2,000 pounds; herd's-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. All the above named grasses do well, and so do orciliard-grass, bluegrass and mille1t. The various grasses give an abundance of the best summer pnstu:reage. There is much improvement in all kinds of stock. In 1890 White county had 2,830 sheep, witJh a wool-clip of 5,696 pounds; 3,517 cattle, 594 being working oxen, and 1,151 milch-cows; 465 horses, 460 mules, 7 donkeys, 5,197. hogs, and 47,796 of all kinds of domestic fowls. It is estimated that there are 200 goats in the county. Among the farm products in 1890, were 281,301 gallons of milk, 85,063 pounds of butter, 105 pounds of cheese, 10,329 pounds of honey, aJlld 55,662 dozellls of eggs. In this colillt(Y there are 500 acres devoted to appleiS, 200 to peaches, 100 to pooJ'S, and 40 to plums and cherries. Some fine grapes are raised. About 10 per cent. of these are sold lin the markets and >from 20 per oelllt. wine is made. Many vegetables are raised. In mid-winter there are shipped from this county large white, crisp cabbage he'ads, barrels of sauerkr-aut, and many wagon loads of luooious apples. Nacoochee Valley, which has already been described in the general sketch, is aboUit eight miles long, and from one-fourth to three-fourtihs of a mile wide. Of original forests about 100,000 acres remain, on which the timbers a~re pine, white, red, Spanish and post-oak, chestnut, hickory, chm1ry and walnut. Four sawmlills are employed in getting out lumber. The water powers of the county are utilized to some extent in operating 15 grist-mills. In a few of these flour also is made. In this county the first gold mines in Georgia were discovered. Gold and asbeistoo are still mined to a considerable extent. ~There are five successful gold mills and several placeir' mines. There a;re some 20 mines and quarries employing 150 hands at wages of 80 cents a day. The Baptists and Methodists are very numerous, and their churches are scaJtJtered over the county. There are 25 schools for whites, and 3 for colored, with an av- erage attendance of 591 whites and 65 colored. Most of the products a.re marketed at Gainesville lin Ha.ll county. According to the report of the United StateiS celliSUS of 1900 there were ginned in this county in the season of 1899-1900, only 150 bales of upland c01ttorn. Cleveland, the county site, was named for Ron. Benjamin Cleveland, for many years a represetative in the Georgia Legislature. In 1834 a subterranean village was discovered in N achoochoo Valley by 'Some miners. It was cove;red to a depth of from 7 to 9 feet. Some 876 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. of the houses were embedded cin a stratum of auriferous gravel. They are 34 in number, built of logs .six to ten inches in diameter, and from ten to twelve feet long. In the rooms were found cane baskets, fragments of earthenware, and specimens of curious workmaJJShip, such as crucibles and mortars. 'Tihe area of White county is 243 square miles, or 155,520 acres. Population of White county in 1900, 5,912, a decrease of 239 since 1890. By the Comptroller-General's repol't for 1900 there were: acres o improved land, 142,915; acres of wild land, 29,439; average value of improved land, $2.79; of wild land, $0.17; school fund, $4,160.39; city and town property, $10,565; money and solvent debts, $66,210; value of merchandise, $14,077; cotton manufactories, $600; capital invested in mining, $10; value of household and kitchen furnliture, $21,124; farm and other animals, $63,382; plantation and mechanic'al tools, $13,309; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,544; value of all other property, $6,012; real estate, $415,055; pei"sonal estate, $190,479; aggregate value of whole property, $605,534. Property returned by colored taxpayeTS: acres of land, 835; value oif land, $1,995; city or toW11l property, $100.00; money and solvent debts, $155.00; household and kitchen furniture, $797.00; wrutches, jewelry, etc., $55.00; farm and other animals, $2,602; plantation and mechanlic:al tools, $416.00; value of all other property, $107.00; aggregate value of whole pll'Operty, $6,227. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $15,535 in the value of all property over the returns of 1900. Population of White county by sex and colo;zo, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,626; white females, 2,686; total white, 5,312; colored males, 304; colored females, 296; total colored, 600. Domestic animals ffi, barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 6 dairy cows, 5 horses, 10 mules, 3 swine. WHITFIELD COUNTY. Whitfield County was laid out from Murray in 1851, and named in honor of the celebrated George Whiitefield, the most renowned pulpit orator of his day, a companion of the W esleys, and founder of the Beth, esda Orphan Home near Savannah. He was a man of unbounded influence for good, both in England and America. Whitfield county is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, on the east by Murray cormty, on the south by Gordon county, em the west by Catoosa and Walker counties, the latter of which also bounds a portion of lit on the south. The Connesauga river diivides it from Murray county on the east. .Other streams are Chickamauga, Sugar, Swamp, McCoy, Tiger, Cooahulla and Mill creeks. Two great railway systems traverse the county, crossing each other diagonally at Daltoo. These are the Southern and the Louisville and Nashville, through the latter's con.trol of the Western and -at to the acre and from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds of hay from clover, the various grasses and peavines. T'he summe'l." Pl:!Sturage as excelleiilt and the best of cattle feed is sup- plied by cotton-seed meal, hulls, peas, and the nourishing hay from the grasses already named. T'he 12 dairy fa:rms of the county h>ave about 200 Jersey cows and 100 mo,re of impro-ved breeds. People are also taking great interest in im- proving the breeds of the cattle. In 1890 there were in Whitfield coun>ty 6,061 cattle, 222 being working oxen, and 2,343 milch-cows; 1,417 horses, 980 mules, 11 donke~, 8,047 hogs, 76,023 domestic fowls and 3,846 sheep, witih a wool-clip of 6,155 pounds. Among the farm products were 724,048 gallons of milk, 236,412 pounds of butter, 161,932 dozens of eggs, and 12,719 powds of honey. Game and fish are both on tihe incre>ase. There are many market gardens supplying every kind of vegetable, melons, berries, grapes and plums. There are 1,000 ac:r:es devoted to peaches, 500 to apples, 100 to plums, 50 to cherrries and pe:ars, and 10 to quinces. To grapes 100 acres are de- voted. About one-foooh orf those raised are sold in the markets. Wine is made from about 75 per cent. of the remainder. There is near Dalton one florist establishmenrt. The forest gro'\vth is pine, the various kinds of oak, maple, cheuy, pop- lar, etc. The average price is abo-ut $10 a thousand feet. There is a coMiderable quantity of iron, bauxite, manganese, silica, marble, sandstone, limestone and clay. The county has good water-powers, of which about 130 ho'l"Se-powers are utilized. Dalt0011, the county site, a city of 4,315 inhabitants, is situated in a fertile valley and surrounded by mountain ranges. I!t has a handsome court-house, valued at $33,000, 2 banks with a capital of $165,000, a gas plant valued at $15,000, and water-works at $50,000, many flo-urish- ing commercial a111d manufactlli"ing establishments, houses of womhip be- longing to the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics, a Methodist female college, a high school a:nd public schools of lower grades for white and colo11ed. At the Crown Cotton Mills, built by home capital and whose capacity has been doubled in the last two years, are 20,000 spindles and 500 looms. Thelir capital is valued at $500,000, and they consume a111nually 13,000 hales of cotton. The three floul"ing-mlills turn out about 500 bar- rels of flour in a day during the busy season. These mills have an ag- 878 G-EORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. gregate value of $100,000. There are two lumber and m!Whine factories, two foundries, one canning factory, and a sausage factory with coldstomge for summer slaughtering. There is also at Dalton the Showalter Publishing Company, one of the best establishments of the kind in the State of Georgia. The Dalton diS'trict, whlich includes the city, has a populaticm: of 6,400 There are in the whole county some 40 lumber or sawmills. Most of these are opemted by steam. Besides the 13,000 bales otf cotton used by the mills of Dalton, 8,000 bales are shipped from that enterprising little city. 1,947 bales oi up- land cotton were ginned in this county during the season of 1899-1900. In whitfield county there are 42 schools for whites, and six for col- ored belonging to the public school system of the State. The total average attendance is 1,148 white pupils, and 129 colored. The smaller towns in Whitfield county are Tilton, Tunnel Hill and Cohutta. The area of Whitfield county is 285 square miles, or 182,400 acres. Population in 1900, 14,509, a gain of 1,593 since 1890; school fund, $9,441.64. By the report of the Compkoller-Geneml for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 167,580; of wild land, 7,708; avernge value per acre of improved land, $2.15; of wild land, $1.09; city and town property, $767,784; shares in bank, $50,000; sinking fund or surplus, $26,000; gas company, $15,000; bulilding and loan association, $12,000; money and solvent debts, $365,970; mffi'!Chandise, $177,803; cotton manufactories, $338,892; iron works, $13,800; household and kitchen furniture, $159,071; farm and other animals, $194,076; plantation and mechanical tools, $55,117; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,066; value of all other property, $91,498; real estate, $1,552,258; personal estate, $1,540,664. .Aggregart;e value of whole properly, $3,092,922. Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 2,572; value of same, $7,511; city or town properly, $31,505; money and solvent debts, $464; household and kitchen furniture, $5,945; watches, jewelry, etc., $54; farm and otlfu.etr animals, $6,377; pJantaJt.ion and me.ohanical tools, $1,159; value of all other property, $840.00. Aggre~ gate value of whole properrty, $56,897. The tax returns for 1901 show run increase o.f $89,675 in the value of all property over the retl.l:r'ns of 1900. Population of Whitfield county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: whlite males, 6,257; white fenmles, 6,426; total white, 12,683; colored males, 878; colored females, 948; total colored, 1,826. Population of the city of Dalton by sex and color, accoTTtation. On its western bank is Abbeville, the county site, which is also furnished with railroad facilities by two br3.'11tlhes of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad, itself a part of the Seaboard Air Line system. Two branches of the Hawkinsville and Flo.ili.da Southern corunectling with this system, give railroad advantages to the western side of the county. The Abbeville district has a populattion o 2,090, of whi~h 1,152 are in t!h.e town. The face of the country lis generally level. The soil lis mostly gray in the piny woods; on the bottom lands aloog the creeks and rive['S, dark, alluvial and more productive. The average yield to the acre with good cultwe and favorable sellSons is: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; fieM-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 40 bushels; upland seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. In 1890 Wilcox county had 7,498 sheep, with a wool-clip o 12,110 pormds; 5,103 cattle, 375 being working oxen, and 1,659 milch-cows with a fair number of pure breeds recorded; 525 horses, 329 mules, 2 donkeys, 11,390 hogs and. 24,552 domestic fowls. Among the farm products aTie 109,152 gallons of milk, 14,438 pounds o butter, 18,081 dozens of eggs and 722 pounds o _honey. Vegetables of all kinds do well. Th!is county is in one of the finest peMh and grape sectiolli! Olf the south, and the people are showing commendable energy in utilizing these advantages. Lands and labor are cheap and capital well invested will pay fine dividends. The riv['8 and creeks afford fine :fish and such game as quail and doves are pleDJti.ful. Rosin, lumber and turpentine, give steady and profitable employment to many of the citizens. Th:i.s county is growing steadily in population. Abbeville, the county site, whlch, in 1880, had 61 illlhabitanflf 3,186 pounds. Among the farm products were 512,912 gallons of milk, 131,905 pounds of butter, 60 pounds of cheese, 77,025 dozens orr eggs and 13,685 po.unds of honey. V egertables, melons, berries arnd small fruits are raised in quantities sufficient .for home consumption. The area given to peaches is 6,000 ACres; to apples, 5,000; to cherries, 200. There are about 50,000 acres olf original forest still standing, the timbers being hickory, white oak, maple, dogwood, gum, post oak and .ash. There are fine water-powers in the county, those at Anchovy Shoals being 75,000 horse-powers. Granite, quartz, and some i:ron, gold and soapstone, are found. In July, 1901, the presence of gold on the farm of Ron. L. W. Lati- mer, in the northern portion of Wilkes, was proven by the collootioo. of a thousand pounds of dirt, which was sent to the stamping maC'hines at the Columbia gold mines in an adjaining county. The 1,000 pounds .Yielded a lump of gold whiC'h was esrtli.marf:ed to be worth from $1,500 to $1,750. On the southern border of the county the Seminole Mining Com- pany, backed by western capital, have just srmk a new shaft at the Ma- g.rnder mines with satisfactory results. The Columbia Mining Company, also on the southern border, is a well-paying piece of property, claiming to be worth, $300,000. The manufaoturing establishments are a knitting-nil, a stove factory, a cotton seed oil-mill worth $50,00(., ten flour and grist-mills whose .aggregate value lis $20,000; six lumbea- and sawmills, ooe wagon, car- riage and buggy :factory, one plow and cotton-gin factory, two box and barrel faCJtories. The cotton ginned in Wilkes county during the season of 1899-1900 is gliven in the Umted States census repoilt for 1900 as 17,405 bales (upland). . Wasihington, the county site, is OO!e of the most beautiful towns in the State. It has a populai\Jion. oif 3,300 in the corporate limits, and 4,436, counting the whole Washlingt.on district; a court-house worflb. $40,000, two banks with an ag~gate capital orr $100,000, about 30 mercantile establishments, four life, and fire insurance age!Ilcies, a water- 43 ga 882 GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL. works plant, and c:h.urc'hes of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Roman catholics and Christian Scientists. The two first named are in the lead. There are also good schools in Washington and ~n the. county. There are 42 schools foil" whites and 30 for colored pupils. The average attendance is 916 white and 861 colored. Wilkes county has boon the home of many of the most distinguished men of Georgia. Among them are General Elijah Clarke) a native of North Carolina, who settled in Wilkes county and for his services to Georgia and the.cause of freedom desm-ves as high a niche in the temple of fame as do Marion and Sumter for similar but not greater service in South Carolina; Colonel John Dooly, who with his f:viem.d Elijah Clarke and with General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina, won great praise by the magnificent victory over the Tories at Kettle, creek in Wilkes county, and who, after the fall of Augusta in 1780, was murdered in the presence of his family by a marauding band of Tories; Peter Early rand Matthew Talbot, each a governor of Georgia and both natives of Virginia; Benjamin Taliaferro, a gallant soldier of the Virginia line during the Revolution, who moved to GOOTgia in 1785 and became a trustee of Franklin College, Presidoot otf the Georgia Senate, and one of the judges of the Superior Court, be>ing elected to that position by the Legislature, the only mall! in the history of the State to be elected to such a position without being a lawyer; Stephen Heard, who came from Virginia to Georgia before the Revolution, was one of the governors of the State during that stormy period, and for a while had his capital at Heard's Fort, in WHkes county; Duncan G. Campbell, a distinguished lawyer and great friend of female education, who for several yea;rs represented Wilkes county in the legislature; J ohm. A. Campbell, Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and later one of the Confederate Commissioners to the Peace Conference at Fortress Monroe, in 1865; Rev. Jesse Mercer, who was born in Hali:fax county, North Carolina Decemberr 16, 1769, was ordained a minister of the Baptist Church before he was 20 years of age, removed to Georgia, was a member of the convention which framed the Constitution of 1798, and at his death in 1841, was buried in Penfield, at that time the site of Mercer University, Robert Toombs, who was born in Wilkes county, July 2, 1810, was one of the grandest orators that America ever produced, represented Georgia for many years in the United States Senate, was the first secretary of State of the Coniederate States, wem.t to the field as a brigadiergeneral, was distinguished in Georgia politics after the war and died in Washmgton in his native county December 15, 1885. In this county lived Mrs. Hannah Clarke, wife, of Gene!ral Elijah Clarke, and one of the noted he:roioos of the Revolution, who died on the 26th o August, 1827, aged, 90 years. In the town of Washington lived Mrs. Hillhouse, widow of David Hillhouse, who took charge of and conducted a newspaper, styled the Monitor and Observer, wrote editorials, set type, did the State printing, raised and educated her three children, and at her death left to each a legacy of ten thousand dollars. While John Milledge was governor oi GEORGI.d.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 883 Georgia he gave to this noble woman, as far as he could, the patronage of the State. Colone~ John Graves, a native of Vlirginia, distinguished mthe rurmies o Washington and Greene, who settled in Georgia after the war of the Revolution, was another distinguished citizen o Wilkes, as was also Colonru Nicholas Long, distinguished for his services in the war for in- dependence and in the second war with Great Brimin. The area of Wilkes county is 501 square miles, or 320,640 acres. Population in 1900, 20,866, a gain of 2,785 since 1890; school fund, $11,550.10. l fl , Ii ~~~.,H By the report o the Comptroller-G8111eral there are: acres o improved land, 294,796; average value per acre, $2.84; city an.d town property, 561,045; sha:res in bank, $124,380; money and solvent debts, $285,410; merchandise, $124,520; stocks and bonds, $51,875; cotton manufacto- ries, $36,400; capital invested in mining, $400; household and kitchen furniture, $111,445; farm and other anD.mals, $172,720; plantation and mechanical tools, $45,095; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,960; value of all other property, $47,008; real estate, $1,664,754; personal estate, $1,- 037,533. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,702,287. Plroperty returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 13,621; value of land, $52,040; city and town property, $58,315; money, etc., $935; merchandise, $600; household and kitchen furniture, $16,185; watches, jewelry, etc., $115; farm and other animals, $37,430; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,075; value of all other property, $3,105. Aggregate value of whole property, $179,430. Population o Wilkes county by sex and color, according to 1Jhe census of 1900: white males, 3,218; white females, 3,205; total white, 6,423; colored males, 7,074; colored females, 7,369; total colored, 14,443. Population of the town of Washington by sex and color, according to the census of 1900; white males, 528; white females, 608; total white, 1,136; colored males, 1,000; colored females, 1,164; total colored, 2,164. Total populati.on of Washington, 3,300. Domestic animals in barns and inclosures not on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 12 steers, 4 bulls, 105 dairy cows, 142 horses, 27 mules, 1 donkey, 156 swine. WILKINSON COUNTY. Wilkinson C(Junty was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, and organized in 1805. A part of it was added to Baldwin in 1807, and a part set off to Twiggs in 1809. It was named for Gooeral James Wlilkinson, an active participanlt in the war o the Revolution, and afterwards in that of 1812. It is bounded by the following counties: Baldwin on the north, Baldwin, Washington and J ohmson on the northeast, Laurens on the southeast, Twiggs on the southwest, and Jones on the northwest~ The Oconee river flows along the northeastern boundary. It is also watered by Big Sandy and Commissioner's crooks, tributaries of the Oconee. The streams abound in :fish. There is a collilli.derable pond or small lake in the northeastern section of the county. 884 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The main line of the Central of Georgia Railway tl'averses the county while a branch road of the same great system, starting from the tow:r: of Gordon and pasaing through Milledgeville and Eatonton, terminatea at Covington on the Georgia Rruilroad. The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and consists of gray, sandy lands, level or slightly rolling Wii:th red outcrops in the central portion of the count.y. The lands on an aveir'age make the following ylield to the acre: corn, 9 bushels; oats, 8 2-3 bushels; wheat, 4 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas, 12 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 550 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. But the best lands go far ahead of these figures on corn, o3Jts and wheat, averaging as follows: corn, 15 bushels to the acre; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels. In 1890 Wilkinson county had 881 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,483 pounds, 4,952 cattle, 363 being working oxen and 1,757 milch-cows; 754 horses, 1,246 mules, 9 donkeys, 16,780 hogs and 50,474 domestic fowls. Among the f'a'l1ID products were 251,209 gallons of milk, 64,239 pounds of butter, 18,717 pounds of honey and 95,355 dozens of eggs. Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised for home consumption. The amount of truck sold is less than $1,500 worth. Rotten limeStone abounds in this county. Near Irwinton is a quarry of the soft kind, which, upon exposure to the air, becomes hard. It has been found useful in the construction of chimneys. On the tributaries of the Oconee are 21 grist-mills, using 246 horsepowers. The forest growth is long-lea pine on gray lands, oak and hickory on red lands and swamp timber along the creeks. The timber products are considerable, the annual output being about $30,000. Of all manufae:tories in the county the annual output is about $91,310. Irwinton, the county seat, has a population of 227, though Irwinton district contains, 1,993 people. The largest town in the county is Gordon, with 509 inhabitants in the town, while the whole of Ramah district, which includes Gordon, coottains 1,597 people. Baptists and Methodists are the leading denomrinations. There are in the county 41 schools for whites and 23 for colored. The avemge attendance for the former is 830, for the latter 848. The area of Wilkinson county is 431 square miles, or 275,840 acres. Population in 1900, 11,440, a gain of 659 since 1890; school fund, $7,319.16. According to the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of lj_mproved land, 275,464; average value per a:cre, $2.13; city and town property, $44,677; building and loan association, $10; money and solvent debts, $116,576; merchandise, $27,614; stocks and bonds, $9,350; cotton manufactories, $1,255; houseJhold and lcitchen furniture, $76,535; farm and other animals, $154,152; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,551; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,223; value of all other property, $38,015; real estate, $631,179; personal estate, $498,008. Aggregate value of whole properly, $1,128,187. GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIA.L. 885 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 7,508; value of land, $18,196; city and town property, $2,895; money, etc., $317; merchandise, $120; household 'and kitchen furniture, $15,689; watches, jewelry, etc., $438; farm and othe~ animals, $25,672; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,012; value of all other property, $4,249. Aggre~ gate value of whole properly, $78,663. According to the report of the Urnited States census for 1900 there were ginned tin Wilkinson county 11,037 hales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $13,401 in the value of all property over the returns of 1900. -Population of Wilkinson county by sex and color, according to the census of 1900: white males, 2,726; white females, 2,683; total white, 5,409; colored males, 2,981; colored females, 3,050; total colored, 6,031. Domestic animals tin barns and inclosures, not on :1arms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 15 calves, 5 steers, 3 bulls, 36 daiiry cows, 26 ho:rses, 9 mules, 125 swine. WORTH COUNTY., Worth County was laid out in 1856 from Irwin and Dooly, and was named in honor of General William Worth, of New York, a son-in-law of General Zachary Taylor, who clistinguiished himself in the Mexican war, while fighting under Taylor in northern Mexico, and latm- under Scott in the valley of the city of Mexico. This county is boll!llded by the following counties: Dooly 0'11 the north, Irwin and Berrien on the east, Colquitt on the south, Mitchell, Dougherty and Lee on the west, and Lee 0'11 the northwest. The Flint river :flows along its northwestern border, and Little, river on the eastern side. On its northeastern side is Swift creek, and a little south of that, Jones creek. Other streams are Indian, W arcior, Ty Ty, Al*'llm's and Mill creeks. The counlty is trave['Sd by the Brunswick and Westem Railway of the Plarut System and by the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railway. The Georgia Northern penetrates the county as far as Carlisle on the southwest. The face of the country is level, having a light, sandy soil with clay subsoil. On the creek bottoms the soil is alluvial and very productive. The cultivaming of grass for hay is yet in its incipierncy; but expe~ri ments have proved very satisfactory. Crab-grass, whi~h grows to perfection, is harvested with a mixtUI!'e of peavine after oats. About 4,000 acres have given a yieJ.d of 5 tons (10,000 pounds) to the acre of this mixed hay. The average yield to the acre fOT the whole county, accoriling to location and culture, is: corn, 10 to 18 bushels to the acre; oats, 10 to 25 bushels; rye and wheat, 10 bushels each; upland rice, 10 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes from 125 to 300 bushols each; field-peas, from 10 to 20 busheils; ground-peas, from 10 to 60 bushels; chufas, 20 bushels; 886 GEORGIA: HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRIAL. upland seed cotton, from 750 to 1,000 pounds; sea-island cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 5,000 pounds, but 10,000 on the best lands; sorghum forage, 10,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons. There is an increased interest in bee cattle and in better milk breeds, the Jersey being the favorite milch-cow. The pasturage is excellent, besides which, cattle' are fed on hay, bran and cotton seed meal. fu 1890 Worth county had 15,026 cattle, 269 being working oxen and 3,897 milch-cows, of which thm-e wm-e 115 from pure breed to one half bred and higher. The production of milk was 313,918 gallons, and of butter, 68,184 pounds. The 14,294 sheep gave a wool-clip of 32,629 pounds. Thm-e were 703 horses, 1,118 mules, 20,557 hogs and 51,310 domestic fowls of all varieties. The production of eggs was 79,219 dozens, and of honey, 3,899 pounds. Quail and doves constitute the game of the county. Vegetables, berries and melons in sufficient quantities for home con sumption are ,mdsed, The people raised fewer melons than usual in 1900, alleging as a reason the freight rates, which ate up all the profits. The acreage devoted to peaches is 1,000; to apples, 200; to pears, 400; to plums and cherries, 50 each. There are 4 vineyards, embracing in all 150 aCireS. About half of the ,grapes are sold in the markets, and from 25 per cent. of the whole number raised wine is made. From Poulan, thousands of grapes are shipped. About 5,000 acres of woodland consist of pine, and 5,000 of cypress, hickory and gum. The annual output of lumber is 6,000,000 superficial feet, selling at an aveil'age price of $8.00 a thousand feet. The minerals are clay, limestone and sandstone, but none of them are at this time being mined. There ail'e excellent water-powerrs in the county. Two hundred horsepowers are used by Merceil"s flour and grist-mill. At Sylvester a;re two such mills, of which Raine's Mill is operated by water and Welch's by steam. At Willingham there is a large lumber and shingle mill; also large planing-mills with a dryimg capacity of 20,000 feet a day. At Ashburn are mills with a capacity of 50,000 feet of rough lumber and 50,000 shingles a day; also planing-mills with a capacity of 25,000 to 30,- 000 feet in a day. There are in the county several smaller mills with a capacity of from 5,000 to 6,000 foot a day. There are in operation 12 turpentine stills. There is a ferlilizer manufactory in course of construction at Sylvesteil', and a cotton factory being built at Poulan. There are in the county two wagon and carriage :factories, valued at $1,000 each. Isabella, the county seat, has a court-house wort:h $20,000. There are in the county three banks, one at Sylvester with a capital of $15,000, one at Poulan, $15,000, and one at Ashbum, $20,000. There are~ life and fire insurance agencies at Sylvester, one at Ty Ty, and 2 at Ashburn. In each of these towns are several successful mercantile establishments. Ashburn, with a population of 1,301, is the largest town in the county. The district including Ashburn has 3,025 inhabitants. Next is Sylvester, GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 887 with 552 inhabitants. The whole disll:lrict which includes it has a popu- lation of 1,612. The receipts and shipments of cotton from the entire county are 7,500 bales. Of these 3,000 are handled at Sylvester. By the census report of 1900 there were ginned in this county 9,296 bales of upland and 1,189 bales of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900. Baptists and Methodists are the leading denominations, and their churches are scattered all over the counlty. . Worth county has 51 schools for white pupils and 23 for colored, with an average attendance in the white schools of 1,544 and in the colored schools of 762. The area of Worth county is 778 square miles, or 497,920 acres. Population in 1900, 18,664, an increase of 8,616 since 1890; school fund, $10,421.57. By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- proved land, 372,328; of wild land, 80,351; average value per acre of improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $1.29; city and town property, $175,- 131; shares in bank, $18,261; money and solvenlt debts, $198,347; mer~ chandise, $110,879; stocks and bon&, $1,718; cotton mrunufactories, $7,162; iron works, $5,025; mining, $135; household and kitchen furni- ture, $134,151; farm and other animals, $274,382; plantation and me- chanical tools, $52,862; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,610; value of all other property, $183,512; real estate, $1,197,840; pffi'Bonal estate, $998,943. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,196,783. Property returned by colored taxpayeTS: acres of lrund, 10,806; value of same, $26,210; city and town property, $6,499; merchandise, $717; money and solvent debts, $900; household and kitchen furniture, $18,- 409; watches, jewelry, etc., $287; farm and othe[" animals, $26,312; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,627; value of all other property, $1,395. Aggregate value of whole property, $86,356. The tax returns for 1901 show an increase o $240,561 in the value of all property, as compared with the returns for 1900. Population of Worth County by sex and color, according to the cen- sus of 1900: white males, 5,286; white females, 4,966; total white, 10,252; colored males, 4,584; colored females, 3,828; total colored, 8,412. Domestic animals in barns 'and inclosures, not on farm or ranges, June 1, 1900: 221 calves, 204 steers, 11 bulls, 260 dairy cows, 163 horses, 275 mules, 1,601 swine, 12 aoats. 888 GEORGIA: HI8TORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. From the Comptroller-General's report for 1901 we take the following: STATEMENT SHOWING THE ASBESSED VALUE OF THE WHOLE TAXABLE PROPERTY OF THE STATE AND THE STATE TAX LEVY FOR EAt'H OF THE YEARS, BEGINNING WITH 1879. YEAR. I I I oPnroDpiegretyst. PRraoiplreoratyd. Total. I State Tax Rate. ]879' " " " ............ ' ..... ' $ 225,993,4191$ 188\)'.'."' ................. ' 2~8,934,126 1881 ' ' ' ' ' ............. ' . . . . . . . 254.252,630 1882. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268,519,976 18:'3.............. .. . . . .. . . . 284,881,951 1884.......................... 294,885.3i0 18S5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . 299,146,798 1886............. . . . . . . . .. .. . 306,501,578 1887. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316,605,328 18R8. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 327.863,331 1889. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345,938,837 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377,366,71<4 1891. ...... " . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. 402,586,468 1S92........... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 421,149,509 1893 . "...................... 410,644,753 1894................. . . . .. . . . 388,428,748 1~<95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37u, 739,5:n 1896 .......... " .... "........ 310,526.638 1897......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370,034,912 1898.......................... 369,118,-l.03 1899. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. 372,927,077 1900 .. '...................... 388,154,413 1901...... .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 404,792,137 9,866,129!$ 234,959,548 3~ mills. 12,490,525 251,424,651 3~ " 16,741,258 270,91!3,888 3 " 18,729,427 287,249,408 3 ,, 22,030,404 306.921,355 2~ " 22,188,901 317,074,271 3 " 22,548,818 321,695,616 3~ " 22,981,927 329,489,655 3~ 24,899,592 341,504,021 3. 77 " 29,304,127 357,167,458 3.56 ,, 34,250,477 380,189,314 4 " 38,462,161 415,828,945 3. 96 " 42,383,287 444,969,755 5.08 " 42.604,025 463,753,534 4.85 " 42,000,154 452,644,907 4.61 ,, 40,584,775 429,012,923 4. 37 " 39,9ii2,572 410 692,093 4.56 " 42,780,835 413.307,473 4.56 " 42,286,457 412,321,369 5.21 " 42,695,508 411,813,911 6. 21 " 43,933,411 414,'!00,488 5.36 " 46,181,721 434,33'1,134 5.20 51,554,897 456,347,034 5.44 " To the railroad assessments must be added the estimated value of the property of the roads having charter exemptions from ad valorem taxation, which, at a conservative valuation, is worth $20,000,000, which would make the total value of this property $71,554,897. In order to show in detail to what extent some of the chief classes of our property have increased, the following interesting statement is taken from the Oomptroller-Gerreral's report: 1879 1899 1900 1901 City and town real estate....... $49,007,286$ 116,258,563!$ 116,945,650 $ 119,042,742 Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,493,82:! 119,152,188 120,602,233 124,425,643 Live stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,017,634 19,968,3-59 22,418,392 25,241,891 Farm implements:.. . . . . . . . . . . 2,971,372 4,903,739 5,~04,719 6,730 743 Household furniture.......... H,156,404 15,534.560 16,296,369 16,666,166 Merchandise ................... 12,012.755 19,211,726 20,425,362 23,879,854 Money, etc...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,113,005 33,198,332 34,730,595 34,380,514 Cotton factories............. . 1,640,000 11,359,993 13,217,736 18,999,964 Iron works, etc..... . . . . . . . . . . . 29-1,640 566,064 440,655 938,629 Bank capital.................. 4,667,5117 13,389,612 13,892,281 14,264,306 R11ilroad property.. 9,866,129 43,933,411 46,181,721 51,554,897 GEORGIA: .HISTORIO.A.L .A.ND INDUSTRIAL. From the same report is takem. the subjoined STATEMENT OF PROPERTY RETURNED BY COLORED 'l'AX-P AYERS FROM 1879 TO 1901. 1879 ....................................................... $ 5,182,398 1880........................................................... 5,764,293 18K1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,478,951 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,589,876 1883 .... ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,582,395 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,o:n ,525 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,153,390 1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,655,298 1887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,936,479 1888......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,631,271 1889 ....................................................... 10.415,330 11-190 ......................................................... 12,322,003 1891 ........................................................ 14,Hl6,735 1892 .......................................................... 14,869,575 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,960,6i5 1894 .......................................................... 14,387,730 181!5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12,941,230 1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13,292,816 1897 ........................................................ 13,619,690 1898 ............................................... : ...... 13,719,200 1899 .................................................... 13,560,179 1900 ....................................................... 14.118,720 1901 ................................................... 15,621:1,811 The following is the school fund estimate, 1901 : Direct levy .................................................. . Poll tax .................................................. . Half rental W. and A. railroad .............................. . Liquor tax ............................................... Hire of convicts (net) ....................................... . Fees from fertilizers (net) ................................... . Oil fees (net) .............................................. Show tax................................................. . Dividends from Georgia railroad stock ....................... . $ 800,000 250,014 210,206 132,343 81,297 16,592 8,193 4,636 2,046 $ 1,505,127 APPENDIX. IMPORTANT INFORMATION FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1900. The total area of Georgia is 59,475 square miles. Of this wrea the water surface embraces 495 square miles, leaving a land surface of 58,980 square miles. The tables of population were prepared by Mr. Wm. 0. Hunt, chief statistican for population. The director of the United States census is Ron. William R. Merriam. The popula:tion of the State in 1900 is 2,216,331 as against 1,837,353 in 1890, representing an increase since 1890 of 378,978, or 20.'6 per cent. This rate of increase is only a little more than that for the decade from 1880 to 1890, when it was 19.1 per cent., and is a little more than twothirds that for the decade TOm 1870 to 1880, when it was 30.2 per cent. Georgia had a population at the first census, in 1790, of 82,548, but it increased by 1830 to 516,823, and by 1860 to 1,057,286, having more than doubled during the 30 years from 1830 to 1860. Since 1860 its population has again more than doubled, and is now considerably in excess of two millions. The population of Georgia in 1900 is very nearly twenty-seven times as large as the population given for 1790, when it was only 82,548. The total land surface of Georgia is, approximately, 58,980 square miles, the av~age number of persons to the square mile at the censuses of 1890 and 1900 being as follows: 1890, 31.1; 1900, 37.5. Table 1 shows the land area of each of the counties o Georgia in square miles. Table 2 shows the population of Georgia at each census from 1790 to 1900, inclusive, while table 3, which immediately follows, shows the population of each county during the same period. There have boon no territorial changes in the counties of Georgia since 1890. Of the 137 counties in the State all but 9 have increased in population during the decade, the counties showing the largest percentages of increase being Colquitt, 184.4 per cent.; Irwin, 116.0 per coot.; Tattnall, 99.1 per cent.; Laurens, 88.4 per cent.; Johnson, 86.1 per cent.; Worth, 85.7 per cent.; Telfair, 84.0. pe1r cent.; Be:rriem., 81.7 per cent.; and Montgomery, 76.8 per cent. The 9 counties showing a decrease in population are Cherokee, Colum- bia, Dade, Dawson, Greene, Morgan, Putnam, Talbot, and White. Of the 372 incorpora.ted places there are 40 that have a population in 1900 of more than 2,000, and of these 13 have a population in excess of 5,000. (891) 892 GEORGIA: HISTORICA.L A.ND INDUSTRIAL. Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah are the only cities lin Georgia that have a population in 1900 of more than 25,000, and for these cities a summary is presented in table 4, showing the population of each from the first year in which it is separately stated in the census !I'eport, to 1900, inclusive, together with the increase by number and per cent. during each of the ten-year periods. As shown by this summary, Atlanta, the largest city in the State, has a population in 1900 of 89,872 as compared with a population of only 2,572 in 1850; in 1890 it had a population of 65,533, representing a:u increase during the past ten years of 24,339, or 37.1 per coot., as compared with an increase of 75.1 per cent. during the preceding ten yea.I'::!. Savannah, the second largest city in the State, shows an increase of 25.5 per cent. from 1890 to 1900, its present population being, 54,244 a.~ agai'llSt 43,189 in 1890; it had a population of 5,166 in 1800, or less thau one-tenth of its population in 1900. Augusta, the third largest city in the State, has a population in 1900 of 39,441, showing an increase of 6,141, 00' 18.4 per cent., since 1890 as compared with an increase oi 52.1 per cent. from 1880 to 1890. Mr. Daniel C. Roper, who made the report on the quantity of cotton ginned in the United States in 1899, says: "As the statistics of this bulletin are based exclusively upon the report secured from cotton ginners, it may be that in some counties the amount of cotton reported as ginned will vary slightly from the amount of cotton reported as grown, and tab- ulated by the Agricultural Division of this office. This condition will certairuy occur where large and important ginneries, located near State or county lines, attract cotton from an adjoining county, or where cotton is grown only to a limited extent in one county and its entire production is gU.nned arnd reported in a neighboring county." Mr. Roper gives the following interesting bit of history, showing the immense influence of the cotton gin upon cotton produo1Jion in the United States: "Prior to the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1794, the separation of the seed from the lint cotton was so difficult as to limit the cultivation of cotton. This separation of the seed from the llint h~:~d to be done by hand, a task being 4 pounds of lint. cotton per week for each head of a family, working at night, in addition to the usual field work. Thus it would take one person two years to turn out the quantity of cotton contained in one average standard bale. One machine will gin from three to fifteen 500-pound bales per day, dependent upon its power and saw capacity. Possibly no invention has ever caused so rapid development o the industry with which it was associated as that brought through this sawcotton gin. In 1793, the exportation of cotton from the United States was 487,500 poU!Ilds, or 975 bales of an average weight of 500 pounds. In 1794, the year in which the Whitney gin was patented, the numbe,r of pounds of cotton exported from the United State was 1,600,000, equivalent to 3,200 bales of a 500-pound standard. This large production so frightened the cotton farm'l'S, in anticipation of an over production of the crop, as to cause them to pledge themselves to desist from GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 893 its production. One of these fan::mem, looking upon his crop fathered for that year., exclaimed, "I have done with the cultivation o cotton; There is enough in that ginhouse to make stockings rf'or all the people' in America.' And yet within one hundred yeiD'S, 1800 to 1900, the production of cotton in the United States has increased from 80,000, approximately, to 9,345,391 bales, 500-pound standard, and the crop of 1899 is generally admitted by the ginners, in their reports to this office, to have been small compared with that of 1898." Table 5 gives the quantity of cotton ginned in Georgia by counties in 1899, the average weight of bales, and the average cost per bale for gin- ning and baling the crop. TABLE 1.-LAND AREA OF THE COUNTIES OF GEORGIA. Total ......... ... 58,980 Appling... .......... Baker ....... Baldwin . ...... Banks ............... Bartow............... Berrien ... . ........ Bibb ......... ...... Brooks............... Bryan................ Bulloch............... Burke................ Butts......... Calhoun . .. ... ...... Camden............. Campbell........ ... Carroll ...... .. ... Catoosa........ ..... Charlton Chatham .......... Chattahoochee Chattooga ....... .. Cherokee ......... ... Clarke................. Clay..... .............. Clayton ...... ..... .. Clinch........... ..... 775 366 250 216 485 810 254 463 427 980 1043 '179 276 718 205 486 171 1,068 400 231 326 434 159 2111 142 1,077 Cobb .............. Coffee ............... Colquitt C o l u m b i a ........ Coweta ....... Crawford ........... Dade ............... Dawson ............. . Decatur ............ DeKalb.......... Dodge ............... Dooly ............... Dougherty ........ Douglas ........... Early ............... Echols ............ Effingham ........ Elbert .............. Emanuel ........ .. Fannin............... Fayette ............ Floyd ............... Forsyth Franklin ........... Fulton ............ Gilmer ............. Glascock ........... Glynn .............. 341 1,123 565 306 448 334 188 209 1,010 271 495 710 339 212 503 365 419 388 936 300 215 506 252 344 174 450 95 468 Gordon ........... Greene .............. Gwinnett .......... Habersham........ Hall ................. Hancock ............ Haralson ........... Harris ...... Hart ................ Heard ............. Henry ............... Houston ............ Irwin ................ . Jackson Jasper ............... Jefferson ........... Johnson ............ Jones .............. . Laurens ............ Lee .................... Liberty ............. Lincoln ............. Lowndes Lumpkin ......... . McDuffie ........... Mcintosh......... Macon .............. Madison ........... 387 Marion .............. 400 Meriwether...... .. 510 Miller ............. 372 Milton ............... 449 Mitchell ............ 523 Monroe ........... .. 282 Montgomery...... 486 Morgan............. 257 Murray .............. 313 Muscogee........... 337 Newton.............. 591 Oconee .............. 686 Oglethorpe ........ 460 Paulding ......... .. 410 Pickens ............ 686 Pierce ............... 258 Pike ................. 397 Polk ................. 791 Pulaski.............. 436 Putnam ......... !)76 Quitman 290 Rabun .............. 455 Randolph.......... 2b2 Richmond ........ 258 Rockdale .......... 429 Schley .............. 392 Screven ........... 278 Spalding ........... 344 Stewart 440 544 Sumter .............. 534 275 Talbot ............. .. 407 147 Taliaferro ......... 198 542 Tattnall ........... 1,102 480 Taylor ............. . 338 744 Telfair .............. 412 346 Terrell ............ .. 340 352 Thomas 713 255 Towns ............... 168 259 ~r~up .............. 434 184 'Iw1ggs ............. . 423 575 Union .............. 325 329 Upson .............. 310 219 Walker ............ 433 518 Walton .............. 366 294 Ware ................. 676 292 Warren 298 477 Washington ...... 680 348 Wayne ........ 766 152 '\Vebster ............ 227 344 White ............ 243 476 Whitfield.......... 285 272 Wilcox .............. 544 121 Wilkes .......... .. 501 188 Wilkinson ......... 431 734 Worth ............. 778 203 GEOBGI.4.: HIBTOBIOA.L .A.ND INDUSTBIA.L. 895 TABLE 2.-POPULATION OF GEORGIA: 1790 TO 1900. CENSUS YEARS. INCREASE. Population.I---.,..--Number.l Per cent. 1900 .......................................... 1890................................................ . 1880........................... ................. 1870... ' ............................................ . 1860................................................. . 1850................................................. . 1840................................................. . 1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1820................................................ . 1810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1800................................................. . 1790................................................. . 2,216,331 378,978 20.6 1,837,353 295,173 19.1 1,542,180 358,071 30.2 1,184,109 126,823 11 9 1,057,286 151,101 16.6 906,185 214,793 31.0 691,392 174,569 33.7 516,823 175,838 51.5 340,985 88,552 35.0 252,433 89,747 55.1 162,686 80,138 97.0 82,548 ............... . COUNTIES. TABLE B.-POPULATION OF GEORGIA BY COUNTIES: 1790 TO 1900. 00 co o;, 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 l I I I I I I 1850 1840 1830 1320 1810 1800 1790 The State ............... 2,216,3311 1,837,3531 1,542,1801 1,184,1091 1,057,2861 906,1851691,3921516,8231340,985,252,4331162, 6861 82,548 Appling .................... Baker....................... Baldwin .................... Banks ...................... Bartow1 .. Berrien ..................... Bibb ....................... .Brooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bryan ...................... Bulloch..................... Burke ...................... Butts ....................... Calhoun .................... Camden ................... Campbell. .................. Carroll .................... Catoosa..................... Charlton................ Chatham ................... Chattahoochee.............. Chattooga .................. Olerokee ................... Cl:,rke ...................... Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clayton ..................... 12,336 6,704 17,768 10,545 20,823 19,440 50,473 18,606 6,122 21,377 30,165 12,805 9,274 7,669 9,518 26,576 5,823 3,592 71,239 5,790 12,952 15,243 17,708 8,568 9,598 8,676 6,144 14,608 8,562 20,616 10,694 42,370 13,979 5,520 13,712 28,501 10.565 8,438 6,178 9,115 22,301 5,431 3,335 57,740 4,902 11,202 15,412 15,186 7,817 8,295 5,276 7,307 13,806 7,337 18,690 6,619 27,147 11,727 4,929 8,053 27,128 8,311 7,024 6,183 9,970 16,901 4,739 2,154 45,023 5,670 10,021 14,325 11,702 6,050 8,027 5,086 6,843 10,618 4,973 16,566 4,518 21,255 8,342 5,252 5,610 17,679 6,941 5,503 4,615 9,176 11,782 4,409 1,897 41,279 6,059 6,902 10,399 12,941 5,493 5,477 ~ 4,190 4 985 9,078 4,707 15,724 2,949 2,052 1,468 1,264 ... ... . ....... 8,120 8,148 13,300 4,226 7,250 ....... 9,390 1,253 7,295 ....... ...7.,7.3.4. . ....... 6,356 ....... ....... .... .... 0 ...... ....... ....... ....... c ~ .~ ;;.: .t.t.l. 3,475 ........ ..... 16,291 12,699 9,802 6,356 . . . . . . . . . 7,154 ... . ... ........ . ...... . . ..... ............. I'1J c"3 ~ 4,015 5,668 3,424 4,300 3,182 3,102 3,139 2,587 3,021 2,578 2,827 2,305 2,836 1,913 ....... ~ t-< 17,165 16,100 13,176 11,833 11,577 10,858 9,504 9,467 ~ t:,455 4,913 6,488 ........ . . .5.,3..08. 5,420 3,319 6,075 8,301 7,232 5,370 4,944 ....... . .. .... . ...... . ...... 4,578 3,323 ...4.,3.4.1. 3,941 ....... 1,681 . ...... 305 ....... ~ .... ~ :::::::~::::::: 11,991 9,357 5,252 3,419 ....... 5,082 ...................... 1,780 .................... ....... 31,043 23,901 18,801 14,127 14,737 13,540i 12,946 10,769 5,797 ...................... :::::r::::: 7,165 6,815 3 438 ....... 11,291 12,800 5,895 . . . .. 11,218 11,119 10,522 10,176 'I' ............. . : :::: 4893 ....... . ............ 8,767 ~~~l c::1 I'1J ;~;: !=" 4,466 ..................... 0 1Name changed from Cass prior to 1870. (Hinch ..................... . ,..Cobb ...................... . ; Uoffee ................... . ,. Colquitt ................... . Columbia .................. . Coweta ................... . Crawford .................. . Dade ... ..... .. . ....... . Dawson .................. . Decatur .................. . DeKalb ................... . Dodge ..................... . Dooly .................... . Dougherty ................ . Douglas .................. . Ea:r.ly ..................... . Echols ..................... . Effingham ............... . Elbert ..................... . Emanuel .................. . Fannin .................... . Fayette .................. . Floyd..................... . Forsyth ................. . Franklin .................. . Fulton .................... . Gilmer .................... . Glascock .................. . Glynn ..................... . Gordon ................... . Greene .................... . Gwinnett .................. . Habersham ................ . Hall ....................... . Hancock................... . 8,732 24,ti64 16,169 13,636 10,653 24,9SO 10.368 4.578 5,442 29,454 21,112 13,!-!75 26,567 13,679 8,745 14,828 3,209 8,334 19,7:!9 21,279 11,214 10,114 33,113 11,550 17,700 117,363 10,198 4,516 14,317 14,119 16,542 25,585 13,604 20,752 18,277 6,652 22,286 10,483 4,794 11,28! 22,354 9,315 5,707 5,612 19,949 17,189 11,452 18,146 12,206 7,794 9,792 3,07!:l 5,599 15,376 14,703 8,724 8,728 28,391 11,155 14,670 84,655 11,074 3,720 13,420 12,758 17,051 19,899 11,573 18,047 17,149 4,1381 20.748 5,070 2,527 10,46-'i 3.945 13,814 3,192 1,6.;4 13,529 3,063 63'7 ........................................ 14,242 13,843 7,539..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . 2,879 ................................................. . J ,316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 11,860 11,961 11,356 12,606 12,695 11,242 8,345 21,109 8,656 4,70:! 5,837 Hl,072 15,875 7,557 3,033 4,369 15,183 14,703 13,635 7,693 8,984 3,069 2,680 3,856.. .. . . . . 11,922 8,262 10,~64 . 5,003 ........................... . 7,981 5,313....... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... . 1,364 . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. . . .......................... . 5,872 3,854 ............................ . 14,497 10,014 7,806 14,328 -10,467 10,042 . .. .. . . .. ................. . 5,358 .......... '... . . . .......................... . 12,420 9,790 8,917 8,361 4,427 2,135 .................... . 12,622 11,517 8,295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . 6,934 ............................................... : ..................... . 7,611 2,553 5,97q 12,957 9,759 6,998 1,978 4,214 9,249 6,134 6,1-49 1,491 4,755 10,433 5,081 7,246 5,444 2,051 768....... . ......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 3,864 3,075 2,924 3,018 2,586 2,072 2,42l 12,959 11,125 12,354 11,788 12,156 10,094 ...... . 4,577 3,129 2,673 2,928 .................... . 7,245 8,605 24,418 10,559 11,453 49,137 8,386 3,577 6,497 11,171 17,547 19,531 8,718 15,298 16,989 5,429 8,221 17,230 7,983 7,893 33,446 6.644 2,736 5,376 9,268 12,454 12,431 6,322 9,607 11,317 5,139 7,047 15,195 7,749 7,393 .. s:7o9 8,205 8,850 11,513 6,191 5,5o4::::::: ::::::: :::::: ::::::: 4,441 ........................... . 5,619 . . . . . . . . ..... 9,836 10,107 9,040 10,815 6,859 1,041 14,427 6,724 2,437 3,889 10,146 .................................. . 8,440 2,536 ........................... . ......................................... . 4,933 5,302 4,567 3,418 3,417 1,874 413 5,984 ......................................... . 12,652 12 940 5.966 9,366 12,044 13,068 11,21)7 ~.895 8,713 11,578 ]] ,690 10,804 7,961 7,875 9,659 ] 2,549 13,589 11,679 10,761 5,405 13,289 4,5&9 ................... .. 10 671 3,145 .................... . 11,7481 5,086 ................... . 11,820 12,734 13,330 14,456 ..... : TABLE a.-POPULATION OF GEORGIA BY COUNTIES: 1790 TO 1900.-Continued. COUNTIES. 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 11850 11840 11830 11820 !1810 11800 11790 Haralson ................... Harris ...................... Hart .. ...... ...... .. .... ... Heard ............. Henry ...................... Houston .................... Irwin ...................... Jackson ................... Jasper ...................... Jefferson ................... Johnso Jones. n . .. .... . ... ...... .... .................... Laurens .................... Lee ......................... Liberty. ................... Lincoln ............... L owndes .................... Lumpkin: .................. McDuffie .................... Mcintosh ................... l\iacon ...................... l\1adison .................... Marion ..................... Meriwether ................. Miller ...................... Milton ...................... Mitchell. ................... Monroe ..................... Montgomery............... 1 Mor an .................... 11,922 18,009 14,49:! 11,177 18,602 22,641 13,645 24,039 15,G33 18,212 11,409 13,358 25,908 10,344 13,093 7,156 2!,031\ 7,438 !"J,B04 6,537 14,093 1:3,224 10,080 :i-3.339 6,319 6,763 14,767 20,682 w.35H 15 813 11,316 16,797 10,887 9,557 16,220 21,613 6,316 19,176 13,87!"1 17,213 6,129 12,709 13,747 9,074 12,887 6,146 15,102 6,867 8,789 6,4701 13,183 ll,024 7,728 20,740 4,275 6,208 10,906 19,187 9,248 16 041 5,974 15,758 9,0))4 8,769 14,193 4,00t 13,284 6,783 7,866 10,102 3,039 ........ 13,736 14,721 6,137 7,805 6,923 10,702 14,726 13,933 0 5,105 0 . ...... . ...... . ... .. . ....... . ... .. . ....... . .. . .. . ....... . ... .. . . ... .. . . ...... 5,329 ....... . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..... 11,756 10,566 . ... .. . ....... . ...... 22,414 2,606 16,297 11,851 15,671 20,406 1,837 11,181 10,439 12,190 15,611 1,699 10,605 10,743 10,219 16,450 3,334 9,768 11,486 9,131 9,711 2,038 8,522 11,111 7,254 7,369 1,180 . ... .. . 411 . ... .. . . ...... .. .. .... ... . . . 9,004 13,13j 8,355 14,614 10,569 7,573 7,736 ....... . ... .. . 7,&09 7,054 6,111 5,684 4,800 11,613 10,053 10,577 10,649 2,964 9,436 7,834 !),567 7,688 2,919 .. . .. . . . 9,107 10,224 6,998 6,442 7,196 6,660 8,367 7,926 10,065 5,585 4,520 7,241 13,345 16,570 5,589 5,436 1,680 ....... 7,233 6,695 ....... . ...... 8,597 2,210 ....... ....... . ...... 6,228 5,313 5,355 .. 6.412 11,049 6,526 9,449 6,241 5,413 8,321 5,161 ......... 4,491 5,466 5,249 4,626 0 5,546 5,998 7.,714 8,955 .. 6,027 5,895 5,574 5,671 . ... .. . 5,360 6,145 2,453 ....... . ...... 4,998 6,458 ....... .. .. . . ...... 5,129 4,555 . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . ... . . . 3,739 4,766 . ...... . ... .. . . .. . .. . 2,660 ....... ....... . ...... . ...... ....... 11,675 7,!"178 8,598 17,651 3,720 6,261 9,392 185,.8308811 14,032 11,458 5,227 8,000 13,756 3,091 4,281 6,633 17,21il 3,586 10 696 8,449 7,052 5,045 ....... . ... .. . . ... .. . . ...... ... 5,933 7,390 . 15,330 5,703 4,510 10,280 4,812 16,476 14,132 4,646 1,436 4,422 3,735 ....... . .. . .. . . ... . .. . .. .. . . . ... .. . . .. . .. . ....... ....... . ...... . ... .. . 1,791 ... ... . . . ... .. . . ... .. . . ...... . .. . . ...... ........ 4,602 ........ ....... ....... ..... . ...... ....... ....... 4,30S 0 ....... ....... .... .. 15,953 16,9S5 16,275 16,202 . 2.997 2,l;j4 1 616 1,2H9 1,869 2,954 3,180 9;1ml 10 744 !) 121 12 046. 13 520 8 369 ...... ' ....... I M u r r a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muscogee ................... Newton ..................... Oconee...................... Oglethorpe. ................ Paulding.................... Pickens ..................... Pierce ...................... Pike ........................ Polk ........................ Pulaski ..................... Putnam..................... Quitman .................... Rabun ...................... Randolph ................... Richmond .................. Rockdale. Schley .... :::::::::::::::::: Screven ..................... Spalding .................... Stewart..................... Sumter ..................... Talbot ...................... Taliaferro .................. Tattnall ............. . .. . . . Taylor ...................... Telfair ...................... Terrell ...................... Thomas ..................... Towns ...................... Troup .................... ;. Twiggs ..................... Union ...................... Upson. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Walker. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8,623 29,836 16,734 8,602 17,881 12,969 8,641 8,100 18,761 17,856 18,489 13,436 4,701 6,285 16,847 53,73:; 7,515 5,499 19,2.52 17,619 15,856 26,212 12,197 7,912 20,419 9,846 10,083 19,023 31,076 4,748 24,002 8,716 8,481 13,670 16,661 8,461j 27,761 14.310 7,713 16,951 11,948 8,182 6,379 16,300 14,945 16,559 14,842 4,471 5,606 15,267 45,19"1 6,813 5,443 14,424 13,117 15,68i 22,107 13,258 7,291 10,253 8,666 5,477 14,503 26,15J 4,064 20,726 8,19. 7,7M 12, 18; 13,282 t 8,269 6,500 7,083 14,433 19,322 16,663 16,584 18,578 13,623 6,351 . . . . 14,615 .... .. ... 14,320 ... .. 13,296 ........ 4,fl95 .... . .... .. ....... 11,699 3,508 . ...... ....... . ........ ...... ....... 11,628 11,155 0 . . ... . 0 . ....... 15,400 11,782 11,549 12,259 10,~68 13,618 14,046 12,297 9,780 10,887 6,790 4 538 15,849 11,952 14,058 7,639 5,317 2,778 10,905 7,S22 11,940 7,038 4,951 7,039 . ... ... 2,556 ....... .............. ....... . ...... ....... . .. ... . ....... . ...... ....... 0 ... ~:~~;)' ~:~~~ ~:~~ 1,973 10,078 6,21)5 14,306 . . . . ... 9,176 ... ... . 6,149 . 0 ....... ....... ..............1.............. 8,744 . .. 5,283 2,093 .............. ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 14,539 4,392 4,634 13,341 10,461 4,150 3,256 10,561 ....... ~ 10,125 3,499 . 10,794 .. .. .. 10,260 .. ..... 3,271 2,448 1,912 13,261 2,176 15,475 524 10,029 ...... ....... . .. . .. . ....... . ...... 9,571 12,868 8,276 2,191 . ...... 0 ....... . "3 0 34,665 6,838 5,302 . .. .2..5.,7.2.4. 5,129 . .. 21,284 . ... .. 4,633 . . .1.6.,2. .4.6 11,932 ....... 11,644 0 8,608 ....... 6,189 ....... ....... 5,475 ....... 11,317 .............. ~ ~ t-o 12,786 12,585 9,175 10,205 8,274 8,699 . 6,847 .... ... .4.,7..9.4 ...4.,7.7.6. 3,941 ...... 4,477 ....... ...3,0.1. 8. ....... ....... ~ ~ 13,998 18,239 14,115 7,034 6,988 14,204 16,559 11,913 4,796 4,860 13,422 9,428 13,616 4,583 4,352 16,027 10,322 16,534 5,146 3,227 12,933 . ...... 5,759 . . 15,6271 5,940 5,190 4,934 2,724 2,040 . ... .. . . .. ... . 0 2,644 0 ....... . ... .. . 2,206 ...... ....... . .. .. . ...... ....... ... .. . .. .... . . .. ... ......... t::l ~ ~ "3 8,597 4,8~8 10,451 20,597 3,261 7,143 3,245 9,053 14,523 2,780 5,998 2,713 6,232 .. . 3..,0.2. 6. 2,763 . ...... 2,136 . . . .. . . 2,104 ....... . .. ... . 744 ........ ....... ....... . ... . . . .. ..... ....... ....... ~ ~ !=" 10,766 2,459 10,103 .. 0 6,766 ... ... ...3.,2.9..9 . ........ ... . . ....... ....... . 20,565 8,918 6,431 12,400 11,056 17,632 8,545 5,267 9,430 9,925 16,262 8,320 4,413 9,9101 10,08~ 16,879 8,179 7,234 9,424 13,109 15,733 8,422 3,152 . 5,799 ..8.,0.3.1. . .. ... . .,1..0,.6.4..0 . 3,405 ... .. . .. . . 0 . ...... ....... ....... ....... 9,408 6,572 . ..7.,0.1.3. . . ...... .. ... . . .. . .. . . ...... .... . ... ...... . ...... ....... 00 <;;;> TABtE a.-POPULATION OF;GEORGIA BY COUNTIES: 1790 TO 1900-Continued. co --- . ..,._~ ..-~~- ' ..., ~ - .., .... '" '*-- 0 0 COUNTIES. I I 1900 1890 -, Walton .. _.. _.. __ ... _.... _._ W Waarrreen._-_-__-_-..-.--__-~-___-_-__-. ______ Washington. _________ .. ___ . _ 20,942 13,761 11,463 28,227 17,467 8,811 10,957 25,237 Wayne .... __ . 0 Webster....... _. _____ .... __ White .. _.............. ___ ._ Whitfield.. _.......... __ .. __ 9,449 6,618 5,912 14,509 7,485 5,695 6,151 12,916 I 1380 15,622 4,159 10,885 21,964 5,980 5,237 5,341 11,900 I 1870 11,038 2,286 10,545 15,842 2,177 4,677 4,606 10,117 I I I I I 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810 1800 j 1790 11,074 2,200 9,820 12,698 ~:~~~/:::: 10,8211 10,20fl 10,9291 4,192 3,888 2,323 1,205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ....... ::: 12,425 9,789 10,946 10,630 8,725 8,829 11,766 10,565 9,820 10,627 9,940 10,300 4,552 2,268 5,030 ....1.,4.9.9. ...1.,2..5.8 ....9.6.3. ...1.,0.1..0 ....6.7..6 ....... ... .... .............. 3,315 10,047 ........ ........ 0 ....... . ...... ............. .............. .............. Wilcox_ ... _... _.. _.......... Wilkes ...................... Wilkinson_ .... ,........... _ Worth.......... _........... 11,097 20,866 11,440 18,664 7,980 11:1,081 10,781 10,048 !,109 15,985 12,061 5,892 2,439 11,796 9,383 3,778 2,115 ........ ........ 0 ~:~~~~-: ~:~~~ 11,420 12,107 10,148 14,237 17,606 14,887 13,103 31,500 9,376 8,296 6,942 6,513 2,7631 .... 0 ... ...... -r- ...... 0. There have been no territorial changes in the counties of Georgia since 1890. TABLE 4.-POPULATION OF ATLANTA, AUGUSTA AND SAVANNAH, 1800 TO 1900. ATLANTA. AUGUSTA. SAVANNAH. CENSUS YEARS. I INCREASE. Population. _ _ _ _. -_ __ Number. Per Cent, 1 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,872 24,339 1890................................... 65,533 28,124 1880............................ . . . . . . 37,409 15,620 1870................................... 21,789 12,::!35 1860................................... 9,554 6,982 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,572 ......... . 1840 ...................................................... . 1830 ...................................................... 1820 ...................................................... . 1810................................... . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . 1800 ..................................................... . 37.1 75.1 71.6 128.0 2i1.4 INCREASE. I Population. Number. Per Cent. Population. INCREASE. I Number. Per Cent. 39,441 33,300 I 6,141 18.4 11,409 52.1 21,891 6,502 42.2 15,389 2,896 23.1 12,493 (1) ............. .. .......... ......... ....6.,4.0..3. .......... . ......... ...... .... .... . ... ... ....... ...... . .. . ... .. . 0 ................ , . ........ 54,2441 11,055 25.5 43,189 12,480 40.6 30,709 2,474 8.7 28,235 5,943 26.6 22,292 6,980 45.5 15,312 4,098 36.5 11,214 3,438 44.2 7,776 253 3.3 7,523 2,308 44.2 5,215 5,166 .......4.9..1......0...9.. 1 Not separately returned in 1850; in 1852, according to a census taken by local authorities, it had a population of 11,753. TABLE 5.-QUANTITY OF COTTON GINNED, AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BALE, AVERAGE COST PER BALE FOR GINNING AND BALING CROP OF 1899, BY COUNTIES. GEORGIA. UPLAND CROP. SRA-IBLAND CROP. COUNTIES. Total gross weight in pounds. Square Bales. E1u1va- Commercial bales. ent 500- pound bales. Number Average Average gross cost per we~fht bale for ginning I bale and (pounds). baling. Round Bales. Average Average gross cost per Number we,;rht bale for ginning Number of yg: bales. Average gross weip:ht of Average ~~~~ ginning I(pobuanldes). and baling. I bale and (pounds). baling. The State ........................ 615,529,844I1,296,844 1,231,060 1--,22--0,1- -17 BB.Aaaplkpdelwirn.i.ng.......................,......................,.......................................... ......... ..... B anks................................. B artow ................ 1,580,2251 1,968,9101 4,833,292 3,957,520~ 6,270,025 4,046 4,039 10,119 8,791 12,802 3,160 3,938 9,666 7,915 12,540 268 4,039 10,119 8.791 12,802 Berrien ......... B B iruobok..s.......,....................:.:...::.::::..:...:::.:.:.:..:. Br~an ...... ., ....................... Bu loch .............................. 2,467,652 3,237,655 4,120,260 196,375 4,065,785 6,086 6,568 8,731 479 9,792 4,935 6,475 8,241 393 8,132 1,142 6,568 6,396 227 1,924 482 $1.26 18,915 256 $0 90 57,812 394 $3 59 480 487 478 450 490 1 17 1 06 1 16 1 35 1 47 ......... ................. ......................................... ........... ...........~. .......... ) 3,778 ................................ 384 ......................... '" .......................4.,.............2....0.... 462 493 499 421 455 1 29 1 22 1 32 1 67 1 44 ........ .0...0 ...0 ...0 ...0 ....0...#...0...0 .................................. ............ ............ .................................. 4,944 2,335 ...... 252 7,868 392 ..... 404 400 406 3 07 3 38 3 50 3 10 Burke....... ............................ 22,134,595 ....... cBccaaumlthtpsobu..en..l..l........................................................................,............. 7,184,260 4,656,000 4,595,825 arroll ...... 12,873,411 ccchahtaaortotlatsohano...o...c....h...e...e...............................................:.:.::. 340,170 120,800 2,484,1)10 46,152 14,415 9,472 9,614 28,504 810 302 5,039 44,269 14,369 9,B12 9,192 25,747 43,327 14,415 9,472 9,614 26,715 493 498 492 478 463 1 30 1 10 98 1 36 1 20 .........2...,...6......5...0... 1,789 ........27..0. 178. ..............................7...5... 1 12 175 ............ ............. ...... .4..0.0. .............,.......... .......2...4.6. ............ 680 242 4,970 ........8..1.0. 5,039 ..... ..4.2.0 493 1 46 111 .....................!............ ......... ......... ........... ...... so2J...... 4001......:r40 ............ Chattooga .............................. 3,~25,635 Oherokee............................. 2,960,940 CCClllaaayrykt..oe.n......................................... 1,559,675 4,-d8o,ooo 3,925,550 CColibnbch.................... ................. 231,125 6,689,474 CCC'ooolflufqemuei.b.t.tia........................................ CCorawweftao.rd- 1,400,725 1,812,27f 4,566,993 11,8-19,765 3,588,510 ............................. Dawson.. ....... De(atur ................. 0000000 DeKal Dodge Dooly b ......... ...... ..... .... ~ 561,775 2,345,511 3,184,985 5,352,400 9,232,425 Dougherty. Douglas. Early ........ 0 . 0 0 ~ ........... . ......... .......... ........ ..... 6,697,485 3,691,962 3,176,050 Echols ................................ 300,150 Effingham......... 211,100 EEmlbaenrut e..l.................... .......................... 6,344,110 5,922,700 F F F ayet loyd orsy t t e h . ..... .... ~ .......................-........................ 4,737,983 5,393,630 3,194,395 FFGGGruloraaelrnstdeocknoonlenci...nk................................... 6,404,500 698,875 1,939,400 3,145,780 5,781,4271 ...... Gwinnett ....................... 7,867,799 7,079 6,760 3,532 9,345 8,077 592 14,979 3,369 4,347 9,354 24,680 7,158 1,297 4,891 6,98! 10,729 18,573 12,835 8,091 6,302 795 429 14,945 13,587 9,449 11,864 7,449 13,988 1,604 3,902 6,609 11,583 17,667 6,451 5,922 3,119 9;3fi0 7,851 462 13,379 2,801 3,625 9,134 23,700 7,177 1,123 4,691 6,370 10,705 18,465 13,395 7,384 6,352 618 422 12,688 11,845 9,476 10,7871 6,389 12,809 1,398 3,879 6,292 11,563 15,736 j 7,079 6,760 4463681 1 1 45 45 ... ........ ............ ....................... ................. ........................ ....................... '3,532 9,345 8,079 14,979 441 601 486 447 1 07 i .... 1 04 ......1...3.6. 1 31 .....................,........... ........... ............ ............ ................................... .................................... 592 ................................ 390 ............ .......4...0.0. 19 1,785 9,35-1 23,480 7,158 500 443 488 4921 5011 1 1 1 1 1 75 25 11 12 43 . .......... ........ ....1..,.2..0.0. ....... ... . 250 ............. ............... ......1....0.0. 3,350 392 ............2...,..5...6...2.. 398 ............ 4 12 ...........2.....9...4.. ............. '1:l :c1;:.>;;,: '1:l .~. 1,297 4,!)51 6,981 10,729 18,573 433' 490 456 499 492 1 1 1 1 1 42 37 34 25 09 ...... ..... ............ .......... ................................... .......... ........ ... ................................. 340 ....................... ............ .....................i....l.3...4. .............3.......3..1.. ............. Q....:.j 1'7.1 c':.".;..3.;., ~ 12,493 8,091 6,302 429 14,580 9,525 9,449 10,532 7,449 459 456 504 ..... 492 1 03 1 53 1....3.3. 1 50 ........................................................... ........... ................................ ........................................................ 342 ........7..9.5. ........4..0.0. .. ooo ..... 3 38 ...... .......3..8.9. .....3...44. 429 463 501 477 429 1 1 1 1 1 26 17 02 51 42 ...... .3..6.5. 1,332 0 ...............2...3.4. 280 79 0 1 14 .....4..,.0..6.2. ........... ..... 374 ...................... ...........3........1..4.. t:-< 1>-- ~ ..... ~ <:::I 1'7.1 :'";.3;, ~ !="' 13,971 1,604 3,902 6,fl09 11,573 458 436 497 476 499 1 1 1 1 1 33 36 11 17 06 ................1....7. 10 .....................2....5..0.. 220 ..........7.5 50 .........................................................[............................................................ ............................................ 17,559 446 1 44 108 390 1 75 ............ ........... <:0 0 ~ TABLE 5.-QUANTITY OF COTTON GINNED, AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BALE, AVERAGE COST PER BALE FOR GINNING AND BALING CROP OF 1899, BY COUNTIES. GEORGIA-Continued. UPLAND CROP. SEA-ISLAND CROP. COUNTIES. Total. gross Commerinwpeoiugnhdts. ci.a1 ba1es Equlva- lent p5o0u0n- d bales. Square Bales. Average Average Number gross weight of ~~~~~ ginning bate and (pounds). balit:g. Round Bales. Average Average gross cost per Number w~fht bale for ginning bale and (pounds). bal1ng. Average Average Number of bales. gross weight of bale cost per bale for ginning and (pounds). baling. Habershan1 ........................ Hall .................................... . Hancock............................ Haralson ............................. . Harris ................................. Hart.................................. Heard .................................. Henry ......................... Houston" ............................. Irwin ................................... Jackson ................................ Jasper ............................... Jefferson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Johnson ............................... Jones ................... . Laurens ............................ Lee ...................................... Liberty ............................. Lincoln ............................... Lowndes .....:....................... 638,750 4,188,761 6,859,285 2,408,724 11,003,877 5,630,710 6,497,855 9,704,237 10,363,636 1,332,700 10,189,395 7,594,275 9,943,510 4,007,800 5,582,540 10,649,145 4,097,295 180,250 2,526,535 3,081,200 1,4351 9,586 14,:m 5,597 22,852 12,519 13;422 20,056 20,782 2,929 22,866 15,320 21,182 8,336 11,130 22,080 8,654 450 5,132 7,691 81,,2377881 13,719 4,817 22,008 11,261 12,996 19,408 20,727 1,435 9,586 13,888 5,5117 21,330 12,421 1139,,4825261 20,782 2,665 20,379 15,189 1!-1,887 8,016 1,891 22,816 15,320 21,182 8,336 11,165 21.298 8;195 360 5,053 11,130 21,380 8,654 30 5,132 6,162 114 445$ 437 1 27 1 40 ................ 1............ $............................................ ,$ ......... . ,..... ,..... 480 1 08 430 1 27 483 .......2.4..4...........7.7. .................................. 496 1 05 1,522 275 1 00 452 1 30 98 227 70 484 1 24 487 1 12 200 220 1 00 499 1 09 485 1 59 ..................... 1,03tl . 446 496 1 1 28 14 . ......50 ..... 250 .......1...0.0. 469 1 08 481 1 08 400 4 06 503 1 21 .......................................................... .. 490 1 22 700 250 65 ........................ ,............ !............!. . . . . . . . . . . .. 473 1 24 ..................................................................... 483 1 25 .. .... .. ... ...... ...... .. .... ..... 420 39511 3 42 492 1 17 .................................. 444 1 44 ........... ..... ...... ........... 7,577 400, 3 QS. Lumpkin ............................. McDuffie............................. Macon ..................... Madison ................. ., .......... .. 28,750 3,839,186 8,380,308 5,129,455 75 8,635 16,71X 11,443 7,6~~1 75 6,901 16,761 16,713 10,259 11,443 Marion ................................. Meriwether ......................... Miller ............................... Milton ................................ Mitchell ............................ 4 667,825 n;2o0,3oo 1,041,250 2, 7t3,42-51 4,759,940 9,681 22,452 2,07fi 6,407 10,049 9,336 22,401 2,083 5,447 9,520 9,681 22,452 2,025 6,407 7,863 Monroe..... ..... ................ . .Montgomery ...................... .. Morgan ............................. Murray .................. .. ~Iuscogee ......................... .. 9,173,760 2,445,95-'l 7,818,370 1,173,245 3,494,475 18,724 5,392 16,453 2,586 7,042 18,348 4,892 15.637 2,;H6 6,989 18,724 4,858 15,220 2,586 7,042 Newton ................................ Oconee ................................. Oglethorpe ........................... Paulding. .... .... .... .............. l'ickens ......................... 7,018,700 3,496,200 8,929,440 4,090,440 817,020 14,373 7,349 19,276 9,154 1,851 14,037 6,992 17,859 8,1lH 1,634 14,348 7,349 19,256 9,104 1,851 Pierce .................................. . Pike ................................... Polk ................................... Pulaski ................................ Putnam ............................... 1,298,975 7,105,340 4,081,265 7,906,4fi0 4,692,239 3,657 14,281 8,852 16,431 9,609 2,598 14,211 8,163 15,813 9,384 14,268 8,852 15,134 9,609 Quitman ............................. Randolph ............................ Richmond ........................... Rockdale ............................ Schley ..._. ............................ 3,091,920 9,165,250 1,867,115 3,619,675 2,841,625 6,243 18,5581 3,764 7,368 5,760 6,184 18,330 3,734 7,239 5,683 6,243 18,558 3,764 7,368 5,760 Screven .... ~....;...................... Spalding .............................. Stewart ................................ Sumter ................................ Talbot ........._;........................ 8,442,243 5,68::::,610 8,843,587 12,475,007 4,233,583 17,963 11,390 17,875 25,164 8,893 16,884 11,365 17,687 24,8901 8,467 17,666 1117,,3897051 25, 64 8,893 !..................... !............ 383 1 52 ................................... 494 1 15 1,734 250 1 13 ~.... ...... ............ ........ .. 501 112 ........... ........... .. ........................................ .. 448 1 32 ................................................................. .. 482 1 34 499 1 08 50! 1 59 425 1 41 494 1 23 50 2,186 400 400 400 3 33 490 1 15 462 1 33 ..... ........... 534 378 4 00 494 1 14 1,233 248 58 454 1 48 496 1 24 489 1 26 25 250 1 30 476 1 09 463 1 07 20 250 50 ....................... 447 1 44 441 1 47 498 461 1 1 07 56 .......1..3 501 1 08 1,297 488 1 13 3,657 246 100 250 50 355 4 12 495 1 04 494 1 09 495 1 23 491 1 30 493 1 26 471 1 30 ............................... .. !............ 499 1 08 .............................. 495 1 28 ........ .. ......... 495 1 20 .............................. 476 1 24 ............................ .. 297 400 3 79 TABLE 5.-QUANTITY OF COTTON GINNED, AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BALE, AVERAGE COST PER BALE FOR GINNING AND BALING CROP OF 1899, BY COUNTIES. GEORGIA-Continued. COUNTIE3. UPLA~D CROP. - SEA-ISLAND CROP. Equiva.-- Total gross Commer lent weight . 500- in pounds. era! bales pound bales. Square Bales. Average Average gross cost per Number we~fht bale for ginning bale and (pounds), bttling. Round Bales. Average Average gross cost per Number we~Fht bale for ginning bale and (pounds). baling. Number. of bales. Average Average gross coot per weight bale for of ginning bale and (pounds). baling. Taliaferro ............................ T a t t n a l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Taylor ............................... Telfair .............................. Terrell ............................... 3,088,250 2,980,433 4,154,433 1,216,875 12,792,500 Thomas .............................. Troup ......................... ..:...... Twiggs ............................... . Upson ............................... .. Walker ............................... 5,810,135 10,716,741 4,574,259 4,830,625 1,633,315 Walton .................. " ............. 9,526,4fi5 Ware .................................... 45,450 Warren ............................. .. 4,669,192 Washington ......................... 14,321,798 Wayne ............................... \Vebster ............................. . \Vhite ................................ Whitfield ............................ 396,500 2,000,250 60,000 858,575 Wilcox................................. Wilkes ................................ Wilkinson ........................ . Worth .................................. 1,950,085 7,753,460 5,309,466 5,043,850 6,487 7,309 8,371 2,541 25,719 12,473 21,550 9,484 9,765 3,631 19,665 123 9,659 29,544 965 4,116 150 1,947 3,885 17,405 ll,OS7 10,485 6,176 5,960 8,309 2,4114 25,585 6,020 952 8,371 2,324 25,719 11,620 21,433 9,149 9,661 3,267 10,923 21,515 9,484 9,765 3,631 19,053 91 9,338 28,644 19,665 9,007 29,194 793 4,001 J::lO 1,717 110 4,116 150 1,947 3,900 3,820 15,507 14,840 10,6191 11,037 10,088! 9,296 495 1 00 467 445 1 37 496 1 4(\ 486 1 46 497 1 04 229 1 00 6,357 217 402 320 406 3 75 479 1 23 1,550 375 3 28 498 1 06 35 147 1 00 482 1 27 :::::::::: ::::::::::::l:::::::::: 495 1 16 450 1 42 ~ 0 0. 484 1 20 500 1 14 652 488 114 350 250 75 250 1 25 123 370 3 75 495 1 25 4k6 1 15 400 1 65 441 1 56 855 400 4 00 504 1 34 483 1 11 2,565 230 481 1 16 492 1 18 65 400 3 00 63 ........ .. .................... .. 1,189 390 3 60 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAIJ. 907 TEXTILE MILLS IN GEORGIA. Those not desigmated as woolen, knitting, carding or rug, are cotton mills. Aberdeen Mills, Poulan, Ga. (projected), J. H. Bromley, President. Almand & Dyson Knitting Mill, Washingtorr:t, Ga., D:Hall, Superintendent. *Anchor Duck Mills, Rome, Ga. Annestown Cotton Mills, Stone Mountain, Ga., C. J. Haden, President. Aragon Mills, Aragon, Ga., \V. S. Walcott, President; J. P. Campbell and F. C. Walcott, Managers. Athens Manufacturing Co., Athens, Ga. (cotton and wool), W. S. Doot.son, Superintendent; J. H. Dootson, Agent. Atlanta CottonJ Mills, Atlanta, Ga., R. B. Smith (N. Y.), President; H. E. Fisher, Agent. Atlanta Hosiery Mills, Atlanta, Ga., S. A. Magill, Proprietor. Atlanta Knitting Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jerome Silvey, President. Atlanta Rug Mills, Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta Woolen Mills, Atlanta, Ga., W. M. Nixon, President and Manager. Atlantic & Gulf Mills, Quitmarn, Ga., J. F. Spain, President; J. W. Spain, Superintendent. Augusta Factory, Augusta, Ga., Stewart Phinizy, President; A. S. Morris, Secretary and Treasurer. Baldwin Cotton Mills, Baldwin, Ga. (projected), W. A. Shore, President. Barnesville Manufacturing Company, Barnesville, Ga., J. W. Rogers, President; J. W. Hanson, Agent. Battle Manufacturing Company (knitting), Warrenton, Ga., J. F. Allen, President; W. F. Wilhoit, Secretary. Bibb Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President; J. R. White, Secretary. Bibb Manufacturing Company, Porterdale, near Covington, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President; 0. S. Porter, Agent; John A. Porter, Superintendent. Bibb Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., J. F. Hanson1, President; J. R. White, Secretary. Bibb Manufacturing Compruny, Pottersville, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President; J. R. White, Secretary. Bowen, Jewell & Comparny's Mill, J ewells, Ga., Bowen, Jewell & Co. Brooks Underwear Mmnufacturing Company (knitting), Molena, Ga. Bulloch County Cotton Mill, Statesboro, Ga., F., B. Green, Presidernt (not running). *Canton Cotton Mills, Canton, Ga., R. T. Jones, President; W. T. Brown, Superintendent. Capps Cotton Mill, Toccoa, Ga., T. A. Capps, President. *New Mills. 908 GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L .A.ND INDUSTRIAL. *Carlton Manufacturing Company, Carlton, Ga. Cedartown Cotton Mills, Cedartown, Ga., Daniel Baugh (Phila.), President; J. H. Hines, Manager. Clegg Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., J. F. Clegg, Treas- urer (not :in operation). , *Cochran Cotton Mills Company, Co<:lhran, Ga., J. J. Taylor, Presi- dent; D. E. Duggan, Superintendetnrt. Columbus Manufacturi'llg Company, Columbus, Ga., F. B. Gordon, President; Charles H. Gordon, Superintendent. Columbus Wadding Mills, Columbus, Ga., E. P. Dismukes, President. Commun!i.ty Cotton Mills, Geneva, Ga. (projected). Concord Woolen Mill, Nicajack, Ga., J. W. Rice, Manager; T. S. Hudlow, Superintendent. *Cordele Cotton Mills Comparny, Cordele, Ga., J. T. Westbrook, President; R. L. Wilson, Agent. Cornelia Cotton Mills, Cornelia, Ga. (projected). Covington Cotton Mills, Covingtom1, Ga., T. C. Swann, President; W. C. Clark, Secretary and Treasurer. Crown ,Cotton Mills, Dalton, Ga., George W. Hamiltoo, President; J. W. Brown, Superintendent. Dixie Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga., 0. A. Dunson, President and Manager. *DubLin Cotton Mills, Dublin, Ga., Wm. Pritchett, President; J. Wheeler Mears, Superintendent. Eagle & Phamix Manufacturi'l1g Company (cotton and wool), Colum- bus, Ga., G. Gunby Jordan, President; W. H. Rankin, Superintendent. Eastman Cotton Mills, E:astman, Ga. Eatonton Electric Company, Eatonton, Ga., J. W. Preston, Presi- dent; A. S. Reid, Secretary. Elizabeth Cotton Mills, six miles from Atlanta, Ga.,_ F. I. Stone, President. Enterprise Manufacrturing Company, Augusta, Ga., J. P. Verdery, President; Otis G. Lymch, Superintendent. Exchange Cotton Mill, Macon, Ga. (projected), J. W. Cabaniss, Presi- dem.t; C. E. Hams, Superintendent. Exposition Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., J. D. Turner, President; G. P. Jeter, Superintendent. Fincher Cotton Mill, Toonigh, Ga., E. A. Fincher, Proprietor. Forsyth Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., J. M. Ponder, Presi- dent; J. 0. Kennett, Superintendent. Fulton Bag & Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jacob Elsas, President; J. R. Pearce, Superintendent. Gainesville Cotton Mills, Grunresville, Ga. Gate City Hosiery Mills (knitting), Atlanta, Ga., J. 0. Greenfield, President. Gate. City Manufacturing Company (knitting), East Point, Ga., Samuel A. Carter, President. *New Milb. GEORGIA.: HISTORIOA.L A.ND INDUS1'RIA.L. 909 Georgia Manufacturing Company (cotton and knitting), Columbus, Ga., C. L. Perkins, President; J. W. Boyd, Superintendent. Georgia Mam.ufaoturing Company, Gainesville, Ga., Dr. R. E. Green, President; R. E. Green, Jr., Secretary. Georgia Manufacturing Company, Whitehall, Ga., J. R. White, Presidernt; Charles F. Smith, SuNrintendernt. Georgia Underwear Company (knitting mill), Barlllesville, Ga., J. J. Rogers, President; Floyd M. Murphey, Superintendent. Globe Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., J. A. A. W. Clark, President; J. C. F. Clarke, Superintendent. Glover Manufacturing Company, Juliatte, Ga., J. N. Biroh, Presi- dent; E. Duggan, Superintendernt. Grantville Hosiery Mills (knitting), Grantville, Ga., N. 0. Banks, President; J. P. Brasche, Superintem.dent. Griffin Knitting Mills, Griffin, Ga., Douglas Boyd, President. Griffin Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, Presi- dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent. *Gwin:nett Cotton Mills, Lawrenceville, Ga., M. S. Cornett, President; J. H. Duggan, Sooratary. Hamburger Cotton Mills, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburger, Presi- dent; Charles Hancock, Superintendent. Hampton Cotton Mills, Hampton, Ga., A. J. Hernderson, President; W. M. Harris, Secretary. Hanson Crawley Company's Knitting Mill, Barnesville, Ga., J. L. Kennedy, President. Harmony Mills, Alice, 'Ga., P. M. Tate, Proprietor; J. A. Winter- bottom, Superintendent. Harmony Grove Mills, Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Hardman, Presi- dent; M. R. Chrystal, Superintendent. Hawkinsville Cotton Mills, Hawkinsvtille, Ga., T. H. Grace, President. Henderson Manuf1acturing Co. (knitting mill), Hampton, Ga., A. J. Henderson, President; A. D. HendersOOlJ, Managerr. High Shoals Manufacturing Company, lligh Shoals, Ga., J. W. Hin- ton, President; A. J. Baxter, Superintendent. Hogansville Manufacturing Company, Hogansville, Ga., R. J. G:cif- :fin, President; G. W. Murphy, Manage.r. Houston Eactory, Dennard, Ga., Dennard & Hughes (not ru'lllling). Hutcheson Manufacturing Company, Banning, Ga., C. S. Reid, Presi- dent; W. H. Thomas, Superintendent. *Irwin Manufacturing Company, Fitzgerald, Ga., W. R. Bowen, President (projected). Isaetta Mills, Augusta, Ga., James Brotherton, President; H. Ware, Superintendent. Iverson and Sterne Manufacturing Company, Milner, Ga., Iverson & Stelrlle, Proprietors. , Jackson & Brother's Carding Mill, Lawrenceville, Ga., E. P. Jackson and Brother, Propriators. *New Mills. 910 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. *Jasper Cotton Mills, Monticello, Ga. (projected), L. 0. Benton, President. Jefferson Cotton Mills, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, President; J. C. Turner, Mrunager. Jewells Mills, Jewells, Ga., George Bradley, Superintendent. Josephine Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., Daniel Baugh, Presi- doot; L. D. Wade, Superintendent. Kincaid Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kinc:aid, Presi- dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent. King, J. P., Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., Charles Estes, President; Joel Smith, Superintemdent. LaGrange Mills, LaGrange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, President; G. "\V. Carpenter, Superintendent. . Lanett Cotton Mills, West Point, Ga., L. Lanier, President; E. Lang, Superintendent. Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company (woolen), Roswell, Ga., S. Crowley, President; W. R. McGregor, Superintendent. *Lavonia Cotton Mills, Lavonia, Ga., M. Crawford, President. Little River Mill, Waleska., Ga. Louisville Cotton Mills, Louisville, Ga., W. W. Abbott, President. Macon Knitting Company, Macon, Ga., D. H. Howes, Agent; Joseph Benner, Superintendent. *McRae C'otton Mill Company, McRae, Ga. (projected). Mallison Braided Cord Company, Athens, Ga., L. F. Edwards, Presi- dent; W. A. Fowler, Superintendent. Manchester Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., W. A. Crutch- field, President; J. D. Hough, General Manager. Mandeville Cotton Mills, Carrollton, Ga., L. C. Mandeville, Presj- dent; E. Montgomery, Superintendent. Marietta Knitting Company, Marietta, Ga., R. H. Northcutt, Preei- dent; J. H. Barnes, Superintendent. Marietta Paper Manufacturing Company (cotton batting and waste, 32 cards), Marietta, Ga. Mary Leila Cotton Mills, Greensboro, Ga., E. A. Copeland, President; S. T. Buchanan, Superintendent. Massachusetts Mills in Georgia, Lindale, Ga., Augustus Lowell, Presi- dent; Wm. Audley Mal"Shall, Superintendent. !fiddle Georgia Cotton Mills, Eatonton, Ga., B. W. Hunt, President; E. B. Ezell, Superintendent. Millen Cotton Mills, Millen, Ga., J. H. Daniel, President; R. G. Daniel, Secretary and Treasurer. Monroe Cotton Mills, Monroe, Ga., B. S. Walker, President; J. Wheeler Mears, Superintendent. Moultme Cotton !fills, Moultrie, Ga., W. 0. Verreen, President; Z. H. Clark, Secretary. !fuseogee Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., E. W. Swift, President; Jesse Paine, Superintendent. ~-New Mills. GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 911 *New Century Cotton Mills, Douglasville, Ga., J. D. James, Presi- dernt; Samuel Hale, Superintendent (not running). Newnan Cotton Mills, Newnan, Ga., R. D. Cole, Sr., President; John Florence, Superintendent. Onord Knitting Mills, Barnesville, Ga., J. C. Collier, President; S. H. Langham, Superintendent. . Pacolet Manufacturing Company, New Holland, near Gainesville, Ga. Palmetto Cotton Mills, Palmetto, Ga., J. K. P. Carlton, President; W. S. Harbin, Superintendent. Park Mills, LaGrange, Ga., L. M. Park & So'llS, Proprietors; L. 1L Park, President; Wm. Houston, Superintendent. Park Woolen Mills, Rossville, Ga., W. A. Campbell, President; C. A. Taylor, Superintend6\fit. Paulding County ManU'facturing Company, Dallas, Ga., E. Davis, Preside.nt; R. P. GaJilill, Secrettary. Payne Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga., W. S. Payne, President; J. II. Kane, Supecinterndent. Pearle Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga., T. M. Swift, President; R. l1.. Field, Superintendent. Pelham Manufacturing Company, Pelham, Ga., J. L. Hand,Presi- dent; B. W. Curry, Treasurerr. Penfield Hosiery Mill (knitting), Penfield, Ga., T. vV. Woodham, Superintendent. Pepperton Cotton Mills, Jackson, Ga., J. R. Wright, President; J. L. .A>sbel, Superintendent. Phamix Cotton Factory, tern miles from Augusta, Ga., M. B. Hatcher, President; W. W. Hack, Superintendent. Pt:iedmont Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., B. L. Willingham, President; Baynard Willingham, Superintendernt. Porterdale Mills, Covington, Ga., 0. S. Porter, Agent. Porter Manufacturing Company (cotton and wool), Bert, Ga., T. L. Langston, President; S. Crowley, General Manager. Princeton Malllufacturing Company, Athens, Ga., James 'White, Pro- prietor; W. W. Duncan, Superintendent. QuiRtette Manufacturing Company, Eat()[lton, Ga., Robert A. Reid, President; E. M. Brown, Treasurer. Raccoon Manufacturing Company, Raccoon Mills, Ga., John S. Cleg- horn, President; R. S. White, Superintendent.. Richmond Hosiery Mills (knitting), Rossville, Ga., E. G. Richmond, President; Garnett Andrews, Jr., Manager. Riverdale Cotton :Mills, \Vest Point, Ga., James Pierce, President; W m. Brown, Superintendent. Riverside Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., George K. Stearns, President; John Vivian, Superin1tendent. Riverside Mills, Marietta, Ga. (branch of the Augusta }.fill of same name). *New 11Iills. 912 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Rome Cotton Factory, Rome, Ga., Henry Harvey, President; 0. E. McLin, Superintendent. Roswell Manufacturing Company, Roswell, Ga., S. Y. Stribling, President. Rushton Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., B. R. Blakely, President; George H. Peckham, Superintendent. Russell Manufactul'ing Company, Windm-, Ga. Savannah Cotton Mills, Savanrrua:h, Ga., W alte!r N. Brown, Superintendent. Schofield Manufacturing Company (knitting), Macon, Ga., T;. 0. Schofield, President; W. P. McQuillin, Superintendent. Scottdale Mills, near Atlanta, Ga., George W. Scott, President; C. M. Candler, Treasurm-. Shoal Creek Cotton Mills, Shoal Creek, Ga., J. M. Edwards, Proprietor; A. B. Edwards, Superintendent. 'Sibley Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., John W. Ohafee, President; James C. Platt, Superintendent. Smith Manufacturing Company, Thomson, Ga., John E. Smith, President; Mr. Fielding, Superinte'Ildent. Social Circle Cotton Mills, Social Circle, Ga., J. B. Robinson, Presi- dent. Soque Mills (cotton and wool), Bert, 8 miles from Cornelia, Ga., T. L. Langston, President; F. W. Earnshaw, Superintendent. Southern Shoddy Mills, Rossville, Ga., G. A. Rinker, Manager; H. Sheard, Superintendent. Spalding Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, President; Allen Little, Superintendent. Sparta Cotton Mills, Sparta, Ga., D, P. Ferguson, Proprietor (not running). Standard Cotton Mtills, Cedartown, Ga., M. 0. Berry, President; Wm. Parker, Manage~r. Standard 1faTiufacturing Company (knitting mill), Athens, Ga., Wm. and J. H. Dootson and A. H. Hodgson, Proprietors. Star Thread Mills, Barnett Shoals, 10 Miles from Athens, Ga., J. W. Morton, Agent; J. C. Bone, Superintendent. Strickland Cotton Mills, Valdosta, Ga., B. F. Strickland, President; E. W. Lane, Secretary. *Strickland M>ills, Concord, Ga., G. W Strickland, Proprietor (In- corporated, 1900, but not yert running). Suthm-land Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., Wm. T. David- son, Presidynt; John M. Head, Superintendent. Swift's Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga., T. M. Swift, President; R. A. Field, Superintendent. Swift Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburgm-, President; J o~n T. Abney, Superintendent. 'Taylor Manufacturing Company, 4 miles from Reynolds, Ga., Bibb *New Mills. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 913 Manufacturing Company of Macon, Ga., Proprietors; W. R. Rodgers, Superintendelllt. *Tennille Cotton Mills, T'ennille, Ga., J. W. Smith, President; J. Boshinski, Secretary. Thomaston Cotton Mills, Thomaston, Ga., R. A. Matthews, Presi- {}ent; 0. S. Causey, Superintendent. *Tifton Cotton Mills, Tifton, Ga., H. H. Tift, President; L. G. Manard, Secretary. Tillman Manufacturing Company (knitting mills), Valdosta, Ga. (In- -corporated 1900; mill not yert built). Toccoa Cotton Mills, Toccoa, Ga., W. R. Bruce, Treasurer and Manager; J. W. Goodroe, Superintendent. Trio Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., R. P. Brooks, Presi- dent; C. A. Ensign, Secretary. Trion Manufacturing Company, Trion, Ga., A. S. Hamilton, Presi- Jent; Z. T. McKinney, Superintendent. Union Cotton Mills, LaFayette, Ga., A. R. Steele, President and Manager; John R. Steele, Superintendent. Union Manufacturing Company (knitting mill), Union Point, Ga., Harold Lamb, President; H. S. Lovern, Secretary. *Unity Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga. (incorporated 1900, not com- plete). Upson Knitting Mills, Steed, Ga., T. S. Yates, President. Valdosta Cotton Manufacturing Company, Valdosta, Ga. (projected). Wahnerta Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., E. S. Mumford, Pre!li- dent; G. H. Wade, Secrertary and Treasurer. Wahoo Manufacturing Company, Sargents, Ga., H. C. Arnall, President; J. A. Smith, Superintendent. Walton Cotton Mill Company, Monroe, Ga. (projected), C. T. Mob- 'ley, President; J. Wheeler Mears, Superintendent. Warwick Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., Frank R. Clark, President; W. B. Kitchings, Superintendent. W aynman Cotton Mills, Waynmanville, Ga., T. M. Matt~hews, Presi- dent; C. H. Robertso!', Manager. West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Ga., L. Lanier, PrPsident; T. Lang, Superintendent. Weatherly and Lambdin Wool Carding Mill, Red Clay, Ga. Whitehall Yarn Mill, Whitehall, Ga., John R. White, Proprietor. Whittier Cotton Mills, Chattahoochee, Ga., Helen A. Whittier, President; W. R. B. Whittier, Agent; Henry W. Salmon, Superintend- ent. Wilkes Cotton Mill Company, Washington, Ga., chartered 1900, incomplete. Willingham Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga., C. B. Willingham, President; G. T. Kennett, Superintendent. Winder Cotton Mills, Winder, Ga., W. B. Cants, President; R. L. Rogers,. Secretary and Treasurer. * "'t>w Mills. -15 ga 914 GEORGIA: HISTORIOA.L AND INDUSTRIAL. Winn Wool Carding Mill, Bowman, Ga., D. J. WiiUli & Co., Proprietors. Witham Cotton Mills, Hartwell, Ga., W. S. Witham, President; H. L. Witham, Superintendent. Woodside Cotton Mills, Gainesville, Ga. (projected), J. D. Woodside, President. Woodstock Cotton Mills, Toonigh, Ga., E. A. Fincher, Proprietor. FERTILIZER FACTORIES IN GEORGIA. Abbott & Stone ............................ Louisville, Georgia. Adair, A. D. & McCarty Bros ................... Atlanta, Georgia. Alford, D. C. & Co.......................... Hartwell, Georgia. Americarrr Fertilizer Co. . ....................... Macon, Georgia. Andrew, Glenn & Co.......................... Carlton, Georgia. Arlington Oil and Fertilizer Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arlington, Georgia. Armour Fertilizer Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlanta, Georgia. Amold & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elberton, Georgia. Arnold & Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington, Georgia. Askew, J. F............................. Hogansville, Georgia. Augusta Guano Co........................... Augusta, Georgia. Baker, D. A................................ Royston, Georgia. Bale, F. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rome, Georgia. Blacks:hear Ma:nufaeturing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blackshear, Georgia. Blanchard & Humber ....................... Columbus, Georgia. Bowker Fertilizer Co. . ...................... 'Savannah, Georgia. Brooks & Tabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lavonia, Georgia. Brown Brothers ............................. Elberton, Georgia. Busha, S. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buford, Georgia. Butler, Heath & Butler ....................... Camilla, Georgia. Cannon, J. W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lavonia, Georgia. Cooper, W. W. . ...................... Flowery Branch, Georgia. Coweta Fertilizer Co. . ....................... Newnan, Georgia. Daniel Sons & Palmer Co .................... , .. Millen, Georgia. Davis Fertilizer Co. . ........................ Quitman, Georgia. Ellis, Charles ..................,............ Savannah, Georgia. Excelsior Manufacturing Co. . .............. Washington, Georgia. Farmers Cotton Oil & Manufacturirng Co. . ... Locust Grove, Georgia. Fort Gaines Oil & Guano Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fort Gaines, Georgia. Fowler Bros. & Co. . ......................... Marietta, Georgia. Furman Farm & Improvement Co............... Atlanta, Georgia. Georgia Chemical Works ..................... Augusta, Georgia. Georgia Farmers' Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ......... Madison, Georgia. Gibbs, L. Y. Sons & Co. . ................... Savannah, Georgia. Grova:nia Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ............... Grovania, Georgia. Hand Trading Co............................ Pelham, Georgia.. Harper & Hewell ......................... Dewy Rose, Georgia. Hays, A. N. . .............................. Covington, Georgia. Hodgsorn Fertilizer Co. . ....................... Athens, Georgia. GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 915 Hogansville Fertilizer Co. . ................. Hogansville, Georgia. Home Mixture Guano Co. . .................. Columbus, Georgia. Jackson Fertilizer Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jackson, Georgia. J e:fferson Manufacturing Co. . ................. J e:fferson, Georgia. Jones, W. 0. & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elberton, Georgia. Kennesaw Guano Co. . ........................ Atlrunta, Georgia. Kramer, Mandeville & Co. . ................. Carrollton, Georgia. Lowe, T. J ................................. Mabelton, Georgia. McBride, Robert & Co. . ...................... Newnan, Georgia. McBumey Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ............. Warrenton, Georgia. llfcCaw Manufacturing Co. . .................... Macon, Georgia. llfcKenzie Oil & Fertilizer Co...................Atlanta, Georgia. Mallet & N utt .............................. Jackson, Goorgta. Mrunning, W. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Powder Springs, Georgia. Marietta Guano Co........................... Atlanta, Georgia. Maynard, P. B. & Oo......................... Forsyth, Georgia. Middle Georgia Oil & Fertilizer Co. . ......... Hogansville, Georgia. Mitchell County FertJilizer Co. . ................. Camilla, Georgia. Monroe Guano Co. . .......................... Monroe, Georgia. Napier Bros. . ................................ Macoo, Georgia~ Neely, R. C. C. . ......................... Waynesboro, Georgia.. Old Dominion Guano Co. . ..................... Atlanta, Georgia.. Peeples & Lane ............................. Valdosta, Georgia. Pioneer Guano Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Albany, Georgia. Pittard, John T. . ........................ Winterville, Georgia. Putney Fertilizer Co. . ........................ Putney, Georgia. Ramspeek, G. A. . ........................... Decatur, Georgia. Richland Guano Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richland, Georgia. Savoonah Guano Co. . ....................... Savannah, Georgia. Skinner, C. W. . ......................... Waynesboro, Georgia. Smith, J. M. . .............................. Smithonia, Georgia. Smith, T. N. & J. W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tenniller, Georgia. Stevens, Martin & Co. . ....................... Carlton, Georgia. Strickland, A. J. Manufacturing Works ......... Valdosta, Georgia. Suwannee Fertilizer Co. . .................... Savannah, Georgia. Swift Fertilizer Works ........................ Atlanta, Georgia. Tabor & Almond ............................ Elbe.rton, Georgia. Thomas, N. P. . ............. , ........... Waynesboro, Georgia. Turnipseed, J. W. & Sons .................... Hampton, Georgia. Unlion Fertilizer Co........................... Atlanta, Georgia. Valdosta Guano Co. . ...................... ,.. Valdosta, Georgia. Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co................... Atlanta, Georgia. Walker Bros. . ................................ Griffin, Georgia. Wilcox, I ves & Co. . ........................ Savannah, Georgia. Wilkins & Jones ......................... Waynesboro, Georgia. Willingham, C. B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macon, Georgia. Worth County Fertilizer & Manufacturing Co..... Sylvester, Georgia. Wright, Carter & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jackson, Georgia. 916 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAJ, AND INDUSTRIAL. GEORGIA BANKS. TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED .Abbeville ..... Wilcox ....... ritizens' B'\nk a ............................ 1900 .Acworth ...... Cobb ......... S. LE-mon Banking Co. b ... , ................. .1853 Adairsville ... Bartow ....... Bank of Adairsville a . ....................... 1899 Adel .......... Berrien ....... Bank of Adela ............................ 1899 Albany ...... Dougherty ... Albany National Bank ...................... 1R95 :: :: ... Commercial Bank of Albany a ............. .1888 ,, " ... Exchange Bank of Albany a ................. .1893 ... First National Bank .......................... 1888 Americus ..... Sumter ....... Bank of Commerce a ........................ .1891 :; ;; ....... Bank of Southwestern Georgia a ............ .1887 ....... Pt>Ople's Bank a ................. ............ 1899 " " ....... Planters' Bank a . .............................1892 Arlington ..... Calhoun ...... Bank of Arlington a . .........................1899 Ashburn ...... Worth ........ Ashburn Bank a ............................. .1900 Athens ....... Clarke ........ Ath~->ns Savings Bank a ..................... .1887 " .. .. .. . ' ........ Bank of the University a ............ ........ 1873 " " ....... National Bank of Athens .................... 1866 Atlanta, ...... Fulton ........ Atlanta National Bank ..................... 1865 " " ........ Bank of Commerce a ........................ .1899 ;: :: ........ Capital City National Bank .................. 1900 " " ........ Coker Banking Company b .................. .1873 ........ Fourth National Bank ........................ 1896 " " ....... James' Bank b ..... ........................... 1860 " " .. . . . . Lowry N a tiona! Bank ...... , ................ 1861 :: :: ........ Maddox-Rucker Banking Co. .. .............. 1880 " " ....... NPal Loan & Banking Co. a ................ .. 1887 ....... Third National Bank ....................... 1896 :: :: ........ Athmta Banking & Savings Co. a ........... 1886 ........ Atlanta Savings Bank a ..................... .1890 ;; :: ........ Capital City Trust Co. a .................... .. 1900 ........ Farmers' and 'l'raders' Bank .................. 1900 " " ........ Georgia Savings Bank & Trust Co. a ......... .1899 " '' ....... Gerruania Loan & Banking Co. a ........... .1887 :: :: ........ Southern Banking & Trust Co. a ............. .1889 ........ Trust Company ot Georgia a ................. .1890 '' " ........ Darwin G. Jones b ............................ 1881 " " ....... George S. May b.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1867 " " ........ Weyman & 8 Comer ........ Madison ..... Comer Bank a ................................ 1900 Conyers ...... Rockdale ..... John H. Almand b_ .......... _.......... 11l92 Cordele ....... Dooly .... _.... Bank of Wight & Weslosky Co. b ............ .181-lS " " .........Citizens' Bank a ............................. .1899 " " ........ Peoples' Bank a ....................... _........ 18!-JS Cornelia ...... Habersham .. Cornelia Bank a .............................. 1900 Covington .. _.Newton .. _... Clark Banking Co. a ............. _........... 1891 Crawfordville. Taliaferro .... Bank of Crawfordville a ... 0.... _............1898 Culloden ...... Monroe ...... Bank of Culloden a. . . . . . . . . . . ...............1897 Cuthbert ..... Randolph ... -Bank of Outh bert ............................ 1800 Dallas ........ Paulding ..... Bank of Dallas ............................... 1899 Dalton ........ Whitfield ..... First National Bank. . . . . . .. ....... 00 ........ 1888 " .. .... .. '' .... C. L. Hardwick & Co. b . . . . . . . . . . 00 ...... 00 001873 Darien ........ Mcintosh .... Darien Bank a ............................... 1889 Dawson ...... Terrell .. _..... Dawson National Bank ....................... 1889 '' " _....... First State Bank a .............. _............. 1887 Demorest ..... Habersham ... Savings Bank of Demorest b ........ 0......... 1898 Douglas ...... Coffee ........ Union Banking Co. a ....................... .1fl99 Douglasville .. Douglas _. . . . Douglasville Banking Co. a. _................. 1891 Dublin ....... Laurens ...... Dublin Banking Co. a ........................1892 " . . . . . . . '' ...... Laurens Banking Co. a ...................... .1898 Eastman ..... Dodge ........ Citizens' Banking Co. a . ...................... 1891 '' . . . . . '' _....... Merchants' & Farmers' Bank b . .............. 1896 Eatonton ..... Putnam ...... Middle Georgia Bank a ...................... .1891 " . . . . " ...... Putnam County Banking Co. a ...... _....... .1891 Elberton ...... Elbert .. 0..... Bank of Elberton a ... _.............. _. 00. 00 01893 '' . . . . . . '' ........ Elberton Loan & Savings Bank a ........... .1888 Ellaville ...... Schley_ ....... Ellaville Agency Bank of Southwestern .. _.. . Georgia b . .1897 Fairburn 00 ... Campbell .... W. T. Roberts b ......... 00 ................... 1899 Fayetteville .. Fayette ...... Bank of Fayetteville b........................ 1898 Fitzgerald .... Irwin ........ Merchants' & Planters' Bank a .............. .1900 Flovilla ...... Butts ......... W. B. Dozier b .... _..... _ ...................1895 Forsyth ....... Monroe ....... Bank of Forsyth a ...........................1895 " . .. . . . " .... 00 OW. H. Head Banking Co. b._ ........ ........ 1874 " '' ....... W. T. Maynard & Co. b .... 0.................. 1887 Fort Gaines ... Clay .. __ . _00 .Bank of Fort Gaines a . ...... 00 ............... 1890 Fort Valley ... Houston ..... Dow I.aw Bank a .............................1895 " "- ..... Exchange Bank a ........................... _11:l89 Gainesville.... Hall ........ First National Bank ........................ 1889 " " ........ State Banking Co. a ..........................1889 " ' 1 0....... J. H. Hunt b .................................1H93 Greensboro ... Greene ...... Armor Brothers b.............................1898 " " . _..... E. A Copelan b ................. 00 ............ 1889 Greenville ... Meriwether .. Greenville Banking Co. a ... 0............... 0.1891 Griffin ... 00 ... Spalding...... City National Bank .... 00 .. 00 .............. 00.1873 " " .. 00 .. Griffin Banking Co. a .... 00 00 ................ 1870 ,, Harmony " ..... .Merchants' & Planters' Bank ................. 1889 ...... Savings Bank of Griffin 0.................... 1889 Grove ... Jackson ...... Northeastern Banking Co. a ................. .1892 Hartwell ..... Hart .......... Farmers' & Merchants Bank a ............... .1899 a State. b Private. 918 GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED Hartwell ...... Hart .......... Hartwell Bank a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1899 Hawkinsville.Pulaski ...... Hawkinsville Bank & Trust Co. a............ .1872 " . " ...... Planters' Bank a ............................. h96 Hazlehurst ... Appling ...... J. G. Pace b.................................. 1897 Hogansville .. Troup ........Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a .............. .1S89 Jackson ...... Butts ......... Jackson Banking Co. a ...................... .1888 Jefferson ..... Jackson ...... Jefferson Banking Co. a ..................... .18\12 Jesup ........ Wayne ....... Merchants' & Farmers' Savings Bank b ..... .1891 I,aFayette ... Waiker ...... Bank of LaFayette a ....................... .1899 LaGrange .... Troup ........ Bank of La Grange a. . . . . . . . . . . . ...........1890 " " ........ La Grange Banking & Trust Co. a ........... .1871 Lavonia ..... Franklin ..... Bank of Lavonia a ............................ 1898 Lawrenceville Gwinnett .... Bank of Lawrenceville a ..................... .1895 I"exington .... Oglethorpe .. :.Bank of Lexington b.......................... 1896 Louisville .... J efl'erson ...... Bank of Louisville a . ......................... 1896 Lumpkin .... Stewart ....... Bank of Stewart County a ................... .1891 Macon ....... Bibb ..........American National Bank ................... . '' '' .......... Central Georgia Bank a .............. ....... 1869 ' .......... Commercial & Savings Bank a ............... 1895 '' .......... Exchange Bank a ............................18il ,, " .......... First National Bank ......................... 1S65 " .......... Macon Savings Bank a .......... .......... 1875 '' .......... I. C. Plant's !:Son b . ...........................1&68 " '' .......... Georgia Loan & Trust Co. a . ................. 1883 " .......... Security Loan and Abstract Co. a ............ .18~2 '' '' ......... .Southern Loan & Trust Co. a ................ .1893 '' " ......... .Union Savings Bank & Trust Co. a .......... .lH90 Madison ...... Morgan ...... Bank of Madison a ........................... 1890 " " ...... Morgan County Bank a ...................... .1899 Marietta ...... Cobb ......... First National Bank ......................... 188~ '' . . . . . . " ......... Marietta Trust & Banking Co. a ..... ........ 1892 Marshallville .Macon ........ M.S. Ware b .. .............................. 1888 Maysville. . . Jackson ...... H. and T. E Atkins b . ....................... 1891 McDonough .. Henry ....... Bank of Henry County a .................... .1896 McRae ....... Tel!air ........ Merchants' Bank a ...........................1894 Milledgeville Baldwin ...... Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a .............. .1898 '' .. " ...... Milledgeville Banking Co..................... 1~84 Millen ........ Screven ....... Bank of Millen a .............................1893 Molena ...... Pike ......... Bank of Molena a ............................ 1899 Monroe ...... Walton ...... Bank of Monroe a ............................ 1891 " " ...... George W. Felker b ...........................1892 Montezuma .. Macon ........ John F. Lewis & Son b........................ 1871 Monticello .... Jasper ........ Bank of Monticello a ........................ .1892 '' . . . . " ........ Jasper County Bank a ....................... .1898 Morgan ...... Calhoun ..... J J. Beck b................................... 1887 Moultrie ..... Colquit ....... Moultrie Banking 1 o. a ...................... .1H96 Newnan ..... Coweta ....... First National Bank ......................... 1871 '' '' ....... Newnan Banking Co. a ...................... .1894 Ocilla ........ Irwin ........ Bank of Ocilla b.............................. 11-\99 Oglethorpe ... Macon ........ Bank of Oglethorpe a ................. .......1 99 P.-lham ....... Mitchell ...... Hand Tmding Co a .......................... 1876 Perry ........ Houston .... Perry Loan & l:'lavings Bank a ............... .1889 Poulan ....... Worth ........ Bank of Poulan b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899 Quitman ..... Brooks ........ Bank of Quitman a .......................... .1889 '' . . . . . " ........ Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a ............... 11'91 Reynolds ..... Taylor ........ Merchants' Bank b ........................... ll:l90 " .. .. . " ........ Reynolds Banking Co. a ....... .............. li-97 Richland ..... Stewart....... Bank of Richland a. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............1890 Rochelle ...... Wilcox ....... Bank of Rochelle b ........................... 1898 Rome ......... Floyd ......... Exchange Bank of Rome a . .................. 1S\16 '' . . . .. . . .. " ......... First National Bank .........................1877 Rutledge ...... Morgan ....... Bank of Rutledge a ........................... 18!l8 Sandersville .. Washington... Banking House of Louis Cohen b ............ .1890 '' . . " .. Warthen and Irwin b.. .......... _............ 1895 Savannah .... Chatham .... Chatham Bank a ............................. 1H89 a State. b Private. GEORGIA.: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 919 TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED Savannah .....Chatham., .... Citizens' Bank a .............................. 1888 " " .... Germania Bank a . ............................ 1890 : '' '' .... Merchants' National Bank ................... 1866 , '"' ' " .... National Bank of Savannah .................. 1885 - ~"' '' " .... Ravannah Bank & Trust Co. a ............... .1869 '' " .... Southern Bank of the State of Georgia a . ..... 1870 '' " .... Oglethorp Savings & Trust Co. a ............. .1887 " . . . . " .... Hull & Lathrop b............................. 1890 Senoia ........ Coweta ....... Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a .............. .1892 Sharon ....... Taliaferro .... J. A. Kendrick's Bank b ..................... .1899 Shellman ..... Randolph .... People's Bank a.... . ....................... 1900 " ..... " .... Shellman Banking Oo. b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189o Social Circle .. Walton ....... Bank of Social Circle a . ...................... 1892 Sparta ....... Hancock ..... Bank of R. A. Graves b . ...................... 1837 Statesboro .... Bulloch ....... BanK of Statesboro a ......................... 1894 Summerville .. Chattooga .... Bank of Commerce a ......................... 1891 Swainsboro ... Emanuel ..... Bank of Swainsboro a ....................... .1896 Sylvester ..... Worth ........ Sylvester Banking Co. a ..................... .1897 Talbotton .... Talbot ........ Peoples' Bank ................................ 18!!0 Tallapoosa .... Haralson ..... Oiti:r.ens' Bank b . ............................. 1897 rennille ...... Washington .. Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a ............... .1894 " ...... '' .. Tennille Banking Co. a ...................... .1900 Thomaston ... Upson ........ Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a ...... : ....... .1892 '' " ........ Upson Banking & Trust Co................... 1900 Thomasville .Thomas ...... Bank of Thomasville a . ....................... 1888 '' ~' ..... .Citizens' Banking & Trust Co. a ............. .1891 '' . " ...... Thomasville National Bank ..................1887 " . " ...... Oglethorpe Savings & Trust Co a . ............ 1887 Thomson ..... 1\fcDuffle ..... Bank of Thomson a . ......................... 1891 Tifton ........ Berrien ....... Bank of Tifton a ..... ......................... 1895 Toccoa ........ Habersham .. Toccoa Banking Co. a . ....................... 1890 Unadilla. . . .. Dooly ......... Bank of Unadilla b . .......................... 18!l7 Union Point .Greene ........ Bank of Union Point b ....................... .19UO Valdosta ...... Lowndes ...... Citiz~ns' Bank of Valdosta a ................. .1891 " " ...... First National Bank .......................... 1890 " " ...... Merchants' Balik of Valdosta a .. ............. 1874 Vienna ....... Dooly ......... Bank of Vienna a . ........................... 1889 '' . . . .. .. " ......... J P. Heard & Sons b ........................ .1899 Villa Rica .... Carroll ....... Bank of Villa Rica a ........................ .1899 Warrenton ... Warren ....... Bank of Warrenton a. ......................... 1892 Washington .. Wilkes ...... Washington Exchange Bank a .............. .18R9 " . . '' ....... Washington Loan & Banking Co. a . ......... 1895 Waycross .... Ware ........ Bank of Waycross a . ......................... 1894 '' '' ........ Citizens' Bank a .............................. 1:JOO " " ........ First National Bank .......................... 1894 Waynesboro .. Burke ........ Bank of Waynesboro a ............ .......... 1891 '' ' ........ Citizens' Bank a ................. ............ 1898 West Point.... Troup ........ Bank of West Point a ....................... .1897 Winder ....... Jackson ...... Bank of Winder a . ........................... 1895 " " ...... Winder Banking Co. a ... ..................... 1899 Wrightsville .. Johnson ...... Bank of Wrightsville a ...................... .1896 a State. b Private. The Banks incorporated during the year 1901 by Ron. Philip Cook, Secretary of State, are: Bank of Nashville, Rockmart Bank, Citizens' Bank of Swainsboro, Citizens' Bank of Moultrie, Bank of Willacoochee, Mount Vernon Bank, Sea Island Bank of Statesboro, Citizens' Bank of Vidalia, Bank of Graymont, Bank of Grantville, Bank of Covington, Bowen Banking Company, Bank of Randolph, Sandersville Bank, Citizens' Bank of Elberton, People's Bank of Lyons, Bank of Molena, Crawford County Bank, Bank of Swainsboro, Bank of Arlington, Sbadburn Banking Company, Bainbridge State Bank, Bank of Oglethorpe, Screven County Bank and Roswell Bank. 920 GIIORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. The following are the railroads incorporated by the Secretary of Stateduring the fiscal year just closed: Statesboro and Register Railroad Company; Brunswick and Birmingham Railway Company; East and West Railroad of Georgia; Jacksonville, St. Mary's and Jesup Railroad Company; Dalton and Alaculsy Railroad Company; Gainesville and Dahlonega Electric Railroad Company; Atlanta and Birmingham Air Line Railway Company; Columbus and Arlington Railway Company; Flint River and Gulf Railway Company; North and South Macon Street Railway Company. The Railroads also had their charters amended. GEORGIA: HISTORIOAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 921 GEORGIA MANUFACTURES. It was hoped that all the reports of the United States Census Bureau for 1900 concerning manufactures and agricultural products of each county would be completed in time to appear in the appendix to this volume, but such is not the case. The tollowing information, however, has been issued by the Census Bureau on Georgia Manufactures in 1900: Per Cent. of Increase since 1890. Number of establishments, 7,504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 Capital, $8,789,656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5'7.7 Wage earners, average number, 83,842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 Total wages, $20,344,071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 Miscellaneous expenses, $li,3::.i,330 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 Cost of materials used, $53,232,203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6~.8 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $106,648,677.... 54.7 ATLANTA. Number of establishments, 395 .. ' ................................... (1) 3.7 Capital, $16,085,114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 Wage earners, average number, 9,368 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 Total wages, $3,106,039 .............................................. (1) 3.1 Miscellaneous expenses, $1,352,721 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.0 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $16,721,899...... 27.9 AUGUSTA. Number of establishments, 388 .................................... (1) Capital, $9,016,619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wage earners, average number, 7,138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total wages, $1,815,779 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous expenses, $618,938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of materials used, $6,244,286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $10,069,750...... 11.8 16.0 24.9 7.4 17.5 15.0 8.9 MACON. Number of establishments, 182 ................................... (1) 10.3 Capital, $5,076,005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 Wage earners, average number, 3,700 .............................. .. 17.2 Total wages, $1,047,607 ......................................... .. (1) 0.9 Miscellaneous expenses, $445,078 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 Cost of materials used, $3,751,167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $6,485,767.. . . 25.4 SAVANNAH. Number of establishments, 155 ............................. (1) Capital, $5,716,491 .... : . ......................... . . Wage earners, average number, 2,870 .............. Total wages, $1,176,150 Miscellaneous expenses, ...... $469,918 ........... . . (1) Cost of materials Value of products, uisnecdl~d$i3n,9g15c,u8s8t4o m. . .w.o. .r k. . .... and ....... .. repairing, $6,461,816 36.5 6.3 18.6 11.0. 3.0 18.7 2.3 Figure (1) in percentage denotes decrease. INDEX. A Abbeville, town ........................................................ 879 Abram's Creek .......................................................... 885 A A bram's cademy Hfoormten1 eSBavlianndn, ah M .... acon, . .... Ga. ...................................... . ................................ .402, 407 550 Acworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 Adairsville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Adams, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Adams, John Quincy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Adel, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 African Methodist Episcopal Church ...................................... 413 Agate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726, 869 Agnes Scott Institute ................................................ 382, 631 Agriculture .......................................................... 191, 232 Agriculture, Commissioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Agricultural Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Air Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Alabah River ........................................................... 789 Alabama Great Southern Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Alabama River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Alabama State ........................................................ 17, 21 Albany and Northern Railroad ....................................... 634, 636 Albany, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636, 639 Alcovy River .................................................... 724, 777, 862 Alderney Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Alexander Normal School for Ladies ..................................... 550 Alfalfa, or Lucerne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 216 Alice, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Allapacoochee Creek ...................................................... 544 Allapaha River .......................................... 544, 599, 643, 741, 87~Y Allapaha, town, ..................................................... 545, 719 Allatoona Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Allatoona Station ....................................................... 785 Alleghany System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Allgood, A. P ............................................................. 588 Alligator Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Alpharetta ..............................-................................ 762 Altamaha Basin, ..................................................... 105, 115 Altamaha River ............................ 17, 526, 682, 737, 746, 767, 834, 781 Alto ...................................................................... 535 Alum , ................................................................ so~. 1356 Aluminum . .40, see Bauxite. Alvord, Henry E, (quoted) ................................................ 275 American Farmer by Flint (quoted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299, 300 Americus, city ....................................................... 829, 830 Amethyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Amicalola Creek ..................................................... 622, 743 Anawaqua, an Indian Princess .......................................... 568 Anchovy Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 Andersonville ............... ; ........................................... 829 Andri3, Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Andrew Female College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385, 807 Andrews' Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 Angora Goats 304310; price of :fleece .................................. 309, 310 (923) 924 INDEX. Angus Cattle .............................................. 26S, 269, 535 Apalachicola Basin .................................................. S4, 100 Appalachee River .................................... 689, 692, 769, 779, 7S9, S62 Appalachian System ................................................. 36, 39 Apples ...................................... 43, 150, 154, 243, 244, 5S7, 786, 84S Appleton Orphan Home, Macon ...................................... 406, 550 Appling County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... 526-528 Appling, Colonel Daniel .............................................. 526, 613 Appling, town .............................................................613 Appropriations to the Instiutions of the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515, 516 Arctic (or rescue) grass .................................................. 227 Area of Georgia (including land and water) ............................ 36, S91 Land area of the several counties ..................................... 526-887 Also Table 1 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 Arlington ..............................................................562-563 Armuchee Valley ................................................... 586, 859 Arnold, Benedict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7l:l5 Artesian Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 528, 558, 563, 565, 577, 596, 632, 636, 6S5, 72S, 754 Asbestos .................... : . . .41, 65, 133, 147, 569, 598, 619, 696, 75S, S03, S49 Asbury, Francis ......................................................... .411 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 150, 161 Ashburn, town .......................................................... SSG Ashe, General .............................................................18 Aspinwall, Elijah ........................................................7S9 Athens, city .............................................365, 3_82,_592, 593, 595 Atlfinson;--w. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. : . ............... 33 Atlanta .......................................... 23, 33, 331, 332, 669-677, 901 Atlanta Constitution ....................................................... 53 Atlanta Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad ........................ 1S4, 601, 655 Atlanta and West Point Railroad ................................ 1S5, 615, S52 Atlanta University ......................................................3S6 Atlantic Ocean .......................................................... 575 Atlantic, Valdosta and Western ................................ 573, 599, 643 Augusta ............................................... 16, 17, 1S, S10-S13, 901 Au.~~:usta Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Augusta OrPhan Asylum ............................................ .405, 40~ Austell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ 604 Ayres, Dav.id ............................................................ 278 Ayrshire Cattle .................................................... 264, 267 B Bailey, C. P., of California (information concerning the Angora condensed from pamphlet issued by him . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........304-310 Ba.ilev, Samuel ....................................................... 155 Bainbridge, city ................................................. 624, 627, 628 Bainbridge, Commodore Wm.............................................624 Baker County.............. . ........................................ 52S, 529 Baker, Colonel John ......................................................52S Bakerier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................ 359 Bald 1\iountain ..........................................................S02 Baldwin County .................................................... 530-534 Baldwin, Adraham .......................................................530 Baldwin. town ..........................................................535 Ballald Normal School for Colored Pupils ..............................550 Ball Ground ..............................................................591 Bananas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ .43, 246: Banks County ......................................................534-536 Banks, Dr. Richard .....................................................534 Banks in Georgia-list of, see Appendix .................................. . Baptist Church in Georgia...................... .412, 413, 414. (See sketches of the several counties) .......................................... 526-887 Baptist Orphans' Home at Hapeville ................................ .406-407 Barber Creek .........................................................592, 779 Barite (orBaryta), Sulphate of ....................................... .40, 66 INDEX. 925 Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 150 207 546 Barnes, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture .................... : .... : .306 Barnesville, city .............................................. 791, 792, 793 Barnett, town, ........................................................... 867 Barry, Bishop of Roman Catholic Church in Georgia ..................... .413 Bartow County ..................................................... 40, 539-543 Bartow, General Francis S.................................................539 Baryta (or barite) .................................................... .40, 66 Bass, W. C ............................................................... 381 Battle Creek ........................................................834 Bauxite .................... 40, 63, 132, 133, 147, 539, 540, 587, 660, 688, 877 Baxley, town .............................................................. 527 Bay Trees ....................................................... 51, 159, 161 Beach Creek ...... , .................................................... 765 Bear Creek ..................................................... 592, 757, 872 Beard's Creek ............................................................. 834 Bears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ~. ' ~........................ 51, 573, 802 Beaver Creek ......................................................... 618, 748 Beaver Dam Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546, 558, 646, 765, 781, 819, 880 Beaufort, S. C ............................................................. 15 Becker, G. F ..............................................................59 Beckwith, John \V.. Protestant Episcopal Bishop ot Georgia ................ 411 Beech Trees ........................................................ 150, 161 Beef Cattle ............................................................154 Begewood, Nicholas ......................................................412 Belcher's Mill CrPek ..................................................... 5;>G Bell Creek ............................................................... 848 Bellton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................... 535 Belmont Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602, 603 Beman, Dr. Carlisle P ................................................ 701 Bermuda Grass ............................................. 150, 171, 216, 219 Berrien County ...................................................... 543-545 Berrien, John McPherson ................................................. 543 Berries ..... .43, 150, 154. (See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Bertram Creek .......................................................... 646 Bervl ...................................................................66 Bethel Male College ....................................................... 807 Bethesda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 16, 397 Bethesda Orphan Home............................................... 16, 397 Beverlv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... 646 Bibb County ......................................................... 546-552 Bibb, Dr. W. W ..........................................................546 Big Creek ......................................................... 781, 796 Big Hurricane Creek ............................................. 526, 608, 788 Big Indian Creek ..................................................... 569, 712 Big Kiokee Creek ........................................................613 Big Lott's Creek ...........................................................556 Big Potato Creek ........................................... 790, 800, 857, 858 Big Sandy Creek ......................................................... 883 Hilly Bowlegs ............................................................51 Billy's Island .............................................................51 Birch Creek .............................................................. 790 Birch trees ............................................................... 161 Bird's Mill Creek ..........................................................556 Bituminous Shale ........................................................ 660 Black Bass .............................................................. 52 Blackbeard Island ...................................................... 746 Black Creek ..................................................... .556 Blackberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ .43, 154, 246 Black Gum Trees ........................................................ 150 Black Jack Trees ........................................................ 154 Blackshear . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 789 Blackshear, General David ....................................... 732 Blacksmithing .................................................... .31\6 Blakely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... .642 Blast Furnaces ................................ . ..... .356 926 INDEX. Bloodworth, Solomon W...................................................882 Bloody Marsh ......................................................... 16, 686 Blue Creek ..............................................................874 Blue Grass ......................................................... 219, 220 Blue Ridge ........................................36, 59, 154, 743, 855, 856, 874 Blue Ridge, town ..................................................... 655, 656 Bluff Creek .............................................................879 Bluffton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................595 Bolzius, John :Martin .....................................................408 Bonaventure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................578 Bonnell, W. B ............................................................381 Boophilus Bovis (cow tick) ................................................ 34 Born, W. J .........................................................155, 156 Hosomworth . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................17 Boston Herald (quoted) ...................................................240 Boston, Massachusetts ...................................................17 Boston, town in Thomas county..........................................846 Bottsword, Edmund .......................................................412 Bowdon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................570 Bowen, Commodore .......................................................17 Boynton, James L .........................................................33 Brawell, S. D ............................................................ 389 Brahma Chickens ................................................... 290, 291 Brasstown Creek .................................................... 848, 856 Bream (fish) ..............................................................28 Breeders of Pure Bred Cattle. (Foot note) ................................ 275 Brenau Female College ............................................... 385, 699 Brick Manufactories ................................................359, 545 Bridge Creek ............................................................ 611 Bridges, W. J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-204, 822 Brier Creek .......................................... 18, 558, 745, 809, 819, 867 Briers, Colonel W. !{....................................................588 Broad River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535, 646, 649, 666, 739, 752, 755, 781, 880 Brome ..................................................................226 Brooks County ....................................................... 552-554 Brooks, Preston S. . ....................................................... 552 Broomtown. Valley .................................................... 39, 586 Broughton Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Brown Iron Ore (limonite) ......................................... 61, 127, 128 Brown, .roseph E .......................................................... 30 Brown, Loring ...........................................................603 Browne, W. Leroy ........................................................389 Browne, Colonel Thomas .................................................814 Brownson, Nathan ....................................................18, 29 Brown Swiss Cattle ....................................................... 267 Brunswick and Birmingham Railway ...................................609 Brunswick and Western Railway ............................ 544, 610, 636, 885 Brunswick ..................................................... 40, 325, 683-687 Brushy Creek ......................................................558, 752 Bryan County ........................................................ 554, 555 Bryan, General Goode ....................................................81b Bryan, Jonathan .........................................................554 Buchanan . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... 703 Buck Creek ...............................................................818 Buckhead Creek ...................................................... 558, 748 Buckwheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................150, 154 Buena Vista, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 Buffalo Creek ..................................................... 781, 868 Buford ........................... ., .................................... 693 Buhrstone . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558, 693, 726, 819, 849, 869 Building Stones ............................................. 133, 136, 147, 698 Bull, Colonel ..............................................................17 Bull Creek ............................................................... 772 Bulloch, Archibald .................................................... 28, 556 Bulloch County ...................................................... 556, 557 Bullochville .............................................................. :758 INDEX. 927 Bullock, Rufus B ...................................................... 30, 389 Bulls. (See Cattle.) .............................. , ......................... . Burke County ..................................................... 18, 558-560 Burke, Edmund ............ , ......................................... , , .558 Burke Jail ...............................................................559 Burnett, Capt. John; His Adventure with the Indians.,., .............. 686, 687 Burnt Village ........................................................... 853 Burton, J. Q........................................ , .................. , .. 34 Butler's Creek ........................................................... 809 Butler, town ........... : . .................................. , . , , ..........837 Butner's Island .......................................................... 746 Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. 53, 154 (For production of Butter, see sketches of the several counties, 526-887.) Butts County .......................................... , , ..... , ........560-562 Butts, Captain Samuel. ................................................. 560 c Cabbage, Palmetto ..................................................... , .166 Cabbages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. , , .................. , ... 875 Cabin Creek ....................................................... , ..... 822 Cain Creek ........................................................... 743, 744 Cairo, town ....................................................... , , . . . . . . 846 Calhoun, County ..................................................... 562, 563 Calhoun, John C ..................................................... 562, 613 Calhoun, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , .. 688 Calvin, Martin V .................................. , ................ ,,.,, .386 Camack, town ...................................... , .............. , , , , .. 867 Cambrian Formation ............................... , .....................55 Camden County ............................................. .' .... 18, 564-566 Camden, Earl of......................................................... 564 Camilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... , ............. 763, 764 Campbell County .....................................................566-568 Campbell, Duncan G .............................................. 566, 567, 882 Campbell, John A ........................................................ 882 Campbellton ............................................................. 567 Candler, Allen. D ..........................................................33 Candler, Warren A........................................................378 Cane Creek .............................................................. 757 Cane Forage ......................................................... 226, 545 Canning Factories ........................ 362, 562, 604, 636, 703, 707, 798, 878 Cannouchee River ....................................... 554, 556, 654, 737, 834 Cantaloupes ............................................................. 43 Canton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... , ................................... 41, 591 Carbonate of Iron ....................................................... 803 Carbonate of Lime ...................................................... 571 Carboniferous Formation .................................................. 55 Carmel Academy ....................................................... 613 Carnesville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. 667 Carpenter Work ......................................................... 361 Carriage Factories.......... . ................... , . , ..................... 356 Carroll County , , .............................................. .40, 42, 569-571 Carroll, Charles ....................................................... 569 Carrollton, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Car Shops ..............................................................359 Cartecay River ......................................................... 677 Carter's Creek ... , ......................................................526 Cartersville, city ...................................................... 540, 543 Cass, Honorable Lewis Cass ............................................ 539 Cassava ............................................................... 214, 872 Catoosa County ................................................... 39, 571-573 Catoosa Springs ........................................................572 Cat Creek .............................................................544 Cat-tail Grass ........................................................... 226 Cattle (neat). . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... 34, 53, 259-275 (For statistics of, see sketches of the several counties, 526-887. 928 INDEX. Cav~ Spring ..................................................... 39, 401, 660 Cec:Il. town .........................................................545 Cedar Creek ........................................... 728, 793, 798, 838, 879 Cedartown, city .................................................... 794, 795 Cedar trees ...........................................................150 Cedar Valley .........................................................39, 793 Cement .................................................. 70, 92, 136, 147, 660 Central of Georgia Railway .............. 174, 177, 550, 562, 575, 593, 598, 615 645, 657, 715, 730, 766, 794, 799, 823 829, 831, 832, 837, 840, 846, 884 Cession of Western lands by Georgia ....................................... 21 Chalcedony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558, 726, 869 Chalibee Battle ......................................................... 560 Chalybeate Sorings ..................................................... 758 Chapultepec, Mexico ........................................................ 6 Charleston, and Western Carolina Railroad ................................ 613 Charleston, S. C ........................................................ 15, 18 Charlton County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 574 Charlton, Judge T. U. P .................................................. 573 Charter Oak .............................................................30 Chatham County .................................................. 18, 574-584 Chatham, Earl of ......................................................... 575 Chattahoochee County ..............................................584-586 Chattahoochee Ridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. .42 (Jhattahoochee River . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 566, 569, 584, 58:5, 595, 601, 615, 623, 628 MLM~OO~OO~OO~@~~.~.~.m 772, 773, 785, 800, 825, 826, 831, 850, 874 Chattanooga Creek ...................................................... .46 Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad .................. 570, 659, 784, 861 Chattanooga Southern ................................................... 861 Dhatooga County .............................................. 39, 40, 586-590 Chattooga River ............................................. 586, 802, 859, 860 Chattooga Valley ........................................................ 586 Cheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Cheese ............................ 53, 562, 742, 769, 822, 823, 845, 851, 856, 868 Cheney, M. Aquila........................................................ 378 Chenubee Creek ......................................................... 840 Cherokee Baptist Female College.........................................381 Cherokee County .......................................... ~ ... .40, 590-592 Cherokees . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... 16, 39, 40 Dherries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ .43, 150, 154 Cherry, wild ............................................................ 150 Dherts . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... 31 Chestatee River .....................................................697, 743 Chestnut Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 154 Chestnuts. (See Towns Co.) ................................................ 848 Chiaha, Indian town on present site of Rome, Ga......................... 603 Chicago Record (quoted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Dhickamauga battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chickamauga Creek ..........................................39, 859, 860, 876 Chickamauga Park ....................................................... 861 Chickamauga river and valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8!'\9 Chickasawhatchee Creek ....................................528, 562, 636, 840 Chicken Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Chickens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 53, 154, 299 China Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll9 Chincapin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1fl6 Chipley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Chlorination process ...................................................... 60 Choctawhatctiee Creek ................................................... 1<72 Choctaws ........... , .............................................. 16, 39. 40 Christ Church Parish ...................................................... 57!'\ Christian, or Disciples', Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412, 414 Christmas. Robert ........................................................ 18 chrome ................................................................ 849 Dhufas . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .4~ INDEX. 929 Clark, John ........................................................... 29, 830 Clark University .........................................................386 Clarke County ....................................................... 592-595 Clarke, General Elijah .................................... 18, 592, 814, 864, 882 Clarke, Mrs. Han.nah .....................................................882 Clarke, Jonathan ........................................................412 Clarkesville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................................695 Claxton, town ...........................................................835 Clay, Alexander S., United States Senator from Georgia .................... 239 Clay County .......................................... , .............. 595-597 Clay, IHenrv ............................................................595 Clays .......................................... 69, 136, 137, 146, 220, 221, 359 530, 549, 587, 618, 619, 660, 778 796, 810, 820, 854, 869, 873, 877 Clayton, Augustine .......................................................597 Clayton County .......................................................597-599 Cleburne, General Patrick ................................................572 Cleveland, town .........................................................875 Climate Belts .................................................... .43, 44, 45 Climax, town ........................................................624, 627 Clinch County .......................................................599-601 Clinch, General Duncan L ................................................500 Clinton, town .............................................................730 Clouds Creek ............................................................ 781 Clover ................................-......... 150, 220, 221, 546, 590, 593, 614 Clover Dale .............................................................620 Clyde, town ............................................................555 Coal ......... ~.. .. .. .. ........................ 40, 66, 69, 129, 130, 147, 587, 860 Coastal Plain ..................................................... 55, 56, 124 Coast Region .........................................................165 Coast Tide, Swamp Lands ................................................ 166 Cobb County ......................................................... 601-608 Cobb, Lucy .............................................................. 382 Cobb, J. R. R .............................................................382 Cobb, Thomas W .................................................. 613, 782 Cobb's Creek ............................................................ 834 Cochins (fowls) ..........................................................293 Cochran, town ....................................................... 796, 797 C'ockspur Island ......................................................... 581 Coffee .Bluff ........ , ............. , ...... , ............................... 325 Coffee County ..............................-: ......................... 608-610 Coffee, General John E ............................................... 22, 608 Cohutta Range ................................................... 36, .771, 772 Cohutta Springs ..........................................................772 Coke, Thomas ...........................................................411 Cold Water Creek ........................................................ 646 College Park .............................................................677 Collins & Reidsville Railroad ............................................. 835 Collinsworth Institute ................................................... 831 Colomokee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 595, 641 Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of America...........................413 Colquitt, Alfred H ...................................................30, 33 Colquitt County ....................................................... 610-613 Colquitt, town - ..................................................760 Colquitt, Walter T ........................................................610 Columbia County " .................................................. 613-615 Columbus, city ..............................................42, 774-776 Columbus Enquirer .......................................................53 "Commonwealth of Georgia," by J. T. Henderson ............................5 Confederate Soldiers' Home ............................................... 516 Congregationalist Church ............................................ 412, 41~ Conley, Benjamin ........................................................ 30 Conner, T. U. . .......................................................... .402 Connesauga River ............................................... 687, 771, 876 Constitution of Georgia..........................................18, 28, 33, 453 Constitution of the United States.................... ; ......................18 46 ga !i30 INDEX. Conyers, town .....................................................817 Cooahulla Creek ........................................................876 Cook's Creek .............................................................765 Coolewahee Creek ........................................................528 Cooper, David ............................................................398 Cooper, Mark A........................................................... 333 Coover's Creek ..........................................................590 Coosa Creek .............................................................856 Coosa River .................................................. 21, 658, 659, 771 Coosa Valley ........................................................150 659 Coosawattee River ......................................... 677, 687, 771; 786 .Copper ..................................... .40, 65, 140, 569, 607, 655, 696, 803 Cordele, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634, 635 Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................150, 154, 197-201, 155, 168 (See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887.) Cornelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... 695 Corn Forage ............................................................ 171 "Cornwallis, Charles (Earl Corn,wallis) .................................... 18 Corundum ............................................ 40, 63, 64, 133, 849 Cotton .................................33, 52, 53, 150, 154, 155, 168, 191, 197 See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887. Cotton Gin ...........................................21, 352, 353 (For cotton ginned in the several counties, see appendix, table 5, pages 902-906.) >;iJo.tton r., Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335-344 (List of, 337-341. See also appendix, 907-914.) uotton River ............................................................ 716 Cotton Seed ............................................................195 Cotton Seed Oil 1\:lills.........................................._ ...... 347-352 Cotton Wood .............................................................161 Covin,gton, city ................................................... 777, 778 Coweta County .................................................. .42, 615-618 Coweta Indians ..........................................................615 Cow-peas . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 150, 222, 225 See also sketches of the several counties. 526-887. Cowpens, battle of ....................................................18, 769 Cow Tick (Boophilus Bovis) ...............................................34 . Cows, (see Cattle.) .......................... : ..................... 53, 259-275 cCox College (Southern Female) ............................................382 >Cox, T. H ............................................................ 202, 204 Crab Grass ...................................................... 150, 171, 220 Crawfish Springs ...................................................... 39, 861 Crawford County .................................................... 618-620 'Crawford, George W ..................................................30, 814 Crawford, Wm. H .............................................. 613, 618, 782 Crawford High School ...................................................378 Crawfordville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ 833 Creameries ..................................... 34, 250-256, 604, 701, 824, 851 'Creek Bottom and Hummock Lands ......................................165 creeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................16, 17 Cretaledis Rocks ........................................................... 69 Crimson Clover ........................................................... 220 Crooked Creek ............................................. 632, 765, 798, 854 Crowfoot Grass ............................................ ..... .220 Crystaline Area ........................................... .... .55 "Cuthbert city ............................................ . ....... 807, 808 Cumberl~nd Island (called by the Indian Missoe) ....................... 565, 566 Cumming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... ' ..................... 665 Cumming, Governor Alfred ................................................814 Cumming, General Alfred ................................................815 tmmrr~ng-,, Colon,~l Wm .................................................. 665 cunningham, Robert l\L ................................................ .411 Currahee :Mountain ......................... ...... ... .696 Cusseta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................. 584, 585 Cycloneta Station ................. .. .. . :.. 720 Cypress ................. 51, 556, 627, 641, 642, 644, 654, 734, 767, 86o, 871, 886 >(]press Creek ............................................ 632, 634, 684, 685, 767 INDEX. 931 D Dade Coal :!\; Creek 0 0. 0 0. 0 0.. 00. 000. 00. 0. 781 Dublin, city .... o o..... 0000 00. 0732 733 Duck Creek 0.. 00.. 00 0 0... 000. 000.. 0: 0859 Ducks .... o o o o. 0. o0...... 0. 0. 00. 0000. 53 299 Ducktown . . .. 00 0 0 0 0 000. : 40 Dugover Mountain .... 0. 0. 0... 0. 0. 0..... 00......... 00.. 00.. 0.39 Duke's Creek 0.. 0 0. 0. 874 Dunson, 0. A ....................... 0. 0 0 0. 00. 00.. 245 Durham or Shorthorn Cattle ............. 000..... 0..... 0. 000.... 00.. 0.264 267 Dutch Belted Cattle . 0. 0. 0 0000. 000... 00. 00 : o261! Dyer Creek 0..... 0.... 00.. 0. 0 868 E Early County ........................ 0..................... 0 0 641- 643 Early, Peter ~ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 00. 29, 641, 882 East and West Railroad ............................. 00.. 0............ 540, 794 East Point .. 0 000 0....... 00. 0 677 Eastman, city . 0.. 000..... 632, 633 Eastman, Wm. Pitt . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.. 0... 00. 0_0000. 0.. 633 Eaton, General Wm. .. 00. 0 0 0 0 000. 00 000 . 799 Eatonton, city . 00. 0.. 0. 000. 0 0.... 0 0 00 0 0 799 Eben.ezer 0 00 0 0..... 00. 00.. 0... 16, 408, 645 Echeconnee Creek ... 0 00 0. 0....... 0.546, 618, 712, 765 Echols County ........ 0. 00............ 0. 00. 00000. 0000. 000000. 000.. 643, 644 Echols, Robert Mo 0 0. 00.... 0 00000 000 00000.. 0000. 0... 0643 Economic Geology and Mineralogy ............................. 0. . . . . 55 Edgewood Farm . 0 00 0 0... 0.................. 0.. 0 . . . 239 Education in Georgia .... 000... 00... 0 365 Effingham County . 0......... 0018, 644-646 Effingham, Earl of . 0..... 0 . . . 644 Eggs, 43, 154; Number produced in Georgia ... o........ 0. 000. 299 Egyptian Cotton ........ 196, 197 Eight Mile Creek ... 0 0 . . . . 765 Elberta Peach 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.... 240, 242, 748 Elbert County ....... 00. 0....... 0........ 0. 000. 0.................... 6413- 653 Elbert, Colonel Samuel ................ 00000. 0. 000000000. 0. 00 29, 646, 686 Elberton, city ....................... 00....... 0.. 0 00 0 000. 0 0 00. 646, 649 Electric Cars .. 0. 0.... 0. 0 o00o 00 00. 0 33 Electric Light Plan.ts 0.... 0 o0 0. o0. 0 360 Electric Motors 0... 000..... 000o. 0. 360 Elkin's Creek . 00.. 0. 0. o. o. 0. . . 790 Ellaville, town 0. 00. 0 00. 0. I .. ; o 00000000..... 819 Ellijay River . 0 0.. 0... 00. 00................ 0 0. 0 0 . . 677 Ellijay, to"n . 0. 0.... 000... 00000000 678 Elliott, John 0.. 0... 0. 0.. 0.... 0. 000. 0. 0. 0... 0.. 18 Elliott, Stephen, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georgia 0. 00000... o 408 Ellis, Henry 00..... 0 0..... o0. 0. 0 28 Elm ... 0. 0. 0. 0. 0..... 000o... 00. 00 150 Emanuel County 0. 0 0. 00. 00.. o 0o. 000 0... 0. 0 o653- 655 Emanuel, David .. 0.. 0. 0. 000...... 0.. 29, 653 Emerson, town 0.. 00 0......... 0....... 0. 0................... 000. 540 Emery 00. o o ... 0.. 00. 0000. 40 Emory College .. 0......................................... o00o377, 378, 778 Enameled Brick . . . . . 69 England, John ............. o............................................. 413 Enterprise, Frst Steamboat on. the Savannah River o o. 815 IND1J1Z. 933 Eocene, age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 'Etowah River ..................... 150, 539, 590, 622, 658, 664, 743, 711, 785, 786 Euharlee Creek .................................................. 539, 785, 793 Eve, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Everett, James A ......................................................... 381 Ewen, Wm............................................................... 28 Experiment Station ........................................... 34, 510-515, 823 Ezra Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 F Fairburn, ............................................................ 567, 568 Fal~ng Creek ........................................................646, 781 -Fall Line ............................................................ 56, 73 Fannin County ................................................... .40 655, 656 Fannin, Colonel J. W. . ............................................. '..... 655 Fayette County ...................................................... 657, 658 Fayette, Marquis de Ia .............................................. -:-.~7 Fayetteville ......................................................... 657, 658 Feldspar ............................................................. 154, 780 Female Asylum at Savannah ........................................ .402, 405 Fertilizer Factories, 353, 354. List of, see Appendix. Fescue Grasses ............................................................221 Few, Iganitus A.......................................................... 378 Few, Wm. . ............................................................18, 559 Fielder, Mrs-her adventure with -the Indians .......................... 169, 692 Field Peas .....150, 154, 222, 224. For average production to the acre, see sketch of the several counties ..................................526-887 Figs ............................................................. ~43. 246, 565 Finoholloway (or Phennohaloway) Creek ................................. 871 Fire Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Fish .......................................................... 322, 325, 326, 329 Fishing Creek ........................................................530, 88Q I<'itzgerald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 Flat Creek .................................................. 767, 790, 854, 826 Flatwood Lands ......................................................149, 150 Flint, Charles L., Editor of the American Farm (quoted) ................... 285 Flint River ............. 528, 529, 566, 597, 615, 618, 623, 634, 635, 642, 657, 733 748, 757, 763, 790, 791, 822, 828, 831, 836, 858, 859, 885 Floriculture ...........................................................315, 316 Florida and Western Railroad ............................................ 555 Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad ............185, 555, 564, 575, 654, 871 Florida Cession .... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Flour Mills .........359. See sketches of the several counties ......... 526-887 I'lournoy, General Thomas ............................................... 814 Flovilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Flower Gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Floyd County ..................................................... 40, 658- 664 Floyd Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Floyd, General John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 566, 658 li'ly Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Fodder's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Forestry ..50, 51, 150, 154. See sketches of the several counties, 526-887. Also map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 Forsyth, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 Forsyth County ................................................... 40, 664- 666 Forsyth, John .................................................... 30, 664, 814 Fort Cornwallis ........................ ..... ............... ........ . . 815 Fortescue, W. S. . ..................... ....... ..... . 402 Fort Valley ... - .............. .. . 715 Fort Gaines .................................. .............. . ... 595, 596 Fort McAllister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Fort Pulaski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Foster, James ....................................................... 411 Foundries .............................................................355, 545 934 INDEX. Fountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 France .................................................................. 21 Franklin, Benjamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 Franklin College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Frankilu County ...................................................... 666- 668 Frederica .............................................................16; 686 French .................................................................... 18 Fulton County ...............................................40 355, 6G9- 677 Fulton, Robert ................................................. : . . . . . . . . . 661} G Gaines, General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 Gainesville ........................................................... 698, 699 Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698, 863 Galena ................................................................... 593 Gallberry Bushes ........................................................ 159 Gama, or Sesame Grass .................................................. 225 Game ................................................................. 3:.!9, 330 Game Chickens, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Gammon University at Atlanta .......................................... 386 Gardner, General Montgomery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Garmany, Capt. H. . ................................................... 693, 694 Garretson, Levi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Gartland, Rev. Dr........................... ,, ............................ 413 Garvin, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Gas for illuminating and heating ......................................... 360 Geneva ................................................................... 832 Geological Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Geology .................................................................. 55 George II., King of England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 "Georgia and Her Resources," by R. T. Nesbitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Georgia: origin of name, 15; colonial days, 16, 17; in the Revolution, 17, 18; in second war with England, 21, 22; a mother of States, 21; controversy with General Government about Indian lands, 22; in the Mexican war, 22; in the war between the States, 22, 23. After the war, 23; in the war with Spain and in the Philippines, 27, 28; industrial progress, 33, 35; increase in population, 35; Governors of, 28-33; descriptive sketch of .. 36-54 Georgia and Alabama Railroad .............................. 184, 554, 585, 634 Georgia Academy for the Blind at Macon ........................... .402, 550 Georgia Experiment Station ........................................... 570-575 Georgia Factory ............................ ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at Cave Spring ......... 401, 402, 660 Georgia Normal and Industrial College at Milledgeville ..............374, 533 Georgia Northern Railroad ........................................... 552, 611 Georgia Pine Railroad ...................................... 529, 624, 642, 760 Georgia Railroad ...... 179, 550, 593, 613, 628, 691, 730, 752 770, 780, 833, 863, 8G7 Georgia School of Technology ............................................ 374 Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad ...................179, 180, 544, 550, 634 Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths .................. 374, 386 Georgia State Normal School at Athens ................................. 374 Georgia University ...................................... 365-374, 592, 593, 744 Gerioux, J. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24G Germany Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 Gibson ................................................................... 680 Gilmer County ................................................... .40, 677-679 Gilmer, George R.............................................. 30, 40, 677, 782 Gins and Ginning ................................................. 21, 352, 353' Glascock County ..................................................... 680, 683 Glascock, General Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 Glenn G. R............................................................... 38!l Glove;'s ................................................................. 766 Glynn County ...................................................... 18, 683-687 Glynn, John ............................................ ................ 683 Gneiss ............................................... 42, 71, 135, 631, 780, 849 INDEX. 935 Goats 300-310; Angora Goats, 304-310; price of fleece or mohair, 309, 310. For common goats see sketches of the several counties ............ 526-887 Gober, George, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239, 244, 592, 602, 787 Gold ............................ 40, 56-61, 139, 140, 147, 540, 569, 607, 617 622, 655, 660, 665, 678, 693, 696, 698, 703, 740 743, 744, 745, 755, 758, 782, 849, 856, 875, 881 Gold Stamping Mills ............................................. 540, 744, 782: Gooseberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Gordon County .......................................................687-689 Gordon, John B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 51 Gordon, W. W ........................................................ 577, 687Gordon Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792: Gordon, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Goshen ................................................................... 408 Granite ............................. .41, 42, 71, 134, 135, 147, 154, 54:}, 567 593, 631, 678, 693, 696, 709, 755, 758 778, 782, 7:J9, 817, 849, 856, 8G3, 881 <;}ranite Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153; Grantville ............................................................ 61G, 617 Grape Creek .............................................................. 822 Grapes .......................... 43, 150, 154, 245, 246, 527, 539, 557, 587, 60:1 609, 611, 636, 748, 791, 871, 873, 876, 886 Graphite ......................................... 65, 143, 147, 540, 593, 696, 782 Grass Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 Grasses .....................................................150, 154, 214-228 Graves, Colonel John ..................................................... 883 Graves :Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Gray Gravelly Lands .................................................. 149, 153 Graysville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Great Britain-the Mother Country, 15-17; 'Vars with-the Recolution, 17-18; The war of 1812-15 ................................................. 21, 22 Green, Dr. Thomas F. . ................................................... 398 Greenbriar Creek ........................................................ 613 Greene County .................................................... .40, 689-692 Greene. General Nathaniel ...................... 21, 577, 689, 769, 814, 815, 883 Greeneboro ............................................................... 690 Greenville ................................................................ 758 Greysville ................................................................ 579 Griffin, city ............................................................ 823-825 Grist Mills .... 359. See sketches of the several counties ................ 52G-887 Griggs, Hon. J. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Gross, Wm. H., Roman Catholic Bishop of Georgia ....................... 413 Ground Peas ..... .43, 226. See sketches of the several counties ......... 526-887 Grovania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 Grovetown ............................................................... 613 Guernseys ............................................................... 260 Guillan, Hannall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Guinea Fowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298, 299 Gum Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 Guyton, .................................................................. 645 Gwinnett, Button ................................................... 17, 28, 692 Gwinnett County ................................................. .40, 692-694- H Habersham County ................................................ 40, 694-697 Habersham, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Habersham, Joseph ................................................ 17, 18, 694 Hale, J. H ................................................................ 240 Hall County .......................................................... 697-699 Hall, Lyman ....................................................... 17, 29, 697 Hamburgs (chickens) .................................................... 293; Hamilton, John ......................................................... 412 Hamilton, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Hampton, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Hampton, Wade ......................................................... 815 936 INDJiJX. Hancock Coun,ty ............................ 100-702 Hancock, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 "Hand Book of Georgia," by Dr. Thomas P. Janes.......................... 5 Handley, George ........................... 18, 29 Hannahatchee Creek .................................... 825, 826 Hapeville ...................................... _, 677 Harlem ................................................... 613 Haral~n County ................................................... 40, 702-704 Haralson, Hugh A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 Hardin's Cave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Hard Labor Creek ....................................... 769, 770, 862 Hard Ore ............................................................ 87 Hares ~commonly called rabbits in Georgia) ............................. 536 Harmony Grove ............................................... -~ . . . 722 Harris County ........................................ ~. 704-706 Harris, Charl'es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 'i04 Harris, Young L. G....................................................... 849 Harrison, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Harrod's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Hart Coun,ty ......................................................... 706-708 Hart, Nancy ..................................................... 650, 653, 706 Hartwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Hawkins, Colonel Benjamin ......................................... 620 Hawkins, Colonel Samuel ................................................ 570 Hawkinsville .........................................................796, 797 Hay ........ 150, 155, 171, 227. See sketches of the several counties ..... 526-887 Hayes, John L. (quoted) ................................................. 286 Haygood, Atticus G..................................................... 378 Head Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Heard County .................................................... .42, 708, 710 Heard, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 708, 882 Hearn Female Seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 Hearn Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 Hearn Manual Labor School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Hebrew Orphan, Home, Atlanta ......................................... 407 Hebrews, or Jews ...................................................... 414 Hematite (red iron ores) ........................................... 61, 128, 129 Henderson, John T........................................ 5, 34, 277, 285, 294 Henderson Wood, or White Holly .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Henry County ......................................................... 710-712 Henry, Patrick .......................................................... 710 Herbert, Dr. Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Herd's Grass ............................................................ 225 Hereford Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268, 271 Hiawassee River ......................................................... 848 Hiawassee, town .......................................................... 849 Hickory Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 Hickory Trees ........................................................150, 161 High Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 High Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 Hightower Creek ........................................................ 848 Hill, Walter B., Chancellor of Universitv of Georlda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Hillary, Christopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Hillhouse, Mrs. . ..................................................... 882, 883 Hill's Camp Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Hills, Ebenezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Hillsboro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Hinds Island .......................................................... 746 Hinesville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 Historic Trees .................................................... 578, 595, 650 Historical Collection,s of Georlda. by Rev. Geo. White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Hog Creek ...............................608 Hogansville, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 Hogs .... 275, 277, 602, 603. See sketches of the several CQ'Unties N4N4526-887 Hogscrawl Creek ........................ 634 Holcombe, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 INDEX. 937 Holly .......................................................... 161 Holly Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 Holly Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Holly-white or Henderson wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Holstein-Friesian Cattle ........................................ 263, 264 Home for Confederate Soldiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Home for the Friendless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Homer ........................... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Homerville ........................................................... 599, 600 Honey, 53, 154, 299. See sketches of the several counties .............. 526-887 Honey Bee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Hornblende ............................................................... 780 Hornstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Hook, J. S.......................................................... 389 Horse Creek .......................................................... 748, 819 Horses ........ 53, 310, 311. See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Horse-shoe Bend (Tohopeka) ............................ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Rorticulture ......................................................... 238-249 Houchookee Creek .................................................... 800, 825 Houdans (chickens) ....................................................... 293 Hound Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 House Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 Houston County ....................................................... 712-716 Houston, John ........................................................ 28, 712 Howard, Rev. Charles Wallace (quoted) ............................... 216, 221 Howard, J. D. . ...................................................... 238 Howley, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Hudson River ................................................... 154, 535, 666 Hull, Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Humber, Robert .......................................................... 268 Hummock, or second bottoms ........................................ 160, 165 Humphries, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Hunt, :Mrs. B. W. (quoted) ............................................... 255 Hurn, Alexander ..................................................... 871, 872 Hydraulic Cement Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Ice Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Ichawaynochaway Creek ......................................... 562, 840, 872 Indian Creek ............................................ 611, 769, 781, 798, 885 Indian Mounds .............................................. 642, 650, 668, 701 Indians ................................................................ 15, 17 Indian Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560, 561 Indigenous grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Infusorial Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Ingleside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Inman, Captain Joshua .................................................. 559 Irish potatoes ..... 168, 228-232. See sketches of the several counties .... 526-887 Iron Ores ............... 40, 61, 62, 127-129, 539, 540, 569, 587, 660, 678, 693 698, 755, 758, 794, 803, 849, 856, 860, 873, 877, 881 Iron Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Iron Works .............................................................. 356 Irrigation ............................................................ 317, 318 Irwin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716-721 Irwin, Jared ....................................................... 18, 29, 716 Irwinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Irwinville .............................................................. 720 Isabella ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 Isle of Hope ............................................................. 578 Italian Rye Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 ivy Log Creek .......................................................... 856 938 INDEX. J Jack's Creek ............................................................ 864 Jackson, Andrew ............................................... ,',........ 22 Jackson County ....................................................... 721-723 Jackson, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Jackson, Henry R......................................................... 382 Jackson, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 29, 721 Jackson, General John K .................................................. 815 Jackson, town ........................................................ 560, 561 James, Colonel T. J ........................................................ 846 Janes, Dr. Thomas P ........................................... 5, 34, 219, 277 Jasper County ........................................................ 723, 725 Jasper, Sergeant '\-Vm................................................. 578, 723 Jasper Spring ............................................................ 578 Jasper (stone) ............................................................ 558 Jefferson County ...................................................... 725, 727 Jefferson, Thomas ....................................................... 725.. Jefferson, town in Jackson County ....................................... 722 Jeffersonville .............. ,,, ............................................. S54 Jekyl Island ............................................................. 56G .Jenkins, Charles J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 814 Jersey Cattle ................................................... 259, 260, 701 Jews, or Hebrews ......................................................... 414 Jewell's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 John's Mountain ......................................................... 58G Johnson,, Andrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Johnson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728, 729 Johnson Grass ............................................................ 150 Johnson Herschel V .................................................... 30, 728 Johnson,, James ............................................................ 30 Johnson, Robert ..........................................................15 Jonesl;>oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ..... 23, 598, 599 Jones County .......................................................... 729-731 Jones Creek .......................................................... 599, 885 Jones, JaJ;lles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Jones, ProfessorS. P. 5; Paper by, on Economic Geology and Mineralogy .. 55-127 Jordan, G. Gunby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 Julia Parkman Jones Home................................................ 550 Juniper Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748, 755, 772 K Kansas State Board of Agriculture (quoted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Kaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660, 715, 730, 810 l{eg Creek ................................................................ 868 !{ell, John Mcintosh ....................................................... 825 l{ennesaw Mountain ................................................ 23, 42, 607 l{ennesaw Quarry ......................................................... 41 Kennesaw, town ........................................................... 607 l{ettle Creek ....................................................... 17, 18, 880 !(ids ....................................................................154 Kinchafoonee Creek ............................ 635, 646, 733, 755, 828, 840, 872 Inn,g, Francis P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (}, 64 l(ing, John .................................................................18 l(ing's Mountain ..........................................................18 Kingston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 540 Knox Dolomite ...............................,. ............................ 61 Knox, General Henry .....................................................619 Knoxville, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618, 619, 620 L Labor, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 344-347 Ladd, George E. (quoted) ....................................................69 LaFayette, Marquis de ........................................ 657, 815, 860, 861 LaJ!'ayette, town ................................................... .. 1:16U, ~ol INDEX. 939 La Grange, city ........................................................ 851-853 La Grange Female College ............................................ 385, 851 Lakes (artificial) ......................................................... 154 Lambs ..................................................................154 Lampkin's Creek ......................................................... 634 Land Area of the Counties of Georgia, Appendix ........................... 891 Lane, A. J ................................................................ 219 Lan,e, James R.............................................................219 Laurens County ....................................................... 731-733 Laurens, Colonel John ..................................................... 731 Lavonia ...................................................................667 Lawrenceville ........................................................ 692, 693 Lazer Creek ............................................................ : .S31 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ .40, 660, 698 Leary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 562, 563 Lee County ............................................................ 733-737 Lee, :s;enry (styled "Light Horse Harry") ..............................18, 566 Lee, Richard Henry .................................................... 733, 814 Lee, Robert E ................................................. ......... 18, 566 Leghorn (chickens) ........................................................290 Leslie, town .............................................................. 82!) Lemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ .43, 246, 5G5 LeVert College ............................................................ 831 LeVert, Madame Octavia..................................................814 Lewis, David W ............................................................389 Lewis, General J. R .......................................................389 Lexington, town ......................................................... 782 Liberty County .................................................... 18, 737-739 Lick Creek ..............................................................798 Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 135, 136, 137, 154, 698 Lime-Sink Region .........................................................161 Limestone ..... .40, 70, 135, 136, 147, 539, 540, 549, 571, 587, 660, 678, 688, 715. 726, 796, 873, 877, 884 Limestone Creek .........................................................767 Limonite (Brown Iron Ore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 127, 128 Lincoln, Benjamin ................................................... .40, 739 Lincoln County ........ ' .. ' .. ' ..... ' ... " ............................ 40, 739-741 Lindale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................660 Lin,e Creek ......................................................... 657, 757 Lithia (Salt) Springs .............................................. 640, 641, 675 Lithonia, town ........................................................... 631 Little Cedar Creek ........................................................ 785 Little Hurricane Creek ............................................ 526, 608, 788 Little I\:iokee Creek ....................................................... 613 Little Lott's Creek .................................................... 556, 767 Little Ocmulgee River ..................................................... 769 Little Oconee River .............................................. 769, 798, 799 Little Ogeechee River .....................................................819 Little River .................................................. 832, 833, 884, 885 Little Satilla River ................................................ 526, 683, 788 Little Tallapoosa River.....................................................569 Live Oak Lands .......................................................165, 166 Live Stock ...................................................... 53, 54, 259-312 See sketches of the several counties for full details; which see also for domestic animals in inclosures, and not on farms or ranges .............. 526-887 Locust Grove ..............................................................711 Logansville .................................................................863 Long Creek ...................................................... 781, 864, 867 Long Colon,el Nicholas .................................................... 883 Long' Leaf Pine........................................................... 528 Long Leaf Pine and Wire Grass Section ...................................161 Longstreet, Judge Augustus B ............................................. 814 Longstreet Lieutenant General James A ................................... 815 Long Swa~p .............................................................. 590 Lookout Creek ............................................................620 Lookout Jl.iounta1n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 620 :940 INDEX. Lovejoy, town ................................................... 598 Louisiana Purchase .................................................. 21 Louisville, town. ............................................... 726, 727 Louisville and Nashville Railway ...........................................876 Lowden, George W .................................................325 Lowlands of the Central Belt..............................................160 Lowndes County .......................................................741-743 Lowndes, William Jones ............................................... 741 Lucerne (or Alfalfa) ............................................... 171, 215, 216 Lucy Cobb Institute .................................................382, 593 Lula Lake .................................................................39 Lumber .. 50, 51, 354, 526 529, 556, 611, 634, 636, 641, 642, 643, 644, 654, 672, 678, 684, 685, 688, 705, 719, 720, 722, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 763, 764, 767, 768, 781, 788, 789, 791, 796, 835, 838, 871, 879, 886. Lumber City ......................................................839 Lumpkin County ................................................. .40, 743-744 Lumpkin, Wm ................................................... 30, 743,782 Lumpkin, town ....................................................... 826, 827 Lutheran Church ..........................................................408 t~~~: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::. . ::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.~-~ Me ~IcAdamized Roads ....................................................... 173 l\IcBean.'s Creek ........................................................... 809 McCallie, S. W., 5, 35, 60, 69, 72; his paper on Mineral Resources ........ 127-147 :McCandless, John M ................................................... 34, 52 ~IcCoy Creek ............................................................. 876 l\:IcDaniel, H. D ............................................................33 l\IcDonald, Charles J ........................................................30 l\IcDonough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... 711 l\fcDowell, John ........................................................... 278 ~IcDuffie County ..................................................... 745, 746 l\IcDutfie, George .......................................................... 745 1\IcGee, J. s...............................................................202 Mcintosh County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411, 746-748 :Mcintosh, Colonel James S ............................................. 22, 746 l\Icintosh, Colonel John ................................................... 746 ::VIcintosh, Col~hlan .............................................. 17, 746 Mcintosh, General Wm ................................................ 560, 570 1\Ici\:enzie, Ed. M ......................................................... 238 1\IcKenzie, W. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 l\IcLaws, General LaFayette......................................... _..... 815 ~IcLemore's Cove ........................................................ 859 :McLeod, Rev. John ......................................................... 411 1\fcl\fahon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... 622 1\lcNeil, James ............................................................. 18 McRae, town ............................................................. 839 M 1\Iacon ............................................................ .42, 549-552 Macon and Birmingham Railroad ................................. 184, 550, 852 Macon and Dublin Railroad ........................................... 550, 854 Macon an.d Northern Railroad ........................................ 550, 770 Macon County .........................................................748-752 Macon, Nathaniel .................................................... 549, 748 Maco~~; Telegraph ..................................................... 53, 202 Madison, city ...........................................................770 Madison County ..................................................... 752, 753 Madison, James .......................................................752 Magnetite (an iron ore possessing polarity) .................... : . ........ 61, 849 MMaanlgloan~ePsreo.f.e.s.s.o.r. Bernard . ...... 40, ....... 62, 63, ......... 130, 147, ..... 539, .... 540, ..... 587, ............. 660, 696, 849, ..... 873, 386 877 INDEX. 941 Manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ 331-362 See sketches of the several counties, especially Bibb, Chatham, Floyd, Fulton, Muscogee, Richmond and Spalding. Maple Trees ..............................................................150 Marble ........ .41, 70, 71, 133, 134, 147, 591, 604, 660, 678, 688, 696 787 856 877 Marble Works ................................................. : . .. .'.360' 361 Ma~etta, city ....................................... .41, 601, 602, 604, 60i, 608 Marion County .......................................................755-757 Marion, General Francis.............................................. 75i 882 Market (truck) Garden,s. See sketches of the several counties ......... 526-887 Marls ............................................ 69, 70, 143, 144, 147, 715, 726 Marsh, Judge Spencer.....................................................588 Marshall, Daniel ......................................................... .412 Marshallville .................................................... 748, 749 750 Mashburn, S. M ......................................................... :. 238 Matthews, George .................................................18, 29, 691 Maxwell, James ...........................................................18 Maysville ............................................................. 535, 53~ Meade, General George G ...................................................30 Mean Annual Temperature .............................................. .44, 45 Means, Rev. Alexander....................................................389 Medway ................................................................. 737 Medway River ........................................................... 737 Meigs, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 Melons. (See sketches of the several counties ......................... 526-887 Menlo ....................................................................588 Mercer High School. ......................................................378 Mercer, Jesse .......................................................... 412, 882 Mercer, Silas .......................... , ................................... 412 Mercer University .....................................................378, 550 Meril's Creek ............................................................556 Meriwether County ................................................. 42, 757-760 Meriwether, General David ......................................... - .. t. 757 Merriam, F. J ............................................................ 237 Methodists in Georgia, 16; Methodist Episcopal Church (known in Georgia as the Northern Methodist) 411, 413; Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 411, 412, 413; African Methodist Episcopal Church, 411, 413; Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America, 411, 413; Protestant Methodists, 413. For Methodists in Georgia see also sketches of the several counties ....526-887 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 22 Mexico, Gulf of ............................................................16 Mica................................ 40, 66, 143, 161, 569, 678, 696, 780, 803, 873 Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College .................374, 377, 533 Middle Georgia Region .................................................... 154 Middle Oconee River....................................................... 592 Middle River, Valley Lands of ............................................154 Middleton, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................. 18 Midway ..................................................................533 Milch Cows. (See Cattle.) .................................................... . Milk...... 53. See sketches of the several counties .................... 526-887 Mill Creek ......................... .. .. .. .......... 876, 885 Milledge, John ............................................. 29, 366,814,882, 883 Milledgeville............................ ;. .. .. ....... 21, 530, 533 Millen ............................ . ........... 821 Millen, John ........................ .. .. ... . .................. 412 Miller, Andrew J ..................... . . .............. 760 Miller County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760-761 Miller, Z. T ......................... .............. 202 Millet ................................................................ 154, 225 Mill Shoal Creek ..................... .............. 752 Milner ...................... .792 Milton County ....................................................... 761-762 Milton, J .................. .18 Milton, Colonel John ............... .. .... .. .. .... 761 . Mineralogy . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .... ...... .... ..... 55 Minerals ........................... 40, 139, 140, 147, 545, 569, 607, 771, 755, 782 942 INDEX. Mineral Springs, or Waters .......... 72,1 44, 147, 565, 572, 591, 596, M~ocene Age ................................ .~:. ~:~:. :~~: . ::~: .:~~: ~~ l\f~sc~llaneous.Industries ...................................................361 ~f~ss~ss~pp~ River ...................................................... 17, 21 "f~ssissippi, State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 l\f~ssouri Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Missouri, State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 M~tchell Cou~ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763-7,65 Mitc~ell, David B ...................................................... 29, 763 ~ob~le B~sin ......................................................... 74-83 ~o~~~ R1~er .............................................................. 21 " o r, price of.......................................................309 310 Molena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... :.792 Molino del Rey ............................................................. 22 Mo11roe County ........................................................ 765-767 Monroe Female College ............................................... 385, 766 Monroe, James ............................................................ 765 Monroe, town ............................................................863 :Montezuma ........................................................ 751 752 Monticello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... '.. 724 Montgomery County .................................................. 767 768 Montgomery, General Richard ........................................... .'. 767 Montgomery, Wm.................... . ...................................411 Moonstones ..............................................................66 Moore, G. A ................................................................ 240 l\foore, N. B ............................................................... 229 Moore, Patrick ............................................................ 815 Moreland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 :Morgan County ........................................................ 769-771 Morgan, Daniel ........................................................-:-:. 769 l\forgan .............................................................. ~563 Morganton ..............................................................656 Morganville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................620 Morris Brown College, Atlanta............................................ 386 Morris, J. G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Morrow ...................................................................598 Mosse, George ........................................................... 412 Mossy Creek .......................................................... 712, 874 l\Ioultrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... 611 Mountain Creek .......................................................... 786 Mount Vernon .......................................................... 768 Mountville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... 852 Mount Zion Academy ...................................................... 701 1\fuckalee Creek ................................................... 733, 755, 828 Mud Creek ................................................................ 802 Mulberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... 43 Mulberry Trees ...........................................................161 Mules .......... 53, 311, 312. See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Mullryne, Colo11el John .................................................... 578 Mumford's Industrial Home...............................................550 Murder Creek ............................................................798 :Murray County .................... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 771, 772 Murray, Thomas W ........................................................ 771 ~fuscogee County .................................................. 16, 772-779 :Musgrove, Mary ...........................................................17 l\Iusquito Creek ...........................................................624 N Xacoochee Valley........................................... 39, 40, 154, 180, 875 Nancy Hart .......................................................... 650, 653 Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad system ...............189, 659 Nashville, the county site of Berrien ....................................... 544 Naval Stores .................................... 576, 644, 720, 732, 734, 738, 767 Neil, the Statistician ........................................... ....... ... 34 INDEX. 943 Nelson, Cleland Kinloch, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georgia.......... .411 Nelson, town .............................................................41 Nesbitt, R. T.......................................................... 5, 34 New Hope Church .................................................... 23, 785 New Inverness {now Darien) ...............................................411 Newnan ......................................................... 615, 616, 618 Newspapers .......................................................... 516-524 Newton County ...................................................... 776-779 Newton, Rev. John ........................................................ 411 Newton, Sergeant John ............................................... 578, 776 Newton, town ............................................................529 New York Tribune .................................................... 240, 243 Nickajack Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Noble's Creek ............................................................ 857 Nochefaloochee Creek ................................................... 772 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Northen, w. J ....................................................... 272, 701 North Georgia Baptist College ............................................656 North Newport River .................................................... 737 Norwood, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Notley Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 0 Oak ............................................................. 150, 154 Oak, Hickory and Long Leaf Pine Hills ..............................159, 160 Oakland City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Oak Mountain ................................................... 704, 705, 831 Oats .... 150, 154, 168, 204, 207. See sketches of the several counties .... 526-887 Ocapilco or Okapilco Creek .......................................... 552, 611 Ocher or Ochre ..................... 40, 62, 132, 147, 539, 540, 549, 696, 782, 849 Ocher Mills .......................................................... 359, 360 Ocilla River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Ockolockonee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Ocklockonee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Ocklockonee River ............................................... 624, 763, 842 Ocmulgee River ........ 526, 546, 549, 608, 632, 633, 669, 689, 692, 697, 700, 712 721, 728, 731, 765, 766, 767, 791, 795, 838, 854, 879 Oconee County ................................................... 779-780 Oconee River .................... 530, 592, 731, 767, 779, 780, 798, 799, 868, 883 Ocone Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Oemler August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Offerman Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Ogeechee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Ogeechee Limes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Ogeechee River .......... 554, 558, 575, 643, 644, 654, 689, 700, 737, 833, 867, 868 Oglethorpe County .................................................. 780, 784 Oglethorpe, General James Edward ......................... 15, 16, 28, 397, 781 Oglethorpe, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751, 752 Oglethorpe University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Ohoopee River ................................................... 728, 834, 868 Oil l\fills ........................................................... , .351, 352 Okapilco Creek. See Ocapilco Creek Okeewalkee Creek ................................................... 731, 767 Okefinokee Swamp ....................................... 51, 52, 573, 574, 865 Oliver, L. C............................................................... 234 Olives ................................................................ 246, 565 Olmstead, Colonel Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Ontario-report of the Superintendent of Farmer's Institutes {quoted) ..... 271 Oostanaula River ..................................... 36, 150, 658, 659, 687, 771 Oothcalooga Creek .................................................... 539, 687 Oothcalooga Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539, Opal ..................................................................... 868 Opossums ..................... ....................................... 641, 719 944 INDEX. Oranges ...................................... 43, 246, 565 Orchard grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Ornamental Iron Works .............................................. 355, 356 Orphan Home of the North Georgia Conference, Decatur ............ 406 Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference, Macon, .............. .406, 550 Orr, Professor Gustavus J ..........................386, 389 Osborne, Henry ......................................... 18, 566 Ossabaw Sound ....................................... 554 Otter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Otter Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 Oxen ...... 29. See cattle. See sketches of the several counties ........ 526-887 Oxford ........................................................377, 778 Oyster Canneries, near Savannah and Brunswick ................ 325 Oysters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 p Pachitla Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Paint Industry ....................................................... 359, 360 Paleozoic Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Palmetto ............................................................. 567, 568 Panthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Parchelagee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 Parker, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Park Shoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Partridges or Quails ...................... , ............................ 28, 573 Paspalum ......................................... ~ . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Pataula Creek, 595, 800 (where by an error it is called Big Potato Creek). ..... ..................... ........... ........ ......... .............. 804, 825 Patterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Patterson's Island ........................................................ 746 Paulding County ............................................... .40, 784-786 Paulding, John ........................................... : ........... 784, 785 Paving and Paving Material ............................................. 361 Payne Institute, Augusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Peaches .... .43, 150, 154, 238, 243, 539, 557, 587, 592, 602, 715, 748, 787, 778, 789 Peachtree Creek .................................................. 23, 669, 670 Peafowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Peanuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Pears .................................................... 43, 150, 154, 527, 557 Pearson, town .....................................................609, 610 Peas. See Field-peas and Ground-peas ...................... 150, 154, 222, 244 Peavin,e Creek ........................................................... 859 Peavine Hay ......................................................... 171, 222 Peavine Valley ........................................................... 859 Pecans ....................................................... 43, 246, 601, 866 Peek, W. L............................................................ 4 208 Pelham ................................................................ 764 Pendleton Creek ...................................................... 767, 834 Penfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Penn, Wm................................................................ 16 Pennahatchee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 Pensions for Confederate Veterans and the Widows of Confederate Soldiers. 516 Pepperton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Perch ................................................................... 25 Periodicals ........................................................... 516-524 Perry ................................................................... 715 Persico, Roman Catholic Bishop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Persimmon Creek ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Persimmon,s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Persimmon Valley ........................................................ 802 Peters, Richard .................................................. 278, 279, 304 Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Pettile Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 INDEX. 945 Phennohaloway (or Finoholloway) river ................................... 871 Philippi Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Philippine War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Phinizy, John ............................................................ 815 Phosphates ............................................... : . ........... 69, 70 Pickens, General Andrew ................................ 17, 18, 786, 814, 882 Pickens County ................................................... .41, 786-788 Pickett, Colonel A. J ...................................................... 663 Pickett's l\Hll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Piedmont Institute, Rockmart ................................... 385, 386. 794 Piedmont Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Pierce County ........................................................ 778, 790 Pierce, Franklin ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Pierce, George F. . ....................................... 378, 381, 411, 701 Pierce, Lovick ....................................... : .............. .411, 701 Pigeon Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 Pigeon Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Pike County ........................................................... 790-793 Pike, General Zebulon M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Pine and Palmetto Flats .............................................. 162, 165 Pine Apples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Pine Hills Belt ....................................................... 156, 159 Pine-knot Creek .......................................................... 755 Pine Mountains ............................................. 704, 705, 757, 791 Pineora Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Pine Trees-Long Lea! ............................................. 50, 51. 558 Pine-Short Leaf ...................................................... 51. 150 Pine-White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Piney Woods Section ..................................................... 161 Pipemaker Creek ............................. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Piscola Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Plains ................................................................... 829 Plant System of Railways ...........179, 544, 552, 555, 573, 575, 599, 608, 610 624, 636, 789, 845, 846, 865, 871, 885 Plumbago ................................................................ 849 Plums ................................................... .43, 150, 154, 244, 557 Plymouth Rock Chickens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Polhlll, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Polk County ....................................................... .40, 793-795 Polk, James K ........................................................ 785, 793 Pomegranates ......................................................... .43, 565 Ponds (or Pools) for fish .................................................. 154 Population of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties, 526-877. Also Appendix, Tables 2 and 3 ........................................ 36, 526 Powder Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Potash ................................................................... 154 Potatoes-Irish. For average production per acre, see sketches of the several counties, 526-887 ............................................. 168, 228-232 Potatoes-Sweet. For average production per acre, see sketches of the sev- eral counties, 526-887 ..........................................168, 228-231 Potomac Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Potteries ......................................................... 359, 530, 549 Powell, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Powell, Dr. T. 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Poulan ................................................................... 886 Poultry, 289-300, 602. See sketches of the several counties ............ 526-887 Precious Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Presbyterian Church. For Presbyterians in Georgia, see sketches of the various counties, 526-887 .................................... .411, 413, 414 Preston, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Princeton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 Printing and Publishing .................................................. 360 47 ga 946 INDEX. Property returned by colored tax-payers. See the sketches of the counties, 526-887, and the summary for the entire State at the conclusion of these articles Protestant Episcopal Church (Church of England) .................. .408, 414 Public Roads ................................................ 172-190 Public Schools of Georgia. See the sketches of the several counties, 528-887 .......................................................... 386-394 Pulaski, Count John Cassimer ................................... 578, 795 Pulaski County ................................................. 795-797 Pumpkin Vine Creek ............................................539, 785 Purse, Major D. G.................................................. 846 Putnam County ................................................... 798-800 Putnam, General Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Pyrites .............. .- ............... 40, 64, 65, 140, 143, 569, 660 Q Quail ..........................536, 546, 607, 641, 796, 823, 845, 886 Quarantine line for cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Quartz ............................................. 569, 693, 755, 881 Quartzites (Weisner quartzite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Quinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Quitman County ..................................... 800-802 Quitman, General John A...................................... 552, 80@ Quitman, town, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 R Rabbits (the common name for hares in Georgia) ..................... 536, 641 Rabun County ............................................ 40, 802-8()4 Rabun, Wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Raccoon Creek .......................................539, 785 Raccoon Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Raccoon Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Raccoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Rae Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Railroad Mileage and List of Railroads ............................ 186, 189 Railroads .................................................... 172-189 Rainfall, 45. See also Rain map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Randall's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Ran,dolph County ........................................... 804-808 Randolph, John ............................................... 804 Raspberries ......................................... 43, 154, 246 Red Blulr Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Redbud ........................................................ 150 Red Clover ............................................................ 220-221 Redding, R. J., 34, 252. His report of the Experiment Station ........ 510-515 Red Hills ...................................................... 133, 159 Red Iron Ores (hematite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62, 128, 129 Red Oak Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 Red Oaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Red Polled Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Red Top ..................................................... 150 Reed Bluff Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 Reedy Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 Reese, Rev. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 412 Reidsville ........~-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Reinhardt Normal College ............................................... 591 Religious Denominations of Georgia .................................. .408-414 Resaca ................................................................ 23, 688 Rescue Grass .................................................. 226, 227 Resin, or Rosin. See Rosin Revolutionary War ..................................................... 17, 18 Reynolds, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 INDEX. 947 Rex ................................................................ om; Reynolds, John ..................................................... 17, 28 Ribbon Cane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Rice .................................................... 25, 168, 207, 208, 57U Rice Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57() Richland, town ............................................... 826, 827 Richmond County ............................................18, 809-815 Richmond, Duke of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Ringgold ................................................... 572, 573 Rising Fawn ............................................... 620, 621 Roa4 Materials .............................................144, 147 Roads, p_\lb}ic, ............................................... 172._!73 Roberds, John R.......................................................... 412 Roberta, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Roberts, Dr. J. W.................................................. 381 Rochelle, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87U Rock Creek ........................................................... 39, 54!i Rockdale County ....................................................816818 Rockmart .................................................. 40, 794 Rocky Creek ....................................................834, 867 Rocky Face Ridge ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Rolr Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Roman Catholic Church ......................................... .412, 413, 414 Rome, city ...................................381, 659, 660, 663, 664 Rome and Decatur Railroad ..................................... ~ . . . . . . . 659 Rome and Kinsgton Railroad ......................................... 540, 652 Roody Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Roopville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 570 Rose Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Rosedue Cannery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32a Rosin or Resin . . . . . . . . 29, 50, 354, 355, 552, 556, 609, 611, 643, 654, 728 732, 742, 747, 760, 788, 789, 835, 838, 871, 879 Ross, Edgar ................................. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Round Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 31} Round Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 Royal Cedar Creek ........................................................ 836. Royston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 667" Rubles .............................................................. 66 Ruger, Thomas H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, Rum-prohibited in Georgia 16; prohibition removed, 16. Rum Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Rumph, S. H. . ...................................................... 238, 748' Rutherford, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 18' Rutledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 Ryals, Major Garland M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Rye, 150, 207. See also sketches of the several counties .............. 526-887 s Saint Andrew's Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Saint Augustine Creek ........................................... 575 Saint Catherine's Island ............................................ 737 Saint Catherine's Sound .................................-. . . . . . . . . . . 737 Saint Mary's River ....................................3, 564, 566 Saint Mary's, town ............................................... 40, 325, 564 St. Paul's Parish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Saint Philip's Parish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Saint Simon's Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Saint Simon's River .................. ...... ... . . . . . . . . 683 Saint Simon's Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Saint Stanlslans College, Vlneville, near Macon ........ 385, 550 Salacoa Creek ............................................. .. . . .. 539 Salt (Lithia) Springs ........... .. 640, 641 948 INDEX. Salzburgers ....................................................... 15, 16, 645 Sand .................................................................. 144, 147 Sand and Pine Hills Belt ............................................. 156, 159 Sandersville, city ..................................................... 869, 870 Sand :!\fountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Sandstone ... .40, 41, 55, 71, 72, 135, 147, 540, 587, 619, 678, 696, 810, 841, 869, 877 Sandy Creek ..................................................... 560, 590, 592 Sandy Wire-grass Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Sapelo Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Sapelo Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Sapphires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Saratoga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Sassafras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Satilla Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Satilla River ............................................ 564, 599, 788, 864, 781 Sautee Creek ............................................................ 874 Sautee Valley .......................................................... 39, 40 Savage Creek ......................................................... 546, 854 Savannah and Statesboro Railroad ....................................... 556 Savannah Basin ....................................................... 117-123 Savannah, city .................................. 15, 16, 17, 18, 325, 575-584, 901 Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad ................ 522, 573, 643, 789, 871 Savannah Morning News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Savannah River .... 15, 16, 17, 558, 575, 613, 644, 641:1, 666, 706, 739, 745, 809, 819 Savannah-name of a steamship ......................................22, 581 Savannah Volunteer Battalion ............................................ 581 Saw-Mills ............ See sketches of the various counties ............ 526-887 Sawtell, T. R ............................................................. 272 Schley County ........................................................ 818, 819 Schley, Wm. . .........................................................30, 818 School Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Scott, George T.......................................................... 382 Scott, J. T. . ............................................................. 293 Scott, W. M~; State Entomologist .......................................35, 243 Scottsborough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Screamer 1\fountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Screven. County ....................................................... 819, 821 Screven, General James .................................................. 819 Scull's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Seaboard Air Line Railway System .. 184, 185, 555, 575, 585, 593, 634, 636, 649 752, 780, 826, 828, 829, 835, 840, 871, 872 Seagrove, James ........................................................ 566 Sea Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Sebrights (chickens) ...................................................... 293 Seed Farms ........................................................... 316 317 Seney, George S.................................................. 377, 381, 382 Seney-Stovall Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Senoia .................................................................... 616 Sequoia (George Guess) ............................................... 589, 590 Serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Sesame or Gama Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Seventeen Mile Creek ..................................................... 608 Seville, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 Sewer Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Sharpsburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 Sheep .. See sketches of the several counties, 526-887 .............. 53, 54, 277-289 Shell Bluff ............................................................... 558 Shellman, town ........................................-............... 807, 808 Shellstone Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 Ship Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Shoal Creek .........................................................765, 874 Shockley Apples ............................................. , . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 Shorter, Alfred ....................................................... 381, 382 INDEX. 949 Shorter Female College, Rome ........................................ 381, 382 Shorthorns or Durham Cattle ......................................... 264, 535 Silica .................................................................... 877 Silk Factories ............................................................ 347 Silurian Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Silver ............................................................ .40, 660, 698 Simpson Valley .......................................................... 802 Slate ................................... .40, 70, 136, 147, 587, 660, 678, 69o, 794 Slaughter Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Slavery-prohibitro at first, 16; introduced, 16; disputes, about ......... 22, 23 Slaves during the Civil 'Var .............. ............................ . 24, 21 Smith, Dr. George G...................................................... :; Smith, Governor James M.................................................. 30 Smith, James M., successful farmer ................................... 783, 784 Smithonia ............................................................ 752, 78"2 Smith's Creek ............................................................ 874 Smith, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152u Smithville ................................................................ 734 Smyrna, Cobb County ................................................ 602, 603 Snake Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Snipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 57& Soap Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Soapstone or Talc ................................... .......... 65, 66, 147, 881 Social Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Soils of Georgia ......................................................148, 166 Soja Beans ........................................................... 2'26, 227 Soque River and Valley Lands of .....................................154, 694 Sorghum-See sketches of the counties, 526-827 ........................ 43, 162 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Southern Female (Cox) College, College Park, near Atlanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Southern Female College (LaGrange ..................................382, 851 South Georgia College, McRae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 South Georgia Military and Agricultural College, Milledgeville ............ 374 South Georgia Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Southern Oak, Hickory ar~d Pine Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Southern Railway .................... 177-179, 575, 593, 598, 601, 640, 657, 659 665, 680, 698, 823, 839, 846, 854, 871. 876 South Georgia College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 South Newport River ................................................. 737, 746 South River ................................................. 628, 710, 777, 816 Sowhatchee Creek ........................................................ 641 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Spalding County ...................................................... 822-825 Spalding, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Spaniards ..............................................................15, 16 Spanish-Amercian vVar ................................................ 27, 28 Sparks, Moultire, & Gulf Railroad ..................................... 544, 611 Sparks, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Sparta ................................................................ 700, 701 Speer, Judge Emory ...................................................... 378 Spellman Seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Spirit Creek ..... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Sprin Creek ............................................. 618, 624, 641, 748, 760 Springer, John ........................................................... 411 Springfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 Spring Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Springs-Mineral. See Mineral Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Squirrels .................................................................. 6!1 Stamp Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Standing Boy Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 State Appropriations .................................................315, 316 State Experiment Station ............................................ 510, 515 State Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 State Geology ......................................................... 55-147 950 INDEX. State Government ................................... ', ............... .417-516 State House Officers, etc., list of ..................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Statenville ............................................................... 643 State Sanitarium (Lunatic Asylum) .................................... 397-401 Statesboro .......... ~ ................................................... 556 Steamboat Lines ..................... 189, lUO, 521), 585, 601), 624, 636, 642, 658 651), 764, 772, 775, 71)6, 71)7, 801, 812 Stecoa Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Steel ... ; .................................................................. 356 Stephens, Alexander H ................................................ 33, S33 Stephens, Wm. . ....................................................... 18,!: 28 Stevens, 0. B., Commissioner of Agriculture ............................ 6, 34 Steven's Pottery ........................................................-. 530 Stewart County ::: ................................................... '.825-827 Stewart, General Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Stillmore Air Line Railroad............................................... 835 Stock-raising ............................................................. 251) Stone :Mountain ........................................................ 40, 41 Stone Mountain, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Stone Work .......................................................... 360, 361 "Story of Georgia and the Georpia People," by Dr. George G. Smith . . . . . . . 5 Stovall, General Marcellus A............................................ 815 Strawberries .................................................. 43, 154, 155, 246 Stubbs, Wm. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201) Sub-carboniferous Brown Loam Lands ............................... 148, 149 Subterranean Village ................................................. 875, 876 Sugar Cane .............................. .43, 51, 52, 168 171. 208-214, 573, 627 Sugar Cane Syrup-For average production to the acre, see sketches of the several counties, 526-887 ............. 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847 Sugar Creek ....-: ................................... 632 769, 770, 798, 838, 876 Sugar Refineries ............................................ 527, 601, 846, 847 Sullivan, Florence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Sumac Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Summer Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Summerville, Chattooga County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Summerville, Richmond County .......................................812, 813 Sumter County .......................................................827, 830 Sumter, General Thomas ............................................. 827, '882 Sunbury ................................................................. 731) Sunday Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Superior Court-List of Circuits, Judges and Solicitors .................... 509 Supreme Court Judges, list of ............................................. 509 Suttle Wm.-His rescue of a child from the Indians ....................... 650 Suwannee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Suwannee Canal Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Suwannee River .............................................. 51, 552, 599, 643 Suwannoochee Creek ................................................. 599, 643 Swainsboro ............................................................... 654 Swamp Creek .................................................... 624, 868, 876 Sweet Gum-trees ......................................................... 166 Sweet Potatoes-For average production per acre, see sketches of the sever- al counties , 526-887 ..................................... 231 Sweet Water Creek ..................................... 569, 601, 618, 785, 793 Swift Creek .....................................................634, 767, 885 Sycamore Trees ...................................................... 150, 161 Sylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Sylvester ................................................................. 886 Syrup from Sugar Cane-See sketches of the several counties of Middle and Southern Georgia, 526-887 .. 168, 171, 209, 210, 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847 T Table Lands .............................................................. 149 Talbot County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 Talbot, Matthew .......... ........................................ 29, 830, 882 INDEX. 951 Talc, or Soapstone .......................... .40, 65, 66, 143, 147, 587, 696, 849 Taliaferro County .....................................................832-834 Talliaferro, Colonel Benjamin ........................................ 832, 882 Talking Rock Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Tallapoosa River ......................................................... 702 Tallapoosa, town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Tallulah Falls and River .......................................... .40, 802, 803 Tallulah l'tiountain ....................................................... 802 'l'allulah Falls Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 Tan Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Tanahappee Creek ........................................................ 872 Tanneries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Tate .................................................................. .41, 787 Tate, ,V. C.............................................................. 293 Tattnall County ...................................................... 834, 836 Tattnall, Josiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Tattnall, Josiah, son, of the former . . . . . .............................. 578, 834 Tax Returns of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties .......... 526-887 Taylor County ....................................................... 836,._837 Taylor, General Zackary ..................................................836 'Taylor's Ridge ............................................... 39, 571, 572, 586 Telegraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 'Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 'Telfair County ....................................................... 837- 839 'Telfair, Edward ........................................... 18, 29, 815, 837, 838 'Temple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 ~.rennessee Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 'Tennessee River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Tennessee State .....................................-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Tennessee Valley in Rabun County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Tennille, town ........................................................869, 870 Terracing ............................................................. 318, 321 Terrell County ......................................................840, 842 Terrell, Capt. James ...................................................... 668 TeiTell, Dr. Wm. . ....................................................... 840 Tesnatee River .......................................................... 743 'Tesentee River .......................................................... 874 Texas Blue Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Texas Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 'Textile Mills in Georgia-List of ...................................... 907-914 {Thomas County ................................................... .43, 842-847 Thomas, General Jett ................................................. .43, 842 Thomaston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 'Thomasville & Gulf Railroad ............................................. 544 'Thomson ................................................................. 745 'Thornton, A. E .... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Thunderbolt .............................................................. 325 'Tide Swamp Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Tift, Colonel Nelson ...................................................... 636 Tifton and Northeastern Railroad ........................................ 544 'Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf Railroad ............................. 611, 846, 885 Tifton, town ......................................................... 544, 545 ~.riger Creek .......................................................... 767, 876 Tlgertall Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Tigertail Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Timber Bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Timber Lands and Forest Growth, 49, 50, 51. Also In sketches of each County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526-887 Timothy ............................................................150, 226 'Tired Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 Tobacco ...................................154, 232, 569, 573, 611, 624, 627, 628 Tobesofkee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546, 765 Toccoa, city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 'Toccoa Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 952 INDEX. Toccoa River ........................................................... 655 Todd, H ................................................................. 18 Tohopeka, or the Horse-Shoe Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~ Tomochichi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Tom's Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Toombs, Robert ................................... ....................... 882 Toonigh .................................................... ;-:. . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Towaliga River (also called creek) ............................ 560, 765, 766, 822 Town Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S68 Towns County ..................................................... .40, 848-850 Towns, George W.....................................................30, 848 Townsend, Charles 0 ..................................................... 381 Track Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Trader's Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Trenton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620, 621 Treutlen, John Adam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Trion ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Tripoli ........................................................... .40, 144, 147 Troup Coun,ty ......................................................... 850-853 Troup, George M................................................ 22, 29, 732, 850 Troupville ................................................................ 742 Truck Farming ................................................... 233-238, 789 Trustees of Georgia Colony ..............................................15-17 Tucker, Rev. H. H ........................................................ 389 Tugaloo River and Valley Lands of .................. .40, 154, 666, 694, 706, 802 Turin .................................................................... 61G Turkey Creek ..................................................... 763, 845, 840 Turkeys ............... 52, 297, 298, 299, 573, 607, 621, 641, 719, 796 802, 845, 865 Turner, W. R............................................................ 239 Turnpike Creek ...................................................... 632, 838 Turpentine ............. 354, 355, 526, 529, 552, 553, 556, 600, 609, 611, 612, 624 643, 654, 720, 728, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 764 767, 788, 789, 796, 835, 838, 841, 845, 871, 879, 886 Turtle River ............................................................. 683 Tustunnugee, Etommee .................................................. 570 Tussahaw Creek .......................................................... 560 Twiggs County .......................................................854, 855 Twiggs, General John ................................................... 854 Tybee, Capture of British Vessel at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 17 Tybee Island............................................................. 578 Tyner, Richard, Adven,tuhes of his family with the Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H5n Tyty Creek ........................................................ 611, 885 Tyty, town ............................................................... 88() u Ulcofauhachee River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Ulcohatchee Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 Unaka Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Union County ....................................................... 40, 855-&')7 Union Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HHn Unitarian Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Universalist Church ..................................................... 412 University of Georgia..................................... 365-374, 592, 593, 744 Upatoie Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Upland Rice ..............................................................168 Upson County .........................................................857-85H Upson, Stephen ....................................................... 782, 857 Upton Creek ............................................................ 74:> Utoy Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669. 67(} INDEX. 953 v Valdosta .............................................................. 742, 743 Valley Lands : ........................................................ 150, 15-l Vann's Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 6UO Van Wert, town ......................................................... 785 Van Wert, one of the captors of Andre ................................... 785 Veal .................................................................... 154 Vernon Creek ............................................................ 575 Verot, Roman Catholic Bishop ............................................. 41& Verazzani, Jolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4u Vetch ................................................................... 2:!() Vidalia ...................................................................76S Vienna .................................................................. 634 Villa Rica ..............................................................:i69, trte Vina Vista............................................................ 245, 6113 Vineyards ....... 245, 587, 609, 611, 616, 636, 695, 703, 748, 791, 823, 852, 871, 872 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S Virginians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 21 Visscher's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24() w Waddell, Moses ....................................................... 411, 613 Wadley .............................................................. 726, 727 Wadley and Mount Vernon Railroad ...................................... 728 Wagon Factories ........................................................ 356 Walden's Creek .......................................................... 763 Waleske .................................................................. 591 Walker County ................................................. 40, 41, 859-862 Walker Creek ............................................................ 765 Walker, Major Freeman.................................................. 859 Walker, W. D ........................................................ 202, 822 Walker, General W. H. T .......................................... 22, 814, 815 Wallace, John ........................................................... 252 Walnut Creek ..................................................... 546, 618, 757 Walnut River ........................................................... 697 Walnuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... 161 Walton County ....................................................... 862-'864 Walton, George.............................................17, 29, 814, 815, 862 Ware County .........................................................864-866 Ware, Nicholas ............................................................864 Waresboro, town ........................................................ 865 Warhoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... 150' Warm Springs ........................................................ 758, 759 Warren County ........................................................866-868 Warren, General Joseph.................................................. 866 Warrenton, town ......................................................... 867 Warrior Creek ........................................................... 885 War Woman Creek....................................................... 802 War Woman Valley...................................................... 802 Washington County ....................................................868-870 Washington, General George .................................. 597, 815, 868, 883 Washington, town .................................................... 881-883" Wasp Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Watermelons .........................................................155, 237 Water Oaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Water Powers .............................................. 53, 73-123, 777, 801 Water Transportation .............. 11>\:l, 190, 52\:l, 585, 609, 624, 636, 658, 659, 764 771, 772, 71:l6, 71:)7, 801, 809, 811, 826, 871, 879 Watkinsville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. 780 Watson, Dr. T. L......................................................... 35 Watsons's Shoals ........................................................ 782 Wax ................................................................... 299' ~54 INDEX.. Waycross Air Line Railroad ...........................................608, 865 Waycross, city ........................................................ 865, 866 'Vayne, General Anthony ............................................... 870 Wayne County ....................................................... 870-872 Waynesboro ........................................................ 558 Webster Coun,ty ....................................................... 872-874 Webster, Daniel .................................................... 87::! '\Veed, Jacob ....................................................... 18, 366 Wehadka Creek....................................................... 850, 853 '\Vereat, John ............................................................ 18, 29 Wesley, Charles .............................................. 16, 397, 408, 411 '\Vesley, John ....................................................... 16, 408-411 '\Vesleyan Female College ......................................... 378, 381, 550 \Vesleyan Institute ....................................................... 660 West End Creek.......................................................... 772 Western & Atlantic Railroad ................ 180-183, 540, 571, 601, 659, 771, 876 West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Weston, town . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . 873 West Point, city .......................................................... 852 'Vheat ..... 52, 150, 155, 168, 201-204. (See also sketches of the several counties) ............................................................... 526-887 Wheat Growers' Association .............................................. 202 Wheeler ,General Joseph ........................................... 28, 814, 815 '\Vhite Clover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 White County ............................................... 40, 874-876 White, Rev. George, quoted ...........................................331, 332 White, Colonel John. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 874 White Oak Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 White, W. F .......................................................... 202, 204 Whitefield (now almost universally written Whitfield) County ....... 39, 876-878 Whitefield, Rev. George ........................................ 16, 397, 411, 876 Whitehall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 White Oak Mountain...................................................... 39 "Vhitesburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 570 White Sulphur Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 White Water Creek ....................................................784, 836 Whitney, Eli. ................................................. 21, 815, 836 Wight, Ed. L ...................................................... 602, 603 Wight, J. Byron ......................................................... 846 Wilcox County ..................................................... 879, 880 Wilcox, General Mark .................................................... 879 Wild Cat ............................................................ 52 Wild Cat Creek ........................................................... 802 Wilde, Richard Henry ................................................ 814 Wilder, F. N ........................................................... 290 Wilkes County ........................................................18, 880 Wilkes Gold Mine .................................................. 617 Wilkes, John............................................................. 880 Wilkinson, County .................................................... 883-885 Wilkinson, General James................................................. 883 Willacoochee Creek ...................................................624, 719 Willacoochee, town ....................................................609, 610 Williams, David, one of the captors of Andre.............................. 785 Williams, George M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Williams, R. G .............................................................34 Williams, W. D ....................................................389, 402 Williams, Dudley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Williamson .......................................................... 791, 792 Wilmington Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Wilson, J. I!'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Wilson's Cave ........................................................... 861 Wiltberger, Captain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 '\Vinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 Winter, Cornelius ............................................ 411 INDEX. 955 Winter, Delamotte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Withlacoochee River ................................ 544, 552, 611, 741, 742 Wolf Island ................................................. 746 Women of the South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Woodcock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. 52, 573 Woodstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Woodville ............................................................. 690 Wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 53, 54, 286, 287 Wool of the Angora Goat.............................................305-310 Woolen Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Worth County ......................................................885-887 Worth, General Wm. J ............................................... 885 Wright, General Ambrose R ................................... 815 Wright, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Wright, R. F., Assistant Commissioner of Agriculture ...................6, 34 Wright, W. A., Comptroller General (quoted throughout all the sketches of the Counties for tax returns) ......................................526-887 Wright's Island ................................................... 746 Wrightsville & Tennille Railroad ...................................... 728, 796 Wrightsville, town ............................................... 728, 729 y Yahoola Creek .............................................. 743, 744 Yamacraw Bluff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Yamacraws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Yamgrandee Creek ................................................. 654, 728 Yates Apples .......................................................... 657 Yazoo Act ................................................... 21, 716, 727 Yeates, Professor W. S., State Geologist.........................5, 35, 60, 72 Yellow Jacket Creek .................................................850 Yellow Loam Region ...............................................159, 160 Yellow River ........................................ 628, 692, 777, 816, 862 Yellow Water Creek .................................................. 560 Yonah Mountain,................................................... 39, 40,744 Yorktown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Young Female College, Thomasville....................... ~ ........... 385 Young, L., Harris Institute..................................... 385, 849 z Zebulon 792