Bulletin [Nos. 31-40 (Jan. 1910 - Mar. 1915)]

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JANUARY, 1910

anb "omt ffxptrimtnt~ for Jt~ Control

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

By E. L. WORSHAM and
W. W.CHASE

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
T. G. HUDSON, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta,
ExOfficiG Member.

P. J. BERCKMANS,

President of State Horticultural Society, Augusta.

Ex-Officio Member.

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J. J. CONNER, President of State Agricultural Society, Cartersville.

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Ex-Officio Member.

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E. L. WORSHAM,

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State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta. A. C. LEWIS,

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Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.

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W. V. REED,

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FIeld Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.

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G. R. CASEY,

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Deputy Inspector, Marietta.

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W. W. CHASE, Deputy Inspector, Atlanta.

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION.

The San Jose Scale is by far the worst pest with which thb fruit growers in Georgia have to contend. this Bulletin is intended to be a summary of the experiment conducted in the
tate on this in ect by the Georgia State Board of Entomology, it has been thought best to give a short ketch of its origin, di tribution and life history,
Origin.
The San Jose Scale, as the common name indicates, was first tabli hed in this country in the early seventies at San Jose, California. Mr. Lick, in who e orchard the scale was first found, died before a study of the in ect wa begun and hence it wa impossible to tell from what country it was introduced. ~Ir. Lick was a great lover of plants and had imported many from hina, Japan and other Eastern countries. From this it wa upposed that the scale must have been imported from the Orient. From investigations carried on by Professor Comstock and others, it was found that the San Jose Scale occurred in th ITawaiian Islands in hiIe, in Japan and in Australia. In 1 97 it was found in Japan, and as it had been previou ly . hown that none of the other countries where it had be n found wa it. oriO'inal home, they thought it must have originated in' .Japan. By ]900 it wa concluded that the original home of the an Jose cale was either Japan or hina and we are indebted to Prof. . L. Marlatt, of the U. . Bureau of Entomology, for determining its original home. In 1901 Profe or Marlatt made a visit to both of these countrie and after very careful investigation located its original home in hina and gave us A most interesting account of San Jose Scale in its native home.

Distribution.

The pread of San Jose Scale from San Joe California, to

other tates was very rapid. By 1887 it had reached ew Jer-

sey, and was introduced from this State into Georgia in 1889. In 1897 it wa .present in 18 counties in Georgia' in 1904 in

about 0 counties of the State; and now in at least 100 counties.

Of late years its spread in the State ha been slow on account

of the rigid laws enforced against it by the State Bo~a~r~~~~.....

tomology.

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'(o.t. UNIVERSITy
- ' J 'L\ IB~ARIES

OF GEORG\~

Habits and Life History. 'l'he San Jose Scale OCClli'S on all parts of the plant attacked: stem, leaves and fruit. A they increase very rapidly an infested tree will soon be entirely covered. When this happens the scales lie very close together on the limbs and the bark soon loses its natural rich, red color, and becomes light or dark gray; it also be ames rough and looks a if covered with wet ashes. In the summer, if an infested tree is exaJ:,ined, there will be found several yellow crawling scales; lig],'-,-colored young with the scale just formed; bla k ones al,Olit one-half grown and old grayish ones.
Fig. 1. A Peach Tree badJ~' infested with San Jose Scale.
The (ree are injured by the extraction of the plant juices and al a by a poisoning of the sap through the punctures made by the in ect. Young trees are injured much sooner than old ones, young peach trees dying in two or three year if nothing is done to check the in ect. On old trees only a limb or two may be killed, which will cause new shoots to sprout out, so that a badly infe ted tree will look very much like the one shown in Fig. 1.
Food Plants. While the San Jose Scale may attack a great many deciduous
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plants, uch a fruit, ornamental and hade trees, it has not been found on a great many different spe i s of plants in Georgia. In Georgia it has been found on the following: apple, .herry, peach, pear, plum, blackberry, raspberry, ro e and walnut. '0 far a w know it ha' never been found on any of the native hade tree except the willow. It has been found on the English walnut and pe an, but does not eern to be able to Ii\" long on the latter. One year an infested pecan tree was found at airo, the next year it wa free from scale. Since then it ha not been found on any pecan trees in the State.
Life History. The waxy cale, commonly seen on the tree , is a covering under which the true in ct liv s. The life of this insect is pa sed under this covering except for a few hours in the larval 'tage, and the brief winged en tence of the male. The San Jose Scale pas es the winter in Georgia in nearly all tages, from the very young to the full grown adults. If the winter is cold a few of the young and many of the old ones perish. The young have been found crawling here as late as 'ovember and December, and a early in the spring as March. The an Joe Scale differs from most other cale insects, in that the female gives birth to living young instead of laying eggs. According to ob ervation made in. 1907- by W. V. Reed, A sistant Entomologi t, there are four generations a sea on in t he latitude of Atlanta. The newly born larva is pale yellow and almost micro copic in ize. After crawling about for a few hours the young larva ettles down and slowly works its long, slender proboscis through the bark of the plant. little before thi take place the caly overing begin to form from waxy se retions, which pring from all parts of the body. The caly covering is at fir t almost white or pale yellow, but lowly change in color with ea h molt of the in ect. After the rst molt the male and female cales are round and jet black except for the central nipple. The e round black cales are \' ry characteri ti of the an Jo cale, and easily distinguish it from nearly all the cale in ect. A th sale. matur they 10 e this characteristi black color and when full grown ar of an ashy gray color with a pale reddish or yellow nipple in the center. The above is a de cription of the outward appearance of the female scale.
The male an Jo e S ale differ from the female by being
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It'ig. 2. A twig infested with San Jose Scale. To tbt' rIght is a portion of twig much enlSlged, showing relative ize and hape of male and female scales.

oblong-oval instead of round, and is nearly twice as long as wide. In size the male are smaller and often darker in color, and the central nipple and fir t ring will be at tbe anterior end of the elongated ale in tead of in tbe center, a in the female sc:ale. Fig. 2 repre ents the comparative ize and bape of th male and female scales a they appear on an infe ted twig.

PARASITES AND OTHER NATURAL ENEMIES.
The San Jo e Scale has a number of parasites, predaceous insects and fungus diseases tbat prey upon it. Though a great deal of attention and study have been given to these in the last few years, none of them are of sufficient economic importance to hold this pest in check.
Prof. C. L. Marlatt found tbat in China and Japan the chief natural agency in keeping in check tbe San Jose Scale was a mall lady beetle, Ohiloco1"us similis 1"08 i. f He brought home with bim some of these beetle and in 1902 and 1903 an effort

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wa mad t e tabli h them in e eral different tate. In Augn t, 1902, ome of them were liberated in an orchard near :Mar hallville, Ga. .An examination of this orchard made in July, 1903, indicated that the beetles were rapidly spreading, and the outlook wa promising but in 1906 and 1907 all had di appeared and not a specimen could be found in adjoining orchards. It i probable that they were killed b cold weather and praying operations. From this it would appear that this. beetle, from which at first much was hoped for, has been a di appointment. In ew Jersey Dr. J. B. Smith made extenive te t with negative re ults, and in none of the States north of the Di trict of olumbia where the Bureau of Entomology liberated pecimens did it become establi hed.
Experiments in Georgia With the Red-Headed Fungus. The red-headed fungus, phaerostilbe coccophila, is parasitic on a numb r of cale in ects in Florida, and it i in trumental in keeping them under control in that State. Thi fungus is pr ent on the Gloomy cale A pidiotus ob CUTa, in many sections of Georgia, but only in a few in tance have we found it on the San Jose Scale. In the spring of 1907 experiments were conducted for the Department bv A. C. Lewis. Assistant State Entomologist,. to determine whether or not thi fungus could be made of economi importance in controlling the an Joe cale in G 01'gia. The fungus was introduced in several peach orchards in different part of the tate where the scale wa pre ent in great abundance. One method employed in introducing the fungus, wa to tie pie e of oak bark with the fungus, on peach trees. Again we tried prayinO' th fungus on the tree, and the following method was used: The oak sticks overed with the fungus were soaked from one to two bours in a small amount of water. 'l'hen the fungus was scraped off and stirred bri kly 0 as to liberate the spores. This was then mixed with water and one package of commercial gela~ine added for each gallon of water. This was done with the idea that the pores would adhere more r adily. ome tree were al 0 sprayed witbout the gelatine. The fungus wa introduced by the e different methods in badly infested orcbard at Millen Waynesboro and Richland, Georgia. The result so far secured may be summarized as follQws: By all metbod , except tbe last, we succeeded in getting th funO'u to take bold and grow. Where the ticks were tied
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on, in one year the fungus had spread and nearly covered the trees below the stick . where the fungus was the thickest it had killed many of the cale.
At Waynesboro, where the fungu was prayed on the trees by the water-gelatine method, the r ult were about the same in regard to the pread of the fungu and the effect upon the scale. One year after the fungus was introduced in a mall orchard of about 50 trees at Richland, practically no scale was found, but whether the fungus or some other agency killed it out, we are not able to state. The orchard had never been prayed, and on the ame date several other orchards around Richland were examined and many live and crawling scales were found. This would seem to indicate that the fungus, or some other agency which wa not pre ent in the other orchards, killed the scale.
At Cairo, Ga. there i a pear or hard 10 y ar old in which the San Jose cale and red-headed fungus have been present, to our knowledge, for 5 years. The scale is as abundant this year as it was two or three years ago, but many of the trees have been greatly injured by its attacks.
From our experiment and observations 0 far it appears that the red-headed nmgus can not be relied upon to control the an Joe cale in Georgia; and furthermore, that at present 1he fruit grower who is not willing to spray .vill tind fruit growing quite unprofitable.
SPRAYING EXPERIMlENTS FOR CONTROL OF
SAN JOSE SCALE.
The first of a serie of experiments for the control of San J 0 cale, extending over a period of three year , was made at Fort alley in 1906 and 1907. combination of causes in some unexplained way prevented a material increase of scale in the orchard (which was un prayed with the exception of the tree used in the experiment), and for thi rea on it was not possible to make proper compari ons between the prayed and the unsprayed tree. The re ults of the work for the two season, 1906 and 1907, must be regarded as lacking definite data and need not be considered. ircular o. 8, published in October, 190 , by this Department, contain a report on the work for the sea on 1907 and 190 . and i partially quoted herein. The original plan of the experim nt wa intended to embrace all the mi cible oil then in general use. Thi plan wa adhered

to throughout the series. Some of the oils were dropped from year to year as their manufacture was discontinued, and other , of more recent introduction, were tested. This Bulletin contains a report on the results obtained from seven different oils three manufacturers' preparations of lime and sulphur, and home-made lime and sulphur.
At the time when these experiments were planned it had been the general observation that soluble oils yielded no strictly dependable results. They were obviously not consistent at all time. .In some instances they left nothing to be desired, and then again, under almost identical conditions and under nearly identical methods and means of application, they were entirely in ufficient. It was because of this apparent inconsistency in re ults obtained from oil preparations that the experiments were repeated. The results of a single test could not be relied upon a conclusive and final.
While the manufacturers of soluble oils usually recommend their products to be diluted at a proportion of 1 to 15 or 1 to 20, each one used in the test was applied at three different dilutions j one at the proportion fixed by the manufacturers, and two application at a greater strength. The data obtained from these sprayings embody the results that can be expected from the application of each material at all proportions that can be considered from a practical, economic standpoint.
Each compound wa , therefore, treated at three different strengths and each h!ld a trial as a fall treatment, as a spring treatment, and as a double treatment. The first spraying of the double application was applied the first week in November, and the econd on the 15th of February.
The application of the e different materials was conducted with the greate t thorougbnes ; the actual field work and the ubsequent examinations being done in person by the junior author. Care was taken with everyone to completely drench every tree that was sprayed. Wherever there is failure properly to control the scale by these treatments it is not attributable to work poorly done, but must be ascribed to some inherent inefficiency in the material it elf.
Experiments at Goggins, Georgia, in 1907 and 1908.
Through the courtesy of Mr. J. Kimball Zellner, we were extended the use of his orchard at Goggins to conduct the experiment. Condition in thi orchard were very favorable to the
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"ork. 'l'he tree were in their third year, had never been prayed at all and were badly infested with scale.
The fall praying were begun at this place on ovember 13th, 1907, and the pring prayings on February 20th, 190 . Ob ervations were made twice during the summer of 190 to determine the re ult of the work. The material tested were Scalecide, Target Brand, Kil-O-Scale, oluble Pretroleum, Schnarr 'ompound o. 1, Schnarr's 'ompound o. 2, and prepared lime and ulphur manufactured by the Thomsen 'hemical ompany.
Experiments at Fort Valley, Georgia, in 1908 and 1909.
We are indebted to Mr. George H. lappey, of Fort Valley, for allowing u the use of a part of his orchard in which to complete the series of experiments. Thi s ction of tr es was four years old and sprayed with a soluble oil the preceding year. On November 2nd, the date the fall praying was begun, live crawling scales were present in large quantities. In this experiment, as in the other, individual tree offering good conditions for the test, were selected to be prayed.
The materials here u ed were the arne a those tested at Goggan , except that Kil-O- cale, who e manufacture had been discontinued for use on peach trees wa dropped. One new oil ( an-U-Zay) was added to the list and two lime- ulphur compounds, viz.: Prepared Lime ulphur olution made by the
ras elli hemical Co., and Prepared Lime ulphur manufactured by the Merrimac Chemical o. The pring spraying were applied on February 16th and 17th, 1909. The examinations of the work were made during the summer of 1909, one in June and the other the :fir t of eptember.
REPORT ON RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED DURING 1907-8-9.
The data given below on the re ults obtained from all materials tested is conden ed in order to avoid useless repetition. Wherever there was a decided variance in result obtained from any soluble oil, attention is called to that difference.
Mechanical Appliances for Spraying Oil.
The selection of pump and nozzle i of extreme importance where oils are u ed. To obtain the best results from them the pump must be capable of deYeloping and su taining a high pre ure at lea t 100 pound.. and the nozzle . houlrl throw a
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finely divided pray. Very often the pressure at the nozzle is reduced by rea on of leaky pumps or hose. This can be avoided by getting only first-clas appliances for spraying, and by due diligence in keeping them in good working order.
Target Brand Emulsion.
Thi oil is manufactured by the Horticultural Distributing Company, Martinsburg, W. Va. The material used in the experiment at Goggins in 1907 and 1908 was so essentially different in composition from that used at Fort Valley in 1908 and 1909 that it is given separate space in the report. The two compounds, although bearing the same name, were really different altogether, and are treated here as though they were made by two different manufacturers.
The Target Brand te ted in 1907 and 1908 was light yellow in color; very vi cid in composition. The water-diluted mixture wa milky white in color.
The following excerpt from Circular o. 8 (1908), Georgia tate Board of Entomology, gives the results of work done by Target Brand at Goggins in 1907 and 1908:
"From the fall application (November 14th) of this material excellent results were obtained. A few live scales were found at the last examination of the trees, but they were confined to smaller twigs and leaves. This treatment must be regarded as being very effective. The double treatment at the same strength was almost Identically similar In results as the single fall spraying. There were possibly a few "Dlore live scales left after the latter treatment, but the difference was very slight.
"It should naturally be expected that the greater the strength of the dilute mixture the more effective the treatment. With the fall application of the Target Brand at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, however, this was not the case. Neither was as effective as the 1 to 20 dilution. Although both were successful in degree, at the end of the season neither compared favorably with the weaker dilution. This seems strange, indeed, and can not be accounted for satisfactorily. The double applications at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 were highly effectual, only a trace of the scale remaining at the end of the season. There was a dying out of the trees in the plat sprayed twice at 1 to 10, for which it would seem that the material itself was partially. at least, responsible. The evidence afforded by this plat is that the dilution was not sufficient to prevent the Idl1lng of the trees.
"At 1 to 20, the spring application (February 20th) yielded poor results, the spread of the scale being checked scarcely at all. At 1 to 15 the results were very good, except on trees that were heavily infested at the time the material was applied. At 1 to 10 the spring treatment was efficient in Its results, although trees worse infested when sprayed showed an abundance of live scale when last Inspection was made, even
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more than the 1 to 15 strength. Here again the results, when compared, seem most inconsistent.
"Target Brand showed conflicting results that can not be accounted for, all the way through the test. At a strength of 1 to 20, the fall treatment yielded excellent results. The double treatment at the same strength also gave good results; but the fall sprayings at strengths of 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, respectively, yielded decidedly inferior results when compared to the 1 to 20 plats. Double treatment at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 destroyed practically all the scale. On July 30th only a few live scales could be found on trees sprayed at this strength. There can be no doubt that this compound was properly mixed and the trees thoroughly sprayed. Every tree was completely covered, care being taken to wet the smallest twigs, as well as the body and main limbs.
"The spring sprayings were ineffective at every dilution. On trees that were badly infested at the time they were sprayed, the summer spread of scale was scarcely checked at all. After standing over winter the material used in the experiment was somewhat insoluble in water, a feature not true of it when the initial spraying was made. The weakening of the dilute spray consequent to this partial insolubility was, of course, measurably responsible for the poor results obtained. It must not be taken that the material was not at all beneficial. ot sufficient scale was killed, however, except by the fall spraying at 1 to 20, the double treatment at the same strength, and the double treatment at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, to keep the new infestation from reaching very undesirable and, in most cases, dangerous proportions."
Target Brand Emul ion a was ent by the manufacturer for trial in the experiment at Fort Valley in 1908 and 1909, was greeni h-black in color, and carried a pronounced odor of carbolic acid. The material was much Ie viscid than that u ed in 1907 and 190 , though the resultant color, obtained by diluting with water, was the same. Both articles were completely soluble in cold water at all proportions.
At 1 to 20 the fall spraying, the double sprayings, and the . pring spraying, were all very effective. Of these three plat, the one sprayed in the early spring wa the least effective and on this was nothing more than a mere sprinkling of live scale, not sufficient to do additional damage to the trees if means are taken to control it.
The fall spraying at 1 to 15 yielded excellent re ults. The summer re-infestation wa very slight and can be controlled by ubaequent sprayings if properly conducted. The double spraying at this strength was nearly perfect, but the spring treatment was not so effective a the fall treatment, there being a considerable scattering of scale on the plat, particularly on the leaves and young wood. The examination made in June
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howed ome of the fruit to be slightly infested. This spra~ring wa disappointing in its results.
At a trength of 1 to 10, the fall spraying and double spraying were highly effective, and the spring treatment also did good work, but there was enough living scale on the latter at the time of the last examination to cause urprise when the strength of the material was considered. t every dilution this material affords a striking example of the great effectiveness of fall prayings over spring sprayings. There were no evidences whatever of damage by the oil to the trees themselves.
A comparison of the data on these two materials shows the 190 product to be easily superior to that manufactured in 1907.
Scalecide.
'calecide i a soluble oil product of the B. G. Pratt Co., No. 11 Broadway, Tew York. Of all the brands of soluble oils mentioned in this report this one is best known to the fruit growers of Georgia, and has been most extensively used by them for ev 1'11.1 years. It is almo t black in color, diluting, on the addition of water, to a milky white solution. It is perfectly soluble in cold water and spray easily and smoothly when diluted at a proportion 'of 1 to 15, the proportion recommended by the manufacturers. At a greater trength, say 1 to 10, it hows a di po ition to spray in large drop, or clot, which do not spread out evenly on the bark when the spray strikes the tree. To l'ompletely cover a tree at a strength of 1 to 10 requires more material by mea urement than the same tree would require at a trength of 1 to 15.
Thi material was applied at three strengths, viz.: 1 to 15, 1 to 12 and 1 to 10. At all strengths, for the fall, spring and double treatments, it yielded re ults of the highest order' nothing more than a scattering of live scale being found on the last examination. Only on one plat, that was sprayed in February at 1 to 12, were the results in the least disappointing, and in this plat the trees were unu ually h avily inf sted at the time they were sprayed. This probably accounts for the fact that there wa more living scale found in this plat at the end of summer. There wa no injury to the trees from this material. The double treatment were all nearly perfect in their results, and it is not po ible to better them. For both years' work, Scalecide maintained about an equally high degree of efficiency, and it is safe to ay that it can be relied upon to kill cale wherever it is carefully applied.
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Soluble Petroleum.
This petroleum oil i manufactured by the Thom en hemical 0., Baltimore, l\Id. It i a heavy oil, yellow in color; the diluted petroleum pray being a dirty white. At Goggin , Georgia, in 1907 and 1908, the material mixed perfectly with cold water and was highly effective in eradicating the scale. The strengths used in thi te t were 1 to 20, 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, respectively. The test to which it was here subjected was severe, most of the trees b'eing heavily encrusted with living scale when they were treated. Throughout the entire te t, at all strengths, the material sustained it elf well and did very effective work. 'fhe second year's te t, however, was not productive of su It good re ult. The material, in the fir t place, wa only partially soluble in cold water. Much of it remained afloat in the spray tank as insoluble oil. The strength of the diluted spray was correspondingly reduced in consequence. All the fall sprayings were applied without' any effort being made to correct this feature. al soda was added in mall quantities to the spray as it was made up for the spring spraying, which rendered the insoluble oil perfectly soluble in water, and brought the diluted mixture up to full strength. At the manufacturer' uggestion, a slight change was made the econd year in the proportion of oil to water. The greate t proportion at which the oil was used wa 1 to 15, the lowest 1 to 20 with an intermediate dilution of 1 to 1 .
Fall pra)'ing at 1 to 20 yielded poor re ult. The pring application of thi material was more effe tive than the fall praying, a fact .0 contrary to the re ult obtaine 1 with all other oil that it can be explained only on the hypothe is that .1h former pray wa rendered stronger than the latter by the addition of the sal soda. and the complete re ultant solubility of the oil.
At a proportion of 1 to 1 the pray wa noticeably more effective although th re wa a con iderable l' -inf tation during the summer from the scale which it failed to kill. At 1 to 15 the re ult were good for all application . particularly the double treatment, which wa nearly perfe 1.
It would seem, from the data et forth above that this oil is very effective when it mixe tboroughly with water, and that it is un at~ fa tory when only partially olubl. By the addition of a little al oda to the il and wat l' mixture as it i being
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pr par d for the 'pray tank this objection i obviated, and the pray material brought up to it full tandard of effici ncy,

Kil-O-Scale. ':'
Thi material al 0 is made by the Thom en 'hernical Co., Baltimore, Md. They no longer recommend it for peach trees, and it ale has been altogether discontinued except as a control for cale insect affecting apple , hedge plants, hade trees, etc.
It was tested in the experiments at Goggin, and, although the material is made up of the highest grade of ingredients, it wa unproductive of good re ult. The ingle fall prayings, applied ovember 14th, failed to kill sufficient scale on the trunk of trees to prevent a very appreciable re-infestation during the ummel'. omparatively speaking, the 1 to 20, 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 trengths were about equally un ucce ful in controlling the cale. As a double treatment, the 1 to 20 strength, though slightly more effectual than the fall spraying at 1 to 20, was, nevertheless, poor. At 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, the double tr atment were highly efficient, e pecially the latter, which wa nearly perfect. The spring spraying at 1 to 20 and 1 to 15, re pectively, were practically valuele s, there being but little difference between the trees sprayed at the e strengths and the unsprayed trees. Live, crawling scale was abundant when the la t examination of plats was made. At the greatest 'trengtb, 1 to 10, the spring treatments gave only fair results, and mu t be called un ati factory wben the strength of the mixture i considered.
Schnarr's Compounds Nos. 1 and 2.
o. I.-This material is a light, yellowi h oil containing some aponified matter. On being mixed with water and agitated, the pre ence of this soap is indicated on the surface by tbe heavy formation of sud .
The material, a tested the first year, wa of little value except a a fall treatment at 1 to 15, and 1 to 10 as a double treatment. The fall treatment at 1 to 20 was practically worthle s, the tree sprayed at that strength and at that time being badly infe ted on trunk , limbs and foliage. The fall application at 1 to 15 killed nearly all the cale, and tbe 1 to 10 trength was

'In special circular which was I sued by the Department In 1909, we stated

that the manufacturers had cea ed to recommcnd this preparation as a scale

remedy. This wa based npon wrong Impression and we wish to correct same.

'They no longer rccommend Its use on peach trees.



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almost perfect in it results. All the double treatment "ere exceedingly efficient, leaving only a mere trace of live scale. At all dilutions the spring treatment was an absolute failure, . no good having been accompli hed by any of them.
t Fort Valley in 190 and 1909, markedly better re~ult were obtained with this compound. At all proportion , eyen the single prayings in the fall and in the spring at 1 to 20. there wa only an inconsiderable percentage of scale that "a not killed by the spray. The double treatment for each of the three strengths tried was nearly perfect, and the fall and spring treatment at 1 to 15, and at 1 to 10, respectively, left 0 little scale alive that it could be found only with difficulty. It must be noted that the test was not so severe at Fort Valley as it was at Goggins, and this fact may account, in a mea ure, for the wide variance in result obtained for the two year.
J. ~o. 2.- chnarr's Compound did not arrive until it wa too late to include it in the fall praying at Goggins in 1907. and hence it wa used only a a pring treatment. From one-fourth to one-third (estimated) of the oil refused to mix with water and the result from the partial mixing were ab olutely worthIe . When la t examined the tree were a badly infe t d a they had ever been.
_\lthough the trees upon which the material was te ted at Fort Valley were Ie s heavily infe ted than those elected at Goggins, the results were of slightly greater value. Whenever a tree bore a heavy infestation of scale the oil failed ignally to control it well. aturally, the double treatments were more effective in their work, but all of them left an easily noticeable scattering of live scale. The second lot of material was freely soluble in water.
Compound No. 1 is unque tionably the better of these two materials for use against San Jose Scale.
Schnarr's Insecticides are manufactured by the J. chuarI' In ecticide Co., Orlando, Fla., and are used mainly in that State against White Fly and cale in ect affecting citru tree.
San-U-Zay. This material is made and sold by F. G. Street & Co., Rochester, . Y., and is the last soluble oil which the Department ha received from any source for experimental purpose. The manufacturers pecified that it is to be used with a mall amount of sal oda, which i added to the oil in process of mixing with water ~s a olvent for the oil. Only a mall quan-
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titr of al oda i nece ary for thi purpo e, say about 1 pound
to 50 gallon. an-U-Zay, except as a spring treatment at 1 to 20, was pro-
ductive of excellent re ult. The double treatments at all proportions, viz., 1 to 20, 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, killed nearly all the eale. The fall and spring treatment at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 repectively, were about equally effective, though in the plat prayed in the fall at 1 to 20 there was a considerable scattering of young scale, particularly on the wood growth of 1909 and on the leave. Aside from the spring application at 1 to 20, which wa not successful, San-U-Zay gave praiseworthy results and rank well up among the best oil compounds.
Prepared Lime-Sulphur Solutions. Enterpri ing chemical manufacturers have introduced into the market prepared solution of lime an~ sulphur. These compound were intended to displace the omewhat unsatisfactory u e of oluble oils, as well a to give to the commercial orchardi -I a ready-made lime- ulphur pray which would be ready for u. e after the simple addition of cold water. Mter a long experimental period the present spray compounds have been perf ct d, and have thus far proven them elves equal to every requirement. The undiluted material as it is received by the customer is a reddi h liquid, free of all solid matter and mixes easily and thoroughly with water at all proportions. It sprays without the lea t difficulty and the only objection common to the standard home-made preparation of lime and sulphur, is its causticity. There is none of the old, familiar trouble from clogged nozzles and the consequent loss of time and temper. As a simple economical lime and sulphur wash, easy to handle and apply, it seems to have solved the problem. Prepared lime- ulphur spray are commonly recommended to be diluted at about one part of olution to ten or eleven parts of water. In the tests mentioned here the proportion was 1 to 12 for the first year's trial and 1 to 11 for the second.
Thomsen Chemical Company's Prepared Lime-Sulphur Solution.
This spray was first tried at Goggins in the spring of 1908, and the treatment resulted in the almost complete destruction of the scale. It was tried again in the fall of the same year at Fort Valley, and again in the spring of 1909 in the same place, and every treatment yielded result of a high order. When last
17

examined the trees prayed with this compound were practically free of all scale, the old coating of dead scale had been sloughed off and. the trees showed a healthy, clean bark. Orchardist who used the solution during the past season are generally pleased with its work, and it is being used on quite a large commercial scale again this year. It is known as Orchard Brand Lime and Sulphur Solution.
Grasselli Chemical Company's Prepared Lime-Sulphur Solution.
This olution is manufactured by the Grasselli Chemical Company, Birmingham, Ala., and recommended for use at a dilution of 1 to 11.. It possesses practically the same physical properties as the compound described above, and at Fort Valley, where it wa tried during the season of 190 and 1909, it was very succe ful a a scale insecticide. It left only the slightest trace of living scale on the trees, and this trace had multiplied, by the end of summer, in numbers so small that they could hardly be -observed. This make of material is also extensively in use this season in the peach orchards of Georgia.
Home-Made Lime-Sulphur.
For the sake of comparing the prepared solutions of limesulphur with the home-made article, a plat of trees was sprayed with the latter alongside the plats in which the manufactured products were used. So far as the mere insecticidal value of the two kind is concerned no difference could be discerned. Both were equally effective in the eradication of the scale, but the .home-made goods, carrying a heavier percentage of free lime, eyentually cleaned the trees more thoroughly of rough bark and dead eales,
Powdered Lime and Sulphur.
Lime and sulphur in a dry powdered form was sent for exp rimental purpo e to the Department by the lerrimac Chemical ompany, Boston, Ma ., and recommended to be used at a proportion of 5 pounds to gallons of water. When added to water the latter is changed to an olive green color, much like the color of properly boiled home-made lime and sulphur. It
pray easily, there being no particles of matter large enough to afford obstruction to the nozzles.
The re ults obtained from this powder were gratifying, but as it was used only once and then' as a spring treatment, the data .regarding it must neces arily lack confirmation.
18

Summary.
While ach oil wa applied a' a 'pring treatment and as a fall treatment it was found in every ca e that the fall treatment wa of uperior effectiveness. The earlier the spray can be applied after the leave have fallen, the better will be the net re ult , all other conditions being equal.
The mechanical appliances of the application are extremely important, e pecially with soluble oils. A good pump developing a high pre ure and a nozzle throwing a direct, forceful pray, are very.neces ary to obtain good re ult .
The concentrated lime and ulphur olution , being free of all solid matter, offer no more eriou 00 tacle. to easy spraying than the oils. They are much more cau tic in nature, however, and it i well to be protected from continuou contact with them. nder well regulated condition they spray as easily as water might, and are no more harmful to the per on. ompared to the soluble oil compounds for efficiency, they yield quite as good re ults as the best oils even when the latter are used at a greater trength than that l' commended by the different manufa turer. A tr e well prayed with lime and ulphur alway offer a cleaner, brighter and healthier appearance than a tree equally well sprayed with an oil. Besides its strictly in ecticidal value, lime and sulphur po e es fungicidal properties to a much greater degree than it is po sible to incorporate in a oluble oil. There i hardly any danger of injuring tree even when used at much greater trength than tho e r<,commended by the manufacturer..
SPRAYING ACCESSORIES.
econd only to the importan e of u ing a dependable insecticide in praying for the control of cale in e tithe election of the praying outfit. Individual preference mu t necessarily playa part in thi , but with particular refer n to the pump, the selection hould be modified to . uit the ize of the orchard to be treated. SprayinO' i O'reatly facilitated by using only the be t grade of ho e and nozzle and by the u e of exten ion rOds, ut to suitable length , and fitted out with cut-Qffs. For the information of the orchardi t, the different parts of the praying outfit are briefly di cu eel in the following paragraphs:
Barrel Pump : Fig. 3 show a type of pump adaptable for prayinO' mall orchard of from 500 to 5000 tr ea. A good
19

Fig. 3. Hal'l'el pray Pump.
barrel pump is capable of developing and maintaining sufficient pressure to operate two leads of ho e. The working parts of the better makes of the e pumps is made of brass or hardened bronze to resist the corroding action of the spray compound, and will last indefinitely if properly cared for. Wherever sprays carrying solid matter are used, it is highly important that the pump be fitted with an agitator uch as is shown in the accompanying figure. This class of pump may be bought at a nominal cost and d pended upon to do excellent work.
Fig. 4. Double Cylinder Pump.
Double Cylinder Pumps: In Fig. 4 may be seen a double cylinder pump capable of developing more power than the regular barrel pump. It 1 intended for use on wagon tank.
20

und i '0 con tructed that the working part do not extend into the spray mixture at all, the latter being drawn into the cylind r 1y mean of a suction tube, thereby Ie sening the liabiliti of corrosion from the mixture. From the fact that thi pump an ustain a much higher pre ure than the ordinary barrel pump, and that it i almo t a easy of operation, it i r commended for use on wagon tanks. The additional co t ov r the fifty gallon barrel pump is practically off et by it. !!1' at l' lllll'ability and efficiency.
Pig.;:;. Wagon Tank.
\YaO'on 'lank: Fig. 5 how a type of wagon tank in common u e over th tate. In large r hard the e tanks a1' valuable a time aver. They are made to hold from 150 to 250 gallon, and it require nearly half a day to empty one of th larO' l' kind with two lead of ho e in operation. The hilly character of many orchard ite, pecially in the northern part of the tate i almo t prohibitive for the u e of the e tank, but this objection may be overcome by filling them to a point where they can be moved by the team power. Wagon tanks cost about eighteen or twenty dollar, a cost so small when their value a time avers i on idered, that it repreent a aving in dollar and cent at the end of one eason' u e.
Ga oline-Power pray Pump: pray pump operated b~' ga oline have been used in a few of the large orchards in th pa t few years and are rapidly gaining in favor and number . They can develop a higher pre ure than it is possible to develop by hand and maintain thi pI' ure con tantly and uniformly. Fig. 6 show a gasoline engine of the most recent and improved manufacture mounted on a wagon with pray tank attached. Gasoline pray outfits have been used in Georgia with O'reat ucce., they can be purcba ed at a moderate cost
21

Fig. 6. Gn oline Power Pump.

and we believe that the larger commercial orchard grower of the State would be benefitted if they equipped themselve with the e machines.

Hose: In his efforts to minimize the co t of the prayinO' apparatu , the orchardist often make the mi take of purclla ing the cheaper grades of ho e and too little of it. l 0 ingle lead of hose hould be less than twenty-five feet long. Much worry and waste of time may be avoided by using only the very be t quality. The average cost of the be t quality

one-half inch hose is about fifteen cent per foot. Other and inferior grade may be bought at from ten to twelve cents per foot, but from an economical standpoint, we believe that the

higher priced good are the cheape t in the end. Under a high pre sure, uch a i nece ary for really efficient spraying.

cheap ho e quickly becomes leaky and i of no account. are

hould be taken to secure the hose tightly to the pump and ext nsion rod in order that it may not be blown off under pre -

ure. Exten. ion Rod . light, durable exten ion rod may be
made from ordinary one-quarter inch piping. The rod may be cut to the de. ired length to suit the occasion for which it is

needed, and threaded at both ends for attaching to the nozzle and the top-cock. Bamboo extension rod are somewhat lighter than the e iron rod but are much Ie s durable.

Stop-Cock

0 spraying outfit i complete without this

nttachment. The pray material that ""ould be wa ted in moy-

22

iug from tree to tree wi thout a stop-cock for cutting off the flow, would very quickly represent a money 10 of considerable proportions.

Fig. 7. Double Vermorel Nozzle.

Fig. . Mistry Jr. Nozzle.

ozzle: The requirements of a nozzle for ordinary spraying purpo es are that it be simple of constrqction and easy to clean and that it throw a finely divided spray. Nozzles throwing a forcible, mist-like spray are very essential to successful oil spraying. While lime and sulphur wash should always be applied to the tree with considerable force, it is not so necesary that it be a fine spray as in oil spraying. Fig. 7 shows a double Vermorel nozzle, and Fig. 8 show a nozzle of more recent manufa lure, the Mistry Jr. Both of these have proven themselve to be highly efficient in the fight against San Jose cale.

NOTICE.
The Bulletlns of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, which are o present practlcal value and still available, are mentloned below. (The numbers not mentioned are either out of date or exhausted). Application for any of these numbers should be addressed to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. Bulletin No. 12.-Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil. Bulletin No. l3.-Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple. Bulletin No. 1S.-Pear Blight Disease in Georgia, and Pear Leaf Blight. Bulletin No. 20.-Part I. Report of State Entomologist for 1905.
Part n. Crop Pest Law and Regulations.
Bulletin No. 21.-.spraying to Control the San Jose Scale. Bulletin No. 22.-Black Root Disease of Cotton. Bulletin No. 23.-The Apple Woolly Aphis. Green Apple Leaf Aphis.
Remedial Measures for Same. Bulletin NQ. 24.-Cotton Anthracnose and Cotton "Rusts." Bulletln No. 2G.-Peach Leaf Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little Peach. Bulletin No. 27.-Proceedlngs of Horticultural Society for 1908. Bulletin No. 28.-"Black Root" Disease of Cotton in Georgia and Its
ControL Bulletin No. 29.-Codllng Moth or "Apple Worm." Bulletin No. 30.-Proceedings of Horticultural Society for 1909. CIrcUlar No. G.-The Use of Soluble Oils Against San Jose Scale. Circular No. 7.-The Hessian Fly in Georgia. Circular No. 'B.-Report on Experiments for Control of San Jose Scale,
1907-1908. CirCUlar No. 9.-The BrownTall Moth.
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist.

THE UNIVERSITY AT ATHENS.
I. FRANKLIN COLLEGE. (The College of Arts.-Established 1801, otrering the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, and including: 1. General Courses in the Liberal Arts. 2. Special Courses.
II. THE GEORGIA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS.-Established 1872, otrering the Degree of Bachelor of Science, and including the following: (a) In the College of Science and Engineering: 1. The General Science Course. 2. The Civil Engineering Course 3. The Electrical Engineering Course. (b) In the College of Agriculture: 4. The Full Agricultural Course. 5. The Forest Engineering Course. 6. The One-year Agricultural Course. 7. The Winte! Course in Agriculture. 8. The Experiment Station (at Experiment). 9. The Farmers' Institutes.
m. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL.-Otrering the following De-
grees: 1 Master of Arts. 2. Master of Science. 3. Civil and Mining Engineer.
IV. THE LAW DEPARTMENT.-Otrering the degree of Bachelor of Law-A Two Years' Course.
V. THE UNIVERSITY SUMMER SCHOOL.-Founded in 1903. Five Weeks' Session, offering courses in 1. Common School Branches. 2. Pedagogy and Related Subjects. 3. High School Studies. 4. Selected College Studies
VI. THE SOHOOL OF PHARMACY.-Otrering the Degree of Graduate in Pharmacy-A Two Yee.rs' Course.
VII. THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.-Esteblished 1908.
For pa..'1;iculars address the head of the Department or the Chancellor, Athens, Ga.

<Georgia ~tate 2lloarb
of <If,,' . ologp (+~ -; Stafe Entomololrlst
MAKCH,1910
~art 1
llium fCuttulio anb ~tbob~ fot its onttol
l'art 2
_town l\ot ~xptri= mtnt~ fot ~ta~on 1909
ATLANTA, GA.

GEORalA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
T. G. HUDSON, Chairman, Commlssloner ot AgrIculture, Atlanta,
Ex-omcie Member.
P. J. BERCKMANS, President ot State Horticultural Society, Augusta.
Ex-Omcio Member.
J. J. CONNER, President ot State Agricultural Society, Cartersville.
Ex-omcJo Member.
m. L. WORSHAM.
State Entomologist and Secretary ot the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, .sBistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Field Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Deputy Inspector, Atlanta.
G. R. OASEY, :Deputy Inspector, MarIetta.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
E. L. WORSHAM. STATE ENTOMOLOGIST

BULLETIN NO. 32

MARCH. 1910

PART I.
PLUM CURCULIO AND METHODS FOR ITs
CONTROL

PART II. BROWN ROT EXPERIMENTS FOR SEASON OF
1909

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA. GA.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Page.

The Plum Curculio and Methods for Its Control-

Introduction ................................................ 5

.t1istory of Experiments in Georgia for the Control of the Plum

Curculio .............................................. 6

Life History of the Plum Curculio

7

Life History in Detail

8

Experiments with Arsenate of Lead and pyrox for the Control

of Curculio ............................................ 15

Injury to Fruit and Foliage from Arsenate of Lead

16

Plan of Experiments ..................................... 17

What Arsenate of Lead Accomplished in 1907 ................ 18

Pyrox .................................................... 21

Arsenate of Lead Experiments in 1909 ..................... 22

Jarring for Curculio

29

Jarring Equipment

31

Spraying vs. Jarring ................................... 33

Methods of Control

.

33

PART II.

Brown Rot Experiments in 1909-

Introduction .................................. .

35

Early Experiments ......................................... 35

DiJrerent Materials Tested ................................ 36

Time of Applications of Different Sprayings

37

Results l:lecured

.

38

The Self-Boiled Lime Sulphur Mixture

38

Injury to Tree and Fruit

.

40

Commercial Tests in 1909 .................................. .42

Loss of Crop Prevented in Spraying

43

Carrying Qualities of Fruit

43

Shipping Test .............................................. 44

Cost of Spraying

'

44

Preparation of Self-Bolled Lime-Sulphur

45

Recommendations

47

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board 01 Entomology
E. L. WORSHAM. State Entomologist

MARCH. 1910.

No. 32.

Published by the Georgia State Board of Entomology. Atlanta. Ga., and sent free of charge to all residents of the State wbo make request for same.

PART I

THE PLUM CURCULIO AND METHODS FOR ITS CONTROL.
By
W. W. CHASE.

INTRODUCTION,
.All Georgia peach growers are familiar with the work of the plum urculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.). Each year in all ections of the tate where fruit is grown, a heavy toll is paid through the ravage of thi beetle. The yearly injury resulting from the attack of thi in ect i seen in the vast quantitie of wormy peache discard d at the packing shed j in the numberle windfall on the ground j and i oftentimes felt in the realization of poor prices in the market. The injury is not alone confined to the peach crop. Plums and apples suffer as well, and other fruit uch a pear, herries, etc., in less degree.
Although, as has been tated, the 10 s i felt annually, it is also true that it is OTeater orne year than others. Certain condition of orchard location and cultivation materially affect the volume of cur ulio infe tation in different fruit growing
5

sections. Orchards situated near woods or thickets and not cleanly cultivated are subject to greater losses than those further removed from timbered land and kept cleanly and thoroughly cultivated at all seasons. The beetle hibernates during the winter in adult form in protected places; under rubbish and tree bark, and in old stumps or similar places, emerging in the early spring ready to begin egg laying in the fruit when it is first uncovered from the bloom. It may readily be seen, therefore, that conditions favoring the protection of the insect in winter account largely for the amount of damage in different sections.
HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTS IN GEORGIA FOR THE CONTROL OF THE PLUM CURCULIO.
Soon after the organization of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, complaints of financial losses in the peach industry were made to the Entomologist by some of the larger grower and led to the first experimental efforts to control it in thi State. Experiments were conducted in 1902 by Mr. W. M. cott, then Entomologist for Georgia, in the orchards of theHale Orchard Company at Fort Valley. The familiar method of jarring for the beetles was given a trial on an extensivescale and resulted in a considerable reduction of the percentageof wormy peaches when it was tried. Spraying with Disparene (arsenate of lead) was also given a trial, but caused such a heavy defoliation of the trees and burned and shriveled the fruit so badly that it was declared impracticable.
Further experiments with this insect along any lines were di continued by the Department until 1907, when they were renewed by Mr. W. W. Chase, Assistant to Mr. R. I. Smith, at that time Entomologist. This series of experiments covered a period of three years, being brought to a conclusion in 1909 under the direction of Mr. E. L. Worsham.
In 1907 and 1908 the experiments were conducted in Messrs. Berckmans Bros.' orchards at Mayfield, and concluded in the
Bagley-Gober orchards at Bagley, Ga., near Americus. To both these companies, collectively, and to the several members of
each, individually, the Department is indebted and grateful
6

for the material and helpful a.id extended in pursuance of the work.
The series of experiments herein considered embraces two methods of control, viz., (1) jarring and (2) liquid spraying with arsenical poisons. The plan of the work at Mayfield was given over entirely to spraying with arsenicals, but at Bagley in 1909, both spraying and jarring were separately considered. Having these methods tested almost side by side, it was possible to determine what value each has as a control for curculio, and to draw a comparison of the relative cost of fighting the insect by the methods mentioned above.
The results of all the work herein recorded refer only t() peaches, no other fruit crop having a place in the experiments. Wherever the word "fruit" is used with reference to any part of the experiments, peaches are meant. The points in the life history of the curculio mentioned herein were worked out at Bagley in the summer of 1909. These facts are stated in order that there may be no confusion as to the meaning of terms, and to avoid repetition in the following pages, as far as possible.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE PLUM CURCULIO.
'fhe adult curculio emerges from hibernation early in the spring, about the time dormant vegetation resumes growth. In the latitude of Americus it makes its first appearance in small numbers the latter part of March, and, as the weather grows steadily warmer, the curculios forsake their winter quarters in ever increasing numbers until about the middle of April. The first beetle found at Bagley (1909) was captured the twenty-second of March, though it is not probable that the emergence of over-wintering curculios was complete until about the fifteenth of April.
Mating begins almost co-incidentally with the first appearance and the deposition of eggs follows even before the bloom is off the young peaches.
Egg laying continues during the entire season, being most rapid during the latter part of April and in May, and decreasing toward the end of the peach season. The majority of the beetles have ceased egg-laying activity by the first of August, but it is very common to see peaches that ripen at that time bearing newly hatched larvae.
7

The egg hatch within four or five day, and the larvae at once begin to eat their way into the fruit, rapidly growing in size as they feed. The peach, owing to the growth of the larvae within it and the destruction of the fruit tis ue, falls to the ground, and the larvae when approximately three weeks old, eat their way from the peach and work their way into the ground to enter the pupal stage.
As pupae, the beetles remain underground about four weeks, emerging at the expiration of that time, a perfect beetles. Thi new brood of beetles feeds upon the fruit ju t as it progenitor, but there i no mating among them until the following spring.
umber of this new brood were kept in confinement and given a supply of peache for f edinO' pill'pose , but there was never an instance of egg-laying noted, although they were kept so confined for more than thirty day.. The new generation feeds freely upon the fruit and adds volume to the injury still being worked by the old generation. The last act of the first year's life of the new beet!. in . eeking their hibernating e urity, complete the life cJ'1 .
LIFE HISTORY IN DETAIL.
The Egg.
The female curculio prepares for ovipo. iting by eating a cavity in the fruit to receive the egg. Thi cavity, when fini hed, varies omewhat in size. In one instance it may be just large enough to contain the egg, or it may be even too small fully to conceal the entire egO'. Again, the hole i made larger than the egg itself, and the curculio may take the precautionary mea ure of protecting the egg from injury or destruction by packing the unfilled portion of the cavity with very small pieces of the pulp, obtained while ex avating the hole.
The egg when first laid is mall, white in color and oval in hape. The color quickly change, however, and becomes yellowish or brown. The egg puncture i usually characterized by a crescent shaped mark which the female curculio cuts above it. This mark, however is not invariably a rule as a finishing touch to oviposition. It is very common to find egg punctures with no accompanying crescent, and it is, perhaps, yet more common to find the crescent without the egg. Fig. 1
a

Fig. 1.-Pench sbowing egg puncture with cre cent cut nbove tbe egg. Natural size (original).
Fig. 2.-Small plums bearing cbaracteristic crescent shaped egg punctures. Natural size (original).
hows the crescent mark on a peach and Fig. 2 also shows a similar mark on a plum.
The egg laying period of the average individual female last nearly the entire period neces ary for the development and maturity of the later yarietie of G orgia's commercial peache..
9

or about four months. During this time it is possible for her to lay a great many eggs. An instance is recorded where a single female deposited nearly four hundred and fifty within a. period of less than three months. When this is considered it is easy to see why there are so many "wormy" peaches. A considerable percentage of the eggs never hatches for various reasons. Some are unfertilized while others are destroyed by predaceous insects, and for other causes fail to produce larvae.
The egg stage of the curculio lasts approximately four or five days, and from the egg emerges the minute larva or "worm, " as it is commonly called.
The Larva.
Everyone is familiar with the little white, footless grub that so often inhabits the interior of an externally beautiful peach. We find them with a displeasure which is greater when a generous, luscious bite reveals only a half worm instead of a whole one.
When first hatched the larva is very 1llinute, almost too small to be seen with the naked eye, but grows rapidly as it feeds upon the juices and tissues of the fruit.
Mortality in the Larval Stage.
At the beginning of spring eggs are laid in very small peaches, and a great number of larvae from these eggs never mature, but die in the peach when the food supply is exhausted. As a matter of fact those that do emerge from these small peaches do so prematurely, i. e., before they are full grown. Fig. 3 shows a full-grown larva (enlarged). About the 19th of June when the second brood began first to be captured in large quantities in the jarring operations at Bagley, Ga. in 1909, one of the indication of its presence was the marked predominance in numbers of very small beetles over large ones. Most of the beetles of the first brood were 0 f a unI'form1y 1arge S.Ize, and the Figc.urcau.ll-oFulanrvag. roEwnn. presence of so many small beetles among larged (original). those caught from day to day after the first of June seems to
10

point to the probable fact that most of the initial crop of second brood larvae emerges not fully grown from the peaches. In May the natural drop of peaches occurs, and many that are then in-

fe ted are 0 rapidly dried out and hardened by the heat of the sun that it is impossible for the larva to escape. The

peach becomes, to all purpo es, a pri on in which the worm dies. Small peaches, however, if kept moist and haded from the sun, will

Fig. 4.-Small peaches from which larvre have escaped. (Original.)

brin'" larvre to full maturity. The proportion that escape to enter upon the next phase of its existence is far in excess of that which dies before the larval life is over.

The rapid development of the peach itself is apparently often the cause of the death of larvre. Small larvre have frequently been found dead in the channels they had just started to

dig, and from the fact that there was present no other apparent cause for their death, comes the belief that they were crushed

by the sudden, strong growth of the peach. The development

of peaches is not a gradual development; they grow spasmodi-

cally-by bounds. During the period while the seed is harden-

ing they practically cea e to grow, and then, within a short

time, almost double in ize. A very small larva just beginning

its entrance into the peach would stand little chance of success-

fully resisting the strong, constant pressure bearing upon it

during one of the e periods of rapid enlargement.

Length of the Larval Period.

o definite figures bearing on the length of the egg tage were obtained, but the time the in ect inhabits the fruit in the egg and larval states, collectively, was recorded in fourteen instances. The e fourteen larvae were all reared from apples, in the following way:
11

Fig. 5.-The peach on the lett shows the destruction worked by a nor mally matured larva. The point of emergence at the calyx end. On the rIght Is shown a larva at work In the feeding channels of Its own makIng. Natural sIze (orIginal).

A number of curculios were confined May 19 in a vessel containing four apples, and kept so confined for twenty-four hours, when the apples were removed and placed in separate jars. At the end of the twenty-four hours eO'g had been depo ited in all four 'apples. These apples were kept under daily ob ervation and a record kept of the emergences. In the accompanying table may be seen the time, in day , required by each of the fourteen larval to emerge:

I I I I Time spent as Egg and Larva.
Eggs deposited Emergence Emergence Emergence Emergence

May 19

June 13

June 14

June 15

June 16

Apple No.!. ......

1

1

2

0

Apple No.2 .......

0

2

1

0

Apple No.3 .......

1

1

1

1

Apple No.4 .......

0

1

2

0

Total No. of Days I 24

26

26

27

The table shows that emergence began on the 24th day after the eggs were deposited and continued daily for four day .

12

until fourteen larVal had emerged. 0 larval emerged after the 27th day. Allowing five days in each case for the eggs to hatch, we find two lived as larVal for nineteen days, five for twenty days, six for twenty-one days and one for twenty-two days. The average time for all is twenty-one days or three weeks.

The Pupa..

The larva of the plum curculio burrows into

the soil immediately after emergence from it

host fruit and enters the pupal stage, remain-

ing quiescent until the physical transformation

are complete, when the insect, now a perfect

.~@.

beetle, tunnels its way from the earth, and soon

"r

thereafter

begins

feeding

upon

the

available

Fig. 6.-p~pa ot the plum cureu-

fruit supply.

llo. Much enlarged. (Atter

Chi ttenden.)

Length of the Pupa.l Stage.

The fourteen larVal reared in the above mentioned instances were put into tubes containing moist soil, kept under observation from day to day, and allowed to complete the transformations from larVal to pUpal and from pUpal to adult beetles. The tubes were opened at both ends and were buried in the soil beneath the shade of a tree. The mouth of the tubes were covered with gauze to prevent the escape of the beetles when they hould finally emerge. Only nine of the fourteen ever arrived at the perfect beetle stage and these came out more or less irregularly. The first emerged on the twenty-second day and the ninth on the thirty-second day.
The accompanying table shows the emergences as they occurred. The average depth to which the larvae went into the
oil in the tubes was % of an inch. It is probable that they go
deeper than this in the orchard, where the earth is usually harder and more exposed to the heat of the un.
Time spent in the SolI as Pupa.
I I I I I I I I I I I No. of Days ........ 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Beetles Emerging .. 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 1

A number of beetle not included in the above table were reared from infested windfall peaches, and it was found that the pupal stage varie greatly in length. The average duration

13

of thi phase of the life of the curculio is approximately twentyfive days. 0 figures were obtained as to the depth which the larva enters the soil to pupate, but it i doubtful if the great majority goes more than two inche . The moisture conditions of the oil doubtless influence thi to a large extent. Cultivation of the orchard de troys thousand of pupating beetles, either by directly crushing them to death or expo ing them to the attacks of predatory in ect and birds.

The Beetle.

Although the plum curculio greatly damages the fruit crop of

Georgia, but few growers have any knowledge of the beetle

itself. 'l'he habits of the insect in seeking concealment for its

feeding and egg laying operation in heavily leafed parts of

the tree, as well as the fact that it both feeds and deposits eggs

largely at night, make it difficult to find one without careful

search. By nature the in ect is extremely shy, and will, in the

majority of cases, curl up its body and drop from its position

on the tree if only slightly disturbed. This habit of 'playing

'po um makes it ea y to catch the offenders by the simple

method of jarring them from the tree upon heets spread out

on the ground beneath the limbs.

The beetle has the characteri tic appearance of the family to

which it belongs. The back i trongly ridged and bears a

humped, irregular outline. The probo ci or nout is nearly a

third a long a the in ect it elf. The color i

black or dark brown, which i broken by pots

of ochre yellow or white, on the wing cover .

When disturbed the insect immediately curl

up it leg, draw it probo ci below the body

and flat again t it, and drop from the object

upon which it was re ting. In thi po ition it

clo ely re emble a small dried bud or piece of

b \"

tree bark. When the temperature i sufficiently

li'lg. 7. pIu m

Ad u It curcullo

low to chill the in ect and render it lethargic,

(Conotrach e Ius nenuphar).

it will often remain in this position, as though

Much (After

enlarged. ChItten-

dead,

for

thirty

minutes

or more.

In Fig. 7

den.)

is hown a dorsal view of an adult curculio-

(greatly enlarged), and Fig. 8 show the insect feeding upon a.

peach with its head buried in the feeding puncture.

14

Fig. 8.-Curculio feeding on peach. Note the feeding punctures in the foreground. Much enlarged (original).
EXPERIMENTS WITH ARSENATE OF LEAD AND PYROX
FOR THE CONTROL OF CURCULIO.
Extensive experiment for the control of curculio with arsenical poi on were conducted in Me rs. Berckmans Bros.' orchard at Mayfield, Ga. in 1907 and 190. The first year's work yielded very marked re ult , which tended to demontrate that ar enate of lead might be depended upon largely to reduce the 10 es re ultant upon the attack of thi insect. The work done in 1908 was planned and conducted along parallei lines, but, owing to the small crop of curculio in that section in 190 , the results were not so decisive. Even among the unsprayed tree the percentage of curculio we tation wa extremely low, and consequently there could be but little contrast when compared to the treated trees. The experiments that
]5

year netted no re ults of value, except in 0 far as they showed the physical effect of the material upon the foliage and fruit. Generally speaking, no differences could be noticed in this particular for the two years. The results of the work done at Mayfield and recorded in this bulletin refer alone to those obtained in 1907.
Two materials were tested in the series, viz. : arsenate of lead and Pyrox. The latter is a manufacturer's product of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux: mixture.
Injury to Fruit and Foliage from Arsenate of Lead.
While arsenate of lead has unquestionably succeeded largely in controlling curculio, it is also true that if applied too often or too strong, or if the quality of the material is not of a high order, there results a burning of the leave, the fruit, and oftentimes the tender wood of the terminal growth. The Illeasure of this burning is determined by the condition of the tree. If weakened from some cause, either from an Jose scale, borer, improper or insufficient cultivation or fertilization, a tree will become partially defoliated from two applications of arsenate of lead more quickly and to a greater extent than would a vigorous, healthy, strongly growing tree from four applications.
The evidences of burning appear fir t on the leav ,later on the fruit, and if severe, even on the wood which is making the buds for the next year. The injury upon the leaves usually takes the form of a yellowing thereof, just as they change color prior to shedding off in the fall. This change of color is followed almost immediately by the dropping of the leaves. Another form of the injury, though appearing much m re infrequently, is the shot-holing of the foliage and the earing of the leaves.
The injury to the fruit hows it elf in small, depre sed, blackened, burnt areas on the surface. The e areas rapidly enlarge, often resulting in the peach splitting open and the formation of masses of gum which exude from the wound. A slight burn does not necessarily mean the loss of the fruit, as peaches prayed properly with ar enate of lead attain a brilliancy of color rarely equalled by unsprayed peaches, and more than .enough to offset the depreciation caused by a slight burn. It must be understood that sun- calding of fruit is caused by one
16

of the three causes named above, or by a combination of these causes. It has been clearly shown that a first-cIa s grade of arsenate of lead can be used upon vigorous, thrifty trees as many as four times in a season, and there will be no harmful effects from it. On the other hand, the grower should use his judgment with reference to the condition of his trees. If they are weak or in poor foliage they should not be sprayed more than twice.
With no consideration for the saving of fruit from curculio, it is almost worth while spraying with arsenate of lead solely for the sake of the beautiful color it adds to the peach. The market value of peaches is appreciably enhanced by the attainment of this feature alone.
PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS.
Two varieties of peaches were treated, Elbertas and Hileys, but a late freeze killed the Hileys after they had been once sprayed, and this variety was necessarily dropped.
The sprayed plats embraced sixty or more trees each, and a check or unsprayed plat of a hundred trees was left for purposes of compari on. There were seven sprayed plats, totalling 600 trees. .All the plats in the test were situated near a body of woods in order to subject them to a maximum probability of infestation from overwintering curculio sheltered by the woods.
In each plat one tree in every fifteen was selected as representing the average condition over the entire area. The windfalls from these selected trees were gathered up at intervals throughout the eason and liced into small pieces. All fruit 0 opened was clas Hied under two heads: those showing the presence of curculio larval and those free of infestation. A record was kept of the sound and of the "wormy" fruit. In this way it was possible to estimate the exact percentage of each kind at the end of the season, when the entire crop from these trees had been gathered and opened.
Arsenate of Lead.
Four plats were treated with this material, and the number of sprayings applied ranged from two to four. The material was used at a. proportion of two pounds to fifty gallons of water.
17

Into this diluted mixture was incorporated a milk of lime solution made from three pounds of good stone lime. Care was taken to "work up" the lead thoroughly. ~hi operation re-, quires thoroughness. In order to have it well mixed with the water it should first be stirred in a bucket or open vessel with a small amount of water, the water drained off slowly into the spray barrel, more water mixed with the paste-like mass remaining in the vessel and again drained off as before until all the arsenate of lead is fully and finely divided. The milk of lime solution was made by slaking three pounds of stone lime and working the lime solution through a strainer into the spray barrel by the same process followed in mixing the arsenate of lead. After the arsenate of lead and the lime mixture were poured into the spray barrel, the latter was filled with clear water, and the diluted spray material wa ready for use.
.AI> both lime and arsenate of lead rapidly settle out of the water unless well agitated, a pump with a good agitator hould always be used in spraying with this material. The heavierthan-water materi!!,l is better kept in suspension if stirred occasionally from the bottom of the barrel with a paddle.
The original plan called for the first spraying to be applied immediately after the petals had fallen, the succeeding applications to be applied at interval of ten days or two weeks. This plan was adhered to throughout the series except when rain made it necessary to postpone the sprayings.
The results obtained in each plat are given below in tabulated form. The tables show the percentage of infestation of every plat. Comparison of these figures with those obtained from the check plat will leave no doubt of the effectiveness of the lead in holding curculio in check.
What Arsenate of Lead Accomplished in 1907.
Plat 1. This plat was sprayed twice, the first spraying being applied April 2nd, and the second April 11th, or nine days later. The peache from the selected trees representing this plat are taken together and averaged.
18

Plat 1. Plat 1, 4 trees Check plat, 7 trees.

I I Arsenate of Lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

No. of

No. of \per cent. ofl Per cent. of

infested uninfested infested uninfested

I I I 1 peaches
/ 503

peaches 1056

peaches I peaches

32

68

1468

687

68

32

There was only a very slight defoliation of the trees of thi plat, and the fruit was well colored and comparatively free of blemishes from curculio feeding punctures. Reference to the table will show that there was 36% more peaches free of curculio in plat 1 than in the check plat.
Plat 2. This plat received three treatments, the :first on April 2nd; the second on April 11th and the last on April 19th. As in plat 1, the fruit from the four selected trees is added together in the table and the average taken.

Plat 2. Arsenate of Lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

Plat 2, 4 trees Check plat, 7 tree

---I-No. of lper cenC ofl Per cent. or

l
1

uninfested infested uninfested

I peaches 1426

peaches I peaches
3-0- / - - 7 < J -

1

6,

68

32

Only thirty per cent. of the entire crop from plat 2 was worminfe ted, or, for approximately the same number of peaches in each of the plats included in the table, there was 38% more wormy fruit in the unsprayed check plat than in plat 2, thrice sprayed with arsenate of lead.
The peaches in plat 2 were highly colored and free of SUllscalds. The defoliation, although a trifle greater than that in plat 2. was nevertheless more beneficial than otherwi e. The leaves began to drop slightly about the time the third treatmen1 was applied, but they had practically ceased to shed by the fifteenth of May.
Plat 3. Plat 3 was sprayed four times. The :first application was made April 2, the three remaining treatments being applie 1 on April 11, 17 and 25 re pectively. A fourth part of this same plat was given two additional sprayings, the :first on May 3rd and the last on May 10th, making a total of six sprayings for the one-fourth part. Plat 3 proper, i represented by the fruit from three trees in the table. which is taken together and averaged.
19

Plat 3. Arsenate of Lead. 2350 Formula.

Plat 3, 3 trees Check, 7 trees

No. of

No. of Iper cent. ofl Per cent. of

, .

infested
I peaches
I 340 I 1468

uninfested peaches
699837

infested peaches
6285

uninfested
I peaches 75 32

The difference here between the percentage of infested fruit in the check plat and that in plat 3 is 43%. This is the highest percentage of sound fruit gathered from any plat so far considered.
About one-third of the foliage shed off the trees of this plat and there was some sun-scalding of the fruit. The injury from this, however, was very small. The peaches over the whole plat were deeply and beautifully colored.
Plat 4. This plat is simply a one-fourth part of plat 3 sprayed twice more. The fifth application was applied on May 3rd, and the sixth and last, one week later, on May 10th. Two trees were selected as representative trees. The fruit from these total,led 969 peaches, infested as set forth in the following table:

Plat 4. Arsenate of Lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

Plat 4, 2 trees Check, 7 trees

No. of

No. of \per cent. ofl Per cent. of

infested peaches
1 237 . 1468

uninfested peaches
I I 732 I 687

infested peaches
24.5 68

uninfested
II peaches 75.5 32

It will be noted that only .5% more peaches were worm-free in this plat than in plat 3, although it received two more I!5prayings.
The fruit on this plat, although brilliantly colored, was considerably damaged from sun-scald. A great number of peaches were thereby rendered unmarketable. The trees, also, were heavily defoliated and the effect of the material on the newly formed buds wa disastrous, and noticeably reduced the yield of peaches the following year. It is doubtful if any tree, no matter how vigorous, would not be injured if sprayed as many as six times.
The peaches on all the plat in the work with ar enate of lead were very highly and beautifully colored, gaining superficial attractiveness as well as comparative freedom from curculio.
20

PYROX.

Pyrox, a mixture of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux: mixture, is manufactured by the Bowker Insecticide Co., Boston, Mass., and recommended to be u ed at a proportion of five pounds to fifty gallon of water. It was used at Mayfield according to the above direction without the addition of lime.
The experimental work with this material was done alongside of that conducted with arsenate of lead and in plats of equal size as the arsenate of lead plats. There were only three plats sprayed, these being treated on the same days that the lead sprayings were applied. Plat 1 was sprayed three times, plat 2 four times and plat 3 (a one-fourth part of plat 2) was treated with two additional sprayings and corresponds to plat 4, arsenate of lead.
The results of these sprayings were obtained in the manner all' ady outlined and are recorded in tabulated form below:

I I Plat 1. Pyrox. Sprayed 3 times. 550 Formula.

I No. of

o. of lper cent. of I Per cent. of

"peaches peaches peaches peaches

1 I I I PClhaetck1,, 47 ttrreeeess

infested uninfested infested uninfested

1416982

564875

6285

3725

I I Plat 2. Pyrox. Sprayed 4 times. 550 Formula.

I No. of

No. of lper cent. ofl Per cent. of

peaches peaches peaches peaches

I' I I 'I infested uninfested infested uninfested

Plat 2, 2 trees1 131

389

25

75

Check, 7 trees

1468

687

6il

32

I I Plat 3. Pyrox. Sprayed 6 times. 5-50 Formula.

I No. of

o. of lper cent. of Per cent. of

I peaches peaches peaches peaches

I I I I infested uninfested infested uninfested

Plat 3, 2 trees 1 115

541

17.5

82.5

Check, 7 trees

1 1468

687

68

32

Plat 1 is the only one of the above that did not how injury from the treatment. Plat 2, sprayed four times, was considerably defoliated and the fruit wa damaged slightly from sunscald. Plat 3, a one-fourth part of plat 2, and sprayed six times, lost over a half of its crop of foliage and quantities of the fruit was so badly burned that it was unfit for anything.
Pyrox is intended as a combined insecticide and fungicide for the control of curculio and brown rot. One of its constitu-

!1

ents is Bordeaux mixture, and it i this lement of the COlllpound that acts as a fungicide. As there are superior anu more certain means of controlling brown rot (treated of ~lsewhere in this bulletin), and as Pyrox is too drastic a treatment at the strength recommended by its manufacturers, it is inadvisable to use it, except, possibly, at a reduced strength.
Pyrox, like arsenate of lead, has the power to paint peaches in gorgeous colors and to gain for them comparative immunity from infestation from curculio. However because of its drastic effect on fruit and foliage it is not recommended.
Arsenate of Lead Experiments in 1909.
The experiments at Bagley, Ga., in 1909 were worked out along parallel lines to those conducted at M1ayfield in 1907. There were certain marked differences in the results, however, occasioned by various causes, and these differences are mentioned and explanations offered for them.
In the first place the putting-out of foliage in the orchard under treatment presented very unusual conditions in 1909. Although the trees bloomed and shed their blooms about the normal time, the leaves were extremely slow in making their appearance. As late as the 22nd of April the trees were almost devoid of leaves, although young leaves were beginning to push out, promising a full crop of foliage ultimately. At this time the peaches were about the size of a thimble and had completely shed their calyces or "shucks." Two applications of arsenate of lead had been applied to these slightly protected peaches by the date mentioned, and it is to the slow growth of foliage and the consequent long e~posure of the fruit, as well a to the action of arsenate of lead, that much of the injury resulting in two of the sprayed plats is ascribed. Many of the trees had been weakened materially by the San Jose scale. These trees were naturally more susceptible to injury than the more vigorous, scale-free trees.
The plan of the work was much the same as that outlined in the Mayfield experiments, except that one plat was sprayed with three pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water, and that the sprayings were applied at longer intervals. Al 0 the plats were larger, and more trees were selected from them
22

as representative trees. The records were kept in identically the same way, and the figures show the exact percentage of the two classes of fruit yielded by the trees.
The following tables and paragraphs give the number of sprayings to each plat, with the results obtained, etc. :
Plat 1. Plat 1 was first sprayed on April 2nd. Three pounds of arsenate of lead were used with fifty gallons of water, without the addition of milk of lime. This formula was used with each of the three applications, which were applied at intervals of three weeks. The second treatment was applied on April 22nd, and the third and last was applied May 14th. At this time there was very little of the material showing on the leaves from the first two applications, there having been only a few leaves present, but the young peaches were well coated. The trees were heavily leafed and required nearly twice as much spray material to cover them well a the first application required.
The following table gives the percentages of infested and uninfe ted peaches gathered from the nine trees representing this plat.

I Plat 1. Arsenate of Lead. Sprayed 3 times. 3-50 Formula.

No. of

No. of lper cent. ofl Per cent. of

Plat 1. 9 trees Check. 10 trees

" .. " .

peaches peaches

I infested uninfested

I I I ~24

3958

peaches infested
8

peaches uninfested
92

978

622

59.5

41.5

The number of wormy peaches for the entire nine trees as recorded is only eight per cent. of the entire product. This is a remarkably low figure and represents 51.5% more freedom from curculio than the check plat.
But however much the peaches were protected in this particular they were injured severely in another. By the first of July the trees were heavily defoliated, the peaches everywhere sunscalded and disfigured, and some were beginning to drop from the trees. Many fine, highly colored peaches were gathered from this plat, and a considerable number was too lightly burned to be a total loss at the packing shed. Yet, of the 1,218 peaches gathered on and after July 6th (the ripening period), 520 or 42% were too badly cracked and sun-scalded to be classed as anything else than culls.

23

.,.
~
Fig. 9.-Peaches showing Injury from arsenate of lead. The peach 011 the right is an extreme case; thaL on the left Is more typical and better. shows how the frnlt sometimes splits when nearing maturity. Natural size (original).

The injury did not stop with the ruin of the peaches, for the wood growth of 1909 was killed out noticeably in places, and more was injured. These burned areas on the wood bore the characteri tic reddish, discolored splotches Oll the bark.
When the last examination of these trees was made on July 21st, it was apparent that many of the newly formed buds had been killed.
It must be borne in mind in considering the above figures and conditions that this plat was treated at a considerably increased strength of material and without the influence of the lime to modify the burning effect of the lead; also that the trees were not as vigorous as they might have been and that they were very tardy in producing their full crop of foliage.
Plat 2. This plat was sprayed but once, ar enate of lead being used at the proportion of two pounds to fifty gallons of water, with the standard solution of milk of lime made from three pounds of lime.
This single spraying was made April 9th. Although there was less than one-fourth part of the normal crop of foliage at this date, the peache were well developed and had shed most of their "shucks."
The peaches from the nine trees representing this plat were classified as shown in the accompanying table:

Plat 2. Sprayed once with arsenate of lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

Plat 2, 9 trees Check, 10 trees

No. of

No. of \per cent. ofl Per cent. of

infested uninfested infested uninfested

I I I I peaches peaches

/ 802 . 978

2131 622

peaches I peaches

29

71

59.5

41.5

It will be seen from the figure that even thi single spraying was productive of good results. As against 59.5% of wormy peaches in the check plat, only 29% were infested in plat 2. The coloring of the peaches was better than that in the check plat, and there was no injury whatever.
Plat 3. Two applications of arsenate of lead were made to plat 3, the first on April 10th and the second on April 28th, nearly three weeks later. The standard 2-3-50 formula was used. Results were as follows:
25

Fig. lO.-eage in which curcullos were conlined with an arsenically poisoned food supply (originall.
28

the pray allowed to dry and th dr nching repeated. On the 11th of May 372 curculios, which had been confined for fortyeight hours without food, were relea ed into the cage which had been fitted over the tree subsequent to the spraying of the latter. The cage wa set upon a white cloth pread beneath the limbs of the tree in order that any curculio that might eat the poi oned bait and die therefrom ould ea ily be seen when they fell upon the white cloth.
This tree was closely watched for ten days but not once was a curculio discovered feeding on any part of the tree. Of the eight unpunctured peaches that the tree originally bore, only six were finally punctured with a total of eight punctures. The e were very small punctures, scarcely breaking the kin of the peach. 0 eggs were laid in these cavitie .
The curculios, for the most part, seemed to have the trongest aversion to the tree, and their lives were spent in trying to escape from it through the wire gauze. Some few smaller beetles did escape in thi way, and at the end of ten days there was not a ingle live curculio within the confine of the cage.
Arsenate of lead unquestionably kill curcubos when they a similate it in feeding actively, but in the above instance it acted more as a repellant, there being no part of the foliage or fruit, however small, which was not well coated with the poison.
JARRING FOR CURCULIO.
A block of Elberta peach trees embracing twelve hundred trees was jarred at Bagley, Ga., in 1909, for the sake of determining the absolute value of jarring for the control of curculio, as well as its comparative value as opposed to liquid spraying. It was planned to jar the plat every two days, but labor conditions were such that it was not possible to follow the original plan. Although the jarring was carried out irregularly, the results are of interest as showing the direct influence which the close proximity of timbered land has upon the orchard from the standpoint of curculio infestation.
The block of trees selected for the jarring operations was forty row long and extended thirty rows into the orchard. It lay parallel to the woods and was separated from it only by the width of a farm road.
29

2'."..
~
'0o".
"...'c..."".o,..
:s o
1
o~
r,Qn
I r...l.
30

Jarring Equipment.
The equipment used in the work consisted of two canvas covered wooden frames, each four and one-half by nine feet, and a leather-padded maul for jarring the trees. The maul was fitted with a handle five feet long. Fig. 11 shows the style of frames employed and the "gang" at work. This outfit can be operated by five people. Usually four women were employed to carry and place the sheets, two to each sheet, and one man to carry the heavy, padded maul and jar the trees.
Method followed in Jarring and Determination of Results.
Beginning with the row nearest the woods (row No.1) each row was jarred as quickly as possible, the sheets spread upon the ground at the end of the row and the beetles picked from them by hand, counted and placed in bottles. Counting the "catch" from each row separately, it was po ible to obtain the exact number caught per row for the season.
Jarring was first begun March 27th and continued at more or less irregular intervals until June 11th. The operation was begun as early in the morning as it was possible to see, and continued until the heat of the sun caused the curculios to become active immediately after they were jarred to the sheets. The weather was cool during the first days of the operations and it was po sible to jar the full rows of forty trees without making an intermediate gathering of the harvest; but later in the season no more than 20 trees could be jarred before it was necessary to gather up the captured beetles to prevent their escape. Beetles have often been observed to fly from the sheets as early as 5.10 a. m. during May and June, and in these months it is practically useless to jar after 6.30 unless the beetles are taken from the sheets every fifteen or twenty trees.
In the following table, beginning with row 1, nearest the woods, to row 30, farthest from them, the number of trees in each row, the number of beetles per row and the percentage of beetles per tree, are given. It is interesting to note the gradual reduction in the number caught from each row, as we move away from the wood .
31

Row

I No.-I-- No--I-No.

of

of

/' of beetles

tree s

beetles per tree

1

26

2

28

4"

32 35

5

3Q

6

36

7

33

8

35

9

33

10

32

11

33

12

30

13

32

14

34

15

31

16

30

17

34

18

36

19

30

20

32

21

36

22

36

23

32

24

35

25

37

26

35

27

39

28

34

29

26

30

33

806

31

739

26.4

682

21.3

627

18.9

497

16.5

477

13.2

-709

21.5

573

16.4

619

18.7

590

18.

476

14.4

589

19.6

493

15.4

357

10'.5

271

8.7

241

8

323

9.5

284

8

179

6

268

8.4

268

7.4

275

7.6

229

7.1

211

6

197

5.6

178

5

112

4.1

95

3.4

101

3.4

161

5.3

Totals 985

11,626

11.8

The percentage of infested and uninfested fruit was reckoned just as it was in the sprayed plats, i. e., by opening all the windfalls and the ripe peaches and classifying them as they properly belonged. Ten trees were selected from the block for this purpose, and eight trees were selected from the nearby section of the orchard for the check plat.
The percentages of the two kinds of fruit yielded by the jarred plat and its check plat are given in the following table:

No. of

No. of lper cent. Ofl Per cent. of

Jarred plat, 10 trees .. , Check plat, 8 trees .,.

peaches Infested
1739 1664

peaches
Iunlnfested
I 2599 I 851

peaches Infested
40 34

peaches
Iunlnfested 60 66

Comparison of the figures in the third column shows that only 6% more peaches were uninfested in the jarred plat than
82

in the untreated check plat. This is a poor showing considering the large number of beetles caught from the trees in the jarred plat.
Spray.ing vs. Jarring. When jarring is compared to spraying on any basis, it suffers by the comparison. The heavy cost involved in the operation of a sufficient jarring force, its comparative ineffectiv~ness and the brevity of the season at which effective jarring can be done, unite to make it inferior. Unless labor is abundant and cheap, the cost of jarring for even two hours in the early morning is decidedly di proportionate to the good accomplished. It is impracticable from an economic standpoint and inefficient as a remedial measure. In small orchards, and under conditions which permit the control of the labor side of the question, it would be feasible. In large orchards jarring presents too many serious obstacles for successful manipulation.
METHODS OF CONTROL. The results of the two years' experiments discussed in this bulletin show that curculio can be controlled largely by arsenate of lead at a ratio of 2 lbs. to 50 gallons of water, to which is added a milk of lime solution made from 3 lbs. of stone lime. Two applications are recommended, the first to be applied a the calyces or shucks are shedding, and the second two weeks later. In thrifty, healthy orchards where the foliage growth is dense, three applications are recommended. It is unsafe to spray weak trees m01'e than twice. Curculio and its relation to brown rot are discussed in Part II of this bulletin. The two are intimately associated; in proportion as the one is active, the other is in evidence. It is hoped that the reader will see how the control of curculio will not only reduce the number of "wormy" and punctured peaches, but proportionately eliminate brown rot as well.
33

PART II
BROWN ROT EXPERIMENTS IN 1909.
By
A. C. LEWIS.
INTRODUOTION.
All peach grower are more or Ie familiar with brown rot, and a detailed description of the di ease is not nece sary. Many grower know from dear experience how it may cut down the yield and profit from their orchard ; and many more know how in some ea on the peache rot in tran it.
The 10 s from brown rot varies at different sea on , the severity of the disea e depending upon the weather and the number of curculio present. The loss from brown rot i frequently 25% to 50%, and sometimes as high a 95%, of the crop in some localities.
We have not, heretofore, been able to advise any sati factory treatment for brown rot. With the promising re ults thu far obtained from the experiments that have been conducted in Georgia, and from the commercial tests made, it now seems that we will be able to control brown rot and curculio by the self-boiled lime- ulphur and arsenate of lead.
EARLY EXPERIMENTS.
For a number of years many experiment have been carried on at different places in the United State to determine whether brown rot of peaches could be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. The Georgia State Board of Entomology experimented with the Bordeaux mixture three different seasons. From these experiments it wa concluded that brown rot of peaches could not be successfully controlled with the Bo~
35

deaux mixture. Others experimenting also arrived at the same conclusion.
In 1907 brown rot experiments were begun by Prof. W. M. Scott of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, with the self-boiled lime-sulphur solution. The results of the first season's work were very promising. In 1908 and 1909 Mr. W. T. Ayres, under the direction of Prof. W. M. Scott, carried on extensive experiments with the self-boiled lime-sulphur in Georgia with very satisfactory results. For Prof. Scott's report upon the experiments of 1908, see Circular
o. 1 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
In Prof. Scott's experiments it was found that curculio sometimes made it very difficult to control brown rot. The observations of the writers in Georgia have been that when curculio was abundant brown rot was more severe, if the weather conditions were favorable, than when the curculio was not 80 abundant.
Experiments conducted by the Georgia State Board of Entomology for the last three years, have shown that the curculi can be controlled to a large extent by praying with arsenate of lead. For a complete report upon these experiments up to and including 1909, see the first part of this bulletin.
Previous to 1909 it was not considered safe to combine the two remedies, arsenate of lead and the self-boiled lime-sulphur solution, for it was not known just what the results would be. lt was cited that in many cases arsenate of lead alone was injurious to the fruit, and it was feared that if the two mixtures were combined the injury to the fruit might be still greater.
PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS.
In planning the experiments for 1909 we decided, fir t, to compare the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture with the selfboiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead; second, to te t' the oncentrated lime-sulphur and the Bordeaux mixture.
Different Materials Tested.
The following different materials were tested:
1. Self-bolled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead (8-8-2-50). 2. Self-boiled lime-sulphur (8:8-5(}).
36

3. Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead. 4. Bordeaux mixture (3-6-50). 5 Lime-sulphur boiled (10-15-50). diluted 1 gallon to 25 gallor.a of
water.
+ 6 Same as above 2 IDs. arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
7 Lime-sulphur boiled (10-15-50), diluted 1 gallon to 50 gallons of water.
+ 8. Same as above 2 lbs. arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
9. Lime-sulphur solution prepared (Grasselli Co.), 1 gallon to 50 galJons of water.
+ 10. Same as above 2 lbs. arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
11. Prepared lime-sulphur solution, diluted 1 gallon to 75 gallons of water.
12. Pratt's Sulfocide, 1 gallon to 75 gallons of water.
+ 1ii. Same as above 2 lbs. arsenate of lead to 50' gallons of water.
14. Prepared lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 75 gallons of water. 15. Pratt's Sulfocide, 1 gallon to 100 gallons of water.
Condition of the Orchard.
These experiments were carried on in Betts Bros.' orchard at Woodbury, Ga. The orchard is located on Pine Mountain ridge, at an elevation of 900 to 1100 feet. The trees were 6 to 7 ~'ears old. In 190 from 50% to 75% of the fruit was lost from brown rot and curculio. In the winter of 1908 the orchard was prayed with the home-made lime-sulphur solution for the San Jose scale. In the spring the trees received a heavy application of commercial fertilizer, and during the season of 1909 made a rapid growth. In 1908 no effort was made to pick up the fallen fruit or gather the mummied peaches. From this it will be seen that the conditions were ideal for curculio and brown rot.
Time of Application of the Different Sprayings.
It was the intention to spray three times with the different materials, but on account of injury to the leaves and fruit some of the plats were only sprayed twice.
It may be well to mention here that before we made the first application of lime-sulphur the trees were sprayed with arsenate of lead (2-3-50), between :March 26th and 31st. That is, the whole orchard was sprayed except the three check plats mentioned further on in this report.
The first application for the control of brown rot and curculio
37

was made April 15th (as the calyces or shucks were shedding) ; the second May 11th and 12th; the third June 10th and 11th.
RESULTS SECURED. Solutions that Injured the Fruit and Foliage of the Trees. The following solution injured the fruit and foliage when used with or without the ar enate of lead, and were only applied twice; Bordeaux Mixture (3-6-50), lime-sulphur mixture (10-15-50) boiled, diluted 1 to 25 and 1 to 50; lime-sulphur mixture prepared (Gras elli Co.), diluted 1 to 25, 1 to 50 and 1 to 75; Pratt's Sulfocide diluted 1 to 50, 1 to 75 and 1 to 100. Soon after the second application of the above materials the leaves began to drop off, and in ome ca es the fruit. For this rea on no attempt wa made to keep the picking records on the plats where the e different materials were used. At picking time it was noticed that the fruit on the trees sprayed with the solutions mentioned above did not ripen properly. Where arsenate of lead wa u ed the fruit was hard and of a deep red color, and was not considered salable.
The Self-Boiled Lime-Sulphur Mixture. The re ults secured with the elf-boiled lime- ulphur, and the self-boiled lime-sulphur and ar enate of lead mixture are well shown in the following table;
38

I Plat Sprayed three

No.

times

Variety

Sell-boiled Iime-

t sulphur. anenate

2 Ibs. 01 lead

Elberta

to 50 !rals. water.

2 Same as above \vithout arsenate Elberta of lead.
---

- - - o/cStuD!r by Curcu~

%of Brown
Rot
---

%of Scab

0/0 of Sound

Remarks

------

16.72

3.46

Less than I

I

--- ---

,

49.23

9.2

Lesa than 1

42

It was the curculio that reduced the 0/0

01 sound peaches.

---------

Check platA

Not sprayed.

Elberta

Check plat B

Not sprayed.

Elberta

Sell-boiled lime-
t sulphur. 2 Ibs. Belle 01 arsenate of lead Geor!ria to 50 !rals. waler.

2 Same as above without arsenate 01 lead.

Belle 01 Georria

Check Not sprayed.

Belle 01 Georll'ia

Orchard

"See f 00 I below.

note Elberta

66.4 32.2 50.3

32

------ ---

50.65 35.39 7\.7

P..aches with only 34 a little scab were
considered sound.

--- ---

9

2.44

91

------ ---

13.3 3

ISprayed once with
87 anenate of lead March 31st.

--- ---

32.85 18

55

--- ---

10 to 15 1010 12 I
I

Per cent determined by countinll' the peaches at the pack'&, house lrom 85 time to time did not include fallen lruil nor all the lruit picked lrom
trees. 1:

Whole orchard was sprayed twice with self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead (lime 8 lbs., sulphur 8 lbs. to 50 gallons of water) and once (first spraying) with arsenate of lead and lime (2-3-50).

Size of Plats.
In these experiments each plat contained from 50 to 68 trees, The results as given in the above table were determined by actually countin~ 1111' the peaches from each plat that w~re
Sll

picked from the trees and those that fell on the ground, after picking wa begun. No account was kept of the early windfalls.
The plats were situated on one side of the orchard near the woods, and in the part of the orchard that was affected the most the season before with curculio and brown rot. It must also be remembered the whole orchard was sprayed as preyiously mentioned.
SOME NOTES ON THE RESULTS.
The above table shows, in a graphic way, how ucces fully the brown rot and curculio were controlled. By comparing the results in Plats No.1 and No.2, it will be seen that much better results were secured with the self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead mixture, than with the self-boiled lime-sulphur alone. It will be noticed the scab or black spot was reduced to less than 1 per cent. This alone in some years would pay for praying. The difference between a sprayed and unsprayed peach in this respect is well shown in Fig. 1. When the peache from the unsprayed trees were brought to the packing house they were so specked and looked so inferior when compared with the sprayed peaches, that they were not put in the same car but packed by themselves and shipped by express to the local markets.
Injury to Tree and Fruit.
The self-boiled lime-sulphur did not injure in the least the leaves or the fruit. The self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead only hot-holed a few leaves, and did not hurt the fruit.
The results in the orchard spraying compare very favorably with the results in the experimental plats, both as to control of brown rot and curculio and effect upon the trees and fruit. The whole orchard, as mentioned before, was sprayed once ",ith arsenate of lead and lime, and twice with self-boiled lime- ulphur and ar enate of lead. Where treated this way no damage was done to the leaves or fruit, except on a few tree that weI' much weakened by the borers and San jose scale.
40

In one part of the orchard the curculio was very abundant even after two praying.. once with ar enate of lead and lime (2-3-50), and once with self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, so that part of the orchard wa sprayed once more.
In this spraying 3 lb . of ar enate of lead was u ed to 50
41

gallons of water without lime. The results of this praying were very disastrous. Over 50 per cent. of the leaves dropped and 25 per cent. of the peaches were burned, and the remainder of the fruit was much damaged. The fruit on these trees never ripened properly, but was hard and highly colored.
The injury to the peach by arsenate of lead takes a very characteristic form. It will first begin as a small, round, brownish-red burnt place. In course of time this burnt area will become larger and depressed, and the rest of the peach will be dark red. Many of the injured peaches crack open, the gum oozes out and the peaches will be in a condition like those shown in Fig. 9 (Part 1).
COMMERCIAL TESTS IN 1909.
In 1909 Mr. J. J. Stranahan prayed his entire orchard, once with arsenate of lead and lime and twice with the self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, with very good results. Mr. Ward, whose orchard is near Mr. Stranahan's, sprayed his orchard twice with ar enate of lead and lime, with very satisfactory results.
Mr. Betts, as previously mentioned, sprayed with arsenate of lead and the self-boiled lime-sulphur with very gratifying results, except where he sprayed the third time with 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
Profs. W. M. Scott and W. T. Ayres in their experiments for the control of brown rot at Fort Valley, Ga., in 1909, sprayed 1100 trees as follows: "First, on March 31st (as the calyces were shedding), with arsenate of lead 2 lbs. to 50 gallons of water; second, on April 22nd with 8-8-50 self-boiled lime-sulphur and 2 lbs. arsenate of lead; third, on May 21st with selfboiled lime-sulphur alone; fourth, on June 9th with self-boiled lime-sulphur.' ,
"When assorted and counted the fruit from five trees had only 4112% affected with brown rot, about half of which was
caused by curculio. Only 6Y2% of the fruit showed scab marks,
and these were mostly small inconspicuous specks. The curculio infestation was 27112%."

For a detailed report of Prof. Scott'8 experiments, see page 96 of Bulletin No. 30, Georgia State Board of Entomology, "Proceedings of the Georgia State Horticultural Society for 1909."
LOSS OF CROP PREVENTED BY SPRAYING.
The gain from spraying is greater than the difference in the percentage of sound fruit on unsprayed and sprayed trees. To illustrate how much greater the yield of fruit is on sprayed than unsprayed trees, we give the following figures: On 53 unsprayed trees the total number of peaches was 304; on 54 trees, sprayed once with arsenate of lead and three times with the self-boiled lime-surphur, the total number of peaches was 782; and 68 trees sprayed once with arsenate of lead and three times with self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, yielded 1154 peaches.
To compare with the above we need only to give the yield in an orchard near Mr. Betts that was not sprayed. The crop was light in this orchard but the owner thought he would have five cars of peaches. He shipped one car and about half of another; the rest of the peaches were lost on account of the curculio and brown rot. There were other growers in the State that had the same experience last summer.
CARRYING QUALITY OF THE FRUIT.
Another factor worthy of consideration is the increased carrying quality of the sprayed fruit. The firm that bought Mr. Betts' peaches put them in cold storage. When the peaches were all picked Mr. Betts went to New York and saw some of the peaches that had been in cold storage for 8 or 10 days. He made no exact count of the peaches to determine what per cent. was affected with brown rot. Mr. Betts and the commission men were well pleased with the results.
43

SHIPPING TEST MADE BY W. M. SCOTT AND W. T. AYRES.

In the experiment conducted at Fort Valley, Ga., by Prof. W. 1. Scott and W. T. Ayre ,a hipping test wa made. Their I' port on this hipping test wa a follows:

"In order to determine the difference in the carrying quality of

the sprayed and unsprayed fruit, two test cars of peaches from the

experiment plats were shipped to ew York. examined on arrival

and sold in the usual way through a commission house. The fruit in

the first car was picked on Friday, July 9th, in the rain, and although

due on the market Tuesday morning was delayed en route, and was

not sold untlI Wednesday morning. The market was almost glutted

with poor fruit and the prices ranged low. The test car contained

Elbertas and Belles-sprayed and unsprayed. The sprayed Elbertas

from the lime-sulphur arsenate of lead block sold for $2.00 a crate, and

the unsprayed Elbertas from the adjacent unsprayed block sold for

$1.5{) a crate, making a difference of 50 cents a crate. The sprayed

Belles sold for $1.25 a crate and unsprayed Belles for $1.12 An ex-

amination of the Elbertas showed that 34 per cent. of the unsprayed

fruit was specked with brown rot, while only 6 per cent. of the sprayed

fruit was affected.

"The second car arrived Wednesday night, and was sold Thursday

morning, July 15th, at the following prices:

Sprayed EIbertas at

$1.45 !leI' crate.

Unsprayed Elbertas at

1.25 per crate.

Sprayed Belles at

1.50 per crate.

Unsprayed Belles at

1.14 per crate.

"This shows a difference of 20 cents a crate for the Elbertas and 36

cents a crate for the Belles. Another significant fact is that all the

sprayed fruit in each case was sold before the buyers began pur-

chasing the unsprayed fruit. It wlIl be seen that the difference in

market value in favor of the sprayed fruit, to say nothing of the loss

In the orchard, pays the cost of spraying several times over."

COST OF SPRAYING.
The co t of 'praying d p nds upon 0 many factor that it is difficult to give figur that will apply generally. The following figures are given as a g neral guide to the cost of praying.
The elf-boiled lime-sulphur-arsenate of lead mixture will cost a trifle over one cent a gallon. One hundred o-allon of the
Read at Athens, Ga., 1909, and publlshed by the tate Board of Entomology and State Horticultural ociet~.
44

mixture will pray from 50 to 100 tree , depending upon the size of the tree .
Four men, one to prepare the mixtul'e and three to pray, can pray from 500 to 00 tree a da , wi th a 200-O'allon tanle FigurinO' on this ba i , for good- ized 6-y ar-old tree, it would co t about 11/2 to 2 cents per tree for each application of the self-boiled lime- ulphur-ar enaie of lead mixture. When a power pray r is used the co t may be less.
Prof. cott found in hi experiment at Fort Valley, Ga., wbere a power sprayer wa u ed, that the co twas 5 3/5 cents per tree for four application of tbe self-boiled lime-sulphurarsenate of lead treatment. When we take into con ideration the benefit derived from praying-larger yield, higher per cent. of sound fruit, increased carrying capacity of the fruit and the enhanced value of the fruit-the co t is in ignificant.
PREPARATION OF SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR.
1'b preparation of the self-boiled lime-sulpbur mixture i6 n t diffi ult, but great care bould be exercised to see that it i properly made and not allow d to boil too long before diluting. Tb following directions sbould be carefully followed:
Weigh out 24 lb . of lime and 24 lb . of ulpbur. Place the . ulphur in a 50-gallon barrel and make into a thin paste by .'Jowly adding cold water and stirring until the ulphur is all llloi t. If this i not done the ulphur will be in lumps and will not mix readily with the lime. To this sulpbur paste add enough cold water to make six gallons, then add tb lime. Stir well and add more water as required to keep the mixture from becoming too thick. (We found that we had to add from 4 to 6 gallon of water during the cooking proce .) Wben the lime is all lacked, which should not be more tban 15 or 20 minute. top further cooking by diluting witb cold water. Dilute to 150 gallon and strain. If arsenate of lead is to be u ed add 6 lb . to 150 gallons after diluting to tbe required amount. Tbe ar enate of lead should be di solved in a small amount of water before addin~ it to the mixture.
If tbe cooking i not topped when the lime is slacked the !\ulphur will continue to dis olve and the mixture may get
45

strong enough to injure the peach foliage. What is wanted is a. good mechanical mixture of the lime and sulphur with as little of the latter dissolved as possible.
The straining is important, and should be carefully done, or the nozzles will clog while spraying. It is best to make the strainer out of copper gauze of 20 to 25 meshes to the inch. If more convenient the straining may be done when the mixture is diluted to 50 or 100 gallons, and the remainder of the water added afterward. In straining all the sulphur should be washed through if possible. If the mixture is strained before diluting to the required amount, the sulphur can be washed through with clear water from time to time as necessary, keeping account of the amount of water added 0 as not to make more than the required amount of the mixture. When the arsenate of lead is added to the mixture a great change in color takes place, it becoming a dark brown. This is due to the chemical change that takes place.
To determine just what takes place, or what were the compounds formed when the arsenate of lead was added to the mixture, we had samples of each analyzed by a chemist.
To secure the samples we prepared 150 gallons of the selfboiled lime-sulphur and took a sample fron{ this. Then the arsenate of lead was added and another sample taken.
The analysis of the samples by Dr. Edgar Everhart, hemist of the' tate Geological Survey, gave the following re ults:
The lime-sulphur wash, as given to me, consisted of 172 cc liquid and 7.2968 grm. solids. The filtered liquid carried 0.076 per cent. sulphur in combination with lime as a calcium sulphide. The solid matter contained:
37.40 per cent. free sulphur, and 32.63 per cent. lime ( aO). There was also found a large percentage of magnesia, showing the lime used was magnesian. The "lime-sulphur-Iead-arsenate" wash consisted of 160 cc liquid and 6.6225 grm. solids. The filtered liquid carried 0-.068 per cent. sulphur as a calcium sulphide. There was found no trace of arsenic in solution. The solid matter contained, beside lead arsenate: 31.57 per cent. free sulphur, 2.62 per cent. lead sulphide. 30.91 per cent. lime (CaO). This lime is also magnesian. The presence of lead sulphide indio
46

cates the contemporaneous formation of calcium arsenate, which would be found in the soUd matter."
It will be noticed there was found no trace of free arsenic, but the greatest trouble with many brands of arsenate of lead is the presence of water-soluble arsenic.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Based on the experiments and commercial tests that have been made, we recommend the following treatment for brown rot and curculio:
Spray first about the time the calyces (or shucks, not the colored petals) are shedding, with arsenate of lead 2 lbs., lime 3 lbs., to 50 gallons of water.
Make second application three weeks later, using the selfboiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead (8 lbs. of lime, 8 lbs. of sulphur, 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water).
Make the third application about four weeks after the second, using the self-boiled lime-sulphur alone, without the arsenate -of lead.
If the curculio is numerous and the trees are hardy and have not been injured by the two applications already made, arsenate -of lead may be added to the self-boiled lime-sulphur at the third spraying.
For earlier varieties such as Carman and Hiley make two applications: 1st, when calyces are shedding, and 2nd, about three weeks later.
While we believe that to secure the best results three applications should be made as outlined above, fairly good results may be secured from two applications. In this case make first .application as calyces or shucks are shedding, using the selfboiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. Make second application four weeks later using the same kind of mixture.
CAUTION.
In view of the fact that in the experiments mentioned in the forepart of this bulletin, arsenate of lead did, in some cases, injure fruit, and that Mr. Betts injured some of his trees and fruit with arsenate of lead as previously mentioned, we would not recommend it without due caution. But if the mixture is
47

not made too trong and applied a du'ected in this bulletin, and the tree are in good condition. we believe the arsenate of lead can be u ed with safety.
When the re ults of the exp rim nt with ar enate of lead are compared with the elf-boiled lime- ulphur and arsenate of lead mixture, it appear a if it is afer to apply the ar enate of leao with the self-boiled lime- ulphur mixture than alone.
Further experiments will be carried out along thi line the coming ea on by the State Board of Entomology.
THANKS FOR ASSISTANCE RENDERED. We de ire to :stend our thank to the following parti Profs. W. 1\1. Scott and \\T. T. yre for ad:vice and ugaestions given. Bett Bro . for their hearty co-operation with us in the work, and for a istance rendered. Gra elli hemical ompany for material furnished. B. G. Pratt 'ompany for material furnished.
Manufacturers of Arsenate of Lead. Bowker Insecticide o. 43 Chatham 1.. Bo ton. ::\la Gra elli nemical 0.. Bu'mingham, Ala. )lerrimac Chemical Co., 33 Broad t., Bo ton, la..
herwin-William 0., )l"ewark, N. J. Thomsen hemical 0., Baltimore. ld. Yreeland hemical 0., New York. . Y. 1\10t of the above companies have local agents at different point in the State. For information in regard to the name and address of these write the manufacturer direct. Many drug stores in the larger town handle ar enate of lead. but u ually better prices may be ecured by buying dir ct from the manufacturer .
48

NOTICE.
The Bulletins ot the Georgia State Board ot Entomology, whIch are ot present practical value and still avallable, are mentioned below. (The numbers not mentioned are either out of date or Qxhausted.) Appllcatlon tor any ot these numbers should be addressed to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. Bulletin No. 12.-Merlcan Cotton Boll Weevil. Bulletin No. 13.-Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple. Bulletin No. IS.-Pear Blight DIsease In Georgia, and Pear Leaf BUght. Bulletin No. 20.-Part I. Report ot State Entomologist tor 190&.
Part n. Crop Pest Law and Regulations.
Bulletin No. 21.-BpraylIig to Control the San Jose Scale. Bulletin No. 22.-Black Root Disease ot Cotton. Bulletin No. 23.-The Apple Woolly Aphis. Green Apple Leaf Aphil.
Remedial Measures tor Same. Bulletin No. 24.-Cotton Anthracnose and Cotton "Rusts." Bulletin No. 26.-Peach Leat Curl, Yellows, Rosette and LIttle Peach. Bulletin No. 27.-Proceedings ot Horticultural Society for 1908. Bulletin No. 2S.-"BJack Root" DIsease of Cotton in Georgia and Itl
Control. BulleUn No. 29.-Codllng Moth or "Apple Worm." Bulletin No. 30.-Proceedlngs ot Horticultural Society for 1909. Bulletin No. 31.-The San Jose Scale and Soma Experiments for Its
Control. Circular No. 6.-'1'he Use of Soluble Oils Against San Jose Scale. Circular No. 7.-The Hessian Fly in Georgia. Circular No. "B.-Report on Experiments for Control of San Jose Beale,
19071908. CtrcuJar No. '.-The Brown-Tail Moth.
E. 1.. WORSHAM, State Entomolqlat.

THE UNIVERSITY AT ATHENS.
I. FRANKLIN COLLEGE. (The College of Arts.-Established 1801, offering the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, and including: 1. General Courses in the Liberal Arts.
2. Special Courses.
n. THE GEORGIA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND THE MECHANIC ARTS.-Established 1872, offer. ing the Degree of Bachelor of Science, and including the following: (a) In the College of Science and Engineering:
1. The General Science Course. 2. The Civil Engineering Course 3. The Electrical Engineering Course. (b) In the College of Agriculture: 4. The Full Agricultural Course. 5. The Forest Engineering Course. 6. The One-year Agricultural Course. 7. The Winter Course in Agriculture. 8. The Experiment Station (at Experiment) .,: 9.. The Farmers' Institutes.
m ~ GRADUATE SCHOOL.-Offering the following De greeh (. ,1 lJrt&ster of Arts. 2.. Master of Science. 3. Civil and Mining Engineer.
IV. THE LAW DEPARTMENT.-Offering the degree of Bachelor of Law-A Two Years' Course.
V. THE UNIVERSITY SUMMER SCHOOL.-Founded in 1903. Five Weeks' Session, offering courses in 1. Common School Branches. 2. Pedagogy and Related Subjects. 3. High School Studies. 4. Selected College Studies
VL THE SCHOOL OF PHARr,iACY.-Offering the Degree of Graduate in Pharmacy-A Two Ye9Xs' Course.
vu. THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.-EstBblished 1908.
Por particulars address the head of the Department or the Chancellor, Athens, Ga.

~
~
Georgia State \. Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 33.

NOVEMBER 1910.

,

Proceedings

Of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting

OF THE

.
Georgia State
Horticultural Society

Held at Sparta, Georgia,
January 26-27, 1910.

Published by the State Board of Entomolo8Y and State Horticultural Society.

Georgia State Board of Entomology

Bulletin No. 33

November, 1910

Proceedings
of the Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the
Georgia State Hortic.ultural Society
HELD AT SPARTA. GA. January 26 and 27. 1910
Published by the State Board of Entomology and Slate Horlic.ullural SOCIety
ATLANTA. GA.: CHAS. P. BYRD. STATE PRINTER
1910

THE DEATH OF
DR. P. J. BERCKMANS
PRESIDENT OF THE
CEORCIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
OCCURRED ON
NOVEMBER THE EICHTH
NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TEN

Georgia State Board of Entomology

ORGAN IZATIO

hairman,

T. G. HUDSO ,
ommis ioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ex-officio Member.

Pre ident,

P. J. BER KMANS,
lale Horlicullural ociety, Augu tao Ex-officio :Member.

Presidcnt,

J. J. eo~ ER,
tate Agricultural oci ty, Ex-officio 111 muer.

artersville,

E. L. WORSHAM, Slale Entomologist and ecrcla ry of lbe Bard, Atlanl.a.

A. . LEWI , A i tan t tate Entomologi. t, tlan tao

W. \. REED, Field A' i'lant Entomologisl, Atlanla.

W. W. eHA E, Depuly In pectoF, Atlanta.

G. R. CASEY, Deputy Inspector, :Mariel tao

Georgia State Horticultural Society

OffICERS
1910-1911

PRE IDE T,

.1'. J. BER K1.IA S

Augusta

VI E-PRE IDENTS,

1 t Con!!'ressional Di [riel-I.. R. FARMER

Louisville

2nd Congres ional District-H. C. ,YHITE

DeWitt

3nl Congressional Distriet-]<'RA~l\: O. MILLER

Fort Vallil.Y

4th Congressional Dislricl-J. J. STRANAIIA:T

Bulloehville

51 h COl1O're~siollal Di triel-JULIA J FIELD

Allanta

6th COllO're ional Di lriet-A. D. WILLI M,

Yale dlle

7th COIl!!"ressiollal Di'lriet-OEO. II. 1.ULLER
8th COllO'rc 'iollal Di lricL-B. "T. H NT

Rome Eatonton

!JUt C 110'1'05 'iollal Di I ri I-I. C. IVADE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. omelia

10th Congres iOllal Di lricl-\\-. I. lIARLEY

parln.

lllh COIlO'l'C sional District-'i". \\. THOdA

Valdosla

SECRETARY,

J. B. WIGH~'............................................. airo

THEA 'h.L.;R,

La I.' A. DEll 'K&J l\R

Angusla

STANDING COMMITTEES

Prof. T. R. 1 Hallon L. A. I3erckmalls J. B. 'Yi"ht II. R. , laight. IIcrucrt . Wbite
. R. C. I3cL'ckman II. B. hase O. II. :!IIiIIcr

N NEW:BR ITS. ON, Y~Ol'nIH.

:

Albells

Augusla

Cair0

D more t

DeWilt

Angusta Ilunl \'i lle, Ala.
Rome, Ga.

Prcsidcnt Bcrckmuns dicd Noyelllbcl' 8tb, 1910. 5

ON OR AME.r TAL A D USEFUL TREES.

B. W. Hunt

Eatonton

Prof. Alfred Akerman

Athens

H. L. Boone

Valdosta

B. W. Stone

Thomasville

o VEGETABLE CULTURE.

Prof. H. E. Stockbridge

Atlanla

H. L. Long

Leesburg

Jno. A. Cobb

Americus

Charles S. Bohler

Augusta

F. A. Ruggles

Dawson

ON PACKING VEGETABLES AND FRUITS AND TRA SPORTATIO OF.

J. Moragne Fleming Geo. White, Jr T. R. Lombard A. M. Kitchens T. F. Murph

Atlanta Sparta Cornelia Baldwin :M:arshallville

W. H. Felton, Jr Judge H. L. Long J no. T. West. M. J. youmans

ON LEGISLATION.

1lfacon Leesburg Thomso:l Dawson

ON BIOLOGY.
E. L. Worsham, State Entomologist. A. C. Lewis, Assistant State Entomologist

Atlanta Atlanta

6

ROLL OF MEMBERS FOR 1910-1911

Akerman, Prof. Alfred Alston, Dr. . E
Berckmans, L. A -Berckmans, P. J Berckmans, Mrs. P. J Berckmans, R. C Berckmans, P. J. A. Jr Black, R. II Boone, H. L Bohler, Chas. S Boyd, Willis ~f.
Carroll, J. S Chase, H. B Christian, ~ Clark, Jno. W Cobb, Jno. A Coffee, Joel Cuthbert, Alfred
Deckner, Chas., Fort McPherson Dozier, O. A
Farmer, L. R Felton, W. H., Jr Field, Julian Finney, J. T Fleming, T. M Fleming, Jas. L Fort, Jno. P Fugazzi, M., 204 Sixth St..
Gilmore, Geo Griffing, C. Moo
Harley, W. 1. Hendrickson, F. W
7

Athens Richland
Augusta. Augusta Augusta Augusta Augusta Cornelia Valdosta Augusta Adairsville
Baltimore, Md. Huntsville, Ala.
Atlanta Augusta Americus
LuI a. Augusta
Atlanta Athens
Louisville Macon Atlanta
Haddocks Atlanta Augusta Athens
Cincinnati, O.
Wartben Jacksonville, Fla.
Sparta, Ga. Milledgeville

lIelldrickson, 1. n

Illledgevilte

Hood, . J............................................. ommCl'ce

IIllghc, Dudley L

"

Danville

IIunnieult, G. F

Allanta

IIunl, B. \Y

:1lonlon

Yilchcns, A. :M

Baldwin

Lewis, A. ., Assistant Enlo!Uolo"i I

ALlanla

Lillie, T. II............................................... pm'la

Lombard, '1'. R........................................... orn lia

Long Juuge H. L

Lce burg

.l\Iidd! lon, W. S .l\Iiller e. H liller, J. . .l\1iIIcr, Frank Ie Ie 'ky, L. L
"T M Halton, Prof. T. II
.l\IorriII, . 1I[unJh J. }"., T'rrs. la. Fruit I~~:<:h:lngr>
Powell, J. r

Clarks IIi11, S. r .
Rom , .. Rome Fort v'alley ALlallla
Alhen l\laeon Mal hal1ville
Dill:1l'11

Rag rs, J. N H)wlanrl \\'. l\J..

JHlria Aug'II"la

, roll, \Y. 0

C!:lI'ks IIill, H. C.

,colt, Eo IT.................................... lillcclgc\'ille, 0:1.

heppal'tl, Cco. \Y

Tallap 0':1

Simmon, P. B.

Gaine \'ille

Staight, H. R

Demore t

Stone, B. IV

Thoma. \'ille

Stoekbrido'e, Prof. II. E., 20 For:'.dh t..

:

AlIanla

Swain, J. P

\Tarnell

Teasley, G. J Thoma, \1". IV

'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ~Inlon Yaldos!a

Von H ril, n., 93 T a. an , I.

X IV York if)'

Wade, I. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ol'nelia,
\ aCl'nic'kr, 11. K, nOll P:l. ,\ \C' \Y:lshing[on n. r.

8

"'l'~f Jilt). '1'

ThOI1l'oll

"'lialey, 'W. T

Whaley

'Yhite, Il. E

Spada

"Thite, 0 o. Jr............................................ parta

Wbile Herbert,

DeWitt

"'hituey, . E

'..uo-usta

"'io-ht, J. B

Cairo

"'illiarn, A. D

Yatesville

William, J. '1'........................................ IIaddoel:

"-or;;:ham E. L., laic ElltolUolo!!i:l.

Allanw.

Youmans, l\I. J

Daws n

HONORARY MEMBERS

AIWOl1d, 1'1'0[.\\'. D

'a. Clmr!ollc',:ij]r,

Bailr.'", Prnf. L. II. orncll ni,el'sity

Illia a, . Y.

Brackett, Col. G. B., hier, Diy. of. PomoIo' y W'a bino-lon, D. C.

-Bush, I ador

Bushburg ~Io.

Crayl n, Hon. B. 1<'

Anderson, S.

Fnnlllss, II II. D. l!~., Ex,G ". of I'cbra ka

Brown "ille, Keb.

-Gray, Prof. Asa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. IImbrido-c, Tlfa~~.

Green, ?Ill'..

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. laylon, Ala.

lIaIe, J. H

South Glaslonbury, onn.

-llexamer, Dr. F. 1\1.

, lanford, onn.

-Jol.\", 'ha

Pari, France

-,Hechan, Tlioma

Germ, nlo"'Jl, Pbila.

?lfnn on F. Y

Dalla , '1'exa

-.'cwman Prof. J. S

Walhalla, ,. C.

Pear on, T. G. (f:ec. Audubon Socicty)

Oreen boro, N. C.

-Quinn, P. '1'

~-c\Yal'kf

J.

"'ims 01. R. 1\1........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. olnmbill S. C.

- trayman, Dr. D. J

Leavenworth, Kansas.

Thurber, Dr. Geo. (Editor Am. Ao-rie.)

Pas aic, . J.

-Wilder, Hon. lIar hall P., Ex-Pres. Am. Pom. Soc Boston, :l\I:J.ss.

"Decea ed.
9

PREFATORY.
The attendance at the Sparta se sions was much larger than heretofore and was graced by the presence of many ladies and numerous persons from the surrounding country. Many new members were added to our roll, and the interest which was manifested in the deliberations of each day, was gratifying to the officers of the Society, who had many months previous arranged a most attractive program.
As was expected, only a small quantity of fruit was exhibited, the session being too late. But the citizens of Sparta were most hospitable and showed their appreciation of the session being held in their midst, by incessant courtesies.
At the conclusion of the first day's proceeding an elaborate banquet was tendered the members of the Society and Visiting friends by the hospitable citizens of Sparta, at which the Pre ident presided as Toastma tel'. The occasion was a very pleasant one, a pirit of good fellowship prevailed throughout the evening, and after the dinner was concluded, several delightful speeches were made by those called upon by the Toastmaster, who .took occasion to thank the good citizens of Sparta, e pecially the ladies present, who took such an interest in making the sojourn of the members of the Society as pleasant as possible. This event will long be remembered by those who were fortunwte in being present.
His Excellency, Governor Joseph M. Brown, (who has always evinced a friendly interest in the work of the
10

Society) had promised to attend during the last day's session, but at a late moment telegraphed that important State bu iness prevented him from being present. This was much regretted by everybody.
It was made evident that the action of the Society taken at a previous s~ssion, in changing the time of holding its Annual Meeting from August to January, was wise.
Owing to the fact that the American Pomological Society will hold its Biennial Session at Tampa, Fla., on January 31st, the 35th Annual Meeting of the Georgia State Horticultural Society will be held at Thomasville, Ga., on January 26th and 27th, giving an opportunity to some of our members and friends to attend the session of the oldest and greatest of our National Pomological organizations.
Reduced fare will probably be given by the Florida railroads.
11

PROCEEDINGS OF THg THIRTY-FOU~THANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HELD ~T SPARTA, GA., JANUARY 26th and 27th, 1910.

Pre id nt P. J. Bel' 'bmw. alled the meeting to or-

der pl'omptly at 10 :30 a. m., a. ]:1l'ge ait ndanre bein o-

pI' ent. In the all ence r th c1'ctary, fl'. J. B.

"Tight, of airo, Ga., Prof.

. L wi of tlle 'tat

Bonrl of Enlomology, \\'a: j'(,fJ!H'slcfllo acl n,',' cr tal'Y

pro lem.

The ev. j\fr. Britt, of 'pm'la, Ga., invok d the di \'ine

,bl ., ing for a nrr ,~rnl ant11>cn ficia] mc ting.

lIon. Thoma, F. Fl min o', of ill pnrta Bar, deliv-

ered the addre f wclcorne, i!1"itino- thn oci ty and

each member to partake of their h 'pitality, and a ur-

ing the ociet)' that the itizens of Sparta ould do all

:in tll ir power to make the me ting proli.t<lbl and uc-

ce ful.

oJ. John P. Fort, of Athen , Gn., one of the. 0 iety'

olde t and mo t valuable ill mber. in appropriate word

re ponded to the ad:Ire of welcome, and thanked the

citizen of parta for ill ir <Yoou wi, he and kind offer-

ing of hospi.tality.

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

T,Amr.s AND OR '1'LE'~fF.N AXD ::\rl~, ffmnc.; 01' TTTF. TNrr. JTOn'rJC' T,1'{TnAT, ,OrTR'l'Y:
I enn n~. HI' you fhnl iL i: ",ilh :1 g-I' nl tlpaJ of "Icnsure Ihnt r nu\\' g-rcc[. you ht']' IO'by, aua CSI'C ,jail." Ihnt il jf; n goo,] ::ll1,~lIl'~' r r u
whell tllC Indie:> [I]'C pre's nl in s:lC'h n1lmh I'S to hclp ns ",ilh tbeir ,~'mp[llhy in out' wOl'k. 'Ye ean nhray" a('c TI11,li.. h hcllcl' I'l',ult. when '" h:l\'e their pI' ,ellce [lnd co-opel'atiun.
l:!

It has been said lhat for many year past hOrliculture has been tardy in it development becau e of the difficulty in ecurin'" reliable practical teachiug from tho e who have given thi pUI uit the attention which it required, and further becau e horticulture half a century ago was con ider d as of small importance when compared with agriculInre.
This opinion W:J enlerlnined by mnny writer upon a"'l;cultnral 'onomy f tho e tim,. They beld that al1 of OUl' th u productive ]' ouree were ub er,i nt to the ullil'ation of colton, and caused al~ OUl' effort to be concentrated upon tIle O't' at mon y crop.
However, a few fat' eeUlO' men for aw tbat tbi COUI"Se mu t e\'entnally be modified wilh lhe incren in'" wealth of ur rural population, which bl'ought wilh it the neces ity of pI' \'i ling for the incrensiug ne d, in the pt'oO'rru, of OUl' dom .lic economy and, ocial ,y tem, which is continually advancin'" and on. I)uenlly adding to human w::mls and pt'oducing tb mcnn for tI'eit' sllpply.
From lhis beO'an a forward mOl'e ill our h rlicultural progress. Men of k cn observation eeing lh , gr at pos.'ibilities of ihi climale and of the lil'er ified soil for t1 ces fully growing a large ran"'e of fruits and plant, began to experiment along ,these lines. oting their
ucc ,other became O'radually inter ted, until the re ults of th .'I~ experiments were made kno\\n t1u'Ough the pet'iodical then published.
We have now reached the oonelu ion Hmt horticultural education and the application of it eientific principle i in k epinO' with the present rcquirements of life, Our pI' uece or began to advocate the cultivation of fmits and a larger varicty 'Of culinary veO'etables. This was followed by the a<lorning of 'home ulToundmgs with flowers and ornamental trees and ,plants, a natural consequence of woman's refining influence.
Our commercial fruit nnLl "eO'etable indu try had it beO'inning wben a urplu bad to seek an oullet to the city market, and today ha l' ached the pint whero it i only secondary lo our great taple, collon.
It i. with ineere pI a lire that an 0PI rlunily i O'i\' n me to ndc1re,,,; the cit izen of this fal'or tl ,eel ion or middle Georgia. lOU hnye taken achnntao or lh p .'.il.>ilitie, which a gen l' u.' .'oil, climate llll,l transportal ion fncilili s hal'e gil' n YOli. W'ilh intellio'enL pl'ogres~i\'e ,pirit yon h.w made your .'ection nmong the mosL au\'anc d in OUl' late's pI' duclil' l'C'SOlIl'C'S, and l' cognizing the, e advnntagc, wvth the application of the b ,t modem scientific m thol you have nchieved an ll\'iabl reput,ati 11 as a highly ec1ueated, social and refined community.
13

Weare glad Lo be with you, make new friends, and strengthen Lhe bonds which are engendered by a common pm'Suit, where the only strife for advancement is one where each of us aspires to grow beLter crops than our neighbor and to tell him of om' more succes ful methods, that by so doing he, as well as others, may be henefited.
While of lart:e Y0aI'S horticultm'e and especially its commercial features, have made such rapid progres , there is some danger in overreaching one's capacity for succe sful results. Of Lhis we frequently have a painful evidence in the numerous peach orchards which have been gradually abandoned, frequently at great pecuniary loss. The causes which brought about these failu.:.es are many, such as sometimes the unsuitableness of soil, situation, great distance from transportation facilities, selection of the Wl'ong market varieties, insect depredations, and fungous di eases; but oftener they arise from planting a larger area than can be properly cultivart:ed, fertilized, sprayed, and the products profitably disposed of.
The principles which should govern everyone of us is how to gather the lm'gest and most valuable prowl/cts {rom a given surface of land in any givelJ number of yeals. This is advanced by all agricultural economi ts, and should nevcr be forgotten. Therefore if you should gather from one acre a very large and profitable crop, owing to careful cultivation, high fertilization and the application of all the scientific methods which are available, do not think that the same re uIts will be secured if you e)..i:end your 'area of cultivation beyond where you can concentrate your labor and attention. There is a limit.to successful and regular results in every class of our products.
TIlE SOCIETY'S FRUIT Lr T.
Each section of our great State holds out pos ibilities for the profi<table growing of certain products, and if one intends to embark in their cultiva:tion he should first carefully study these. Our Society has ever since its birth published a catalogue of fruits which aI'e adapted to our special geographical regions. These fruit lists have been most carefully revi ed during the pa t season and are now as reliable a guide for all fruit growel'S as the combined work of our leading succe ful fruit growers has been able to accompli h. A glance at these Ii t will how ,that special varieties are best suited to each region, but as there is a great divel'SbLy of soils in each of these, the prospecbive tree planter should carefully examine the particular con tituents of the proposed orchard site, see that there is proper drainage, exposure and other details which may conduce to the success of Lhe particular va-
14

riety which he intends to plant, as the fruit list can not be expected to give all these points for all of the fruits catalogued.
STERILITY IN SOME VARIETIES.
In il:hese remarks it is impossible to give minute details upon the cultivation of all classes of fruits. These will no doubt be elucidated during the course of your discussion, but one important fact should never be forgotten by all who plant large solid blocks of trees of one variety, thaJt the inflorescence of some sorts is not always perfect, and the absence of sufficient pollen often causes sterility. Blocks of such varieties should have a few rows mixed with others that are known to be profuse pollen bearers.
OIL"AMEN'I'll HORTICULTURE.
The advance in this feature has of late been very rapid, and is a most encouraging evidence of the gradually 'improving education in our rural districts. The State is to be congratulated upon the establishing of District Agricultural Schools where 'Our boys and girls can receive the proper instruction which will eventually fit them to become uccessful cultivators of the soil. Blling thus equipped with the practical knowledge of ,the various subjects nece sary for their ultimate pursuit, there will then be every reason for retaining them permanently upon the farm and in tbi action of oUT taA:e lies the foundation for more enlightened, progres ive and succe ful workers of the soil who will look upon their avocation as one of pleasure, profit and comfort. We pin our faith upon the futul"e retention of our best rural population, upon our lands, upon a higher education wbich is to come from these Agricultural Schools, and especially the grewt aid from our new State College of Agriculture, where the bigher branches of modern scientific knowledge are offered to our yotmg men.
FORE TRY EDUCATION.
This necessary adjunct to a farmer's knowledge is now one of the most desirable features of our State College of Agriculture, and bids fair eventually to cOtmteract the gradual loss of our foreSts. Practical instruction is annually given by competent teachers taking boys to camp in districts where timber is still abtmdant. There, under a strict discipline a systematic knowledge is given as to ,the value of the different varieties of trees, their practical economic use, the relation which forests have upon our agl'iculhtral indush'ies, together with methods for replenishing by proper reforestation the great timber
15

denuualioll wili h ha' 'r aled such enorUlOUS de\'::lslalion in OUl' ll<'rieulLlll'al land,. It is 11:0 be hoped ,Ihat more attention will be giv n to Ihi peeial branch of in truclion, that our O'ullied and eroded land may eventually be clolhed with a luxUl'iant growth of trees, ill tead of, as now, only eonveyinO' a timber memory.

HIGHER RURAL EDUCATION.

Without enterillg into a di eu ion a to the cau es of our pre ent rapid increa e in the co t of li\'1ng, we houll be warned by the utterances of many men, clo e tudenf of political .aud domc tic economy, wilo fore.ec tbat the time 1 comillo when this "'reat eouutry will be c mp Ilcd ,to look elsc\\'b r for Ihe purcha c f li\;uO' nece ities. The tea ly illcrctl, e 111 lhe cosL of fhe II ce "itil' brillgs with it a s[C':Hly dem'and ,in the illcr 'ase of \ya~c, 111 e\'ery JHII 'nit. To me t fh ~e criou' prc lictiolls of a futur 1 s!>ible famine, lJecau c the ratio f pI' ducfion 1 ]c ' than Ihat of <1 maud, tile only remcdy i- au increa ing yield in our food j)l"olucl .
Thi call be 'l'curcd by the applicatioll of iu/cusiL'e fanniuf} me/hods, thc kllo\\'lcllg of \\'!rich i 1I0W frcely utrer d by a \\'i e tale and Fed ral Gb\'crnment to ~11l who will 'a\'ail lhem ch'c' f lhcse opporlunili . 'Ve a adnmccd 1 rlicultul'i I .hould do all iu oUt' po\\"et to aid in ihi iu rea ed yield, pracl1cally d 01011 trali~lO' that this is po ible by advo ating and adoptulO' mOl'e intelliO'ent m thod of cultivation than are generally pracliced and promoting greater coheion among 'Our rlli'al people ill liv1n'''' more c]o-ely together where the same pursuit prevail.

INSBCT DEPnED.tI.rlO~ .

In 1894 the anllual Jo s to our agricultura] crop. from illscct I esls

had reach d the va t um of $200,000,000. In 190 , the tatistic of

the

. Department of AnTi ll]tUt' tate that thi terrible fiO'ure had

been more 1han doubled and the annual ]os- cau d by inse t amounted

to $700,000,000, 01' len per CE:nl. of Ihe entire value of OlU' aO'ricultural

and horticultural crops. The boll u:eLt'il los in the cotton belt ha

amounted to from $20,000,000, to $2 ,000,000 annually. The straw-

ben'y u:cc'Vil d fro ed $700,000 worth of fruit in one county in Jorlh

arolina.

These figures are appalliuO' and admonish aJI cultivator of the

soil to use the utmost yigilance in protectioO' in ectivorous birds that

can de troy more noxiou in ect than all the prayinO' that is done.

Our tate has wi ely made a special appropriation to the Bureau

16

of EntolUolog-y which will give ils officers additiunal meaus fur ex! Ili"e field and laboratory work, but i it not imperative that all our progre sive tiller of the oil should acquire some knowledge of in ect life and the means to eradicate the noxious species? Free lectures upon economic entomology are offered by the State College of AgricuHure,
Why not avail yourseh'es of this opp01'tuniiy and thus aid in lcssening the grcat los to 'our field prouuets and in a manner off ettillg the direful predic,tion for a pos ible food supply
By doing we will haye the sati 'faction in sbaring in tbe work of lhe world's nice,
TI; 'IWLOGY.
lJoc/or cil i11dn-ne:;:
A felV days "tf'lcl' our Jast s~ssioll at Athcns lhe llumcr us frienlls of Dr. McInnes received lbe tlUUOUllCClDeut of !lis dealh at a waleI' cure in Pennsylvania, whcre he Iiad O'Olle in hope of bcing rclieved of a slight ailm ni fr m which lie had suffercd for 'evel'al monlh pa t. This be ame rapidly 'agg'l.'a"at d, and ended his life shortly aftcr bis ani,'al lh rc.
lIe was grcatly onc rllccl because of his inabilily to b pre nt at our la t annual e. sion, and we will m; this genial fljend and coworker who for 19 year sen'ed you as the Vice-President from the 101h ConOT _sional Di triet.
Doctor M"dnne was bol'll in ScoHan] in 1834. A a yonng man he became bief Enoiueer ill the Ancbor Line of team hip, which pursuit he followed for many years.
Graduated aftcrwards in medicine at Philadelphia, he lhere practiced his profession for two year before coming to Augusta, where he made his home during thirty years. He was a true philanthropi t, eonneclinO' himself with every public in litution where he could add to the welfare ()f 0lhe1 , and where hi con taut work wa freely given without any other reward than the ulliver al esleem in which he was held in his community and by ,those who knew him as a co-worker in his efforts to pr'omote the ethics of ihis Society.
DOCTOR JESSE PHILIP HENRY BROWN.
Dr. Brown was born in Maryland in 1830, 'and followed dental surgery as his profession. He resided a few years in Atlanta and in 1 64 mo,ed to Augusta, where he made his permanent home, and where he died in September, 1909. He was a scientific investigator, espe-
17

cially in agriculture, of which he made a success. He introduced the first bees 'Of the Italian breed and wrote extensively upon this branch of industry. All of his manuscripts, intended to be published in book form, were destroyed by fire together with his residence.
He served you as Vice-President of the 10th Congressional District from 1876 until 1889, during which peliod he annually contributed many valuable papers. In later life he became a most successful strawberry grower, his berries being always 'Unusually large and commanding a high price. He aJ 0 originated a few excellent cro s-bred varieties.
THE PRESIDE T: "All of our members are not yet present, but more are expected this afternoon. However, we should be glad to enroll the names of any present who wi h to become members of the Society, and the old members who have not paid the trea urer their dues' will now be given an opportunity to do o. We will take a sho~t rece s for this purpose befo~e we begin our regular program.
"We have as the first thing on our program an address on Soil Fertility by Prof. Fain, of the State College of Agriculture. He has, however, written me desiring that this should go over until tomorrow morning. I regret to announce that everal members have sent their excuses.
"Prof. J. S. ewman, of Walhalla, . C., who has a paper on the Home Garden as Auxiliary to the Farm. advises me that his health will not allow him to attend our meeting. His son al 0, Prof. C. ewman, a native of Sparta, who was to have delivered a paper on Clover Crops in Orchards, has been called to the Experiment Station at ummerville, S. C., and will be unable to attend.
"Mr. Swingle, of the Department of griculture, Washington, D. C., is also unable to be present. I made
18

every effort to get some officers of the U. S. Department of Agriculture to attend this year, but everyone that has been addressed has replied that no man was available at this time of the year to send South except Mr. Swingle, who promised to come at the reque t of our friend Mr. Hunt. However, as just stated, he writes that he can not come, but sends a paper, many photographs, and also some fruits.
Our secretary, Mr. Wight, of Cairo, is unable to come on account of the illness of his wife, who has a severe attack of la grippe. He says th'at it is a great disappointment to him, and it is al 0 to us.
"Prof. Akerman, of the Georgia State College of Agriculture, whom I introduce to you, will now present his paper."
NATIVE TREES FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES.
By PROF. AL:h'RED AKERMAN, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
When I was "llsked to discuss this topic before the Society, Ire fused, but afterwards consented, against my better judgment.
My chief study has been of native trees for commercial purposes, and naturally I feel myself at a great disadvanmge when I come to discuss ,their ornamental values. However, in spite of long training along utilitarian lJines, I, in common with most people, must confess to an appreciation of the beautiful in trees.
Nearly every one admir~ trees. In some cases this admiration amounts almost to idolatry. Omen trees of inferior ornamental value are kept on streets, lin parks, 'and on private grounds for n'o better reason than the lack of courage to attack a well known fetich.
When one considers our mvtive trees for ornamental purposes' one is overwhelmed with the length of the list to choose from.
When I beg'an to write tbis paper I made out a Jjst of trees native to Georgia that I considered well adapted to ornamental purposes. After I had made my Jjst I counted, the h'ees on it, and found that I had over forty. I dare say that the landscape garde!1er can find the materials for nearly any kind of composition within this State and often within the bounds of one county.
19

Taking the conifers flL- t, thcre arc the pine with ten repre ~nta

tiy in Georgia, at lea t fh'e of which are valuable for ()l'J1'amentJI as well a indu trial purposes. In ~he extreme nOl'thern part of the State we ha,e the white pine, Pinu trobus. Tbi trec with its delicate grey-green foliag ,it incomparable eriect when een aO'ainst the I.;)

a a background, and its quick 0'1' wth make it a mo. t desirable Iree
a in nol'lh GeorOOi<l. It i ometim 1 s d in middle roia, but il docs
not e m to be thrifty \l'h n plant d onl of il na'tul'al ralwe. The . hort Icaf pine, Pinu echina/a, is fOUlld all oyer thc tat.
Perhaj:: orne of yon 'are surr>ri. d lInt I class il among the ol'llamenial tre . bnl I b lieve that if you will consid [' it fairly . u will come

to the c nclu ion that it ha aIm t if not quit the yaluc of the, etch pin, Pinus yll;e 'Iris, which has been ,'0 exlen. iyely U d in ol'l1amental planting.

The loblolly pine, Pinlls laNla, occm in ,{ hc Piedm nt and i he

roa. tal plain. It" "'eneral appearane i imilar to thc horflcaf. It

ha. one ach'alllage o"cr thc horfleaf in ils "cry rapid O'ro\\'[h.

The longl af Pinu. 1'a1u f ri aud uban I inc, Pinu helerophyllu,

oc lIL' in the c aslal plain. Both, becau.e of [h ir dark tufted foliuO'e,

larg ou an 1 tall straight trunk, are c mmeuded for me kind

of ornamen1a1 work, such a' groups and avenue...

'l'he bald CypL' Taxodiwn eli tichml1, llative to the bay and

\l'amrs of the c a tal plain, i ometime n ed for ornamental pur-

poses. The cypress, unlike mo. t of the conifeJ sll d ils foha~' in

the winter. Thi giYes it a weird apl earance which appeal

the

fan y; il tart one to thiJlking of owl and browni ".

The juniper ba. h 0 rcpre en'lati"es in Georgia, Juniperus virginiana and Juniperu uarbadensis. The J~tniperu 1:il'gilliana occur throughout the tate and the otber in the coastal plain. The juuiper i exten i"ely planted for ornament. I do n t recall ha\'ing een a community of a dozen house. or more where ,thi tree had n t been planted. I )nt~st ay, that O'i\'en normal health and flppetite, I do not rflre f I' the juniper. It ombre a"pert i. nlto elhel' 100 sngg .ti,c of h :ll,es, funeral., and 0']'.'1\' yards.

Thc hemlork i. repre. ent d in G orgia by two. p ('irs, T.ur/a COlla,zrll.,i. and T.~1tga ('aro7iniana. They occnl' only in the nodhern counIi.. Thry ha\'c Illng'. c nicfll crow!ls an<1 <1:11'" nTCen roling-e. Th T.ugn Nllladrnsi i. Ih lIlor COIllPfl('t of the f\l'o, :lnd ill g-eneral lhc sn]J<'rior orll:JlIlcnlal Irce. F<lI' (lark backgl'olllllls it has gore::ll meriL

The walnut has t\\'o rcpl'e.entalivc in tbc lale, thc butter-nm,

JlIg7alls cinerea, and the black walnut JlIglan nigra. The bult l'Illlt

20

OC .tl\ only in the norlhern count ic. It i. l' aclily di tingui hed rJn1 the black walnut by it lighter colored bark.
The black walnut OCClll throughont the tate on alluvial soil , and to a 1 extent on moi t hill-sides. It is superior to the butternut in every way. It grows rapidly 'and attain gigantic proportions. For plantinO' singly or in gor lipS where a lr.rO'e, ma i\'e t1' e is needed it has mnch 'l commend it-. J\Iorcover, it may sen'e a dual or triple pn1'po.e; it may ornam nt the gronnd. and aL the amc lime bear nul and prodnce timber. The nut ha,e high nulrilive ,alue and the timber i l' pod d in the December sale Ii L at '26.50 to $2 5 a thou and. When trees are grown f r their nut lhey bould tand far eu Ug.l apart to de,elop larO'e top. A a rule thi detracl from their ,'aille for limber purpo ,but walnut i an exception to the rule; for it i. n. ed fur finishing and cabinet work, and lmol , burrs, and curl whirh l' uH f.om wide spacing enlJance il ,'alne.
The hickory has ome six natiYe repre. enlatives in the tate and one lhaL has bcen introduced. The inll'odu cd OIie i. the pecan, JIicoria 2Jecan, so well known to you all. II ll]ch O'reen foliage and clean, thrifty appearance gi\' it con iderable ornamental valne; although ils chief value is due to ils nut. It wood i prized for fuel, and it is of meJillm yalue for timber. What i' true of tbe pecan is true in a general way of the oth l' hickorie.. me of tb m bear eatable DUt ; orne of tbem produce the be t of impl ment, carriage, and wagon timber; all of tbem are good for fuel; and all of them ha,e con iderable ornamental vulue.
There are two Ie ie of cottonwood nati'-e to Georgia, the swamp cOtlOllWO d, Populus heterophylla, and the common collonwood, Populus cleltoicles. The common olton wood is nsed exlen ively for ornamental pUl'po e. Its extraordinary rate of O'ro\\'th and the ea. e with which it i propaO'ated ha\-e much to do with it popularity. lick a witch in the ground and in a few years you have a tree. Except in the e point, it i an inferior tree, and it ha,; the a Jditional dmwback that its) 01 are apt to penetrate ewer and drains and cloO' Ihem. For u. e about h n es and on tree! 1.his is el1ous.
The hee h, Fo,f}u olr02JlInicco oc III'S throng-hout the lale. It is an ex(' lIent ornamenlal Iree. It.. mo tho g'r y burk. ils abnndant folillg-e, 'tnming: yellow in the fall, and it. clean and thrifty growth make for H 'an almosphere a11 ils Q",n. If i., "'ood as :l 'ingle tree. beller in g.oups, bUL best of all in gTO\'CS. ~'he fallen lea\' mal,e a soft rarp t under Ihe 1l'ees, and ihe dense h:loe ke ps out the weeds, bl'ial , and nnde1'gl'owlh. Be ch wood are the lean. t and Ihe mo L
21

acces ible of all woods. They are the kind of woods that one likes to walk through in winter and to take a book to in su=er.
The chestnut is represented by two' species, the chestnut, Oastanea dentata) and the chinquapin, Oastanea pumila. They are native in the mountains and the Piedmont. The che tnut is a thrifty grower. It has 'lll1 abundance of foliage, the leaves resembling the beech in shape, and in the late spring and early summer it is enlivened by the .long staminate catkins. In autumn its yelle.w-green foliage and goldenbrown burrs make it very attractive. Like the walnut and hickories it may sen-e two or three purposes. It is beautiful, its nuts are edible, and its wood makes good stakes, posts, and fuewood. The chinquapin may he regarded as the che tnut in miniature. What is tnJe of the che tnut is h'ue of the chinquapin, but in lesser degree.
In its oaks, Georgia is indeed bl t. 'fhe botanists recoguize some
25 species in the State. Many of them possess great ornamental value. 'Dhe white 'Oak, Quercus alba) with its spreading branches and its light green foliag'e, tinted' with red in the fall, is everywhere a favorite. The live 'Oak, with Hs small, lustrous lc<wes tand its far spreading hranches, festooned with panish moss, is a favorite in south Georgia. The post oak, the overcup oak with its curious acorn cups, the chestnut oak, the swamp white oak, and the cow oak are other representatives of the wlhite oak group. The scarlet oak with its brilliant foliage in the :all, the Spani h oak, the water oak, and the laurel oak are meritorious representatives of the black 'Oak group.
The magnolia is repre ented by several species. The flowering magnolia, Magnolia foetida) is ea ily the most valuahle of these for ornamental purpo es, It is a native of the coastal plain, but it may be planted in the Piedmont. Its large, dark green lc<wes and its whit\), sweet-scented blossoms have made it a favorite.
The tulip-tree, Li1'iodendron tulipifera) is closely related to the magnolia. It massive trunk, its peculiarly shaped leaf, turning ye~ low in the fall, its brilliant tulip-like blossoms, and its rapid growth all combine to reco=end it. It is fonnd throughout the State; and like the pine, it would be more prized if less co=on.
The sweet gum, Liquidamba1' styraciflua) with its brilliant foliage and wino-ed twigs should be mentioned.
The sycamore, PlatantlS occidentalis) is a favorite for street planting, and should be mentioned. I can not 'explain why, but to me this tree has an Ol-.i.ental atmospbere.
The locust, Robinia lJSeudacacia) is planted 00 a con iderable extent. It has the compound l'eaves co=on to the Leguminosae) and
22

large clusters of white, sweet-scented blossoms. It grows rapidly. It does not cast a dense shade, and for that reason it may be planted to advantage on lawns. In :addition to its ornamental value, it makes excellent fuel and fence posts.
The American holly, Ilex opaca, is one of the smaller trees. Its very lustrous, dark green foliage is known to all. I noted this morning that you have two fine specimens here in Sparta in front of the Presbyterian church.
The rhododendron i also one of the smaller trees. Its large, dark green leaves and attmcti,e flowers are iLs special features.
The dwarf sumac, Rhus copallina, is in ordinary circumstances more of a shrub than a tree, but it ought to be mentioned because of its wide distribution in the StllJLe and of its hjO'h value for planting on banks 'and fringes where its brilliant foliage seryes to enliven the scene.
For fear of wearying yon I have 'om:it,ted from the list the cherry, maples, ba wood, ashes, the dogwood and many others that deserve a place in anything like a complete di cu sion of our native ornamenial hees.
In conclusion, let me say that I am glad to learn from MI'. Berckmans that the demands on his nUl"Sery for native trees are increasing. The foreign trees are desirable, and were it a question of foreign trees or no trees, I would advocate their u e. But with such a variety of nati,e trees, large and small, to choose from, almost if not every ornamen tal 'Purpose can be served by ,their use. As a broad and general rule, the native trees that through the centUl-ies have adapted themselves to the soil and climate, are more resistant to insects, fungi, variations of weather, and to the harsh treabment sometimes involved in transplanting them. Also, native plan'tinO' material can often be produced at a smaller c t than the foreign. I do not wi h to be understood to recommend wild stock either for fore t or for ornamental planting. On the contrary, my observation has been that better l'esUltS are obtained from nUl"Sery-grown stock, but of native species.
This demand for native trees is a sign of development. It shows that the atm.-action of novelty is giving way ,to a deeper and more refined influence' it shows that our people are appreciating trees because of their intrinsic beauty and not because they are unusual or hard to get.
Once I traveled many miles to see Italy. I was charmed by the richness of the landscapes: I enjoyed them thoroughly. Some years later as I went to the post office one morning in my home town in
23

middle Geol'oria 1 happcncd lu louk oJI 10 th hill" alltl as 1 "~\zeJ a~ thaL land cal e I thollcrhL that I had not seen anytIJiug 0 bealltif~11 ill Haly, An Ilalian land cape aim t at my door, In the :J.me v,'ay we go to India, to Japan, to hina, to the end of the earth ill search of beautiful tree wheu e\'ery f r t, e\'ery ",amp, and e\'ery abaud Ded fence corner con lain au abundall e of a beautiful trees and Hhrubs,
THE PRESIDE T: "Thi' l' a very III tructlve e 'say b Prof. ~kerman, an 1 the uhj et i. op n for di 'u ion. Ifou wi '11 to a k any que tion I know the Pl'ofe...or ,....ill tak pl (\ 'ur in an 'werin o' tLJClll. lIe i.. a gi'eat autlJOrity on our nativ' tr ", and a.' he w H aid, thi i a O'l'eat 'tat, but w do not appr eiate it re'our e and they "'i\~ill tillhav t be brouo'bt out a IYreat d a1. M n like Prof. Akerman nr helping u to" ard tha tend."
OL. H NT: "I would lik to ak th Prof SOl' two or three que tion , becau e I do not want u to g t in the habit of pa . ino' over u h in tructive paper. I think di cu . ion, perbap ,:fixe them in our mind better than anything eJ'e could do. You poke of the beech, and from tbe poetic and tender words ou u e I a ume 3TOU fa, or it. 'Wbat ar you o'oing to do with tbe bee h tha t keep half it umm r clothing on in win tel' "
PROF. AKERM N: 'In my e timation it winter foliao'e i one of it mo t b autiful feature."
OL. HUNT: "Not 0 with me. I want a tree that shed it foliao'e and prepares for a new uit in pring. A.nother remark: When you come to the weet gum, I have never een on tran planted that did not carry a
24

few dead limb, and after it has grown foUl' or five year' you find many d ad branche on it."
PR F. KERM N: "I think that i, true of the ,we t o'um whether tran'llant('d or not."
if.R. I. . BER TGIA : ",Vhen you tran plant it you hould prune it in very everely. That i the great troul;le in tran I lantillg a many of our native tree ; they ar not properly pruned. They ar tran planted a they are taken from th nurnery 01' fore. t. If dead hranche. apr ear, the only rem dy i to ut th m out a . . oon a. di. cov I' d."
OL. H NT: "The ~ merican elm i a vel' beautiful tree and one that never 11a to be prune I of any dead wood. And hy th way, I lo not tbink our a-called ycnmore i any compnri on with the on grown in New Enoland. Our nntiv ,~'cnmOl'e" aft l' they pa a c 1'tain a o' 11 gin to show an un. ightl~' . pr('adin o' of the 11l'anc11e.. "
COL. FORT: "111'. Pre i lent, I would like to peak of the pt'neti al u e of on of tbe tre mentioned by Prof. Akerman thnt orne one her may brinn' it into praeti al u. . I peak of the hlaek wnh":lUt and it r pe11ent power
to in et lif. I wi h to illu trate by givin o' two in tnnce
in my life. When a boy at chool in lIilled o'eville, Ga., a great many flea. W 1'e under the chool hou e, and I recall well bein o nt out in the wood to get bla k walnut leave", to expel th flea and they did it very effectually hy th aroma or . cent that they leave. ow, I will
m('ntion nnot]1C'r in. tnn e. 'l'en or tw lv year. no'o, I
25

was ~raveHng ill a huggy in Habersham County, Georgia,
quite a long distance through the mountains, and we stopped on~ day for lunch. I mentioned to the old gentleman who came out of the cabin the number of flies that had gathered around the cabin, and especially on our lunch. He said to me, 'Do you see that large black walnut tree aero the way If you will get under that tree the flies will not bother you for they never come under the black walnut.' I was very much impressed. We had probably half an hour to spend, and I went under the tree. He assured me that when he wi hed to take a noonday siesta and be rid of flies he w nt under tbe foliage of the black walnut. ow in these days when we are accu ing tbe bou e fly of 0 many things and e pecially of carrying typhoid germ , I would suggest that tbe black walnut be planted in proper places to keep tbem off, and the fleas a well.
PROF. AKER fA : "I would like to add another ob ervation to that ju t made. Tbe hou e that my fatber moved into before I wa born wa 0 bad with flie that be planted out orne black walnut. Tbo e trees were of quite a lal'o'e ize wben I fir t remember, and I al 0 remember tbat ery few flie ever came into tbe btchen on that side of tbe bouse, altbough the kitchen was not screened. A great many peol Ie noticed it and remarked about it."
COL. FORT: "Then that i a confirmation of what I aid, and it i a matter worth a great deal to a boy wbo wi hes to plant a nut. In this connection I wish to state tbat I planted more than balf a century ago a pecan nut, and I am informed by the owner of the tree that it has
26

borne more than tEm barrels. The e as I said came from a nut planted in my lifetime."
MR. WORSHA. i[: "I would like to ask a question about the rhododendron. I regard this as one of our most beautiful ornamental , and would like to a k if it is native of the Piedmont regions of Georgia? I pave never known of any ucces ful efforts to grow it in middle Georgia."
PROF. AKERMAI "I would like some other member to an weI' that."
THE PRESIDE T: "Only in shaded situations. We have one variety (R. p'unctatum) native of this section, but it is very scarce, and that i the only one that I know that is indigenou to this section of Georgia. In the upper part of North and South Carolina they have the large white and the lilac, with a range of color including tint of lavender and lilac. There is a variety that comes from A ia Minor that tands the climate of middle Georgia better than any other, but it is necessary that the soil should have a great deal of humus in it. The roots are very fibrous, and they require a soil with a great deal of nutrition. It tran plants very rapidly. You can move it from one place to another without any trouble. "
THE PRESIDE T: "Our friend Prof. McHatton bas just made a trip to the Pacific Coast, where he has inve tigated many things in the ornamental line. He will now give you a short talk on what he has seen there that is mo t triking in ornamental lines."
27

HORTICULTURE ON THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
By T. II. I IL~'ll'o., Prufc~ 'or uf IIorlil'lIllllre, Ge r~ia State ColleO'e
uf A.;riculture Athcus, GeorO'ia.
lR. JlAlIU.LlK, LADa;.. AND GENTLE.llEN:
1l seem' that they 11<1I'e put mc 011 Lhe prOT<lIn fur a talk uu "llor1iculture ou Lhe Paci1:i Slope." IL would hm'e I een a grcat deal better bad it been "Impre iOIl of We tern Horticullure,' becan e my trip of la t SUillmer wa quite burried and I am ouly goin'" to give you a few imp1'e ions yon migbt ay "'Yestern Impr ion from a
ar Window,' '1ou will likely bear more about tbe Hood riYer ection Ihan tbe tbel.
It mu t be conf ed that I di 1 not ba\'e yery mucb time to study Lhe ornamental plants of the c unlry, but it i' impo . ible that I will be able to ay a few word about tho. e a' we come to the di.fferellt ection .
At a certain tacre in hi devel pment e\'ery young mall ha be n c unselled t go 'Vest and !!TOW up wil h lhe coulllry, aud it 0 hapI ened tbat I wa not an exception to lhi rule. f II' year aO'o Ian 1 was off red me in lhe Gl'alld River Valley at olorad at a moderale price before the irrigation y'lem had been e tabli 'hed, I refu ed to take it up partly because, at that time, the small capilal nece sary wa' n t at hand to g into lho v ntuI'e; and partly becau e it wa my desire to I' turn outh from which p3rt of Ibe c ul11ry I had been ~ll araled for 'ome fh'e or six yeal. 0 lasl SUOlm l' when tho Ex] erimeut Rtatior and ollege or AO'ricullure were 10 meet ill Portluull, and while the ealt Ie Exp ilion wa in progres' Pr ident oule asked me if I would go with him to attend lhe on\'enlion and incidentally 'ce mething of lhe \V t. Preparalion w re gladly made for th~ Irip and a the lime came nearer for starlinO', inlerest in the great Rocky
IOllulain land of tbe nit d lates b came iuten e, for I wa an:~""1ou 10 ,ee the ",Ye t, anxi u to know jld how great a mi take I bad made b' taying uth.
Of com' e lbe fir. t w lei'll impr i n, if we wi,h 10 lake the Ii;;sis ippi a oLh dividulO' line, was tbe zal'k reO'ion.
,Ye were unable '00 rop to look the country vel' carefully, but as
we rode al nO' IDO t of my time wa pent looking out of lhe window. I bad beard a "'reat deal from 6me friend who had been workinO' in the Ozal'ks concerning Ihe p ibiliti of thi e lion an 1 lhe nnmber of tree lbat had been planted, 0 I \,as anxious to see wbelbe1' or no~
28

tile orehanl' lI'ere kelJt in 0'00 1 shape, Al lea t from the window olle eoul,] se (he ehara leI' of 'lbe cOI'er crop" the type of pl'lUling' and lhe geueral care which Ibe rehards reccil' 1. I wa disappoiJlte.l. The Il'.ecs alolJg: the road were u I cullil'aled a' 011' 1I'0uid expecl we'l(,J'll orchanls 10 be, nor lI'erc lhey prune I and' in good shape, The leal'ci', of course, w{'re on the Irc aL thai s ason s) ,if wa: possible to:e the dead tree thl'oug-houl the orcllards wllich !lad uoL b eu rcI'lae d, allll while il would be foolish lo pa.. all opiniun ou Ihe ubjeeL from uell a. limited b el'l'ation, the general api earance of tllis ection would I ad oue 10 lIrink Ibat tbey bad gone ioto it on too exten il'e a cale and tbat a grea.t many of tbe growel bad planted out ju t a little bit more than tbey could well care for, and that theref re, the orchard were running doll'o.
liter leaving lbe Ozark and:Mi olll'i, we went into Kansas, \'ITe alV Ihe \"a t prairies wilh no trees iu si"'!lt w!lalel'er. The COl'll !lau becn buml by tbe h t wind and Ibe landseaj e IVa very fiat, wlbroken, uninlelTupl d and unaltraclil'e.
\'ITe went Ihrou b Ihese tr el ~s 'c<ition alld int olorado, (of COlli e we speak of the e lhinos in a, moment, just a if we were !p.ppiJlg aero the line, like goinO' from outh GeorO'ia into Florida, but il lakes you a day r two t get aero tb e miles and mile of IreeI ~ wa Ie) and Ihe fnrtber you go inlo the Golden We t-of com e I mu t land cOTTeeled on tb e poinl if I am in error-tbe further ))n goo inlo lbe Golden W t tbe po rer it g t. Thl'oll"'h the I raides vf Kansa and on into 010rado. you have all seen lho c pictnres oE Heming'lon wllere h ha 1'11' lIuer and lil:le and C1'imson ,eaf lered I'er Ih(' fac of lIle carlh, and I always lhouglll [bey lI'el'c ol'erclralVn, lhaL till'.\' W('I' 1l0thin1t but the 'lreleh of lile imag'iI1:l1ion, yet it mu t be ('('nf , cd tbat abouL all ne can ee ill tbc land cape happen 10 1J\l the;;e clOts, Ft'orn Itbe lime you leave lbe mfielcl of Kansas ana "'el into Dem'et' it i a catlle country-iL ba to be eallle country, as you cl n t cro a runlling tream for mil and miles.
Habitation. are ne e.. arily cat1er d alld all you see i ao-e bru'11. 'Yhy Delll'et' exi t i a puzzle. Dem-er, a city of near llYO hundred tbou. and I eopl a far !I I call 'ce ha 11 rea n on carth for bl'ing wbere it i . oloraclo Cily is closer to {he mine and cl e to the mountains.
''''e were lold ab ut the grand truck o'ardcns which were all around Dcm'er. We enlere I on the Ea t and left on the WesL but never saw the truck. Thc e \'a t o'at'den might hal'c been to tbe Torlh or outh, I can not ay as to lbat. They claim lbat it is mining wbich ha maae
20

Denver what it is. If that is the case, why has not Colorado City outstretched Den,er, for it is closer to the mines and to the mountains. It would seem from casual observation that Colorado City ought to have been the larger place. There may be some geographical reason for the existence of Denver, but I have not discovered it. As a commercial country for the growing of crops, I can not see why it is where it is.
We then went on into the Roch.--y Mountains. One really never tUlder tands why they were called "Rocky" until he gets there. They are the rockiest things ,that ever were, I presume, and the man who named them named them well. At Canon City the train was met by some boys selling cherries. I well remember the cherries which were excellent, and I have a hazy recollection that some peaches were also offered for sale. At ,this point you could see a small orchard from the train. J ow, mind you, we had h'aveled from the Ozarks into the heart of the lOOckies, and had not passed an ~rchard in all this portion of the West. We were de tined to go ihrouah these mountains and even over them, to reach an elevation vf 11,000 feet and to descend on the other side, before going into the real fruit district.
Everyone, of course, has beard of !the large forests in the West, and one would naturally expect to see verdant covered bills topped by now capped peaks with large trees along the sides, making grand and beautiful scenery. Should one start West with any such picture in the mind's eye, he will be sorely disappointed. A person used to the tree-clad hills of the Alleghany system sees li<ttle beauty in the squatty, battle-scarred trees 'Of the Rocky :Mountains. In fact, the mountains a're so rocky that it i almost impossible for a forest to find a foothold. The scenery is arand without a doubt. It is not as beautiful as the scenes on our own home hills if one wishes to di tinguish between beauty and grandeur.
There is one tree, however, that when going through the Rockies, with which every traveler with even the smallest amount of observation must be impressed, 'and that is the Colorado blue spruce. Every plant reaches perfection in its native home, the Rocky Mountains, and the highm: you go into the sky, the more beautiful is the color of this spruce. Its leaves almost seem 00 reflect the heavens. It is a pity that this plant does not do well with us.
On ,the Pacific slope vf the rockies one finds the Grand River valley. The orchardists in this section are making '!IS many, if not more, strides in horticulture than those of any other part of our country. Luck was against me here, 'as we were wrecked in the Royal Gorge.
30

As aptly said by President Soule, we "were gorged'; by ,the Royai
Gorge staying in it for 18 hours. Therefore, we were late arriving at Grand Junction, the main town of the Grand Valley. It was in this section that the uninigated land had been ~ffered to me at a moderaTe price three years before. There was not any water then, in fact ther;) was nothing at all. Though we were late in getting there, it was possible t~ see something of the conditions as the valley is several miles long' and we reached the upper part of it before dark. ew orchards had been slarled on every hand, frequently nlternating with the desert.
Most of these trees were y01Ulg and the bnd had just been brought inlo cullivalion, but you could see lhat they were well cared for and cultivated. Whether the Grand. River people would like one to make the statement or not I do not know, but it looked as if occasionally one was apt to strike some alkali land in this part ~f the world. It is said that they do not have very much alkali out there, but before making a pmchase I think it would be advisable to look closely into the conditions of the oil and its analysi. It is in this valley that they protect their fruits from 20 degrees F. They have reached that stage of perfection where they heat up the face of tl)e earth, as it weloe, from 10 to 20 degrees and warm the trees and buds so that a crop can be made. They probably have done more there along this line than anywhere el e. Pa sing through the Grand River section, one finds himself in. the MOl'mon teLTitory in the State of tah-still a waste.
Thel'e 'are mOlmtain , of course, an this section, but even though it i on the Pacific side, there till seems to be a dearth of forests, or at lea t such fore is as one is familiar with arolmd here. The Mormons in fact have had to plant trees aI'ound ,their homes ror the purpo e of hreaking the orce of the wind as well as the sun. They seem to have fOl'med the habit of planting the Lombardy poplar. All th1'ouO'h tah you will see these trees which look so much like an exclamation point. Whenever you see a collection of them, 01' in oth~1' word a group of exclamation points, you can put it down as a Mormon's home. They must have put out thousands and thousands of them, for wherever a tree h;s been planted it is u ually a poplar. They O'ive a peculiar foreign a pect to the land cape. It seemed strange to me tbat no one had ever mentioned the fact of the Lombardy poplars being a numerous in tah, for they are the most prominent things in the land cape. Whenever yon strike water, this land is fertile, very feI1ile. Along either side of the stream one sees strips of verdant trees and gra s, and where water has been put upon the land it
31

is bountiful. Truiy, water ha made the de ert unlock stores of ~et' dure and gi"e bountifully to the hu band man. It has been said of all thi grcat West that water and O'ood ociety i all it need. If I ma be excused by ihe ladic pl'e5f:nl, there i likewi c a pIa c mcntioned in the Bible that if it had waler and O'ood cicly, ould no IOlJO'el' be hcld up a a place of punishment for sinner.
AfteL' leaviug alt Lake ity and tL'aYeling for a niO'hl, you then come to the de eL't proper, the DeYil's PJayoTound, with it shifting white and and its ab olute lack of vegetation. It i truly the kind of de ert which tbe cbool boy picture in 'hi mind when he tudies of the abara. Pa ing tln'ouO'h it the temperature in the car ran up to
100 degrees or hiO'hel', and at Las Vegas it mu t have been consider,
ably over 100 for if anyone nnaccustomed t uch heat tried to waik a few yard, 'he nearly fell from exhau tion,
It was exceedino'ly hot ap I1he electric fanf; O'oing full I eed in th rars did not mitigate thc h at the du I, nor the dirf. ne "e temel' in thc train wa ,ery amn ing, He wonld 1 k Ollt of <the window upon the mo t barren count ry that man ever dreamed of and say, "Ju t see thi conntry, the fine t country on th arth, wben you O'et wateL' in it." But, aid I. ',V-hcre on earlh i the walcr c ming fL'om " "'Thy he l'emarlwc1 you can dri,' well. a1id make all kil1l1 of money by irriO'at1nO'.' Pcr.ona11y, I began t think it woul] be b IIcL' t . lay in the East and 0' t rich sloll'ly rath l' titan to c mc ont hel'c an,l make it quickly.
The only Ihin~ Ihat mnkc. the trip through thi. conntry b arable is the hop nnd the knowlc<1"'e that bcf,)/' ,'cry long you will rcaelt Ih t P of the ierl'a. Nevada 111 unlain" ::\Iid that you will be on tit,.. PueiCic lope. Finall,v we l' a h d the di,'ide, and I expe t d 10 ce the whole coast beautiful and eyergre n. 1'llL'OIJO'h th "amp of Arkan a into the Ozark of Iissouri, throngh the cornfiell of Ran a acro the tl'eele wa te and prairi of Colorado, into the heart I)f the Rockies, and down on the western side through the sage brush of
tah and o,er the O'l'eat Ameriean de ert we had come to ee the Pacific coa t. Fot' three day and oyer we had ira"eled to reach the top of the iCt'm Te,ada, and to lhink that when we got ~nto anfa. Barbam the arne delay as at the R yaJ Gorge call. ~d tl to nl'l'i"e jll t -abont dat'k.
top fot' a. moment and think' we had (rayeled aero s the contincnt, and were 11 w only fifty milc ft'om the Pacific eoast, and thc land wn jLl. t beeomingo ferljle. The gt'eal .t di appointment to me
or lhrOIl"'llOlIl the II'holc trip 11.1<1 been III be];: tl' es, nncl I had de-

voully boped that wben we O'ot to tbe Pacillc siope proper we would find va t and grand forests, but again we were disap] ointed. Though tbe Pacific slope is beautiful and green most 'Of the eucalypti and other tree of like cbaracter ba,e been planted. All tbrouO'h California, e pecially tbe outhem 1)art you will ee b'aiO'bt lines of eucalypti, large fine tree, but ince they are in traight lines, one can ea ily under tand tbat they were not planted by ature, wbo avoids
traight lines in all bel' works. In Los AnO'eJes one sees ma;ny beantiful ] ec~ens of trees as well
as avenues. Witb its flowers '!lnd its bungalow it i indeed a beautiful city. In fact, out ide of GeorO'ia, it is one of tbe few cities tbat it ha been my plea ure to ee in whicb I would care to live. This migbt be made a little more emphatic if I aid it i the only city.
The climate of tbi locality i JUa!roificent but neces arily, tbere are drawback in eveJ;y climate, and tbe greate t one here i du t. They bave a dry and a rainy ea on '!lnd it was our ill luck to arrive dtui.n oo the ]rought. Around Los Angeles al' t'O be seen many orange gro\es. It ba been my plea ure to see ome in Florida, but never do I expect to ee more beautiful OOI'Oyes in better condition than tbo e in tbi section of alifomia. Tbe people bere are cel'tainly borticulturi t in the finest en e 'Of tbe word. They cultivate tbeir fruit and tbey bandle tbem we might ay, almo t to perfection. When tbe train arrived at au Jose, wbich i between Los Angeles and an Franci co, I made it a point to get 'Out and walk aI'Ound, for it was bere in 1880 that they found tbe cal. cale or no cale, I ne\'er expect to ee a good orchard, a well kept oorounds, as beautifully pruned tre a are al nO' the coa t of alif'Ornia, the Pacific coast of America. There i no wonder that tbese people make money. Tbey do not farm upon tbe face of tbe eartb a in many otber ections. They curtail d:beir work and put their energy 'On a small 'Piece of ground, say 'ten to twenty-five acres. They work it morning, noon and night, and they work it as it sbould be worked; con equently, tbey bave rno t beautiful orcbard as well a uee ful busines proposition.
Why is it that people ba,e told us so much about tbi we tern colmtry and have said so comparatively little '!lbout the intervening mile of treel s waste :1lld desert sand E\'ery one in the East who
ha had the pleasure of going lie t tells you of the beauties of Los
Angeles, Santa Barbara, and the mines an 1 the hee and tbe fore ts, and says nothing of the day of unbcarable heat, awful dust, glaring un, and tr'eel plains tbrougb wbich HIe rou t pa. be ooet to this narrow trip of beautiful country on the we tern edge of tbe continent.
33

it mu t be concluded that tbey go acro the de ert reading books,
or sitting under electric fan with blind pulled down, wilh their eyes hut, and lheir faces hid, while they are going llli'ouO'h the unpleasant part of the trip, and when someone cri s aloud' We have reached the top of the ienas" C\"eryone looks out and say, "Oh, how grand it i." ;lhey have forgotlcl1 the d ert, lhe sand '!lnd sage bru h which strclched o\"er half of the conlinent, and thoy come back and tell u 01 the beauties of alifomia and lhe", t, 11 ing the lwo syn'onymou ly. alliornia is a large laic, and you lravel a long lime before you reach the Pacific coa t We were. unable to O'et inlo all of the inland seclion of the late, anI there was nece ily for our hmrying to Portland.
So now I t u fran fer our inler fs from the greatest fruit-pro-
ducil1O' lale of lhe Union I Oreo'on and have a 10 k at lhe Ho r1 River, lhe qualily apple eli n. It ha takeu u only a m ment to pll s ft'om 'an Fran i c 10 Portland, but had we the lrip 10 make it would lake u 10nO'cr than gOillO' from Atlanta to ew York.
"T '" e have kipped III true e lem fashion o'\or s me thousand or
more miles-bnt goinO' back 10 Hood River, probably at lhis duy tile
rno t perfect fl'Uit region there the product of the lree is beller
O'rown, belter handled, and beLler shipI~ed lhan anywhere el e. The village of Hood Ri"er i locate I at the intel eclion of the river
by the same name and lhe Columbia, that beautiful and O'rand Iream of the orlhwcst. About tweuty miles from this river Mount Hoo 1 towel up into the realm of perpelual now, with an elevalion of over 11,000 f et The valley of the Hoo I River i about tweuty miles 10nO' and orne fi\'e miles broad. On eilher side lhe mountain O'radually ri e to an elevalion of ] ,500 10 3,000 feet. Kole this fact, for the apple land in Georgia aUains about thi ame ele\'alion.
You ha'\e all heard of ihis valley. Its products are tho standard ,If excellence. I too, ha 1 heard of it and expecled to see a great valley miles and miles in extent When I TeaJized it contained only aboul 100 square mil , and was not as large as many of our counties in Georgia, the po ibililie of a mall and inlen ive y lem of aO'riculture were understood. ImaO'ine a seotion of thi area dominating lhe apple prices and selling the tandard of excellence over lhe whole nited
talo . nder tand, I do not ay that there are not other sections which proluce jl1 t a 0'001 fruit, but till, to the average man, Hood River stands for qualily.
It 'was my pleasnre to vi. it Hood River with Prof. L. R. Taft, cf Miohigan, and Mr. Ell worth, f Boston, :Mas. We had lhe privilege
34

of meeling and lalking 10 :Mr. E. L. mith, a prominent orchardiSt of tbat cction and I took lhe following noles direclly from him:
He eilled in IIood Ri,'er in 1 76, and in 1 1 he planled out the fir t apple orchard in that section. Going all ad ju t a littlc bit, iJe sold his orcbard of thirty acre in 1 91 for $1 ,000.00. Tbat was for len years, a pretty good inv tment. Whelher he made the money out of fruit or out of selling land is .another propo. ition. Aft r the fict planting tbe indu try conlinued to develop rapidly, 'Und at this time tbere i omethinO' like 10,000 acres in orchards wilb 50000 acr more of a\'ailable land which, by the way, can be purcha ed for from $300.00 to $400.00 uneullivated and unirriO'ated. There is nothing much on it so it can be ea ily brought under cultivation. In this section about one-third of the lrrower irrigate especially those raisinO' slrawberri . They have about 37 inche of rainfall in lhe ,alley and the fruit men do not find irriO"ation so nece ary. There are omething like 600,000' lree now planled. There are several growers in GeorO"ia any two or lhree of whom own more trees c lleclively than are fonnd in the whole of Hood Riyer, and still Hood River determine the qualily of appl and thouO"h not the quantity, praclically lhe price in Eur pe as well as in America.
At lhe pr ent writinO" land wilh thre or fonr year old trees i worlh from $ 00.00 to ,'1,000.00 per acre. A three year old apple orcha1'(1 of 0 aeres Id a. year ago for 64,000.00. '10 one on lhe out ide, the greale t thing in lhe secli n now eem to be real e. tale a lhey haye only 10,000 acr in fruit, and tbere remain some 50000 aer to be dispo ed of, which f hey eem 10 be doinO" in pretty goo I Rhape. Thcre i one orchard of threc acre in the vall y which netted the growcr s melbing like $4,000.00. You cun not buy that, howe\'cr, for it is not for sale. It is thc show place. Everyone who goo 10 Hood Riyer sees it or at lea t bears abont it, and every onc in IIood River is ready to tcll of it. They will O'ladly b w lheit orcbard and tell of all lbc pTofit , workinO' one up to fe\7er heat Oycr money in appl ,and 1.hen bow 'au lbe land they ha\'e for salc.
At fbi laO"e of tbe trip, I \Va beO"inninO' to tltink, "Young man slay oulh where land is not worth from $300 10 $400 per acre, and on which land we can raisc as much and probably .as good fruit :IS can be rai ed in Hood Ri\'cr, Oregon." I lhonght when I left tbe East that probably my western trip would end with Lhe feeling th:lt I had been very foolish in staying Soulb, but lbe fudhcr we went lhe beller I began to feel about tayinO" at borne. Before leavinO' Hood K\:er thcre .are a few more poinls of interest which might be brouO'llt
3~

out. AbouL 90 per cellI. of the lato planlings in ille e lion are Es IS pitzenburg and ewtoll"n Pippin. It seems that the Yalley claim
that they grow the fine Tell'toll'n Pippin, and aTe planling Ihat variety extensively. It might be well to say a few word abouL Ihe Shipping Association, and what ucces they have aUained.
Eighty-Lhree per cent. of the "TOIVers belong 'lo tbe H(lOd Riv('l' Union, which has a $40,000.00 warehouse and cold storage plant. TIle fruit is picked by gall!!S of four men and the boxes that are packed have the names of the packers, and the orchard from which they came printed on them. This picking and packing is done by the direction of the As ociation. Through the nion the fertilizers, orchard implement praying outfit, and material, etc. are purcha ed for tbe growel and are obtained at rock bolt m pri e. The Hood River apple are packed in two types of boxes. The fil t, the standard box i 1 x12%x10% inches, containing ahouL 2,173 cubic incbes. The cond is known as the '1 ecial box, :lIld it is 20x11x10 inches. They pa k in ouly two gra]e , fancy and clloicc. A fouT tiel' box i the staudard, but three and fi,c tiers are somelimes U 'd. It costs the grower about $1.20 to put a box of apple on tbe New York market. The A ocialion clraro-e for banulin .... i 10 cent whicb is taken in wilh the $1.20. A box of apples i approximately a bn bel, 0 you (k'lll ee ihat tbe Hood River box mu t sell for beUer tban 1.2- or there i no profit in it for tbe o-rower. As a rule tbey ell for $1.7.) to $2.00 a box.
peaking of sbippino- fruit, tbere i a poinL that Mr. Smith m 11tiol1ed 'lllat might be of interest to some of the -apple ....r wers in the llQOm. Arkansas Blacks ~lIld ewtown PiPl ins are shipped East without being iced, while Jonatban, Graven tein, King and SpilzenbuT.... have to be iced. He al 0 told U a mo t intercslino- thing COI1cerning Lhe effect of the As ociation on tbe price of apple. In 1900 the pitzenburg sold for from 80 cents to $1.03 a box. In 1901 the A ociation was formed. In 1902 the pitzenburg sold for $1.75 a box; in 1903 tbey sold for $2.00 a box.
In it three year of en tence ,the ilpple o-rowel' union llad doubled the price of apple.
ow, Ladies and Genllemen, th management of the orchard in Hood River is perfection. If you can imagine a perfect orchard with perfect cultivation, perfect spraying and mao-nificently bal1clled in all respects, then you can form orne I icture of the Hood River Valley.
It is a perfect garden spot where it is under cullivation. It i too bad that there are only about 100 quare miles in the Yalley.
36

'C"eral 11lUldred mile' fr m there you flud the Yokohoma, wh 're they are now makiuO' a great ruu 011 apples and land. I overheard two geullemen taIling' on the train n we were n'oiug to pokane, aud one of the e remark d tbat it had uot been "cry hot in Y koboma tbe la. t ummel', only 107 degr ill the ltade. I thongltt I had rather be in Georgia where it seldom if ever get over 100.
There are some genllemen in the room wbo bave to do witlt eh 01 boys, and if they will permit me, I wonld like to say, 1.ell tlto e boy to stay Soutb and build up an old country. Tbe West needs tbem for bel' de\'e]opment the outh mu t have tbem to continue her prosperity. Keep the boy at home, becau e <[he borticllltural po ibilities of Geor!ria are equal to any that can be found in tbe West. ow, I say thi witb absolute freedom, and I am prepared to defend it at all points; not because I am a Geor!rian, but because I believe it.
From tbe Alleo-lteney Monntains of n rib Georgia to the long leaf pine forest of the utll with tlte exception of citrns fruils, we have a fine a fruit growing country a any in the nion, and I belie\'e that Mr. Hunt will how you today that tlte citrus fruits ~re not 0'0ing to be the exception "ery long, We haye the greate t po ibilities for the rai ing of trnck and fruit for the peach and the melons and the truck of South Georgia, and tlte apple and the peach and the truck of N'Ortb Georo-ia are ome day O'oing to make our State one of the leading horticultural center of thc nion. It i coming ju t a ure a the fiual day. We ha\'e o-ot to develop into a borticultu-ral State, and I believe there is no otlter tate ill the Union with greater horticultural po ibilities than om ."
THE PRE IDENT: "In connection with thi able addre ,I am plea ed to ay that the development of our horticultural po ibilitie and our horticultural edu ation
now being done by native Georo'ian , men who have been born to the oil and availed them elve of our reource and a it ha opened the e e of Prof. McHatton, it will open the e e of all our Georgia horticulturi,t" I know that Prof, McHatton ha spoken plainly of what he aw, and I thank lIim for it,"
At thi point the meeting adjourned for dinner, the afternoon e ion to be resumed at 2 :30 p. m.
37

AFTERNOON SESSION, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 26, 1910.
The Pre ident called the meeting to order at 2 :30 p. m., and reque ted Col. B. 1.,V. Hunt, of Eatonton, to take the chair.
COL. HUNT: "Wouldn't it be well to cry out on the street for the people to 'come into court,' for there i going to be tried here a great oc a -ion, and "We want to carry home pleasant memorie of a paper from the senior member and pre ident of thi organization, the man be t informed in the nited Stat s on horticulture, and I would like to see the whole hou e filled. s we have so few pre ent at thi moment, it might be well to take up a minor paper, for in tance I might read Mr. Swingle's paper on Hardy Citru Fruits.
"Mr. Swingle is connected with the Department of Agriculture, in that part kno",n a the Bureau of Plant Industry, and he i the fir t man to have nt into the United State and make it urvive, the Bla tophaga grossor-wYn, without which the myrna Fig never carries its fruit to maturity. While the alifornia nul' erymen have introduced the Bla tophaga from year to year, they never made a ucce of it, and while the pre ent article does not allude to that, still we owe Prof. Swingle orne appreciation of what he ha done for the fiO'. I will now proceed with Prof. wingle's paper:"
38

HARDY CITRUS FRUITS FOR THE COTTON BELT.
By WALTER T. SWINGLE, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. (Read by Col. B. W. Hunt, of Eatouton, Ga.)
THE lliRDY ITRUS FRmT FOP. TIIE MIDDLE COTTON BELT--CITRANGES AND TnEIR DE CENDANT
Tl1e results of lhe freeze of 1 94-93 in Florida) when practically every orange tree in ibe lale was f"rozen to the ground and when tbe buds in a vast majority of ca es were killed outrigbt, deeply impre ed upon my mind lbe need for new and hardier types of citrous fruil .
Thou ands of Flori la orange O'rowers lost all they had and for years afterwards had a preeariou sh'uggle for exi tence while attemptil1O' to build np their groyes aO'ain. For a lime it seemed as though the industry could never be reo tored 'to its former sbate. 'rime, howeYer, has proven to tbe ontrary and now lhe orange production in Flori la is almo t as large as in 1 D-!.
Already in the spring of 1 94 I had cro ed tbe Satsuma orange with pollen of the hardy Citrus trifoliata, a deciduous species from Japan, hardy as far north a Jew York but bearing practically wortbI fruit. nfortunately these cro ed fruit were picked by mitake :ll1d the result of 1.he experiment 10 t. Then came the great freeze and it was not until the sprinO' of 1897 that the orange trees had recoyered sufficiently to produce their normal bloom.
I took advanlage of this to make a large number of crosse between the common orangc and Citrus t1'ifoliata, and had lhe g<>od fortune to O'et two fruits to stick.
One of lhem a common orange crossed with trifoliate pollen, yielded one bybrid; tbe other, a trifoliate crossed with orange pollen, yielded eleyen hybrids.
This work was a part of a general plan of citrus breeding undertaken by Dr. H. J. Webber and myself.
In 1 9 I went abroad for the Department of Agriculture and Dr. "-ebber undertook to care for <the eitr~nges. Tbey were unde~' hi immediate care until 1907. Reports haye been published on the hybrid in the :yearbooks of the Department of Agricultme for 19045-6.
What i the citmngef The hybrids between the 1:rif<>liata '<lnd the common orauge turnerl out to be an entirely new type of citrus fruits, to wbich lbe name eitrange has been applied.
39

Citranges are much hardier than the common orange and 'are abl8 to stand temperattue as low as 10 degrees F. without serious injury provided the trees are dormant when the cold occurs. The fruits, as will be shown later, vary greatly in size and flavor, but in all oases are rather sour with a harp, bitterish flavor. Some varieties when fully ripe can be eaten from the hand much like the grape fruit by people who like sour fruit ; other varieties are u ed for ma1..-ing ade, while still others are promi ing for culinary purposes and for marmalade. All are ,handsome ol~namental tJ:ees, many of them bearing beautiful white flowers in spring and being laden with golden fruits in autumn.
Of the twelve citranges originally produced, no fewer than six have proved of sufficient value to warrant being named and distributed for trial throughout the cotton states. These fruits vary e ormously in all their characters---even the eleven grown from the see of a single hybrid fruit and having, of cour e, identical parentage. The Colman, for instance, is a large depre sed globose light-yellow fuzzy fruit with a moderately thin skin, containing very little il, and with a pulp :>f good flavor, excellent for making ade. The lorton, grown from the seed of the same cro ed fruit, looks exactly like a giant orange. The smaller specimens are 0 like the orange that they can not be distinguished from it. Tbe skin is rather thick, contains an abundance of oil; the pulp i acid and only lightly bitter. When fully -ipe the M'Orton i edible from the hand if covered with ugar. The illits is still another type from seed of the ame cro sed fruit. This is a small, light-colored fruit, howing ridO'e and often developing a series of projection or e,en plitting to <the base into a group of finger-like bodi .
Thi. extraordinary fruit i of good flavor bnt i of comparatively little value because of the mon trou character of so many of the fruits_
All the others of these eleven ,arieties are easily di tingui hed by e familiar with them, yet all were produced from eeds taken from a ingle hybrid fruit.
The Ru k, having one parent identical with the citranges ju t mentioned, but cros ed with a different common orange, has developed different characters till. It is a smaJl, bright-red fmit, thin skinned, very full of oil, pulp very juicy, rather bitterish but with considerable acid and sugar. It makes a good ade when properly prepared and is of promise for culinary purpo e. It beal very early and makes an exceptionally fine ornamental tree.
40

MORE CITRANGES DE IRABLE.
The fact that everyone of these 12 original citranges were distinctly different in character, differing in some cases to a far greater degree than any two v.arietiell of the orange, made it very desirable that a large number of additional hybrids be secured in the hope that still more striking types of citranges would be deveh)ped. This seemed especially desi.rable as our experimen'ts went to sh<>w that the few seeds found in the citranges (unlike the trifoliate which i literally packed with eeds, the citrange i u ually eedle ) give ri e to seedlings apparently reproducing the mother type almost exactly, so that there is very little hope of a break in the second generation.
Accordingly, in 1~07, Mr. E. M. avage was engaged to make additional citranges in Florida. This work was continued in 1908, and in 1909 he carried the work to outhem California while I went to Florida. The two of us together made over ten th<>usand crosses in 1909, a great majority of them containiu'" trifoliate orange blood.
'Ve have on hand in the greenhou e at Washington nearly a thousand new varieties of citranges. In view of the enormous difference between the original fruits which have been tested <and studied, who can say how many interesting types we may expect from the e thousand new varieties
ot all of these hybrids 'are cro es between the huoliate and the common orange. Some are between the huoliate orange and grapefruit, some between the trifoliate and the lemon, others between the trifoliate and lime, while many are hybrids between the trifoliate and the Satsuma or King types of loose- kiuned or mandarin oranges.
METHODS IN REARING HYBRIDS.
The foregoing remarks may serve as an introduction to the main purpose of this paper, which is to describe the meth<>ds which have been found desirable after twelve years in growing citrus hybrids.
In the fil t place, it is now pos ible to recognize the citranges as Soon as the seeds germinate. If the seedlin'" contains blood of the trifoliate, it looks so unlike the ordinary orange seedling as to be readily distinguished from it.
The first lellves instead of 'being rather large and placed exactly opposite to each other as in the orange, are small scale-like, and scattered along the stem near the base. These are followed by a couple of smaller leaves with toothed margllls. The rest of the leaves vary from unifoliate to trifoliate. Unlike the trifoliate parent, the middle leaflet is laI'ger than the two side leaflets.
41

Only 'a small proportion of the seedlitl!!'S from crossed fruits tunis out to be 'true hybrids. If the true hybrid can be recognized, as has been stated, and given special treatment when still very young, the growth can be much accelerated. At the same time much expense and trouble can be saved by ejecting the worthless fal e hybrids. It shoull be stated that the orange and other citrus fruits often produce two 01' three seedlings from each seed, only one of which is the true hybrid.

FORCING CITElUS HYBRiDS UNDER GLA s.

There can be no doubt that much time can be gained in forciu~

citrus ~brids in the green house under rather high temperatures.

It is our practice now to pick the fruits as soon as they begin to

ripen, not waitin'" for them to reach full maturity, since tbe seeds

reach full size before the fruit itself is fully ripe. The seeds are ex-

h'acted and planted separately in thumb pots in a greenhouse kept

at a high temperature, usually from DO-IOO during the day and 80-00

degrees F. at night.

Under these conditions, if properly watered, the seeds sprout very

ra'Pidly and within some ten day or two weeks have developed suf-

ficiently to make it easy to recognize the t1'Ue hyb1ids.

"

These are then picked out and reported and "'iven special treat-

ment. They are usually repotted in three inch thumb pots wben about

two months old '<Ind it has been found d irable to pluDO'e the pots in

sand or soil to secure even conditions 'of temperature and moisture

around the ball of earth inside tbe pot.

I ARCHING YOUNG SEEDLINGS.

There is always danger of accident if tlJere is but olle seec1litlg of each new hybrid and for this rea on we have adopted a plan ori"'inated by Mr. George W. Oliver, called vegetative inarching. When the little plant hybrids are about two months old and have about 6-8 full ~ized leaves and are from 6-8 incbes in heigbt tbey are tied up alongside of two-year-old stocks. The bark is sliced off the stock and from tb\ seec1ling hybrid 'and the two are bound toO'ether and tbe union protected with wax or clay. In ten days the two plants are usually joined together. Tben tbe top of the two-year-old stock is lopped off. A few 'days later the roots of tbe little hybrid are cut off, leaving the top firmly grafted on tbe stock. Such grafts make extr:lOrdinarily rapid growth, far more rapid than ,can be obtained in any other way now known.
At tbe same titne, the root of the hybrid is not lost since care is
taken in cutting it off to leave one or two I ;tve f1' III which buds can
42

tart. 'l.'hen we feel more secure. We have the root of the original hybrid producing a new top making an excellent growth on the twoyear-old toek.
The hybrid i now pracLically insured against 10 s by accident or
disease ince one or Lhe oLlieI' of the plant will almo t certainly be
saved. It is, llOwever, our plan to lnarcll several additional plants from f he original l'OOtS, if pos ible on different kinds of stock, so as perfectly Lo inslll'e agalnst losing the variety.
Then some of these inarched tops are forced into rapid growth so that budwood can be cut out on a limited scale in September and dormant-budde 1 on trifoliate stock. It 1 usually po ible to cut off from teu to twenty buds without injurinO' the hybrid plants.
The e ten Lo Lwenty grafLed plant are ready for distribution two yeal from Lhe Lime the oriO'inal sced wa planted. It is our intenLion Lo send the e grafted plants Lo experiment stations and to our p..incipal co-operatol wiLh the idea of haying them Le. tout Lhe. e new va riet ies 1111d r their local condiLion .
SEEDLING CITRANGES.
In addition to the new citranges originatcd direcUy by hybridizing, we ha\"e on hand thou and of plant that ha,e been gL'own from the seed of the original twelve citr:lDO'es. These eedlings, for the most part, are what are called fal e hybrids- ports from the mother plaut which have deycloped in place of the embryo in the eed. It is qui~e po ible that me of these port, startinO' as a single cell and being yery well nouri. hed by the food tored up in the embryo sac, may be lightly different from the parent varieties.
UndoubLedly occasionally plants will develop a true embryo, second generation hybrid, which is likely to be of con iderable interest, since it may pre ent an entirely new combinaLion of the parental characters. It miO'ht, for in tance, be much more like the orange and less lik~ the trifoliate than any of the citranges so far originated.
O-OPERATIVE TE TING OF NEW CITRANGE .
For ome year 1.be Department of Agriculture has been di tributing Lhroughout the cotton tates plant of the ix named citranges.
WiLhiD the la t Lwo years arrangemcnts have been made to limit
thi' di LributioD more and more to co-operators who are willing to t t out seedling citran6es. and the new citranges that we are originaLing, in retnrJl for Lhe plants of named varieties. By this method the grower will receive a few grafted plants of citrange varieties whose
43

character 13nd quality can be told in ad"ance and in additioh will recei'"e a larg r number of eedling citrange to be te ted out. orne of these lattel' will doubtless be of minor value but uch can always be budded over to the uperior varietie constantly being originated.
On the other hand, an occa ional eedlinO' will doubtles prove of superior quality, 1'hi plan, theu, simply 13ims to give the grower a share of the 'work in ident to the va t undertaking of breeding hardy citrou fruits for the cotlon state.
O~TE-Q ARTER AND THREE-QUARTER HYBRIDS.
By cro ing the citrange with the orange we haye ecured bybrirl:i ha"i11O' but on~quarter of Oitrus trifoliata blood and three-quarters of orange blood.
orne of bese citrangors, a tbey are called will "ery likely prove to be edible and yet retain ome of -the hardine of the trifoliate parent, enabling them to be "'rown con iderably to the north of the present orange belt. 'rhi i pal'ticularly likely to be 'lhe case where the oranO'e u ed in the cro. s i the at uma. Thi i. a very bardy type of orange and fia in addition th highly desirable quality of remaininO' dormant during warm spells of weather in winter. It is difficult to obtain the e citrangol but me c re of them are already O'rowing in the greenhou e at Wa hington, D. C., and will be te ted as rapidly a po ible in the warmer portions of the Gulf Stat .
Be ides these, we ha,'e '31 0 ecured orne three-quarter trifoliate hybrid by cro sing the citrange with Oitrus tnloliata. The e re emble the trifoliate very much in appearance and orne of them will undoubtedly prove to be deciduou and con iderably hardier than any of the citrange we now have.
We can venture little more'than ague s '3 to the quality of the fruit that will be produced by these three-quarter trifoliate Cl'O se , but it i very doubtful whether they will be of much value, tbough they may prove u eful for ade and culinary purpo es, However, there i ure to be con iderable intel'6 t in any type of hardy citru fruit that can be QTOWn a far north a the Ohio and Potomac river, which thi hyhrid O'i,'es promi e of heinO' able to do.
The ll-ifoliate oranO'e it elf i n t without nlue were it not for the enormou. bulk of eeel. which practically take the place of pulp. orne of the itrang. a we are callinO' the. e three-quartel' trifoliates will doubtle be olmo t eedle and even if but little belter than the trifoliate will still be of u e for a k
There can be no doubt that there will soon be a vast hardy citru. belt extendinO' to the northward of the pre. ent limit of orange culture.
44

Fir l will come Ihc , at uma bell where nol only Ibe alsuma orange bur the hardy grapefruils, and bardy lemon and lime will be grown; then will come the true citrange belt, l'uDninO" over the middle of tbe cotton
tate ; and third, there will be the citrange belt extending from the edge of tbe citranO'e belt to perhap. Ihe Potomac and Ohio river,
CrTRANGE. AND OTITEP. HARDY ITRl' FR IT 01' RE O~BrENDED FOR
U1' RE,
At th pre ent lime Ihere is no decided prospe l for the cilrange and other hardy citru hybrid. becoming commercial fruit. Undoubtedly they will prol'e of I' I'y greal value for home u. e and will be I'ery welc me ub til ute for Ih lemon :md lime in thousand. of . out hera home..
It is 110t impo. sibl thal at some future lime hybrids will 1e developed which will po se's qnalit ies warrant ing- i heir cult me on :l. commel'cial . cllle. 'Ve can nol at present mak any 'perific tat ment in Ihi regard. C'edainly, many f the hybrids already t 'ted have :l. con iderabl valne for home n, ~ and it i. I'ery Irobable Ibllt ,Iill mol' \'alullble sorls will bc d v lop d in 1he near fnture a' Ihe work )1rog'ref' e, .
K ~Q AT rl'RANGE RO E. '.
One of the mo t interestinO" lines of work leveloped in connection with the. e br ding eXI elimen1. owes it inception to tbe enterpri e
r one of your member., fl'. B. ,Yo Hunt, of Eatonton, Georgia.
Last year Mr. Hunt called my atlention 10 the de im.bilily of cro ing the Rusk cilrange wilh 'Ihe kumquat and poinled out in hi lelt r that th Ru k, though of mall ize and altl'acti\'c appearance, wa not our enough for us ~ a subslilute for ihe lime at oda fountain.. He sugg ted tbat it be cro ed with the kumquat, which is a . mall fruit with a very acid juice, hannO' the additional ad\'aniage of being exlremely hardy, aDd hwing a decided deO'ree f winter dorm:lny enablillO' it to go through pells -of wann weather in winter wilhQut b inO" forced into a 11ew and tender growth which would be killed by Ih next 'uc eeding' fr . l.
Moreol' Y, the kumquat fruit has an ediblc rind wbieb m an that th oil i of a p ('ul~arl'y rnil(l 3,nd aOl'eeable fla\'or, whereas [he ritrang., and particnbrly the Rusk. h:lY a p 'el containing an abu\1dall('e of oil so bill I' ancl disagreeable a. to make it necessary to remo\' tbe peel fr III a strip around the middle f th fruit before Iluttin"" it in two a. to aVl)~d O'eUing a ingle drop of thi oil mixed
45

with thc juice. 1 some of this oil docs g'et into the juice tbe ade i
rendered so 'hitter as to be distasteful to most people. If we cro s the kumquat with a citrange like the Rusk we can ,e:1-
son ably expect to get a 11ybr.,jd having a very con idcrable de2'ree of hardlDes , since both the trifoliate and the kumquat are very l1atd,v, having a't the same time a very acid pulp suitable for ade. Some of the e hybrids, 'at least, would be of . mall size with a mild f1ayol'ccl rind.
Thcre are 0Teat dimcultic in ,the "I\-ay of ros. ing the kumquat "jlh
Llie cit ranges. In the fir t place, the citranges bloom from six weeks
to two month. in advance of the hunquut and in the second pIa 'c bolh the citrunO'e and kumquat are difficult to hybridize because the laUer dl'oy.:s ncarly all its flowers and a large portion of the secds oE the fonner do not develop a trne embryo but only vegetative sprouts fpom the ti. ues of tbe mother parcnt, reproducing almost exactly tbe parent variety.
Mr. Hunt has undertaken to make the e hybrids at his place at baton I n, gr willg the klll'uquats i[1 a "'rcenhouse with the hope or fOI'ClllO' .[h D1 inlo bloom at til rio'ht time 10 cr. wilh the ciln1Dges out of 1001'S.
While hybridizing at Glen S1.. Mary, Florida, la t spring, I was
fortunate enough to bave an 01 portunrty to make a few hyl:n'ids between the kumquat and the Rusk and otber citranges. Some of the citrano'es had bcen put back by a frost coming after a new g,rowth had started, so that the usual regularity of blooming was destroyed. A few of the trees produced scattering flowers all through May and June. Of the e'-eral hundred crosses made bebyeen the citrlmgp.s and the kumquat, a dozen or more were succe ful and the hybl'ids are showing a remarkable ~rowth, being the large t hybrids of their age we have eV'er grown. ome of <[hem crossed at Glen t. Mary, Fla., June 6, '09, the seed being' plant d in the greenhouse at Washington, Oct. 28th, 1909, are now from 6 to 12 inches bigh. The citrangcquafs show a great variation in leaf character, some having trifoliate ]cayes much J.ike the citranges and otbm having 1 ayes like tbe kumqll:1t parel11. It mn. t bc remember d that the e cilranO'equats, as lLley arc called, a1' one-Ilalf ktlmqnat, one-quart'Cr t1'ifoliat , and olle-quarlpr Or:lllO'e.
IL i quite po ible that the laro'e proportion of kl1l1.iuat blood may make these plants too tender for growinO' ill northern Georgia. If 0, it will be d siruhle to make three-eights hybrids to be obtain ell by forcing the citrangequat into bloom as early as possible and cro . -
46

in". them ngnill with the citrange, giYlllO' us hybl'id witll onc-qunl'ter kumCJuat three-eighths trifolinte and three-eighth orange blood,
If instead of the Qrdinary citrange we u e the citrangemon we will have the following interesting' proportions in the hybrid ; three-eiO'htils trifoliate, one-quarter each of kumquat and lemon, and one-eighth orange.
But I need not develop further this theme since it i obvious that it opens up nn exceedingly interestinO' alld practical field for experimental horticullural work ill the cot!ou-O'rowinO' tale. This work will uudoubtedly be d ne in the futm'e largely on the homes f amateur horliculluri t ca.ltcr d tbrougb ut th outhern tatc, and it is lbe PU1'IO e of the office of rop Plly iology aud Breeding Inn'slig.ltion fo cncoumge in every way p ssibl exp rimenl in breeclill'" new yari ties allll ill lesfill'" out lllc 011 one,
OL. H T: "It i unne e al')' to intl'odu e to an horticultural peol Ie in any part of thc Unitcd Qtate. or any part of Europe the man "Who i O'oin o' to l' ad u a paper which "We a ked him ix month ago to prepare for thi occa 'ion, one whom we an depend on rather to underdraw than to ov rdraw what he ha done, our Pre ident, Dr, P. J. erckman "
DR. BER K AS: "I feel v ry diffident to ay anything at all on the ubj et a io'ned me, but la -t year my friend 01. Hunt insi. ted that a review hould be made of the plant of any value that had been introduced in Georgia for the la t fifty year. He a ked me to do it, and as other member of the ociety in i ted upon the arne thing, in compliance with their invitation, I ~in have to ay something, I have divided my pap l' into t"o part, fir t, fruit which we oriO'inated, econd, tho e which we introduced. W lay no claim to the ec nd, but to the first we do.
47

A REVIEW OF THE FRUITS AND PLANTS INTRO-
DUCED IN GEORGIA DURING THE PAST
FIFTY YEARS.
By P. J. B~;RCKi\L\N , of Augu ta, Ga.
HI TORICAL PLANT AND TREE OTE.
At the Athen Se "ion of ugu t, 1909 a request wa made that the writer give ome hi torical note upon the most de irable fruit and plants which ha\'(~ been gradually br ught in cultivation durin'" tbe pa t fifty year, and either originated by 0'1' di eminated throug!l bim.
FR IT ORIGI ATED.
( Peen-to: Peach 01' Flat Peach of China.
In Downin ;Fruit and Fruit Tree of America, edition of 1 58, tbere is a foot 110le lal,in'" 'lhat (lbi variely wa seveml times imported to ibi c untry and lost on the way. hould anyone of our amateltr now p ~ it, we hall be much O'ratified to recei\'e buds of it."
The trees rec i\'ed by the writer from ELU'ope as the Peen-to proved incorrect. In 1869 Mr. John G, ribb, an enthu iastic amatenr fruit cullurist of Brisbane, Queensland, Au tmlia, kindly sent me a quantity of peacb pits which he stated were of the Java type, the fruit varying in hape from the ordinary oblong to a perfectly fiat one.
The seedlings from thi lot produced trees of v:ll'iou habit of growth, some being with 10nO' willowy branches and very tall, others exceedingly dwarf. A few trees produced emi-double fiowel, all opening during January or early in February. One of the seedlinO' produccd one pecimen of fruit, very flat in hape, and a it tallied with tbe description given by fl'. ribb, the name of Peen-to wa accordinO'ly given. .A. few tree were propaO'ated but owing to the blooms openinO' in J auuary, no other fruit was produced and the tree was retained only a a curio ity.
A few yem later fl'. M. G. Ynie tra, of Pen acola, Fla., known to be an enthu ia tic fruit culturi t, on a ,i it here, wa pre ented with one of the Peen-to tree, as it was desired to have it tested in Florida. Tbe following Uay he sent me a few ripe pecimens, and in June, 1877 when tbe last fruit wa O'atbered, the tree bad produced a crop of 1200 peacbe. The period of maturity at his place
48

ou lhe E camhia river begius u ually from the middle of April and extends through May. Thi remarkable production crealed much intere-t among the Florida peach growers where this fruit, being' all of lhe Persian and Spanish types, was seldom snccessful. In '3. letter from Mr. Cribb he mted as follows:
"The original flat peach we have been growing for 36 years. It is a freestone but it sports in the mo t wouderful way, very often in a whole bed of eedline'S, no two wi]) be alike. Some are of the original flat hape, either slip or cling, while others will be of the ordinary peach form, al 0 divided in t clino- and slip, O'enerally with pure while juicy flesh and pale colored stone."

HONEY PEA H:

FR IT IN TROD ED.

Pil of thi variely were sent from hina to Mr. harle Downing

by Mr. de l\fontigny. The seedlings which were produced were ent

to the lale Henry Lyons, a devoted amateur fruit grower of Colum-

bia, outh arolina, as Mr. Downing feared that the winter climata

of Newburgh, N. Y., would be too cold. In 18-9 the writer purchaserl

the sole riO'ht to propao-ate it and tree were dis eminated during that

year. It proved a valuable addilion to Florida. Many of its forrus

which were cro ed with the Peen-to (which bloomed about the samc

time), are now added to the Florida valuable peaches.

Thi peach wa immediately laro-ely propagated and exten ively planted in ections of Florid~, where varieties of the Persian strain

had proved unsuited. iany variebies originated from the seedlings of

the Peen-to, giving a range of maturity from April until midsummer,

Ad thus the e peaches became the ba i of a new commercial indu try

of Florida.

.

JAPAN HARDY LEMON (LimGnium trifoliatum):

This fmit had been long known in Europe in botanical gardens but so far a could be ascertained had not been introduced into the Uniled States up ,to 1873. In the spring of that year there was received an im'oice of plants from Ja.pan, among which was a well fruited plant of the round kumquat orange. Upon the stock on which it was grafted tl1ere oon started a ucker of the hal'dy lemon, which was rooted under glass, and the plant set in. open ground in the spring of 1874. This maCie a rapid growth and beo-an to yield fruit in 1876. The see HU1g'S were used as grafbing stock for the kumquat oranO'e, the first plant of which were ent to friends i:l

49

Florida for testing, a it seemed to be slill unknown at that lime. It soon became a favorite 'among the fancy citrus market fruits. \\Tl1ile not hardy in middle Georgia, there are found fiue specimen plant ill and near Augu ta, where they are bearing an abundance of fruit and have with toc d a cold of 18 degrees abO\-e zero. We may thus clas thi fruit a among the 11alf hardy sorts. As an ornamenlal plant pecimens ix feet high and literally covered with beautiful golden liltle orang~ I it is certainly a gem. It would, howe,er, be advi able to plant it where it i somewhat prolected from the harp norlh winds. We would con ider it as hardy where the camellia will fl.ouri h.
While lh~ fruit of the hardy lemon i unfit for the table it i , however, utilize'I by the J~pancse for makinO' jellie. But il O'reat economic value con i ls as a hedO'e plant f r ~efen iye pllrpose. It i hardy a f?r a New York and if gi,'cn ...ood oil a l1edO'e lhaL will be a barrier t0 man and bea t can be ~ecured in lhree years. As an ornamental plant it ha the merit of yielding a wealth of suow while blooms in sprinO', which '3re succeeded by a profu ion of mall O'olden fruits harO'ing upon the h'ees unlil December. The oriO'inal plant from whil h innumerable scedlin!ffi ha"c b en di eminalcd i till growing in a healthy condition in the writer's grounds.
JAPANE E PER n.nION :
Being de irous to secure lree of what in Japau icon idered lhe most desirable and best of their pomologicaJ' products, efforts wer~ made fo ~ their introduction. i..~ litlle plants were recei,'ed in 1800 through a friend in ew York, but were thoroughly dried up not one cominO' to life. At the Richmond, Va., session of the Americau Pomo100'ical Society, it was my pleasure to become acquainted with Prince Arizoni fori, J apane e Amba ador to 1he nited tates from whom I recei,ed a O'reat deal of informatiou a to the yarieties of per imsons cnlti"ated in his country. When I told him of my disappointment in failinO' to in-till life in the little trees abo,e referred to, he promi ed to end me seed of different sort, The e were received ],1 1 72, and produced many seedling YOtIDO' tr After watching these with gr&'l.t interest for ome years, all proved to be male planls and nothing caI'1.e of thi batch of seedling .
Not bei .g discomaO'ed a dozen trees were afterwa.rds secured from Mr. James Watson, of California' the tops were slightly cut back and used for gnfting upon native stocks oTowing in field. One of these grafted rrc')S yielded fruit .fhe following year (1 83), and the imported tree> came into bearing a year later. llbsequently several
50

:n\'oice of ;ree were rec ive 1 from aliiornia, but a a rule the treeS were all PO'lrJy rooted and gave in liffel'ent result; ufficient matenal, howe\Ter, WIS ecul'ed to beO'in their exten ive propa~tion upon seeuling stocks )f our naLive type. The profu ion of their yield and pree city in bearing s on made the e fruits very popular.
KEL EY PLU~I:
The horti ultnral pre of alifornia ""ave such a glowing deRtripLion 0 i thi: plum t hat efforts were made 10 secure it. Alt hough inLrouu ed fl'om Japan in 187"*, by Mr. John Ke1 ey, it had not been dis eminaLc1, and no nm eryman ould upply it. l!lortunately, in 1 3 a few O'rafting cions were. ecured through a fLiend. The e were in crted in lhe top of large plum tree and et fruit the following yea~. Immediate'y a larO'e propagaLion beO'all. The carrying capacity of this plum i 1"( 'llarkab1e. Two different shipmenLs were made Lo the Pari Exposition. and after 14 dnys in tran it, reached there in perfect condiLion. TI ey kept und f l' three weeks lOllO'er.
In fbis conncction il may be f inLere t Lo grower of Japan plums to . u6g" I !lHIl ire be I lanfcd in fronO' clay oil, the. mface of the Jailer not ~o be disLurued xccpt to keep it free frolll weed. Th~ harler Lhe O'rolUld is kept Lhe le decay will occur in the fruit of Lhe ReI ey plum.
From 1 5, in followinO' year lllany varietie of Japane e plums were re-~.ci\ ed through a1ifomia importers, Luther Burbank, Leonard Coate and oLher , and tbose that proved of go d qualify were propaO'aLed.
In 1 fl the Japan Blood peach was received. H pro\-ed of econd qualiLy but ripens early in June. The same year came the Japan ehe Lnut , which are very precociou in bearinO' fruit, but the trees very horf li\'ed after the fir t production of nut.
During 1877 the laLe R. R. Hunley, of Talladeo'a, Ala., sent me bud of whal he called the J aplll family of peaches, a originated by JudO'e ampbell of Pen aco1a, urO'in"" Lhat they be propagated as b~ ing upelior to any of the varieLie of hiu c peaches Lhen known. Ther were eyen varieLies; Lhe be I of which proved to be Lhe General Icc, tonewall Jackson aud poll. wood, which are . till retained i:l cuILi\'ati n.
The earli t exeell nt laLe peach whi h was di seminaLed i the PicqueL's laLe, one of Lhe be t of laLe August ripening free tones. It wa fou1l(l in the oTchal'd of Lbe late Antoine Picquet of Belair, Ga., and graft seeur d in 1 59, Lhe tree dying oon afterward.
51

In 1 65 ix trees of the Hales Early weL'e purcha ed. It was held by one nursery at a wO'h price. FiL'st fruiting, June 2d, 1868, it proved large, excellent and prolific, but many orchardi t oon condemned it owing to its liability to rot. Pel onal experience howed it to be avery valuable early variety, reliable a blooming very late, and fl'Om 110 tree 8 years old upwards of $800 wa realized in the ew York market. Onchundred tr es of the AlexandeL' pea h werc plll'cha ed when fit. t dis eminated ~n J\lfarch, 1877, and 011 May 21 t, 1878, the first ripe pecimen was gathercd, and on .May 2:3th, thre ba hIs each holding one peck were forwaL'ded to Jew York where they realized the unprecedented price of $32!
During the year 1873 to '78 roOL'e than 300 vaL'ietie of pedigree peach were originated by my father the late Dr. L. E. Berckman. at hi. . ummeL' orchard neal' Rome, Ga. Of thi remarkable en are the followinO' which w re O'radually di seminated:
Pallas, a . eedlinO' of Honey, of snp rior quality; Berenice, Au"'11. L; yellow; clinO'; Dl. Berckrnans Jnly; free fone, of surra.. in'" C]uafity; Robert, Augu t free ton Tllttl'bel' middle f July' free tone; Jtme} Augu t; linO'; Oriole} Augu t; cling. At uthbert, Ga., wa found the Ever BearinO' peach who e season of maturing extend from early in July to the end of Augu t. The right to propagate it wa. joiutly I urchased by us and Mr. Ge rge Miller, of Rome, and tL'ee di eminaled in 1 59.
STUBB ' MULBERRY:
Thi was discovered some twenty years ago in Laurens County, Ga., by our late lamented friend and co-woL'ker 1. John M. Lublr, who ent u ,,"rafting wood with the reque t that thi variety be propagated and eli eminated. It belong to the type 'Of our native red mulberry. The fruit i. UllU ually large of a plea. ant vinous f1avoL' and ripens during two month. The tree 1. remarkably I roducti\-e and surpa in'" ther known \al'ieties. 'Ye gay it the name of if dicoverer.
ApPLE:
During excur. ions III we. tern North m'olina we found many goo 'I
. eedling apple. The HarO'ro\'e ripcns in a tobcL' aUfl o\'emb r, is
of fine ,app arance and be. t qnality. "e named it a fter fl'. H:lI'gro\'c,
52

who called our aitention to it. The Haywood, a seedling of Hoover, is an excellent fall ripening apple. It wa found in a mall mountain settlement in Haywood county.
GRAPES:
Berckmans, a ero between Clinton and Delaware wa originated by the late Dr. A. P, Wylie, of he tel', . C., and the privilege of dis eminating given to us, It ha larger bunches than the Delaware, and i of equally excellent quality.
Since 1857, up to tbi time, eveL'y new fruit appearing in this country 'lind in Europe, ba been ccured at lhe earli t pportunity, carefully tested, and if found uited to tbis climate, 11a been retained, bnt not O\'C1' ten pel' cent. of these novelti became permanent additions.
Upward of 400 vari ti . of foreiO'n O'rap s were introduced from lhe Crimea and Africa bnt none nrvived many years.
ORNA1\fE JTAL PLA TS A DTREE.
Pr~A T PER ONALI,Y ORIGINATED.
Eo e-Climbing Clothilde oupert. In a block of everal thousand plant of the bu h form grown on om' own root , we found one that had emitted two long branches. The e were propaO'ated and sent out. It i one of the very few e,erbloomlng 1'0 es of climbing habit that can withstand the winters of New York. It merit were soon known and the variety catalogued by norlhern and European 1'0 e grower. Conifel' :
The old Golden Arbor Vitae (Biota aUI'ea) originated in England about 1850. In 1872, Biota SemlJlH' aUl'ea came out. Tills was an improvement. of the older form. ix plant were imported, everal thollsand eedliu!!'S were grown, and from that lot three plant which showed very distinct };1abit and coloring, were selected. The dwarf form was named Biota aUI'ea nana, and i now known among commercial O'rowers as Berckman' AI'bor Vitae. It. merit are of it being perfectly hardy in northem ections, wbere the older form is injured by cold. It very dwarf, compact and ymmelrical habit and bright color make it mo. t desirable where very dwarf O'rowing conifers are needed.
The Biota uw-ea cOllspicua i of compact and erect growlh, The foliage is or inlen. e golden hue, .ome or it. branche. heing of a olii! metallic tint.
Biota uurea pyramidali -attain. a heiO'ht of 15 to 20 feet, i of compact and ymmetl'ical habit, anc1 lIas foliag {If a golden tint.
53

These three forms were produced from the seed of one tree and as
they are perfeclly bardy in tbe latitude of New York, tbey are immensely popular. While maJlY other forms came from ,tbis batcb ,)f seedlino'S, the aboYe are unql:e lion ably the most perfet of tbe Biota type. Wilhin the past 15 years fully 200,000 of these plants bave been grown, and tbe original trees are still in our grounds.

Amoo?' R'ivel' PTivet:

PLANTS INTRODUCED.

In 1868, wbile visiling tbe nursery of Mr. Eugene BaUDllln in New Jersey, be drew my attention to six plants of a new privet which he bad imported from Europe, but did not tbink that it would resist tbe winters there. He advi ed me to try 'lbese, ,believing tbat tbey would make an excellent hedge plant for the Soul h. His prediction is verified by the innumerable beautiful e,-ergreen hedges which are now found in every section of the Soutb, and tbe middle states. It is greatly superior to tbe California privet (Ligustru?n ovaZifolhlm) , as it foliage retains its brigbt vivid green color during winter, and is even harclier than tbe latter for northern se tion . Biota jiZ'i{01'mis penduZa.
In 1884, dLU'ing a vi it to England tbree small trees of this new conifer were secured from Mr. Harry Veitcb, London, wbo shortly previous to that year had n:ceived a few plants from Japan. There is none more graceful of OLU' bardy medium sized conifers, which has proved to be well suited to the middle tates and e pecially the southern. Our specimen trees aI': now ten feet high and eight feet wide at the base. We can not find any lengthy descriplion of it in the catalogues of a few Europeans who grow it. From this we infer that it is slill sparingly known. The nearest that we can find in tbese is Thuya filifo?'mis stricta, described as a round beaded dwarf bush, witb upright ,tbread like brancblets, but some more erect. While of a vivid green durinO' the larger part of lhe year, tbe ext~'emities of the branchlet assume a slight brown tinO'e after a severe frost. This disappears wben the new gl'Owlh begins in the spring. Possibly 30,000 plants bave been eli seminated elming the past fifteeu yOO1'S.
It would enlarge tbis list to such an extent, were mention made I)f all of om introduclions since 1857, as to be tedious. As wilh fnut tr es it bas been om aim to collect whateyer plants from this and foreign countries, might add to tbe borticnltural weallh of Georgia, including materi-al ror the open ground as well as O'reellhouse cultintion. Among the immense variety of plants thus collected, we feel

54

that in the few sorls sele ted and named in Ihis paper, we have added something 10 ou!' fruit and u eful ornamental h'ea ures. After a full test during everal year before being di sem.inated others are:
Texas umbrella, 1870. Cut-leaved chinaberry' tree. While berried caJica pa. 'Vhile f1o\\'ering calycanthus. Wislaria, wbite, 1857. "7i taria, doll blue, 1 71.

OL. HUNT: "I think it proper at this point that the que tion box hould be op ned. We have the advantao' of Dr. Berckman., we can fire a many que tions at him a we plea e, and bring him out."

fR. MORRILL: "I hould like to know what ucce the horticulturi t of thi State have had with Japane e plum. I have tried many varieties, and the Abundance i about the only one I con ider of any merit., The Burbank rots every year."

DR. BER KMA

"We have had, fir t and la t,

perhap thirty varieties of J apane e plums on trial.

There i some fine fruit amonO' them and the only objec-

tion I have to the whole race is that the trees die so early.

Very frequently aft l' two or three years they go very

suddenl . I have found no rea on for thi , but po ibly

Prof. Wor ham could inform you. The Kel ey and the

'Yick on, which are of the arne cIa , hould be planted

on heavy hard clay land, and one hould never di turb the

soil at all except to keep it from weed."

MR. MORRILL: "I have orne Wick on plums and
I have n vel' bad a decent plum from ihem, they all rot."
55

DR. BERCKMANS: "Then you ought to :spray them."
MR. 10RRILL: '(I do pray them."
DR. BERCK UN : "But you don't spray them enough. We had a good looking orchard of Japanese plums, but they have all disappeared gradually. We still replant all the time. That is true of blight in pears. The idea i , when you 10 e one tree, plant two others in its place."
COL. HU T: "I think everyone who has raised cattle, or horses, and had an opportunity of di posing of a worthle s animal at a high price, has his conscience to contend with, but Mr. Berckmans ha never introduced into thi country a plant that did not come up to the recommenda tion. 'What tremendou de truction he must have carried on all these years with things that did not prove successful. It is with peculiar pleasure that I look through' his catalogue, because he always gives notice of ju t what to expect from any particular variety. "
THE PRESIDE T (resuming the chair): "At this point I wish to announce the organization of the following committees:"
THE COMMITTEE 0 EXAMINATION OF FRUITs-Prof. McHatton, Mr. Simmons, Mr. L. A. Berckmans.
THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONs-Prof. Worsham, Col. Wade, Mr. Hunnicutt.
THE OMMITTEE 01 TREASURER'S ACCOUNT-H. K. White, B. W. Hunt, Jno. . Rodgers.
56

"We have very little fruit on exhibition this year, but next year I hope there will be enough to require the appointment of several committees.
"I will now invite your attention to Col. B. W. Hunt, who will read y-ou a paper on the Smyrna fig."
HORTICULTURAL NOTES ON THE SMYRNA FIG.
By B. W. HUNT, of Eatonton, Ga.
The introduction and pl"opagation of a new desimble fruit is a ource of great pleasure to the planter. All people fond of gardening resident from middle Georgia outh to the Gulf of Mexico, have the opportunity to experiment with the Smyrna fig, a new impor.tation from A in. Thi fig bears a fruit in ize, quality and flavor superior to all other figs heretofore grown in America.
The first fruit .horue by my Smyrna trees ripened subsequent to the date of our la t annual meeting. The fil t fruit were artificially pollenated by me. That is, I took the p'oIlen from a Capri fig and by hand introduced it into ome half gro\yn Smyl'llafigs. The previous crop at my place'all had dr pped half O'rown from the tree. Several yea! ago Mr. Roeding had done the ame thing in California. Afler capr;fication the fig remained on the trees until ripe. It is well known that Smyrna trees ,that bear only female flower will never produce fruit without the introduction into the young growing fig of the pollen from the wild fig, or Capri, r. it is ailed. The Smyrna is a female tree, absolutely dependent upon ,the pollen fl"Om a non-edible fig. The artificial pollenation i a difficult matter, because the flowers of the fig are all inside of the fig it elf-not accessible as the flowers of other fruits. Nature has solved ,the difficulty. Her pollen carrier is a small insect called Bla tophaO'a. This fig wasp winters in the egg in a larval state in ide a third crop of immature fruits borne late in the season by the ,Capri fig, and called mammal. The entomologi ts tell us that 'When the insects emerge from winter quarter'S in the mammae the females immed~ately lay eggs in the fir t crop of Capri fig , ealled. profichi. The profichi contain male pollen bearing flowers, and When the fig wa p emerges therefrom cO\'ered with the pollen of the Capri he immediately . eel; to enter :lI1Y fib- acces ible. The fig
57

raiser therefore removes the proflchi fig from its parent tree, the Capri,

and attaches the non-edible fig oontaining the Bla tophaga in a larval

stage, to tbe limb of an edible fruit bearing Smyrna. The result is

the in ect upon its emergence from the apri fig seeks to perpetuate ils kind by cntering the myrna flg to depo it eO'!!'S. In entering the

femalc myrna fig lhe Bla tophaO'a alrea ly co\'ered with the pollen of

il host, the pI' fichi, cal'1'ies the life giving pollen to the fiowel of Ihe

stigmatic myrna. The uccess of the myl'l1u flO' Cl'Op is tbus abso-

lulely dependent upon the female Bla tophaga for it i the female alonc that enlers the fig to lay hcr eggs, aud thus carries the pollen ab lutely

ncce ary to pel'fect the fruit.

nlike our mule figs, tbe myrna fruit will all drop from the tree b fore ripcninO', if no pollen from the Capri is introduce 1 iuto tbe cav-

ity of the edible fig.

nlike OUI' Georgia flo , too, the eed of the myl'lla will grow as readily a orange or apple eed, while lhe 0- all deed of thc elestial Ischia, Brnnswick, elc., arc only hollow shells, containing no embryo,

In 1 99 the fir t ucces fnl colonization of Bla tophaga in Califor-

nia was accomjli hed. The e in ecl were shipped by Mr. W'alter T.

wingle from AIO'ier , Afri 'a in Capri figs. The

. GovernIDeilt

authoritie~ d ire that no more fig in eets be imported, fearing the

introduction of a para itical di case of which the Amei'ican wasps are

now free.

I am sorry ,to ha,e to 'ay 0 much nbout the in ect and pollen a-

tion of the myl1la figs which the entomologists know already, and all

of which the literature on the ubject ha told before, but thi matter

of pollcnation con titute UlC main objection 10 the myma fiO'. Hence,

to state only the pleasant side of the ubject an 1 leave the difficulties

for other to learn by experience would be unfair. '

Out ide the dependence of the Yucca upon the Yucca motb for pol-

lenation, and the' Yucca moth's dependence upon the O'rowinO' fruit of

the Yucca for hou inO' and feeding its larva, I know of no other 80

beantllul an iIlu tration of beneficent inter-dependence of insect antI plant life. The Yucca moth is useful only to the Yucca, but the apri

flO' i necessary to the life of the Bla tophaO'a and the Blastophaga in

return not only is the cau e of perfectinO' thc eed of lhe Capri fig,

but is the only mean of ripening another fruit entirely different from it host. A study of thi ubject is nece sary in Smyrna flO' culti\;1.-

tion, and i a ource of plea nre a well a profit to the horticulturi t.

As the myrna fig can not be fruited withol1t the Bla tophaga, the

providing of a succession of apri figs each maturiNg fruit at the time

58

the llifferent broods of females emerge, is most difficult. The wintering over of the llisects in the mammre that remain dormant in winter is a till more difficult problem. This means for myrna fig raisers in middle G orgia, the buying of Capri figs with Blastophaga in them from California, where they are now offered for sale, or from the warmer parts of Florida. We read that in myrna, the home of the best fi!!S in the whole world, the apri crop ometime i killed by winter fro t , and tben ship loads 'are brought in from the Greek I lands, and old to the far inland raisers. I am sure it will be cheaper r,) buy the apri fi!!S carrylloo the inse,ts, rather than to keep se\-eml of tbe large growing wild fias under gla_ in our own green bou es.
There i no known way of dwarfing the growtb of these trees, as we do with many other fruit tre . Surely we who buy oranges fr'OID Florida, banana from ent ral America and grapes from California, can import the few apri figs needed for pollenization of our edible figs. I do not advocate the raising of myrna figs as a commercial crop in middle GeOlO'ia. That side of the propo ition may be left for others; but I do h'ongly recommend tbat tbis fruit be rai ed for home u e.
There are other, but only minor drawbacks to the introduction of the Smyma figs. The tree them clve in A ia and Caliiomia gr'ow larO'er, forming like apple trees a sinO'le trunk. Mine orne years ago tried to develop as their progenitol had grown for untold age, but they learned better after a few winters had killed thei.r rampant new g-rowth of wood. Now they take on the hrubby growth characteri tic of our middle Georgia mule figs, growing with many small stems from hlcir 1'001., and they are fruiting closer to Mother Earth' warm bo om.
TLte thermometer regi tered ten Fahrenheit thi winter and la t year at my place and I can see but little cMerence between the effect of the cold on the myrna and the mule fio. Both have the tips of their limb damaged with frost but I expect both varietics to produce a cr'Op thi year, as they did after the cold of la t year. Tbe larO'e size of the be t of myrna incline them to crack open like the sepals of a poly epalous flower. Jot all beha,e thr;s, but some have fed their secd and pulp to the bi.rd by bursting open, when they should have kept their inside within the fig's shcath. I belie,e the myma fig is of ufficient merit for the people of Georgia and Florida to breed :l ,oaroiety suited to our 'Conditions of temperature and summer rain fall. Caliiornia and myrna have only dew for summer moi ture, while we ha,'c down pour of rain ill every summer month.
To thi end I have planted hundreds of myma seedlingso Some of them appear already more cold resistant than their paTents. Sev-
59

eral fruit d last year when no slaminale fi . could be fouud 10 pollenate them, 0 all the fruit uf my eedlin"" wa wasled, I want 10 origillale a myrna fig' of the best quality as old l"esistaut a' our Cele lial. A long fruit talk, or ) cclicel, i' preferr I tbat will tum the eye downward to pre\'cut lh rain entering and onring lhe. fig, Many fj ha\'e yery 'hort fruit talks and Tipen wilh the eye of the fig tumed upward to 1"ecei\'e lhe rain if any falls into the heart of the fjO", Thi position of the fl'uit if not objectionable ill the home of the fig where no rain fall from pril to November, in vites ourin')' of the fruit in Georgia, Iaize or c rn, our indigenou grain bas adapted it elf ped'eclly to our climate, by holding the ear upright to eatcb the pollen and UD !line in it "rowing' state and then tumin" completely over with its water-proof huck co\'er keepin" the ripencd ear dry regaI'dle of rai11 now, or ice. Any ear that failed in tbi;: particular would our and poil the grain.
If we could develop a fig with a I n" fruit. talk tbat would bend dowu with tbe increasing weig'ht of the growing fiO', as does Ihe ear of com, we would fix a mo t de irable habit of growth lhat would prevent the oULing of the fi" from wet.
Mr. 'Valter T, wino-Ie ha already ob en'ed onc ficy in alifornia that exude a little juice after tbe entrance 'Of tbe Bla tophaga which finally harden into o-um, t:alin" tbe orifice a"ain t the entrauce of moisture. To be de irable a fig mu't be prolific iu it yield of fruit, fox no fruit bearing tree of auy kind is worthy of cultivation that i. lingy in it yield. Wben we realize that all the figs now cultivated are but tbe continuation of orne eedling port bl'OUg!Jt from Europc or A'ia to America, and tbat no American unlil rcccntly ha plant'3d fig eed, I beIie\'e one need not laim to pO"es thc <rift of prophecy to f<ore ee the ol'igination of most desirable varietie of lhis emi4l"opical deliciou frnit in the neal' fulure. J o one ha ob-erved as far a I know tbat the quality of fi .. appears to vary in a mo t remarkable degree from the effect of local condition,. A fiO' excellent in quality at 'one pIa e may be ta tele~ grown in a diff rent lpcality. Almo t any other fruit tban figs may be obtained by 1 urchase in any city in the United late, 0 one ev l' houobt a Yel'y "ood ripe fi'" in hica""o ew York or B ton, Thi fruit to be enjoyed mu t ripen on the tree and be eaten from the hand that plucks it. Tbe fig' habit of ripening the brebas or the fir t cr p on the old wood, and tben continuing to form new fnlits tbrough tbe summer on new wood until fro t is a valuable a et. Thi habit of proc1ucinO" all Ihe crop of fruit without pollenalion, is confined to Ihe cIa of fig called by Eisen
60

1U1~SlO11 figs, 01' common fig', and as 1 uuder::;tand practically all of ollr Georg'ia fi,~ belong' to tbis cla, "
'ume fig,; bear a tir::;t (;1'01 of mule f1oweJ. on old wood ripening fruit of good quality, without pullenation, yet. wbeu the 'eeon I e"up form 011 Lhe IIell' wood Lhe (-Iuwer al' female, and all I he fruit. drop half O'rown if not poll nized by Lbe (i .. ill eeL TlJis i' true of the w,1l known San Pedro fig in alifol'llia, which before the inLroduction of the fi .. \\'a p neyer ripened it econd crop, Re\'m"ing tbe habit of tbe all Pedl , those cIa ed by Ei en a driatic fib , never ripen tbe fil t crop without pollenation, but do mature the ub equent crops after the failure of the breba .
In advocating the cultm'e of myrna fi'!'S, I would not neglect the cummon or mule that GeorO'ia. ha' rai 'ed ince OO'lethorpe landel in avannab in 1733, Theil' \'aluable habit of matming fruit without pollenalion, i, wortby of pl'esernlliun, e\'en if tbeir quality always remains inferior to the e 'ually incomplete Smyrna, Georgia fi>,!; will g"row without. laburiou cultur, fruit without Iollenation ha\'e a ucce, ion of crop" and orne \'arieti mature excellent fl'Uit. By all mean let u herish the fig that yields most liberally, planted in any out of the way place and f10uri bing wuere no other fruit will "TOW.
To my friend, I' ident. north of the a climatilied home of tbe fiO' family, I say, rai 'e the 0', eitber under 0'1 a, or out of door. In the latter ca e you will ha\'e to plant tbo e \'arieti that can bend to the ground and pa. the winter eo\'ered and protected, The l!:ngli hand
"7 other orlh European gardenel for O'eneration ha\'e uccessfully rai ed
the fruit and 0 an you, e all ha\'e room on OUl' b ok belves for the literature of the Greeks and Latin, ill trauslati u, if not in the oriO'inal, for tbey are tbe foundation of OUl' culture. The fiO' was one of tbe priueipal article of u tenance for tho e wIlD wr te our ancient literature, 'Yith them it wa a food taple not eaten a a luxury, a with us. The 0' \Va al 0 idealized and u ed as a ymbol in their ril1i00i u ceremouie, The tll;ll fOlwders 'Of R me are pictured under
the proLecting branches of a 0' tree, J b lie\'e we can more economi-
cally find 1'00111 in our gardens for the fruiL' of the ancient, than we ean make room for their literature iu our dwelliJ1 o ' The e teem in which we hould hold the fig i ju Lified by it hi t<>rieal a ociation wilh man' ad\'allcillg civilization as well as from it OW11 merits. Tboughtless man i alway ready to take the altrui Lie low e timaLe of bim elf a the true tau lard, and po~sibly the fi'>" reputation uffer, from it hllmble habit of thri\'illO' and fruiting' even when neglI'cled.
6l

The fig is a' dome ti ated as the do0", and a k a place to grow
neal' the home f man, preferably with its bran be cares ing Ule walls, and it. roots elltwini]Jg tbe fouudation of the bujldillg tbat sheltcrs the family,
THE PRE IDE T: "The cultivation of the fig is po ible much farther north than a great many people of that section imagine. For many year I would go to
ewburO'h, . Y., and during the month of eptember my ho t alway had a dish of ripe fio's on the table. I a ked, "How do you manage to O"et the e fig "and he said that at the fir t appearance of cold ""eather he took every limb, peo'o'ed them down, and then put a little traw over th m, and in the prin o' of the ear, aft r dan o'er of fi'o t i over, let th m come up, and that he thus obtained a nice crop of fiO", Oth I' have tried the ame thinO" in N w York, and they now have ripe fig wherc they were never een before.
"There wa a man, Mr. ewman, in V\ a hington WllO ""rote a pamI blet on the cultiva tion of fig. in the North, and he advocated the ame thing. Another point that I remember: In my native country, Belgium, fiO' an not grow unles they are covered in winter. We used to put a laro'e traw hou e around them; thcn we had a few to stay, but they would carcely ever ripen, and final1y in Italy my father found the "a to ha ten the maturity, and tha t was to take a drop of oil on the nd of a needle, put it on the blo am end"and then it would ripen, a very easy proce .
"Gentlemen, we have a o'ood deal of work to do tomorrow and there are on or two paper that ought to be read tonight. ome of our friend who promi ed to be here were unable to come, but I hope to have their papers publi hed.

" Col. Wade, of Cornelia, is here, and has an address on Commercial Apple Orchard in the Piedmon t Regions of Georgia, and if it suits him ju t as well we will now h ar from him."
THE COMMERCIAL APPLE IN NORTHEAST GEORGIA,
By 1. C. WADE, of ' omelia, Ga.
The commercial apple is aHogelhcr different from our home apple, which is lu cious, soft, juicy, melling lo touch an I la teo I can only feel sorry for tho e who are so ilualec1 as 10 he unable 'to partake of the Dorthea L Georgia apple fr hly picked fl'Om the tree in ummel', or early fall in all it glory.
Neverlheless, what we call, slrictly peaking, "a commercial apple" will be found a beautifuJ, juicy and good kceping apple. The term implie, as I undel tand it: 1 t-a good seller; 2nd-a good keeper; 3rd-one po e inO' fair or good quality.
A good seller is one that will not only compele with all northern apple, bnt surpas them in our outhern markel. Examples are the Beu Davis, Yates, Willow Twig, Wiue aps, Arkansas Black, etc. The apple must also be able to hold il own a a keeper. The WinteL' Queen, for example, with propel' carc and handling, will keep until apples come again in June.
n i slll'pri ing what a different kind of apple the Ben Davis h:lS
pro\'en in northea t Georgia from what it is when grown in New York or 1\lichio'an. There, its quaJily is like a pnml h.iD. Here, wbile its qualily i only fair, il splendid appearance on the fl'llit tand, its bright lich, red color, and good size make it greatly ought after by the fm;t peddlel of our southern cilics, ot eqnaJ in quality to the otbers . named abo\'e, it is till as good, or even betler seller.
The W"inler Queen with its O'olden color, la ling from now on till June will I think commaJld the best price later in the season. It Tecu color, at fir t, i objectionable to many of our southern market. Yet so many norlhern people wintering in the outh, know the nol'cen apple in the North as the best and higb t priced apple, and cL'ealc a dcmand for it here. It Teally belongs to the large class of
63

pIppins. In fact, :i believe it is the "Albemarle Pippin'; transplanted
and grown in the Cumberland plateau, something like one hundred miles from its home in southw tern Virginia.
We have many new varieties eeking recognition fl'Om our ection, some of the finest summer and fall apples I ever saw, including many new varieties. Thi fact, by the way, shows emphatically the true home of the apple. There are, probably, fifty new varieties, hybrids, etc., indigenou to our ection. I ent thirty-three new varieties. to Washington to the Pomological Department. Of very few had they ever heard.
We also have several new summer varieties, which we esteem veq highly. I am trying to te t them out. The summer apple in contradi tinction.-to the winter apple'i shipped North. A good market for all June and July apples is found North when the market i bare of all its large fruit. Therein is the o-reat "alue of the ummel' apple, for like the Elbel'ta peach, it ha no eoml elition at the time of it coming to maturity.
I. am being con tautly impol'luned b~' nOl'thcl'l1 commi ion me,'chants to hip them early ummel' apple, We ha,e the Red June, Yellow Trail parent, and Red A trachan. The la t is a faH apple in pIe in >the Jorth, but a delightful summer apple with u. We need more varieties for thi sea on,
The fall season is really, omewhat overstocked. So many of our so-caHed winter apples are really good catino- and cooking apples in October 31 tl To\'ember. nch are the Ben Duvi, Yates, Shockley, Winesap, - top, Kennard'. hoice, etc.
Another new . cdling' is being' d \' loped in our eetion by Mr. Seton While, Col. John Fort and other.. I refer to that beautiful a\ pIe that won 01. Fort Ihe prize in comp tilion with all the outherll tate at the National Apple how at po ane in 1908 and again in 1909, and which I believe ha been name( 10rt's Prize. I doubt if a more beautiflll apple grows. I et out a number of the e la t year and hall do the ame thi yeat'. While it ha by DO mean reached the commercial tao-e, yet I believe it to be of the be t fall 01' early winter varieties and it succe in wiuuing pi-izes at the National Apple
how bespeaks a great future fOl' it. It i to be hoped that tho e havin'" the matter in charge will ad\'ance it, for if it i as good as appear-. ance indicate every nurseryman ouo-ht to be propagating it. There; no reason why we bould not have from fifty thonsand to one hundrcd thousand of them bearing in a few years.
In the fall of 1901, Robt. Bercham and I disco\'ered tbe Winter Queen in thi section, after it had been bem'in'" in a small way for
64

one-fourth of a century. i ow, there are over one hundred thousand planted, and many in bearing-just a little "push" sets things going.
Our many winter visitors from the orth ha'-e brought with ',hem and pread throughout tue Gulf states a strong liking for apples. So tho e coIlling to spend tbe summer in Olu' section bave seen for them. Ive., and ta ted Qur ]elicious summer varieti and bave left order for fall and winter shipmenl. All this bas created a market today Ihat we can not begin to supply. This very month apples are bringing two dollars per bu hel box, f. o. b. at omelia, a bigher price iban orange bring.
I am eating oranges daily for breakfast and apple for upper. A O'enlleman in Florida wi bing some apples, asked me to exchange box for box-apple for oranges. I replied ihat I would, but that my best apples were gone, and only the bockleys left. He wrote tbat they would do, and sent me two boxes of fine oranges, and I sent him the Shockley in excbange. 0 I can say that I have the equivalent of my own l'aisinO' of both citrus fruit and apple.
With ihe eaboard cities 'Of avannah, Brun wick, Jacksonville, Tampa, Pen acola and Mobile, a11(l with all tbe in land cities lying between them and omelia con tantly increa ing in population and all wantiug apples, I conclude our market i good, stable, and will Ulldoubtedly keep abead of the production. Fall apple sold all over the northern state in the orchard this fall at 23 cents pel' bushel, while our lowest prico \\'a $1.00, and is now for winter apples $2.00 per bushel.
'Ve lie b tween citrus fruits two hundred miles south of us, and th' northern apple belt five hundred Illile norlh of us. Our soil and waler condition arc perf'ct. We have 60 to 70 incbes of water, annually, with several million acres of nortllea. t Georgia soil lying in wailing ill the foot-bill of the Blue Ridge. The po . ibilities are limiled only by mall's endeavor.
The land is mostly rough and hilly; but we cultivate tbe hill- at water level and mules do not seem to care for ide-bills even if they do occasionally slip and roll over. The native GeorO'ia farmer may be incredulous wben I state tbat I have rai ed forty busbels of corn to the acre on hills 1,800 feet above tbe sea level,' wbile tbe average crop of Georgia is only about tbirteen busbel per acre.
I plant my orchards in rows 20 feet apart, diamond fa hion, alternatiu'" witb tbe apples a peach tree as a filler to be removed when tbe apple tree mature. I planned my orchard to plant one-quarter of iho total in apple., that is 10,000 apI Ie trees and 30,000 peacb trees. I h:1\'e nearly this amount now.
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Such land can be bought for $10.00 to $20.00 per acre. The wood on it usually pays for the clearing. I plant COl'll between the row'> the first two years. The next two or thl'ee years, I plant peas or soja beans instead; thereafter, crimson clover. I have now planted as a test some five kinds of clover besides alfalfa and vetch.
We have demonstrated that we can rai e first-class apples in spite of the codling moth, or any kind of insect. I sprayed twice with ar senate of lead for the former and had very few apples infested. Iy neighb'ors, :Mr. H. L. Staight, and Mr. D. H. Hesket have fiue orchards and spray two to five times. Theil' orchards, however, are much older and smaller. I think about three times will be found necessary to make almost perfect apples.
I had never yet u ed fertilizer of any kind until I planted some new trees in 1909. It has been my practice to haul all my stable manme and spread it around the tree a foot away from the trunk and four feet out each way. When this is exhausted I put in a good strong fertilizer, spreading it about the trees. I plant a new orchard of one thousand apple trees each winter. My first thousand are now just six years old and promise a fail' crop for 1910 when I will spray them three or fom times. Meanwhile I am hauling out my table manme and spreading it about the tree. Around some treil that need potash I am spreading hardwood ashes. I trim my apple orchard in January and February.
The chief enemies of the apple orchard are the codling moth, the aI pIe tree borer, and the aphis. Our different sprays will keep them in check. In case of aphis, apply tobacco dust. The borer has to be dug out and killed. Pear blight can be controlled, so far as I know, ou]y by cutting out and burning the infected limbs. Recent shipments of trees infected with crown gall have been made into our section. These have forttmately been detected and burned, owing to the dangerous character of the disease. The shipping of the infected trees should be made a misdemeanor by law.
As cultivation, fertilizing and spraying more properly come tUlder another subject, I will leave lhat open. I will imply say that all the e things mu t be pracli ed to make orchard a succe s. It is true we can show native apple trees, three feet in diameter, bearing forty to seventy-five bushels of apple, and seventy years old that have really never had any care at all, but the fruit would not pass as a merchantable apple. Such then, taken together with the long list of apples indigenous to this seclion show what a wonderful natural country for apples we have.
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I havc two I each trees on my farm at Cornelia said to be forty ycars old. I ha,-e known them to bear for the 11ast ten years. We haye not grown Elbertas and commercial varieties of peaches long enough to ascertain the longevify of the peach in our di trict, but we do know <that one O'ood crop carcfuJly marketed, as was onrs in 1008 paid for every doJlar invested, and we al 0 know that the apple crop pays still better. In one year we netted three times the original cost of the orchard.
Given these advantages of soil, water, elevation, and cheap land, all would be worthle s without the great essential of a good market. Fortnnately om' market is at our door. We consider it our privilege, and om' opportunity, to make this one of the best apple sections of the ea tem nited States.
:MR. WORSHAM: "I uppo e that there i no one more intere ted in crown O'a11 than I am, but I want to ay that it i alway a problem and the horticulturi t never are agreed upon it. The main que tion is, what shall we do with crown gall, and you will O'et a hundred different opinion ; one will ay it is playinO' havoc with him, and another that he is in doubt about"it, You will find the specialists all over the State are of different opinion, but from what Dr. Hitchcock aid, and from what otlJer men who e opinion I re pect have said, I think it mu t not be a erious on apple as on other plant, I know that it i a di ea e, and I know it does not do any o'ood in any plant, becau e a para ite of that kind can be o~ no service, and it i bound to be detrimental sooner or later. In other word, it i there for no good purpo e, and if I "a o'oin o' to put out a tree I wouldn't want any cro"n gall on it. Whether it i injuriou to apples in Georo'ia I can not say, because I have not experimented with it. In fact it has not been my business to experiment with it; but I am convinced
that it affects apples Ie s seriously than any other plant.
I believe it does affect peaches, for I have found it in
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every commercial orchard in the State, pecially south of the clay belt. You will find knot on them sometimes a big- as your hat. A to whether the gall kills them or not I can not say.'
COL. WADE: "Are the peach gall and the apple gall the same?"
fR. WORSHAM: " 0, sir; they are not the same, but they belong to the same class."
fR RODGERS: "Do I lmderstand you to say that on ground from which a peach orchard has been taken, you can safely plant an apple orchard "
MR. WORSHAM: "Ye, sir."
PROF. McHATrrO J: "Speaking about tl1is apple gall and peach gall not being the same, I think Dr. Irvine
. Smith and Dr. C. O. Town end of the Bureau of Plant lndu try have proven that the crown galls on fruit tree, 1'0 es, trawberries, etc., are caused by one and the same organi, m. Personally I can not tell you, for I do not lmow. I always had an idea that it was the same.
~OL. FORT: "The conclu ion I arrived at was this: If I had two tree, one without crown gall and one with it, I would not chao' e the one with crown gall; but I think the danger ha been magnified beyond measure. If you will read Prof. Starnes on the subject, he will say the whole earth ought to be taken up for a large distance around the infection, and that it is the most terrible menace to the apple indu try, but I believe the danger is magnified and a practical experiment alone will settle it. "
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PROF. WILLARD: "I am not a hOl'ticulturi t, but I know many of the offi er' that have been referred to in thi' discus..ion, and I ju 't want to say one word on the matter. I happen to be still with the Experiment Station, and it strikes me Col. Fort ha made one error in putting too much dependence upon a man in ew York State. You will ,all agree that New York conditions do not apply always to Georgia, so it strikes me it would be better to believe and put our faith in what the home people say in these matters until we have a better opinion on the subject. I met several of the Cornell men on this matter, but I do not think that they are fully capable of telling what any disease of plant mio-ht do in the State of Georgia, and I am a little surprised at the Colonel, and in a mild way wi h to a k whether he would prefer to take thi man' opinion rather than that of the home people. It seems to me that we had 'better wait for a deci ion 'on thi matter."
COL. FORT: "In the language of Patrick Henry, I h~ve but one lamI by which my feet are guided, and that i the lamp of experience. If the Experiment Station in Georgia had triEld it, if Prof. Starnes had ever planted an apple tree with crown gall and watched it for five )'ears, I would have given great weight to his opinion, but all the e my terious matters in relation to bacteria, microbe , organi m , and wonderful growth, are in their infancy, and I give great tre to a man who has tried it, who ha seen it, who has watched the tree for five year and given his conclu ion .after that trial. It may be that conditions are different in Georgia from what they are in ew York. I hope .to be able to decide the question myself in two or three years. It is simply be-
Q~

cau e the Cornell men have tried it that I gave them the preference in opini'On."
COL. ,VADE: "Mr. Worsham has ju t told you that he took up an entire orchard affected with the gall."
COL. FORT: "That was not in apples. I was speaking of crown gall in apple, and whether it is the same thing that appears in the raspberry, the peach, or the rose, is a grave question. If you will take up any large apple tree, you will find immen e protuberances on the roots, and I am at a 10 s to say why they are there. I stand by. the lamp of experience and I stand by Patrick Henry until I am fairly convinced to the contrary."
At this point the meeting adjourned until the next mormng.
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SECOND DAY'S PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY 27, 1910, MORNING SESSION.
The President called the meeting to order at 10 :30 a. m., and introduced the fir t speaker of the day, Prof. John R. Fain, of the Georgia State College of Agriculture, Athens, Ga.
MAINTENANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY FOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS.
By JOHN R. F.Am, Professor of Agronomy, Georgia State College of Agricultme, Athens, Ga.
We usually speak 'Of soil fertility and take into that term a considerable number of different facts. Soil fertility usually means power of the soil to produce abundant crops. A great many things have to be in the right condition besides simply soil and plant food for the soil to produce a crop 1llt its maximum. We must consider along with the soil the influence of the air, the crop production, the soil itself, the temperature of the soil, the drainage, the light, and the bacteri~ of the soil. All of the facts and the physic.'l1 conditions must be taken into consideration in crop production.
It is a fact that the majority of ihe soils in the Stale today are not in anything like this ideal conditiQD, and if they are not, what are the remedies'! We have soils here and there that are ideal, almost, in their physical condition, hut possibly lacking in some of the elements of plant food. We have {)ther soils that are ideal in both the physical condition and in the supply of plant food, but unfortunately a great IDany of our soils for one reason or another are not in this ideal condition to meet the demands of a great many of our crops, especially the more exacting crops. . There are two things, it seems to me, that we should keep in mind In trying to find a remedy for present conditions. . The first is t{) hold on to the soil that we have, and to improve Ita fertility. That may seem like a fooli h propo irion, because a
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man would not want to dispose of any soil that he might have. I venture the assertion that the State 'Of Georgia loses many times more the amount of fertility in erosion and leeching than it does in crop production. Can we build our soils in crop producing power if we continue ,to allow the soil to disappear' Unfortunately this material that is taken off for various reasons is the hest that we have. Since it bas the highest power of crop production.
One of the fu'St things, it seems to me in remedying tbe present conditions is to hold to the part that disappears, especially during the winter time when the crops are off the land and we get OUl' heaviest Tainfall, and if there is one thing, it seems to me, that we should look to in the State of Georgia, more than any other, it is such a rotation in crops as will keep tbe lands covered all the time. The only reason, it seems to me, for allowing land to be bare during the winter, is to get ,the physical effect from the freezing and thawing', and possibly on accolmt of tbe distribution of work. Wherever it is practical the land should be held during the winter, if necessary, with a cover crop. And fortunately we ha\'e a cover crop in winter that we can use, not only in holding but also in building the crop producing power of tbe soil.
The next point, it seems to me, in this matter of increasing the crop producing power of the soil, is to be sure that we are working alonO' with Nature. We are fortunate in a way, if we start to build the fertility of the soil in the uth, that we can do it comparatively rapidly. It is al 0 true that this type will deteriorate very rapidly.
nless we work with Jature we do not accompli h re ults.
\"Ve menfioneu a while ago Ihat there were several factol's that h!ld to do with crop produclion. If it i the phy ical condition of the oil that needs to be remedied, we can not remedy it by an application of commercial fertilizers.
In other words we have to find the trouble with the particular piece ()f soil with which we are working before we can apply the remedy. In a grea't many cases it is lacking in plant food; but I do not believe that in a majority of cases in the State of Georgia today the trouble is a lack of plant food. There are other causes there that we will take up more in detail later that hinder crop growth. For instance take the chemical analy is of most of our soils, and they will show a ufficient amount of potash and possibly phosphoric acid to last for a considerable time for the production of maximum crops.
We are spending something like $20,000,000 a year for commercial fedilizers at the present time. It is not commercial fertil-
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izers that we need. There are very excellent things in a great man:. of these compositions, but the point I want to make is that we are trying to create conditions with commercial fertilizers that it is not possible to create.
If it i as Dr. Cameron Farmer of North Carolina says, the physical condition of the soil rather than the chemical that is wrong, we can not correct that simply by the addition of commercial fertilizcrs. We may get a slightly increased growth; that is very probable; but we are not goiug to get the maximum of crop production until we correct the fault. The investigation of Dr. Cameron is rather intere ting. He found in North Carolina in the Piedmont region, two farms side by side, exactly the same soil formation, one producing fine crops, the other hardly paying the co t of cultivation. He thought he had found two oil worlh a considerable amount of iuvestiO'ation and he had samples procured and sent to the laboratory at Washi.ngton, where chemical analy es were made, and much to his a toni hment he found more plant food i.n the oil that was pI' ducing less Lhan he did in the oil that was producing the abundant crop. Evidenlly, under these conditions, it was not a lack of plant food. A slight increase would undonbtedly ha"e been procured by the use of commercial fertilizers, but the maximum crop on that soil never would have been produced until the physical condition, that was largely the trouble, had been corrected.
Dnle s we work along with Nature, along with the laws that are in force, we can not expect to get re ult . atlue has certain laws that we must ob erve. We would not expect to hold out a rock aud let it loose and not expect it to fall-Lhe law of gravitation is bound to take it to the floor. So it is with soil conditions. If we violate any of
aLure' laws in regard to soil conditions, we are bound to get the reults that naturally follow from a violation of those law. If, on the other hand, we aid and supplement those laws, we can expect to get results from that work that will pay us handsomely, more than the trouble.
In con idering. the soil, it seems to me it would be well to divide it up into three parts, Lhe phy ical condition, -tbe chemical constituents, and the biological condition of the soil. We hear a great deal about worn out soils. Wbat do we moan by a worn out soil? It is a IlOrnmon expression. I heard a gentleman who had spent possibly all bia life inve tigatinO' soils, not long ago make a statement that be had never found a worn out soil, and he did not believe that it was possi-
ble for a soU t9 w!!af 9Ht, :Sut it is I\. C9mJ:l:l0p expression. A worn
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out soil, as we usually take it, is one that for whatever reason, does not produce crops.
I think we will lind in lhe majority of cases that it has worn out physi~lly and not chemically. We have a great many soils, Ulldoubteclly, that are worn out phy ically. It is to the physical condition tbat I wisb to direct your aUention, especially becasue I believe when the physical conditions are corrected that we will have productive soils in the majority of cases.
I was arguing this matter a few years aO'o with -a chemist, who was yery much interested of course in plant food, and he finally admitted that tbe one thing above all others tbat the soils of the South needed, was organic maUer, and of course, soil with organic maUer, means a soil tbat is in good physical condition. Physically, we can divide the soil into three constituents-the rock harder or. sand, i. e., the material that bas not been changed chemically in the formation of the soil, the disintegrated rock or clay, and pal't of the silica, that has been changed cbemically, and the organic matter. From a pbysical standpoint that is a fair division.
Usually the rock harder or sand composes a considerable bulk of ~be soil. The sands, as. a rule, do not carry a great deal of plant Pood, or if they do carry plant food, it is not in an available condilion. Possibly all of the soluble plant food that tbe plant gets from tbe soil comes from the disintegrated or decayed rock, from the clay and from the silica-from the pad of the soil that has the finest division.
The organic matter is the one material there tbat we can cbange. We can not at any practical expense change tbe relative amount of sands and clays; that is a fixed item you might say in tbe make-up of the soil, but we can and we do cbange the amount of organic matter. Tba organic matter is the pad that disappears so quickly.
It seems to me well to stop here and con ider Nature's own methods of soil fertility. If we go to the woodland or to the prairie we find an -accumulation of organic maUer. If we go to tbe cultivated field we find tbat the supply of organic maUer is burning up. In tbe present conditions in the State I believe it is principally our fault. In fact I have yet to see a soil in the South-undoubtedly tbere are such soils but I have not come in contact with tbem---'that does not produce abundant crops when plentifully supplied with organic matter, and under the present conditions we will probably have to turn under a green crop at least every third year.
In my 'Own experience I have found that the most economical and most practical way of increasing l'apidly the rorganic contents of tbe
soil i:s to combin~ th~ leO'uwe and the stable manure.
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A light application of the stable manure to any of the legumes, such as the red clover, the vetch, or the crimson clover, will increase the crop producing power of the soil wonderfully. I recall one piece of land that when I took hold of it it was in corn, and when we gathered that crop that fall I got a little discouraged over t.he land. I think we got eight bushels to the acre, and it wasn't good corn either. It was kind of a hard proposition. It \ViiS a clay land that I knew would leech easily. We put on an application of about six tons of manure to the acre, a very light application. We put it down in red clover and got an excellent stand. That fall in re-arranging our fields, it became necessary to plow up the clover and put in corn again. We plowed under the stand of red clover, which was 18 inches, possibly two feet high, a good thick stand. The ne~'t year we had two plats of 25 acres each that took in each a part of this 16 acres. One of those plats averaged 32 bushels to the acre and the other 35, and the best corn on either one was on the 16-acre plat that two years before had made eight bushels of corn to the acre. The seasons were practically the same, and I believe we can duplicate that almost anywhere in Georgia by the same methods and by getting the organic matter into the soil quickly. To grow it in sufficient amount to make an impression on the soil I do not believe we can accomplish it more economically or more rapidly than by simply using the legumes on which a light application of manure is put and turn the whole business under. I do not believeunder the present conditions that we can do anything that can increase the crop producing power as that will and certainly not at the same expense.
In some of the sands we have :J. very loose soil, with very little consistency about it. In some of the clays we have a soil that is so hard that it can become so tight and so compact; that it is hardly possible for crops to ~~w. Either of those conditions are undesirable. We want a middle soil that is not too open, but on the other hand, that is not too compact. If boo open it allows too free aeration, too great a burning out of the organic matter, and too rapid a passing through it of the moisture. If it is too compact we do not get a sufficient amount of ventilation, it can not absorb a sufficient amount of moisture, or it can not absol'b it rapidly enough, and when it gets it it holds on to it too long.
The ideal condition is between those two, or what we usually term a loam soil. As I said a while ago, while we can not change on any considerable scale the relative proportion of the clay and the sand, we can get that loamy condition by the application of the organic matter to the soil.
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Let us look just for a moment at why this ideal physical condition is necessary. In the first place the soil must be such that the roots can penetrate quickly and readily. It must have a water holding capacity to hold for the plant a sufficient amount of moisture. I believe that is. one of the great reasons why the application of the organic matter does give the results, because I do believe that probably in a great many cases wat~r is the controlling fact'Or in crop production. We do not usually think of it in tha.t way, but why shouldn't it be the controlling factor The plant food that the plant consumes must be soluble, it must be in the form of a solution, and the water acts as the transporting power to take it into the plant, and it does not make any difference how much plant food we have, if the water isn't there to transport it, it does not do a great deal of good. In speaking of the various seasons, and in discussing a good season and J. bad sea on, nine times out of ten it is all dependent on the amount of rainfall and its distribution.
Take for in tance a medium crop of wheat, fifteen bushels to the aCL'e. It has been shown that while it takes less than 100 pounds of fertilizing matter t'O produce that crop, it will take something over 600 tons of water to bring it to maturity. When we compare those 600 tons of water with something less than 100 pounds of actual fertilizing constituents that are in the soil, we can see the difference in the proportion. The phy ical condition of the soil will determine to a larO'e extent, first, the amount of water that will be absorbed, second, th~ amount of water that will be held, and third, the amount of water that can be given to the plant. Then, also, the phy ical condition will determine the ventilation. Sometimes we forget that it is necessary to the roots of the plant that the soil should be ventilated, just a,; it is for us that our rooms should be ventilated. In the growth of the plant we find that oxygen is necessary to .the roots. We find in soil conditions, that a the oxygen is used up by the roots and by the chemical changes and by the bacterial life of the soil, the carbo-'Oxide is given off, and there will be a point reached after a while where the oxygen supply will be exhausted unless it is renewed. That is just a e sential to plant growth as is a. soil to grow in. You can fill up the open spaces in the soil by any means, usually we take water, and cul off the SUP] ly of air, and thereby check and lunt the growth of the plant. In the variou. soil the amount of thi open pa e, or the amount of space that is ncce sary, 01' that we u ually find that loes this venliln1ion, l'anO'es from about one-fourth to one-half. Otherwi e stated, if we could take a cubic foot of soil and pack it absolutely olic1, it WiOuld only occupy from three-fourth to one-half of
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tbe original space. This open space varies with the size of the soil grain. In the coarse grained soils, like the sands, we have smaller amount of open space, but on account of the size of the individual space, we have a more rapid movement of water. In clays we have a larger amount of open space and consequently a larger water holding ~apacity, but on account of the size of the individual spaces a slower movement.
The mo\'ement of the water is then dependent upon the physical condition. The deyelopm nt of the plant food i also dependent to a OTeat extent on the physical condition, becau ewe haye to have the water going on the soil to get it into a soluble condition. If, by bad physical condilions, we bru1g a soil to a point where the water stops, we top the development of making ayailable the plant rood. Po sibly one of the best definition we haye of the soil i that it is rotten subs ii, and of subsoil that it i rotten rock. That gives u a connection wilh the origin of soils that e).-plain. a g od many conditions. If the top soil is rotlen subsoil, the ubsoil is roLten rock. Even if the "oil formation ha been su h that the top oil an 1 the sub-soil have been deri\'ed from the ame repre entative, there i no rea n why we can not make jn t a O'ood and omelimes b ller soil from the snb- oil than we haye had in the top oil.
If tbe rock formation from which tho top oil and the sub-soil has been derived is different, of COLlI' 0 it is a different proposition, but the whole proee s of converting the sub-soil into top soil is one of water and the addition of oJ'O'anie matter. We can not take a rock and pound it up and put a little organic matter with it and make a soil. We have to have the e three con tituenls. We have to have the rock powder to give us the bulk; we have to have the decayed material so that the plant can get the plant food; and we have to have the organic matter to act as a controlling ractor. There are in a great ruany of the various proces es the constitnents that mu t ne:le arily go in the soil.
From the chemical standpoint we have of COUl. e a great deal said about commercial ferlilizers and about plant food. There are just one 0[' two things I want to c311 your attention to, and the first is lhat it take about 14 lements to produce the plant-that in the makeup of tb~ plant we ha\'e about 14 different elements, part fr m the soil and part f"om the air. W'hen we consider lh bulk oC the llaut, we nnd that abo[,t ten per cent. of it comes from the oil and about ninety pel' cent. ~I"Om the ail'. 'Ve u nally think about the soil, of e urse, as fnrni hIn''' the larO'o part of the plant, and we miO'ht come t the couclu-
ion that if the soil does not furni h but ten per cent. of the mate-
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rial Blat g e lo make up lhe plaut, it would not have much lo do wilh crop production, bul we know t bat i not o. ,,-e haye seen lhat already.
We have seen that lhe soil i lhe controlling faclor, because the material that come from the soil conlrols so many of the changes that go on in the plan t during lhe process of growth and maturity.
The plant food in the soil we might divide up into three different condilion. The unavailable, that which probably ne\'e[' will come available, or if at all at orne remole time-the re el'\'e and lhe avail able. The available is lhat part of cour e lhat is readily soluble. The re erve is that part that by cullivation can be made available, wit bout a great. deal of trouble, more e pecially lhat part of lhe soil that has combined cherically wilh lhe organic materials, and is helll a a humu , or held ill the humus of the soil. In con ideriug the chemical condilion of lhe soil there is one thing I want to call your allention to, especially and that is the fact that soil to be a habitable place for the plant, should be either neutral 01' should be sligbLly alkali. We think of eour e of the alkali soils a tho e lhat don't produce C[op.. That i .true to a certain extent, but, at the ame time a oil to be in the be t c ndition should be neither t['ongly acid, nor alkali. "\ e have no alkali soil in the humid regions, but unfortunalely we have a large percenlage of acid soils, soils that thru some cau e 01' olher will show an acid reaction.
It is not an easy maller to determine whether any soil is acid or not, or whether or not an applicalion of Hme i nece sary to correct the acid. The rowlh will usnally O'ive ome indication. We find that cel'lain !!'rowths, like lhe our dock, or the broom sage, usually prefer a oil that is more or less acid. The broom sage for instance, will not "TOW on trongly calcareous land.
I remember a number of years aO' I aw a oil that wa for twenty years in blue grass as an orchad. I aw there a bunch of sage gra , and I said it wouldn't be 10nO' before the ground would have to be plowed up and re-seeded. 0 that we can get au indication from the growth as to whether the land is acid or not. A test that we u e in determininO' the acidity i to take lwo powders, a red and a blue, tue blue when it comes in contact with an acid turns red, and the red cominO' in contact with an alkali becomes blue. Or put a little strip of litmus paper in the soil and thoroughly moi ten with di tilled water or boiled waleI' and if left tbere from 15 to 20 minutes it will turn red if YOm' soil is acid. It may turn red a little bit later by physical absorption but in that time if any acid is tbere it will show. Tbat is a simple test and one that we can depend on pretty well as
78

to wheiller tbe soil need' lime 01' not. I would say in this connection lhat all lhe soils tbat I haye tested 0 far in Georgia have responded to lhe acid test. I haye yet to find one that conlains a sufficient amount of lime not to give the acid reaction.
Un less we have a soil then that is neutral we don't get lhe best crop production. That is one of lhe factors in tlle fertility of the soil that we can not afford to overlook. It is a condition of the soil that mu t be corrected if we espect to get the best crop production and growth. BioloO'ically, we fiud that tlle bacteria play an important part in crop production. We are probably just beginning really to find out the part bacteria do play in making available the plant food, and in many ways in aiding plant growtb. Ju t one instance: The nitrogen supply of the soil comes laro'ely if not entirely, to the ordinary C1'OP, f1'Om the organic matter. But the orO'anic nitroO'en is not in a condif ion to be used by the plant. There i only one form of the nitrogen lhat i used, and that is known 'as tbe nilrale. Ammonia, for instance, while absorbed ill considerable quantities by the soil, is not used by the' plant. If the organic nitroCl'en or the ammonia is pre ent, it will have to be converted ll1tO a nitrate before it can be used, and we find tbat !lIe bacteria do this work. Tben al 0 the various ferments, or moulds, aid in the distribution, and to 'a certain extent in carrying it down and pre erving the bumus of tbe soil.
Tbe soil from the standpoint of the plant acts as an anchor, as :l place where the plant can establi b il elf, acts as a reservoir for tbe water, and on account of its structure, brings lhe nece sary air in contact with the roots, and gives a place where ,the proper temperatme can be maintained for the germination of the seed. While these are neccs ary for the O'1'owth of the plant, it is not all of cotu"Se that the oil does. It furni hes a certain amount of the plant food. It furnishes to all of the plants except possibly the legumes, all of the plant food, all the nitrogen, phospbates, and potashes, unless otherwise supplied.
In the tale of GeorO'ia we are fort1mate in having a variety of oil. W c have three dislinct geological forma lions, and tbree distin t type of soil, or rather tllrcc distinct soil formations, for in each onc there are a good many types. In tbe norlhwest corner 'Of the Stale we have the Appalacbian rtO'ions and more or less shale, and from that a certain amount of oil; in tlle Piedmont region we have the cry.lalline rock and from tbat a different type of soil; in the soulhem part of the State we have an entirely different geoloO'ical formation and con equently a different type of soil. Jow each of these types of sClils presents certain problems, but all in common present
79

the one problem of physical condition , and the maintenance of the organic matter. "With some of these the problem is ea y, in others more difficult. FOl' instance in tbe sandier soils of the coast plains outside of the exces ive aeration and lack of water holding power, the soil does not probably gi"e us as much trouble as other soils, but we do find that there are certain factor that will bring all of these soils into better condition.
TOW there are three thin!!'S it sccms to me that we can still aHord to study in connection with all of the e soil: Fir t, what is the physical condition; sccond, haye thcy a plen tifnl supply of "Organic mattel" and thu'd, do they need lime And' if we will correct those thrce condition, the phy ical condilion, the lack of organic mattcr, and the acidity, wc will bave a oil whclher it i located in the northwe t C01'ncr, in the Picdmont reciou , or in thc coast plain, that will bc in condition 10 pI' ducc tho maximum LOOP, Therc arc soil of COUl' e in cach of th e ccli n tltat will nocd po'. ibly in some cascs a c m"plctc f rtilizatioll, in othcr , spccial f rtilizers, but it s em' to me that the COlT tinO' of lhosc lIll"CC ondilions arc tile mo t important we bave -puttinO' the oil in first-clas I hysical condilion, supplyinO' it with the needful amount of organic mallcr, and c rrecliug the acidily,and we ba,'e ,ery few ils ill tile tate lhat will not rc p nd, and respond liberally, to lhat treatment.
'IRE PRE IDE JT: "GenU men, you bave beard the addre of Prof. :B ain and the ubject i before you.. If there are any que tions you would like to a k him in thi connection, I know he would be glad to an weI'. "
PROF. fcIIATTO "I :vould like to ask, Professor, if you can tell u anythin0' about the growth of fruit tree on a oil that is acid, Do you think it ab olutely nece ary to apply lime in the or hard's "
PROF. F U "I can not ay without knowing the pecial kind of fruit tree you have in mind, except tbi , that in the majority of ca e a neutral oil is the one tbat gives be t re ult. Simply arguing from general condi-
tion I hOlllq. ilY that we wouldO'et a b tter O'fowth
o

where there. was lime than where there is not. Another tbing has been shown in reference to forest trees, and I suppose it is true of fruit trees, as well as ordinary farm crop, that in the presence of lime it requi~es less phosphate and Ie pota h than it doe where the lime is absent-and for that reason I hould think that the application of lime would be beneficial."
THE PRE IDE T: "I now have the plea ure of
introducing to you Mr. B. vV. Stone, of Thomasville, who
I am glad to 'ay i coming back to u after many years ab ence. Mr. tone will read a paper on pecan growinO' in Georgia. I am o']ad to meet you again, ir."
WILL PECAN GROWING PROVE PROFITABLE IN GEORGIA?
By B. W. S'fONE, Thoma ville, Ga.
L t u study the conditions and see. If you waut something allut'ing, fa cinating and theoretical a.bout the pecan bu ine , something that will keep you awake at night, figuring out holV you will bequeath ;your great and continuous earnings from your grove, then send fOL' boo tel's, booklet, and nul' erymen's catalogs, together with some new paper write-ups. These all playa good part in tlJeil' place '. But if you want the milk in the cocoanut, lay aside these things aud go down into the grove and see conditions as they are. Plea e allow me to treat the subject thi way. I will not intentionally mi lead you. It' you are mislead do not blame the industry, do not blame tbe facts. Blame me for seeing them wrongly.
Behold a pecan: Shell, meat and biller cork. It is emblematic' of the indu try. To clas ify the different parts for proper usage i expedient and fail'. From {)utside appearances tbe nut is beautiful and attractive. But to show you ouly the beautiful all the time grows monotollOUS. How is tbe meat inside How well filled How sweet,
rich, nutty, etc Then tbere is tbe bitter Ql'~ III the pecan~io the
indu~try for preliervatiQo, 81

I call the nut emblematical, for some bebold tbe beautiful fruit and stop. Some bave tbe large, I'icb, lusciou kernels picked out for them by others and conclude that the industry is 100 per cent. good meat. In fact that they have "struck oiL" Still there are othel'S who get stuck in the cork. They can't see anything but objectionable featmes about it, such as shy bearing, diseases, failing to fill, and overproduction.
The pecan is beautiful because it is hardy, vigorous, stately, longli,-ed, meaty and rich. It is beautiful because it sometimes produces oyer 500 Ibs. 'Of nuts in one year and makes tbe owner feel tbe taste of riches.
The pecan is corky when we find we have the \VI'ong variety planted; when a storm blows off every nut and some of the limbs; or when rne pecan scab quietly asks the nuts down before they matlue.
The pecan industry as no new industry. We bave giant nut trees of the forest supposed to be oyer four bundred years old. As to location--'the cotton belt is the pecan belt. There are large pecan trees all over Georgia. Loamy soils in south Georgia will grow a tree in three years as large 'as a five year tree in north Georgia. But the stiff soils of north Georgia will hold and sustain it better naturally after size is attained. The section that grows a good per cent. of nut trees naturally should be adapted to pecan growing.
BEST OIL.
The statement that a pecan tree can be made to grow on any soil in one sense is true, but for practical purposes it is not. All practical men know what good strong soil is, and know that a longli,-ed tree should be planted only on such soil. A soil that naturally grows mammoth tree, preferably oak and hickory, is a strong soil. All such soils have a uniform clay sub-soil, preferably reddish, and next be t is a O'ood yellow sub-soil. Soils that never grew large trees of any kind, with sub-soil il'l'eO'ular, sandy soil, pipe-clays, streakec1 clay, muck pocket, seapy places, etc., will never grow a profitable pecan grove. uch oil can be u ed for more shallow-rooted shoder lived crop, but not for deeper rooted long lived pecan trees. Any oil can be built up with fertilizel'S, but your neighbor on naturally O'ood soil will surpass you ten to one in economical results.
GEORGIA AS COMPARED TO OTHER SECTIONS.
Pecans do not want wet feed, but respond to plenty of rainfall. Texas produces one-half of the pecan crop, but <the carloads come off of the river valleys. Some in Texas are irrigating their trees with
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good re ult. ome lands fmother we t are two or three times richer than ours, but they are also iwo to tllree times Iligher in price. It probably is b t to I1m"er boa t, but the p cnn trees in Gcorgia. nrc not tripped by storm as oftcn as tllo"e of otller section.
One often sees Loui iana boa ting of wild pecan trees fom to five feet througll. Georgia instead boa ts of four to fiye htmdred pOtmds of nuts to the tree. 1'be combinatioll of qualities llec ary ill a soil for be t result, eem to be in our Georgia soil

CULTIV.\TION.
I ba\"e mentioned wild trees of tbe f re t so much thnt you might think tllat pecan trees did not need cullivation"
A party recently wrote me and asked: ' hould a. pecan tree be dug aroillll~" I an wered him, "Ye, and keep it up one bundred yea. -ju t as long as you expect good re ull , keep digging, keep digging, ullle s you baye a pecially well adapt d oil that will allow y u to re ort to the mulch system. We do not need the mulcll system yet iu outll Georgia.
FERTILIZATION.
The fertilizer question is not to handle-except tbe paying for it. 'l'llat is not so seriou a matter wben we consider that tbe trees will pay for tile bill. Don't expect me to say that tbe be t adapted soils are good enough without fertilizer, for such is not the case. A tree that will bear 425 pounds of nuts in one year as did the Powell tree in outh Georgia, certainly is entitled to a liberal dose of fertilizer. 1'0 illu trate: uppose a grove planted iu a sloping field. The well fed trees ncar the barn are 2-:1: inches in diameter aud bear a hea\"y crop of uut. The starved trees in the back side of the grove, same ao-e, are five incbes in diameter and bear three pound of nuts. 1'hi i the fertilizer question in a nut shel\. The time to apply i ju t ahead of the growing sea on. If they make a. continuous growth during the whole season, then apply a slow-acting fertilizer eady in the pring. In south Georgia, where they make two di tinct growinoperiods, spring and summer, it i be t to apply the fertilizer in January and in eady J tme. Florida growers report that their warm soil wiII do best on broken do es from January to e1 tember.
..\. person wrote me that be had been entbu ia tic on pecan growing, but his neio-hbor told bim that in a few ye~rs the trees would bear mallet and smaller nuts. He said if it was so, that be would not plant. I wrote Ilim that it was 0, unle s he prevented it. But I also
83

Wrote him that the peach growers had to dig 'and fertilize, thin anu
spray, rub and pray, to keep up the size of the peaches. That the apple growers had to do the same thing. That even mule growers had to scuffle to keep up the size of mules. I guess he had enough, for I never heard from him any more.
DISEASES A:ND INSECTS.
The pecan tree.i free from all disea es-till you get it planted on your land. Yes, the pecan bas its enemies. All things of value on the top side of the earth have their enemies. I will here just mention the three worst: The girdler, which if let alone, will prune tbe whole business out of existence. It cuts off the limbs in fall from one to two feet generally. Tbe remedy is easy, but must be tboroughly done. Gather and burn every limb, for so far as I bave been able to observe, all of the eggs are laid in the cut off twigs. For practice, the girdler travels around one grove and ginlles hickories, beech and persimmons. Tbe ne:st worse i the bud worm. This insect eats the tender buds early in the spring, provided the girdler left any for it. Small trees are worst affected. As they grow largeL' tbe damage "TOWS less noticeable. Spraying with arsenieal poisons willIes en the work. The worst enemy of all is the pecan scab. It is a fungus disease, producing black specks and black results. It attacks leaves, twigs, and especially the fruit, sometime depriving the tree of every nut after all other conclitions and requirements have been favorable. It is such a complete knocker-out that it says, "Stone, hack to the woods, back to the woods." S'o back to the woods I go. In the woods I find that the pecan indL1Stry is not new. I find that among these giant pecan trees some have their entire crop taken off by this dreaded scab, and others standing by with limbs interlocking, perfectly immune to the scab year after year. So out of the woods I come with the solution-plant varieties that resist the scab. The close observer calls my attention to tbe fact that improved pecans are like otber improved plants, cattle, etc., and are not as hardy as th~ wild stock. Such are facts; for if I am not mistaken, Done of the improved varieties nre free from the scab in all sections.
I now think the thing tq do is to plant in each section the varieties that are b table lore. jst the disease in that eelion and use tbe Bordeaux spray if necessary. I have no fears for the industry, for it is too important and tbere is 100 ahle a body of scientists to sit idly by and say ". othing doing."
84

BEARING.
It is not necessary to dwell on this point. The trees yield from light crops to very heavy ones. No fruit trees in the United States bear annually heavy crops. The pecans have their off years. In this respect I would say that they are about like apples, but possibly a little more regular on accotmt of their deeper roots. In Thomasville, pecan trees, 5th year set bore 20% Ibs. j 7th year et, 30 Ibs.; at Fort Valley, 12th year set, 100 Ibs. j at Cairo, 18th year set, 250 Ibs. These are the best records of which I know.
Some are interested in the pecan bearing at a young age. It appears to me that the pecan bears at too early an age. I would prefer that they would not bear till ten years set. If they would not bear till they were set in a grove ten years, they would be much larger and would bear much heavier crops. Besides, it would so materially lessen the number of groves that those set would be more valuable. I shipped some apples and pecan trees to a person in Mi. i sippi. He reported the pecans bore one year earlier than the apple..
OVERPRODUCTION.
Last year we thought we had an o,er production in cotton, judging by the price. Those who will have to buy corn this spring will be co.nvinced of over production in it.
Those who love apples as well as I do, think there is overproduction in apples all the time. Last spring the United States imported over 8 million bags of Irish potatoes.
The United States in 1904 imported 5% million dollars worth of nuts. In 1908, 4 years later imported 9% million dollars worth of nuts. Let us first stop the great increase of importations. Then reduce the importations a few millions annually. In fact, wait till we export some to the hungry world before we cry out too loud over production. How many present here today have eaten over one pound of pecans this winter? Please hold up your hand. (Only 5 responded.)
Forty years from now it will take forty million bales of cotton to supply the demands. Forty years from now there will be over two hundred million people in the nited Slates. From where will we get enough Elberta peaches and paper hell pecan. to supply the demand '?
Pecan will be like peaches and apples. ot every section will prove eminently profitable for them. Furthermore the most profitable groves will be thoRe of under 50 acres that are carefully attended to.
We read of fabulotl. record of pears and apples in Californi:J. and the northwest. Tho e fine results 'are from groves that have the
85

human eye, hand and skill to attend, literally, each bud. Mr. Luthel' Burbank with his superior knowledge of American fruits says that if he was a young man he would engage in the pecan business-hybridizing new varieties.
If an acre of English ,,:;alnuts in OalifOl'nia with a long freight haul ahead of it is worth $700.00 and upwards, what should a well established acre of pecan h'ees be worth 'f
My trip up here over these nohle old hills of Georgia, is a pleasant recreation. These hills are always interesting, always entertaining. But they are poorer than they were 20 years ago. They will be still
poorer 20 years hence. When r consider this fact, and know that
what is true of Georgia is also true of all southern states, it makes
my liWe. pecan groye of 100 acre in south Georgia, which r am build-
ing up, just double in value.
r trust these few notes will aid you in separating shell and bitter
cork from the meat. My subject was "Will Pecans Prove Profitable in, Georgia't" Allow
me to say, r think most eminently so.
THE PRESIDENT: "Mr. Stone is an expert in pe an growing and be ba given you some interesting data, but I know, if you will a k him a few questions, he can tell you a great many thing he forgot to mention in hi paper. He i now before you to be catechised."
COL. FORT: "11'. fone, I would like your opinion upon the que tion: Taking a grove of pecans bearing small nut, do you think by fertilization and cultivation tho e nut can be enlarged "
MR. STO E: "No, ,sir; you can not lllcrease the ize materially."
COL. FORT: "I a ked that same question in Athens of a gentleman who read a paper on pecans, and he said it could be done."
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1R. STO E: "Of cour e you can fertiliz and cultivate our grove and make orne laro'er nuts than the trees bore originally, but you can not increa e the size materially, not to amount to anything."
OL. FORT: "The opinion of the gentlemen in Athens was that you could bring a tree bearing small nuts nearly up to the tandard of the paper bell by cultivation. "
MR. STO E: "N0, ir; ou can take any variety of pecan or apples and by . pecial cultivation you can make some finer specimens than under other condition, but generally speaking you can not materially increase the ize of the nuts in this way. ,You will make larger nuts some years than others."
MR. LEWIS: "I would like to know three or four good varieties."
MR. STO E: "The pecan inpu try i an old bu ines , but when it come to varieties they are just the arne. It is just like all other fruits, each ection ha to solve that problem practically for it elf. A variety that heads the list in one section probably will come way down fourth, '01' fifth, or sixth, in another section. I have tudied this subject a great deal and I left it out of my paper entirely becau e it i a ubjeet that has to be investigated. It is a subject I thought perhaps we would have some inquiries about, and to tell you the truth it is a question that nobody in the United States knows very much about. The United States Department of Agriculture would give you answers on it, and they get their answers from the be t information available, and so do I,
87

and the fact of the busine is that every man who claims . to know will name over nine or ten varieties and ask you to please arrange these varieties in the 'Order for best results, and it is really amu ing to take the replies and compare them. I would say the Stuart pecan ju t about heads the Ii t. It will get more votes as being the leading variety than any other one pecan. In other word nobody run the Stuart down very far, and there i n'O other variety that somebody doe not run down to the bottom. You might pick 'out four or five varieties tllut are a u ce in one 'ection, and move them ju 't ten mile away and th y won't do 0 welL"
THE PRESIDE T: "Have you a cale of points by which ou are guided."
fR. TOl: E: . "A cale of point would be very fine if we could get them 0 they would scale."
THE PRE IDENT: "The Florida orange growers have one and the California grower have another."
lR. TO E: "I do not think a pecan cale in the pre ent condition of replies received would be of much benefit. That part of the busine s is not well settled. Some one will put a certain variety econd or third, while other will put it way down about the 5th or 6th. FoOl' in tance there i one grower that put the Van Deman at the head of the list, but he is the 'Only ,one who does o. The Frot cher pecan with us i well adapted to our ection , and there are other sections where it is not included in the list at all. Whether this is prejudice 'Or not I do not know. One party from Ii i sippi wrote me that he' bad topped working the Frotscher entirely, but
88

possibly he wanted to boost other varieties. As to the Schley pecan, my idea is that it is the finest pecan in a basket that you can find, but the difficulty is getting it in the basket. It i, not sufficiently prolific. The best record of a even-year old chley pecan tree i 10 pound. We had a very fav-orable ea on la t year, and a favorable season mean about three year of a pecan tree.
MR. PRESIDE T: "I it your opinion that the standard weight will vaqr each year "
MR. STONE: "The amount of moi ture bas a great deal to do with tbat, and the prolificnes ha a grea t deal to do with it al 0, in fact more than anything el e. The amount of moi ture has a great deal to do with the filling, becau e you might have -a favorable ea on for the fruit to set well but not have ufficient moistui. e to fill out what et.
PROF. F \I : "You said omething about the power of re i- tance. Doe any pecial variety show that. "
MR. STONE: "Ye, ir. That is one point in favor of the Schley. It i one of the healthy pecan, and the Stuart is {>De of the healthy pecan, and the Frot cber is also good in re i ting di ea e, except in north Georgia, Where it does not do so well. You take a section Ie humid and it will resi t disease better. That brings out the point about the distance of trees. You want a splendid di tance for pecan tree, becau e plenty of ventilation will keep down fungou di ea e. There i no variety -so far as our ational ut Grower A _ociation know that laim to be perfe tly free from cab in all
89

sections. For instance take some of these Texas vari ties thai are prized in Texas, and plant them in our eastern section, and they simply succumb to the scab."

THE PRESIDE T: "vVe have with us Mr. Lewis I
our Assistant State Entomologist, who will now read a paper that will interest the ladies. His subject will be 'Insects Common in Green Hou es and Flower Gardens.' He will give you the history of insect depredations to plants and also some remedies to get rid of them. After he is through I know he will gladly answer any questions that he may not have included in his paper."

INSECTS AND DISEASES OF HOT HOUSE AND FLOWERING PLANTS;

By A. C. LEwI , Assistant State Entomologist.

SCALE IN ECTS.

Scale insects are very common on hot house plants, but as the different species are all h'eated in the same way we will only mention a few.
OLEANDER SCALE.

(Aspidiottls hederae Vall.)

This scale is distributed over most of the wOl'ld, and is very com-

mon upon many green house plants, such as palms, cycads fllld citrus

trees.

The female scale is circular, nearly white, with a pale orange-col-

ored center; the male scale is lightly elongatel, but of about the same

color as the female. Reproduction is by eggs which hatch in a few

hours after being deposited. The youug complete their growth in from

70 to 80 days.

.

THE cmCULAR SCALE.

(Ghrysomphalus aonidum Linn.)

This is the se-ale most commonly fOlmd on palms, rubber h'ee, citrus plants and the oleander.
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The scale is round, nearly black, and quite large, being larger than Ihe San Jose scale. The nipple in the center is grayish, surrounded by a reddish brown ring. The scale of the male is smaller, slightly elongated, and the same color as the female scale. The female deposits about 200 eggs in the course of her- egg laying period, which is about 20 da)s. The young matlll'e in from 60 to 70 days.
REAIEDIAL MEASURES.
Where olle has good water pressure, scale insects may be wa hed off of palms and other flat-Iea,ed plants, by laying each leal' upon a Oat, smooth surface and directing Ihe stream of water npon the leaf for a few minutes.
Whale oil soap is the best and most effective insecticide that can be used against scale insects on hothouse plan Is.
On palms, rubber plants, cycad, and oleander , one should nse one pound of whale oil soap to each gallon of water. Scales on ferns should be treated with fir-tree oil or lemon oil, 1 part oil to 15 or 20 parts of water, as the ferns will not stand the whale-oil soap treatment.
Small plants in pols may be dipped instead of sprayed. While this process is not as fast as spraying, it is more effective, as eve1"y insect is sure to come in contact with the solution.
PLANT LICE.
THE BLACK APHIS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM.
(Nectot'ophora cht-y anthemicoleus.)
The black aphis o{ chrysanthemum is found wherever chrysanthe-
mums are grown. It is a black aphis about Ys of an inch long. The
agamic female gives birlh to about 200 living young. Most of Ihese aphids are without wings. At intervals winged ones are produced which are _also agamic females. Every now and then, just how often i not known, true females and males are prodnced. This female lays eggs; Ihe eoogs hatch into agamic females, and thus Ihe life cycle is eontinued.
The lice congregate on the young tender leaves and stems, and the terminal bud. On account of their rapid rate of increase, they may lOon do a great amount of damage if not checked.
THE GREEN APHIS OF THE ROs-e:.
(Nectot'ophora t'osae Linn.) This green aphis is about as common on roses as the black aphis 11 on the chrysanthemums. The wingless female is shining green, with
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I ng I and bla'k knee' and feeL The winged female has a black head and thorax. There are \'ery few of the winged females, the winO'les fcmale calTying 011 mo t of th!! l' production. The lifc hi tory of thi aphi' i' about the ame as that of the cl11')" anthemum aphis.
nEM~;DtAL MEA URE
A the plant lice secme their food in the ame way as the scale insects, that is by sucking, t.he same remedies may be u ed for both.
A simple, effective and harmless remedy for plant lice is the tobacco decoction, which is made by boiling 3 lbs. of tobacco stems in 3 gallons of water for three hours, and then adding enough water to make the gallons. The plants can be sprayed or dipped intQ this solution without injuring them in the least.
Another method of treating plant lice is fumigatulg with tobacco or potassium cyanide. This will be referred to more in detail later on.
RED SPIDER.
The red spidcl' is a small brown or red mite, with eight legs. They work on a great number of hot house plants. They are especially bad on 1'0 es, carnations and violets, sometilnes inflicting great damage to these plants. They work mainly on the under ide of the leave, and frequently are not noticed until thcy become very numerous. The injury to the leaves is very charactcristic. The le..we at fit t tlu'n brownish red in PQt, later they become reddi h brown all over, withcr and dry up.
The life hi,t.<>ry of the red spidel', accordinO' t.o the observation:; made by Mr. A. B. Gahan of the ~faryland AO'ricultural Experiment
talion i in brief a follow : Th~ eggs are laid mo tly on the under ide of the leaves at the rate
of five to ten a day until from sixty to one hundred are laid, The eggs hatch in a few days and the young mature in about two weeks. Work now being carried on by Mr. W. V. Reed will determine this and many other interestulg points.
REMEDIAL MEASURE
At present the be t remedy we know Qf to control the red pider i by thoroughly spraying the plants with the following solution: Sulphur, 5 Ibs.; lime, 5 Ibs., to one hundred gallons of water. This is prepared by boiling the lime and sulphur in ten gallons of water for thirty minutes and then diluting to one hundred gallons. Experiments have proven that the red spider can not be killed succe sfully by fumigating with potassium cyanide, as they can stand more of the gas than wost ho~ houie plants.
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THlllP .
amalions and ro es are frequently aUacked by tiny insects called lhrip. They ~I'ork in lhe flower bud, cau ing un. ightly blotche ou tbe petal, which ometime render the flowers un alable. If the infestation is very severe the buds may bla t and never open.
REMEDIES.
Plenly of waler is death to thrips, and when the insects occur on roses this is an effective remedy. When the thrips occur on carnations some other remedy mu t be u ed, as carnations will not stand much water. .A. weak tobacco decoction may be used.
Ro E CHAFER.
This awkward 10noo-IeO'O'ed, liO'ht brown beetle frequently OCClli'S upon 1'0 e in great number, eating the bloom, bud and leaves.
When lhe beetles appear in great numbers hand picking is the best remedy. ome one has reported that the e beetle can be driven away by praying the bushes with carbolic acid, using one part carbolic to 100 part water. Thi migbt be offensive to the beetles, but it would have to be applied every day a tbe carbolic acid would 001l evaporate.
FUMlGATI 'G.
TOBACCO FUMIGATION.
Plant lice may be killed by fumigating wilh some form of tobacco punk. Viole! must not be fllmilffite'l with tobacco as the fumes injure the le8\'es.
The tobac 0 leav and tem hould be placed in a hallow dish and burned slowly. Du-ections for bmning the punk and the amolU1t to u e are given on the packaO'es. When the concentrated tobacco extract are u ed as fllmiO'ants they are u uaJly diluted with water anJ \'aporized Qyer an oil stove, Qr by tbrowing hot irons into tbe pans.
POi'A I M CYANIDE FUMIGATION.
l<'llmigating wilb pota Slum cyanide is an effeclive remedy agarnst the white fly, mealy bugs, till'ips and aphi. It can al 0 be used again t the cale in eel when the infested plants will . tand enough of the gas. It is also one of the most effective means of ridding the green hon e of rat and mice.
In fumiooating with pota sium cyanide it must be remembered that all plants can not stand the same amount of gas. So if there are a
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number of differcnt kind of planls in a green house and it is desired to fumigate them all at once, lhe gas mu t Dot be used stronger than the tenderest ones will stand. The amount of gas a certain plant can stand without injury can only be delermined by trial. We have never c;uTied on any experimenls of lhis J1<\lure in Geor"'ia, so as a "'uide wc will "'ivc a table from Bullclin o. 119 of the 1arylaud Agricultural Experiment Slation, by A. B. Gahan.

TABLE FOR CYANIDE F MI ATION.

Plant.

yanide per 1,000 cu. ft.

Length of
Expo ure

Rcmark .

Violet

-4 oz

Primula

l oz

Chry anthemum t of an oz-

Begonia

l oz-

a turtium

l oz-

Alternanthcra 1 oz.

Lantana

1 oz.

Verbena

loz.

Orchid

loz-

Snapdragoll f of an oz

A p:uagu' fern_of of an oz

. weet p2ll.------1 of an oz

C riop,i _------1 of an oz

Mignonette -1 of an oz

Carnatio:l --of of an oz

Croton

2 oz

yclamen

2oz

Ea tel' Lily

2 oz

Geranium Ro e

1 oz1 oz-

Coleu

1 oz.

"ago Palm

l oz-

.'.-::aranthe

1 oz

To:n",~o
Cucumber. Lettuce

-f of an oz
t of an oz-
1 oz-

2 hour. _

OvcrniO'hL_

OvernighL_ 01 I plants will stand mol' . OvernighL_

vernighL_

OvernighL_

OvernighL_

verniO'hL_

vemiO'hL_ Tri d once at thi trength. OvernighL_ Tried but oncc. OvernighL_ Tried but once .

OvernighL_ Tried but once. OverniO'hL_

OvernighL_

OvernighL_ OvernighL_

Does not kill red pider. Only two varieties te ted.

O\'erniO'hL_

OverniO'hL_

OvernighL_ Half hour __

Half hour __

One houl' _

ne hOUL __

O\'crniO'ht __ Tried many time .

Two hours__ One hour _

Tried but oncc.

When one ha only a fcw plants to fumigate at a time it eems ~lS if it would pay such parties to construct an air tight box of 500 cu. ft. capacity for the purpose. Then all the tender plants could be pot in and fumigated at once, and then the ones that could stand a stronger charO'e, etc.
From experiments carried on at different places it has been found that green house plants are not injured as readily at night as in the day time, so the plants should all be fumigated at night.
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METHOD OF FUMIGATING.

The following is the standard farmula for fumigating with potassium cyanide:

To each 1,000 cubic feet use:

Potassium cyanide

Sulphuric acid (commercial)

,

Water

1 oz. 2 ozs. 4 ozs.

To fumigate proceed as follows:

Having determined by meaSLU'ement the number of cubic feet in the box or house, measure out the required amount of water and place in an earthen vessel. Next slowly pOLU' into the water the required amount of sulphuric acid; then add the proper amount of potassium cyanide.
The potassium cyanide should be previously weighed ont and put in paper sacks, each sack containing one charge. Drop in the sack containing the cyanide and quickly close the door. The time of exposure will vary from 30 minutes to one night. For nUl'Sery stock, such as June budded peach, expose 40 minutes.
In fnmigating with potassium cyanide it must be remembered that the pota ium cyanide and the fumes are deadly poi on.

DI EASE.

ROSE MILDEW.
(Sphaerotheca pam1'osa Lev.) Very frequently the foliage, young shoot, and flower buds of the rose are covered with a dusty white mildew. Mter it has started it spreads very rapidly, especially during damp cloudy weather. The effected leaves CUl'l and drop prematurely. ummel' and winter spores are produced. The summer spores are spread by wind, insects, etc. The spores of the winter form germinate the following spring.

PRE\'ENTATIVE MEA:-<S.
This disea e is difficult to control when it has gained a good start. The spread of the disease may be prevented by dusting the plants with flowers of sulphur. Spraying with potas ium sulphide solution (3 ozs. to 10 gallons of water) will be as effective as the sulphur and not how on the foliage. Diseased shoots should be cut off and bumed before autumn so as to destroy the winter spores before they fall to the ground.
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The Crimson Rambler is very susceptible to the clisease. For thIs reason this rose should never be planted on the shady side of a house. Mildew on other plants should be treated the same as the rose n:rildew.
LEA Ii' SPOT OF ROSE.
(Cercospora rosaecola)
Frequently the leaves of wild and cullivated roses are covered with round browlli h red pots. The first indication of the disease lS the appearance of black spots with reddish margins. These spots grow and spread until the leaf is nearly covered. Badly diseased leayes drop off, and the growth of the bush is checked.
RF..MEDIAL MEA URES.
This and other sin:rilar leaf-spot diseases of the rose may be prevented by spraying with a w ak solution of Bordeaux. (Ma]e out of 3 lbs. of bluestone, 3 lbs. of lime -to 50 gallons of water.)
CARNATIO LEAF POT.
Carnations are frequently attacked by a leaf-spot disease. The disease appears on the leaves and stems a mall round browni h spots. When the disease is very severe the effected leaves dry up, and lhe blossoms do not open.
This di ease was quite evere last fall in a green lion. e neal' Atlanta.
REMEDIAL :!>1EA, URES.
A moisture favors the development of tile di. ea. e, water shonl] he withheld from the plant as much as possible.
,At the first appearance of lhe di ea e the plants should be sprayed wilh Bordeaux, the ammoniacal olution of COPt er -carbonale or formalin solution. The formalin solution shonld be u ed very weak, one part formalin to 400 parts water.
All three of these solutions were used \vith good results by Mr. F. M. Kinard, who had charge of the green house in Atlanta where tbe carnation spot was so severe. The ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate and the formalin solution do not stain the leaves or buds, and for this reason they should be used when spraying such plants as the carnation.
It is very difficult to control the carnation spot by spraying alone. In conjunction with spraying all the diseased leaves should be gathered and burnt and the plants should receive no more water than is necessary for their growth.
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In conclusion, we would call attention to the fact that in many cases insects may be kept out of green houses by dipping all plants in a strong soap solution (1 lb. of Ivory soap to one gallon of water) before they are brought in the house. Or instead of dipping, the plants may be fumigated with potassium cyanide.
In many cases diseases are carried by spores in the soil. To prevent tbis all soils u ed in the beds of the hot house or pots should be heated to kill the spores that they may contain. During the annual cleaning np the benches should be sprayed all oyer with a strong Bordl:lllL\': mixture before they are filled with soil. That will kill many fungi spores, and reduce the cbances for different bench fungi to gain a start in the beds.
THE PRESIDE T: "Mr. Lewis has prepared this paper e pecially f{)r tbe benefit of tbe ladies. I know there mu t be a great many plant di eases prevalent in thi town as well a anywbere else, and the means of detruction are brougbt 'before you. If tbere are any point that Mr. Lewi ha not illu h'ated and you wi b to a k tbem, I know he would be glad to answer."
l\fRS. OHLMAN: "Mr. Lewis tbere is a little worm tbat I notice every pring on my flower tbat completely destroy them. "
MR. LEWIS: "Tba t devours the leave. "
MR . OHLMAN: "Ye "
MR. LEWI : 'Tbe be t way i to get a little Paris green and mix it with a little flour and air- lacked )ime. Take a table poon of tbe Pari O'reen ~nd five or ix {)f the air-sla ked lime and du t tbat on tbe plant, and tbat will kill all the leaf-eating in ect .
MR. STO E: "We are troubled a great deal about OUr Blll. t I1'i. h potntoe. In tbis ection of the country
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we can not rai e them becau e the bug cut the bushes down before they are mature."
fR. LlDWI : "Y;ou pobably refer to the potato beetle, and you may al 0 have .the potato blight. The beetl i Lilled the ame way, with the Pari green and flour, or Pari gr en and lime du ted on."
lR. STO E: "How about lice on cabbage?"
fR. LEW! : "The be t thing for lice on cabbage is kero ene ernul ion."
lR. STONE: "What are you gomg to do about eating the cabbage "
MR. LEWIS: "Begin with the fir t appearance of the lice. The lice generally do the mo t damaO"e on the young plants when they are very mall. lake about a ten per cent. olution of kero ene ernul ion and apply that from two to three tim s, until you exterminate the lice. A OTeat many people dip their plants :in the emulion before they are set (mt.
fR. STONE: "I hard a lady peaking about chicken mite, i there any remedy?"
lR. LEWI : "The be t way generally is to pray the hou e with lime and ulphur 0 as to drive out a much as po ible, and keep it a clean a po ible, and then keep the roo t clean, and put lime and sulphur around the ne t , and in that way try to exterminate the dwelling place of the mite. They most always leave the chicken and tay in the hou e. Or you can put tobacco du t or tobarco terns in the ne t."
9

TilE PRE IDE T : " II'. Frank I ou P, of AlWU ta, who wa to read a paper on the canning iudu'try, i not pre ent, we will now h ar from MI'. H. K. White, who ha a I ap I' on peach oTowing."
SOME ESSENTIALS TO PROFITABLE PEACH GROWING.
By MR. H. K. WHITE, of parta, Ga.
To cover all tbe pbases of tbe question sugge ted by tbis title would invoh-e a paper of sucb lenO'tb as to try tbe patience of tbis audience, and require more ability tban i posse sed by the author. E\7ery tep in tbe way of commercial peacb oTOWinO' i marked by some detail so e ential ,tbat the omi sion of anyone means a reduction of profit, and in many in tances failure it elf. Fortunately, boweYer, thanks to our able tale Entomologist and bis a i tanl , failure need no longer be feared in the work of growing the tree and producing the fruit; and now Ulat the GeorO'ia Fruit Ex hange ha 0 jO'ually proven il ability to cope with the problem of markctillg the crop we feel our difficulties in this direction have disappeared. till witli all this, tbere lie between the spberes covered by tbe e two departmenls a field of aclion in wbich only the grower can operate and wbere no oul ide aO'ency can come to bis rescne.
What ,profits it if we produce lhe fine t peacbe in the world and fail to put them up in good marketable bape'! What benefit has tbe ExchanO'e to offer the gro'wer whose fruit leave the packing bouse unfit for market
The topic proposed in tllis paper is the' gathering, packing, and gradinO' of peaches for market, and if any apology be needed for this di cu ion, I offer the fact that the 0Teat majority of failures can be traced to this point. Whcre\-er you hear of a grower who has attained any succe in this busines , you will find that man with a reputation for fine fruit.
Too long indeed has tbe old idea prevailed among Georgia sbipper that the dealers and consumers in northern markets lmow nothing about fruit, therefore anything will sell regardle s of quality. The fact is tbe Georgia peach comes into competition with the orchard products of the world, and it is a shame for such magnificent fruit as
99

Georgia can produce to enler thc arena handicap! ed by carele s or incompelent handling. I am fully aware that much if not all contained in this paper will be considered lrile among' experienced growers, for e\7CI1' branch of Ihe subject ha been presented at various times by abler writer, but if anytlIing said shall induce any discusion empha izinO" thc imporlance of thc matter, tbat re ult will be amply worth while.
GATlIERING THE FRUIT.
At fir t glance lhi may appear a maller of slight importance, seemino-Iy no special expcrience 0[' traininO" being neces ary. Let us remember, howO\-er, to put up a fir t-clas package we must have fil"tcIa fruit, and io ha\-e tbat it mu t be o-alhered at exactly the right tage. There is ju t one period in the development of a peach at which it is ready to be gaUlered for bipment, and tbis period is really limited to about twenly-four hour. Pulled prior to tbis time, we have 3n immatme peach, not fully developed in eitber size, color, flavor or keeping qualitie. Gathered late~" the result is a peach too ripe to calTY to distant markets. In determininO' when the fruit has reached the proper condition, one ha to be O'uided by the appearance of the under or green side rather than by the expo ed or colored ide. The color may begin to show senral days (in orne varieties more than a week) previous to maturity, but not until the l1l1der side has changcd its deep O'reen for a whitish or creamy tint is the peach mature. When tbi has taken place the peach has attained full size, tbe color is that brilliant, velvety blush so much desired, the flavor almost the same a if allowed to fully ripen on the tree, the keepino- quality at the best. Wonderful indeed the difference one day will make iu the general character of the fruit. It i hardly to be denied that a large proportion of the Georgia crop is marketed entirely too green, and the 10 s to the O"rower is not measured alone by the difference in price obtained. During the forty-eight hOUl'S immediately precedinO' maturity a peach will increase in ize at lea t fifteen per cent., and this loss in quantity, plus the Ie er price receiyed, will equal a um ufficient to show a
ub tantial profit on the sea on' bn ine . One of the greate t difficuJlie i to see that the fruit i not "'athered too O"reen all 1 at the same time no ripe fruit is left on the tree. Only the mo t careful and most intelligent supel'Vi ion of the picking force can eyen approximate the
desired re uIt, and it is a question whether one man can properlY ban-
-dIe more tban a balf dozen hand. Weather conditions during the ga.thering period will call for a large display of judgment. An exce s of moistme cau es tbe fruit to soften more rapidly, in wbicb case we
100

are compelled to pick a litLIe earlier than otherwise. It is hardly necessary to call attention to the extreme care "ith which the fruit shortld be handled from the tree to the packing house. Especially must no picker be allowed to drop the fruit into the picking basket, nor must it be poured from one basket to another. At no point will efficient labor and intelligent effort pay better dividends than in the orchard at gathering time.
PACKING TilE FRUIT.
Assuming now that the fruit has been gathered at as nearly the proper stage as possible, the first important step in the packing is to assort it, removing all the imperfect specimens, and at the same time separating the sizes, which of course is done as the fruit is placed upon the packing tables. Just a word here as to what is meant by imperfect specimens. It appears that the average shipper considers his fruit well selected when he has rejected all showing signs of decay, or that are over-ripe, or have some such patent defect, but lmder this term I would also include every peach showing cm'culio sting, everyone with slightest break or bruise in skin, and everyone which if broken open would prove faulty. A quick and well trained eye is required to detect at s. glance each one coming under this class. In order to accomplish this s~lection most effectually it is important that the packers also be required to rejeet all imperfect fruit, it being well-nigh impossible to get it done thoroughly at one operation. The rejected fruit should be reassorted, the best of it being packed and shipped as culls.
In packinO' a crate the aim should be to have every peach a perfect one, approximately the same mnnber in each till, each till packed in the same style, the colored side of each peach placed so as to show to best advantage, and the crate just full enough for the top when nailed to gently press the fruit. The bottom tier of baskets should in all respects be fully equal to the top tier. .In order to get this, it is nece ary that the packing be supervised by a capable inspector, who must as nearly as possible see each layer of fruit as it is put into each crate. It will not meet the requirements simply to have a set of rules fot' the packers to follow, for, no matter how efficient, they arc human, and therefore will become careless if not indifferent.
GnADING 'I'lIE FRUIT.
When the fruit has been selected and the different grades and sizes packed into their respective crates, comes the comparatively simpl~ work of grading or brancfulg. And yet, frequently a grave error is committed just here. Some shippers seem to know but one grade-
101

"Extra Fancy." Others contend that the be t !rrade possible to be
packed from a given lot of fruit is entitled to the highest mark with-
out taking into consideration whether the general character of that
fruit will warrant it or not. As yet there i no well defined standard
as to what constitutes a crate of choice fancy, or extra fancy peache , therefore each shipper becomes to some extent a law unto himself.
The writer has always held to the idea that .t/Je only difference in these
grades should be that of size, or color, or both, and that really defective fruit should be packed only as cull. The wise shipper will h3 very careful to see that when a crate bears his name with the brand "Extra Fancy" it contains only the most perfect fruit, packed in the best style, -and that every crate so branded is of the same character. Under no other method can a reputation be built, and when so estab-
Ii hed it hould be deemed too valuable to be trifled with.
To illustrate the practical value of all thi care in putting up fmit for market, allow a concrete example. We will suppo e th~ ca e of two neighboring growers, each with a crop of ten thousand crates on his trees. The one packs his in a fairly careful manner, and they bring an average of $1.50 on the market. The other 0 carefully selecls and 'Packs his as to reject fifteen hundred crates, and gets for his eighty-five hundred an averaO'e of $1.75. Even at this small difference, the latter's net returns will be about one thou and dollars more than his neighbor's, not countinO' what he may obtain for the culls. As a matter of fact, hiO'h grade fruit will in mo t in tances command a premium of from fifty to seventy-five cents.
All that has been said here is well known to every rower pre ent for it was not my aim to inlroduce new or startling i'lea. Indeed I have not attempt~d to touch upon all the details of the subject, omitting many things of perhaps equal importance, but my endeavor has been to emphasize tho e e entials in which we all frequently fail. The burden of my plea i that in no busine i painslakinO', intelligent and persistent effort more nece sary, nor will it '8.Il where bring urer success than in packing fruit for market. Can we not by united work along this line hasten the day when the brand "Fancy Georgia Peache "
insures the purcha er the be t 'Product of the be t State in the Union
THE PRE IDE T: "Thi paper is from an expert
and successful peach grower and I am very glad indeed that we have had the benefit of having Mr. White with us
on this occasion.
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"In deference to orne of the gentlemen who desired to read their papers this morning, as they have to take the train thi afternoon, I have ignored my friend Mr. Roger, who wa on the program the first thing this morning. I hope he will not take it ill j and I will now call upon him to peak. I know he can give us a very good talk upon the review of the work of the Agricultural School of the Ten th ongre ional Di triet."
A REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL OF THE TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
By MR. JNO. . ROGER, Granite Hill, Ga.
:My subject is what we have done at the Di trict Agriculturnl School. A great many of you who have not visited ours or any other Di trict Ao-ricultural chool may need some preface by way of explanation of what we have ha 1 at the e chool and what is being done. I had the plea UTe and the oTeat privilege of addre ing this society in 1907, three years a0-0, at their annual meeting, as to what these schools would be, and my prog'uo tication, if some of you will refer back and read the files of that meeting, ha proved correct as to wh:lt the public entiment would be with reference to these schools, especially that of tho e who do not take the trouble to find out what we are doing.
There is one thing I wish to state in the beginning, because it is one problem that has been ompletely solved at our school. I will take it up first out of its order, and that is the question of ,the attendance of giTls at the e school, and of their occupying the sphere in the school that the law intended should be occupied by the female portion of the student body. It is the only succe ful part of OUl" chool so far, it was the simple t problem and the easiest solved, and the mo t fer.tile oil for development connected with these schools. If everything el e was as completely solved as the dining room and kitchen department and the sewing room and the culture of roses and small flower, then we would be on high growld and ready for fair sail-
] 03

ing, and ready to fill our buildings to their capacity. We have not a girl there who doesn't go with alacrity and pleasure to the kitchen or the sewing room or to whalever deparlment her work may call her. We ha,en't had there any two girls who could not, after three months attendance, go inlo the kitchen and in two hours time prepare a meal for fifty people, and you can not find two negro women in this counlry wbo could do lhe ame thing in lhe same length of time.
n is not nece ary that tbe e O'irl should con tinue to do thi , but
lhey,will always have the b nent of this trainillO', and lhe futnre bU3bands of our Stale will thank the patriolic people of the Slate of Georgia wbo made it possible for these girl lo learn to do the e things. 'What a mi erable life it i lo have to suffer from lhe abu 'e of tho e lyrants on whom in the majorily of in tance we have to rely to prepare our meals. If lhe bou ewife only knew how, Ulld knew how to do it better, you would soon see the abu e coming from the olher side, and from our !!irl it will come from the other side. (Applause.) Our boys have learned from obseryation of lhe work that by bringinO' the wood and thoroughly I reparinO' for the meal, the lattet is robbed of ils drudgery and lbe e girl are going to demand tbat such preparations be made.
Our southem homes are not prepared for ma unO' the work of the woman liO'ht; and our boys and girls are learninO' the e tbin!!"S. If the housewife employs negro labor or any olher labor to do the work of the kitchen, it can be done at half the cost lhat it is done now in the average home--one servant doing more lhan lwo can do under lh~ ordinary conditions.
But lbe greate t CUI e to the e choo] - I lhink tbere are in lbiaudience two or tbree tru lee from olher schools-i -that lhey haye been regarded by a great many people not a place to take the inlelligent pro!!"re ive farmers' son and deyel p them alonO' lhe lines of their fathers' vocation, but as good places for tbe derelicts and defecti\'es, tho e that can not be tauO'ht anylhing for a lack of brain, and those who from perver e nalures can not be controlled in the town cbool.
Fifly per cent. of lhe applicalions we ha,e had from boy ba\'e been that clas , and it will take two or lbree more years to convince tbe people that the e school are not reformatories and lhat there are good institutions in the State where such boy can he reformed, Whe.l lhey do send such a boy to the e schools lIe is going to leaye it in a worse condition than when be went there, becau e lhe discipliJle i.-n t such that he can be taken down acro a log and a buO'gy tra.ce applied until he snbmil. The e schools can not be rll~ lhat way becau e the
104

di cipliue mu t be simply lhaL of per uasion, and lhe boy who is not amenable 10 good treatment should not be sent to them. That has been one dJ:awback to the progress of lhe schools and to the development of them in a popular way.
That cIa s of student should be discouraged. We have not had lhe pitfalls that some have had because we haye discouraged that class ,'ery largely. We have a few that have slipped in. The credentials brought seemed to be good and they got in. But in all instances where we knew lhey were of this clas they have becn refused admission, and \\"e ha\'e been very successful ill avoidinO' lhem. But when an applicant i turned down it makes him an enemy of the school in his con\'ersalion and talk about it.
I think that one of the greale t re ults lhat we have had in Lhe training of the boy is in accuracy and punctuality. We have no bells except the rising bell to wake the boy up. They have not learned how to train the mind to operate 0 as to fix thei.r minds on a certain hour and wake up at that time, but the 'five o'clock bell for rising in the morning is the only bell these boys now have except the dinner bell. They meet their own engaO'ements by theu: own timepiece, and if they have no watch there is a clock in the dining room. TO teacher says it is lime for clas ; no teacher say~ it is 8 :40 and you must come to my room. The pupil keeps his own engagements, and when he goes ont in life he will meet his own engagement. He will not be a year behind in meeting some of his 'Promises Lo pay. He is forced into the habit of punctuality in everything he does.
Now, of course, everything has been as much directed to the farm life as possible, and many of our boys who came there expressing their determination not to make farmers, have gone out to engage in that profession. One young man who left the school this fall on account of lack of fund, had declared when he came that he would never be a farmer, had found everything distasteful to him, and was discouraO'ed with all kinds of farm work, yet accepted work with a farmer in the country when he left there in preference to accepting work behind a counter in a slore, perhaps at a less salary. He had been aeou ed to the possibilities of an intellectual development that would fit rural condition , and he ees today in lbat a chance of greater pay for his talents than he can see in ome of what have been termed the more learned professions.
However, I must hurry along, I have already spoken ten minutes aud have not started. I will keep you not more than five more, as I do not want to talk to a htmgry audience. I do not say it with any egotism, because it would have happened with anybody else in the
105

school, but its outside influence has been remarkable. Even men who opposed the school, before it was e tablished, some in almost hailing distance of the school have indirectly benefited. These men, in order to keep it from being said that better farming was done at the school than was being done by them, haye doubled their yield per acre. There are men that are making twice the amount of cotton to the acre than when the school was put there, and they are not pecial friends of the school either. It does not matter from the standpoint of the tale whether the citizen profil from motives of pite or whether he does it for good purposes, the State is going to get the same taxes out of it.
But that is not the majority. The majority are willing to barn and I am proud to ay that I am a member of the Farmers Union I)ver at Culverton and of the twenty-five members not one of them will te tify that he is not doing better farming today than when he joined the Union. Therefore I can speak of it as a pel' onal matter, farming by profession. Some of them h'ave made some remarkable improvements in their methods and e pecially in economy of labor. What profits it a man if he makes five bale of cotton to the acre and it costs him the price of six to make it It is more profitable if he make 300 pounds to the acre, and half is profit. During the pa t year we had the boys keep a record on the grain crop. We made 500 bu hels of corn on the farm this year and we made it at a cost of less than an bour's work to the bushel. On one plat sun-ounded by woods we made corn cost le_s than seven cents per bushel for labor. These boys went so far as to make a calculation as to how far they could have toted corn cheaper than they could make it, and they al'l'ived at the conclusion that a man could not carry the corn on hi back over two miles, if it was given to him, cheaper than he could make it right at hi~ door. Every boy who has been in that school is cognizant of that fact that you will never sell any we tern corn to the e boys, for they realize that they can make it for less than one-fourth of what you can buy it for in the market. This one fact WOll1d result even in this county in a sufficient increase in the yield of corn thi good year to more than offset what it cost the State to maintain the chool! We are teaching them to diversify more. The way these boys have fallen in love with beanfl out there is going to crowd out cotton from the e old hills and cau a them to blossom as the rose. We have found this soil more adapteq to some plants than what has been called their native habitat. From the great northwest we have secured a corn that'we find will do mora
on our old red hills that heretofore 'lVg~~H ~~~ ~~k~ com at a)11 tp'a~
10l}

any of our native sorts. The virility of the corn enables us to get a good nubbin off of any stalk that we can get to grow.
The Soy bean has conrinced our boys that they can raise 5543 pounds of good hay to the same amount of ground that would be required to produce a bale of cotton. It is a superior hay too, and all the authorities put it down as ranging higher in protein than any of the hays; it is better ihan wheat bran for milch cows, ranging high as a nutrient, and if not relied on too exclusively it is just as nutritious as wheat ,bran, and by that I mean the real wheat bran, and not any of the substitutes. These boys axe carrying these things into their homes. Some of the boys, with my permission, have selected enough cotton seed ginned from a selected bale of cotton to plant their fathers' farm ; others have selected enough seed corn and carried it home with them Ch.ristmas to plant nearly a one-horse farm tills year, showing that they are taking an interest in encouraging them to do these things.
The average farmer does not know how to select an ear of seed corn, and it has been demonstrated that of two seed-ears taken from the same row of the same variety of corn, one may make 90 bushe13 of corn to the acre and the other 15, on the same kind of soil; but if you mix the two together you never' discover that fact. If you go into the plant laboratory you can select the one which is going to makc the beUer corn and thereby plant an ear that will make you 90 bu hel instead of one that makes only 15.
In Ie s than twenty years Georgia will be one of the leading cattle and corn States of the nion. That, twenty years from today, in proportion to the farming population, G orgia will be raising as many cattle as any other State, is my prediction. You can't afford to raise cotton, there is not enough money in it. You can make too much out of almost anything el e. We are not going to quit cotton on account of the boll weevil, but just as soon as we find out how much there is in other crops we are going to quit it.
We raise cotton becau e we want to show the boys how they can rai e it more economically than they do it at home. We can not convince them unle s we make cotton along side the other crops, and see the fertilizer required to make that bale of cotton at a selling price of $60 to 75 and the other crop they have "Town with the same labor that will sell for $150 beside it. 'If the colton is grown at home and the e other crops at the school they will not be convinced. We are not going to turn out cotton farmers there. They will know how to raise it, but they will see more money in something else. We can
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raise hay cheaper in Georgia, we can rai c caLlIe cheaper ill Georgia, we can rai e everything except wheat, and that could be done in the northern p'arts of our tate. Then why should we keep alive so many raih'oads by paying the freight We teach the boys that the paying of fl'eight is to be avoided if possible.
I have said more than I intended to say along some lines and have not touched but two or three of the things we have laid down here. Just one more thought as to what these schools should do.
ow I am going to get on some body's toes here, for some aspiring politician may be expecting to be appointed fertilizer inspector next year. The income of the e schools would be increased $1,000.00 a year without any los of time practically among thei.r teachers if the fertilizer inspector was appointed from the faculty of these schools.
It would bring in enough to pay anoLher teacher in each of these school, and it would only take six weeks in the year to make the guano inspection, and if the Legi lature should say that guano inspector shall be appointed from these schools, it would save $1,000 a year and bring the people in contact with the e schools, and they would not have to wait twelYe months for him to come. I invited ~ fertilizer inspector to come here and inspect a carload of guano but he has never come. They are' sometimes men that can barely read and write and know nothing of the different con tituents of fertillZers.
There is another point that I would ask all the people to encourage, and that is the very beneficent work being done in Georgia by our government in this demonsh'ation work. These schools should be in as close touch with it as po si.ble, and in some of the schools one of the professors should take it up.
Under peculiar circum tances I had to decline the work in our school, though it should be operated from the school, going out from the school in the county and further out in the district wherever a school is located.
If you have an opportunity to encourage this work in the county where you live be sure to encourage it because it is doing wonderful good under the management of Dr. Knapp, and his corps of able workers.
I wish I had time to tell you about the social and moral feature of our little school. It is a happy little family, and we have our Saturday night amusements and entertainments, and they are looked forward to with a great deal of pleasure by the students. We do not have any comting there. It i just like a large family. We almost
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make lhem fall in love wilh lhe whole buue!i, so lhey can !Iol discriminate as lo one.
Come out and see how it is done. I lhan k you for this much of your time.
DR. STONE: "1 am interested in corn and I wi h to know how to select the be t kind of seed corn."
MR. ROGERS: "~gentleman once rode 40 mile to my school and said he had only 15 minute to by. He said he had eight acres 'On which he had made a bale of cotton to the acre for ten years pa t, and he wa'nted to know in 15 minutes how to make 16 bales on these eight acres. 1 asked him how much he thought 1 would be worth to the State if I could tell him in 15 minutes how to double his cotton crop. rfy reply to Dr. Stone is that WP. hnven't the time here to tell him, but if he will come over to the school 1 will SllOW him. 1 w.ill say thi much: Never plant a grain of corn that is only going to put out one primary root; get tho e that have four if possible. Remember that if one grain of corn on an ear puts out four roots, it is very likely that every grain on that ear will do the same thing, and if one grain only put out one root, don't plant a grain: from that ear."
DR. STO.r E: "Then you mean to take a grain from each ear and sprout it'"
MR. ROGERS: "Yes, that gives an idea of the virility or the strength with which it starts off. That one rooted grain will grow faster, strange to say, for the first four weeks, than the one with more r,oots, but not afterward. It will finally develop into a barren stalk."
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fR. TONE: "What i the be t variety of seed corn "
MR. ROGERS: "The be t seed ordinarily for average land i the eed right where you are. 1 poke of tbi we t rn corn for very bare lay pot. We went in the rib and elected the large t and mo t promi ing ears but found they would not grow on the e banen pot, so we had to get a seed that would start on them, and we got it out we t. We don't plant tbi we ,tern corn on our be t land, it take more di tance than we can afford to give corn on good ground. You hav~ to give it a distance of three by five f et. The corn di eminated by Prof. Duggan la t year, the Bethany COl'll, commonly known a the ampbel1 county corn, 1 find very well suited for gray land, and it will bear thi k planting, bearing omething like 0 ear to the bu hel."
COL. HU T: "1 don't know any man, whether he work for dailywaO'e , or whether he rent hi land, or how he work, who can not make enough money, if he ha o'ood judgment; but it eem to me that the s hool of which 1 happen to be a no-account trustee i neglecting that part of life that makes life worth living. We are neO'lecting all the 'ornamental part. Anybody can make a living, but what i the use of living if you haven't a beautiful hom and om thing 'around ou to make you happy when you are not at your bu ine . We spend our live hunting a b autiful woman who ha a face and mann I' that II a u, for life and if we can not o-iv her the sUlToundinO', to make her happy, we have nobody to blame but our lve (appIau ). What we need is a school to teach our boy to know the difference in the
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ornamental, how to make urn , how to beautify their home. The State of ew York i sues every year tons of educational literature, and it is all economic, none of it i on the ornamental ide. I think it is high time that we were looking after that part 'of our children's education."
MR. ROGERS: "I would like to a k Brother Hunt to read tho e 1907 minute and he will find an an weI' there. I aid the e school would be failures until such time a w could do the e thinoo. You can not do everythinO" in a ear. It" ill take a. lif time. He mu t give u. a little tim. 01. Hunt ha a very beautiful home but he didn't have it the fir t year he went there. He .JlOuld be pati nt and help u me t the critici m we arc re eiving from the public. How could we do these thinO" when many of the teacher have O'one six months without a dollar' pay! Where would we <Yet the money to pay for flowers and shrubbery and all the e thing , We have had our ground laid out by one of the best landcape gardener in the tate."
DR. STO E: "I believe Prof. Rogers that you are a truthful man and that you were sincere when you Naid you were making corn for ev n cents a bu hel. When I wa a boy I knew a man who u ed to travel by my home on hi way to Milledgeville, and he aid he could make corn for no thin0', and that is cheaper than yours. The idea was that half of the fodder and half of the peas would pay the expen e ,and ou would have your corn for nothing. He maintained that he could sit on a stump and hire a hand and make corn for twelve and a half cent a bu hel. There i not one man in twenty that
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doe n't know the difference beb'i een good corn meal and sorry corn meal. I am ju t a particular about the corn I shell to carry to the mill as I am about the corn I plant. I was si k for ix months once, and I finally traced it back to the poor food I was eating."
THE PRE IDEN'I: "I wi h to call the attention of the ociety to the fact that our la t report include the fruit Ii t of the ociety. They are very expensive to publi h, and in the pre ent condition of our finances I do not see that we will be able to publish them again oon. Therefore thi report should be carefully preerved. It may possibly be a year or two before they are published. The hour of adjournment is now at hand. What i your plea ure, gentlemen'"
PROF. McHATTO J: "One of the members of the Committee on Examination of Fruit tates he would be glad to have the report of thi committee read now."
THE PRESIDE T: "Very well. You are the Chairman of that Committee. Gentlemen you will now hear the Report of the Committee on Examination 01 Fruits, by Prof. fcHatton, hairman:"
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON EXAMINATION OF FRUITS.
By PROF. T. H. {cHATToN, Chairman. Here is an apple I want yon all to see. It is a Georgia apple. I will enter just for a moment into a short history of this apple: Colonel Fort, some years ago, I do not know exactly bow many, disco v-
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cred it in nodh Georgia, brought it up to the point of production, and exhibited some of the fruit in Spokane, at the First National Apple Show, taking second prize on the same. This year he exhibited the apple again, and took first prize in Spokane, the apple being shown in competition with all of the southern states. In other words, he did not show against the United States, as a wholc, but against the south2rn states ouly.. We have examined the apple and made a decription of it, which I will read to the Society:
A IE: Pyrlls ( ) malu. VARIETY: Fort'., Prize. SIZE: Medium to large. SHAPE: Roundish, oblate, irregular. COLOR: Yellow, almost completely overlaid with crunson; deep crimson to the sun.
DOTS: Large and prominent around cavity, getting smaller and incI'easing in number near basin; color, light brown.
SKIN: Tough and thick.
BASIN: Broad, abrupt, shallow, corrugated.
CALYX: Open, lobes broad and adherent.
CAVITY: Broad, smooth, medium to deep, slightly russetish, ,vith out preading rays.
STEM: Short.
CALYX TUBE: Broad, deep, conical, stamens medial.
CORE LI E : Prominently cla ping.
CORE: Large, open.
CELLS: Elliptical, small, open.
SEED: :Medium to large, brown.
FLE H: White, crisp in texture.
FLAVOR: Mildly subacid.
QUALITY: Good. SEASON: Winter, about October; will keep until April.
ECONOMIC STATUS: An excellent keeper, and I suppose frOID having been shipped out to Oregon, and from the looks of this apple,
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that we could call it an excellent shipper, a very promi ing apple fo;: market.
INTRODUCTION: Dr. J. P. Fort.
TI 1:E: 1908.
PLACE: From Rabun county, Georgia.
ORIGI : As far as we know, unknown.
We have next an exhibit from Mr. John A. Reynolds, of layton, Rabtill county, Georgia. He cxhibits two Winter Queens, 10 Shockley, 1 apple that we were unable to identify, and one Fort's Prize.
The next was an exhibit of 10 can of Georcia Elberta peache put up by the Fairview Canning Factory, Milledgeville, Ga. The Committee sampled them, and we would be very glad to ha\7c the ladies sample the same. We recommend lhem for home consumpli n and al 0 for export trade, as they are very excellently canned fruit.
If there are any questions anybody would like to ask I should be glad to an \Yer them, if pos ible. If there are n ne the report i respectfully submitted by the Committee.
T. H. fcHATTO', Chairman, L. A. BERCInfA S, P. B. SI mONS,
Committee.
The following papers were read by title only.
I
COVER CROPS IN ORCHARDS.
By PROF. C. C. NE\\7MAN, Clem on College, S. C.
The importance of planting cover crops in om orchal'ds i beinO' more fully appreciated each year, yet in ome of the principal fruit distTicts of the outh we find many large orchards where no CO\OeL' crops have been planted. The re ult is the soil in these orchards is becoming more impoveri hed each year by the leaching of soluble fer o tilizers by stuface washing and by the want of humus. In most ca es the orchards are located on the mor.e elevated land which is hilly or rolling with sandy soil and clay subsoil. On such soil it is hard to prevent surface washing entirely but it would be reduced to tbe minimum by the proper use of cover crops. ot only do these cover
crops prevent iurface washing but they utili:?<!l the ~oluble fert~li~ers
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which would otherwise leach out of tbe soil. When the crop is .turned undel' it adds considemble humus to tbe soil and tbe fertilizers required to produce it become available for tbe use of tbe trees. The plant used as cover crop are of two distinct 'types, leguminous and non-leguminous plants. The legumes, sucb as clovers, cow peas and vetch, in addition to flu'ni hing bumus have tbe power of collecting nitrogen from the air and adding this valuable fertilizer to tbe soil for the use of otber plant. The non-leguminous plants, such as rye, oat and turnip, do not collect nitrogen from the air but when fawn in the early fall consume oluble plant food during tbeu' gl'owtb wbicb would otberwi e be 10 t by leaching and wbich is returned to tbe soil when the cover crop is plowed under in the pring. Mo t soils wbere orchard aTe planted are deficient in both bumu and nitrogen and therefore a leguminous coyer crop should be selected. If the trees make sufficient O'rowtb witbout the u e of nitrogenous fertilizers, tben a non-leguminous cover crop may be planted.
I think I am safe in sayinO', however, that there are few commercial orchards in the South that are not in need of hoth nitrogen and hurnu.
To accompli hour purpo e of adding nitrogen and humu to th~ aoil and to prevent urface wa hing we bould bave both a winter and ummer cover crop. Rye followed by cow peas will give be t results on poor soil. The rye should be sown in the early fall in order that it may cover the O'round a oon as po ible and prevent Ul'face washing. Tbe rye sbould be turned tmder not later tban tbe la t of Mar.cb. Thi may be accomplished by double barrowulg witb tbe di k barrow and this method is preferable to plowing as it avoids tbe danger of plowing too deep near tbe tree. A strip of land L" to ten feet wide between the rows of trees hould be prepared and the peas sown broadca t about the fir t of May. Early in September the pea vine hould be wOI'ked into the soil by means of a disk harrow and tbe land can be seeded to rye or crimson clover.
After one or two crops of rye and pea have been worked into the il crim on clO\-er or hairy v lclt may be own in tead of rye. Crimn c!o\'er make. an excellent COVCl' crop from ptemher to May. As n a enouO'h se d has ripened to re-secd itself, Lhe clover hould be worked inlo the soil wilh a disk harrow. If tbe clover is allowed to occupy all of tbe Sl ace hehn n the rows of tree during the mon tbs of farch and April it will l' tard tbe growlh of trees to some extent, and therefore I think it best to 'tUl'l1 under the clover early in March. y plan i to fertilize and culli\Tale the tr early in March, leaving
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a narrow slrip of clo\'er in Ille middle 10 rc- eed ilself. A trip lwo 10 tllTee feet wide will produce enough seed for Ihe enliTe middle.
Afler the seed Ilas ripened Ihe clover is worked into tile soil with a disk harrow and the land ma.y be smootlled and the seed scattered over tile entire middle by means of a tooth harrow. Hairy vetch is an excellent cover crop and may be treated in Ihe arne way a crimson clover. The seed is sown in Augu t or September and Ihe crop worked into tile soil in tile spring.
If crimson clover or Ilairy Yetch is to be planted on land where neiiher of these crops has grown before it will be nece sary to inoculale the field by securing soil from land wllere vetell and clover ha\'e previou Iy been grown. This soil may be scattered over the land in the same way as fertilizer immediately after sowing tile seed, and then mixed with tile soil and the seed by means of a tootll Ilarrow. Wlleat, oats and barley m~ke good covel' crop , but they do not thrive on poor land as well as rye.
In no case should gram be allowed to mature in the orchard as it would rob the trees of moi ture and I lant food at tile very time they needed Ihem most. Wilen a good crop of cow pea , yetch or crimson clover is adde 1 to Ille soil we are at Ihe same lime O'really enriching' Ihe supply of nitrogen, our most expensive ferlilizer.
APPLE GROWING IN THE MOUNTAIN REGION OF
GEORGIA.
By MR. H. R. TAIGRT, Demorest, Ga.
Since submitting my paper on the growing of apple in the highlands of Georgia, at our Society's meeting held at Comelia in 1908 I have had many reque Is from Ihose intere ted, 10 write of my experience since that dale. 0 according 10 request I will give only my experience, leaving out as nearly as pos ible everytiling el e. As before slated, my ori!rillal planlulO' consisted of 700 trees, (mostly Yates and Shockley) and owing to tile freeze ill tile sprulg of 1907, and neglect in theiT eaTly stage of O'rowlh, and also the fact that some trees were diseased at planlinO' time my large t crop prior to 1908, (at wmch time my orchard had been planted ele,en year) had not exceeded 800 bushels.
In the spring of 1908 my trees set full bloom. I sprayed once only for codling moth with 3 lb . "Di parine" in 50 gallons clear water. I did a most thorough job, using :l. fine nozzle and a Goulds pump of
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barrel iize, a. ten foot exten ion rod, and 30 feet lead or bose, enabling me to reach all parts of the trees. I sprayed mo L1y from the top down, using an angle nozzle, and from all sides, endeavoring to fill the blo om end of each apple with the poison. The result was that I had almo t perfect fruit, with no worm to peak of. I then sprayed at propel' time the varieties most subject to rot, two to six time, almo t wholly controlling al1 fungus troubles. In April I broadea ted about 700 Ibs. fertilizer analyzing 7 per cent. pho . acid and 12 per cent. sulphate potash pel' acre, and plowed it in. I gave clean eullivafion up to July 1st, then sowed to 1 eas and cut them in with a di k harrow.
..TOW comes the mo t intere ting part of all. My books show I sold from the 700 trees, about 50 of whicb as bef01'e stated did not develop into fl'Uitful trees owing to diseased nursery stock, 2,365 boxes of apples, (thi does not include about 35 bu hel consumed by my family). My net returns average $1.15 per box, or $2,719.75. Then fl"Om the drop and cull' fruit, I made 65 barrels of vinegar worth at lea t $10.00 per bb1. I still have tbe "'reater part of this on hand, a it lake under ordinary condition, about two years to get at ils bl' t. 0 much for the crop of 190 .
SEA ON OF 1909.
I prayed ame as the previous year except that I used two pounds of lead instead of three poundS, and added it to 3-6-50 Bordeaux intead of clear water. Results: !any wormy and rus eted a.pple, which eems to indicate that it i the u e of Bordeaux at first spraying that causes russeting of fruit, aud that three pounds of lead is more effective than 2 Ibs. for control of the codlillg moth. The varieties that bore the heavie t in 190 bore least iu 1909. The Yates and Wine Sap beha,ed about the be t in thi re pect. I "'athered ill 1909, i27 boxe .
I can not say just what the avera"'e price pel' box this year will be, a I still have 150 boxes in my cellar' but my sales up to date for oTO 1 stock have been 1.75 and 2.00 per box for winter varieties. fy gross returns will be betwecn ten and eleven hundred dollars; and my trees being set close (too clo e) cover between 9 and 10 acres of land. My orchard is lookin'" fine, the trees are full of well developed fruit bud, and prospects are al1 I GOuld wish for a big crop this year.
Since my trees came into bearing I have always had paying crops of apples. There is much to be aid of intere t regarding varieties suited to this section. othing is more ilnportant than this to the pro pective orchardi t. I have te ted 25 varieties on my own grounds,
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and have proven to my own satisfaction many kinds inadvisable to plant; but thi is a delicate matter and one that I do not care to take up now, as my paper is already too long. However, I feel it my duty in behalf of those starting orchards.in this section to state two facts in this connection: 1 t, red apples sell the best; 2nd, if you de ire ,arieties that are at the same time po es ed of the good trait of hanging well to the trees, not dropping prematurely, prolific bearers, not subject to rot, and that will keep in storage in ordinary ven tilated cellars up to March lst with small percentage of 10 ,you will so far a my experience goes have to grow southern seedlings.
SOME IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES AFFECTING THE PECAN.
By E. L. WOR HA~[, State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.
The pecan is perhaps less subject to seriously injUl'ious insect pe ts and plant di ea ethan almo t any other fruit in which we happen to be interested. It is probable that these will become more seri'Ous from time to time, because the common insects attacking othel' fruits and other crops have seemed to grow worse fro~ time to tim:l, and in addition, othel have been introduced, which have proved erious. There are about forty species of in ects known to attack the pecan, but only about tW'O disea e of any con equence.
In a paper of this kind I wliH only attempt to di cuss those which are destined to cause most trouble with the pecan growers in this section.
In combatinO' all insect pests it is necessary for one to have some knowledge of their life history in 'Order to know when to apply the remedies that can be relied upon for sati factory results.
THE PECAN BUD MOTH.
(P1'oteopteryx deludana.)
This is a very small worm or caterpillar, yellowi h or pale O'reenish in appeaTance, with a dark head. There are everal specie of these bud moth, but all very much alike in appearance and quite alike in habits, ,all species having several generations a year. There is one species quite common in Georgia, and it attacks young bud, tender twi!!'S and lea,es. The life hi tory of this in ect has not been carefully worked out, but Prof. Chittenden of the nited tates Bureaa
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of Entomology thinks there are three and possibly four generations 8 year.
As there are several generations 'Of this in ect, the be t time to fight it is when the fu t bL'ood puts in its appearance in May. Spray thoroughly with arsenate of lead before it has a chance to get down into the bud. If it should happen to be very seriou, careful ob ervations should be made on later generations, 'cU1d prayings made at times when they will be most effective.
PECAN CA E BEARERS.
(Acrobasis nebulella Riley, and Coleophora coryaefoliella Clem.)
There are two pecies of this in ect which are known to attack pecan. The former attacks the tL'ee in a very similar way to the bud worm aJld can be controlled in tbe same way. The cases which these in ects form a'round them elves are foL' protection and are -imilar in construction to the cases which the bag worm makes about itself, and which are so common on apples. They winter over in the larval state and come out in time to attack the younO' buds.
The latter Qf the e two in ects injlU'es the tree by biting holes in the leaves and devouring the bIos oms. It can be controlled by the use of arsenical applied when it puts in it appearance. It has been observed on trees from ApL'il until June.
THE FALL WEB WORM.
(Hypl~antrea cunea)
Th e are grayi h or brownish caterpillars which, together with their white webs, are very con picuous in the fall on many different kind of trees. When almo t 'mature tbe e caterpillars de ert their web and go to other parts of the tree, and for thi rea on it is be t to fjO'ht them before they leave the web. The best and mo t effective way of controlling the e in ects is by burnin'" them. Burnin... ean be accompli hed by means of t01'che made by soaking cotton rags in kero ene and fastening on long pole, 01' by a good .lightwood toreh.
THE PECAN LEAF CATERPILLAR.
(Datana integen'ima G. & R.)
When mature this is rather large, dark colored and with long, gray hairs. The young caterpillar is reddish with dark stripes. Just prior to shedding their skins or moulting, they leave the branches Qn which the)' 4il!J been feeding and congregate on the trunk of the tree ill
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ball-like elu tel's. While thu congregated tlJey can be killed by means of torche , but they can be killed before this by spraying with arsenate of lead.
'Ihere are quite a number of leaf eaLing caterpillars fOtmd on the pecan at different times through the season, but the careful grower will keep a careful watch on them and be ready to apply arsenicals when tbey promise Lo do any apPl'cciable damage.
PI;CAN TREE BORER.
( esia scitula Hans.)
'Ibis insect i' somewhat similar to the peach tree borel', but diffel in its habits. It attacks the tree above the ground and as a rule remains in the sapwood. If these borers should get to be abundant in a tree, the sapwood is inj ured on all sides and the effect is the same as if the tree was girdled. They usually make their entrance when a tree has been injured, or where it has been budded.
The best known remedy thus far is to remove by digging out with a knife wherever practicable. WOtmds or decayed places on a tree hould be co,ered over with grafting wax in early spring, for it is about these places that the adult moths deposit mo t of their eggs when tlJey begin to emel'ge in the spring.
THE :F'LA'l.' HEADED APPLE TREE BORER.
(ChrysobotMis fe1llorata Fab.)
This insect is quite common on apples and as a rule onJy attacks pecan trees that have been weakened from attacks of other borers or from other causes. The digging out process is recommended.
THE PECAN GmDLER.
(Oncideres texana.)
1'l1i in eet i a small beclle and its habit of girdling limbs and 1I1l1 pL'Uning them is ,ery con picuotls. 1'l1ere are se,eral different gil'dlers uch as the hickory girdler and the oak girdler, but the first mentioned is the only one attacking pecans. The girdling in this case i done by the adult beetle before she deposit her eggs. The eggs are deposited in the I arts which are pnmed off, and since this is true, the insect can be controlled by gathering the branches of pecan, hickory, persimmons, and oak which it has attacked, and burning them during the winter.
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PECAN A D HICKORY T WEEVIL.
(Balanimt caryae Hom.)
Everyone IS familiar with the little round hole made in pecans and hickory nuLs by this in ect. The e hole are made by the larvlll or grub of the weevils as they emerge from the nuts.
ince Lhe lalTlIl go into the ground to tran form, one of the best meLhods to resort to in controlling thi in ect is to store nuts in tight boxes or receptacles so that Lhey will be prevenLed from getLing through to the ground and Lhus starve. Allowing chickens and hogs to rUll in groves will be re ponsible for the desLruction of "'reat many larvae. A heayy charge of carbon bisulsphide has also been recommended, bt:t personally I think tbe charge would haye to be quite beavy in order to be effecLive.
CALE INSECT
Fortunately, the pecan i more 01' Ie s free from seriously injlU"iou.; scale insecLs. In a few instances San Jose scale has been found on pecan trees, but for some reason it does not thrive on them. Several years ago at Cairo, a tree was ob erved to be slightly inie ted but durin'" the following year Lhe scale entirely disappeared without having been treated.
The coltony scale i sometime found, al 0 a pecie of soft scab or Lecanium, but all of the, e can be controlled by Lhe same remedies that we use for San Jose scale, uch 'as lime-sulphur wash and solubla oil.
PECAN DI EASE
At pre ent there are only two di ea es attacking tbe pecan which are of any con equence. These are pecan ro eLte and pecan scab, particularly pecan '?oselle. WiLh all tbe work which has been done on the inye tigation of plant di ea e, there are some rather serious diseases about which we know little. Pecan roselle is one of thes', and we are unable to determine whether it is a germ or a physiological trouble. It is probable, howeyer, Lhat it belongs to the latter clas . Thi di ea e cau es the end of the t wi!!'S to die back in the faU, and thus far no saLi factory remedy ha been eli coyered. A number of growel"S have re orted to the remm:al of the affecled parts, but I think the best thing to resort to is to remO\'e the tree entirely when it becomes affected, and bum it.
PECAN CAB.
Tbis di ea e i Ie difficult to undersLand for Lhe fnngus thread' C!ansiuO' Lbe di ea e arc qniLe con picl10us on Lhe affectcd llut. Whcn
121

the disease attacks the nut, the fungus permeates every part of the tissue of the hull covering the nut, thus hindering its growth in such a manner as to make the nut a dwarf and prevent it from maturing. Very few of the nuts ever mature, and those that do, as a rule are worthless.
The scab is known to attack the leaves and tender twigs as well as the hulJs of the nuts. The fungus winters over through the production of spores. Seedlings as a rule are far more susceptible than the budded or grafted trees. I have seen seedling trees in the southern part of the State that matured a very small per cent. of the nuls on .account of this disease. In some spraying tests which were conducted several years ago by the Department, it was found that the .pecan scab could be prevented by the application of Bordeaux mixture just before the buds began to swell in the spring and once or twice later dming the growing season; say, once in June and once in July or August.
It is always .an excelJent idea to top-work seedling trees with vaneties which are more or less resistant.

AFTERNOON SESSION, THURSDAY, JANUA~Y 27, 1910.

The Pre ident called the meeting to order [It 2 :30 p. m.
The first business in order was the report of the Committee on Trea Ul'er's account, which was submitted by

Mr. H. K. White, Chairman, as follows:

From August 1, 1909, to December 31, 1909:

Balance brought forward,

$164.53

Receipts and Dues from Members, __ 80.00 $244.53

Disbursements,

_ 83.27

ash balance on hand Dec. 31, 1909,

$161.26

We have checked over the Treasurer's books and found them correct and move that the same be approved.
122

THE PRESIDE T: "Gentlemen, you bave beard tbe report of tbe Committee on tbe Trea mer's accou:I}ts. We bave a balance on band of $161.26. Wbat is your plea ure~"
COL. FORT: ." I move tbat tbe report be received." (Seconded and carried.)
The Secretary read the report of the CommiLtee on Resolutions, as follows:
Resolved, That the ociety extenc} its sincere thanks to the City of Sparta f{)r its most kind and ho pitable entertainment, given to the members of the Society while guests of theu: fair city:
SECOND: :r;hat the Society extend to the Mayor and Committee of Citizens of SparLa, who kindly took charge of the entertainment of the Society, while in their mid t, its heartfelt appreciation;
THIRD: That the Society extend its sincere thanks to the ladies of Sparta for their hearty co-operation and for their presence at our meetings.
FOURTll: That the Society extend a rising vote of thanks to the City of Sparta for all of the above mentioned courtesies.
FU'Tll: That the Society extend its thanks to its Pre ident for hi most valuable paper contributed to the proceedin!!'S of the Society, and sugge ts that -at our next meeting he contribute another papel: upon some subject of horticultural interest to Georgia, whether it be of his own recollection , or reminiscences of some of those men wh) laid the foundation for Georgia's horticulture.
SIXTH: That the SO'ciety thank the Southern Express Compan.v, who kindly offered to carryall of its fruits for exhibition free of charge.
SEVEXTH: That the Society extend thanks to the press of Georgia for its many courtesies shown the Society.
EIGHTH: That we extend thanks to the Georgia State Board of Entomology for its publication of the proceedings of the Society for 1909.
123

NIK1'.II,: T!lat we thank the o'eullcmen who !lave so carefully prepared papers for the meetings of the Society.
E. L. WORSHAM, I. C. WADE, G. . HUNNICUTT,
Committee.
On motion duly seconded.
ri. ino' vote of thank , in accordance with the report of the foregoing Committee, was extended to the ladies and citizen of parta for their hearty co-operation and pre ence at the meeting.
THE PRE IDEN'I: "The next matter in order i the election of the next place of meeting of the Society."
:Mr. John N. Roo'er, of Granite Hill, invited the ociety to meet at that place, provided the date of the e ion w.a chano'ed back to the ummel' month, so as not interfere with attendance a this chool.
The Pre ident explained that thi could not be done without giving a year' notice. That for three years the Society had con idered this matter, and owing to small attendance durin 0' the ummel', and the fact that many "'I\ere off on vacation at that ea on, and the warm weather, it"'l\a deci led to hold the meeting her after in winter.
:MR. TO E: 'I ri e to invite the ociation to meet in Thoma ville, of . outh Georgia, the border county of Florida, and it doe not make any difference whether you want to meet in ummel' or winter, you are welcome
124

ju t the arne. If you wi h to meet in winter with u , we will give you a warm welcome, and if in ummel', you will find our summer are not a warm a in north Georgia. In behalf of the ity of Thoma ville, and in behalf of the peOl)le inter te I in horticulture, and in behalf of the pecan grower, and in behalf of ev rytbing in outh Georgia, I re pectfully invite the As ociation with us at any time they ee fit to come."
COL. FORT: "I move to acceI t the invitation so generou ly and kindly tendered us, and that we meet in Thoma ville next ear."
The motion wa duly econded and unanimou ly carried.
THE PRESIDENT: "Tbe date of the meeting will be left open at pre ent, to a certain at wbat time next January we may bave the use of the Court Hou e ill Thoma ville, 0 a not to conflict with the bolding of court, or any otber engagement to uit the people of Thomasville.' ,
The next matter of bu ine taken up wa election of officers.
COL. FORT: 'Mr. Chairman I believe there i not a member pre ent or a member ab cnt but who would ay that we 'irant our old Pre ident with u again, and that we want Mr. P. J. Berckman , our Pre ident. It
ould look wrong and it would look odd without him, and would not want to attend a meeting of the Society Ull-
Ie I aw our venerable hairman, who ha done so
ncb for horticulture and to give tone to our organiza-
125

tion, and to benefit the people of Georo'ia who have an intere t in horticulture. I therefore move tha t we reque t our pre ent Chmrman to hold hi office at lea t for another year, and I move hi election. All in favor of that will ay" Aye j" all oppo ed" 0."
The motion wa unanimou ly carried.
COL. FORT: "As a self-con tituted committee of one, our Honored Chairman, I beg to tender you this action of the Society."
THE PRESIDE T: "You have aved me a gr at deal of embarra m nt 01. Fort by avoidinO' me the announcement of my own election j but, gentlemen, at the la t meeting, I accepted your verdict upon one condition, and that condition wa , that we hould have a better attendance. Y.ou have compli d with it. I ee no rea on why I should not stand upon what I then . aid~ In other word, I will have to recon ideI'. I thank you very kindly for all your kind feelinO' toward me, and e I ecially for the increa ed intere t whi h you have hOWD this year in attending our' onvention. I -feel that the succe 's of our meeting ha been larg ly due to the eff-orts of the citizen and the intere t of the ladie of parta. We have enjoyed our me tino' more than on the la t two occa ions, and I promi e you that 0 10nO' as I am able physically to perform the work of this ociety, I am at your command."
The next matter in order was the election to fill vacancies among certain of the Vice-Pre ident of the 0ciety.
126

THE PRE TriEr T: "From the first Congressionai
Di trict we have Mr. L. R. Farmer, of Loui ville, who' wa appointed by re olution of the Society. The second i filled by fl'. H. . White, who has accepted the position ince we met in Athen. From the Third we have fl'. . W. Withoft, of Fort"' alley; from the seventh, II'. Gorge H. filler, of Rome; from the Ninth, Col. I. C. Wade, of Cornelia. The Tenth wa filled by the appointment of fl'. W. I. Harley, 'Of Sparta, in place of the late Dr. McInne , and in tbe Eleventh Mr. Dudley M. Hughe ."
MR., ROGER : ' II'. Witboft, of Fort alley, ba:' moved out of tbe State, and the name of Frank: O. Miller ha been uO"ge ted."
On motion, duly econded, Mr. FI'ank O. Miller was duly elected in place of Mr. . W. Withoft.
TilE PRESIDENT: IlNow we have MI'. Charles Deckner, of tlanta, wbo ba not been to our meetings for the la t four year ."
COL. FORT: "I nominate MI'. Julian Field, of Atlanta, to take tbe place of the O"entleman just named from the Fifth. He i enO"aged in borticulture, ha a large orchard in upper G~orgia, and has been in attendance Upon tbi meetinO" up to today at noon, when he went borne.
Upon motion duly econded Mr. Julian Field, of Atlanta wa elected to fill the place 'Of fl'. Deckner, from the Fifth Di trict.
TilE PRE IDE T: " ow come the Seventh. Mr. George H. Miller, 'of Rome. He bas been one 'Of our
127

best members, but his health has failed of late, and we have missed him very much indeed."
Upon moti,on duly seconded Mr. George H. Miller was unanimously re-elected from the Seventh Di trict.
Upon motion duly seconded Col. I. C. Wade, of Cornelia, was unanimou ly re-elected from the intho
Upon motion duly econded Mr. W. 1. Harley, of parta, wa lmanimou ly elected to fill the vacancy cau ed by the death of Dr. McInne , from the Tenth Di trict.
THE PRESIDE T: "The Hon. Dudley M. Hughes, member of Congress, is in Wa hington, and during our summer meeting he has not been able to attend."
ilR. ROGERS: "I think 1\11'. Hughe lives in the Third District."
THE PRE IDE T: "You are rio-ht, he is in the Third."
MR. ROGERS: "I nominate C-ol. VV. E. Thomas, of Valdosta, as Vice-Pre. ident from the Eleventh District."
The motion wa duly econded and carried.
THE PRE IDE T: " ow come our Secretary. Mr. Wight has been excu ed from thi meeting on account of sickne s in hi family."
Upon moti'on duly seconded 1:1'. Wight was unanimously re-elected as Secretary of the Society, and Mr. L. A. Berckman of Al1gu ta, was unanimou ly re-elected Trea urer.
128

TilE PRE~TDE T: "We have no unfinished business and I see nothing more before us, except a few papers sent by gentlemen who promised to be here and who were prevented from coming. Do you wish to have these read or shall they be referred to the Cammi ttee on Publication T"
COL. FORT: "I move that they be published along with the proceedings of the Society."
THE PRESIDENT: "That depends very m:uch upon the condition of our treasury, whether we call publish them or not."
Upon motion duly seconded the meeting was declared adjourned until January, 1911, the exact date to be fixed later.
TilE PRESIDE T: "Before you leave the house, gentlemen, I desire to thank you personally for all your attention during this session, and especially for the decorum with which this session was conducted. I thank you very kindly."
A. C. LEWIS, Secretary 'pro tempore.
129



INDEX.

Agricultural School of the Tenth Congressional District-A Re-

view of the Work of, J. . Rogers

103

Apple-The Commercial in Jortheast Georgia, 1. C. Wade......... 63

Apple Growing in the Mountain Region of Georgia, H. R. Staight.. 116

Citrus Fruits (Hardy) for the Cotton Belt, W. T. Swingle........ 39

Cover Crops in Orchards, Prof. C. C. Newman

114

Fig-Smyrna-Horlicultural Notes on, B. W. HunL.............. 57

Fruits-Report of Committee on Examination of, T. H. McHatton .. 112

Fruits and Plants Introduced into Georgia during the Past Fifty Years, P. J. Berckmans.................................... ~

Horticulture on the Pacific Slope, T. H. McHatton................ 28

Hot House and Flowering Plants-Insects and Diseases of, A. C.

Lewis,

90

Jecrology-Dr. P. J. Berckmans................................ 1

Dr. eil McInnis; Dr. J. P. H. Brown............... 17

Ornamental Native Trees-Prof. Alfl'ed Akerman................. 19

Peach Growing (Profitable) Some Essentials to, H. K. White...... 99

Pecan Growing-Will It Prove Profitable in Georgia' B. W. Stone.. 81

Pecans-Some Important Insect Pests and Plant Diseases Affect-

ing, E. L. Worsham

118

Prefatory, ................................................... '10

President's Address, .......................................... 12

Soil Fertility-Maintenance of for Horticultural Crops, J. R. Fain.. 71

PLATE 1.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
Without the generous co-operation of different cotton planters 'Who have tested our resistant cotton seed and made a report to us upon the same, the .work reported upon in this bulletin could not have been carried out so successfully, and we wish to express our sincere appreciation to them for their kindness in this respect. We feel grateful, not only for the reports received, but also for the interest that the planters have shown in the investigations.
We desire to thank especially the following gentlemen: Prof. W. A. Orton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., for the many valuable suggestions given in the .beginning of the work, and for furnishing us with seed of the Dillon and Dixie cottons for planting in 1905 and 1910. Col. M. B. Council, Americus, Ga., for furnishing land for experimental purposes in 1908, 1909 and 1910. Hon. B. S. Miller, Columbus, Ga., for furnishing land at Zellobee on hich experiments were conducted in 1905, 1906 and 1907. Mr. Ed Howell, Vienna, Ga., for furnishing land for experimental PUrposes in 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1910. Col. W. D. Hammack, Coleman, Ga., for testing and growing for U8 dUferent selections and hybrids. lIr. C. W. Grant, superintendent of Mr. M. B. Councll's plantation t De Soto, Ga., for valuable service rendered in looking after the culUvallon, etc., of the special lots of cotton.
r. R. A. Strain, Darien, Ga., for furnishing land for experimental PUrpOses in conducting anthracnose experiments.
r. J. T. Dent, BrunswiCk, Ga., for growing and testing different nrtetles and selections in our anthracnose experiments.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

WILT DISEASE OF GOTTON.
Summary and Recommendations Introduction Name of Disease Early History of Wilt Disea e Distribution Animal Loss from Wilt lJJ'xternal Symptoms Internal Symptoms The Cause of Wilt Plants Attacked by the Fungus
ature of Soil Infected Rotation of Crops

Page 3 5 5 5 6 6 -
&
:........... .. S
::l
9

Report on Experiments from 1905 to 1910.

Fertilizers Used in Wilt Experiment

10

Non-Effect of Fertilizers

10

Date of Planting

"

11

Comparative Resistance of Different Varieties of Ootton

11

List of Varieties Tested and Per Cent. of Each That Died

11

Tests of Dillon and Dixie Cottons

12

Relation of ematode Worms to Wilt

12

Rotation of Crops for Controlling the Nematode Worms

13

Difference Between ematode Galls and )l"itrogen Fixing Nodules 17

Selection of Seed from rlesistant Plants

17

Method of Selecting Seed

17

Results from .Selecting Resistant Plants

19

Hybridizing Experiments (Crossing Varieties)

19

Distribution of Resistant Gotton Seed

20

Plan of Future Work

"

21

The"Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil and the Wilt Disease of Cotton 21

Sum'..lary of Reports from Individual Planters Who Have Tested

the Resistant Cotton

22

COTTON ANTHRAC OSE.

Introduction

24

Description of the Disease

25

Cause of Anthracnose

26

Relation of Insects to the Disease

26

Variety Test

28

Selecting Seed from Resistant Plants

29

Rotation of Crops

30

Treatment of Seed for Planting

30

Summary

31

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Wilt disease of cotton is due to a fungus that attacks the roots and stems of the plants, and by its presence in the water ducts of the plant cuts off the food supply thereby stunting or killing the plants
attacked. The fungus lives during the winter in the soil in the decaying cotton
roOlS and stems and also in the form of spores on the cotton and in
the soil. The disease may be spread from one field to another by animals
carrying the infected soil on their feet, or by runnning water washing the soil into an unintected field. For this reason cattle should not be allowed to roam over infected fields, and the washing of the soil from an infected field into adjoining fields should be prevented if possible.
The disease may be spread on tools, such as plows and cultivators. One way to avoid this is to use separate tools for each piece of land; or else the tools used in the diseased field should be washed with a disinfectant before using them in another field. Corrosive sublimate, one part to 1,000 parts of water, or a 4 per cent. formalin solution may be used as a disinfectant.
~'requently a small but badly infected area is found in the middle or at one side of a field; in such cases it may be well to throw the Infected area out of cultivation for three or four years or plant the whOle field in some crop not affected by the fungus.
The di ease can not be controlled by the application, even in large quantities, of fungicide, such as Bordeaux mixture, copper carbonate, copper uJphate, sulphur, lime and sulphur, formalin, and tobacco dust.
Experiments covering six seasons indicate that the disease can not be controlled by the use or disuse of commercial fertilizers or by the application of large amounts of lime or tobacco dust to the soil.
Date of planting, whet:her early or late, has but very little if any elfect, in reducing the severity of the disease. Late planting is objectionable on account of the reduction in yield.
Variety tests of cotton have shown that while the different varieties var)' greatly In their susceptibility to the wilt disease, none that we have tested, except the resistant strains mentioned below, are reSIStaut enough to plant on diseased land.
The Dillon and Dixie cotton originated by Prof. W. A. Orton and three of our strains, the Modella and Grant, and a hybrid which we ha\'e not yet named, are quite resistant to the wilt disease of cotton. On diseased land no other varieties of cotton than these should be planted.
Rotation or crops is advisable in order to reduce the wilt fungus. If the land is infested with nematodes, and most of the sandy land In South Georgia is more or les infested, it should be planted for

at least one or two, or better, three years in some crop or crops which will not increase the number of nematodes in the soil before being put In cotton. After this rotation the land may be planted in a resistant strain of cotton and very little of the cotton will die and a good yield may be secured.
In the rotation any of the following crops may be used as they will not support the fungus or nematodes; corn, oats, wheat, rye, Iron cowpea, velvet bean and peanut.
Parties receiving resistant cotton seed from the State Board or Entomology or elsewhere should be very careful to keep It pure. It this is not done the cotton will not maintain for many years the resistant quality. To keep the cotton resistant care should be exer cised to see that no seed Is saved from stunted plants. To avoid this go over the field once or twice before the first picking and pull up all the stunted plants. To secure the best results, the seed for planting should be saved only from the part of the field Infected with the disease. To avoid mixing the seed at the gin, save the resistant cotton until it is all gathered, except the top crop, before taking it to the gin. Before running it through the gin see that all the seed are removed from the breast of the gin, and let the see drop out on the floor, or better, on a sheet. It will pay to do this even if you have to pay more to get the cotton ginned.
Our experience and the experience of investigators in other states goes to show that the cotton grower of to-day, in order to raise cotton successfully and profitably, must practice rotation of crops and the selection of seed.

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board 01 Entomology.

FEBRUARY, 1911.

No, 34.

Publisbed by the Georgia State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga., and sent free of charge to all residents of the State who make request for same.

WILT DISEASE OF COTTON
In Georgia and Its Control. By A. C. Lewis.
Assistant State Entomologist.

INTRODUCTION.
The results obtained from the work on the wilt disease of cotton, in 1910, were very satisfactory, and in order to place these latest results In the hands of the cotton planters, it is deemed advisable to issue this bulletin.
In 1909 the Legislature made a special appropriation of $10,000 to the State Board of Entomology for 1909 and 1910, to carryon the work against the wilt disease of cotton, other plant diseases and insects. This timely appropriation enabled the Board to continue the work, already begun, on a very much larger scale than before. The results secured in the last two years have been very gratifying, both to the farmers and the State Board of Entomology. The results reported before have been confirmed and certain factors, such as the elimination of the nematode worms, have proven to be of prime importance in the control of the disease. If the recommendations given in this bulletin are followed in the future by the cotton growers who have the wilt <l1Sease on their farms they will be able to grow a good crop of cotton in spite of the disease.
NAME OF DISEASE.
The disease here described has been known by various names in different localities. It is the "Frenching" in Alabama described by Atkinson, the "Black-root," of South Georgia, and the "Wilt" and "Blight" of other sections. Prof. W. A. Orton says in Farmers' Bulletin o. 333, U. S. Department of Agriculture, "We shall refer to It as "Wilt," because this is expressive and clear and was one of the first names applied to the disease." To conform with this we shall in this bulletin refer to the disease as "Wilt."
EARLY HISTORY OF WILT DISEASE.
Cotton wilt has been in the State for many years, just how 'long we do not know. There are some planters who remember seeing the
5

disease fifteen or twenty years ago. In the last few years the wilt has increased in severity and spread very rapidly. In some sections of the cotton belt the disease has been known for twenty to twentyfive years. This disease was first described by Prof. Atkinson in 1892.a The etiology and life history of the fungus were first worked out by Dr. Erwin F. Smith, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, from 1895 to 1 99.b In 1900 Prof. "W. A. Orton of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture began working on a remedy for the disease. In 1905 the Georgia State Board of Entomology began experimenting on the control of the disease in Georgia. In 1906 Pro!. H. R. Fulton, of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, began working on the disease.c This bulletin deals with the experiments carried on In Georgia from 1905-1910.
DISTRIBUTION.
Wilt disease of cotton is now known to Occur In the following states: North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas.
In Georgia we know the disease occurs in the following counties: Berrien, Ben Hill, Bibb, Brooks, Burke, Bulloch, Calhoun, Chattahoochee, Colquitt, Columbia, Coweta, Crisp, Decatur, Dooly, Dougherty, Early, Effingham, Emanuel, Grady, Harris, Houston, Irwin, Jefferson, Laurens, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Marion, McDuffie, Montgomery, Muscogee, Pierce, Pulaski, Randolph, Richmond, Schley, Stewart, Spalding, Sumter, Talbot, Terrell, Telfair, Thomas, Tift, Troup, Washington, Webster and Worth.
ANNUAL LOSS FROM WILT.
In 1909, in order to see if we could get some reliable figures on which to base our estimates of the annual loss from the wilt disease in Georgia, we requested parties applying for seed to estimate their losses from wilt for the past season. As a result of this, 568 men gave an estimate of their losses. The loss for each ran from $10.00 to as high as $1500. The total estimated loss of the 568 amounted to $65,498.75, which makes an average o! a little over $115. We sent seed in 1909-1910 to 2,670 farmers. Figuring they lost $100 each, it would amount to $267,000. It is probable we do not have one-third o! the parties on our list, who have lost over $100 a year from the disease. Figuring on this basis the total annual loss in the State would amount to $801,000. This seems to be a very large amount, but let us figure another way and see what the results will be. The disease exists in two-thirds of the cotton growing area of Georgia. From what I have seen in my travels over the State, I believe the disease is present in ten per cent. of the fields in this area and that ten per cent. of the cotton on the average is destroyed in the infected
a--Atldnson. George F. "Some Cotton Diseases," Bulletin o. 41, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station.
b-Smlth, Erwin F. WlIt Disease of Cotton, Watermelon and Cowpea. Bulletin No. 17, Division Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1899.
e-Fuiton. H. R. Cotton Wllt. Bulletin 96. Louisiana Agrlcuihlrai Experimental Station.
6

fields. In 1909, according to the United States statistics, Georgia had .,674,000 acres planted in cotton, and harvested 1,&00,000 bales, or an average yield of 190 pounds of lint cotton per acre. Figuring from this basis the loss amounts to 11,840 bales. Counting the eed and Unt worth $75 a bale, the total annual loss amounts to $880,000.
After the above estimate was made a copy was sent to Prof. W. A. orton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for his opinion. Following is his reply: "I have read with interest your estimate of the annual loss from wilt in Georgia. Your figures giving a total annual loss of $880,000 are very conservative. My personal opinion is that the loss of Georgia amounts to at least one million dollars per annum. One has to consider other t)'pes of loss 'besides actual destruction of cotton, for example, the decrease in the selling value of the land, the necessity of planting other less remunerative crops and the increased cost of cultivating wilt infected ground which results from the Invasion of crab-grass and other weeds after the cotton is killed."
EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS. The first outward symptom of wilt is generally a Wilting of oIDe of the leaves and branches as shown in Fig. 1. Many of the young
Fig. 1. Cotton plant dying from Wilt disease. Sketched from photo by Miss Annie Sharp.
7

plants die wi~n a few days after the first external symptoms of the disease appearj which is usually when they are about six weeks old. Plants w1ll continue to die now and then until frost. Some of the plants attacked may partially recover from the disease, and put out side branches near the ground, but as a rule these branches do not produce much cotton. In the course of time plants killed by the wilt disease lose all their leaves, and the small branches drop orr leaving only the blackened stem standing. Many plants that are not killed outright by the disease are much stunted in growth and their yield reduced. This phase of the disease is often overlooked by many planters. In several instances nearly whole fields have been found in this stunted condition and the owner was not even aware that the cotton was diseased.
INTER AL SYMPTOMS.
The internal symptoms of this disease are very characteristic, so that it is not difficult to tell wilt from any other disease to which cotton is subject in Georgia. If the roots and stem of a diseased plant are examined after cutting lengthwise, it will be found that the woody portions are black or much discolored. This is the symptom that nas given the disease the name "black root."
THE CAUSE OF WILT.
The cause of the cotton disease commonly called "black root" or "wilt" is a fungus, eocosmospora vasinfecta (Atk.) Erw. Sm., which attacks the roots and stems of the plants. During the winter the fungus lives on the decaying cotton roots and stems in the soil mainly in the form of spores, the spores corresponding to the seeds of the higher plants. In the spring when the cotton begins to form rootlets and roots these are attacked by the fungus. The fungus penetrates the roots and grows up into the stem following the water ducts and plugging them with its mycelium. This prevents the up- . ward flow of the sap from the roots, thus cutting off the food supply and stunting or k1lling the plant.
PLANTS ATTACKED BY THE FUNGUS.
So far as known, cotton and okra are the only plants the wilt fungus lives on as a parasite. In some parts of the State cowpeas wilt and die in much the same way as cotton. This disease is caused by a fungus which is closely related to the fungus that attacks cotton. On this kind of land the Iron cowpea should be planted, as it is very resistant to this disease. The watermelon wilt is a similar fungus disease and should be fought by rotation of crops and the planting of resistant seed. Prof. W. A. Orton, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., has by selection secured a strain of watermelon that is quite resistant to tbls disease certain.
8

PLATE II.
Fig. 1. ernatocle Galls 011 cotton root. Original.
Fig. 2. On left cotton after cotton; on right, after Iron cowpea. For details see page 14. Original.

CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO THE DI EASE.
Some seasons the wilt disease is worse than in others. This may be due to one of two causes, viz, the weather conditions or the number of nematodes in the soil, or both. Thus it has been observed that the disease Is more severe during a wet season than In a dry one. Frequently we have teceived letters from cotton growers stating that in a few days after the last rain, much of their cotton wilted and died. They wanted to know the reason for this, not suspecting before the rain that the cotton was diseased. While it is true that the wet weather Is favorable, and dry weather unfavorable to the disease, weather conditions such as heat or cold. have never been known to exterminate the fungus.
ATURE OF SOIL I FECTED.
A few cotton growers in Georgia have thought that diseased land was deficient in some necessary element or elements of plant food. To determine this we had Dr. Edgar Everhart, chemist of the Georgia Geological Survey, analyze a sample of soil taken from a diseased lIeld at Zellobee, Georgia. His analysis showed the soil was not dellclent in any element necessary for plant growth except lime, containing only .047 per cent. of lime. As noted elsewhere the additIon of lime to this soil did not reduce the severity of the disease.
The nature of the soil, whether sandy or clayey, seems to govern In a large measure the distribution of the disease in Georgia. It has been observed that the disease is more severe on the loose sandy solis of South Georgia. Thus the sample of soil we had analyzed contained a very large per cent. of sand or silica, 90 per cent. The worst affected spot in a field is usually the lowest place where the IlU1d Is washed In, forming a very loose sandy soil. The disease has never been found on the clay oils of Georgia. except in two instances. The fungus causing the wilt dl~ease of cotton may be looked upon as a weed Indigenous to some soils, and like th m thriving best on certain solis.
ROTATIO OF CROPS.
As the fungus causing the wilt disease of cotton only attacks cotton and okra, it follows that planting the land in other crops will starve out the fungus. Thus far, though, all attempts have failed to completely eradicate the fungus from th soil of Infected fields, even with a rotation of ten years. Rotation of crops I Important, however. In the control of the wilt disease on account of the nematode worms. 11'01' a full discussion of this subject see paragraph on page 11, Relation of Nematode Worms to Wilt.
9

REPORT,ON EXPERIMENTS FROM 1905 TO 1910.

o -EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS.

While many cotton growers are of the opinion that the continued use of commercial fertilizers is responsible in a great measure WI" ,the EV 1ity of the wilt disease of cotton, others are just as sure t ..at it can be controlled by the use of certain fertilizers, especially muriate or sulphate of potash. To settle this point, we began in 1905 to test different fertilizers to see what effect, if any, they would have on the disease.
The following table gives the grade and amount of eac-h fertilizer used per acre, and the per cent. of cotton that died on each plat.

FERTILIZERS USED I WILT EXPERIMENT.

Number

Per. ct. cotton

pounds.

Fertilizer used.

killed by

per acre.

wIlt.

300 Acid Phosphate (l6(~)

74

300 Muriate of Pota h

82

300 Acid Phosphate (16%) and iuriate of Pot

ash Ph of each)

76

400 Acid Phosphate (l6'7r) and Guanol' using

lh of each

77

No Fertilizer

75

400 Muriate of Potash and Guanoa using 1-'2 each 72

300 Following mixture: Acid Phosphate (1,000

lbs.); Kainit (500 lbs.); Cottonseed

Meal (500 lbs.)

90

800 GuanolL, Acid Phosphate, and Muriate of

Potash, using 1f.l of each. . . . . 74

200 Guanoa (also tobacco dust 800 Ibs. per acre) 82

200 Guanoa (also fresh lime 1800 Ibs. per acre) 80

100 Guano, -2-2

78

No Fertilizer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92

From this it will be seen that the variation in the per cent. of cotton that died on the different fertilized and unfertilized plats Is not sufficient to indicate that any of the fertilizers were of any marked detriment or benefit in controlling the disease. Thus it will be noticed on the unfertilized plats from 75 to 92 per cent. of the plants died while on the fertilized from 72 to 90 per cent. of the cotton died. We would especially call attention to the fact that muriate of potash was of no benefit in controlling the disease.

o -EFFECT OF FUNGICIDES.

Our experiments and those conducted by Prof. W. A. Orton show that fungicides, such as Bordeaux mixture, copper sulphate, copper car

a-Rendy mixed fertlIlz r 10-2-2. 10

bonate, liver of sulphur, formalin, sulphur. sulphur and lime are of no yalue in controlling the wilt disease of cotton.

DATE OF PLA 1'1 G.

Many planters have thought tbat late planted cotton is less Injured by wilt than early planted cotton. This opinion bad been quite prevalent among planters at Buena Vista, Ga., until one of tbeir number, Mr. J. B. Simons, had a late planted crop in 1905 that died very badly. Mr. Simons' experience is particularly intere ting on account of the fact that he not only planted late, but planted on land tbat had been in other crops during 1903 and 1904. 1\11'. Simons' field was planted on June 3rd, 1905, following a crop of winter rye. Over 90 per cent. of bis cotton died from wilt. This convinced Mr. Simons and other planters around Buena Vista tbat no benefit could be deriv d from late planting. In 1908, at Vienna, .Georgia, cotton planted after oats died very badly. In our experiments in 1905 one plat of cotton was planted April 18th, and another June 5th. Over 75 per cent. of the cotton died on both plats. From these experiments and ob erYations it is apparent that late planting can not be relied upon as a remedy for the wilt disease of cotton.

O~IPARATIVE RESISTANCE OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF COTTO.
1n our experiments we have tested so far 54 varieties of cotton, to see if we could find a variety that would be resistant to the wilt disease of cotton. Tbe different varieties showed great variation in tbe resistance to the disease, but none of them were resistant enough to be worth propagating for this purpose. In all but one of the varIeties, namelr. Red Shank, 50 per cent. or more of the cotton died from the wilt disease. While the Red Shimk was somewhat resistant, 45 per cent. dying, it was discarded on account of its poor yield.
Of the long staple cottons tested, only one, the Mitafifi, showed any marked resistance, and this variety is not adapted to Georgia condltlon. In the following list the figures after each variety show the per cent. of cotton that died from wilt disease. In each case here and elseWhere in this bulletin the percentage of dead cotton was determined by actual count made as follows: A few days after the cotton had been chopped out to a stand, a count was made of the number of stalks in each plat, and at tbe last picking, the live stalks were counted. Stalks nearly dead or badly stunted, enough to be of no value, were counted as dead.

LI l' OF VARIETIES TESTED AND PER CE T. OF EA H THAT DIED.

Short Staple or Upland Cottons.

Variety

Per Cent.

Variety

R Ced Shank

dead 45

Shank HiO'h

Borley's Wonderful oykin

54

Schley

55

l::>istrunk

Per Cent. dead. 55
55 55

11

Variety

Per Cent.

dead.

Hawkins

515

Lewis' Prize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57

Tool's Prolific

58

Rowden

59

Augusta Cluster

60

Triumph

60

Dongola

61

Bates

61

Drake's UJuster

62

Texas Wood

62

Allen Big Boll

64

Layton

64

Pride of Georgia . . . . . . . .. 64

Willett's Red Leaf

. .. 64

Bank Account

65

Keenan

65

King's Improved

65

Storm Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65

Baughn's

66

Variety

Per Uent.

Texas Oak

dead. 66

Southern Hope

66

Columbia

70

Gold Standard

70

Hardin

it

Rosser o. 1

75

Poulnot

77

Excelsior

78

Broadwell's Double-jointed " 80

Brancroft's Herlong

0

Gold Coin

llO

Hasting's Su re Crop

80

Peterkin

81

Hasting's Mortgage Lifter . . . 5

King's Early

';

Simpkins

90

Cook

95

Culpepper

~,;)

Ru sell

96

Long Staple Cottons.

Mitafifi
Floradora unflower
Allen Griffen

22

Sea Island

66

50

Boyd's Prolific

66

50

Clarkesville

"0

63

Ounce Boll

70

64

Edisto 'ea Island .. . . . . . . . .. 3

Tests of Dillon and Dixie Cottons.
These two varieties of cotton were originated by Prof. W. A. Orton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Of the varieties tested in 1900 by Prof. W. A. Orton, the Jackson Limbless was found to be the most resistant to the disease. By continued selection of the most resistant plants from this variety he has secured a strain of this type of cotton which Is very resistant to the wilt disease of cotton. This resistant strain he has designated as Dillon. The Dixie originated from a selection made by Prof. W. A. Orton, in Alabama in 1901. In 1905 Pro!. Orton kindly furnished us seed of both of these varieties. Each year in our tests they have proven to be quite resistant to the disease, only 10 per cent. to 15 per cent. dying. where 75 per cent. to 95 per cent. of the ordinary varieties died. Fig. 1, Plate I, sbows tbe comparative resistance of the Dixie and ~ative Green Seed.

RELATIO OF EMATODE WORMS TO WILT.
Many farmers in Georgia know from dear experience that cotton frequently dies very badly when planted after the common cowpea. That this is due to the fact that the cowpea Increases the number of nematodes in the soil and that their presence in the cotton roots increases the severity of the wilt disease of cotton is well known.
12

The nematode worm, Heterodem Tadic..iwZa (Greff. l\1ul.) is a par asite which infests the root of many plants, and causes the knots commonl~' known as nematode galls. Affected plants are very much stunted and sometimes killed. A few weeds and a great numher of cultivated plants are subject to attack by the nematode worms. The most common of these in Georgia are: Cotton, cowpeas (all varieties except the Iron), watermelons, cucumbers, cantaloupe, sugar cane, okra, cabbage, collard, potato, tobacco, mulberry, peaches, and figs. Fig. 1, Plate 2, shows nematode galls on cotton roots. In addition to the above Prof. Atkinson mentions the followi-ng plants as being badly atrected in Alabama: Citron, bird's foot clover (Lotus corniculatus), rutabaga, parsnip, and salsify.1t In Farmer's Bulletin o. 333 Prof. W. A. Orton mentions the following weeds as being subject to attack by the nematode worms; purslane, pigweed, (Amaranthus), "May-pap," "lndian potato," and 'Saw brier." Prof. Orton also states that "Bermuda grass, chufas, and summer oats are slightly susceptible, but probably can be used in rotation when root knot is only slightly prevalent:'
ROTATION OF CROPS FOR CONTROLLING THE NEMATODE
WORMS.
The rotation of crops for controlling nematode worms is so important that we will give in detail some of our observations anu experiments along this line. In 1905 Col. W. D. Hammack, of Coleman, Ga., had a field of cotton that well illustrated the result of planting cotton after the common cowpea. In 1903 the field was planted in cotton and the cotton nearly all died with the wilt disease. In 1904 the field was planted in corn and common cowpeas, two rows of corn and then a row of cowpeas. In 1905 the field was planted in cotton. Over 75 per cent. of the cotton died in the rows that had been in cowpeas, while in the rows following the corn only 25 per cent. of the cotton died. At Vienna, Ga., on Mr. Ed Howell's place, a field was SOwn in oats in the fall of 1906. The next summer after the oats were cut, part of the field was sown in Unknown cowpeas. In the spring of 1908 the whole field was planted in the Dillon and Dixie resistant cotton. The cotton planted after the cowpeas, died very badly, in spots, from 25 per cent. to 50 per cent., while on the other part of the field not over ten per cent. to 15 per cent. died.
In 1905, in our experiments at Zellobee, Georgia, a plat of land was own in sorghum, on which in 1904 from 75 per cent. to 95 per cent. of the cotton died from the wilt disease. In 1906 this plat was planted In corn anu just before the last cultivation Iron cowpeas were sown. In 1907 the plat was planted in Dixie and Native Green seed cotton with the following results: About 25 per cent. of the Native Green seed cotton died and only 5 per cent. of the Dixie cotton. Another very marked difference 'between this anu another adjoining plat which had been in cotton continuously for five years, was that the cotton on the plat which had not been in cotton for two years was twice as
II-Alabama Experiment tatton. Bulletin No.9. series, 1 99.
13

Fig. 2. On left cotton after Iron cowpea; on right after cotton. Original.
tall as that on the other plat, and yielded at the rate of a bale to the acre, while the latter yielded one-half bale.
In 1909, in our experiments at Vienna, Georgia, on Mr. Ed Howell's plantation, a plat of land was planted in the Iron cowpea, on which in 1908 over 75 per cent. of the Dillon cotton died from the wilt disease and nematode worms. This land was very badly infested with the nematode worms as was shown by the numerous galls on the roots of the Unknown cowpea, a few of which were growing in the field. Fig. 2, Plate 2, shows nematode galls on roots of Unknown cowpea. On both sides of.the plat cotton was planted in 1909. In 1910 the different plats were all planted in the same variety of cotton, the Modella, a resistant strain. The results were as follows: ...rbout 5 per cent. of the cotton died in the plat planted after the Iron cowpeas, while on the other plats planted after cotton, from 50 to 90 per cent. of the cotton died. The difference between the two plats Is we11 shown in Fig. 2, Plate 2, and Fig. 2 on page 14. In 1909 we also carried on a similar experiment on Col. M. B. Council's plantation at DeSoto, Georgia, with almost as marked results.
In comparison with this we would ca11 attention to the field shown in Fig. 3 on page 15. This field had been planted for three years in oats and the Unknown cowpea. In 1910 the owner planted it In cotton, just to see what the cotton would do. The result was that nearly a11 the cotton died where the nematode worms and wilt were present. In a part of the field no wilt disease was presellt, but the nematode worms were very numerous and here the cotton was very
14

much stunted, and it also "rusted" very badly. In July, 1910, the writer visited Mr. J. P. Coffee's plantation near Valdosta, Ga., to examine some of his cotton that was not growing well. A careful examination of the cotton roots showed the presence of nematode worms. The small feeding roots were all rotted off and small nematode galls were found on many of the roots. ear a patch of sugar cane the cotton roots howed numerous nematode galls, as shown in Fig. 1,
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16

Plate 2. About ten acres of cotton were badly stunted by the nematode worms but not so much of the cotton was dead, as there was not much wilt 'disease present. Later the writer was informed that the ten acres made a little over two bales of cotton.
Whether the cotton is suffering from the wilt disease or nemat.ode worms, 01' botb, can be determined by examining the roots. The nematode worms do not always produce large galls like those shown in Fig. 1, Plate 2, but the small feeding roots are nearly all destroyed. If the wilt disease is present, the roots and stem near the ground will be black inside, in the woody portion.
These observations and experiments have been given in detail in order to impress upon the cotton growers the importance of rotation of crop in controlling the nematode worms and wilt disease of cotton. There are many fields of cotton in the tate, like the last one mentioned above that are mucb stunted and the yield greatly reduced on
Fig. 4. Nitrogen fixing nodules very numerous on Peanut roots. Original.
account of the nematode worms and wilt. These fields could be made to yield a bale to the acre by a proper system of rotation, and the planting of a resi tant strain of cotton. The following crops may be used in the rotation, as they will not support the wilt fungus nor increase the number of nematode worms in the soli: corn, wheat, rye, oats, Iron cowpeas, velvet bean and peanut.
We can not too strongly advocate the planting of the Iron cowpea on land Infested with nematode worms. In the above and other experiments we failed to find any nematode galls on the roots of this cowpea. The roots of the Iron cowpea are shown in Fig. 2, Plate 3. In Fig. 1, Plate 3, the roots of the Unkntlwn cowpea are shown. Notice the galls on the roots of the nknown cowpea.
16

DIFFERENCE BETWEEK l,;:UATODE GALLS A:\D ~ITROGE FIXIl G -OD LE .
The nitrogeu fixing nodules are mistaken by some for the nematode galls. The nitrogeu fixing nodules appear on the roots as small round shot-like bodies, as shown on the peanut roots in Fig. 4 on page Hi. When -ematode Worms attack the roots they become distorted as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, Plate 2, and can not be pulled off without injuring the roots like the nitrogen fixing nodules.
SELECTIO OF SEED FROM RESISTANT PLANTS.
a doubt many cotton planter haye noticed that in a badly affectea area where nearly all the plant die, or are badly stunted, there may be a few plants tbat are apparently thrifty and resisting the disease. Evidently these plants are xposed to the di ease to a greater or less ext nt, but do not _uccumb froUl some inherent cause. Knowiug that Prof. W. A. Orton had by careful selection greatly improved the resistance of the Dillon cotton, we at ouce began work along the same line to see if we could se ure a I' sistant strain of cotton from some of the varieties commonly grown in Georgia.
METHOD OF SELECT] GEED.
Some cotton growers make a practice of going through their fields, picking cotton from the best stalks, and planting the seed to improve their cotton. By continuing this process year after year the cotton

Fig. 5.

ematode galls on Cantaloupe roots. Original. 17

may be improved to a certain extent. Our experiments and others show, however, that mass selection is a very poor way tu secure a resistant strain of cotton, and that even when working for yield alone, individual selection is the better method to use.
In individual selection, or pedigree breeding, a number of the best and most resistant plants are picked, and the seed of each plant saved to Itself. The next season a short row is planted from each stalk. The rows are planted side by side and this gives a good opportunity for comparing the progeny from the different stalks, and finding out which selection is the most resistant and has the strongest transmitting power. This is an important point to determine, for it has been found that plants, like animals, vary greatly in their power to transmit certain qualities to their progeny. Thus, ten stalks may be selected which to all appearances are resistant and the progeny rows the next season will show a great variation in resistance to the disease. If anyone of the progeny rows shows great resistance and a good yield, it is saved to itself and planted the next season in a multiplying patch. The seed from this in turn is saved and the following season as many acres as possible are planted with it. From this it will be seen that from one stalk in three years a large quantity of seed may'be secured.
As an illustration of this variation in different selections let us notice in a brief way the benavior of a few selections, those from the ltussell and King's Improved. In 1905 ten plants of the Russell and ten of the Peterkin cotton were selected, all of which seemed to be more or less resistant to the disease. The seed from these different selections were planted in 1906 with th!! following result:

Russell Selections.

Selection

Per Cent.

No.

dead.

1

35

2

20

3

42

4

65

5

76

6

80

7

51

8

56

9 .................... 70

10

74

Peterkin Selections.

Selection

Per Cent.

No.

dead.

1

16

2

46

3

43

4

75

5

50

6

77

7 .................. 50

8

87

9

66

10

70

In 1906 all the Russell selections were discarded except a few good stalks, from os. I, 2 and 3, as over fifty per cent. of the others died. The Peterkin selections were all discarded except a number of good stalks from o. 1. We have each year continued these selections, by re-selection, but have not yet secured a resistant strain of either variety.
Many other varieties of cotton have been taken up in the same way as the Russell and Peterkin, but as to take each up in detail would make too long a report, we will give the results in a general way.

18

RESULTS FROM SELECTING RESISTA T PLANT::;.
In I~05, 77 different selections were made from 9 different varieties of cotton. In 1906, the progeny of only 11 of these selections were considered worthy of further testing. In 1901, the progeny from only four of these were sav.ed, and in 190 , only two of these were saved for future planting. In I!lU9, one of the two proved to be quite resistant and was saved and planted in 1910, with very good results. Thus it will be seen that from the 77 selections made in 1905 we now have one resistant strain of cotton.
In 1905, at Vienna, Ga., 50 selections were made from several different varieties of cotton. In 1906 there was one selection that showed such marked resistance, only 16 per cent. dying, that the whole row was saved for planting the next season. This selection is shown in }t'lg. 1, Plate 4, beside two rows from unselected seed taken from the bin. This strain was propagated as rapidly as possible and seed distributed in 1908, 1909 and 1910. Each year it has proven to be quite resistant to wilt so we have named it the Madella in honor of the Modella farm which belongs to Egleston & Howell, at Vienna, Ga., wbere the selection was made.
In 1909, at De Soto, Ga., fifty selections were made, from several dltrerent varieties of cotton. In 1910 the progeny row from one of tD.ese selections showed great resistance to the wilt disea"e. Thts row Is shown In Fig. 2, Plate 4, beside two progeny rows from selections from King cotton. This is the most prolific resistant strain of cotton we have yet secured. We have named it Grant, in recognItion of the valuable services rendered us by Mr. C. W. Grant, superintendent of Mr. M. B. Council's plantation at De Soto, Ga. This strain wl11 be multiplied as rapidly as possible and seed distributed as soon as we bave ufficlent quantity.
HYBRIDIZI G EXPERIME TS.
( CROSSING VARIETIES.)
In 1905 we began crossing different varieties of cotton with the Dlllon and Dixie to see if we could in this way secure a prolific strain
ot resistant cotton. While it is yet too early to make a detailed report
Upon the different hybrids, a few of them will be mentioned in a brief way.
In 1905 a number of crosses were made with King's Improved and the Dillon, in the hopes of securing an early resistant strain of cotton. We now have a hybrid from one of these crosses that is very promIsing. In Fig. 6, the comparative resistance of this hybrid with the CUlpepper Is well shown. While this hybrid is not so early as the' King, it is a few days earlier than the Dfllon. Next season we hope to have seed of this hybrid for distribution.
In our variety test it was noted the Egyptian cotton, the Mltafifi, was much more resistant to the nematode worms than any other variety. In 1906 the Dixie was crossed with the Mltafifi to see if we could secure a strain of cotton that would be very resistant, both to
the nematode worms and the wilt disease at cotton.
19

Fig. 6. Shows comparative resistance of Hybrid with Culpepper cot ton. Two rows on left Hybrid Dillon X King; two rows on right Culpepper. Original.
In our progeny rows this season some of these hybrids showed great resistance to the nematode worms and wilt. We think this one of the most promising hybrids we have. It may take several years of careful selection to fix this hybrid so it will not revert to the Egyptian type, but if we succeed in this, we will have a valuable strain of cotton.
From the results thus far secured we believe this poase or tne work, hybridizing, gives promise of some valuable results. Up to date 15 varieties have been crossed with the Dillon, Dixie, King and Mitafifi, and from some of these we hope to secure a strain of cotton that will be more resistant and much earlier than any we have at present.
DISTRIBUTION OF RESIST ANT COTTO T SEED.
The object of the work and experiments on wilt is two fold: 1st, to secure strains of cotton that are resistant to the disease; 2nd, to propogate these resistant strains of cotton and distribute the seed to the cotton growers who have to contend with the disease. On account of the great cost of this work, we were greatly handicapped (rom lack of funos up to 1909 when the Legislature gave the state Board of Entomology a spet:ial appropriation of $10,0'00 to carryon this and other phases of our work. This timely appropriation enabled us to enlarge the work on the wilt disease of cotton. The growth of the work Is well shown by the following statements: For planting In 1906, seed were sent to twenty different farmers, in 1907 to 81, in 1908 to 89, in 1909 to 125, In 1910 to 2670. For planting in 1910, 1054 of the 2670 also received samples of the Iron cowpeas. 'We sent each
20

party from 10 to 20 pounds of cotton seed and to each of the 1054 about 10 pounds of Iron cowpeas.
From the above it will be seen that for planting in 1910 we sent out altogether 3724 sacks of seed. The Southern Express Company very kindly offered to haul the seed at a greatly reduced rate and the Railroad Commission granted the request. This enabled the State Board of Entomology to send out the seed to the farmers without any expense to them. We feel sure that the farmers appreciated this favor from the Southern Express Company and the Railroad Commission.
The importance.of this phase of the work, distribution of good reo slstant see'd, is at once apparent to all. It enables us to determine from personal inspection of many of the fields, and from the reports received, whether the cotton is resistant or not and how It yields in different sections of the State. The farmer, though he only gets enough seed to plant an acre or two, can from this start soon have enough to plant his whole farm in this strain of cotton if he so desires.
PLAN OF FUTURE WORK.
Arrangements have now been made to carryon the work in 1911 and 1912 on a still larger scale than heretofore. We expect to have for distribution for planting in 1911 a larger quantity of seed of 'both the Iron cowpeas and the resistant cotton than we had in 1910. We hope to be able to furnish each applicant one bushel of the resistant cotton seed and one peck of the Iron cowpeas. In order to serve as many cotton growers as possible we are planning to send the seed by freight and let the party receiving the seed pay the freight on same. This will be exceedingly small to each farmer in comparison wIth what the seed is worth.
The work on selection and hybridizing will be continued as heretofore. The main effort will be still further to Improve the resistance of the strains we have already secured. At the same time an effort will also be made to secure an increase in the yield of these resistant trains of cotton. Other varieties will be tested and an effort will be made to obtain a strain of cotton that will be resistant to the nema odes and the wilt disease of cotton. We are also trying to ecure a re istant strain of cotton that will yield a very nigh per cent. of lint. In 100 selections in 190 the yield of nnt ran from 1 per cent. to 43 per cent. The coming season the progeny from the sele~tion yielding 43 per cent. of lint will be watched with a great deal of Interest, as last season, 1909, some stalks of this strain made 40 per cent. of lint. All of our selections that do not yield 33% per cent. of lint are discarded, even though they are resistant, as we do not believe that the farmer as yet wants to raise cotton for the seed.
THE MEXI AN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND THE WILT DISEASE OF COTTO.
That dreaded enemy of cotton, the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil, is not in Georgia yet. but it is coming at the rate of 50 to 75 miles a year, and may reach here in two or three years. The best way to fight
21

this insect is by certain cultural methods and the planting of a very early variety of cotton. By referring to the list of the different varie, ties of cotton testea for resistance to wilt on page 11, it will be seen that 87 per cent. of King's early died from the disease. This is the variety that has been so successfully used in Texas in fighting the 0011 weevil. Hence an effort will be made to secure a resistant strain of cotton from this or some other early variety of cotton, so as to be prepared in a measure for the boll weevil when It arrives in the State.
For the past two years we have been making a number of selections from King and other early varieties of cotton but so far none of these has proven to be very resistant. Two progeny rows from King's selections are shown in Fig. 2, Plate 4. While this season none or the progeny rows from King s'elections was resistant, they contained a number of good stalks and many of these were selected for testing next season. This season, in oue of our resistant strains, the Modella, there were a number of cotton stalks that were much earller (about 7 days) than the others. A large number of these stalks were selected. This we think promising, and we will endeavor to secure an early resistant strain from these if possible.
From this it will be seen that it may be a difficult task to secure all early resistant strain of cotton, but judging from the progress ll.lread)' made we hope to be able to develop an early resistant strain by the time the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil reaches Georgia.
SUMMARY OF REPORTS FROM INDIVIDAUL PLANTERS WHO HAVE TESTED THE RESISTA T COTTO.
Up to date we have sent seed of the resistant cotton to 2685 planters who have the disease on their farms. Each season a number of these filds have been inspected, and from the most of the others reports have been received. In the following paragraph some of these reports will be given in brief, to show what the results of the tests have been in different sections of the State.
Col. M. B. Council, Americus, Ga., reported that "None of the Dillon cotton died, except in a spot where there had been a watermelon patch the year before, and that 80 per cent. of the adjoining. cotton died from the black root disease." The reason for the cotton dying where the watermelons had been was that they had increased the number of nematodes in the soil.
Hon. R. T. Humber, Lumpkin, Ga., reported: "I have planted the seed sent me from your department the last three or four years, 'and also planted seed raised from them. I find where 75 per cent. of the common cotton will die, 75 per cent. of the immune will live on the same land."
Hon. C. C. Richardson, Byron, Ga., reported that but very little of the Dixie cotton died, where the year before 75 per cent. of the cotton died.
Mr. J. Q. .daB, Sandersville, Ga., reported that but from one to five per cent. of the Dillon cotton, and 50 per cent. of the adjoining cotton died from the disease. The Dillon cotton yielded 1,000 poundS of seed cotton per acre, other cotton only 750 pounds per acre.
22

~lr. Oscar Aycock, Shellman, Ga., reported that 10 per cent. of the Dixie cotton died, and 50 per cent. of Truitt. The Dixie yielded 900 pounds, Peterkin 1,000 pounds, and Truitt 60\! pounds of lint cotton per acre.
Mr. S. S. Sauls, Shellman, Ga., repOrted that 5 per cent. of the Dixie and 50 per cent. of the adjoining cotton died. The Dixie yielded 1,600 pounds of seed cotton per acre, Hawkins, 1,080 pounds per acre.
Mr. George May, Warthen, Ga., reported that 5 per cent. of the Dillon and 25 per cent. of the adjoining cotton died. Yield of Dixie 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre, yield of other cotton not given.
Mr. O. A. Bozeman, Ashburn, Ga., reported that very little of the Dixie cotton died. Yield of Dixie was 2,260 pounds on 3,480 square yards, less than an acre; yield of Russell was 1,350 pounds per acre. Both received the same amount of fertilizer, 600 pounds of a 9-2-4 home mixed guano.
J. W. Edmondson, Moultrie, Ga., reported: "The cotton seed you lent me were planted on a piece of land where 1 had cotton last year except I ran the rows on through where a cane patch had been the previous year. This year I have not been able to find a stalk of wilt where the seed were planted that I received from you. Nearly all of my own variety of cotton died, where cane was planted last year."
Mr. J. U. Hollingsworth, Dover, Ga., reported: "I counted three rows and they averaged nine stalks to row affected. Other cotton planted by it averaged 61 hills per row affected."
Mr. A. E. Lewis, Hazelhurst, Ga., reported that 75 per cent. of his cotton died and only 25 per cent. of the resistant cotton.
On Jesse Fausts' place, Plains, Ga.. in 1909 only 1 to 5 per cent. of the Dixie cotton died from wilt, while 25 to 50 per cent. of the adjoining Peterkin died.
Many other reports similar to these could be giYen, but these show bow the resistant strains of cotton compare with the other varieties of cotton when grown on diseased land.
Many fields have been visited each year where the resistant cotton was planted, and we have seen fields where not 5 per cent. of the resistant cotton was dead, and from 50 to 75 per cent. of the adjoining cotton was dead. Whenever more than 10 to 15 per cent. of the resistant cotton dies, it is due to the presence of nematode worms in the soil. We would recommend that such lands before being planted In cotton, be planted for two or three years in crops that will not IUppOrt the wilt fungus, or increase the number of nematodes in the soil. These as mentioned before are: corn, wheat, rye, oats, Iron COWpea, velvet bean and peanut.
23

COTTON ANTHRACNOSE.
1 TRODUCTION. The fungus di ease of cotton known as Anthracnose Is present every year to a greater or less extent in nearly every cotton field in the State. Some seasons, like 19uLi, "hen the IV atber conditlOns were favorabl for the growth of the fungus, the disease may ao a great deal of damage. For the last four ) ears, the tate Board of Entomology bas been conducting experiment on this disease. For two years the work was conducted at FloVilla, but witb negative results on account of the failure or the disea e to de\'elop to any great extent. E'or the past two year, the experiments have been conducted at Darien, Ga., on Butler Island, where the conditions are ideal for the development of the disease. The results already secured are promIsing, hence it i deemed advi able to is ue this preliminary report. \Ve found this summer that many planters mistook the cotton an thracnose for the work of some dreadful cotton insect, and became greatly alarmed, fearing that the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil occurred in their fields. Hence in the following pages the author has tried to describe the cotton anthracno e, and also the work done by some sucking insects, so that the planter may be able to tell the difference between the two.
Fig. 7. Anthracnose. Early stage of, on nearly mature cotton bolls. Original. 24

PLATE III. Fig. 1. Nematode galls on roots of Unlmown cowpea. Original.
Fig. 2. Roots of the Iron cowpea, free from Nematode galls. Origin:!l.

Fig. 8. Cotton Bolls nearly destroyed by Anthracnose. Showing how the bolls are prevented from opening normally. Lint all de stroyed except in one or two locks. Original.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE.
Anthracnose affects the bolls principally, and causes them to rot and decay. It first appears on the bolls as minute specks which look very much like insect punctures. But unlike insect punctures, they continue to grow until sometimes onehalf or twothirds of the boll is covered. The color of the diseased area varies with the age, becoming a darker brown for a time until the spores are produced, when they have a pink center and border. Later the diseased area may be overgrown with a white fungus and then the pink color will be apparent throughout the diseased area.
At first the small brown spots enlarge in every direction, but if numerous they soon coalesce and become irregular in outline. As lOOn as the fungus reaches the cotton in the boll it spreads very rapidly and the cotton soon turns black and rots. This happens very frequently when the digeased area is no larger around than a lead pencil. When young bolls are attacked they frequently rot and shrivel np. Such bolls never open, or at least only slightly at the apex. Sometimes only one or two of the carpels of a boll are affected but even then the boll does not open normally. The different stages of the disease are well shown in Fig. 7. In Fig. 8, the manner in which the diseased bolls open and the different degrees of destruction are weU shown. It will be seen that all the cotton is destroyed in the boll In the center, and. the others all but one lock. Hence it will be leen that the disease destroys many bolls completely, and many more Partially. Cotton may be picked from these diseased bolls and the lint and seed In such a case is very liable to be covered with the Ipores of the fungus. This will again be referred to under remedies.
The author has never found the disease on stems of mature plants but aCcording to Prof. Atklnson,a it is sometimes found on mature Items Where they are wounded, or at the leaf scars. Thls disease,
-The Cotton Plant Bul. No. 33, Office of Exp. Sta. U. S. Dept. of Agrlc.
25

however, ver:r frequently attacks the stems of young cotton causing them to wilt and die.
Anthracnose also ~ttacks the leave of the plants, and especially the sickly or weak ones. Prof. Atkinson also found that the cotyledons or seed leaves suffer from a characteristic injury probably caused by the spores that remain on the lint germinatip.g and attacking the cotyledons as they slip through the seed hull and adhering lint. On the fleshy cotyledons the diseased area has the characteristic pink color that is found on the diseased bolls.

CAUSE OF A THRACNOSE.
This disease, Cotton Anthracnose, is caused by afungus, Oolletotrichum gossypii (Southworth) which attacks the bolls, leaves, cotyledons and sometimes the stems of young plant, causing the bolls to rot as described in a previous paragraph. The life history and botanical character of this fungus have been studied and described by lIss Southworth,a and Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson.b The fungus has been isolated, grown on different media, and inoculations made, so it has been proved beyond a doubt that the disease is caused by the fungus men tioned above.
The question as to just how the fungus grows upon the plant through the summer is not yet definitely settled. Prof. Atkinson failed to find the fungus in all parts of the plant. He thinks there is no evidence to show that the fungus grows in the stem and up to the leaves and the bolls. From the evidence at hand he thinks it very possible that the spores may grow on the diseased leaves and at the leaf scars, producing spores at frequent intervals, and in this manner keep the fungus alive until the bolls appear on the cotton stalks.

RELATION OF I SECTS TO THE DISEASE.

Many reports came out in different papers during the season of 1906, stating that the boll weevil, or some kind of cotton insect was destroying the cotton bolls. All of these reports that we investigated proved to be anthracnose, and not the boll weevll or any other cotton insect. In fact, no cotton insect was found except the boll worm, and a brown bug, Oalocoris rapid-us. a few large green soldier bugs, ezaria hilari8, and these only in very small numbers in a few places. In no instance were they numerous enough to do any great amount of damage: but in many of the fields, in nearly all of the rotten bolls, there were found a number of small beetles. These were the Insects that the cotton planters always pointed out as the ones that were causing the damage. During the examination by the writer, of many fields of cotton in dif ferent parts of the State, these beetles were never seen feeding or breeding in sound cotton bolls.
They were always found feeding and breeding in the diseased and rotten bolls. They seemed to follow and not precede the rot. Hence it is thought they did not cause or even start the disease. After a bOil

a-Jour. of Myco1.. Yo\. 6. No. :l:l. 1 !l0-!l1. p. 100.

grI

b-The Cotton' Plnnt. Bu\. 33 p. 293. Office of Exp. Sta.. U. S. Dept. of A c.

26

bas been partially destroyed they take possession of the 'interior, feed ing and laying eggs in the decaying cotton in the boll. Some of these beetles were sent to the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., where they were identified by Dr. F. H. Chittenden as Oarpophilus dimi/latus, a beetle very frequently found breeding in diseased cotton bolls.
This season, 1910, we frequently received cotton bolls that were destroyed by anthracnose with !lower beetles in them. The parties always thought these beetles were responsible for the damage. This beetle which somewhat resembles a June bug has never been known to attack a healthy boll of cotton. They are also sometimes found in peaches and figs where a bird or brown rot has started decay and made a place of entrance for the beetles.
Fig. 9. Cotton boll showing punctures of Oalocoris rapidus, also shows the unequal growth of the boll. (After Sanderson, Bul. 57, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bur. of Ent.)
The injury from bugs such as those mentioned llibove, the Cotton Leaf Bug, Oalicoris rapidus, and the Green Soldier Bug, Nezaria hilaria, is readily distinguished from anthracnose. The wounds made by these bugs become depressed and turn dark, as does the anthracnose in the early stages, but they do not continue to spread like the anthracnose spots, and upon microscopic examination the fungus is not found to be present. This of course is the crucial test and the only reliable one. Small bolls if punctured many times, by insects, very frequently dry up and drop without rotting. Larger bolls if punctured many times, in one or two locks, or on one side, develop one sided as shown in Fig. 9. Sometimes where the insects injury is very severe the boll becomes soft and mushy inside, but do not rot in the same manner as the bolls affected with anthracnose. In Texas, in 1904, the writer saw a number of fields that were very much affected by the brown cotton leaf bug, Oalicoris rapidus, and the effects were in every case as mentioned above. But strange to say, many of the planters there thought thE' Injury was due to anthracnose. To determine this point beyond a dOUbt Prof. E. Dwight Sanderson, who was then Entomologist in Texas, bad some of the bolls sent to Dr. A. F. Woods, Pathologist of the Bu-
reau or Plant Industry, . S. Dept. of Agriculture, who reported:
"'These resemble somewhat the early stages of anthracnose, but we have been unable to find any fungus present, and the spots have not enlarged or developed fungus even after several days in a moist ehamber."a The bug that caused this injury is shown in Fig. 10.
t-BUIlI. :'i7. Tll'oort on MIRCcllnnl'Ol1S Cotton In ects In TexRs. p. 45, Bur. of ., . S. Dept. of Agrlc. 27

b

Fig. 10. Brown Cotton Leaf bug, OaZocoris rapidus; a, mature bug; b.

young nymph; c. fourth stage of nymph; d, fifth stage of young.

(After Sanderson, Bu!. 57. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bur.

of Ent.)

.

The writer. during the season of 1906. made a microscopical examination of a number of diseased bolls in different stages of the disease. These examinations failed to reveal any injury from insects, even in the smallest brown specks, which many planters thought to be punctures made by insects. But in each and every case the fungus was present Furthermore, from observations made in the field, it was found that one of these little brown sunken spots developed in from 24 to 62 hours into a spot as large around as a quarter or half dollar. And In from three to four days two-thirds to three-fourths of the boll woul.d be covered. So from watching these spots one may determine very accurately whether cotton bolls are affected by insects or with anthracnose.
The writer also made some inoculations of healthy bolls by puncturing them with a needle which had been stuck into a diseased boll, and also by rubbing a diseased boll against a healthy one. In each case however, the disease became established on the boll. The disease first became evident on the punctured bolls, on the others a few days thereafter. This shows that the fungus can, under favorable conditions. succeed unaided in attacking and destroying a boll of cotton.
From these facts, mentioned in the above paragraphs and from ob servations made In many fields in different parts of the State. the writer believes that insects play no part whatever in causing anthracnose, aside from the possibility that certain ones may aid in spreading the disease from one boll to another, or from plant to plant by carrying the spores on their feet or beeks. Biting or sucking insects after feeding on bolls affected by anthracnose would be likely to inoculate healthy bolls.

VARIETY TEST.

For the past two years we have been conducting a variety test to find out which was the most resistant to the disease. The following table gives the varieties tested and the per cent. of bolls, by actual count. that were affected by the disease.
28

Variety.

Per Cent. of

bolls atfectea.

Bates

38.<!

Allen Longstaple

30.5

Sea Island

45

Broadwel1's

45

Bank Account

21

Columbia

41

Cox Yellow Bloom

30

Clayton

30

Dlllon-

(Wilt Resistant)

24

DIIie-

(Wilt Resistant)

21

Modella-

(Wilt Resistant)

15.4

Dongola

35

Drake

31.7

Floradora

35

Gold Coin

28

Hardin

39

rlawkins

26

Keenan

37

King

33

oss Improved-

Peterkin

33

Cook

44

Variety.

Per Cent. of

bolls affectea.

Mortgage Lifter

40

Peterkin

41

Poor Land

31.4

Poulnot

27

Pride of Georgia

27

Rosser umber One

29

Russell

4~

Schley

18

Simpkins

23.3

Sunflower

35

Sistrunk

17

Tool

40

Triumph

30

Willett's Red Leaf

11.7

World's Wonder

32

Hybrid-

Dillon X Russell

17

Hybrid-

Dillon X Green Seed .... 20

Hybrid-

Dillon X King

14

Hybrid-

Dixie X Dillon

25

Hybrid-

Texas B. B. X Dillon .... 19

In consider~n;; the results in the above table it must be remembered that the test has been carried on only two years, and for some va rletles, only one year, so the results must not be taken as final.
From the test so far made. it is apparent that no variety is immune to anthracnose. It will be seen from the above table that the resist ance of the different varieties to anthracnose varies greatly. For exam pie. Broadwel1's had 45% of the bolls affected, Cook's, 44%, Russell. 43%. Tool, 40%, Sistrunk, 17%, Model1a, 15%, and Willett's Red Leaf, 11.7%. This Indicates that some varieties are very susceptible to the disease and that others aTe more or less resistant.
Taking the yield into consideration the following varieties seem promising for planting in sections where anthracnose is severe: Sistrunk,a Schley, and Modella. While in the tests so far Willett's Red Lear has shown up very well, its yield has been so poor that we can not recommend it for general planting. In the table it will be noti<:ed, the Cook cotton is very susceptible to the disease and this is the variety that Is sent to the office more frequently than any other as being badly atrected by anthracnose. This variety yields very well as a rule, and DIan)' planters claim that though the Cook was much worse to rot than other varieties they were growing, it gave the largest yield per acre. J'rom this It will be seen that it is a difficult question to decide which is be best variety to plant where anthracnose is very severe.

ELECTING SEED FROM RESISTA T PLANTS.
ll'rom the fact that in a badly diseased field some stalks will be found OIl Which the bolls are nearly free from anthracnose or more so than
('fiI furnl bed by ~r. W. E. Istrunk, Tallassee, Ala. 29

the rest of the stalks, it .would appear that by selecting these resistant stalks for seed we may secure a resistant strain of cotton. When it is remembered that the fungus causing the disease gets into the lint and seed, and may infect the young plants as they are coming through the lint, it will be seen why it is important that seed be aved only from plants that are free Or nearly free from the disease. By selecting a number of these resistant plants and saving the seed from each plant separately, and each succeeding year making still further selections it j believed that, after a few years we may develop a strain of cotton that will be very resistant to anthracnose.
In 1906 a number of these resistant plants were selected, but as previously mentioned, on account of no disease being present, no practical results were secured. In 1908 a number of resistant stalks were se lected and planted in 1909 and 1910 at Darien, Ga., on Butler Island. The results secured so far from these selections are promising. One election in 1908 had 5% of the bolls diseased and in 1909 l()D;,o diseased. Last season Columbia from a select stalk had 19% of the bolls diseased, while from unselected seed 41% of the bolls were affected. It will also be noticed by referring to the table that some of the hybridS tested are not so badly affected as are most of the varieties. Thus the hybrid between the Dillon and King had less disease (H%-) than either the Dillon (24<7d or King (33'k).
While we do not yet claim to have secured a strain of cotton resistant to anthracnose. we believe from the results already ecured that we may do so by a few more years of careful and continued selection. We are also crossing a number of varieties with Willett's Red Leaf to see if we can in this way secure a resistant strain.
ROTATIO OF CROPS.
On account of the nature of anthracnose rotation of crops will be yery beneficial as a means of control. It will tend to starve out the fungus by not supplying it with any food plant upon which to grow. Obser vations made in the last few years also confirm the above statement. It was found that the disease, as a rule, was not near so severe in cotton fields follOWing corn and other crops. While such fields were not free from the disease last season, they were from 25 to 50% better than adjoining fields that had been In cotton for a number of years. In ordinary years tbe damage to such fields would In all prohabilitv he very light, as compared to that in other fields that had reen cantin uou Iy in cotton for a number of years.
TREATMENT OF SEED FOR PLA TI G.
Treating the seed before planting, to kill the spores, has been tried in a small way by Prof. Atkinson. But as will be seen from his report which follows. without very promising results. "In cultures of younlP; plants In sterilized soil annoyance was sometimes caused by the development of the fungus under circumstances such that they could ha\'e been diseased in no other way than from spores which remained at tached to the seed. Several times during the winter of 1 92 and 1 93
30

cotton seed from Alabama was planted in the forcing house and botanIcal conservatory of Cornell University, and the fungus appeared sufficiently to damp off and disease several seedlings. This seed which was gathered in the season of 1892, afforded a good illustration of the vitality of the fungus. Some of these same seed were planted during the winter of 1893-94 and the fungus appeared upon the stems of the young seedlings. In all cases where the seed were scalded before planting the fungu~ did not appear. The anthracnose spores were not found in the lint in these experiments, and it may be some, as yet, unknown reproductive body accompany the seed which will retain its vitality for such a long time. The anthracnose spores have been found to germinate when taken from the diseased bolls after five months. In trials of some seed from the same bolls at seven months the spores tailed to grow. It is quite possible that the mycelium may rest in the tissues of the seed, as in the case of the bean anthracnose, Col/etatrichum linde1nuthianum, and probably scalding the seed would not kill the mycelium within the tissues without also killing the seed, although this treatment might partially prevent the disease."a
From the above it appears that the spores may live over six months, and that the young cotton may get the disease in some cases from seed one and two years old. Scalding the seed might kill the spores but probably would not kill the mycelium within the tissues of the seed. Here, it will be seen, are more points that need further investigation to deterI1line if the seed may be treated in some way to kill the spores and other reproductive bodies if they are present.
SUMMARY.
Anthracnose of cotton is a fungus disease that attacks all varieties to a greater Or less extent. When one has three or four varieties of cotton, the seed should be saved from the variety showing the most reIistance to the disease, provided the yield is satisfactory.
As the disease may be carried from one season to another on the leed to secure the best results, seed should be saved from the stalks that are free from the disease. By this method enough seed should be Baved to plant an acre or two and then in turn the seed from this could be saved, if it proves better than the general field, for planting next Beason the field most affected by anthracnose.
t present, no practical method is known of treating the seed to kill the spores of the fungus.
The disease is more severe during a rainy season, but it is present to greater or less extent every year.
Rotation of crops is advisable as it will tend to reduce the severity of the disease and also increase the yield of cotton.
The following varieties are promising for planting where antharcnose II severe: Sistrunk, Schley and Modella.
-HOI'O. tF . Atkln"on. Bul. 33. p. 29..., The Cotton Plant. ffice of Exp. tation. . ~p. of Al?;rlculture.
31

PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. R SU1L of planting seed from selected talk: On len, one row from elected talk of Ex el ior: on right, two row from unl'lected _eed of Excel ior. PhOtoTaph taken Oct. 12, 1906, Yienna. Ga. Original.
Fl!\'. 2. Comparath'e re i tance of different selections. Each row from a di!ferent talk. Rowan right very re i tant. See page 19 for !IPlall. Original.

GEORGIA STATE

Board of Entomology
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist

Bulletin No. 35.

November, ] 9] ].

PROCEEDINGS
OF THE.
Georgia State Horticultural Society
HELD AT THOMASVIl.LE, GA. February 7 and 8, 191 I.

Published by the State Board of Entomology and State. Horticultural Society,

Atlanta. Ga. ehas. P. Byrd. State Printer.
1911.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
ORGANIZATION.
T. G. HUDSON, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta,
Ex-Officio Member.
R. C. BERCKMANS, President, State Horticultural Society, Augusta.
Ex-Officio Member.
JOHN W. L. BROWN, President, State Agricultural Society, Cartersville.
Ex-Officio Member.
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Field Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Special Assistant Entomologist.
W. W. CHASE, Deputy Inspector, Atlanta.
G. R. CASEY, Deputy Inspector, Marietta.

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OFFICERS, 1911-1912.

R. C. BERCKMANS

President,

Augusta

B. W. HUNT

Vice-President,

Eatonton

District Vice-Presidents,

1 t Congressional District, L. R. FARMER

'

2nd Congressional District, H. C. WHITE

Louisville DeWitt

3rd Congressional District, FRANK O. fILLER ........ Fort Valley

4th Congressional District, J. J. STRANAHAN

Bullochville

5th Congressional District, JULIAN FIELD

Atlanta

6th Congressional District, A. D. WILLIAMS

Yatesville

7th Congressional District, GEO. H. MILLER

Rome

th C'ongre ional District, HON. E. B. HEARD .......... Middleton

9th Congressional District, 1. C. WADE 10th Congressional District, W. I. HARLEy

Cornelia Sparta

11th Congressional District, W. W. THOMAS

Valdosta

J. B. WRIGHT

Secretary, ,

Cairo

T. H. ?!fcHATTON

Treasurer,

Athens

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Conservation as Applicable to Horticulture in Georgia, W. W.

Finley

33

Fig, The, John C. Greer

21

Home Surroundings, Beautifying, and Civic Improvement, B. W.

Hunt

88

Home Surroundings, Beautifying, P J Hjort

92

Horticulture at The State College of Agriculture, Prof. T. H. Mc-

Hatton.................................................... 85

Horticultural Possibilities of Georgia, C. A. Van Duzee

46

Horticulture in Alabama, P. F. Williams

39

Impressions of a Newcomer, Prof. John Craig

66

Memoir of Dr. P. J. A. Berckmans, Prof. T. H. McHatton.......... 8

Memoir of Dr. P. J. Berckmans, Col. B. W. Hunt.

. ..

15

Orcharding, Intensive, as Practised in the West, T. R. Lombard.

5U

Pear Blight, Its Control in Georgia, A. C. Lewis

101

Pecans in Georgia, J. B. Wight

77

Plum Wilt, 'mJe, Prof. H. P. Stuckey

6

Resolutions

110

Spraying Apparatus for Scale Insects, E. L. Wonham

96

Toreasurer's Report ......................................... 112

Tomato, Blossom End Rot of, Prof. H. P. Stuckey

71

REPORT. OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTYFIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEORGIA 'STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, HELD AT THOMASVILLE, GEORGIA, FEBRUARY 7-8,1911.
The thirty-fifth annual convention of ~he Georgia tate Horticultural Socie.ty was called to order in the Thomas Oounty Court House in the City of Thomasville, Ga., at the hour of 10 :30 a. m. on the 7th day of February, 1911, by the Secretary, Mr. J. B. Wight, of Cairo, Ga.
SECRETARY WIGHT: Twenty-three years ago, when the State Horticultural Society last met in Thomasville, there was a young minister here who opened with prayer at that time. It is our pleasure to have him with us again today, and he will invoke the blessings of the Master upon us in this meeting-the Rev. George W. Mathews.
Dr. Mathews invoked the divine blessing for a succe sful and beneficial meeting.
COL. WADE: I rise to place in nomination a gentleman to act as our Chairman until we elect officers of this
ociation, a gentleman whom I believe is one of our honored vice-presidents, and whom we all know and re pect. We cannot stop to say as many nice things as
e would like to about him, but I refer to Col. B. W. Hunt, of Eatonton.
COL. HUNT: And I would like to nominate a gentleman. (Cries of sit down.) You can't put me down. We

6
all have the right to nominate whom we choose-I refer to Mr. R. C. Berckmans. The name of Berckmans stand as no other name in Georgia, and we want one of J. P. Berckmans' hard-working ,sons, who has inherited hi intelligence, his culture, his love for plant15, and his love for the Society.
MR. BERCKMANS: I appreciate all that CoL Hunt has said, and I can hardly express myself; but I think it nothing but right that this Society should name him, who is one of its vice-presidents, as chairman of this meeting. Therefore I withdraw my name from consideration, and call for the question.
CoL B. W. Hunt, of Eatonton, was then elected Chairman, who stated: "I thank you very much for this honor. It is an honor, but it is with great modesty that I take the Chair that has been occupied so worthily for thirty-odJ years by our dear departed friend-but I will not talk on that subject now, as that will come up later.
ow I am going to ask this of you. We cannot have a successful meeting with any long speeches, with all we have to do, and I hope you will not have hard feelings toward the Chair, if, when in my judgment any man peaks too long, I kindly and out of sympathy for the audience ask him to reduce his remarks to writing.
Our 'Work as it comes up will be done as speedily as it can be done with good order, and, if I can copy a little after Uncle Joe Cannon, "I hope you will bear with me."
MR. BERCKMANS: In the absence of our Treasurer, I nominate Prof. T. H. McHatton as temporary Treasurer of this Society until we have our regular election of officers.
This motion was seconded and carried.

7
SECRETARY WIGHT: I have the badges of the Society here, and those who have paid their dues, or will pay them this morning, are entitled to these. I would like to give them to anyone, who is entitled to them. I suppose that these will be admission to all the courtesies that are extended by the citizens of Thomasville. I believe we have a banquet tonight, and other courtesies.
In response to the announcement by the Chairman that the next number on the program would be the addre of welcome, the Hon. R. L. Dekle, Mayor of the City of Thomasville, addressed the body, assuring the
ociety- that it wa the wish of every citizen of the city that the members partake of the city's hospitality, and that the citizens of Thomasville would do every thing in their power to make the meeting pleasant, profitable, and ucces ful in every way.
The Chairman, Col. B. W. Hunt, -of Eatonton, reponded in approp6ate words to the address of welcome by the Mayor, and thanked the citizens of Thomasville for their good wishes and kind offerings of hospitality.
OL. WADE: ,Vould it not be well also, Mr. Chairman to invite the citizens to attend our meetings' It is not a private meeting.
HAIRMAN HU.-T: Certainly, we would be delighted, and if there js a representative of the press present, I would like for the papers to notice that invitation, and e pecially do we invite the ladies to meet with us. We would be very, very glad to have them come into our meetinO' , and hear our discussions and the papers we will have read here.
One of the principal duties of man is to pay due and proper re pect to the memory of those who have passed before u. This program reads, that after the address

8
of welcome, wtould follow a Memoir of Dr. P. J. Berk-
mans, president of the Society since its organization, by
Prof. T. H. McHatton, of the University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia. Prof. McHatton will now deliver that Memoir.
MEMOIR OF DR. P. J. A. BERCKMANS.
By PROF. T. H. MCHATTON. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:
Dr. Berckmans was to me, as a young man just beginning the profession of horticulture, the pinnacle. I felt that if I could ever attain one small part of the knowledge and prominence that he attained, my life would have been a success. Little did I ever dream that it would be assigned to me to give a Memoir of the Doctor. I felt that the task would devolve upon ,some one who was far my senior in years and information, one who had known him for more years than I had had life, who had been his close, his intimate friend through all these years in this society; but because of my love for our President during the last few years of his life, I came very close to him. I looked upon him as a friend and a counselor and a father and I appreciated above all things the interest that he seemed to take in me as a young horticulturist-and through this intimacy I learned a good deal, probably as much, if not more, than those who have known him for a good many years, because I made it my business to know his life, and to gain as much of his brain as I could.
Dr. Berckmans, as you all know, was a Belgian, and he was born in Arschot, Belgium, on the 13th day of October, 1830. Just at the time of his birth his father was called away in the defense of one of the statutes of Liege, and his mother died soon after the return of his father. Consequently Dr. Berckmans, our President, was brought up without the care of a mother.
He was educated in France and Belgium, and started his career as a horticulturist in those countries. Of interest to us, who are familiar with the literature and the history of French horticulture, we might say that Dr. Berckmans' father was himaelf a pomologist of some repute, and in his home in Belgium worked with numerous fruits. He, being a man that liked horticulture, and the resthetic side of it primarily, our friend was brought up with the surroundings of beauty and landscapes architecture, and the resthetic side of horticulture in the beginning, and he learned to love it for itself. He was associated with Van Mons and other men of note in that section, in France and in Europe, and possibly it might be well to note here that his :first work in the horticultural line was assisting them in the production of three immense volumes on the fruits of that locality-France and Belgium. In this work the elder Berckmans did most of the illustrating, and Van Mons wrote the descriptions, and Prosper Berckmans the botany. There are only a few of these books, that I can recall, now in this country. One was in the library of

9
Dr. Berckmans in Augusta, and the other one, that I know of now, is in the library of the Downings, which is at the College of Agriculture in Iowa, and is under the care of Prof. Beech, of that Institution.
Along in 1 50 Dr. Berckmans recognized, as many others have, that the chances for a young man in Europe are not equal to those in this country and he decided to come over to America, and as a matter of interest, we might say that on that steamboat, in fact as a stateroom companion of Dr. Berckmans, was Adolph Sutro of California, the man who made many millions in that State, and bequeathed to the State of California the utro gardens, which stand as a memorial of him today, as well as the Sutro baths, and other things of interest.
Upon his arrival in this country the first trip that was taken by Dr. Berckmans was to Habersham county, Georgia. He came to that section of the country looking up iron and gold interests, on which they had taken options, to investigate them and see whether or not they would pay them for future work. He didn t intend to settle in this State at that time, and continued his travels, investigating the United States, thinking that probably he would return to his native country if the conditions didn't suit him. During this time he went to St. Louis, and other places along the Mississippi River, and other portions of our country. This was in 1 50, and if I had the time it would be a plea ure to me to relate some of the stories of the different cities and the condition that they were in, as he went through them at that period, but we must hurry on. .
In about 1 51 his father decided to come over and join him in this country, he having made up his mind to stay in America. They then settled in New Jersey, at Plainfield, not at first, but after investigation they bought a home and settled there. It was there that the Downings and other men of pomologieal reputation in the United States were friends of the Berckmans. I remember well the description that the Doctor gave us of the first meeting with Downing. He was driving down the road, or rather walking down the road, a yOlWg man dusty and dirty, having been working at some of the fruits or something, and a gentleman drove along, and stopped him, looked at him and said:
"By the way, can you tell me where I can find the home of Mr. Berck mans' I want to consult with him on some pears."
Young Berckmans said, "I rather think so, he happens to be my father.' ,
Then this gentleman in the buggy said, "Crawl in and take me there." The gentleman in the buggy was Dr. Downing, the pomologist. Later on ~[r. Bercklll:lns assisted Mr. A. J. Downing considerably in getting out the second and third editions of "Fruits and Fruit Trees of Ameri ca," by A. J. Downing, written first by Charles and re-edited later by A. J.
In 1 54 be gave up his Belgian allegiance and became a citizen of the United States. While at Plainfield be married Mary Craig, and in a few years came to Georgia and settled at Fruitlands, near Augusta.
n was in 1857 that Fruitlands Nurseries were organized and established.
t first he was in partnership with a gentleman near Augusta, and later

10
took the whole interest over, and went to work on his life's work, as probably the greatest nurseryman and pomologist that the South has ever seen, or hopes to see. As a point of interest it might be well to say that the first peaches that were e,er shipped from the State of Georgia to New York were shipped from Fruitlands between 1858 and 1860. These peaches sold on the New York markets then at $5.00 a bushel.
We all know a great deal concerning the work of Dr. Berckmans at Fruitlands. We hardly have realized what we, as a Society, owe to this famous man and his work. The introduction of numerous fruits and ornamentals we owe to him. The Japanese persi=on was first brought into this section through Dr. Berckmans. It was a question if it was not first introduced into the United States through Dr. Berckmans, but at least we know it was the first ever brought on this side of the Rocky Mountains. The introduction and dissemination of many of the peaches, such as Honey and Peento, we can trace directly to Fruitlands. The Japanese plums were first brought over to this country through the Fruitland Nurseries. Some of them originally came from California, and were planted on the Fruitlands place, and then disseminated throughout the South. Amoor River privet and many other ornamentals were in troduced into the South, and were disseminated from these nurseries.
It is, however, to the position of our President as a recognized porn ologist that we must do homage. The positions that he held at various times were numerous. He was President of the American Pomological Society for some ten years, resigning in 1 97, and refusing to serve any longer, having been in for fh-e terms. As you all know, he was the founder and father of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, and all the years of its existence--thirty-odd-never was any other name mentioned for President of this Society but that of Prosper J. Berckmans.
The first meeting, probably, that Dr. Berckmans ever attended in Georgia, was attended in Athens just about the time of the war. His father: about that time was made President of a Georgia Horticultural Society, or a similar Society, which lasted ouly for a few years, and died during the 'l\'ar or just after the 'l\'ar. From that time on there 'l\'as no other horticultural organization in the State until the founding of this one in 1876, at which time he was elected our President.
Recognizing his 'l\'orth, and knowing his prominence as an authority on horticultural subjects, 1the French Societies of Horticulture made him correspondent, he being a member at one time of three or four of these organized Societies of Bordeaux and other places. He was also corre sponding member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, our oldest horticultural society in America. Later on h ewas elected an honorary member of the r ebraska Horticultural Society, the Florida Horticultural Society, and also the Alabama Horticultural Society. His writings ap' pear in all of these proceedings, as well as in many of the magazines.
The first production from the pen of Dr. Berckmans in this country can be found in Hovey's (') Magazine of Horticulture. I ha,e for gotten the exact date when it appeared, but in these old files we find two letters, one from Louis Berckmans, Dr. Berckmans' father, and one from

11
Dr. Berckmans, written in defense of the American pear. Some gentleman of foreign birth evidently had attacked the American-raised pears, and compared them with those of England and Europe. These two letters, one as I say, one by the elder Berckmans, and one by his son, appear in this magazine, defending the American pear. 'fhis is the first product from the pen of our President, that can be found, or that I have been able to find, in American writings on horticulture or pomology.
But, hnrrying on, I would like to say now, in conclusion, just a few words concerning Dr. Berckmans. If there has been a man in the State of Georgia that has done more toward the advancement, thE welfare and the happiness of its people, I do not now recall it. We have had great politicians; we have had great orators; we have had men who probably stood in the public eye to a greater extent than the President of the Georgia Horticultural Society, but I doubt materially if we have ever had a man whose work will live after him as long as that of Prosper Julius Alphonso Berckmans. In the years to come ourselves, and our chilclren, and our grandchildren, will look upon the plants that beautify the State, and, if we just glance back into our history for a generation or so we will get back to Dr. Berckmans, the President of our Society.
Gentlemen, I feel wholly inadequate to the task of saying what I would like to say, of telling what I would like to tell you, about Dr. Berckmans. I think one of the saddest days of my life was ovember 8, 1910, when I received a telegram, notifying me that our President was no more.
The Horticultural Society of the State of Georgia has lost its founder ane] its friend, and this country has 10 t a constructor, whose work will lh-e on into time. We all recognized him as a friend, and a gentleman, and as has been said by some of the greate t brains, when we have said that a man is a gentleman, we have said it all.
I thank you for your attention. (Applause.)
THE CHAIRMAN: I would like to change the program
lightly, and devote this morning to ()ur departed
brother. I think it is right and proper that those who loved him should speak from the floor, and I will ask
tho e who feel moved to do so to rise in your places amI
ay what you feel in your heart you must say.
COL. FORT: I probably knew Dr. Berckmans as long a any man present, and I wish to pay simple tribute to
the memory of a man whose life I so much admired. 1.
know of no one who h3ls died of whom it can be said that hi life had accomplished so much good. It was for the
good of others. His life was devoted to fruits and flowers.

12
Mr. Berckmans was a man not only of practical ideas in -all the lines of his profession, but was a man of great scientific attainment. I was walking with him through his gardens one day, and he was speaking of several plants, giving their scientific and their botanical names, and I asked him if he could give the definition or derivation of nearly all the plants, and he told me he could, and in a very modesi and quiet way. I was very much struck with his mastery .of his profession.
He lived a long and useful life, and when the time came for him to die in his old age (he died at the age of 83) he could look back on a life of usefulness ,and benefit to others, an example for all of us to follow. I feel gratified to express my appreciation of the life and character of a man whose integrity was above reproach and whose life of sobriety and attention to duty did so much for the comfort of others.
MR. WORSHAM: Mr. Chairman, I know of no one to whom the State owes a greater debt than to Prosper J. Berckmans, who was one of the greatest men of his time, one of the greatest horticulturists, perhaps, who has ever lived at any time, and one of the greatest citizens of this State. He has rendered a great service to Georgia, to the South and to the entire country. He had an appreciation of both the theoretical and practical sides. His life was a life of service, and there is no one to whom we, as horticulturists, and to whom we, as citizens of this Stwte and Union, owe a greater debt.
There is just one phase of his life to which I want to call attention. He was the father of this Society, and if you will read those proceedings you will see that for years and years he was advocating the establishment of the s.tate Board of Entomology, and he kept hammering

13
away, kept fighting year after year, until he succeeded in getting an appropriation for that work. As he was the father of the horticultural industry.of the State, he could see the necessity of having a department, the duty of which would be to help the horticulturists, and you all know what a great 'service the Department of Entomology has rendered the State of Georgia. He was the father of the State Board of Entomology, just as he was of the Btate Horticultural Society. perhElJps appreciated the necessity of having a Department of Entomology more than any other one man in the State, becau e of his horticultural training, and he was always clamoring for more money to be appropriated to this Department, and it was through his influence largely, after they got a small appropriation, that it was gradually increa ed from year to year. To know him, Mr. Chairman, was to love him, and it was a plea ure to be in his presence, and I think tbis Society and the entire country owe him a debt that we can never repay.
OL. WADE: Mr. President, I don't know that I can add anything to what has been said, or that my feelings WQuld allow me to say what I would like to say, but I feel that it is a time, when those of us who have known him 0 well, should at least ca t a flower upon his bier to-day.
I remember in 1 76 Dr. Berckmans and I first met. We talked over horticultural matters ~ great deal. Some twelve years ago I met him here in Macon attending a meeting, and I believe I had the privilege at something like eight of the meetings in the past twelve years of nominating him for President. There was a feeling with n all that probably no other man could ever occupy
ncb a place.

14
As has been well said, he was the father of our horti-
culture. Possibly r feel it more than anyone else, because twelve years ago r was absolutely at sea on the
r question of a home for my future life and my family.
believe that P. J. Berckmans, unknowingly possibly, was the father of our industry in Habersham county. He has
said more good words about it, and the beauty of it he said, WaJS that he never had to take it back. He said to
r me: "Wade, consider tha t the finest peach section in the r country, and consider it, for certain varieties of apples,
the finest country in the world." That settled it for me.
r didn't have to go to biological reports, or any other kind of reports; r am there yet. His life was not only a
treasure for this State and this Union, but it was international, and every mile-post of his pathway was wreath. ed in flowers as he passed along.
PROF. WILLIAMS: r feel that this is an appropriate
time to expre s 4:0 this Society the very deep feeling of regret and sorrow on the part -of our Alabama Society
r upon learning of the death of Dr. Berckmans. am un-
fortunate in not having met Dr. Berckmans, but r felt on
learning of his death that it was really a personal loss,
besides being a loss to the entire South and to the entire
country. r distinc4:1y regret not having met him; however r am" familiar with a great many of his writings,
and I know that he has been a great he1p and inspiration to the young Alabima Society (we have only held eight
r meetings)" and cannot refrain from expressing llere
that the 10 is a great one, not only to your Society but to ours. There cannot be one to take his place, and the fact that his va t knowledge must die with him, witllout
being left to u younger men to carryon, is to be regretted. If we could only carry that store of knowledge

15
from generation to generation, the knowledge that we cannot get entirely from his writings, but only from per-
sonal contacl with him, it would be Qf such great benefit
to mankind. I wish to express for the Alabama Society its feeling of exceeding regret in this great loss.
COL. HUNT: Gentlemen, I could not let this meeting
pass without putting some of my feelings before you, and I cannot trust myself to say from my heart that which I wish to say, and I have committed it to writing. Whether my voice will carry to where you sit I don't know, but I will read as loud as I well can:
The task is easy of eulogizing men who have become a part of the past of history. Their lives are so far removed from the present that the perspective, the point of view, excludes the trivial and minor details. Our present duty is to one who needs no panegyric to make his virtues known. One who for a third of a century has been our chief and our inspiration, our guide and director ill horticulture. One who claimed and held our affection with the strongest bonds has been taken from us. The constant evolution in modern civilization precludes our ever securing a successor who can fill the void created by his absence.
We are living in such an age of specialization that no more men are fitted to know all the departments and 'heterogenous details of any calling or profession. Prosper J. Berckmans' knowledge was encyclopedic. His mind had a grasp on all horticulture similar to Herbert Spencer on all the sciences that go to make up philosophic co-ordination. He had the large grasp of taking in a whole, as well as the most ,,"onderful and minute details of all plant life.
~ature, usually, is parsimonious in endowing her favorite children. The intellectual prodigy almost always has a weak side to his character. Before I knew the man we mourn, I was impressed by the catholicity of his written and printed statements. When other nurseries catalogued lUItried fads and novelties, made money selling to people plants unsuited
to their prospective use, the nursery of Berckmans, if he named such plants
at all, did so with the warning to the purchaser. His course was not that of the money-accumulating merchant, but rather that of the altruistie lcientist who prefer,red the good of all before any other consideration.
It, as the Eastern proverb declares, a man has not lived in vain who hal planted but one tree or made two blades of grass to grow in placQ of one, what shall we say of this benefactor of the human race who has riven all the years of his life to countless efforts to beautify and enrich
earth, to make it bring forth fruit and flowers in due season, and to JIIake it a paradise for man' To accomplish this, to lay the whole world lUIder contribution, and to select its best and most desirable and by

16
patient experiment and never ceasing toil to evolve results. Fortunate for Georgia, fortunate for you and me, was the choice he made of OID'
tate for his home. Bom in Belgium, educated in France, familiar with all EID'ope and all America, he of his own volition chose his home among us. This is a compliment to our section of the South. Those of us born in the Church or in the State are apt to retain a part of our birthright. This is truly following the course of least resistance. What greater factor has our country in this modern world than just such spirits as Oglethorpe, Penn and the English speaking and French born colonists. I never see a worthy emigrant from Europe but my heart goes out to him in sympathy. We need him more than he needs us. Welcome to all who add to our life's fullness.
Of all gentle and noble callings, that of Berckmans, horticulture, appeals to me as bringing more of Heaven to earth than any other work by man. The daily wage earner, if he follow the maxims of Benjamin Franklin, may become opulent, but what is the value of life without the means and facilities of obtaining enjoyment outside of money getting' All games are but trivialities to kill time, reading of books a waste of brain tissue, except co-ordination of the knowledge obtained from the printed page be put to practical use. The sports of hunting, boating, riding, etc., are ephemeral. The work of the horticulturist is endless, progressive, in pi ring, always affording pleasure to him who follows the calling, always giving plea ure to them who see the twice-blessed work of his hands. To him who knows botany intimately, every flower, every tree, and every shrub takes on a meaning not appreciated by the noninitiated. The more he 1earus the more he enjoys. Such work, such information, kept our friend young at eighty years of age. An eternal spring was in his heart. For him the dying calyx was a fount of hope; a type and symbol of beauty yet to be.
The heaviest curse of life, old age of the spirit, was never his. He could see the speeding year without wailing, without fear. Serene and calm from studying nature's miracles, older than time, that declares, t t hange I may, but I pass not; " all the forms are fugitive, but the substance survives. He knew that he could not leave the world without a witness to speak of him. Grandeur and glory of verdure, whose vibrant leaves would forever whisper his name from the mountains to the sea; rainbow hued flowers smiling from the sod, emanations of his life and love, would embalm his memory in their perfume. Every cup a pulpit, every leaf a book, and all living creatures telling of him. rot Solomon in all his glory was arrayed like this beauteous throng, who through unnumbered years, should swing their chalices of incense, and chant his praises through earth's green aisles.
For him who has ears to hear, this glorious golden spring, when all nature is awakening, ten thousand floral bells are ringing over our fair land, and their music chimes in voiceless Easter song, "He whom we mourn has arisen." He has arisen with all earth's bloom and beauty his toucb created and his care guarded. Think not of him beneath the dark, cold sod, but in the iunumerable tenements of beauty, among the rainbow galaxies

17
of flowers he loved, now up-springing in the light. 'fhink of him as he would love to be remembered, when you caress the velvet petals of the rose or look into the dewey eyes of the violet, or all your being thrill with rapture of the daffodils. He planted sweets for an hundred blossoming springs, and the golden fruitage of the autumn for countless years to be. Flowers for the joy of the living, and flowers for the dead hands to clasp in the darkness of earth's dJloom :,wcJ brilfh*P9se He garlanded "ith beauty the stately mansion, "'nd the humblest cottage as well, and made of desert places sweet scented pictures, whose joy fore,er abides. The work of his hands still lives. The seed he sowed on earth is up- pringing, not onlJ' here, but mayhap in fairer lands, that frost and blight can never chill and wither.
In tho c garden of delight, may we not picture him today gathering not tile dying flowers of the earth, but those of fadeless beauty and everlasting bloom-the immortelles.
MR. HUNNICUTT: A horticulturist is but one type of a farmer, so P. J. Berckmans was a farmer, and as a farmer all true farmers should know more of him and cherish his memory and hold him up as an example to their children to emulate. P. J. Berckmans was one of the most ideal men we ever knew.
He was a perfect gentleman, pure in morals, hightoned in all his dealings, cultured to a striking degree. His face was a clear index of his character. To see him was to like him.
He made a striking success of his business. Fruitland urseries have a national reputation. Financially it is a great success, giving him abundant funds to raise his family and to leave them enough of this world's good. Per onally he had an international reputation. Our greate t politicians were not wider known and not o favorably.
ITe trained his sons in his business and left to them in this business a congenial occupation and a remunerative one. So putting these three things together, no American has done better than P. J. Berckmans, and onr fnrmioo- c-1n~s !"honld deem it a plea ure and honor

18
to refer to him as one of their number and as an example of what our sons can do and still be farmers. In fact you will rarely find so well rounded a character, and in this day of specialist we doubt if we can have any more. This is one thing that leads us to farming. Well and successfully followed it tend to develop the highest type of character and necessitates a vast accumulation of information on a wide range of subjects. Yet there are those who think a farmer does not need to read or to be educated.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: Governor Hoard, did you know the late Dr. Berckmans'
Ex-Gov. WM. D. HOARD (Wisconsin): I did not know him personally, I only knew of him, and I do not think 1 ever met him, but I have been exceedingly interested this morning in the tributes that have been paid to his memory. I am greatly reminded, as you have related here the history of this di tinguished student and benefactor of his kind and State, of the wonderfully clo e parallelism that existed between his life in some respects and that of a distingui hed citizen of Sweden, who lived in my own State, Thury Comleen. In 1871 I picked up the CHICAGO TRIBUNE, and read therein a statement from Prof. Agassiz to the effect that Thury Comleen, of Busseyville, Wis., was the greatest authority in the world on birds' nests, a branch or ornithological study, that of course is important. I was amazed because Busseyville was in my ,own county, the southwest corner of it. I hitched up my horse and started to find this man that was unknown to the politicians, unknown to the statesmen- Who was Thury Comleen'
I commenced inquiring, as I came within about three miles of this hamlet called Busseyville, and no one knew

19
who he was. Finally coming up within about a mile and a half of the little village I met a man, and inquired of him, "Where does Thury Comleen live'"
"Who do you mean, tha.t crazy old Swede'" I asked, "Why, is he crazy'" "Why, of course he is crazy." "Why do you say he is crazy'" ".AJJ.y man is crazy," he replied, "that is poking around in the marshes at night, with a lantern and a net, catching bugs. Of course he is crazy."
I asked him to show me where he lived. When I went to his house he had a little log house and a little farm of forty acres, and he was plowing with a pair of oxen in the most primitive way. He used oxen because he always carried his little shot gun with him, and when he aw a rare bird he could leave his oxen and go off and eha e the bird, which he studied with scientific knowledge and understanding. I approached him and found him very shy, not disposed to talk with me much un til he found that I was a lover of his branch of stl)..dy to a cer tain extent. What did I find T That he was a graduate of the University of Stockholm, and in correspondence with all the learned Societies of Europe, and absolutely unknown within three miles of his home. That's taught me a great lesson, and I call to mind the vision of Peter, when God let down the sheet and bade him. rise, slay and
eat. He said in modern parlance, "Pardon me, my
aker, I have never eaten anything common or unclean. " And then God rebuked him, and said, "Call thou nothing common or unclean." And so, when I hear tribute of this kind to a man who has been a deep student of nature, I find that they are all born with the

20
same spirit, anxious and earnest to learn the secrets of nature.
I could not isolate myself from such a character as Dr. Berckmans. It would be impossible for me to do so, for all lines of research investigation and thought are more or less correlative. You cannot separate them; they are bound by an indissoluble tie; and every deep student of nature looks up through Nature to Nature's God who has created them and their spirit, and they are akin.
I live in Wisconsin. That's only a little way off. Divisions have arisen between these sections; they have passed like a nightmare, and I think that we all do well in magnifying and paying tribute to the character of this man who has plowed so deeply in the current of Georgia conviction and the conviction of the race, probably to you a thousand times more valuable than the work of all your politicians. It does not take very much to be a politician; it does not take very much human intellect to be a lawyer; but it does take a strong intellect to interpret the laws that God Almighty has made, and these men walk humbly before the Lord. We must feel that, when men have devoted a lifetime, like Dr. Berckmans, to unfolding the secrets of nature that will in time bless his State and his Nation, such men should be held in the very highest esteem and their character and their memory most reverently cherished.
MR. W. T. GAULDEN: Since the days of Moses and Joshua and his successor, and before, in every great movement we find a leader and promoter. So in hortij culture. God in his providence raised up, endowed, and gave us P. J. Berckmans.
Into horticulture and kindred sciences he put his

21
life. That life with its great personality has been a blessing to Georgia, to the South, our country and to the whole world. Among the things that Brooks county feels a just pride in is the fact that one of the three judges at the Georgia Siate Fair at Savannah, Ga., who awarded to Brooks county the honor and the priZe for making the best county exhibit, was P. J. Berckmans.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: On the program this morning we have another paper which will be delivered by Col. John C. Greer, of Tifion, Ga., on the subject of "Figb." We will now hear from Col. Greer.
AnDRESS OF COL. JOHN C. GREER. MR. CHAIRMAN: I feel like it is almost irreverent to disturb the spirit that has fallen upon this meeting with any thing I shall have to say. I am sorry that we cannot leave here with this spirit in our minds and hearts, and return later to take up our program, but if it is the will of the Chair, I shall endeavor to say what I have to say in a most humble spirit, not only in the presence "Of the eulogies that have been paid to this grand man, but in the august body of scientific men, for being simply a busineS8 man with very little scientific training, I naturally feel very humble in your presence. If it were a body of politicians, or other public men, I should feel absolutely at home, but in coming to talk to you about a subject that is 80 important, and of which you know so much more than I do, all of you can readily understand the embarrassment I feel. I have committed to paper what I shall have to say, and Mr. Chairman, not having been present at any of the previous meetings of this Society, if my paper is too long, I shall not feel embarrassed if you will call me down whenever you feel tired.
FIGS. There appeared some time ago in the Albany Herald the following eell-

2t
torial on Figs,which I deem a fitting introduction to the paper which I have been asked to read before your bolly:
The Neglected Fig.- "A neglected fruit is tbe fig. With a pedigrl'c which reaches as far into the past as goes the history of man, and an established reputation for wholesomeness which ought to make it favored above all but a very few of the fruits which add spice to life and strength to man's digestive apparatus, the fig yet remains in comparative obscurity, boosted not by the builders of empire and the evangels of development, but almost universally relegated to back yards and fence corners.
Nowhere in the world does tbe fig attain to more perfect development than in Southwest Georgia. This is a fig country. Every known variety of this ancient fruit finds in the soil and climate of this region every ingredient and every quality essential to the most vigorous growth and most pr9lific yield. Tlle trees are subject to no diseases, and tbe crop is as certain as the seasons. Only when they are uprooted and cast away does the usefulness of the trees end. A California fruit man in Albany a few days ago saw figs which astonished bim. He had never seen such figs in the greatest fruit-producing State of the Union. They were large as oranges and sweet as sugar, and the owner of the trees on which they grew refused to allow them to be dug up and shipped to a fruit nursery, though he was offered a really fabulous price for his treasures.
The fig will before long come into its own in Southwest Georgia, for far sighted men are realizing the possibilities of production on an extensive scale. Fig preserves are tbe highest priced of all preserved fruits, and the supply falls so far short of the demand as to be regarded as almost infinitesimal. Canning plants on tbe edges of fig orchards will eventually be numbered with the most profitable institutions of the section.
Certain varieties of figs can be successfully shipped, and under refrigeration would reach the Eastern markets from Southwest Georgia in first class condition.
The fig will yet come into its own. It has long been neglected, but it is too vauable a fruit to remain forever a horticultural outcast. 11
The history of tbe fig, as tbe editorial says, is correlative with that of man. Madam Eve introduced tbe leaf of this classic tree into the fashions of her day, and there can be no doubt tbat the attire she wore to afternoon teas was the basis of the modern directoire gown, which had its forks and filaments in a prodigious likeness of the fig leaf.
And did you ever think about itt It was probably a fig and not an apple with whicb Eve tempted Adam, and caused the human race to fall. The records nowhere tell us tbat it was an apple so far as I have been able to find, despite the popular tradition anent that fateful occurrence. The reading of the Scripture text is as follows: "And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave unto her husband with her; and be did eat, and tbe eyes of both were opened, and they knew tbat tbey were naked; and tbey sewed fig lea"es together, and made themselves aprons."

23
The natural inference almost compels us to believe that it was a fig. The woman saw that the tree was "good for food." Certainly the fig fu11ills that encomium. And that it was "pleasant to the eyes. " Nothing is more beautiful than a full-leaved fig tree. And a tree to be desired to make one wise." The abundant brain food in a fig is quite sufficient in itself to have induced the Creator to have called the Tree of Knowledge, " when He warned Adam that he must not partake of it. II She took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her"-mind you, they were walking through the garden together and stopped under this tree, or by it-" and he did eat. And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons." They took the very first leaves they saw and made wearing apparel. The record does not say they went around the Garden of Eden looking for large leaves. They would have selected the caladium or some more comprehensive fabric. They simply took the nearest material at hand the minute the scales dropped from their eyes, and that probably was the leaves from the tree whence came the tempting fruit. And those of us who have studied the fig as a food-its flavor, its nutrition, its wholesomeness,--can readily understand how strong was the temptntion which o,crcame Mother Eve, ll8IIuming that it really was a fig which she ate and persuaded her husband to eat.
The prophet Micah, in his graphic description of the millenium, that glorious period when nations shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks, says that "nations shall not lift up the
ord against a nation, neither shall they learn war any more. But they lIhall sit every mau under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid." Not only has the fig tree been a factor in the life of man since the early dawn of creation, but here we have a prophesy that it 1ba11 come again into its own, and be the shelter and solace of man when the
orld has passed under the benevolent rrue of God's Millenium. I presume it is not expected of me that I should make a scientmc
dilsertation on figs to this body, I do not believe your worthy secretary expected that when he invited me; I do not believe you expect it now. I am not a scientist or a horticulturist. I am 'lI. plain business man with a public appendage, and if I can induce through your august body a fe", more people to think on the fig, this effort will reach the utmost of my hopes, and you will receive your reward in the additional sales from your nurseries.
I want you to study with me for a minute the actual value of the fig
u a product. I am told on good authority that the fig has three times all
much actual food value in it as a piece of beefsteak or wheat bread of he same size. In the Western Asiatic States in Gl'eece, Italy and the islauds of the Mediterranean Sea, the inhabitants substitute fig for mcnt IUId the informed tell us it is quite a common thing to see the people here ating sandwiches of barley bread and figs. The fact is, I do not ~Dnw of any other food combination, except milk, with so many food vaInI' 1Dveilients,

24

It is needless to talk to this company about the delectable quality of the fig. I can see your mouths watering now for a dozen, freshly pulled

and peeled, spread over with sugar and Jersey cream, all mashed and mixed until the zone of the fig and cream has been lost and nothing but an indefinite mass of juicy sweetness sits before you, teeming with little crackly seeds and a flavor so rich that the gods would have served it as dessert after a dinner of nectar. And I tell you, my countrymen, once this

dish of fresh figs and cream is served on the breakfast table of New

York and Chicago, those people will invent a way to get the fig there in



its fresh state, even if they have to transport it in airships. There is one

thing that we will. have to be careful about when we introduce the fig

into the orth as a fresh fruit; not many people like fresh figs on first

trial Like our superb Georgia syrup, they have a little twang which must

be cultivated somewhat to be liked. A few trials will have the desired

effect. Eaten once, twice, three times, and the eater is ours. Like the

iren's song and the lotus, all we want is a hearing and a taste, and the tig will do the rest. (1 once traveled for the Coca-Cola Company, and the way we got it introduced into new territory was to give a raw recruit three free tickets, each calling for a glass of Coca-Cola. The first one was a little strange, the second was not so bad, and the third went to the spot, and made a regular of him, and he forthwith began to add bricks to the Candler Building.)
The fig is sure to win and become a fad even beyond the deserved

fame of the Georgia peach, once we get it properly introduced in the North~rn cities in its fresh state. But we are not to wait for that attainment. There is already a big demand for the canned and preserved fig. To the

novice the canned fig is not objectionable in the least, but a very delicious viand on first triaL A Northern man will buy a small glass jar containing four canned figs on the Pullman diner, and call for a second and third before he is satisfied. And the canned fig will open the way for the fresh fig in the markets of the East and West-that is, after we have supplied our own tables, for the South is not yet awakened and supplied with this fruit, and will not be, 1 presume, until we are told by New York that the fig is the greatest of all Southern delicacies.

Not only is the fig delicious and nutritious, but it is wholesome. A fig llupper means a well regulated system the next day. The billboards all over the land tell us of the famous Syrup of Figs. In lieu of meats and heavy diets in warm countries and low altitudes where people are natu-

rally inclined to biliousness, why not a diet of figs, which have all the necessary foods a man consumes during a day.
As a co=odity of co=erce, 1 repeat what 1 have published before: "The fig will eventually rival and perhaps excel the peach as a money maker." They have a longer season than the peach, many varieties bear two crops, and there is hardly ever a failure in this section of the South,

while as yet there is no insect or scale which has given any serious trouble to the fig. The Mocking Bird and the June bug like the ripe fruit, but I

do not anticipate any serious bother from these in large orchards. As a co=ercial proposition, we shall have to rely for the present oD

25
the canned and preserved fig and on supplying the Southern or nearby cities with the fresh fig. Canned and preserved figs are already a success in commerce. The Texas growers near Galveston and Houston, whose groves are now about five years old, have been doing a tremendous business in canning and preserving. Canneries at Biloxi and New Orleans have been in successful operation for years. The crop of the past year was a little beyond the facilities of the Texas growers and canners, the trees having borne more than they could handle, and many tons were lost.
ot only have we failed thus far in devising a plan to ship figs successfully in a fresh state to Northern markets, but with our humid climate, we have not been able to dry them successfully. Figs are dried in the sun, and a perfectly dry season is essential when the fruit is ripe. California has such a climate, and in 1909 that State Bupplied 4,000 tons of dried figs to the American trade.
The two grcat problems connccted with fig growing, I want to lay upon this Society for solution-perhaps you already have them under advisement-an evaporation process for drying figs and an economical method of shipping fresh figs to distant markets for sale in good condition. Those two problems solved will make the fig one of the great money crops of the Gulf and South Atlantic States.
Many of you know that there are two general types of figs-the Smyrna and what is called the "Mule" fig. The Smyrna has a seed with a kernel, will propagate from seed, is richer in food value and Buperior to the mule fig as a. commercial product. The mule fig has a hollow seed, will not propagate from the seed and is almost wholly the fig grown in the Gulf and South Atlantic States. Since the Smyrna is the one best IlIlited for drying, it is the only one that will compete with the dried figs from the East, and the one to whose culture our government and the California growers have for years and years given their attention.
But the Smyrna fig grows female :flowers exclusively, and will not mature unless these :flowers are "fertilized." You may set it out; it will grow and make a beautiful tree and put on a fine crop, but before they reach mao turity, the last fig will drop off the tree. As I have already said, the United States government and the wealthy fruit growers of California worked on this problem for many years and spent thousands of dollars before they learned the secret of maturing Smyrna figs, which the Asi atics knew and did with ease, but which the growers over there were loath to tell us, lest America should take away their exclusive dried fig trade, which amounts to nearly a. million dollars a year in importation to this country. After a. long sojourn in that conntry by an expert, it was disCOvered that this fertilizing was done by a little wasp called Blastophaga. Be forthwith bottled up some of the wasps, brought them over and set them to work. They fertilized a few figs and these matured into excellent Smyrna fruit. But when winter came the wasps had no hon_
to live in and they all died. Then other men were sent back to Asia to Jearn how to house the Blastophaga in winter. After tedious investigation it was discovered that this wasp spent its winters in the heart of the wild

26
or Uapri fig, which carried one crop of its fruit on its limbs through the winter, maturing in the early spring.
Just here I should like to tell you the tragedy of the fig. Those of you who have studied the subject know that the fig blossom is on the inside of the fig, there being a cavity in the centre, where the florescence takes place, and at the bud end of the fig is an opening, and it is through this opening the fig wasp makes her entrance. The Capri fig flowers are partly gall or sterile flowers, and it is in these little receptaclee the female wasp lays her eggs. The Smyrna figs having female flowers, there is no recep tacle for the eggs, and when she crawls out of the Capri figs which has been hung on the Smyrna tree, she with her legs hung with pollen forthwith begins to look for a place in which to lay her eggs. Finding the Smyrna fig, she forces herself through the small opening at the bud end and on account of the opening being small she loses her wings in the process, and on entering the cavern she looks about for a gall flower for a nest. In so doing she deposits the pollen she has brought from the Capri or male fig on the female flowers of the Smyrna, and thus in her blindness to propa gate her kind, she has fertilized the wonderful fig of commerce and made it to mature and ripen; but in so doing she has repeated the sad career of the coral polyp which builds his island in the depths of the sea, and when it is finished gives up the ghost. The fig wasp, finding no gall flower in which to lay her eggs, she becomes heartbroken, says Professor Starnes, and curls up and dies. But she has caused the Smyrna fig to ripen and thus performed a great service to man.
The fig tree finds Georgia a genial clime and soil in which to grow, es pecially the Southern part of Georgia. It is a semitropical flora and the sandy loam soil of the wiregrass country, with the warm Gulf breezes, that blow from the ocean or the Gulf, seems to be as nesrly suited for its culture as is the Mediterranean country of Europe and Asia, its original home. It was brought to this country by the Spanish monks, and has found its best habitat in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and in the Southern part of California. It is often killed in orth and Middle Georgia, but seldom ever in this section. Once in my memory has it been killed in the Wiregrsss Country.
The fig needs but little cultivation. It is hardy and thrives best where the trash of the woodpile can reach it, and therefore in orchards, it should be mulched at least twice a year. Its roots are small, do not go deep in the ground, and should not be disturbed. Any cultivation should be at a considerable distance from the roots. Pruning is very hurtful to figs; it bleeds them and very little of it should be done. About 120 should be set to the acre. The fig also makes a beautiful border to an orchard of other trees, as well as to a farm of any kind. It is worth the room it occupies, no matter where you set it, or how little care you give it.
'Few fruits are as benevolent as the fig. Not only does it give abundant store, with little or no cultivation, but it begins early in life to do this. It will often besr the first year of its growth, but it should not be allowed to do this. Be as generous as it is and pinch off the buttons the first, seeond and third year, and the sueeeeding years will repay your generosity

27

a thousand fold. Its first three or four years should be devoted to putting on foliage. The fifth year our little brown Celeste :fig will bear several bushels, and I know a tree in Tift County only eight years old that bore the past year nearly twenty bushels. Trees ten years old should average about five bushels annually. Of course different varieties and di1ferent loealities differ in production.
A bushel of figs weighs :fifty pounds. The canneries pay about four eents a pound for fresh figs. A bushel of :figs should can or preserve eight quarts. They are worth wholesale about thirty cents a quart.
Professor Starnes, formerly of the Georgia Experiment Station, is the best authority in this country on :figs. Up to the time he left the Station, he was engaged in classifying the many varieties, and he recommends the following twenty-three varieties as among the best grown at the Griffin Station:

Celeste Brunswick Brown Turkey Ischia White Moracaine Beau Dure Toulousienne Adriatic White Magnolia DuRoi Ischia Black

Marseillaise Grosse St. Jean Blanc Walker Angelique or Early Lemon Bourgeassotte Gris Grosse Grise Bifere Madelein Marseillaise White
egro Largo St. Jean Gris

In conclusion I desire to say that we are making a trial of these twenty-three varieties in our station at Tifton, or at least we are trying to get these varieties into our orchard, and we hope to plant large orchards when we are able to make selections, and in the meantIDIe, we shall get ready to can them on a large scale. By the time our trees are in full bearing, may I hope that this Society shall have discovered the solution to the two problems that confront us and which I have submittedEvaporation and Shipping'

CHAIRMAN HUNT: It is generally the custom of the

Horticultural Society, when we have an excellent paper

Jike this, to fire questions at the author of the paper.

Anyone, who wants to take advantage of Mr. Greer, now

has the chance. Mr. Greer, I see that you omitted one

fig that Prof. Starnes recommends, and that is the U aiker."

R. GREER: I named that. In the midst of all that
French however I am not surprised that you didn't ar it.

28

COL. FORT: It is possible that I ought to make a little statement here. I have several acres in figs in Dougherty county, five years old. I ship figs to Pitts-

burg with very good results, and in a similar way ship them also to Atlanta. I will just state, without going fully into the matter, that I feel sure that the fig will

ship well under refrigeration. I think a great deal of my

orchard of figs. ducing a great

The trees many figs.

aIrehlaadrgethaenqduceasptiaobnleoof frpatreos1

up with the railroad authorities for several years, because figs shipped to New York were four times higher than any other fruit.

QUESTION: What varieties do you grow'

COL. FORT: Green Ischia, and I have shipped from

Habersham county in a very small way, White DuRoi,

and the Black Ischia. I have 30 or 40 trees in Haber-

sham county, and for breakfast every morning last year

for more than a month and a half we gathered figs, 16 in

the home, and we had all we wante.d.

MR. GREER: I would like to be a member of your

household, sir.

PROF. McfuTTON: You mentioned the Blastophaga

being brought over from Asia1 and the fruit-growers of California working on this problem and spending thous-

ands of dollars on it, and finally importing some of the

Blastophaga to fertilize the fruit. I couldn't help but

laugh the other day in reading over some reports from

Oalifornia, where they had found that the Blastophaga

had been there for forty-'odd years. On one of the

ranches in Southern California somebody had been kick-

ing about wormy figs, and finally somebody went down there to see about it, and found the Blastophaga. I just

29
wanted to mention that, because sometimes funny things like that will turn up.
In reference to shipping figs I have frequently carried fresh figs myself to New York. My grandmother up there, a Southerner, is very fond of figs, and we seldom visit her unless some of us take them up there. Some experiments have been started at the station and they were sent in to Washington successfully under refrigeration, and without refrigeration, but we had a little trouble. We started just at that time when the express strike was on, and we got all balled up on our first shipment, and so the results are not very definite as yet.
MR. R. C. BEROKMANS: I have listened with a great deal of interest to Mr. Greer's paper on Figs. Regarding transportation I have never gone at it in a commercial way, but I have frequently shipped figs to New York and Philadelphia in open packages most successfully; in fact I have made a dozen or more express shipments, and I have been very successful in getting them there in a perfect state of preservation. The Green Ischia is less liable to crack and less liable to fig sour.
My method of shipping is this: Pick your fruit firm; about 24 hours before they would arrive at perfect maturity they are in a firm stage; set them up on the blo som end, and let the milk and the wound from picking thoroughly dry; wrap them carefully in thin tissue paper, then using an ordinary peach crate or basket, pack them, reversing them each row, first the blossom end down, then the stem end down. In that way I have had them carried with perfeGt safety to Philadelphia. I believe by that method it would not be necessary to ship in refrigeration, as Col. Fort suggested. When you pick the fig at that stage and dry it out thoroughly, when


30
it arrives at its destination it is in perfect condition to eat. I think it would be a good idea for some of the people to try that method, which I mention simply as a suggestion. I have not shipped any in a commercial way, but just supplied a few friends of mine in the East with them.
QUESTION: Is that tissue paper porous'
MR. BERCKMANS: Oh yes, it is not a paraffine paper. I don't believe the wax paper is practical, for that would store up the moisture and make them rot. That would be bound to cause the :fig to decay. I have always used a porous tissue paper, just one thickness. Dry the :fig out thoroughly :first with the blossom end down, then wrap one thickness of porus tissue paper, and you will have n<? trouble from decay due to moisture.
COL. FORT: I tried a little experiment in shipping :figs by refrigeration, by what was called "pony refrigeration." I shipped them to Pittsburg, and they created quite a sensation in the market, so I am told, being something new, but they sold for a fair price. If they ripen in dry weather they can be shipped; if in wet weather the fruit is pretty apt to sour.
MR. BERCKMANS: With good, thorough ventilation the fruit carries much better than hermetically sealing it.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: It is very nearly half-past twelve, and I suppose we ought to adjourn for dinner, but before we adjourn I want to say a word to Mr. Greer and then Mr. Stone has a word to say to us. Since our so-called mule :fig has been found to be 8lbsolutely fertile, you must w;ithdraw the name "mule," and substitute some other name. Prof Wickson head of the Department in California has dropped the name, and, as this "mule"

31

fig is absolutely susceptible to the male pollen, and fer-

tile, it ought not to be longer abused by being called

"mule" fig.

MR. GREER: Well, I wish that this Society might

pass a law whereby we should not call'these figs any

longer "mule" figs. I am sure if you will pass that law,

we will not call them "mule" figs in Georgia any more.

I don't like the name myself, but I simply called them

that, because I was following a higher authority than I

pretend to be on the subject of figs.

'

CHAIRMAN HUNT: Now, Mr. Stone, what is it you

have to say to us, ~ MR. STONE: The citizens of the city this afternoon

would like to take every member on an automobile ride ~
to show you the most excellent roads we have in this

county, and to show you Thomas county. They ask that

you will be at the ourt House park here strictly at 3 :00

o'clock. Tonight we expect to give a banquet to the

Society, which will be at 9 :00 o'clock. I state that hour,

80 that, if you decide to have a session tonight, you may

convene before that time. Remember though, the citi-

zen want you at 3 :00 o'clock for the automobile ride.

The Chairman accepted thi invitation on behalf of

the Society, and upon motion the hairman announced

that a se ion would be held at 6 :00 p. m., adjourning, of

course, in ample time for the banquet.

The morning session was then adjourned.

THE AUTOMOBILE RIDE.
The automobile ride through Thomas \County was greatly enjoyed by all the me:p1bers of the Society.
The party in charge of the Committee from the City left Thomasville at 3 :15, ten machines making the trip,

32
They were taken down the newly worked Summer Hill Road to Boston, where a short stay was had, and hospitality extended by the citizens of that little city. Immediately after, the party returned to the city by the old Boston Road, which is also being put into excellent shape. Many of them were then carried to the elegant estates about Thomasville, and shown the wonderful landscape gardening and natural beauties of these places.
It was indeed a most enjoyable trip. The party returned to the City in ample time for the evening session, which convened at 6 :00 o'clock.
EVENING SESSION, FEBRUARY 7, 1911.
The evening session was called to order at 6 :00 p. m. CHAIRMAN HUNT: If we followed the program as printed, the next article would have been "Pre-cooling Fruits for Shipment," by Prof. A. B. Stubenrauch, of the United States Department of Agriculture. Is he here' SECRETARY WIGHT: No sir, he is not here. CHAIRMAN HUNT: After him comes "Conservation as Applicable to Horticulture in Georgia," by President W. W. Finley, of the Southern Railway. Is Mr. Finley here' SECRETARY WIGHT: His paper is here. CHAIRMAN HUNT: If you all agree, we will have the Secretary read Mr. Finley's paper. Mr. Wight first read the following letter from Mr. Finley, and then his paper:
Washington, D. C., February 2, 1911. MR. J. B. WIGHT, Secretary, :: Georgia State Horticultural Society,
Cairo, Ga. Dear Sir:
I enclose herewith two copies of the paper, which I promised to write

33
for the meeting of the Georgia tate Horticultural ociety, on "Conservation a Applicable to Horticulture in Georgia."
In pre enting my paper to the ociety, or on some othllr suitable ocea ion during the meeting, will you kindly express to your fellow members my high appreciation of their courteous invitation to me to be pre ent, my great personal and official intere t in the development of horticulture in the tate, and my sincere regret that, on account of circumstances beyond my control, it wa impossible for me to be pre ent to read my paper in person,
Yours truly W. W. FINLEY, President.
'O:X ERVATION A APPLICABLE TO HORTI ULTURE IX
GEORGIA,
Paper by W. W. FrxLEY, Pre ide nt, outhern Railway Company, Read at the Thirty-Fifth Annual Ses ion of the Georgia tate Horticultural Soci ty, 'l'homa ville, Ga., February 7, 1911.
It i important that at the outset we should have a clear under tanding of ju t what w-e mean by "Con en-ation," As the word is popularly employed in much of the pre ent day discus ion of the conservation of the natural re our e , it i u ed to pecify withdrawal from u e, and pre-
n'at ion in a tate of u efulne . I hall u e it in w-hat I think is its proper meaning, as signifying the presen-ation for u e, elimination of wnste, and development into the highest usefulness, In this en e, therefore, "Con enation a Applicable to Horticulture in Georgia," is the problem of 0 u ing th horticultural advantages of the tate as to make them of the highest ,'alue.
Your principal admntage, a i Ie from the high capacity which the peopl of ,eOl'gia have hown for horticulture, are favorable climatic and
il conilitions, and the acce ibility of large market. Con ermtion as applied to this industry, theu, fall under two branches as applied to production anll a applied to mal'keting. These two branche are closely interwoven. A profitable market i the ultimate object of production, and his hould be kept con tantly in yiew'.
('011 en'ation as applicable to production is, in a large measure, an individual problem which each grower mu t work out for himself. 0 mueh is d pendent upon the chemistry of the oil, its physical character, tic, it mia 'e configuration, and even the direction in which it slopes, hat what one man call do to advantage may not indicate what his next door nl'ighbor hould do. Each ha hi own problem and a large probI ill may pre ent seyeml problem. I believe, therefore, that each man
oultl lllak a 'areful study of the conditions of his ow-n land, and hould k to I arn what other have done w;th the most ucce on inlilar soil, Harl)' located, ITe ,vill then find it to hi ath-antage to grow those horti.rnltural products for which hi con titiou are mo t advantageons, "11.1 <I, alway, he can ha'-e a reasonable assurance of a profitable market or thn p produc s.

34
I am not quali1ied to give the members of the Georgia State Horti cultural Society expert advice on the management of fruit lands, the selection of varieties, pruning, spraying, or any of the other purely technical operations having to do with production. I may, however, be able to sug gest some lines of development having a bearing on the ultimate object of production-profitable marketing.
It is, I believe, generally recognized by the growers of field crops that diversification is more profitable than onecrop farming. Where this caD be carried on under a system of croprotation, it is an important factor in conserving and increasing soil productivity. Rotation is, of course, im possible to lands devoted to orchards, but doubtless many of its good results can be accomplished even in orchard lands by planting cover crope and plowing them under.
As to all actual truck crops, I have no doubt it is as beneficial as with cotton and the various grain crops. In fact, in the elaborate experiments carried on at Rothamsted, England, it has been demonstrated that soil in which potatoes are grown, year after year, finally becomes incapable 01 producing potatoes at all, but, after two or three years of other crops, it is in condition for potatoes. But, in addition to conserving soil productivity, diversification accomplishes the very important result of making the farmer or horticulturist, in a large measure, independent of conditions that may adversely effect the production of marketing of a single crop. I believe, therefore, that the orchardist, as well as the grower of annual crope, will :find it to his advantage to diversify to some extent. If, then, he has crop failure or short production of one class of fruit, or if the market conditions affecting it are unfavorable, his other products may turn what would otherwise be a disastrous season into a favorable one.
I may illustrate this by referring to the Georgia peach crop of 1907. The total crop of that year amounted to only 1,500 car loads-a very short crop and a profitable one to such growers as had fair yields, but a very unprofitable one to those whose trees produced few peaches, or none at all. 1n that year the man who had part of his land devoted to other uses was probably in a better position than the average man who was altogether dependent on his peach croy.
I would further suggest the desirability, as far as it may be practi. cable, of extending the shipping season for perishable fruits. This would have a tendency in seasons of large production, to avoid glutting the market and breaking down prices, and would also enable the crop to be handled more satisfactorily for all concerned. As our Southern fruit growers have a great advantage in getting their products to market before they meet the active competition of the same kind of fruit grown in Nor' thern localities, I would suggest the desirability of lengthening the shipping season by giving attention to the earlier varieties, as it is not un' likely that, through more gradual marketing of large crops, the result would be better average price for the entire crop.
An element of conservation that may be said to stand midway betweeD production and marketing is packing for shipment. This is one of thOlll technical subjects on which I shall not attempt to give any detailed ad

35

vice. It is, however, of great importance, as the condition in which the

fruit arrives in market is an important factor in fixing its price. Good packing and care to have the contents of all packages uniform and fully

up to the standard of quality indicated by the marks on the eutside of the packages will go far to establish and give value to a brand or the name

of the shipper. Conservation as applied to marketing involves, first, the elimination of
waste as far as possible. It will generally be more profitable to market the

first quality of horticultural products in a fresh state, but, as they are all more or less perishable, it may not always be practicable to do this, and

there are always inferior grades and culls to be disposed of. Efforts should be made to find markets for the entire crop. The most important

adjunct to a horticultural development, therefore, is the canning industry, or, with some fruits, the drying industry. By preservation by one of these methods practically the entire edible crop that can not be marketed fresh

can be saved. I am not sure that it would not be found to be profitable to can a part of the first quality as well as the inferior grades and thus build up a

reputation for high.grade canned goods as well as for the fresh fruits. Certainly all of the best quality that may, for any reason, become too ripe to stand shipment should be sent to the canneries. Not even the in-

edible culls should be allowed to go to waste. In the case of apples they are j1lllt what are wanted for the cider press and vinegar factory, and, in the

ease of some of the other fruits, they are suited for the manufacture of deu.tnred alcohol.

Waste should be eliminated, not only at the producing end, but also at the marketing end. This, I believe, can best be accomplished by cooperative marketing, such as is practiced by the Georgia Fruit Exchange. It is my

understanding that the work of this Exchange is confined entirely to the

marketing of the peach crop, but I believe the same principle might be ap-

plied to the marketing of all perishable products where the volume of production is sufficient to afford a field for such co-operation. It is a manifest imJIOIIlIibility for each individual grower of a perishable fruit to be fully

informed as to the relations of supply and demand for that fruit from day
to day in all the principal markets of the country.

Another important element in conservation as applied to marketing is adequacy of transportation facilities and efficiency of transportation ser-
nee. The need for adequate transportation facilities begins at the orchard

or .garden. The first requisite is a wagon road to the railway station over

which loaded vehicles can be moved expeditiously irrespective of weather

eonditions. All classes of our people are interested in good wagon roads,

bat DODe more so than the grower of perishable fruits. His product can be

hauled farther to a shipping station over a good road than over a bad one,

and, even if he is only a few miles distant and a hard summer rain makes his

lOad impassable right in the midst of his marketing season he may suffer

a 81lbstantial loss.

'

For the production of perishable fruits on any considerable scale
adequa~e and efficient railway service to the great consuming markets of
e UnIted States is essential. These fruits must be handled on quick sched-

36
ules and generally under refrigeration. The ,alue of such fruit is de. pendent almost entirely upon the performance of uch senice. This mav be illustrated by con idering the peach crop of Georgia. If the growe; of that tate were unable to place their product promptly in the great market of the K orthea tern citie and should till produce 6 000 carload per annum, peaches in Georgia would be practically without ,alue. It is ability to have them carried to market that gi,'es ,alue to the crop.
The producers of peri hable horticultural product arc vitally intere ted, therefore, in the ability of the railways by which they are en-ed to pro,ide adequate facilities and efficient sen-ice. Their products mo,e but for a few weeks each year. In one ea on they may have an output that will tax the facilities of the carrier to the utmost. The next season they may have relati,-ely a very small yield. The railways, howe,er, lllUSt be pI' pared to handle the ma."{imum yield, and they must maintain the trackage and other facilities nece ary for doing so for twelve months in eyery year, e,en though the volume of traffic may be great enough to utilize their full capacity only for a fe,,- day in two or three year .
The railway company I ha,e the honor to repre ent fully realizes the importance of the horticultural industry of the South, and we are constantly doing all that we reasonably and properly can to encourage it. In planning such impro'-ements a we are able to make frolll time to. time in the way of increa ing OUI double-track mileage, one of the principal things we take into consideration i the handling of this perishable traffic, putting in econd tracks first at tho e places where past e:-.:perience has demonstrated that delays to fruit trains are most likely to OCCUI. In following this policy we believe that we are contributing materially to the conservation of horticul ture in Georgia.
CHAIRl\1.tL.--. H NT: There ha been a great movement in GeorO'ia to fight the railr'oad , but I have alway held, and till hold, rthat the best policy for ,the Southern far-
mer 1 to go in partner hip with the railroad -give
them part of the profit , and, if you will handle them
rio-ht, you will get a !rTeat deal out of them.
I see by the program that we have a number of ad-
dre e for to-nio'ht, but I notice one a" tereoptican
Le ture on Fruit Growing in Oregon," by Prof. E. BLake, of the Department of Agriculture at Washin!rion. It occur to me that we can not very well have a tereopticon lecture lIDle we have it at night. I Prof. Lake
in the building?

37
ECRETARY WIGHT: Prof. Lake i detained. It will be impo ible for him to be here.
DR. WOR HAM: I want to say that I am on the program for tomorrow and I regret very much it is nece ary for me to return to Atlanta tonight. My heart i in the Horticultural ociety, and I want to see it succeed, and I want to do every thing in my power to aid the
ociety. It i very nece ary for me to return tonight, however, in order to traighten out certain matter tomorrow that are uro'ent, and make preparation to be with the . gricultural train, which will be on the road about 50 day and tomorrow i my la t chance to
traighten out ome very important matter before leaving. I leave my paper wiih Mr. Lewi , my fir t a i tant, and he will read it when it come up on the program. I regret very much that I cannot be here, becau e m heart i. with you, and I had rather be here than any where el e tonio'ht and tom~rrow. For the la t three year, however, I have been a perfect lave, and my time ha not been my own. I am with you, and I hope you will have a O'ood meetino' tonight and tomorrow. ( pplau e.)
)11'. Wight ugge ted that a Prof. Wor ham had three-quarter of an hour before train time, he miO'ht read hi paper now and let omethino' el e be ub titu-
d for tomorrow. ILURMAN H KT: If Prof. Wor ham would con ent
to that, I would be Q'lad for it to take that cour e.
DR. W OR HAM: I would be very glad indeed to do that, but the paper i rno i too loner. The paper I prepar d i on pra ing 'Pparatu for cale In ect , and
e. into detail a to the variou type of apparatu n d, and tho e havino' o'iven the be t ervice in Georgia

38
for the past five year-s, and it is ioo long for me to read it to you tonight.
. CHAmMAN HUNT: I want to thank Dr. Worsham for
his attendance. It has given us all pleasure to see him, and I hope next year that he will have more time to spend with us.
DR. WORSHAM: I want to state further that I had a letter from Mr. Finley, who seemed to regret very much that he couldn't be here, but he had a meeting in New York City which demanded his presence. Mr. Finley selected the subject of Conservation. This subject of Oonservation is one which I would like very much to be discussed ai this meeting, because it is more misunderstood than perhaps anyother subject. It is one which means more to all of the citizens of the United States than any other one subject I know, because it touches every phase <of human activity, and ii is one in which this Society has been very active, perhaps under a different name. Weare all working for Conservation. Horticulture is nothing more than a conservation of fruits and flowers, and all those things f.or the good of mankind, and it applies to almost every thing, and I don't know anything that is more intensely interesting to all citizens who really love to live, and who love beautiful things in Nature and who are interested in something else besides ihemselves.
I regret very much that Mr. Finley could not be here, and present that subject for himself. This is a movement with which I have been someWhat identified myself, and I hope very much that We can make a success of it in Georgia and in the South, and I want the co-operation of this Society, because it represent one -of the most important phases of conservation. I hope at the

39
next meeting we can have something along this particular line. I know that we can depend upon the co-operation of this body, and that they will do everything in their power to make the movement a success.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: Next on the program is an address by Prof. P. F. Williams, of the Alabama Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala.
ADDRESS OF PROF. P. F. WILLIAMS, OF AUBURN, ALA.
Gentlemen: I have no prepared paper and I can hardly call what I have to say an address. I will say, though, in the beginning, that I am glad to be with you. I have wanted to come over to your meetings for the last three years, but have not been able to make it. We held our meeting of the Alabama Society in Birmingham on the 19th and 20th, and I would say that, although our Society is young, the spirit manifested was as fine as I ever hope to see. When this body of 75 men get together and display the interest and the enthusiasm and the spirit that the men did there, our Horticultural Society, we feel, is doing the work that it should.
Now, there are a number of different views to take of Horticultural Societies, and there are only comparatively few of us who have taken the broad attitude toward these Societies that we should. For instance, I had a letter from one of the members the other day in which he said he was ,ery glad to give his dollar, but he didn't believe it was treating him right to let his neighbor have our proceedings without any cost to him in cash. He said the other fellow was getting everything out of it that he could without putting a cent into it. That's wrong, but we must take a different attitude, if we are going to have progressive horticultnre or agriculture in our Southland. Membership to us means something besides proceedings; it means our personal interest in these societies; and friendship is the finest thing we can have in developing any organization. We can get together and know each other-we can write our troubles to each other, but the feeling is left out-we need to get together, and imbibe from each other this spirit of good fellowship and friendship.
'ow, I must be brief, because I know how it was in closing up our
B.innin~ham meeting. I know tomorrow is going to be filled up with
dlScu IOns, but I want to make a few remarks regarding the progress of horticultural work in Alabama. Of course you know Georgia is conceded to be a cotton State; Alabama is the same way, that is, not strongly a horticultural State, and in that way we are perhaps handieapped, but the field in Alabama and Georgia for horticulture is such a great one that our Horticultural Societies have really had before them the greatest work that an organization could have for its development.

40
We are ju t beginning. Of course, your Society is thirty-odd years old, and ours is only eight, and ome of the fine t thing are in your proceedings that can be found in any similar proceedings in this country, both from a practical and scientific standpoint. They are fine.
Our chief work at present is with the pecan. There's more intere t among the people in the tate, and among people we expect as settlers there, than ever before. Attention i being confined mo tly to the Baldwin pecan. We are getting letters every day from peoplc in North and Xorth,,-e t, particularly in the Northwest, and people who went out into the
anadian N orthwe t are really getting frozen out there, an] its gctting too cold for them, and they are coming outh. Tho e men you will find are mo tly fruit men, men who ha\-e had experience in orne particular line of fruit work, and they are ,..illing to get down and dig and delvo, and you know it take that for fruit growing in the South. This climate is ideal; our oil i all right, but the growing eason i so long, and the atmospheric condition, etc., are 0 conducive to the rapid spread of di ea e, in ect, fungi, etc., that "'e mll t gh'e closer attention to cultimtion, praying, etc.
Now, as you know I think it was in the last proceeding -there wa a lengthy article on the u e of ar onate of lead an] ull hur for the control of the curculio and the brown rot. We hu\-e establi hed thc fact that th e aI'e clo ely I'elate], and that thoy can be fought at practically the ame time. That's one of th greate t discoverie made in recent year.
Regarding pecan an] orang not in a boa tful way, I might ay, but a a matter of intere t generally, we perhap have the large t combination Ql'char]s in the outh about be miles from Mobile, and although it is Xortheru capital and ~Jorthern people who are interested in it which recall to mind what the "Fig' man brought out thi morning, that the Xortherll people ha\-e to tell u how good thin are before we realize it. till I will ay it is one of the fine t orchards in the whole outhern country. They grow at uma orange, and those of you who haye ta ted real good fair ample will ay I am ure, that it i one of the fine t orang they eyer ta ted. Right on that point I ju. t picked up a little pamphlet here, and I want to read this eJ.:tract from it. It i under the head, . at uma Orange :
, While the at uma orange ha not been exteu iYely cultimted in this country or section, ;yet the trees that aTe growing and bearing in this ection gi\'e promi e of an industry that will eYentually riml the orange indu ry in Florida. The atsuma orange is a product of Burbank, the horticultural wizad. It is the wect orange grafted into the hedge orange stem, which defics the cold ill climates far colder than thi ."
The atsuma omnge, as far as "-e can find, dates back for c\'eral hun(h-ed year to Japan, more properly hina, and it was introduced into thi ountry within the pa t twenty-fi\-e years. I think the first tree wa. planted in Florida, an] since that time the planting has pread a far West as Texas. In Texa to by ther is some very extensh-e planting being put in. In peaking of thi combination orchard near :\Iobile, I will state that there are 2,400 acre ha\'illg 16,000 pecan budded an] grafted, anJ

41
4 ,000 at 'uma oranges. 0 you can get some idea of the extent of their planting, and how much faith they hal'e in what the trees will produce. 1 wish I had the time to take up the at uma orange in detail. I think it should be tried even here. It "ill tand a low a temperature as 14 to 15 degrees, that i , for a day 01' so, with the tree dorlllllnt. The atsuma omnge i bringing grower handsome return down there in Mobile County and BaldlTIn County. At pre ent the citie of Mobile and New Orlean are consuming most of the crop. The way they handle it there tbey imply hip tbem in barrels and tho e barrels contain about 600 qr ;00 fruit, and ell for $1 .00 and 19.00 per barrel. I have a friend who cleared $1,400 on 2 13 acres in 1909. A yet we know very little about comm rcial at uma orange-growing in our tate. It is under investigation now. We have unfortunately not had sufficient fund to carryon sufficient cooperative "'ork, but om' Legislature has recently pas ed an appl'Opriation of 50,000 for Experiment tation work alone, and that's been the thing we have been in great nee 1 of, an 1 we hope now to produce re ults by having that to work on, and having more men in the field to begin activ duty.
I'OW, apple-growing in' Alabama has not progressed as rapidly as I would like to ee it. Con litions in the K ortheru part of the State, howvel', appear to me very favorable. One man who had 200 acre, wa constantly saying that apple-grOlving in Alabama was not a success, but I finally got him to aclmit that he had not given proper attention to those tr ,and in three or four year he let them go. You hal-e ot to pay close attention to any of thi work to make it effective.
-ow omething as to the ollege. Within the past two year they have ere ted at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute a 75,000 Agricultural Building', probably one of the finest in the outh. Unfortunately we didn't hal-e money enough to properly equip it, but the gener~l agricultural
nd horticultural movement in the tate in the la t two years i really IUrpri. iog'. 'Vhen I first came to Auburn three years ago, in looking over the Iud nt. in the cour e, particularly in agriculture, I found that tho e men w l' imply men weeded out of other cour es, that is, if they had
lien down in mathematics or chemi try, or "'hatel-er course it might be, icultnre wa the dumpill ground. We had to take them. ~ow in
thr ~'cars that thing has simply entirely changed. Agriculture i a ag'IC ic study, and it can be taught in uch a way a to intere t men of
me standing' and quality, and today I would be glad to take everyone p ot rig-ht into the cIa room and be ,,-illing to take his judgment as to he merits, quality, and culture of those course. In fact, the total num-
l' of 01 n takiog agriculture exceeds that of any other cour e in the titution, whereas, heretofore we have had a mechanical In titution. I 01)' time i running short, and if you will hut me off at any time, I 1ril1 not feel hurt. There are 0 many thing that can be said about hortienItu;c, and what a field it is, that there is really no stopping place. ow, you know that )lobile and Baldwin counties are great truck-
ucers. Twenty years ago the entire bu ines carried on in and about MoUe county could be bought for $50,000.00. Today, including the tobacco

42
industry, and the various agricultural products, cotton, corn, and so on, a million dollars would hardly cover it. I have those figures from one of the largest wholesale produce men in Mobile, who has made a close study of that work for 30 years. $50,000 would hardly cover the truck of Baldwin county alone. When they first started in, cotton was the crop. Today all sorts of truck, snap beans, English peas, and the like comprise shipments to Northern markets, going out in carload lots, and Mobile products are known allover the East.
I think I have covered, in a general way, the various points that have come under my particular notice. I sometimes feel that when we feel our. selves that we are progressing, we are standing still, and, when we feel that we are doing nothing, we are perhaps accomplishing something, and yet that feeling comes to me more often than perhaps any other.
Another point that I expect you have noticed before this. I am called to go round the State occasionally, and make talks on various horticultural subjects, and sometimes I feel a little bit diffident about doing it. We had two very charming young ladies, General Joe Wheeler's daughters, attending the horticultural meeting in Birmingham, and, when I met them, I noticed they stepped back and acted as though I had hurt their feel ings. Then they said, "Why, I am surprised; we supposed we were going to see a man with chin whiskers and gray hair; we never thought we would see a youngster like you.' , Now, that's the way some folks look at it, that we are going to lay back and wait until we get gray hair to get into this sort of work, and, if we do that, there is so little time left that we might as well stop entirely. N one of us are going to learn all about horticulture. The field is too broad. That's one great trouble with some of our Experiment Station work. We try to do too much shorthanded. Those of you present know that, but the layman does not know it. Now, the laymen say, "What's the use of teaching horticulture, and animal husbandry, and a~riculture, and all thaU Why not have it all Agriculture'" That's what the laymen say, but take horticulture alone, or anyone branch of it, and its simply immense, and I think, if we go at it in that way, to perfect ourselves in one or more branches, we will really accomplish something.
I hope a number of you gentlemen present will be able to attend the pomological meeting in Florida. It has been thirty years since that organization has been South, and it is a tribute that we should pay them, to give them a large attendance. I have had to neglect my work and duties to make the trip, but I feel in a way that I am justified in doing that, to show that our Southern States are as active as they can be in these various lines, and to show the majority of these people there at Tampa that we are awake to conditions here, and that we have the finest opportunities in our Southern States that can be found in any section of this country.
Now, if there are any questions upon the points that I have touched upon lightly, I will be glad to take more time in an effort to answer them.
MR. GREER: I would like to ask about those SatsUIIla

43
oranges. How large an acreage have they at that place near Mobile'
PROF. WILLIAMS: They intend to have 2400 acres. they have about 800 growing.
MR. GREER: How old are the old trees' PROF. WILLIAMS: Two years. MR. GREER: How far can they .be planied apart' PROF. WILLIAMS: 18 feet. QUESTION: Professor, about what date does the Satsuma bloom, and what is the farthest point north that it succeeds in .Alabama
PROF. WILLIAMS: I was down in Baldwin county the first day of April, I think, a year ago, and those trees were in full bloom. We have trees growing in Coffee county. I should say possibly 100 miles north of Mobile, but it is a question as to whether it will pay to grow them that far north.
QUESTION: Blooming in April, what time do they ripen'
PROF. WILLIAMS: Those grown by this company will bear ihe latter part of September. They come in the last week in September, and on up to about the 10th of October.
COL. HUNT: Do you know anything about the hybrid created in Texas between the Satsuma and the Trifoliata'
PROF. WILLIAMS: Mr. Swingle referred to that in an article he prepared for your Society last year. Weare very much interested in hybridizing citrous fruits at our station, and we sent last fall to Washington some crosses Where the seed had been planted in forcing houses there under Mr. Swingle's direction, and we are very anxious to learn the results. Of course it will be two or three

44
year before they come into fruitage. The o'ood qualitie in the at uma combined with the Trifoliata have given u a very valuable cro , but of cour e I don't know how far that an be di eminated.
COL. HUNT: :Mr. Swino'le has i ued a bulletin in wihich he ay it i impo ible to grow at uma on any other tock but the Trifoliata.
PROF. WILLIAM:: ucc fully, but ou can grow it on a our orange.
COL. HUKT: The point I want to bring out to the e people i thi :-That we hav got to breed an orange of quicker maturity, of Ie time between the date of the blooming and the date of fruitage. We can't change the ea on , but we can chano'e the length of time of maturino' fruit.
PROF. WILLIAMS: The at uma come on the market at a time "hen it ha no competitor. Two weeks off of the tre however they "ill dry out badly. The rind i very 100 e and porou , and for -that rea on it drie out rapidly but there i a pecial market now among hicago people., who are very fond of it. They are packed now in ca e holdin o' about 240 fruits, and noW' there icon iderable attention being paid to oTadino' which of cour e i alway commendable. I think that tho e orang'e can remain on the tree lmtil the fir :- week in January provided no freeze ame along to kill them on the tree. 0 that tendency they have to dry out quickly can be eliminated a a bad factor by con tant shipment, and not haYing a OTeat quantity on the market at anyone time.
Now the type of fruit varies on the am tree and the ize of the fruit and the thickne of th rind vary on the ame tree. The larger fruit i far inferior in quality to the malleI'. In the larger fruit you will find that the

45
rind ba an exce of egetable matter. It is a fruit that wiH 1'e pond more quickly to commercial fertilizers than any fruit I know of. It i a mface feeder, and cultivation and fertilization control it finer than any fruit I have ever tudied. The fact i , I know very little about
it, but now that we have a little money to work on those'
thin 0- we an pend more time on them. I think that thi thing of 0 many different hape and qualities of' orano'es on the arne tree i going to cau e trouble in O'ra ling and hipping in large quantitie. It the ame war with the pecan indu try to-day. I think its going t re olve it elf into this and I would like to a k Mr. Berckman ' opinion on it, that more attention will have to be paid in the propao-ation-that i , take a branch that has th well haped orange and good quality, and simply ele t tho e bud and let the others alone. Its going to be low work probably, but will that not eliminate to a certain degree the variability on the tree
nIB. BERCKMANS: It certainly hows that there is a
great deal in bad election, and by the proper election, that i, el ting the group of branches bearing the more de. irable cla of fruit, by con tant propagation of that re pective tring we can, no doubt, in time overcome certain phy ical imperfections in variou varieties of fruit. Of cour e it going to take quite a time to do that, but it i po ible.
PROF. WILLLu.fS: Another thing.. One tree placed her and another one there will show up very differently. Different oils seem to have a marked influence on the quality of the fruit and the character of the tree. There's a va t field in that, but I thoroughly believe in the at"'llllia orange.
n-tt.)ther thing about the SatstnnlX, ~t is not killed be-

46
low the bud. If it is killed back it will throw out and bear in two years again. That's been noted time and time again. I think its going to mean a great deal to Alabama horticulture, the extensive planting of the Satsuma orange, especially in connection with the Pecan. I don't believe in taking up the heavy planting of a crop, in which there is any question of ruin from failure, because a man might spend an entire f.ortune on 100 acres, and lose hi.s fortune in a night. I believe in the combination planting, rather than single on a large scale.
'COL. HUNT: Are you growing the Satsuma in the nursery?
PROF. WILLIAMS: Yes sir, we are growing them in the nursery and in the open.
One .other point. Those or~nges of fair quality and size bring 55 cents a dozen in Mobile. Those crates are $5.00 plus express; so you can ,see how much money there is in it. By actual count on an 8 or 9 year old tree I counted between 1100 and 1200 fruits, to show how prolific they bear. It is just simply a mass of O'range.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: The next paper on the program is "Horticultural Conditions in South Georgia" by Col. Chas. A. Van Duzee.
SEORETARY WIGHT: Mr. President, 'Col. Van Duzee is detained by the very serious illness of his mother. However, he has sent his paper to be read by Mr. Williams, a member of the Society.
HORTICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES OF GEORGIA.
C. A. VAN DUZEE, Cairo, Ga.
This association represents a portion of the world's workers who devote more or les!! of their lives to a calling that should be one of the most noble, elevating and promising of any of the pursuits by which men earn their daily bread.
It is a great pleasure to be permitted to contribute my small portioI'

47
toward the success and profit of this meeting, for I am deeply interested in the progress being made toward a better condition of living among those who are happily permitted to find their occupation upon the land.
The most vital queetion before the American people today is a solution of the problem of making the home life of those who live upon the farms more attractive and prosperous.
There is something in the heart of most of men who dwell in cities which calls them back to the land, and many do come back, but it is necesI18ry that we strive by every means within our power to prevent the young people of the farms from leaving the country.
Much has been written upon conservation of the natural resources of our nation, but little has been said of the conservation of our children, and yet the future life of this nation and the welfare of the world depends more largely upon this one thing than upon all the rest.
If we can show our boys and girls the deplorable condition of city life it would go far to offset its attractiveness, if we can educate them to a just appreciation of the advantages of country life and can attract and hold them by doing away with much of the unnecessary hardships and by making their daily life more acceptable and happy, if we can show them the nobility of our calling and make them take pride in our occupation, we shall have accomplished much.
In speaking of horticultural possibilities in Georgia, I shall not attempt the use of technical terms or enter into details, for the field is too broad and the time is short, but I have a few thoughts that I wish you to earry home with you and shall first pass criticism on some of those things that are holding us back.
I have in mind a farm any of you can see in a short drive. About the house the earth is bare and bleached by the sun and rain. In the door yard disreputable looking hens are dusting themselves, and indifferent hogs sleeping about. The air is filled with the hum of innumerable flies from the barn yard, which is too near for comfort, health or self respect. The fences are broken and in bad "repair. If there was ever any paint upon this bouse it is gone, and those of the children who are old enough are also gone. If we go beyond into the fields we shall find them worn and washed and we shall see but scant promise of future profit.
Time bids us quickly hasten on and we approach another home. I have leen it from afar, and not many miles from here. Beneath the great trees that grow near this home are bright clouds of color, and the eye is rested by the green of a wellkept laWIl. Rose, flowering shrubs and plants are grouped along the lines of well-kept walks and fences. There is room beyond for the orchard and kitchen garden before we come to the barnJJ and outbuildings, and while this house is neatly painted and seems to strive to draw us within its attractive shadows, we will first go into the orchard. Here we find a table and some chairs, and as the OWIler rises from one of ~hem we note that he has been reading a journal devoted to his work. Here lD the grateful shadows he is working out some of the problems of his calling. This man, because of his orchard, and the mind which he has fitted for lUI4 applied to his occupation, is amply able to spend a part of his time here

48
among pleasant smroundings, and is better able to direct those ~ho toil for him with profit to them and himself.
A large part of my sympathy is centered about the small farmer, and it is to him that much of ~hat I am saying is directed.
There are two great mistakes being perpetuated in our outhern farm life. We do not di"ersify, and we do not farm intensively.
I wa much interested in an exhibit of products of a onehorse farm at a recent county fair but a few miles from here, and peaking of it to a gentleman from another part of this tate, he told me the story of a family reunion at his home, ,,-here forty-two persons sat down to dinner at a table upon which practically everything had been produced from the farm.
Few of us realize the po sibilities of the home acre. We are too apt to depend upon cotton to enable us to buy at the store many of the thin we could pro\-ide our el"es at little cost and of far better quality, and when thi habit becomes fixed and the crop is short, it is too late to prevent the result.
Happy is tbe family who can draw upon its own home acre for fre b vegetable, fruits, nuts and flowers; and who can ha\'e pme milk and cream eggs, poultry, bome cured meat and pure cane yrup.
There are many small plots of an acre or two about this section of the cOlmtry, which repre ent "ery little money outlay and yet return many time the profit deri\-ed from large fields adjoining, and the added bealth and tbe plea ure to the family i beyond computation.
I firmly belie\'e the pecan tree to be one of the mo t profitable thin that can be planted upon OUI outhem land, aud it reache its bighe t perfection and retm'ns its largest profit ,,-hen planted about the borne in small numbers, ,,-here it can I'ecei"e the be t care and can share iu the fertility of the soil immediately about the garden and buildings. ~othing within reach of the man of moderate mean who owns his laud ~ill pay so well.
There are single trees all through thi section tbat bring their owners over a hundred dollars ~orth of fruit each year, and at very little co t for labor. 1\0 other crop is more safe, nre and profitable and none more easily obtained.
In GI'ady count I know of balf a dozen pecan trees that return each year in fruit alone mOTe cash profit tban the adjoining fifty acre of farmed field. I know of half an acre in another place that return enough money to upport a small family in comparative comfort, and the e trees add beauty, dignity and grateful hade and mlue to the lanel
I once had a small farm near here offered to me by the owner wbo bad a better one. It had a pretty little cottage and well-appointed garden, a good stable and poultry yard. The price was $2,000. I a ked the owner if he did not think it too high. He pointed to eight or ten pecan trees in one part of the lot and told me they bad paid that year 6 per cent on the price a kcd, and would pay more each year a they grew older. One great advantage in the crop from uch trees lies in the fact that it can be gathered at leisure by the whole family, and as a plea ure rather than
a task.

49
One friend of mine has, in his wisdom, gh-en each of his children a tree for their very Olvn, and it was a good thing to do. Another advantage is that the surplus nuts can be marketed at any time.
The land which supports these trees can be utilized in growing other crops, or will make an ideal poultry yard or a pasture.
me of the e advantages are also true of the pem:, peach, plum, perimmon, mulberry and other orchard trees, and it is good busine to use the ame acre of land for several purpose .
In the planning of the field work it is well to bear in mind that it takes a lot of hanl labor to tend to three acres of land for a bale of cotton or thirty bushel of corn, and that there is no profit in the operation, while the bale of cotton or the thirty bushels of corn can ea ily be grown on one acre with a nice margin of profit, and the man who doe this can hal"e half his time left to work out other problems or to enjoy in some other way.
Weed grow on the urface of the land. If we can deepen our oil so that we haTe two acres beneath the one on top we not ouly get rid of the labor of killing those other weeds, but as a matter of fact the added vigor and growth of our crops will further reduce that labor by shading the soil.
A somewhat new idea is gaining ground that our soils contain much of fertility that can be utilized by careful handling and that the annual expense for fertilizer can be Tery materially reduced by u ing good judgment in thi direction.
We need more knowledge and the application of better busine method. We must strike out boldly from the accepted methods of the past an] "\lith judgment and care bring to the farm work new method that will put Our operation upon a more profitable basis.
One of the best farmers I know makes it his rule never to sell anything from his land except finished products.
Beef pork, butter and eggs take practically nothing of fertility from the farm, and in the production of such tini hed products the grains are conTerted into higher priced article with greater profit to the farm.
It take time for a tree to grow into profitable fruiting. It take time for an idea to take form or for an experiment to be worked out, but we Dlll t stay on the land during the years, and it adds much of happine to the daiy life if we plant trees and have idea and plan experiments.
A ide from the fooc1 we eat, the clothes 'we wear and the place we sleep in, the 1110 t prized thing on earth i happine . Happine come largely a the r ward of "\I-ork; the knowledge of having accompli hed something, and in horticulture we haTe an endle opportunity to better ourseh-e and those ahout u by bringing to our work the be t that i in us, and the re ult will continue for all time, giving happine to tho e dependent upon us a IV 11 a our elTe , and making possible greater things for the future.
CIIAIB 'IAN Hu T: I think we have time for still an~ oth r paper before we adjourn. If 0, that will bring
u up to the proo-ram for tomorrow morning. I take
pI a ure in pre enting :M:r. T. R. Lombard, of ornelia

50
I
Ga., who will deliver a paper upon "Intensive Orcharding as Practised in the West."
MR. LOMBARD: Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a matter of supererogation to say that it is a great pleasure to address this ;Society, and that it is rather an embarrassment upon me, a layman, to do so, but my excuse is that I received a letter from our late beloved President, asking me to make an address on the subject of "Intensive Orcharding as Viewed by a Business Man," he knowing that I had given the matter a great deal of attention, and I took his request as a command.
I want to say, before I read my paper, that I feel as though possibly I may hurt the feelings of some of my fellow-orchardists. They may think I 'am hypocritical, fault-finding, but in my heart there is no feeling of that sort. What I say will be mere platitudes perhaps, but it is only by the iteration and reiteration of platitudes, that they ,sink into our minds and become truths.
INTENSIVE ORCHARDING.
I find that I am down on the program for a talk on "Intensive OrCiharding as Practised in t'he West." It will be found, however, that my subject should have been more properly labelled, "Intensive Orcharding 81S it is not Practised lin the South." There is no wish on my part to criticise the methods of the Southern orchardist. I merely want to set forth for his consideration the subject as it strikes a business man who has had opportunities to study it in other parts of the country and show why, in a section where Nature has done all that could be asked of her to make fruit growing a successful occupl}tion, many of those who have gone into it in Georgia have failed.
During the past seven years I have had opportunities to see and compare the methods of the different orchardists of the State in the treatment of their fruit trees and within the past few months I have personally visited nearly all the orchards, large and small, with the result that, that which I have heretofore entertained as a theory has been proved to me as a fact.
I have everywhere been confronted by the inevitable conclusion that the great trouble is that the peach growers of Georgia, as a rule, are not

51
giving to their orchard management the same business brains that they are applying to other affairs. The condition of the peach business as I have found it in Georgia, during my recent trip, is not encouraging. Here is an orchardist who refuses to spray or fertilize, because he did not make much money last year; and here is another who will not spend a penny on spraying or fertilizing, because, while he did make money last year, he does not propose to risk losing any of it again by spending it for the good of his trees, for fear he will never get it back.
In nearly every peach district of Georgia you will find men who are making money and are satisfied with what their trees are doing, and you can also find for every one such man a dozen others who had originally equal chances for success, who have not made a cent and never expect to.
Either the peach business pays in Georgia, or it does not. Dozens of men are pulling up their trees in emphatic affirmation of the fact that it is a losing game, and yet, the strange part of it is that right next door to one of these discouraged orchardists you will find a man whose carefully kept accounts demonstrate that he is making more money in peaches than he could get from the same land in cotton or corn.
Let us consider the orchard situation as it exists in Georgia today, as compared with the orchard business of the West, taking for comparison a well known Colorado peach district.
According to the best authorities there are about 14 million peach trees in Georgia. Dividing the number of trees by the number of owners we find the Georgia orchards average 100 acres in size. Investigating in the Colorado district we find the average orchard in that section is ten acres.
Coming back to Georgia and figuring on the basis of the largest crop ever shipped, 6,300 cars, and making a generous allowance for fruit shipped by express, used in canneries and for which no cars were furnished, we get the rather astonishing and humiliating result of an average of less than one-fourth of a crate per tree. Inquiry in Colorado again brings out the fact that the average yield of an eight year old tree there is eight boxes, or a little over four crates to the tree.
Reducing this to cold figures, it means that the Colorado man is shipping more fruit from his ten acres than his Georgia brother ships from 100 acres. This is an astonishing discrepancy and calls for an explanation. When we have investigated market and labor conditions, climate, water and all natural conditions we find that Georgia compares favorably with Colorado.
The real explanation is that the Colorado man is running his ten-acre orchard on up-to-the-minute principles, while the Georgia man is growing happy-go-lucky peaches, just as his grandfather would have done and with the same generous prodigality of acreage. The proof of this statement lies in the fact that whenever the Georgia man has used Colorado methods in running his orchard he has obtained Colorado results.
As an example of what can be done in Georgia I want to give you the record of Mr. C. J. Hood's 100 acres near Cornelia. In the six seasons aince the first crop was gathered there have been paid the cost of the land, all improvements and all expenses, and in addition the owner has

52
had profits of 24,302, or at the rate of 243 an acre for the lanJ in orchard, amounting to ,'40.60 a year, and thi with one crop failure and one almo t failure out of LX crops.
As I am well acquainted with the orchard in que tion and know that it is undoubtedly a fine ample of the best methods of intensive orchard. ing and this orchar I lies in a region surrounded by many other orchard, ome of ,,-hich, while equally well fayored a to all that nature can do to make uC'e are yet comparative failures, simply becau e the owners fail to giye the kind of care that woull change failure to uccess.
The truth is that, while 6,300 cars from 14 million trees shows an a"erage of one-quarter crate to the tree, the quarter crate to the tree wa not evenly distributed over 14 million tree. If it had been, it would look iiscouraging indeed for the peach busine here. I ha,-e seen fruit hipped from two adjoining orchard in Georgia, where the variety of the fruit wa the arne the age of the trees equal and all natural condition identical, and one orchard hipped two crates per tree, while the other hipped less than one-tenth of a crate per tree.
A few years aO'o a gentleman came to Georgia for the purpo e of inve tigating the orchard condition here. He had previously po ted him elf thoroughly on the ituation in the West and knew that land there adapted to the orchard bu ines would cost from $400 to 600 per acre. He com'inced himself that the natural conditions here were a fa"orable for profitable growing of fnut as they were ill the West, and that if he same intensive method were u ed the re ult would probably be quite sati factory. He purchased a property for about '25 an acre, on which there were a few hundred trees already planted, but in a neglected con dition. La t ummel' I had the pleasure of watching the gathering of hi fir t crop. He had given his orchard intensive treatment. The oil had been put into fine condition by plowing under legurmnou crops. lIe had fertilized early in the sea on, four pouuds to the tree, with a formula balanced ju t right, enough nitrogen to give the ize to the fruit and a f1.ouri hing condition to the foliage but not enough to make soft peaches; enough pota h to color the fruit a 1'0 y red and make it firm for shipping. aud enough phosphate to balance the wholc, making ,igorou tree gro"ih and sctting new buds. He had sprayed for curculio and scale amI til overcome the tendency to brown rot to which the old part of hi orch~1\'I1 wa redispo ed because of neglect. He had given the ground ~h:ll!r culti,ation up to crop time. Wb n he gathered hi crop he had e:o.:p r packers put up hi fruit in the be t known way, with attractive labels on certain crates, and he old hi pea hes at $1.75 a crate f. o. b. There was no cull heap of decaying fruit near the little packing house, hilt t" culls were as fine as many orchar Ii ts lroduce for shipping fruit. an,l hI' shipped them in crate to nearby markets and s Id them at 1 11('1' ('TntI'.
This man merely brought sound busines sen e to his undertaking. He planted only as many acres as he could afford to care for by the mo t intensi,-e methods known. His fertilizing, culti,ating and sprayinl! expenses ,vere expected and provided for in the first instanrc. IIe is no

53
looking into the subject of orchard heaters to fight frost, and I do not doubt he will make a success of that, too, if be attempt it.
He can truthfully say that he is doing for his ol'chal'd evel'ything which dence and e..\:perience have demonstrated will contribute to the good of his trees. There are few orchardists in Georgia who can say as much and the rea on i that the outhern orchardi t is too often an orchardist by accident.
ndoubtedly the great cause of failure can be traced to the indiscriminate planting of large acrcage under the impre ion that all a man had to do'was to plant a lot of trees and just let them grow.
wept off his feet, a few years ago, by the report of the succe s made in peach growing by a few neighbors, without giving the question proper thought or investigation and owning boundless acres too poor for cotton and corn unle liberally fertilized and well cultimted, he dedicated the e to his peach orchard, He regards his orchard today as a side i sue. When he can spare the time he gives it an occasional cultivation. Pruning, worming, praying for disea es, receive spasmodic attention. He takes no thought of the feeding of hi orchard, so that fertilizing does not enter into hi plan at all. Occasionally, when all natural forces combine to produce for him a crop of fruit, he harvests, packs and ships it in the same haphazard way that be has treated the subject from the first, and then if he bappen to hit the market right, he pats him elf complacently on the back and congratulates him elf upon his fine bu iness ability. If, however, it turn out that his returns are low or nil he blames everything and e"erybo ly for the re ult, and a the orchard is the only thing on which he can revenge himself, be proceed to gi,-e it greater neglect or pull it up by the roots and goe ba k to planting cotton and corn.
It i becau e of these conditions that Georgia today is averaging a qunrter of a crate per tree. lliny men are cutting down their trees this year, and I have invariably found that their orcba1'(ls had never been f rtilized or ummer-sprayed, and mo t of them have never been sprayed for
'ale. I rejoice in the destruction of the e trees. It makes so many les of the kind that are a di grace to the indu -try. On the other hand, wher e\"('r you find a higWy profitable orchard, spraying and fertilizing have b I'n the rule, and careful cultivation.
There is n t a man in ,eorgia who would take the average red hill shle and expect to rai e a good crop of corn or cotton without giving it ('areful culth'ation and liberal fertilization. uch a man would be a fit . ub,; ct for ridicule in any community. And yet he a ks that same I' d hill idc to produce for him a bountiful supply of peaches yearly, altho if he would in"e tigate he would find that it requires two or three time the amount of plant food to produce peaches that it 10es to produce cotton or corn. Yet he a k this same soil to produce good, healthy trees and fnlit anll refu to furnish eitber care or food to enable it to do so. No man w'ould be so 10 t to all reason as to expe t uccess if he applied the . arne methocls to hi general farming, his cattle or his hogs, that be <101' to hi orchard.
And, now, a word of \Yarning. Another craze has struck the country,

54
and now apples and pecans are being planted, with often the same disregard for results that has characterized the planting of peaches. It takes no prophet to predict that in a few years there will be another lot of disgruntled orchardists, who will be digging up trees because their hope of getting something for nothing has been frustrated by indignant nature.
n seems a great pity that it should be necessary to make such an ad-
dress as this. The facts are so self-evident that argument should be unnecessary. Why a tree, because it is a tree, should be expected year after year to produce more food stuff from an acre of ground without care or nourishment, than is expected from plants on that same acre is to me, a mystery that can only be explained on the hypothesis that man is too stupid and careless to give attention to anything that does not seem to vociferously demand it. He knows he must work and care for and feed a plant, and at the last if he is fortunate he may get from $50 to $75 returns from his acre, and that if he neglects it he will get nothing. On the contrary, however, his peach tree is there, and although it may be poor and weakly, it grows a little, it struggles to put forth leaves and blossoms and, occasionally when all the conditions are favorable it bears some fruit, all this in spite of man's neglect, and so he takes the chances, and Georgia peaches average a quarter of a crate to a tree, because he is among us.
There is no mysterious secret, by the use of which the initiated can make money, while his neighbor is doomed to failure. The whole art is open to the world, and every grower who will, can succeed. Intensive orcharding is the keynote to success. Make every tree in your orchard a good, sound, healthy tree. Don't plant more trees than you can conveniently care for. Don't expect your fruit to bring as good price as your neighbor's if it is specked with brown rot, :stung by curculio or covered with scab. Don't expect buyers to pay as much if you are careless in your packing. You must give good measure and well grown, well packed goods if you want to be a top-notcher.
Go to our Go,ernment, where you will find full and explicit information on all these points, carefully prepared and printed documents is ued and sent without cost to all who ask for them. Go to our State Entomologist, a man who has made, and is making, history in his war on pestilential insects,' enemies of our orchards, and finally, go to your successful neighbor and you will find him only too willing to help you, for he is glad to have your orchard made thrifty and profitable, for he is thereby reducing the menace to his own trees from contamination of a diseased orchard.
There are many owners of large orchards in Georgia, who are fully aware that they have neglected their orchards and that such neglect does not pay, but their defense is, that while the spirit is willing, the pocket is weak. To such men I would say that the logical course is t~ determine, first, how much money is available for the care your orchB~ then figure how much it will cost you per acre in your locality to give the intensive care, and then cut yOUI' acreage down, either by sale, or with an ax, to the number of acres you can afford. 5,000 trees, well

55
cultivated, fertilized and sprayed, will give far more net profit to ::rou than 20,000 trees indifferently eared for.
MR. BEROKMANS: Mr. Lombard has given us good advice, and I want to see some of our members just put him right ,on the stand and cross question him. He has attacked us pretty severely, but justly so. There are some of you here, no doubt, in this audience, who may not agree with him, but I for one, as a fruit grower, especially in the line of peaches, must say that Mr. Lombard has touched a keynote in his paper tonight. I wish that more of our members had the courage to stand up and assail our groWiers as Mr. Lombard has. He certainly ought to have the endorsement of every grower in the entire
South. It is our duty to stand by mm, and help him out
on the line of discussion he has entered into here tonight, and I want to see more of our members get up here and express themselves on the line Mr. Lombard has; if they agree with him, let them say so; if they don't, assail him.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: I not only think the paper most excellent, loaded with much information, but it was so delightfully entertaining from beginning to end.
COL. WADE: I happen to know all about that man. I know about that orchard, and I shouldn't wonder, if he was giving me a hit on a part of mine. He came up there, bought 18 'acres of my orchard, paid $2600 for it; he went to work on it, and he certainly played havoc with those 18 acres, but he took $4500 off of it before the year was out, and he knows a little something about what he i talking about. I know I am guilty in some respects; I have not treated my orohard right, but most of my neighbors know the reason why. I started in with fifteen partners in the business, and the first thing I knew they were running turpentine all over God's country and a

56
part of Florida, and 0 I made up my mind to buy them out. We had 300 or 400 acre in orchard, and in tead of having a million or two back of me, I had to wait, and it made a heap of difference. I believe I know how it ought t'O be done. I know Hood' orchard that he quotes. Hood was perfectly uncon ciou that it wa going to be mentioned here tonight, and he wa peTfectly uncon ciou that it wa in the Con titution the other day, and that fourteen other papers had clipped from that paper. He i Pre ident of the Fir t ational Bank, and he has a habit of putting everything down in book. man 'Offered him this ore-hard for $500. He took it, went to work on it, and off of five acres he took $750 the econd year, $1700 the next year, 2500 the next, and 0 on. It how that in'ten i,e cultivation, puttinO" in fertilizer (he had plenty of money, and he propo ed to try it out) will yield result. Mr. Hood' orchard i a ucce ,and right by
the ide of it are orchard dyinO' from cale and lack of
care and cultivation.
Now orne of u probably ought to 0'0 into our orchard with -the ax. Some of u ooet the wronO' tree planted. On of our neighbor took out 10,000 tree . We ought to take them out and burn them, lot of them. If we will practice in Georgia inten ive orcharding there i no que tion about the fact that Georgia will be the peach tate of the nion. There are three little countie in the we tern part of 1\fichigan, that end out more peache than the whole tate of Georgia, through intensive cultivation. If we would practice that in Georgia, in tead of a quarter of a crate per tree we would take out four crate per tree, ixteen times as much, and it make all the difference in the world in the ca h ac-

57
count. 1 am ' 0 glad that my neighbor ha brought the e point out.
MR. GREER: Gentlemen, I am called away tomorrow and cannot be with you. I am ent here by the Tifton
hamber of ommerce to a k that thi Society meet in Tifton next year. We have a welcome for ou that will at lea t approach that which Thoma ville ha given u , and I a ure you we will do all we can to make it quite as warm. I de ire that the ecretary will enter Tifton a a conte tant for thi honor next year.
hairman Hunt tated that thi ociety appreciated thi invitation, and it would be g'lV~n con ideration in due course.
111'. Wio'ht called attention to a ampl~ orchard heat r-th nderwood-which wa on exhibition for the in pection by the member .
U :00 p. m. on motion the evening e ion was then adjourned. At nine 0 'clock a hundred 0:ue t , includin IY many charmino- ladie of thi city at down to a banquet at the 11a ury Hotel. Hon. W. 1. :11cIntyre, on that occa. ion, acted a toa t-ma tel', and he wa never more ntertainin o' nor brilliant, than at that time. Hi introduction of the variou peaker were very appropriate and hi aying were keenly enjoyed by everyone pre ent. Each peaker re ponded O'l'aciously and O'racefully when he wa called upon and an elaboration of their tnlk~ would prove intel'e ting. Tho e re pondino' were
111'.J. n. 11erriU; 01. Hunt, of Eatonton' Mr. John
Gr er, of Tifton; Prof. rai o', of omen niver ity; '01. 'Yhite, of Canada; Mr. imeon J. Drake, of New York; Col. I. . Wade of om lia' Dr. A. D. Little and )Jr. ,Yo . nodgra .
'01. Wad paid a very beautiful tribute to the ladie

58

when he presented Miss Culpepper with a North Georgia apple, designating her Queen of the occasion and hoping that, like Atalanta, she would get with the apple, whatever she would wish.
The following is the menu for that occasion:

Chicken Conso=e

Gerkin Pickles

Dressed Celery

French Rolls

Young Roast Turkey with Dressing.

Cranberry Jelly

Sliced Tomatoes on Lettuce

Fruit Punch Maraschino

Rosette Wafers

Saratoga Chips

Thomas County Pig, Barbecued

Stuffed Egg in Lettuce Nest

Strawberries

Whipped Cream

Golden Nut Cake

White Mountain Layer Cake

American Cheese

Salted Cracker~

Mixed Fruit

Coffee

MOR ING SESSION-FEBRUARY 8, 1911.
The morning session was called to order by the Chairman, at 9 :30 a. m.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: I,s it your pleasure that I appoint the Committees on Resolutions and AJnditing Treasurer' books
MR. BERCKMANS: I move that these appointments be left entirely with the Chair.
This motion was seconded and carried. CHAIRMAN HUNT: I will appoint as the Committee on Re olutions: Col. John P. Fort, of Athens; Col. John W. Greer, of Tifton; 01. I. C. Wade, of Cornelia. I will appoint as the Committee on Auditing Trea urer's books: Mr. T. R. Lombard; Mr. B. Von Herff; Mr. W. T. Gaulden. The Chairman then read out the following standing Committees:

59
On New Fruits: Prof. T. H. McHatton, Athens; L. A. Berckmans, Augusta; J. B. Wtight, Cairo; H. R. Staight, Demorest; Herbert C. White, DeWitt.
On Synonyms: R. 'C. Berckmans, Augusta; H. B. Ohase, Huntsville, Ala.; G. H. Miller, Rome, Ga.
On Ornamental and Useful Trees: B. W. Hunt, Eatonton; Prof. Alfred Akerman, Athens; H. L. Boone, Valdosta; B. W. Stone, Thomasville.
On Vegetable Culture: John P. Fort, Athens; H. L. Long, Leesburg; John .A. Cobb, Americus; Charles S. Bohler, Augusta; R. H. Black, Cornelia.
On Vegetables and Fruits and Transportation of: I. M. Fleming, Atlanta; George White, Jr., ,sparta; T. R. Lombard, Cornelia; A. M. Kitchen, Baldwin; 1. F. Murph, Marshville.
On Legislation: W. H. Felton, Jr., Macon; Judge H. L. Long, Leesburg; Jno. T. West, Thoms'on; M. J. Yeomans, Dawson.
On Biology: E. L. Worsham, State Entomologist, Atlanta; A. C. Lewis, .AJssistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
COL. WADE: Mr. Berckmans has suggested an idea that I believe is a good one, and that is that we have another executive officer, of our organization-a VIce pre ident-independent of the 'CongressiQual-vice-president. According to our Constitution it would take a three-fourths vote to change it, so as:to admit of this new executive officer. Therefore I rise to make a motion that we vote now upon changing our Constitution, that we may be able to add another officer, a general vice-president, to our list of offi'cers. It does seem to me that we need it, and I know of no 'other organization that has no vice-pre ident. Therefore I move that we change

60
our Con titution, that we may add to our regular officer a vice-pre ident.
Thi motion Wla econded and carried.
The hairman then pre ented Prof. John Craig, of Cornell niver ity, who delivered the following intere ting addre before the ociety :
I:M:PRE ION OF A NEW OMER.
It i my pleasure and privilege to come among you, not merely as a vi itor, but a brother fruit grower. A man can hardly claim residential privileges unless he ha really associated hi interests "ith the oil iu some tangible way. I know of no more effecti,e manner of doing thi than by planting a tree; for the man who doe this actually tie him elf to the ground. It fixe him. He become attached to the plant inhabitants of the oil, and the horticulturist with the l'ight ideals must have an affectionate regard for the occupants of the land, for those organi IDS "'hich are direct1y dependent upon the soil for their daily u tenance.
While my personal intere t in Georgia fruit growing are rather narrow, my general interest i wide. In fact, a wide a the boundarie of horticulture, It may not be without point or int l' t to you to know that my earlier procli\"ities in horticultural lines were ,astIy stimulated by the worthy example of the Ulan ,,-ho, for thirty-four year, acted a the chief executi,e of thi ociety. I therefore take this opportunity of pre enting my warm contribution to the tribute which you are properly according this di tinguished citizen and eminent horticulturi t who ha for so many years guid d, aided and nergize 1 the horticulture, not only of Georgia but of the \I-hole South. Prosper Julius Bercknlans repr ents a type of horti ulturi t now almost wholly e),.i;inct. He was at once a naturali t and a fruit grow 1', a scientist and a busines man. His example and hi aid wa of ine timable \-alue to the horticulture of the outh, and hi record should tand as an ideal for the young men of the generation to come.
If a per onal allusion may be permitted, I may say'that I wa attracted to Georgia by its plea ing climate, its attracti\1e stretches of tillable oil 0 admirably adapted to a large ,ariety of farm and orchard product. It is a trite saying that man likes ,ariety in life, No climate i ufficiently pedact to be completely atisfying a teady diet. The maje ty and energizing influence of a ~orthern winter in i ,aryin~ a pe t i quite a attracth-e, to many, a the balmy zephyrs and warm sunshine of the outh; but both are likely to pall \,hen continually in evidence. There is therefore, a deman 1 for change, if not a need for tbi , an I so, following the example of the biro and indeed of the lu_.'n.lTious Roman we would ne t a condition favor in different parts of the country. This is one l'ea n for my accepting the pri\1ilege of a cuIth-ator of the soil in your mid t. Another reason a ociates it elf 'With a mol' sordid

61
sille of life, still a nece ary one, the money-getting side. While neces ary it may not be, and sometimes is not, agreeable.
}Iy own belief is that Georgia po es e, perhaps un urpa ed oppor tunities in farming, and, having horticultural proclivities, I cannot refrain from aying, in fruit growing. It is undoubtedly presumptious on my part to offer advice on such limited acquaintance with your natmal conditions, and the resources and possibilities of your soil and climate. Nevertheless, we learn by travel and study. He who u e his eyes and intelligence to their fulle t pos ibilities may gather lesson to a<h-antage to himself, and po ibly to hi brethren.
It i apparent that there are certain flmclamental problem common to all part of the country. ucb a problem as the con ervation of oil fertility pres e on practically all parts of the country. In no section is it of more importance than in the South.
The growing of the crop adapted to the locality is another phase of the horticultural and agricultural problem which often determine ucce or failure. It is usele waste of energy to attempt a crop in a locality o un uited that the product will in no wi e compete with that of anothel region more ad,'antageously situated. All this means the application of intelligence to the problem in hand. It means the inftuence of man. We hear of shining successes in fruit growing or in farming here and there, 'When the e are examined, when the situation has been studied in all its a pect we find that the real discovery has not been so much unique natural admnta e as the man behind the project. ome one ha directed the campaign. Of course we admit that "lucky trike 'occur now and then, but the reward of ucce i u ually measured in term of brains and their
application. It is mo t gratifying to note in this connection that no part of the
country is making greater progress in the advancement of agricultural education than the State of Georgia. This State stands out as a notable example of the will and the ability of the people of the open country to co-opei'ate with the legislati,'e bodies in establi hing education upon a thoroughly sy tematic and logical ba is. In this connection, it is my plea ure to congratulate you on your progres an 'I your pro pect .
But I am to say omething to you on the horticultural pos ibilitie in Georgia. I have had ome opportunity of gauging these during periodical ,.' it covering a period of some ten years. During thi time, I have vi ited ~o t parts of the tate, and een the results of well directed a well as 111 directed effort, and shall make bold to offer ome ugge tions as to the line along which horticultural effort might properly be directed in the future.
1. .dpple G-rowing. Time was when it wa thought that apple-growing \Va 'onfined to the cooler regions of the I ortheast, including the States urrouncling or adjoining New England. But the apple region has ex tended from the East to the Pacific boundary on the West, and from the ..' orth to the elevated regions of the Gulf tates. There are great con BU~ing centers in the South, increasing in con uming capacity every year, WhIch hould be upplied with homegrown apple. The hilly land of

62
:forth Georgia are admirably adapted for the production of high-class summer and winter fruits. The climate is as favorable as the soil. In the cultivation of orchards in these localities, I would not advise the growing of late summer and early autumn varieties, for in my judgment, these would meet disastrous competition both in Northern and Southern markets; but it seems to me that there is a unique and very promising opportunity for the growing of early su=er and late winter type of apples, such as the Red June, and possibly Yellow Transparent, representing the first-class, York Imperial and Winesaps, representing the second, Recently there has come to my notice apples grown in that locality which were as fine, both in appearance and quality, as any which can be produced in the country.
2. Peach Cultu!e. Georgia has done a great deal to advertise the United tates as a land in which the finest of the stone fruit may be grown in high quality and great abundance. But peach culture has struggled against at least three serious difficulties. These are (a) brown rot and insects, (b) late frosts, (c) marketing troubles. As an outsider and one knowing comparatively little of the workings of this industry, it is plain to me that the outlook has vastly improved. With the results of the splendid work of Scott and others in the use of lime-sulphur as a summer spray, we have a remedy which will enable us to hold these serious enemies in check, and success will come largely in proportion as perseverance and intelligence are used in applying this remedy. Again, the results of our fruit growing friends of the intermountain region in combating the destructi,e effects of late frosts by the use of devices which warm the atmosphere, have suggested to all parts of the fruit country where frosts, instead of freezes are the injurious agents, a po sible means of circumventing this ource of loss. Methods of orchard heating are rapidly becoming systematized and approaching the feasible stage. Peach growers of Georgia will do well to keep up with the latest there is to be gathered on this subject, and will also de well to institute small experiments on their own account.
The third feature, bearing on marketing troubles, has been taken hold of by your progressi,e growers in an energetic and businesslike manner, and the co-operation of the growers in marketing of orchard products is one of the bright spots in the horticultural history of your State. The feature of standing together and working for mutual interests is the most important of all.
3. Fig Culture. I place this in the list in a tentative way. I raise the question, what of fig culture' What are its prospects' Here we have a crop which under favorable climatic conditions is a very profitable one. rt is a crop which appeals to me. It is one which the investor need not wait an interminable period for a return on his investment. On the other hand the fruit is perishable and, therefore, requires prompt attention in the handling. There are, howe,er, in my judgment, large possibilities fol' the development of a fig growing enterprise associated with the conserving of the fruit, either in the candied or canned form. This fruit is capable of being much more widely exploited than is tb,e case at the present time.

63
Is not fig growing a subject worthy of a demonstration by your State Experiment Station aimed to elueidate its eo=ereial possibilities'
4. Pear (}rowing. This is an industry, from the easual observer's standpoint, appears to be falling into disrepute in many seetions of Georgia. From the standpoint of the pear grower of the North, who js aeeustomed to regard pear blight as an enemy whieh must be treated with the utmost rigidity and severity, the laisser faire methods of the Georgia grower seem altogether too easy. The only way in whieh the Northern pear grower ean expeet to maintain his plantation in a healthy, profitablE condition is to eut out and destroy the blight as it appears. This is also the experienee and the praetiee of the best growers of the Paeifie Coast. I make bold to state that my belief is strong in the possibilities of pear growing in Georgia, provided the grower appreeiates two things: first, the neecssity of praetieing sanitation to eliminate pear blight, and sellOnd, the faet that the bearing pear orehard makes a heavy and eontinual draft upon the soil, and that provision for maintaining the soil fertility must be made, a provision fully equal to that demanded by other farm erops.
5. Pecan Culture. In this field, I may speak from personal experienee. The expansion of peean orehards in South Georgia and North Florida may properly be said to be phenomenal during the past five years. Perhaps the expansion has been greater than warranted by our knowledge of the possibilities of this erop. It is unquestionably inevitable that some enthusiastie and perhaps poorly informed persons will fail, and meet BeriouS loss. These failures ean probably be aseribed to insuffieient eapital, laek of knowledge, and perhaps laek of business ability and experienee. It is fair to say that those who are now investing in large peean orehards are engaging in speeulative enterprises to a eonsiderable extent; for the industry is too young to warrant anyone elaiming full knowledge of its possibilities. My own faith in the future of the industry is strong, or I would not have embarked so heavily; for this is not a ease where the joy of mere speeulation is the attraetive feature. As in other phases of orehard work, undoubted sueeess will reward the grower in proportion as intelligenee, skill and perseveranee are applied to the problem in hand.
May I suggest one phase of the problem of land management in Georgia, whieh from my point of view, is eapable of large improvement' I refer to the eommon praetiee in the use of fertilizers. It does not appear to me that the average fruit grower and farmer have adequate appreciation of the role of humus in relation to plant food. I might have said the role of humus in relation to the release of plant food, anel had I done 80, this would have expressed the idea more foreefully. I ean say release advisedly, beeause most of the soils eontain in themselves enough mineral foods to grow satisfaetory erops, either of farm produee or orehard produce, if we make these foods available. It appears to me that the Southern grower as well as the r orthern grower is mueh too prone to
~ on the fertilizer bag for quiek results instead of supplying his soil
:rwtth potential plant food in the form of deeaying vegetable matter. Most .nB are aware of the important mission of humus, most of us know that t 18 a eonserver of moisture, that it provides a home for nitrifying bae-

64
teria, and in thi way aid in the rendering a'l"ailable of the mineral food of the oil j but few of ns keep this vastly important principle sufficiently incorporated in our practice. It is a principle which obtain in oil culture in all parts of the country. It ha undoubtedly greater force in the
outh where soil acth'ities are more pronounced than el ewhere, but the que tion arises, i it recognized and has the application of the principle more general u e in the South than elsewhere If I succeed in leaying n other thought with you than the thought whjch embodies the importance of maintaining an ample store of humu in the oil by the growing an l turning under the gr en crops, and if that thought finds any response in your practi e, I shall feel that the e minute ha,-e been well spent,
OL. I. . WADE: In peaking of pear blight, Prof. raig, a ide from hi paper, tated that they could control not onl pear blio,bt, but apple blioht; I would like for him to tate how they control the apple blight.
PROF. CRAIG: Both apple and pear blig'ht have been controlled in New York State by cutting out, during the oTo"ino- ea on, and more particularly at the clo e of the oTowing a on, ever infe ted portion of the tree. It look like a big job; it i a big job at the out et, but, a the infe ted portion are cut out the di ea e les ens each year and you will come to a time (we have reached it in three year in workino- on the arne orchard) when there i practically nothin o'. Our fir t experiment in thi line covered an orchard of 15 acre about ix mile from our colleo'e, and a man "a put into that or hard durino- the ummel', provided with a ladder, ack, knife, and di infectin o' liquid which can be hi-chloride of mercurl or
opper, ulphate, and he wa in tructed to cut it out and
not leave a particle of di ea d wood in the orchard.
"here the oi ea e app ared on branche or in the fork of the tree, it d veloped a canker t pe; it wa cut out and painted "ith :Bordeaux mixture; and 0 on each year the am thing wa done. That orchard i in a health~ condition and the blight can be properly aid to be completely and efficiently controlled. It i likely to be re-

65
infected from time to tille. 'l'he fact that you have stopped the blight now does not of course mean that it won't return any more.
COL. WADE: We. do that. PROF. CRAIG: It is nothing new, except that sometimes we don't realize the necessity of complete and thorough work. MR. VON HERFF: It must be considered that the disease, pear blight, is very much more virulent in the South than in the North. We grow pears in ew York State, in spite of the blight, that it would be quite impossible to produce here. The disease is less virulent than it is here, and I doubt very much if the process referred to would be be t in the South. In fact, I <lan cite an example. About ten years ago the same method was tried in North Carolina, and in a most thorough manner. We followed up every twig, and cut out everything and painted afterwards, and the blight continued just the same as before, and did as much injury. We did find, however, that not cultivating so as to prevent the suckers from coming up, and prevent a sappy growth contributed greatly to reduce the blight. People who didn't pay much attention to their pear trees were the best off, and those who paid the most attention to them were the most affected.
PROF. CRAIG: I was exactly of Mr. Von Herff's opinion ten years ago. I have seen the same effort expended on attempting to control pear blight, that he describes, with practically the same results. We miss one fundamental point. We carryon our work during the summer, but we do not make that careful scrutinizing examination that is absolutely necessary, in the fall of the year,
to cut all the diseased pear twigs which maintain
Or carry the germs over to the next season. If y'ou clean

them at that time you have no germs to start the next season. That is the important time, the complete eradi,cation of the disease at the close of the season.
MR. LOMBARD: In cutting out these diseased trees, do they sterilze the tools Y if the man cuts out the blight with a pruning knife, when he goes to another part of the tree or to another tree, should he not sterilize his knifeY
PROF. CRAIG :-Certainly. MR. BLACK: Regarding those pieces of bark, I would like to ask whether the man should not try to save the bark, and carry it out of the orchardY PROF. CRAIG: Most decidedly. I read an article some time ago, in which it was claimed by a man working in California for the Government that, if the bark was dropped on the ground, and dried in the hot sun, the germ would die. That may he true, but California has one condition, and Georgia is another proposition. You have your dry season in Calif.ornia, and any thing that lays out for three weeks under a California sun is pretty nearly dead. That is an entirely different story here. :MR. VON HERFF: Can you give an idea of the cost per tree of adopting your methodY PROF. CRAIG: $1.50 per day for the man's time. CHAIRMAN HUNT: What do you do with the neighboring pear orchards Y PROF. CRAIG: Of 'course you want to get your neigh'bors to co-operate if you oan, and all of you fight the blight simultaneously, but whether you get them to cooperate or not, you have got to fight it. Now in the San Jose scale or brown rot that's true-you have got to have your neighbors to co-operate-but in this case I don't think one should give up the struggle simply be-

67

,..,-.,. r- -

cause his neighbors don't start in with him. If he makes good the neighbors will follow the game.
PROF. T. H. McfuTTON: Is it your opinion that blight will live on small twigs all winter in this section T
PROF. CRAIG: I would not pass as an authority, but it is my opinion that it does. I would not say positively.
SECRETARY WIGHT: I think, as pear blight is a very important point, a statement of an effort to control it might be of interest here.
MR. BERCKMANS: The Board of Entomology has been carrying on some very interesting experiments for the past five years in an 'or-chard over in McDuffie county, owned by Mr. John D. West, and I under-stand that Mr. Lewis, of the Entomological Board, has just made a trip over there, and he has some interesting data. I would like to see if we can't get a statement from him as to what has been the result there. The orchard has come under my close observation, and I have noticed a decided improvement, in the general condition of the trees and the production.
MR. STUCKEY: I wish to state that Mr. Lewis is not feeling so well this morning, which accounts for the fact that he has not yet come in.
SECRETARY WIGHT: I think a statement of an effort
to control the pear blight in this section might be of
interest. Some eight or nine years ago I solicited thQ Department to attempt to control the blight in an orchard of 3000 trees I have at Cairo. The Department tried for three years to control the blight in this orchard and failed. There is as much blight there now 'as there in a neighboring orchard, where no effort has been made to control it at all. I believe the trouble is, Mr. President, that it will be impossible to control the blight

os
in this section until we have inspection and cutting out of the blight from every tree in the section. We will have blight as long as we have pear and apple trees unless we come to that. Prof. Oraig spoke of the neglected condition, in which our pear orchards are in this section. They are neglected, Mr. Ohairman, simply from the fact that we find that when we cultivate them, and fertilize them, and stimulate growth, we stimulate blight to such an extent that it kills the tree. We have neglected them for the simple reason that the more we neglect them the better they do.
PROF. MCIL.TTON: Do you prune those trees at all T 'SECRETARY WIGHT: No, except to cut the limbs out of of the way of plows. PROF. McfuTTON: Ordinary pruning does not increase the blight? SECRETARY WIGHT: No, sir. We prune them when we are trying to control the blight; otherwise we do not. OHAIRMAN HUNT: We will next hear from Prof. H. P. Stuckey, of the Georgia Experiment Station, on "Plum Wilt and Black Rot of Tomatoes." Prof. Stuckey, after expressing his regrets that Mr. Temple of the Experiment Station was not able to be present, delivered two separate papers, the first on "Plum Wi!t," and the second ell "The Blossom End Rot of the Tomato," both of which follow in the order in which they were presented.
THE" PLUM WILT.
H. P. STUKEY, Horticulturist, Georgia Experiment Station. Plum wilt is comparatively a new disease, having been observed first at the Georgia Experiment Station and in that vicinity about 1903 or 1904. Some observations on this disease were made and published by Prof. IL N. Starnes in bulletin No. 68, of the Georgia Experiment Station. While he drew no conclusions, he was of the opinion that the disease was of bacterial origin.

69

Following Mr. Starnes, Prof. T. H. McHatton took up the wo~k on

this disease. However, he did not have sufficient tu:ne to complete. his ex-

periments, and therefore drew no conclusions..

.

.

A little more than two years ago, Mr. J. C. Temple, the StatIon B~cten

ologist and I outlined experiments for work together on the same disease.
AI~hough the work is still in progress, we think the results up to
. date are worthy of being reported upon.

THE ATURE OF THE DISEASE.

The disease attacks Japanese and hybrid plums mainly. However, the native plums are not altogether exempt. In some localities, it has made the growing of Japanese and hybrid plums almost impossible.
The outward symptoms are readily detected. In the early spring the trees put out healthy, vigorous leaves. The first outward sign of the disease is the sudden wilting of the foliage of one or more of the branches. The leaves wilt almost as suddenly as though the branches were cut off. In two or three days they dry, and in a week or ten days the leaves drop, leaving the limbs bare. Sometimes the whole tree will wilt and die suddenly. At other times only one limb may be attacked at first and the disease spread, limb by limb, until the whole tree is dead. Again oIily a few branches of the tree will die the first season, and the remaining branches die the second season.
The tree, when once infected, seldom if ever recovers, and few survive the second season. The disease often appears in the early spring when the leaves are no more than one fourth grown, and continues to wilt trees until late in the summer.
This sudden wilting of the foliage does not necessarily mean that the disease appears suddenly, for a close examination of the tree will often reveal the fact that it is diseased for some time before the foliage wilts. This disease seems to attack first the cambium, or inner bark, so that the bark on diseased trees is found to be slightly shrunken. If this shrunken bark be stripped off, the darkened cambium layer beneath will show the presence of the disease. This darkened cambium spreads with the spread of the disease and as soon as it girdles the limb the foliage of that limb wilts.

DISTRmUTION OF THE DISEA.SE.

In order to learn something of the distribution of the disease, we
1IeDt out 150 circular letters with return postal cards, asking questions
t!C?Dcerning the malady . The letters were sent to prominent horticulturists,
D1lrllerymen and orchardists of Georgia, and also to several other Southern ~tes. From the 150 circular letters sent out, 66 replies were received.
~teen of these replies gave information regarding the ravages of the
disease in the different localities . The other fifty-one replies showed no familiarity with the disease.

G In Georgia, the disease was found near the following places: La .~ge, Warthen, Pomona, Marshallville, Bullochville, Fort Valley, Mon-
""'''wna, Oconee, Augusta, Atlanta, Fort McPherson, Griffin, Orchard Hill

70
and Concord. Judging from this distribution, it is evident that the type of Boil has little effect, if any, on the disease.
Replies from California, Florida, Louisiana, Missouri and Texas indicate an absence of the disease in those States. However, so few letters, were sent to those States that it was impossible to make a thorough canvass of conditions there.
In addition to the distribution in Georgia, the disease was located in the following States: North Carolina, South Carolina; and Aiabama. A more thorough canvass might show the disease to be more broadly distributed.
DISEASE UNKNOWN TO JAPAN.
In order to ascertain whether the disease is indigenous to America or whether it accompanied the Japanese plums from their native home, we wrote Director N. Matsui, of the Agricultural College, Tokyo Imperial University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan, for definite information concerning the disease in that country. It seems from the following reply that the plum wilt is not known in Japan. We take the liberty of quoting Director Matsui's letter:
"Dear Sir: In reply to your letter t)f :March 14, 1910, let me state that the professors of both horticulture and vegetable pathology say that they have not seen the plum wilt described by you.
Yours respectfully, Signed: N. MATSill, DireQtor."
THE DISEASE INFECTIOUS.
The first work with the malady was an effort to find out whether or not the disease is infectious-that is, could be transferred from a diseased to a healthy tree. At first all inoculation failed, but in the spring and summer of 1910 we succeeded in securing a high per cent of successful inoculations. The first of these successful inoculations was obtained by taking diseased tissue from an infected tree and placing it under the bark of a healthy one. Following this, media cultures were made from the diseased tissue and other inoculations made from these cultures. Repeated inoculations were made from media cultures until the destructive organism was isolated.
It was observed that usually about three days after an inoculation, the cambium layer showed signs of the presence of the disease, but there Beem to be no definite lapse of time before the leaves wilted. Some inoCUlations would wilt the foliage in ten days, while others would require a period of more than twice as long. A small limb would wilt much sooner after an inoculation than a large one. This, doubtless, is due to the greater surface to be covered by the disease on the larger limb. The organism seems to attack mostly the cambium layer, but we have not yet determined whether or not it also attacks the wood to the extent of clogging the pores and stopping the sap flow.
THE ORGANISM OF A FuNGUS NOT A BACTERIUM. Contrary to the hypothesis of Prof. Starnes that the organism is a bacterium, we have found that it is a fungus. However, we have not yet

71
been able to make the vegetable part of the fungus (Mycelium) produce spores, so that we are not able, as yet, to determine the species of the fungus. Mr. Temple has had this fungus growing in media culture since last fall, but no spores have been formed. It is hoped that success will be reached on this point by next spring.
How THE FUNGUS GAINS ENTRANCE.
Our work and observations have led us to believe that the fungus gains entrance almost entirely thru ruptures of the surface caUfled by pruning shears, cultivating implements or some similar agency. In fact; almost enry infecti6n found could be traced directly to some such break in the outer bark. Indeed we believe that the fungus would hardly be able to enter through unbroken, healthy, living bark.
REMEDY.
The remedy, we believe, would be preventive measures rather than curative; for from the nature of the disease spraying would be practically as useless as in the case of pear blight. In fact, so far as our observations go, the precautions taken to control pear blight would apply also to this disease.
Another field for work along this same line, lies in selecting resistant varieties. This, of course, will take time. While almost all Japanese and hybrid plums are susceptible to this disea e, yet some are more resistant than others. From such resistant individuals a starting point may be gained.
BLOSSOM END ROT OF THE TOMATO.
In August, 1909, at a meeting of the State Horticultural Society, at Athens, I gave in a paper some results of our work at the Georgia Experiment Station to control the blossom-end rot of the tomato. Since that time, I have continued the study of this disease in co-operation with Mr. J. C. Temple, the Bacteriologist of the Station. While our results up to date are not conclusive, still it is not out of place to give a brief report upon the work at this point.
The first subjects for investigation this year were the tests of the different theories held by many practical gardeners and truckers as to the eause of this disease. Some of these theories were disproved, while others are still under consideration.
STAKING 0 REMEDY.
The widespread belief that the disease spreads fro'ln the soil to the fruit and is therefore less severe on vines staked than on those on which the fruit lies on the ground was practically disproved. During the season some vines were staked and some left unstaked, with the fruit left in contact with the soil. The fruit lying on the ground did not seem to be any Dlore subject to the attack of this disease than the fruit a foot or more froDi the ground. Of course the fruit on the ground was attacked more by other rot than that on the staked vines, but as far as the blossom-end rot was concerned it was practically impartial to the two sets of vines.

72
The entire experiment showed that staking the vine does little, if any, good in controlling the disease.
DRIED CoROLLA OF FLOWER HAS No Ei'FECT ON THE DISEASE:
The next theory disproved was that the disease was more prevalent among those young fruits which retained the dried corolla of the flower than among those which shed it. Close observations from the beginning of the season showed that the dried flowers hanging on the young fruit had no effect on the occurrence 01: spread of the disease.
KIND OF FERTILIZEll. USED MAKEs No DIFFERENCE IN DISEASE.
Allother impression that is common among truckers and gardeners, is that the fruit of vines fertilized with stable manure is more subject to disease than that of vines fertilized with commercial fertilizer. To test this, five rows were laid off an acre long and four feet apart and divided into four equal plats. Each plat extended across all four rows.
Plat o. 1 received a heavy cart load of stable manure and 101 Ibs. nitrate of soda.
Plat No.2 received 40 Ibs. 16 per cent acid phosphate. Plat No. 3 received 40 Ibs. ground ammoniated bone. Plat No.4 received 34 Ibs. kainit. The tomato plants were set out March 30th, and were given a distance of four feet apart in the row. The rows were set to five varieties, each variety occupying a row, and extending across all the plats. The five varieties used were as follows:
Row. No.1-Improved Purple Acme. Row No. 2-Redfern Beauty. Row No.3-Matchless. Row o. 4-Sparks' Earliana. Row o. 5-Chalk's Early Jewel.
The plants of all the plats made a satisfactory growth and set a fair crop of fruit. Of course, the plat receiving the stable manure and nitrate of soda made the rankest growth of vine.
The first outbreak of the rot occurred about the 5th of June. This was on the second setting of fruit rather than on the first, as was the case the summer before. The outbreak of the disease was as bad on one plat as on another, regardless of the kind of fertilizer used.
On June 22 the first harvest of fruit was made, and on June 27th, the second harvest was made. At these two harvests, the per cent of diseased fruit was obtained'by actual count, rather than by weight. All specimens of fruit both ripe and green having even a speck of the blossom-end rot were placed in one pile. Only ripe, sound fruits were placed in the other pile. The per cent of the rot in the stable manure plat would have been lower had the fruit ripened as early, for in getting the per cent rot, only the sound, ripe fruit was counted against all diseased fruit, both ripe and green.
The following table will sho,," the average per cent, by count, of dis eased fruit harvested at the first two pickings:

73

Plat Fertilizer No. Used

o. Sound Ripe Fruit

o. Diseased Ripe and Green

Percent of diseased Fruit

1. Nitrate of Soda

& stable manure 197

58

23

2. Acid Phosphate 102

24

19

3. Ground Bone 116

40

26

4. Kainit

44

7

14

It will be noticed from this table that the per cent of diseased fruit on the plat fertilized with stable manure ranks second from the highest. However, this per cent would have been lower if only 'diseased ripe fruit had been counted agaiust the sound ripe fruit, for the plat fertilized with

stable manure made a ranker growth and there was a larger number of

green fruit on it in proportion to the ripe fruit to be considered. On the

whole, the kind of fertilizer used seemed to make no difference in the disease.
SPRAYING HAs No EFFECT.

Further experiments in spraying simply corroborate our first years' re-

sults that spraying did little or no good in controlling this disease. For

this work four varieties of tomatoes were selected: New Stone, Golden

Queen, Long Keeper and Ponderosa. The plats and the varieties for the
tests in spraying were arranged in the same way as were those for the fertilizer experiments before mentioned. The plants were also set to the field ~Iarch 30th. The different plants were sprayed with different formulre, as follows:

Plat 0.1:

Copper Sulphate (blue stone)

Stone Lime., .. ,.".,

Water

,, ,

Arsenate of Lead

Plat o. 2:

" .. ",

" .. ,., '

4 lbs. ,.. 4 lbs.
50 gal. , 2 lbs.

Bogart's Concentrated Lime Sulphur Compound

2 1-2 gal.

Water

,

Plst '0. 3.-Left Unsprayed.

Plst .'0. 4:

50 gal.

Concentrated Lime Sulphur Wash (home made)

Stone Lime

Arsenate of Lead ,.,

,

"

Water

..,

Plst . '0. 5:

2 1-2 gal. 5 lbs, 2 lbs.
50 gal.

opper Sulphate (blue stone)

,

Rosin '" .. ,

,

,

5 lbs. 5 lbs.

Potash (lye) " .. ,

,

,

2 1-2 lbs.

tone Lime .. " .. ,

,

,

7 lbs.

Concentrated Lime Sulphur mixture (home made)

1 1-2 gals.

Water

, .. "

,

60 gal.

~ plats were thoroughly sprayed the same day each time. A total

of sa sprayings "as given on the following dates: May 3, (the time when

74

the plants begin to bloom), May 13, May 24, June 2, June 11, June 23.

Six applications of a spray solution would under average conditions be

considered unprofitable for a tomato crop, but in this our object was

primarily to ascertain whether or not spraying would have any effect in

controlling the disease.

On the 5th and 6th of June, the blossomend rot occurred on all the

plats-on those sprayed as well as on the unsprayed plats.

The following table will show the number of diseased fruit by actual

count. The count was made two days after the outbreak of the disease,

and before any of the fruit had ripened:

Plat No.

Spray Solution Used

No. diseased fruit

1.

Bordeaux and Arsenate of Lead

12

2.

Commercial Lime-Sulphur Wash

19

3.

Unsprayed

57

4.

Home-made lime-sulphur mixture & arsenate of lead 62

5.

Bordeaux-Lime-Sulphur

"

55

The following table gives the per cent of the diseased fruit from

first two harvests after the fruit had begun to ripen. The first was mad&

June 27th:

Plat No. Spray used

No. ripe No. diseased fruit Per cent dis-

fruit

green and ripe eased fruit

1. Bordeaux and ar-

senate of lead

6

31

84

2. Commercial Lime

Sulphur mixture

7

39

85

3. Unsprayed

20

92

82

4. Home-made lime sul-

phur and arsenate

of lead

15

60

80

5. Bordeaux Lime-

Sulphur mixture

5

66

93

It will be noticed that the diseased fruit in this last table is very high.

This was due to the fact that all the green, as well as the ripe diseased

fruit, was pulled and counted, while only the ripe of the sound fruit was

eounted. It will also be noticed that the blank plat stood second' from th&

bottom in percentage of diseased fruit. This goes to show that spraying

for the blossom-end rot is practically useless.

After this one outbreak of rot, the disease ceased on all plats and the

plants matured a fair erop of fruit. Still another wiil('~pread opinion regarding this disease is that the

insects are responsible for its spread. It is thought that the insect m'tk~

infP<'tion eitber by plJneturing the young fruit and introducing the organism

or by infecting the fruit through the flower. Some experiments were

planned also to ascertain as far as possible, in one season, the facts in this

contention. However, no direct proofs that insects transmit the disease.

About two dozen vines were planted a half mile from any other tomato

patch or garden, and on soil that had grown no tomatoes for more than

25 years, if ever. It was thought that by isolating these vines from other to-

75
mato plants, the visits of the insects thought to be tranamitters of the disease would be less likely to occur. However, when these isolated plants (lame into fruitage, it was noticed that the blossom-end rot occurred on these very much in the same way and at the same time that it occurred on the regular experimental plants.
Further tests of this contention were made by placing mosquito nets over 20 plants to debar, completely, the visits of the insects. These nets were placed over the plants shortly after they were set to the field. It was noticed that during the spring and early summer the plants under the net were of a darker or deeper green color, and made more rapid growth than did the plants on the outside. Only one diseased fruit was found on the plants grown under the nets, and this was a fruit that rested against the net and could have been punctured easily by insects from the ontside.
It cannot be said from this, though, that the absence of the disease was due to the absence of the insects, for it was observed that the temperature and moisture surrounding the covered plants were different from that surrounding the other plants. This change in temperature and in moisture changes the environment of the plant and likewise of the disease. Son. AND ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE AS FACTORS IN THE CoNTROL OF THE
BLOSSOM-RoT DISEASE.
Prof. G. E. Stone, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, has done a great deal of work on the blossom-end rot of tomatoes under green house conditions. It seems that in Massachusetts and some other sections of the North and East, the blossom-end rot is quite severe in tomato forcing houses. However, we have experienced very little trouble with the disease in the forcing house at the Georgia Experiment Station. In fact, we have found it difficult to get a large per cent of the inoculation to take, that is, we found it a difficult matter to infect IOnnd fruit, either from the diseased specimena or from media cultures.
In making a report upon the work done on the blossom-end rot in the green-house, Prof. Stone has the following to say:
"The blossom-end rot of tomatoes is very often a very troublesome disease, and furnishes a good illustration of a trouble brought about by neglect of certain details necessary for the normal development of the nop. This disease is caused by bacteria, one or more fungus growths OCeasionally accompanying the bacteria, lack of water in the soil when the fruit is maturing, especially if the atmosphere of the house is more or less dry, will cause the rot ,and a liberal supply of moisture, preferaby supplied by irrigation, will prevent it. Moisture plays an important role here because a too dry atmosphere causes the fruit to crack at the blossomend and become more perfectly developed, and inf.ect~on follows. This rot ill more COmmon near steam pipes, where the air is drier, and in the spring,
hen the sunIi-::'t is more intense and prolonged, than during the late fall or winter. In the spring transpiration is more active, hence the necessity for more soil moisture and more attention to wetting down the house.
UDBhine and transpiration are important factors in causing the rot, and

76
our experiments have shown that slight shading in the spring months is of great value in holding back the trouble. In our experiments in the green house we obtained over 30 per cent more blossom-end rot plants which were watered on the surface, than those sub-irrigated, and a very material decrease in the amount of rot occurred from the shading afforded by the plants."
These results compare favorably with some results we have secured from our field work at the Georgia Experiment Station. We observed that we had an outbreak of the disease only in dry weather, and as soon as the rains came, the rot stopped.
A COMPARISON OF THE DATES OF RAIN AND THE ApPEARANCE OF THE
DISEASE.
From the 24th of May until the 5th of June we had practically no rain and at the same time we had, as a rule, a dry stiff wind. On June 5th we had a .24 of an inch of rain, and on June 6th, .30 of an inch of rain. On June lOth we had 1.05 inches of rain. This was followed by light showers for several days. The first appearance of the disease was on the 5th and 6th of June, and the most disease appeared almost exclusively on the fruit which "set" or shed its blossoms on the 24th and 25th of May. Fruit set earlier than this was practically free of the disease. Thus it seems that the age of the fruit is a factor in the development of the disease, as well as the weather conditions. I think we are safe in saying that the disease appeared before the rains came, for the disease in its earliest stage is so inconspicuous that it would hardly be detected with the unaided eye. We do know, however, that as soon as the soil was well wet, which oc curred June 10th, we had no more blossom-end rot of the tomato.
CONCLUSIONS.
Our work so far has led us to believe that staking the plants, the kind of fertilizers used, the adherence of the dried corolla to the young fruit, spraying the plants with fungicides and insecticides, or the attack of insects have little or no effect on the occurrence, the spread, or the control of the disease. We do believe, however, that the age of the fruit, and the soil and atmospheric moisture have a marked effect upon the occurrence and severity of the disease. As yet we have no practical remedy to offer for its control.
However, our plans are to carry on the work for one or two seasoDS more and try methods of irrigation and shading, as well as the selection of resistant varieties. In the meantime we hope that any of our friends who observe new points on the behavior of this disease will give us the benefit of their experience.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: It is necessary for us to go right along, if we get through, and we will now hear from Mr. J. B. Wight of Oairo, Ga., on the "Present Status of
the Pecan Industry."

77

PECANS IN GEORGIA.

J. B. WIGHT, Cairo, Ga.

Pecans are at home in Georgia. Originally introduced into the State,

they have found a congenial soil and climate, and are making records as

to growth of tree and bearing qualities that compare favorably with the

best from any section. Scattered here and there over the State are indi-

vidual trees that are from forty to sixty years of age. The orchards are

of more recent datil. There are a few of these that are more than twelve

years of age, and they are of limited area. The immense expansion of the

pecan industry of the State, which has been especially marked during the

JaSt three or four years, is due to the behavior of these older trees. It

is not surprising that where single trees were bearing from two hundred

to five hundred pounds of nuts per year, that people should begin to think

about setting orchards on the assumption that what one tree does, may,

under similar conditions, be duplicated by a hundred, a thousand, or even

ten thousand trees. As showing what individual trees have done, it may

be interesting to have the record of two or three trees as a basis for what

may be expected from the larger plantings.

Probably the oldest tree of which an accurate record has been kept, both

as to growth and bearing, stands at my home in Cairo. This tree is a

budded Frotscher, set January, 1892. The following is the record

to date:



1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901. ;1.902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910

Circumference 8 1-2 inches. 12 1-4 inches
14 1-2 inches 20 inches 25 inches 29 1-4 inches 33 1-4 inches 37 1-4 inches .40 1-4 inches .44 inches 46 3-4 inches 50 inches 53 inches 56 inches 59 1-2 inches 62 inches 65 inches

Nuts in pounds

.

.

.

1 nut

7 100

10 1-2 lbs.

13 1-2 lb!!.

27 lbs.

16 lbs.

.45 lbs.

80 lb!!.

121 lbs.

131 lbs.

96 lbs.

30 lbs.

169 IbBc

352 lbs.

196 lbs.

Do not understand me to say that this record will be duplicated in large orchards. While it is possible to do this, yet it is not likely that it will be done, from the fact that a large orchard is not likely to be cared tor so well as has this individual tree. Standing on the edge of my garolen as it does, it has been well fed; and in turn has helped very materially to feed the people who have cared for it. Most of the nuts from this tree have been sold at fifty cent per pound. It will be readily seen, therefore,

78
that it has netted for the last three years an average of at least $100 per season. As a further illustration of what has been done: There are about two acres of land in my town lot, which is partially bordered by pecan trees, which are younger than the above tree, some of them having just come into bearing. In all there are twenty-two trees, twenty of which in 1909 bore more or less nuts. The net sales from these trees that year amounted to $400. Last year there was a short crop and the yield was valued at something like $250. This is a fair illustration of what can be done on a small scale; and yet, when these trees come into full bearing they will easily average from one hundred to three hundred pounds of nuts per tree annually. In addition to the revenue, the beauty of the shade that comes from these trees will add very materially to the value of the property.
Living on an adjoining lot to me is Mr. K. Powell, who has a seedling tree growing in his back yard. This tree is from a nut plr.nted in 1887. For a seedling this is an exception, both in the regularity and quantity of its product. For the last three years it has borne an average of over four hundred pounds of nuts per year. The surplus above what the family used for domestic purposes, was sold for twenty-five cents a pound.
At Monticello, Fla., on the home lot of Mr.- Lindsey, there stands a seedling tree which at twenty-one years of age bore 638 pounds of nuts. This is ouly a meqium sized nut, worth probably twelve to fifteen cents per pound. I mention the above instances, not that they are exceptional, for these yields have been surpassed, but to call attention to the possibilities of pecan production. When we are told of apple, orange and grapefruit trees that yield from twenty-five to fifty dollars' worth of fruit in one season, we do not think the record wonderful, because it comes from the far-off States where lands are fertile and climate is genial. I want to emphasize the fact that we have in Georgia, lands that are just as productive, and on which the sun shines just as brightly as on any conntry in the world. When it is further considered that the pecan tree is immensely larger than the apple or orange tree, and that its product pound for pound is more valuable, we need not wonder at what has been done. It may be true that the prices obtained for fancy pecans are higher than they will be when more nuts are grown. I started to growing pecans after a very careful consideration of the situation, and the conclusion then reached was that they can be profitably produced at ten cents per pound; and there has been no occasion to revise this opinion. But it can be safely said that the better grades of pecans will never sell for ten cents per pound, unless there is an entire readjustment of values on other co=odities. When there are sufficient nuts to justify it, pecans will be as staple a product as cotton, or corn, or beefsteak.
The best posted authority in Georgia on pecans estimates that there have been fully ten thousand acres of pecans set in Georgia during the season just closing. Several orchards of a thousand acres each are included in this. It can safely be stated that there are now thirty thousand acres in pecan orchards in the State of Georgia, and this will be increased from year to year as the decades roll by. Texas, with her thousands upon thousands of nature-planted groves, now holds the distinction of

79
being the leading pecan producing State in the Union. But in pecandom at least, "eastward the star of empire takes its flight." And while Texas is setting many orchards, yet it requires no juggling with figures to show that when the next king of the pecan world is crowned, that it will be on Georgia's fair brow that the diadem will rest.
At one time it was thought that pecans could be grown successfully on alluvial soils. This was a natural inference from the fact that most of our native pecan groves are on the alluvial lands. But the highlands have been tried, and have not been found wanting. There are no better pecan lands anywhere than the best grade of Georgia, Florida and Alabama loams, which are underlain by a clay subsoil. The experimental stage in the pecan industry has passed. Not that everything has been learned, but sufficient is known about growing them to assure the permanency of the industry. That dangerous stage in every industry when it is represented that there are no enemies, and that all that remains is to set trees and grow rich, has gone. Pecans have their enemies, both insect and fungus; but their batteries have been located, and some of their guns have already been spiked. Prof. L. H. Bailey once declared before the Georgia Slate Horticultural Society that he would not go into an industry that had no enemies, because it would soon be overrun by those who want to have an easy time. Pecans have enough enemies to satisfy the querulous, and yet they are not unconquerable. In fact, they are not so numerous nor formidable as those which confront the growers of peaches, apples, plums and the like.
Pecan trees are long lived. And as is usually the case with such, they do not come into full fruitage as soon as do many shorter lived trees. Pecans have been cut in Texas, the rings on which showed that they were fully four hundred years old..
It is a well known fact that they do not reach their prime until they are from fifty to one hundred years of age; and yet the best varieties of peeans are not slow in bearing. Under the most favorable conditions, they generally begin to yield nuts at from four to six years of age. But it is unreasonable to expect profitable crops from them before they are eight or ten years old. Some extravagant claims have been made, and some unreasonable expectations have been excited on this subject. There are those Who think they will be profitable crops of nuts when they are five or six years old; and while it may be possible to do this, under the most intenlive cultivation, yet for the most part those who have these expecta.tions are doomed to disappointment. When twelve to fifteen years of a.ge, a paean orchard should, under favorable conditions, yield a net income of $10!) per acre. This is a conservative statement, and has been frequently surpassed even by seedling trees; but if a grove will yield an annual net ineome above all expenses, of $100 per acre, it is doing well enough.
This means that an average family with ten to twenty-five acres of paeans, has a good living; and one with fifty acres is on the road to Wealth.
._J

80
There are three conditions that a I'C necessary to success in pecan growing:
(1). Only strong, vigorous trees should be set. There is a very great difference in the natural vigor of pecan trees. Runts in the nursery, even under the most favorable conditions, will never prove vigorous in the orchard. On the other hand, the tree that has started off well in the nursery, if properly cared for, will continue to do so when transplanted in the orchard.
(2). Pecan trees should be set only on the best land, not that they will not succeed on medium grades of soil, but because a tree that has the intrinsic value that these have, deserves the best. One hundred trees, well cared for, on good land, are more desirable than five hundred which are neglected.
(3). It is a mistake to think that pecan trees can be set, and then left to hustle for themselves. During the first few years they need careful . cultivation and regular fertilization. Nothing should be allowed to grow within a radius of a few feet of the tree until it is well established. Even then, trees should be cultivated and fertilized. There is no better crop to grow among pecan trees than cow peas, or some other leguminous crop, which should be highly fertilized, and the stubble turned under when the erop is mature. Five hundred pounds per acre of a high grade fertilizer would be considered liberal fertilizing by some. But on trees that are twelve to twenty years of age and in full bearing, I believe that even a ton of high grade fertilizer per acre will yield a large income on the investllIlent. Trees highly fertilized ,vill not only produce more nuts, and do so 1lIl0re regularly, but the nuts will be larger. As an example of this: I have :a neighbor who has a seedling pecan tree standing apart in a large field. 'The tree is fourteen years of age, with a diameter of fifteen inches. These nuts are rather small, the market price being about twelve cents per pound. To test the effectiveness of fertilizer, he applied about fifty !pounds of guano, worth seventy cents, broadcast arOlmd the tree. The result was that the succeeding crop of nuts was at least one-third larger than previously, and the market value was relatively increased, so that there was double advantage.
Even if there were no more nuts, the size being one-third larger, made a fifty per cent increase in the number of pounds, and instead of selling at twelve cents as before, they sold at twenty cents. In fertilizing the pecan a mistake is sometimes made in putting the guano too near the tree. It should be put well out from the tree where the feeding roots are at work. In fact, the best way to fertilize a bearing orchard is to enrich the whole of the land, then plant some crop that will improve the soil, and the trees will get their share.
The cultivation of the pecan is not difficult. Apply plenty of fertilizer, cultivate as thoroughly as you would a peach or an apple orchard, and results will be achieved.
The enemies ~f the pecan were alluded to above. They are not hard to find, nor difficult to control, when one knows when and where to look for them. It is unwise, however, for a person to go into pecan growing unless

81
he has some knowledge of these enemies. And the same thing is true of 6\'ery other product of the soil. The day when loose methods and ignorance were substantially rewarded, has about passed, and we will not greatly mourn its leave taking. The successful business man knows his work, and has his hands on the reins. The successful fruit grower must do the same.
With some knowledge of the problems that confront the fruit growers in other lines, let me say that I do not believe there is a more promising field. in American horticulture than pecan growing for sections that are adapted to this nut. Many of the difficulties that are in the way of the orchardist in other lines do not trouble the pecan grower. If he is not ready to gather the nuts in October when they are ripe, he may wait until 0vember; and barring the fact that his neighbors may make the work of harvesting less onerous, the nuts will be just as good then as if they had been gathered earlier. If the market is not favorable at harvest time, he may store them away for six months or longer, and they will be as sweet then 38 ever.
The bug-bear of over-production has been haunting some, who are afraid that more nuts will be produced than can profitably be marketed. With a product as palatable and nutritious as pecans, this generation nor the next will ever see a glut in the pecan market. As nuts become more plentiful, and consequently cheaper in price, there will not only be more consumers, but those who are already eating them will use more. Furthermore, they will be introduced into the markets of the world, and hundreds of millions of people will be consuming them, where there are now only millions. Our physicians and scientists are telling us that if more nuts and fruits were eaten and less meats, that we would be healthier, and if healthier, then happier. Pecans are getting to be more and more a staple product. Future generations may see over-production; but when that far distant t e is reached, wheat will be a glut in the market, and porter-house steak will go begging for a buyer.
I cannot close this paper without urging that every person in the pecan belt, which is practically commensurate with the cotton growing region, should grow at least a few pecan trees. The unfortunate dwellers in the mo t crowded parts of our cities may not have room. But there are few homes e\-en in our cities and large towns where there is not enough apace to accomodate one or more trees. One tree, well established, will furni h nuts sufficient to last the average family for a year. And a farmer, \hough he may have only a few acres of land, is neglecting a most profitable money crop when he fails to set out a few pecan trees arolmd his garden or yard. These trees will furnish a shade in summer, nuts in winter, and will add beauty and stateliness and comfort all the time. There are few New ~ngland homes that have not their apple and other fruit trees; and the day 18 not far distant when the same can be said of pecan trees growing about the homes in our Southland.
As shade trees they are beautiful; and there are none that yield more 111 pleasure and profit than do pecans.
Twenty-three years ago I read this advice from a veteran pecan grower,

82
who still abides with us: "Young man, set a pecan grove, and when you are old, it will support you." I believed then that the advice was sound; I now know that it is so. And so I pass the word along: Young man, plant a pecan grove. It will help to make your days happier and your pockets heavier. It will lighten your burdens while here, and when you are gone your children will rise up and call you blessed.
MR. LOMBARD: Mr. President, the Finance Committee would like to make its report.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: Ml right, sir, we will hear from you now.
MR. LOMBARD: We, your Committee, have examined the Treasur8'I"'S books, and vouchers, and find that the vouchers accord with the entries upon this book, and that the true balance on hand December 31, 1910, is $161.25.
'Motion was made and carried that the report of the Oommittee be accepted and spread upon the Minutes.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: If you were going to plant only one variety of pecan, Mr. Wight, and you didn't care a thing for the market, just wanted a good fruit, what nut would you plant?
MR. WIGHT: The Schley. CHAIRMAN HUNT: I thought so. MR. WIGHT: That is, if I didn't care a thing about the Northern market. The Frotscher, I believe, will make the most money. If I wanted a pecan simply for home use I would plant the 'Schley; if I wanted to market them, the Frotscher. QUESTION: Would y,ou keep your pecans cut back the first and second years to force roots, or not cut them back at all but prune J.aterY MR. WIGHT: My practice is to get the tree up as soon as possible to five or six feet high, where it ought to branch out, then give it the freedom of the world, and it will take its -share. I want the limbs high enough so

83
that the ground can be kept cultivated underneath. It needs comparatively little cultivating. Some varieties rather run upward, and some spread out, but my prac-
tice is to bring it up to where it should spread out, then turn it loose and prune just as little as possible.
COL. FORT: It has been insisted <that you ~annot take an <>rdinary seedling pecan tree and increase the size of the nuts by fertilization and cultivation. I would like to hear from Mr. Wight on that question.
MR. WIGHT: The experiment mentioned in my paper is not necessarily conclusive, but it was carried out by Col. Chas. A. Van Duzee at a pecan gr<>ve twelve miles from here. He got these results exactly as I gave them-he got 50 per cent larger nuts, and increased more than 50 per cent a year. My experience with pecans is that, if you will take good care of them and feed them well, you will grow more nuts and you will get larger nuts.
COL. FORT: The nuts in my orchard are not very large. I think the orchard is probably twenty years of age. I have never thought it paid to cultivate them at all, but if I thought they could be incre'ased in size and yield by cultivation, I would take that up. The larger growers near DeWitt insist that you can't increase the nuts by cultivation, and I therefore, brought that question up.
MR. WIGHT: I think, if you will reason by analogy, and look into experiments along this line, you will find it to be true.
MR. STUCKEY: Have you experienced much trouble with this little beetle that bores into the nut, down there'
MR. WIGHT: The husk-borer Yes sir.

84
MR. STUCKEY: About what per cent do you lose' MR. WIGHT: The husk-borer aoes not seem to dimin~ ish the quantity of the crop. The main trouble is that he disfigures the nut, makes some of the hUll adhere to the nut, and makes it a little unsightly. MR. STUCKEY: The experience there at the Experiment Station is that about 40 per eent. -are destroyed. They bore right on inside of the nut into the meat. MR. WIGHT: That's not the husk-borer. We don't have that. MR. STUCKEY: If that should become very numerous, I believe it would cause trouble. They had it in Texas. I got 200 lbs. of nuts for planting, and I noticed in a lot of them there was a little round hole about the size 'Of a lead pencil, where the worm had bored out. Do you top-work your trees' MR. WIGHT: No, sir. MR. STUCKEY: If your yield is not satisfactory, it would be better to do that. A gentleman told me that he had a tree three feet in diameter, and it bore about five pounds of nuts. It ought to bear nearer 500 than five. So it is best, under those circumstances to top it. If your tree does not bear well after it gets 8 to 10 inches in diameter, you can easily top it j cut that sorry head off and put a better one on it. QUESTION: What is better-12 trees to the acre or
more' MR. WIGHT: If your land is good, 12 trees to the
acre is best. If you put them much closer together than that, our gr~d-children will find that those trees are getting so thick that they will get in eac.n o~.nere way.
MR. STONE: In regard to increasing the size of nuts by the application of fertilizers, I will state that there is

85
one nut that it is not necessary to apply any fertilizer to, to increase. That is an artificial nutmeg made by machinery. (Laughter.)
MR. WIGHT: A cent to a cent -and a half a pound ought to covel' the cost of gathering. My method is to get you a large sheet, and shake them off and gather them up.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: Prof. McHatton is next in order. We will be very glad to hear from Prof. McHatton on the subject "Horticultural Education at the State College of Agriculture."
HORTICULTURE AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE..
T. H. MCHATTON, State College of Agriculture, Athens, Ga. In 1908, when the re-organization of the State College of Agriculture took place, the Department of Horticulture was one of the minor ones in the institution, offering only a very elementary course in. the subject, and giving no chance for specialization or further study in the field pertaining to pomology, olericulture, and other horticultural subjects. At the time of the occupancy of the new college building in January, 1909, the equipment of the Department consisted principally of a pair of pruning shears and one saw. All the orchard and fruit trees had gone when the old University was sold, and before the present organization was perfected, the orchard in the new University extension proper had been removed to make room for experimental plats. From the begiuning of the College to the year 1908, horticulture had been in charge of an instructor, but in that year of re-organization it was decided to place this Department on a par with the others with a full profllll80r at its head. Imagine the feelings of one who was enthusiastic in his work when it was thoroughly realized that everything had to be built from the bottom, and that before a really good course could be given in horticultUral subjects a Department had to be built. This was a strange thing indeed in a State which has the horticultural possibilities of Georgia; and which has for a number of years stood in the limelight as one of the peach producing centers of the country.
othing conld be gained by standing around and talking. It was necessary to hustle if the institution was to take its place in the State, as it should, and really the development in the past two years has been marvelous. Old red clay hills have been turned into orchards; gullied fields have become vineyards; small fruit plantations have taken the places of blackberry thickets and old hedge rows; where the implements were sheltered by the sky now are found sheds, barns and spray houses with laboratories, furnishing ample room for the storage of all horticultural imple-

86
ments, as well as places for instructing the young men who are taking courses in the Department. Something near forty acres has been reclaimed and put into horticultural crops.
This season, provided the frosts do not stop it, there will be a crop of peaches, small, it is true, but a beginning, and in a few years the apples will be bearing. The vineyards will produce this summer, as well as the small fruit plantation. Within a few years more sect.ions of the departmental farm will be in condition for experimentation with truck and vegetables.
The aim now is to so treat this land with legumes and general farm crops as to bring it up into condition of tilth fitted for the production of truck crops. For the past two years the work has been mainly constructive, not only in the building up and the construction of the Department, itself, which acts as a laboratory both for practical instruction and scientific investigation; but also the courses of instruction had to be mapped out and worked into shape so that those desiring information and instruction along horticultural lines could obtain the same, and going hand in hand, in this way the equipment of both the students' and private laboratories, as well as the furnishing of the shelves in the library with books necessary to the good fruit grower or vegetable gardener. Where there was nothing before in the way of equipment to facilitate in the way of instruction, today the College is only too proud to show anyone the departmental laboratories in which can be found all the necessary apparatus for handling a section of twenty men in any branches of horticultural work.
Besides, the private laboratory is also now in a condition to be used for research work along practically all lines in which the horticulturist should be interested. Where before the most elementary lines of work were offered, today there is found in the catalogue of the University of Georgia twelve courses offered in the Department of Horticulture. Three of these are compuJsory in the Freshman year, and their aim is to place the Georgia boy who graduates from the State College of Agriculture, no matter in what branch, in a position that he will be able to produce and enjoy the many kinds of fruit and vegetables that are so well adapted to his home State.
Possibly the main object of this course is to show the young man that success in fruit growing can be obtained only through "stick-to-itiveness" and a proper knowledge of the plants with which he is dealing, as well as methods by which they may be protected and improved. It is hoped that every young man who takes this course will know enough not to plant out an orchard and turn it over to Providence. He should know when finishing this course that such a method of growing fruit is not a paying proposition. After this year's work courses beginning in more or less the specialized line of horticulture are offered as electives in the Junior year. A study of small fruits, the harvesting, marketing, and storing of fruits. l"" well as the history and description of fruits, green-house managcnn-" floriculture, construction of green-houses, the study of orchards, gardens, diseases and pests, as well as the method of controlling the same, are found in the Junior year. The Senior year offers a course in landscape garden

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ing. It is mainly for the owner of a country home or a small city home. Later on in this year a study is given in the literature of horticulture, and a man who is about to graduate in horticulture as his major is allowed to specialize in some special line and runs in connection with it some experiments. In this way it is possible to give any young man of this State a fairly good knowledge of horticulture and graduate him as from the other institutions in this country; that is, putting him into a position to go out into the world and make his living out of the growing fruits or vegetables or some of the allied branches of horticulture.
As mentioned above, up to the present time the main work has been construction, and now besides the head of the Department, there is attached to it an Extension Horticulturist, who is carrying the work out into the State and among the people for whom it is ultimately designed to serve. Such conditions make it possible for those remaining at home to take up some line of scientific investigation. Exactly what this line will be has not yet been given out. There will be undoubtedly something of a scientific interest to the horticulturist who loves his business as a science, as well as other experiments along very practical lines to be disseminated throughout the State for the benefit of fruit growers and orchardists.
It was indeed a pleasure to be asked to give a sketch of the horticultural work at the State College, at this meeting, because the Department feels that unless it gets in touch with the people of the State, and through them comes in contact with the young men who are growing up, it is more or less a failure. The object of the College is the instruction of the youth of Georgia, and the main object of the Department of Horticulture at the present time is to better the fruit conditions of the State, and to put the people of Georgia in a position to be able to turn to horticul-
ture for a livelihood when they are harassed by such troubles and pests as
the cattle tick and boll weevil. To do this, it must be assisted by the men of the State Horticultural Society, for without their aid it is almost impossible for this Department to develop to this extent.
There are, of course, many things necessary for the future development, but as there are other Departments developing also, it is impossible that all the money necessary can be put into anyone of them. Before the development of the courses in horticulture for the Georgia boys, a green house will have to be built, as well as enlargements in laboratory equipment and grounds equipment be made. These things, however, will only come when the Legislature of our State does its full duty by the College of Agriculture. I am not here begging, but as you have put me on the program for this IUbject, and I feel that you must be more or less interested in the condi tions of the Department, as well as the College as a whole, I feel at liberty to say that whenever you find a good chance to do so, you should consider it the part of a citizen of Georgia, and especially a horticulturist, to pull for appropriations for the institution, whose aim is the betterment of Georgia's agricultural conditions in all lines, and the education of the youth of this State.
I have not covered this subject as thoroughly as I might, and I gave you
a very short paper, because I thought it would be late on the program, but

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if any body here wishes to ask any questions relative to the work of the Department, I will be very glad to answer them.
One other thing. The College library files of Georgia Horticultural ociety are not complete. There are a few missing numbers. I had a list on my desk to read to the Society, but I came off hurriedly and forgot it. I wanted to request, if any of you have extra copies of the reports, that you will please be good enough to let me know. I am very anxious to complete my library files, and I will be glad to notify any body just exactly what the numbers are that are missing, if they will let me know that they have extra copies.
MR. BERCKMANS: I think you are short the proceeding of 1882, and at the present time there are only two copies in existence, one in my father's library, and one on file with Department in Atlanta. We have a number of copies of different year's proceedings, that father left, and if there are any members who would like to complete their files, not merely out of curosity, but to complete their files and bind them, we will be glad to furnish them as far as possible. Of orne we have probably only a half dozen copies left, and they were published by the Society alone in tho~e days at enormous expense, and it has always been father's idea to try to preserve them a much as possible.
COL. WADE of Cornelia then took the chair and tated: "We will now have the pleasure of Ii tening to an address that we have been looking for by Col. B. W. Hunt.
BEA TIFYING RURAL Hmm SURROlThTDINGS A m CIVIC BIPROVEME T.
B. W. HUNT, Eatonton, Ga. Beautifying Rural Surroundings and Civic Improvement was assigned to me as a theme by the late Dr. Berckmans. How he preferred the subjects treated I do not know, and it is eDflless. The word rural as used in the text, T take it, refers to country as well as suburban and village homes, with sufficient space for ornamental grounds to be made the dominant feature in connection with the residence proper. And civic improvement, I understand, includes the making of attractive streets, parks, sidewalks, and the beautifying of private grounds exposed to public view. The treatment of streets in cities and villages is necessarily one of formal gHrdening in contrailistinction to !HDrlscHPe gnrclenmg. The latter term being restricted to the creation of rural pictures by

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the landscape architect, views pleasing to the art sense of the observer. The successful landscapist creates a' rural scene that obscures all the artificialities of his labor, following apparently the lines of nature's own work from a totally different standpoint, toward a result as formal as the exigencies of the case may require.
To be specific, if the civic improver be engaged in planting shade trees on a straight street, he must keep them in perfect alignmeut, and all should be of the same variety, all of similar size and height. Otherwise the formal straight line will prove a more or less disappointing failure. On the contrary, the beauty of the landscape gardener's planting is enhanced by the different varieties of the trees he may plant, by their varying sizes, colors, shapes, and manner of growth. The artistic grouping of trees and shrubs, allowing large open spaces carpeted with grass, makes a beautiful picture of his design. To realize where the formal treatment is necessary, where the natural grouping is most pleasing to the art loving observer, where the one may best blend into the other manner of treatment, constitutes the successful landscape architect, the true creator of ornamental gardening.
There must be some formal treatment in all home grounds, I take for granted, because the dwelling itself is the most formal of objects, and he of the informal school must tame ature's wild mood at, or near, the residence. Otherwise we would be as savages dwelling in the jungle. How to blend the natural with the formal and artificial, succe sfully, appears to me to be the key to the treatvIent. Here is where the endless improvement of grounds enters into the home life of the occupants. The very entrance to a home from a street is obliged to be formal and straight. The walks Dear the house made dry and kept free from grass and weeds, all tell of formal treatment-the taming of nature's moods. Here, then,. near the dwelling may be placed the sun dial, the large vases for the blooming tender plants, the true architectura features of use, or apparent use, in the grounds, placed only where formal treatment is in good usage.
The most attractive architectural embellishments about home .grounds may be quite inexpensive. Some waste irons and wire for a skeleton, portland cement for the shaping, with a mason's trowel and a varnish brush for tools, directed by artistic hands, will create vases, sun dials, and aece ories and all at the most trifling cost. Vases four or five feet high that would cost $25 to $50 each may be created at home, costing from 25c to 50c each, with all the enjoyment of creation, thrown in for good measure.
There is planting to be done for present and immediate effect, planting for the future, planting for color winter and summer, planting for all blooming seasons. Planting of trees and shrubs that are of themselves ornamental and willing to grow out of grass borders, planting for roses and crinums and similar plants that to reach perfection of bloom demand raw earth and clean culture, impatient of verdure, of grass, and such honM be relegated to a convenient place out of sight, when one is viewing hl' ornamentals.
~Iy conception of beautifying rural home urroundings does not mean

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excessive expenditure of money on the part of the city or town. To be specific, my home town was paying one dollar a tree for uncertain, irregular and bad planting. The Ladies' Improvement Society of which my wife is president, took up the work and planted in one winter 1300 street trees at a cost of 13c a tree, losing only about 5 per cent of the whole plant. No other improvement at 80 slight a. cost could have added so much to the beauty of the small city, and the benefits increase year by year, as the trees grow larger. Ladies are the best of economists in such work, and they are the most willing civic improvers. In connection with tree planting, both for street improvement and for shade in home grounds, in our semitropical, sunburned section, please bear with me while I state what I believe is true about sunshine, which is not the orthodox view.
The white race is absolutely dependent on shade for life in the tropics. Sunshine is as deadly there as the cobra's bite, but slower in effect. I fully believe that mental and physical health cannot be enjoyed in Middle and Southern Georgia, except by protection of shade from the sun's rays. The effect of the X-Ray and Roentgen rays on the human body afford an explanation why this is true. We will not argue or try to explain why shade is necessary to the white race, further than to say a whiteskinned race has never been found indigenous South of the fiftieth degree of latitude, and we dwell near the thirty- third. The survival of the fittest makes no exceptiol18o If we remain here as a white race and would save our skin from the pigmentation of the Hindustan races, shade is our only savior. Beauty may be a sufficient reason to the art lover for tree planting, but the economic law of the preservation of the flower of the human race must appeal to all people with overwhelming force. Without shade our race is doomed to a ehange in color of skin or extermination in this latitude.
To endeavor to do good planning and planting without familiarity with the work of the best artists, would be as impossible as to write good English before learning to spell. He who would layout and beautify his own grounds, must at least have a working knowledge of landscape gardening. It is well for us to know the work of those who have laid out the grounds that we most admire.
Perhaps some of those present may not remember that Andrew J. Downing, whose work made an epoch in American rural planting, said that Andre Parmentier, the Belgian emigrant of 1824, by "his labor and example effected, directly, far more landscape gardening in America than those of any other individual whatever." It is well for us to realize the debt we owe to little Belgium, who gave us both Parmentier and Berck mans, the latter doing more for Southern horticulture than any other mall who has yet lived. There is a reason underlying Belgian influence, I fully believe, but to name it would be too much of a digression at this time. Downing's landscape gardening published in 1841, changed for all time my point of view of this art, as it doubtless has others. Downing's was the first American published book on the subject. Since Downing 's deat~, possibly the calling of landscape gardening has been most advanced lJl America by the work of Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmstead. I only know from reading, and not from personal observation, the landscape

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creations of the more recent artists, Samuel Parsons, Jr., and the original treatment of grounds by Warren H. Manning, and the work of our contemporaries, generally. The Wade grounds here in Thomasville I have read criticisms of, and I understand they are original in treatment and most successful in actual results.
I do not intend to wander far from my tl1eme, but the temptation is irresistible-especially to one who sees and feels the difference between each landscape gardener's work. That is, a close student of this subject may tell wl1ere one man's work has ended, and a landscapist of a different lIChool commenced. A musician will recognize Wagner's music, even if he does not know the score, likewise the student sees and feels tile master's hand and touch in this creative work.
And what is it all worth' How shall we, who love the beautiful creations of the landscape gardeners, answer the parsimonious economist, wl10 would rob life of all beauty just to increase a hoard of gold' He may have feelings, but he does not feel wl1at we feel-he has eyes, but he does not see what we see; l1e has capacities undeveloped, perhaps, but he does not enjoy what we enjoy.
To us the garden, the landscape, the trees and shrubs, all justify themselves. The garden ministers in some way to our yearning for the companionship of the beautiful and true.
Is it not better to see, to feel, to enjoy, than to analyze'
PROF. CRAIG: I would like to take this opportunity of calling the attention of the members of the Society to the meeting of the American Pomological Society at
Tampa on Thursday, Friday, -and Saturday. I am sorry that I have not a program, showing the bill of fare. ~ assure you, however, that there has been prepared a very attractive program, covering a wide range of subjects of pre ent day importance to fruit growers. I might say
that last year, when the question was raised as to meeting South, the question of the time came up. We had to arrange the time in accordance with the convenience of OUf hosts, The Florida Horticultural Society and the Tampa Board of Trade, and we put it ten days later than originally intended. I hope, ,however, that this present arrangement will result in a large attendance on the part of your Society.
The morning session was then adjourned, the Society to reconvene promptly at 2 :30 p. m.

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AFTER OON SESSION.
The afternoon session was called 'to order at 2 :30, and the paper on the subject "Beautifying Home Surroundings" by Mr. P. J. Hjort, of Thomasville, was called for.
Mr. Hjort's son responded in his father's absence, and read his paper for him, as follows:
BEAUTIFYING RURAL HOME SURROUNDINGS.
In taking up the question of beautifying rural home surroundings, one would naturally infer that what is meant is the making of a flower garden, planting shade trees, etc. The last half, so far as it goes, is correct. The first half does not exactly express the idea. In making a flower garden it is natural to suppose, that one would proceed to select a suitable spot, which will answer the purpose as regards location, soil, exposure and drainage. In beautifying home grounds, we are usually deprived of the advantage .of selecting the location, and find ourselves confronted by conditions often adverse to the object. We have to deal with conditions as we find them, and if possible turn the obstacles into advantages. Incidental mention may be made of an unsightly sink hole on a nearby private estate, which was skillfully turned into a beautiful flight of terraces, and which is now one of the show places of the vicinity.
OBJECTS TO BE ATTAINED.
The main objects to be attained are the screening of unsightly buildings and other objectionable features, providing the proper roads and paths, in a manner to obtain a maximum of convenience, and at the same time making the least possible display of bare dirt. The making of the ornamental parts of the grounds comes much easier after these preliminaries have been attended to.
SCREENING.
Outbuildings are always more or less unsightly, unless dwarfed by planting something in front of them. Even if the trees set in front are only a fraction of the height of the building, they soften the outline, and produce a far different effect. For this purpose the various conifers are most suitable. The idea can be easily demonstrated, if one will only compare the looks of a place, where these details have been attended to, with one where planting for ornament has been n.eglected, and the latter class is, unfortunately, in the majority.
In planting of shrubs near a residence, one may plant for both openness and seclusion, by arranging the shrubs in such a manner that passers-by may see very little that transpires within, while those inside can see all the traffic on the outside. This requires some skill in arranging, but it is weD worth the trouble.

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ROAD MAKING AND GRADING.
In making a drive, one should be careful to avoid ungraceful lines. A IItraight road will answer in many cases, and can often be made to convey an idea of a much greater distance than there really is, especially if lined with plants of a low growth, and with gray or bluish foliage.
A curved road where it matches the SUTTounding landscape is very pretty, provided it is true, but a curve that is not true is always an eyelore. Besides laying a curve off geometrically it is also necessary to look at it from various view points, as it sometimes needs some changes before it looks right. The road beds should be rounded some in the middle, leaving a gutter on each side, the depth of which will vary with the drainage necessary for carrying off the surplus water.
Where the general contour of the ground is on a level, all small irregularities in the surface should be graded before planting, as it is difficult to do this afterwards, without injury.
Where the land is hilly, sometimes terraces come in handy, if properly arranged, and the possibilities of beautifying are really greater on hilly land than on that which is level. It should always be borne in mind, however, that the terraces must be absolutely level; otherwise they are likely to prove troublesome, as they will wash during a rain. It is also advisable to plant a low hedge on the crest of a terrace, where conditions allow it, as they help to keep the soil in place.
NATURAL LANDSCAPES.
Natural landscapes possess all the essential features sought by the landscape gardener. One can learn many a lesson by studying the arrangement of low growing shrubs in front of a piece of woodland. This leads 111 to see the advantage in planting objects of a lower growth in front of taller trees or shrubs.
The masses of trees, the single specimens, the flower beds, the wide expanse of green grass, even the low border defining the path made by man or beast, all the features are found in the wild landscape. Some features thus tound are well worth imitating.
RULES.
There are certain rules laid do'lrn for laying out grounds, but the rules ot different authorities vary so much that it is pretty much a matter of individual taste bow the grounds are 'Planned. On a few points the au~orities agree, for instance, that the shortest distance between any two liven points is a straight line. That it is not in good taste to dot your Ihrnbs all over the grass, because it makes the lawn look smaller, and the pel'Bpective is lost. That it is not advisable to mix evergreens and decidu~ plants in the same cluster, because the evergreens will look bare in the 1finter, where they have been in contact with the others.
HEDGES.
One idea, which seems to be universal among modern landscape men is, that hedges have no place in the landscape. Still, there are very few of the IlOaessors of beautiful hedges who would willingly abandon them simply

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because they are not fashionable. A hedge is nearly always appropriate 88 a means of defining the boundary between the 110wer garden, near the residence, and the outlying grounds, which should be planned to some extent in conformity to nature, and therefore do not readily absorb the arti ficial garden near the residence as an integral part. In planning a hedge, it is well before choosing the material to study the conditions of the locality, as well as the purpose. There are various plants that make good hedges, the most co=only used here being Amoor privet. This answers admirably for a hedge anywhere from six inches to ten feet in height, and will make a hedge in less time than any other plant known. Where the white l1y is plentiful, it may be best, however, to use something else. Some of the privets are more resistant than the Amoor. If the soil is heavy clay, a low hedge can be made of boxwood and a taller one of arbor vitlll, especially the co=on Chinese. Many of the 110wering shrubs also make good hedges, especially Spirea Thunbergii and Cydonia Japoniea.
FLoWER BORDERS.
The 110wer border is always appropriate where a walk can be arranged parallel with a line of shrubbery, and may be made into a catch all for quite a collection of things that the owner may take a fancy to. The 110wer border can be made to bloom nearly the whole year by properly selecting the material for it. Hardy herbaceous stuff is not nsed here to the same extent to which it is planted at the North, but this is because we are beginners here, at least in a manner. It will, perhaps, be a surprise to some of those present here to know, that nearly half of the species of herbaceoUi plants sold in this country are indigenous to the Southern States. Many of these are capable of further improvement.
The greater part of the annual plants, which are available for borders, are all but unknown here, but are gradually coming into use.
Cannas, Dahlias, etc., might properly be classed as hardy herbaceou8 stuff here, as they can be safely left in the ground during the winter, and form excellent border plants, which need to be transplanted only when they become crowded. This applies also to certain Holland bulbs, especially Narcissus of the Polyanthus class, and the jonquils. Hyacinths nsually deteriorate in a couple of years, and so do the daffodils. Tulips are not generally successful here, but the late May 110wering kinds will thrive under certain conditions.
Many 110wering shrubs of a low-growing character are appropriate for borders. Among these the Azalea comes first, and is largely used for this purpose in places around Thomasville, especially the last few years. They are used by the acre, where they """ere formerly nsed by the dozen. The evergreen Indian Azalea is the most useful here, as the deciduous kinds are not entirely successful with us. We have, however, repeatedly used Azalea mollis as a bedding plant, with the understanding that we would throw them away after the blooming season, as they are low priced and very effective. A border may be appropriately lined with Santolina chamaecy parisS'Us, which with its gray leaves, gives an idea of distance, especially to a straight border.

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SHRUBBERY.
In this class there is such a bewildering mass of material available for beautifying grounds here, that a list would be tedious, and as lists of the better known ones have been so often given, we will only mention a few of the less known kinds of real merit.
Among the coniferous class of trees and shrubs one of the very best is the Cunninghamia sinensis, which forms an excellent single specimen on a lawn, and takes the place of the araucaria, which does not succeed with us. Of the Cupressus lawsoniana there llJ'e numerous garden forms, compara tively little known in this country, although well known in Europe, where they are much admired. Almost all of these cypresses do well with us.
In broad leaved evergreens the Ternstroemia japonica deserves to be mentioned, as it forms a beautiful compact shrub, and does finely with us, but is, so far, the only Phillyrea that has proven successful.
JAPANESE PLANTS.
It is a well known fact that a large proportion of our ornamentals come from Japan. It is not so well known, perhaps, that the Japanese species of the same class are of a lower and more compact growth than the American species. This fact is well worth considering when making a selection for any special purpose. For instance, you would choose the Cercis canadensis, or American Judas tree, for a distant effect, or where a tall tree is required, but the Cercis chinensis for a near-by point,w here a lower, more compact tree is requiJ'ed.
The Japanese wistarias are better suited to this locality than the Ameri can kinds.
VINES.
Where nothing else will answer the purpose, a good effect can be had with vines and climbers, as they will climb poles, trellises, chimneys, wires, fences, or anything, or crawl on the ground. Of course, they are not all adapted to the same purpose, the wistaria looks best overhead, with the 1l0wers banging down, while the vinca, or ground myrtle, bugs the ground, with its flowllrs erect. The native yellow jessamine will do either way, going or coming.
In conclusinn allow me to say that no amount of improvement will bll llUecessful, unless the work is kept up afterwards.
With proper attention the grounds once beautified will increase in attractiveness as the years pass, and prove a constant source of pleasure.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: The next paper on the program is an address by Mr. E. L. Worsham, State Ento-' mologist.
MR. LEWIS: Mr. Worsham, as you know, left last night, and the article that Mr. Worsham was to read lVas on "Spraying Apparatus for Scale Insects." It 8truck me that, as there are not many, a.nd as those who

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are here know all about spraying apparatus, that it might be well to read the title of the paper, and pass it to the Secretary to be embraced in the proceedings. Later on, upon the opening of the question box, I might make a little talk on blight.
SPRAYING APPARATUS FOR SCALE INSECTS.
By E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist of Georgia.
The title of this paper designates a consideration of spraying apparatUli and accessories particularly with reference to their use in controlling Coccidre. Generally speaking, any good modern pump is equally well adapted to spraying both fungicides and insecticides. In certain respects, however, which are primarily concerned with the physical nature of the spray material, the efficiency of the various types of spray pumps is somewhat variable. The reason for this variation is hereinafter discussed more fully under the head of pump construction. There is spraying apparatus of all kinds and sizes, and the selection of an outfit is, therefore, based on its service requirements. Beginning with the smallest of all, the bucket pumps whicb may be had for a few dollars, the sizes and costs will increase on a more or less graduated scale up to the 200 gallon power pumps which cost several hundred dollars.
Strong competition in the spray machinery business is responsible for the rapid improvement in the construction of pumps and accessories. It is now possible for the purchaser to obtain good, durable and efficient pumps from a number of manufacturers and at a cost entirely commensurate with their value. Individual operators have a large field in which to exercise their choice, though such choice would necessarily be founded more upon some peculiar mechanical device than upon cost.
BUCKET AND KNAPSACK PUMPS.
These two styles are grouped together because their field of usefulness is so limited. With sufficiently long leads of hose they may be used on small orchard trees, but they are designed ane! built ostensibly for use in spraying green house plants and shrubs. Their relatively small cost places them easily within the reach of all who have ornamental plants to protect, both indoors and out, from scale insects, and in this field they make valuable acquisitions to the garden, the green house, and in the growing of small ornamental plants.
The bucket pump as a rule is constructed so as to extend into the bucket, to which it is attached by a clamp; a foot piece extends to the ground and by placing the foot upon this, the pump is held in position while it is being worked. The cost varies from five to ten dollars.
The Knapsack pump, being more portable and somewhat larger, is a more desirable contrivance for use in the sphere above assigned to the bucket pump. It is attached to the back after the fashion of a knapsack, and is worked by a lever extending over the operator's shoulder. The

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details of construction vary between the di.fl'erent manufacturers, but the general plan is much the same in all. They are of five gallon capacity, and are fitted with 3- inch hose, to which any style nozzle may be fitted. The tanks are made of brass or galvanized iron, and the prices are governed by the metal used in their make up. The listed prices vary from ten to eighteen dollars.
BARREL PUMPS.
Barrel pumps, as the name denotes, are pumps intended for mounting in barrels, and their size, cheapness, and general efficiency for spraying on both large and small scale renders them, perhaps, the most important type of spray pump. When fitted out with good accessories, they are capable of spraying the largest fruit trees under ordinary conditions and by far the larger part of all orchard spraying is done with pumps of this class. Practically the same principals are incorporated in the manufacture of the different makes, though the details of construction vary greatly. It may be well in discussing this pump to consider what the essentials of a good pump are.
To begin with it is necessary to have an air chamber to insure a steady, consistent spray, otherwise the spray would be intermittent and pulsating. This air chamber part may be either separated from the working parts of the pump or combined with them. In some styles it is on top of the barrel, but in the more satisfactory types it is within, and in the latter the stability of the pump is greater. A large air chamber on the top of the barrel renders it top heavy, and this top heaviness is likely to become responsible for accidents in spraying on rough land.
One feature of the barrel pump that is yet far from perfection is the agitator. In most forms the paddle agitator is used, but these, while they are all that could be desired for spraying materials free from solid matter, will not and cannot keep sprays such as the home-made lime and sulphur thorougWy mixed. The tips of the paddles describe an arc of about 45 degrees and work so slowly that the lime quickly settles to the bottom with the result that the first part of the material as it comes from the barrel carries much more free lime than the last, which has but little.
The question of the agitator for barrel pumps is an important one and one that has not heretofore been solved. It is only in gas power sprays that this feature is perfected. However, for the materials now being used against scale insects which are uniform in composition, and carry no solids, an agitator is wholly unnecessary.
The working parts of a pump, namely, the valves, valve seats, plunger and cylinder, should be made of metal resistant to the corrosive action of. the spray material. These are usually of brass, bronze, or porcelain substances, not corroded by the action of the liquid.
A pump should be compactly built with all the working parts closely fitted so as to prevent leakage and attendant loss of power. All parts should be easily removable for cleaning purposes and to make repa.irs. Much trouble may be avoided by using only the best packing for the plunger. The sta.ndard asbestos is far superior to leather or cord, being

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more resistant to the caustic action of the spray and in every way more durable and satisfactory.
The spray pump market supplies a large number of different makes of barrel pumps. Those best known to the author are the "Deming," manu factured at Salem, Ohio; the" Friend," manufactured at Carport, N. Y.; the" Gould, " at Seneca Falls, N. Y.; the" Bean," at Cleveland, Ohio, and the "Hardie," at Hudson, Mich. The last has the pump mounted in the side of the barrel instead of the top, and this feature makes it particularly adaptable for spraying on rough steep hillsides. By building a framework to the front trucks of a wagon and attaching the barrel thereto, the pump may be operated by the driver from the ground. The frame work being a continuation of the shafts, gives the barrel an angle which brings the pump handle to a position from which it can easily be worked by the driver. The pump "When so arranged is especially valuable for use on land not really accessible to a wagon.
AJJy of the above named are good, reliable makes, and with proper care will last indefinitely. They are sufficiently powerful to generate and consist ently maintain pressure for the two leads of hose carrying a total of four nozzles.
HORIZONTAL PUMPS.
This type of pump is designed for spraying on an extensive scale. It is larger and more powerful than the barrel pumps, and is capable of supplying four leads of hose. The air chamber is of greater capacity and therefore capable of storing more air pressure than the smaller types. The plungers are usually differential and thus an equal pressure is exerted on both strokes, making the pumps double acting. With these, as with the barrel pumps, the principal of construction is practically the same. There are many differences in detail, and it is in the details that each manufacturer claims superiority over his competitor.
Horizontal pumps are intended for attaching to wagon tanks of from 100 to 200 gallons capacity. They may also be bolted to a heavy lead and operated in connection with an ordinary fifty gallon barrel. Primarily, however, they are designed for tanks and for heavy work on a large scale.
This style of pump may be, and usually is, operated by hand, but they are also usually fitted up with a pitman or similar device for connecting to a gas engine. The Bean Pump Co., manufacture a pump of this kind that includes a heavy coil spring for equalizing the efforts necessary to operate the pump handle. On one strike energy is stored into the spring by the pull against its resistance and the resultant compression, and in the return stroke the stored energy contained in the compressed spring is ,released and the expansion 'helps the operator in forcing the liquid into the air chamber against guage pressure.
The working parts of the horizontal pumps are not immersed in the spray material as is the case with most pumps of smaller size. The air chamber is connected to the material supply by a piece of heavy rubber piping, and is filled by suction. Repairs are much easier effected than with b&rrel pumps, which have to be removed from the barrels, sometimes wheJl

99
the latter a,re full of spray material, before the seat of the trouble can be reached.
The cost of the horizontal pump ranges from twenty-five to fifty dollars. Nearly all the pump manufacturers have their cheaper and their better grades with an accompanying price list to match.
POWER PUMPs.
Power pumps are of two kinds, (1) gasolene and (2) compressed air or compressed gas. With these machines it is possible to maintain the air pressure at a higher and more constant figure than with hand motive power. The maximum degree of successful spraying against scale insects is obtained only when the spray is driven onto them in a finely divided state and with force. The greater the force the greater the efficiency of the work, all other conditions being equal. Power outfits meet this essential requirement better than those operated by hand for the reason that they can maintain a higher pressure and hold it practically constant. For general efficiency and labor saving they are superior to other types, especially in large commercial orchards, parks, etc.
GASOLENE POWER PUMPS.
All the leading power pump manufacturers turn out regular power pump outfits, and they are giving general satisfaction, wherever used. The origiDal purchase price is, of course, much higher than for hand pumps, but thereafter they may be operated at a smaller cost and the additional cost in the beginning represents economy in the end.
Power pumps can constantly maintain high pressure for four leads of hose and have a capacity of two hundred gallons per hour. Their greater weight makes them ineligible for use on land of a rough or hilly nature, but on flat land they are the most efficient and most rapid sprayers on the market, their value as time and money savers being more generally understood and appreciated than ever before. They are cheaper, too, than at any time in the past. A spraying outfit with gas engine, pump, lead, hose, etc., may be bought for sums varying from $135.00 to $300.00. The gasolene engines may be used for other farm purposes as well.
One feature of the gasolene outfits wherein they outclass any other type of pump is the matter of the agitator. By attaching the agitator to the engine the padcUes may be run at a rapid rate of speed and the spray material kept in a violent state of agitation. When home made lime and 8Ulphur or other materials carrying solid matter are used, this form of power pump is superior to any other.
CoMPRESSED Am PUMPS.
This class of pump is of two kinds, i. e., those that are air charged
at a fixed station, and those that compress the air into a cylinder by ;eans of an apparatus connected with the rear wheels of the spray wagon.
oth of these types are worthy of reco=endation under certain condi.
~ons. Where no part of the spray solution will settle out, as when miscible
?ila, prepared lime and sulphur, etc., are used, and no agitation thereof
18 necessary, pumps that are air charged at the renewal station are highly

100
efficient. Pumps that depend on the automatic compression of the air from the turning of the wagon wheels are efficient only when the trees are small and can be rapidly sprayed. They are failures among large trees that require some minutes to spray before an advance is made. Neither of these types have adequate agitation equipment, and other means must be employed wherever necessary to keep the material well mixed.
CARBONIC ACID GAS PUMPS.
The working principles of carbonic acid gas pumps is almost identically like the compressed air type, except that the cylinder is charged with carbonic acid gas instead of air. It is an efficient, serviceable pump, but with respect to the agitator it is equally as inefficient as the compressed air pumps.
SPRAYING ACCESSORIES.
No pump, no matter how capable, will give service without the complementary support of good spraying auxiliaries of the best quality and design. As much attention should be given to these as the pump itself. These accessories consist of hose, extension rod, stop cocks, and nozzles.
HOSE.
Nothing need be said of this save that it should be of the best quality and ample length.. As a matter of economy, it is cheaper to buy the best grade four ply goods. This will easily last a full season or longer with proper care. Cheaper grades are quick to leak and are generally unsatisfactory. The better grades of hose cannot be bought for less than fifteen cents per foot.
EXTENSION RODS.
No spraying outfit is complete without an extension rod. It is an indispensable adjunct in reaching to all parts of the trees, expediting the work and improving the quality of the spraying. Besides the advantages, it is a protection to the operator, enabling him to evade a wetting from the spray mists as it is blown or drifted about. Rods are usually made of 1-4 inch piping and are cut to any desired length based upon the requirements. Bamboo rods are also used for the same purpose. Piping may be cut in short lengths and lengthened or shortened at will to suit the occasion, by means of couplings.
SToP CoCKS.
Stop cocks are very serviceable and almost imperatively necessary in large spraying operations. By <tutting off the flow they prevent waste in moving from tree to tree, and are invaluable to successful and economical spraying. There are only a few types, the best of which is the brass stop cock with stuffing box that may be tightened so as to prevent all leakage. This type has a cut off handle two inches long extending on just one side of the stuffing box and readily cut on or off by the thumb.
NOZZLES.
There are nozzles of all kinds and sizes and one must be governed by the requirements in each case. In spraying for scale insects it is of prime importance to use only nozzles throwing a finely divided spray. Maximum good results are obtained from nozzles insuring this important feature.

101
The be t type of nozzles u ed in Georgia are the Vermorel, Bean, Friend and Mistry, Jr. These may be attached to the rod singly, in couples, or sets of three or more. In the writer's opinion the best nozzle now on the market is what is called the Mistry, Jr.
The Bean Manufacturing Co., also makes similar nozzles. In this type the construction is exceedingly simple; they do not easily become obstructed. They are without the degorger common to the Vermorel type, and the objectionable feature occasioned by the catching of these prongs on the limbs, pulling off the fruit, etc., are eliminated. Their extreme slIDplicity, the ease with which they are cleaned, and the rapid and thorough work they insure puts them well at the head of the lists in the world of nozzles.
CHAIRMAN HUNT: Prof. Soule is absent with his "College on Wheels" to-day. So, as we cannot have his address, I think we had better open up that question box, and give Mr. Lewis an opportunity to give us some ideas about pear and apple blight.
MR. BERCKMANS: This morning in the course of the discussion in regard to pear blight, I suggested that the Department had been carrying on some very interesting experiments with pear blight in McDuffie county in Mr. West's orchard. I believe these experiments have been carried on for five or six years, and as Mr. Lewis has recently made a trip down there, and investigated it, I am sure he will be able to throw some light on this subject.
MR. LEWIS: I can state in a brief way what we have found out. I might say what we have learned from our experience. When I came here, as you may know, in 1905, Prof. Orton was working 'on Mr. Wight's place on pears. At the same time we started to work in Mr. We t's orchard at Thomson, 35 miles this side of Augusta. To make the work cover the State, we also took in one orchard at Calhoun, but we only worked in the orchard in North Georgia for one year, because the owner became so disgusted that he cut the whole thing down.
I believe that Mr. Wight spoke this morning some-

102
thing that we have proven conclusively, that is, that pruning, to be effective for blight, must be extended over a la'rge territory; in other words not only one man, but all in the section must prune; that's the ,secret of the whole thing. In Thomson we have an isolated orchard; there's not a pear tree within a mile of it, and we have been pruning that orchard to the best of our ability so far as the time would permit for five years, and we have not yet completely eradicated the blight, but we have reduced it to such an extent that you would hardly know it was the same orehard that it was five years ago, when we took hold of it.
When we took hold of that orchard, the trees were from 10 to 15 feet high, -and after we had pruned it, people coming along the road would say, "Why didn't you cut it down to the ground'" We had to do that in order to reform the trees, make them allover new as best we could, considering the condition they were in. Last year there was a fine pear crop on that orchard, but there was some blight, although not enough to do any great amount of damage.
We have been trying mainly to instruct the growers, so they can do their own pruning. We cannot go over the state, or even take three or four or a half dozen orchards, and prune systematically; so our main effort has been to instruct the grower, so he can prune his orchard in the proper way. The proper way to prune an orchard for pear blight is to go through in the winter, and cut out every bit of blight that you can find; do this any time in the winter, say whenever it eomes handy, being careful to use a disinfectant, such as corrosive sublimate, and remove as far as possible all blighted twigs, or all live or hold-over blight you can find at that

103
time. The blight wtinters over on the tree in spots-we call it live blight, or hold-over blight; sometimes it is in cankered form. You won't find this on little twigs, but on the large limbs and on the trunk. The trouble is with most people, they will go through to prune for blight and they will cut out all the little twigs they can easily see, and will leave this hold-over blight on the larger parts of the tree. To show you that's the case, over here in Thomson the man wrote me two weeks ago that he was now going through the orchard and pruning it. When I walked through I showed him three trees full of hold-over blight, two of which had to be cut down entirely in order to get rid of the blight on them, and the other tree had to have half of it taken away.
The looks of the bark will tell you when tlie blight is alive. It may start in on a little twig, or the end of a limb, and it will run on down the limb until it gets to a crotch, and then it will continue on down the larger limb, and you might cut off some of the larger limb and think you have it all, but, if you will cut the bark open further down, you will find that it is red and discolored, but not dead. That's the live hold-over blight. In the spring, When the sap begins to come up in the tree, it will break through the bark and the sap will ooze out of the tree, and insects come and get in that sap, thence to the bloom, and inoculate the bloom with blight.
So the idea is to remove all this blight that you can possibly get out in the winter, and then go over again in the spring just as late as you can before the blooms Open, and cut out what you find then. Y,ou may go through in the winter, when the tree is dormant, and you may think you have removed all the blight, and then go over again in the spring, and you will find discolored

104
spots that you didn't observe before. Those are the very ones that must be gotten out before the tree blooms.
In one case last week near Thomson we found a tree that had the most beautiful top of any tree in the orchard; there was not a sign of blight on the tree; every limb looked as pretty and dean as could be. But we looked right in the forks of the branches; and in there it was just literally filled with blight. It had started on a little fruit spur, run into that large limb, and run down to the trunk, which was as big around as a post; we cut that bark, and dear down to the ground it was discolored. That's what you have to consider, and that's why it has been such a great problem to get the growers to remove all the blight.
At the same time, we started at Smithville a fertilizer experiment to see what effect fertilizers would have on blight. We had a very complete test, and we carried it on until we killed so many trees that the grower didn't want us to continue longer, because the trees on which we used certain fertilizers nearly always died. I couldn't give you the formulas that we used, but we had seven different plats for the use of the seven different kinds of fertilizers. On some we had just acid alone, on one potash alone; then we combined the acid and potash together, and then again we used acid -and potash and nitrate of soda; and where we used nitrate of 'Soda, about the third year, the men had to go to cutting down trees.
Spraying has been used by some to control blight. You can't exterminate blight by spraying; you can't kill it; you can't control it, but if you will spray as late as possible in the spring, just before the blooms open, with lime and sulphur, home made, you will seal it up, as it were, so that the insects won't carry the blight so quickly to the bloom.

105
That's the sum and substance of what we have found out about blight. Be systematic and cut it out, and don't use much fertilizer, don't make your trees grow any more than you have to to make them set fruit.
There's an orchard near Augusta set in Bermuda grass that has borne fruit for the last five or six years, and had very little blight. I believe if it would be practicable, that it would be a good idea to put on a little fertilizer, just enough to make them grow, so that they would set fruit, and put them down in sod. That's the best way, I believe, to treat your orchard, because the orchard I mentioned is about as free of blight as any orchard I ever saw.
EX-GOVERNOR HOARD: You spoke of corrosive sublimate. How do you use iU
MB. LEWIS: Just use it 'as a disinfectant to put on the cut surface.
Gov. HOARD: How far below the disease do you cut off the limbs T
MR. LEWIS : Well, on some trees in six inches you can
remove all of it-and be sure you get all of it, of course without making too large a wound-but if it goes more than half way around the tree, take the axe to it, and <mop it down.
Gov. HOARD: What's y<our process when you do remove the barkT
MR. LEWIS: Disinfect with corrosive sublimate and paint it. We have trees over at Thomson, where we re-
'Dloved almost half of the tree, and I noticed the other day that they have all healed up and are in very good condition now, but in nearly every case, where we had to do
much surgical work on a tree, the blight would get in ~ sometime during the summer.

106
Gov. HOAlID: Does this blight prevail as much in strong limestone soils as it does in others Y
MR. LEWIS: Well, up here at Americus, and down south of there a few miles, they have what they call lime sinks, 'and still blight is very bad there.
COL. WADE: I lived in a limestone section of Virginia, and the trees there were all pretty nearly ruined with blight, but they have not had it since about 14 or 15 years ago.
COL. FORT: I planted out three 'orchards 23 years ago. I have it and I am satisfied that you can't get rid of the blight. I make a very fair return on my orchards, notwithstanding the hlight. I have one orchard set in Bermuda grass-that's one of my best orchardsand its on strong limestone land. You will have to find some new remedy for blight. I am satisfied it can't be controlled with Bordeaux mixture.
MRR. LEWIS: N early anybody can go in a pear orchard, and see these little twigs dead for six inches or even for a foot or two, and they cut all {)f those out, but they don't think of looking down on the trunk or on those
. large limbs, where it does not show so much, but just a
discoloration of the bark. That's where the live or holdover blight stays in the winter.
ow another thing I want to call attention to is this: when a limb is cut out, it should not be allowed to lay on the ground there ror two weeks before it is removed from the orchard. It ought to be burned just as soon as possible, so as to stop the infection.
PROF. McHATTON: Corrosive sublimate is hard on the tools, have you ever tried chloride of lime Y
MR. LEWIS: Lately I have begun to recommend formaldehyde, about a 4 per cent. solution.

107
PROF. McfuTTON: I am interested in this blight business from the work that we have been carrying on at the college. I believe one of the greatest ways we have of fighting blight is to start the young orchard right. The natural habit of the pear tree is to gl"!OW to a pyramid, and if we will prune out so as to make those trees grow away from the pyramid shape, we will have enough so that we can cut out those infected limbs, and still have enough to make a crop of pears. I am pruning the orchard now with open top.
COL. FORT: I can get returns from my orchards, notwithstanding the blight. It will pay me $100 an acre.
MR. LEWIS: It would seem almost impossible to control blight where your neighbor does not prune for blight. I think it will have to be carried on like it is in California, by counties and sections.
COL. FORT: We have got to learn something about it.
MR. LEWIS : We know enough about it, if we could put into operation all that we know.
MR. BLACK: Do you think it is dangerous to use cowpeas in your apple orchard for the improvement of the Boil!
MR. LEWIS: No, I don't think there would be any danger unless you had the ground so rich that it would make them grow very rapidly and sap it. Generally in
this section, I don't think they would need cowpeas. I think there is not much danger in Habersham and
Rabun counties, as the Nematode worm is not present in the soil.
That pruning system for the open head is one of the great secrets. I don't think though, that we can hope to SUccessfully control blight until the growers will co-oper-

108
ate with those who want to fight it, and make it a statewide movement.
COL. WADE (occupying the chair): The next paper was to have been presented by President ,soule, but as he is with the College -on Wheels, we cannot have that, and so far as the regular program of the Society is concerned, it is finished. We have now on hand the report of the Oommittee on Resolutions, place of meeting, and the election 'of officers.
MR. R. C. BERCKMANS: Mr. Chairman, I would suggest, in view of the fact that we want to get as many together as possible at our next annual meeting of our people interested in horticulture, agriculture and dairying, and probably those interested in conservation, that we consider the advisability of holding a joint session in Athens in January, of the dairymen, agriculturists and horticulturists, and conservationists, holding a two days session, and dividing each day into three parts, three sessions, and having the different organizations alternate in control of the different sessions. I offer this 'as a suggestion, and would like to hear it discussed. Probably it might be advisable for you to appoint a Committee to look into that matter. In fact, I will make that as a motion.
Prof. McHatton, in seconding this motion, spoke in its behalf, and at the conclusion lof his remarks, the Chairman asked:
"How would it suit you to have the newly elected officers of this Association to confer with the officers of these other Associations, and if it is satisfactory to them, leave the final arrangements fe:- ~ ;0int session to them'"

109
MR. BERCKMANS: That's good. I am willing to amend the motion I made to that effect.
The motion was then put to vote and carried. COL. WADE: Next we will have the report of the Committee on Fruits.
PROF. McfuTTON: We usually have a report of various displays that are on hand at our meetings. This year the display was not as extensive as it might have been in one sense of the word, but to a thinking man it is a very comprehensive display of what can be done in Georgia. We have displayed this year some oranges from Grady county, Georgia, and we had side by side with them some apples from Habersham county. I only call to mind now one state that can do that, and that's California, and that's over here on the other side. We have the extremes. This is a good orange. I ate one of them and this exhibit was one of eight 'Oranges in one cluster. These apples are a specially delightful fruit. These apples were raised at 1800 feet altitude, and these oranges practically at sea level. That brings the two extremes together. Think of the horticultural possibilities, gentlemen, that we have in this State. Why, it's not going to be long before Central Georgia will be raising oranges. They raise.fine apples out West and up North, but they never have raised any finer 'apples than we have in Georgia.
I would like also to mention the fact that we have at this meeting of the Society some flowers, which are, as far as I know, the prettiest flowers that we have had at any meeting for the past three or four years, and we are just passing into February. I mainly wanted to impress that one point Mr. Chairman, that here we have in this di play an example of the two extreme brought together

110
in one State, and there's only one other ,state that I know
of, that can do it, and that's several thousand miles from the markets that we serve. (Applause.)
COL. WADE: We will next hear from the Committee on Resolutions.
The following resolutions were offered by the Committee on Resolutions.
WHEREAS, on November 8, 1910, Prosper Julius Alphonso Berckmans died at Fruitlands, his home near Augusta, Ga.
This great mau was born in Belgium on the 13th of October, 1830. In 1850 he came to the United States; adopted this country and became a cItizen in 1854. In 1859 he established the Fruitland urseries, the greatest in the South, and from that time on became a prominent figure in the horticulture of this section, as well as in that of the United States; and,
WHEREAS: Recognizing his worth several of the French Societies made him a corresponding member. He was also a corresponding member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, an honorary member of the Florida Horticultural Society, the Nebraska Horticultural Society, and the Alabama Horticultural Society, President of the American Pomological Society for ten years, resigning in 1897, and President of the Georgia Horticultural Society from its birth in 1876 until the present time.
To him the United States owes the introduction of numerous plants of commercial importance, as well as that of many of decorative value.
THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, By the Georgia Horticultural Society in session assembled at Thomasville, on the 7th and 8th of February, 1911:
That the death of their President, Prosper Julius Alphonso Berckmans, was a great loss to this Society. We mourn his death.
We knew him to be a constructor of Southern prosperity; We recognized in him an authority on all subjects pertaining to horti cultUTe; We esteemed him as a true friend, a scholar and a gentleman; The State of Georgia has lost a constructive and exemplary citizen; the horticultural interests of the United States have suffered an irreparable loss; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the Society extend their sympathy to the members of the bereaved family, and that a copy of these resolutions be sent to Mrs. Berckmans and other members of the family, as well a8 spread upon the minutes of the Society. RESOLVED: That inasmuch as we, as horticulturists, are constantly sending and receiving samples of plants, fruits and small trees, by Ex press at large expense; therefore, we heartily recommend the extension of the parcels post system throughout this country. RESOLVED: That we urge and insist upon the strengthening of our laWS, protecting the orchardists from the ravages of diseases caught from trees

111
DOW being shipped throughout the State, by careless or unscrupulous tree peddlers or nurserymen or the neglect of our neighbors.
RESOLVED: That we continue our efforts until we get our just demands of a minimum car of 18,000 lbs.
RESOLVED: That we send a copy of these Resolutions to our Representatives, Senators in Congress and Members of the Legislature.
We desire to express our appreciation and thanks to the good people of Thomasville, for the kindness and hospitality shown us during our stay in the City.
We also desire to express our thanks and appreciation of the beautiful 1lowers furnished by the ladies in decorating the room during our Bessions.
The report of the Oommittee on Resolutions was adopted as a whole, after each and every resolution had been adopted separately as read.
Upon the call, by the Chair, for the nomination of officers, the following gentlemen were elected officers of the Society for the ensuing year by rising vote:
Mr. Robert C. Berckmans, of Augusta, President. Mr. B. W. Hunt, of Eatonton, Vice-President. Mr. J. B. Wight, of Cairo, Secretary. Dr. T. H. MeHatton, of Athens, Treasurer.
The gavel was then presented to Mr. R. C. Berckmans, the newly elected President, who stated:
"Gentlemen, Oo-laborers and Friends of the Georgia
Horticultural Society: Words fail me to express to you
my deep gratitude for this high position, in which you have placed me. Not only do I thank you for the honor, but I express to you my deep appreciation of your kindness in placing me in this position to succeed my honored father who has been your leader since your organization.
All I ask you to do is to stand by me, and put your shoulder to the wheel, 'and let's make this one of the greatest organizations in the entire South, and we can make it one of the greatest in the entire land if we conduct it not only on a business basis, hut on'a scientific

112

basis, -and it rests with you to assist me in bringing about

a development of this great industry.

I thank you very much for your kindness, and the

trust w~ch you have reposed in me. (Applause).

,SECRETARY WIGHT: In addition to our list of regu-

lar members, Mr. President, we have a list of honorary

members, and a very honorable list it is and from time

to time we add to this list such men as have distinguished

themselves. along the lines that we are working on. I

think a distinct addition to this list would be the name

of Ex-Governor Hoard, of Wisconsin, and I therefore

propose his name for honorary membership.

This motion was seconded by Col. 1. C. Wade, of Cor-

nelia, and was carried by rising vote.

At.

Ex-Governor Hoard expressed his deep appreciation

of this action on the part of the Society.

PROF. -McHATTON: I move that the appointment of

the District Vice-Presidents be left with the President.

This motion was seconded and carried.

On motion the meeting was then adjourned.

Statement of L. A. Berckmans, Treasurer,

Georgia State Horticultural Society, from January 31st, 1910,

to January 1st, 1911.

RECEIPTS.

To balance brought over from 1909

$161. 26

Annual dues from members...................... 72.00 $233.26

EXPENDITURES.

January 10, '10. Freight on proceedings.......... ..$ .25

January 12, '10. Postage

3.94

January 22, '10. Ribbons for badges from J. B. White Co 3.70

January 26, '10. L. A. Berckmans (expense to Sparta) .. 5.06

January 31, '10. C. J. Skinner (for reporting)

37.81

February 9, '10. Augusta: Chronicle (for printing)

18.00

Febmary 22, '10. Postage

3.00

Sept. 19, '10. Freight on proceedings.............. .25

72.01

Balance on hand January 1, 1911

.

$161.25

Georgia State Board of Etltomology
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN o. 36

JULY 1912 I
1
I

CONTROL OF ARMY WORM
AD
COTTO CATERPILLAR

By E. L. WORSHAM

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGA ZATIO . J. J. CONNOR,
Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta. Ex-Officio Member.
R. C. BERCKMANS, President of State Horticultural Society, Augusta.
Ex-Officio Member. JNO. W. L. BROWN, President of State Agricultural Society, Carter ville.
Ex-Officio Member. E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Field Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
C. S. SPOO ER, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
Jo. CHESTER BRADLEY, Special Assi tant Entomologist.
G. R. CASEY, Deputy In pectol'. !I.Iarietta.

scription, Difference and Method~ of Combating the Cotton Caterpillar and the Army Worm
THE COTTON CATERPILLAR
(Alabama Argillacea.) Last year's experience with the cotton caterpiIlar and this year's depredation of army worm have led to no little confusion of the two by farmers. It is anticipated t the cotton caterpillar will be present again this season and to forestall further usion this bulletin is published. The adult moth of the caterpillar, Fig. 1, a and b, is light brown in color with a

a'
Fig. 1.

Moths of Cotton CaterpiIlar. (Riley.)

expanse of one and a quarter inches. Its outline when at rest is that of a triangle.

front wings are marked with a bluish discal spot and two white dots in the centre

d near the front margin. In addition several wavy transverse lines extend across

front pair of wings.



4

The eggs of the cotton caterpillar are deposite'd singly on the ~otton leaves and ~hitish in color. When seen through a magnifying glass they appear ridged

gltudinally. Several hundred eggs are deposited by each female. The period of

bation in warm weather is usually three or four days.

Th~ young caterpillars on hatching are a pale yellowish color, but soon change to 1fee1l1sh color. They feed voraciously and in two or three weeks attaill their nor~al
wth, measuring an inch and a quarter or more, in length. Fig. 2, a and b, tWIce
.1 size, gives in general the appearance of the caterpillar. The ground color is DIsh with two narrow black stripes along the centre of its back. Also, con-

~ - 1-1 - - - - - I
Fig. 2. The Cotton Caterpillar. (Riley.) 3

spicuous to the eye, are rows of black piliferous spots both on the 'dorsal and la sides of the larva.

The caterpillar on attaining its growth enters the pupal stage. The eoCOOll usually found in folded cotton leaves or attached by silken threads to some part of. plant. The duration of the cocoon stage may be less than a week in summer told the life cycle of the moth is complete in three or four weeks. Some five ~r broods occur during a season.
Manner of Feeding.

The cotton caterpillar confines its feeding to the leaves and tender growth of
cotton plant. It is usually found first on thrifty stalks in damp spots in the fteIIL
Its habit of feeding by "ragging" on the foliage is very noticeable.

Control of Cotton Caterpillar.

Both army worms and cotton caterpillars are consumed in large quantities birds, and in some instances by domestic fowls. Where practical it is wise to
chickens" guineas, turkeys and ducks go into infested fields and feed on the wo It is also true that other insects, both predaceous and parasitic forms destroy a many worms, but during the present season the parasites have done very little good in holding the army worm in check. We cannot rely entirely on natural enemies.

The best remedy for cotton caterpillar is powdered arsenate of lead. It sho be applied by dusting on the plants. A good dusting outfit can be made as follows:

Take a one-inch board, 1% feet longer than width of rows and 3 inches wide, bo
ri_ an inch and a half auger hole five inches from each end, and attach under each
a sack five inches wide br about fifteen inches long. These sacks can be made unstarched sheeting runmng about four pounds to the yard or eight ounce due1dJtl,. By applying in this way one person can dust fifteen to twenty acres per day by
on horseback and dusting as he passes between the rows. It should be used on average of three pounds per acre, or one pound for each foot in height of cotton. dilution is necessary. It is probable that one application will be sufficient to pro the crop during the season, but in view of the fact that there is a new brood every
or three weeks, and considering the additional growth of cotton, it will be best t
every grower to be prepared to make an application of poison with each brood caterpillars. In order to be able to estimate the exact amount, it will be well to a balance or scale for weighing dusting outfit. Weigh when you begin dusting,
again when one-fourth or one-half acre is covered.

If powdered arsenate of lead cannot possibly be obtained Paris green can used at the rate of one pound of Paris green to two pounds of flour and dusted in case of arsenate of lead. If growers have a supply of Paris green it would be to save it until the latter part of season when cotton has finished fruiting.

When to Apply Poison.

Every cotton grower should be on the alert to watch the first specimens of motlll or caterpillars. The moths can be seen around the lights at night, and every should be able to identify them from the cuts in this circular. Watch for the caterpillars, and the first raggin~ of leaves of cotton, and apply the poison atst:Dt/Io The first worms usually appear In spots over fields. A careful investigation ~ be made each day to see whether or not they have begun their work. Every eo grower should make his dusting outfits and have them ready. Have at least twdo oatl-
nra- fits for each person dusting. Every dollar spent on poisoning caterpillars u
August and early September will save from ten to one hundred dollars ~oss. cotton crop is from three to six weeks later than last year, and it is really Impos~ to estimate the amount of damage done by these insects, even if they were to apy-
at the same time that they appeared last season.

Precaution About Use of Poison.

A stock.

gErve~art ymoanney

people knows

are that

afraid to arsenical

apply poison on account of possible .danger poisons are unsafe for people or ammal\

there is really no danger in applying it to crops if we are sufficiently caref~l. to

the supply of poison out of the way of children and stock. Do not allow It

4

IS

caterpillars to break out in southwest Georgia during the next three weeks. Let cotton grower be prepared. He should prepare his dusting outfit and have his
ready, or know where it can be obtained on short notice. Use powdered form ot
senate of lead and dust it on the leaves of cotton at the rate of three pounds per If arsenate of lead cannot be obtained then use Paris green at the rate of one per acre and dilute it with two pounds of flour. If it rains within twenty-four 0 treatment may have to be repeated. Paris green should not be used on young co as it will injure foliage and prevent setting of fruit. Do not use Paris green it can possibly obtain arsenate of lead.
When army worm is working in buds of corn or cane the best remedy is ars of lead in liquid form. Use powdered arsenate of lead at about three pounds to hundred gallons of water. If paste form of arsenate of lead, such as is used spraying peach curculio or the codling moth of apples, is employed, then mix at rate four or five pounds to one hundred gallons of water. (Add about two or three po of unslacked lime in either case to prevent burning.)
Where Poison for Army Worms or Cotton Caterpillars Can Be Obtained. Powdered arsenate of lead: Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md.; G Chemical Co., Birmingham, Ala.; Jno. B. Daniel Drug Co., Atlanta, Ga.; Lamar, Ta & Riley Drug Co., Macon, Ga.; Duke Bros, Fort Valley, Ga.; Durr Drug Co., M gomery, Ala.; Merrimac Chemical Co., Boston, Mass.; Mallary Mill Supply Co., Ga., Fort Valley Lumber Co., Fort Valley, Ga., Vreeland Chemical Co., Hudson minal Bldg., New York, and H. G. Hastings & Co., Atlanta, Ga. Paris green can be obtained from almost any local druggist.


- ".. )

Georgia

State Board of Entomolog)/

E. l. WOR HAM. State fntomologist

Bulletin o. 37

October, 1912

PART I. Crop Pest Law of Georgia and Regulations of State
Board of Entomology

PART II. Crop Pest Laws of Other States and Canada

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
J. J. CO ER, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
Ex-Officio Member. R. C. BERCKMANS, President, State Horticultural Society, Augusta. Ex-Officio Member. JOHN W. L. BROWN, President, State Agricultural Society, Cartersville. Ex-Officio Member.
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the BQard, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologi t, Atlanta.
C. S. SPOONER, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Special Assistant Entomologist.

PART I
THE CROP PEST LAW OF GEORGIA.
The following pages contain a correct copy of the crop pest law of Georgia, which is found in the Statutes of Georgia under the caption, "Horticulture and Pomology," though in reality the department is known officially a the State Board of Entomology. The Department of Horticulture and Pomology was first establi hed. as a branch of the Department of Agriculture, by an Act of the Legislature of Georgia, approved December 21, 1891, (General Laws 1897, No. 346, pages 180-183.) Under this Act of 1897 the Commissioner of Agriculture wa.s authorized to establish a special department of Horticulture and Pomology, and employ an Entomologist to act as inspector, whose salary and expenses were to be paid out of the appropriation of the Depart. ment of Agriculture, said salary and expenses not to exceed Twenty-Five Hundred Dolars ($2500.00) per annum.
In 1898 the Legislature passed an Act creating a State Board of Entomology, with a special appropriation of Twenty-Five Hundred Dollars ($2500.00) thereby making the Board of Entomology entirely distinct from the Department of Agriculture. (General Laws, 1898, No. 78, pages 269-273.) By this Act of 1898, the Commissioner of Agriculture, the President of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, and the President of the Georgia State Agricultural Society, were made, ex-officio, members of the State Board of Entomology, with the Commissioner of Agriculture a Chairman of the Board. No change has been made in this section of the law since 1898. (See Section 1, of following law.)
By an Act of the Legislature of 1900, approved Dec. 21, 1900, the appropriation for the State Board of Entomology was increased from Twenty-Five Hundred ( 2500.00) to Five Thousand Dollars ($5000.00) per ann.urn and the Board was authorized to employ such asSI tants and deputies as were deemed necessary for the pr?per execution of the provisions of this Act. Under thIS appropriation of Five Thousand Dollars ($5000.00) per annum the State Board of Entomology worked until 1904, When its increased duties, and the danger to the State of an invasion by the Mexican Cotton Boll 'Weevil,

required a larger appropriation by the State for the proper protection of her Horticultural and Agricultural interests.
The Legislature of 1904 amended the law of 1900 by giving to the State Board of Entomology the sum of Ten Thousand Dollars ($10000.00) per annum for two years -(1905 and 1906). (See Section 3, of following law) and further amended the Act by prescribing additional duties, such as the establishment of a quarantine against any articles from Texas and Louisiana liable to introduce the Mexican boll weevil, an investigation of the "black root" disease of cotton, and other cotton diseases, and attendance whenever possible, at Farmers' Institutes. (See General Laws, 1904, No. 620, pages 19-22.)
In 1905 by an an Act of the General Assembly, approved August 22, 1905, Section 17 of the Acts of 1904 (Act 1904, page 20) was amended by striking out all of the same and substituting therefor the section appearing in the following pages as Section 17. This change was made in order to allow the shipment of oats -and threshed grain from points in Texas and Louisiana, as
uch articles are not considered liable to introduce the Mexican boll weevil.
In 1908 the salary of State Entomologist was raised from $1500 to $2000, Act No. 401, 1908. In 1909 there was a special appropriation of $10,000 for 1909-1910 in addition to regular appropriation to be used on work on cotton diseases, etc. (General Laws, Act No. 202, 1909). A special appropriation of $15000, $5000 of which wa to become immediately available, was made in 1911 for the years 1912 and 1913. (General Laws, Act No. 248, Sec. 2, 1911). This Act increased salary of State Entomologist from $2000 to $3000 per annum, amends ec. 3 of Act approved Aug. 15, 1904, and authorizes the "employment of assistant entomoligsts whose compensation shall be fixed by the State Board of Entomology."
The following law compri es therefore all amendments to the original Act of 1898 establishing the State Board of Entomology, and represents Acts of the General Assembly of Georgia relative to this Board, approved Dec. 20, 1898; Dec. 21, 1900; Aug. 13, 1904; and Aug. 22, 1905; Aug., 1908; Aug., 1909; Aug., 1910, and Aug., 1911.
4

AN ACT

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia:

Organiza-

(Sections 1 and 2, approved December 20, 1898.)

tion of

Section 1. That from and after the passage of this Act, State Board

the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, of Entomol-

the President of the Georgia State Horticultural Society ogy. and the President of the Georgia State Agricultural So-

ciety shall, ex-officio, constitute a Board to be known as

the State Board of Entomology, of which the Commission-

er of Agriculture shall be chairman, which Board shall

have full power to enact such rules and regulations gov-

erning the inspection, certification, sale, transportation

and introduction of trees, shrubs, cuttings, buds, vines,

bulbs and roots, that they may deem necessary to prevent

the further introduction, increase and dissemination of

insect pests and plant diseases.

Sec. 2. That the State Entomologist appointed by the

Commissioner of Agriculture, under the provisions of the

Act cited above, approved December 21, 1897, shall act as

an inspector under the provisions of this Act, and it shall Offices of
be the duty of the said Board to promulgate rules and the Board. regulations in accordance with this Act for the govern-

ment of the aid Entomologist in the duties devolving

upon him in the execution of the provisions of this Act.

(Section 3, approved August 13, 1904.)

. Sec. 3. There is hereby appropriated out of any funds

In the State Treasury not otherwise appropriated, or so

much thereof as may be necessary, the sum of ten thou-

sand dollars per annum for two years, said sum to be used as follows: In the employment of an Entomologist, whose salary shall not exceed the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars per annum, in the employment of assistant

Appropriation-How expended

entomologi ts, whose compensation shall be fixed by the

tate Board of Entomology; in the payment of traveling expe.nse~, equipment and maintenance of a laboratory,

pubhcatlOn of bulletins, and other reports and for defray-

Ing all other expenses of the execution of the provisions of this Act.

1 ( ections 4 to 14, inclusive, approved December 20, 9 .)

Sec.~. The Entomologist shall have power under the

rel'nllabon of the Board of Control, to visit any section of the State where such pests are supposed to exist, and

Appeal

.hsharltl ~dyetoe~rmmiendeicwalhetrtheaertmaennyt

infested or shall

trees or plants are be destroyed. And

from decision of

. e s all Immediately report his findin~s in writing, giv- Entomolo-

:g rea ons therefor to the owner of the infested planta- gist-stay

J.::e'I.Ion, his agents or tenants, and a copy of each report of proceed

also be submitted to the said Board. In case of obbon to the findings of the Inspector, an appeal shall

Ings.

=~moadne
threelon

t~ the said Board, WItnesses and hear shall be final. An

who shall have the power to testimony on oath, and whose appeal must be taken within

i . hdays, and shall act as a stay of proceedings until

18 eard and decided.

5

Treatment a':d destruction of infested ~d trees or plants.

Sec. 5. Upon the findings of the Inspector in any case
of infested trees or plants the treatment prescribed by him shall be executed at once (unless an appeal is taken)
under his supervision; cost of material and labor shall be borne by the owner; Provided, however, that in case
the trees or plants shall be condemned, they shall be destroyed by the Inspector, and the expense of such action
shall be borne by the owner. No compensation shall be allowed for any plants that shall be destroyed.

Hearing before Judge or Ordinary
Unlawful to sell, or transport infested stock.

Sec. 6. In case any person or persons refuse to execute the directions of the Inspector or of the said Board after an appeal, the County Judge, or Ordinary shall, upon complaint filed by the Inspector or. any freeholder, cite the person or persons to appear before him within three day' notice after being served, and that the said Judge or Ordinary may hear and determine all these cases in vacation; and upon'satisfactory evidence, shall cause the prescribed treatment to be executed, and the expense thereof and costs of court hall be collected from the owner or owners of the infected plants.
Sec_ 7.. It shall be unlawful to offer for sale, sell, give away or transport plants, scions, buds, trees, shrubs, vines or other plants, tubers, roots, cuttings, bulbs, known to be infested with dangerously injurious insects or plant di eases. Any person or persons violating this section shall, upon conviction thereof, be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Authority of Entomologist to enter upon premises

Sec. 8. The said Board of Control, its agents or employees, are hereby empowered with authol'ity to enter upon any premises in discharge of the duties herein pre-
scribed. Any person or persons w.ho shall obstruct or hinder them or their agents in the discharge of these duties shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon con-
viction thereof, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Sec. 9. The Board shall have the power to also adopt

Power of rules and regulations, not inconsistent with the laws and

Board to Constitution of this State and the United States, for pre-

adopt Rules venting the introduction of dangerously injurious crop

and Regu- pests from without the State, and for the governing of

lations

common carriers in transporting plants liable to harbor

such pests to and from the State, and such regulations

shall have the force of laws.

Unlawful to ship trees without certificate-punishment

Sec. 10. It shall be unlawful for any grower, nurser:'man or corporation to ship within the State of GeorgIa
any trees, shrubs, cuttings, vines, bulbs, roots, without havinO' been previously inspected by either a State or Experimental Station Entomologist, or government officer, within twelve months of the date of said shipment, and
certificate of inspection to accompany each box or pa<:kage. Violation of this clause will be considered as a mIS-
demeanor, and punishable as such.

Board to designate insects and diseases

Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, that the members of the said Board, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum in the absence of the third, shall. within 30 days from the passage of this act, draw up and promulgate through the
press of the State the rules and regulations necessary t:o

that constI- carry into full and complete effect the provisions of thl:

tute Infea- Act, carefully defining what diseases or maladies, bot

tation

insect and fungus, shall constitute infestation in trees or

plahts within the meaning and purview hereof.

8

Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, that any person or per-
sons residing in the State of Georgia, dealing in or handling trees, etc., shall be compelled to have his or their stock inspected annually on or before the 1st of Novem- Nurseries ber of each year. If, upon such inspection such stock is to be Infound to conform to the requirements of the Board of spected Control, the Inspector shall furnish a certificate to that prior to effect. And any such person or persons making a ship- Nov. 1st. of
ment before the filing of such certificate with the chair- each year. man of the Board of Control, shall be guilty of a misde-
meanor.

Sec. 13. Each and every person residing in states or
countries outside of the State of Georgia dealing in or handling trees, plants, cuttings, vines, shrubs, bulbs and Shipment roots in this State" shall register his name or firm and of nursery file a copy of his or its certificate of inspection furnished stock from by the Entomologist, Fruit Inspector, or duly authorized without the government official of his State or Country, with the State
Chairman of the Board of Control. Upon failure so to do, said stock shall be liable to confiscation under order of the Inspector.

Sec. 14. When two reputable citizens of any county

in Georgia shall notify the Board, from belief, that noxious insects or plant diseases exist in their county, the said Inspector shall be directed to ascertain as speedily
as possible by personal investigation, and in such other manner a he may deem expedient, the extent of the

Services of Inspector'how secur. ed

infection, and shall act with all due diligence to suppress

and eradicate the said pests and give notice to the owner,

tenant or agent of such premises to treat such infested

plants according to the methods he may prescribe, or de-

stroy them within ten eays of such notice, and if after

the expiration of such period of ten days the infested plants have not been treated or the treatment has not been properly applied, or is not effectual in ridding plants

Cost of treatment-

of the pests, the Inspector shall cause such plants to be how collect-

properly treated or destroyed as in his judgment war- ed

rants. The cost of tbe work sball be covered by execution

from tbe owner of the premises.

(Sections 15 and 16, approved August 13, 1904.)

. Sec. 15. It shall be unlawful for any person to knowmgly bring into the State of Georgia any living Mexican boll 'Ye~viJ, or any cotton bolls, plants, squares, or seeds cont~umng the adult, pupal, larval, or egg state of said MeXIcan boll weevil, unless the person shall. immediately
Upon its discovery at once destroy the same or turn over
the .same to the State Entomologist. Violation of this
sectIOn shall be punished as provided by Section 1039 of
the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.

Unlawful to bring living Mexican Boll Weevil into State

Sec. 16. 0 cotton-seed, seed cotton, cotton-seed bulls

Srtacotton lint, in bales or lose, shall be brougbt into this te from any points in the States of Texas, Louisi- Quarantine

ana, Mis issippi, Arkansas, Oklahom2. and Alabama, on cotton ~h from. any point in any other state or country wherein products

atetaMche~XdIctahnerbeotoll

weevil is known to exist, without having in a prominent and conspicuous manner

from ties

localiwhere

a certIficate signed by a duly authorized state or govern- Mexican

fent entomologist, stating that such cotton-seed, seed cot- boll weevil

on. cotton-seed hulls or cotton lint w<'.s grown in, and exists

7

that the shipment of the same originated in a locality

where, by actual inspection by said official or his agent

the Mexican boll weevil was not found to exist. Any

steamship, railroad or express company, or any other

common carrier, or any firm, person or corporation bring-

ing into this State any of the articles above mentioned Certificate without the specified certificate attached, shall be deemed -how ob- guilty of a misdemeanor. In case any common carrier

tained

enumerated violates this section, then the general man-

ager of such common carrier or the captain of such of-

fending vessel shall be deemed guilty, and upon convic-

tion shall be punished as provided by section 1039 of the

Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.

(Section 17, approved August 22, 1905.)

Sec. 17. No corn in the shuck, or shipments of house-

Quarantine hold goods, furniture, machinery, glassware or supplies

against

of any description which arc packed or partially packed

other ar- in or with cotton lint, cotton-seed, seed cotton and cotton

ticles liable seed sacks, or corn in the shuck, shall be shipped into this

to introduce State ~rom points in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ar-

boll weevil kansas, Oklahoma or Alabama, or any other State or coun-

try in which the Mexician cotton boll weevil is known

to exist, without having attached thereto in a prominent

and conspicuous manner the certificate provided for in

section 16.

(Sections 18 to 23, inclusive, approved August 13, 1904.)

Sec. 18. Transportation companies shall immediately

"Transportation companies forbidden to accept uncertified shipments

notify the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when, by
oversight, negligence or otherwise, any shipment of the nature designated in sections 16 and 17, without a proper certificate attached, shall arrive at any station or wharf
in this State, and it shall be his duty to proceed as speedily as possible, by himself or assistant, to investigate such shipment. If, upon investigation, he finds the ship-
ment to be of the nature herein designated, he shall order

the same removed from this State. Upon failure of the

owner or shipper to remove same within forty-eight hours

after notice has been sent him by wire, said shipment

shall be seized and burned.

Sec. 19. The State Entomologist and his assistants

shall have authority to enter, during reasonable business

hours, any depot, warehouse, freight, wharf, transfer,

steamship or express office in this State, and shall be

Entomolo- allowed full access to all way-bills, books, invoices and

gist em- bills of lading therein when he or they may deem it neces-

powered to sary to determine the presence or record of any ship-

Inspect all ments of the nature designated in sections 16 and 17 of

shipments this Act. The State Entomologist and his assistants

from locali-. shall have authority to entel' at any time, for the purpose

ties where of inspecting shipments therein, or for determining the

boll weevil nature of shipments therein, any express car or steam-

exists

ship when same is in transit or lying at dock or depot

in charge of any employee or official of the compaJ?y

owning or operating same. Agents and employees of rail-

roads shall be required to open for inspection any car,

sealed or unsealed, at any siding, freight-yard or de~ot

in this State when so ordered by the State EntomologIst

or his assistants. Any person who shall refuse, to cOD?-

ply with the instructions of the State EntomologIst or hIS

assistants, as herein specified, or who shall offer any

8

hindrance, or shall obstruct the State Entomologist or
his assistants in the discharge of their duties as herein
specified, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.

Sec. 20. The State Entomologist, himself or assistants,

shall have power to enter during ordinary business hours Procedure

any premises, depot, warehouse, cotton-mill, oil-mill or if boll wee-

other building or place in this State where agricultural products are, or are supposed to be, for the purpose of

vil is di. covered i

inspecting and determining whether any boll weevils are there present. In case of finding any material therein in-
fested with the boll weevil he shall at once give instiuc-

any shipments

tions to the owner, agent or tenant thereof, to destroy,

fumigate or treat such infested material in such manner

as in his judgment he may deem best. But in the event

said material shall be ordered destroyed the owner shall

be compensated as now provided by law in cases where

property is condemned for public use. Failure of the

agent, owner or tenant to comply with said directions

(unless an appeal be taken as provided for in section 4 of

this Act), or the removal of said infested material, or any

part thereof, from the premises, shall be deemed a mis-

demeanor, and shall be punished as provided by section

1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.

Sec. 21. The State Entomologist, or one of his assist- Entomolo-

ants, is hereby required to attend the Farmers' Insti- gist to at-

tutes, and other State agricultural societies held in this tend Farm-

State for the purpose of delivering lectures on injurious ers Insti-

insects and plant diseases, for the purpose of disseminat- tutes, and

ing more fully the information obtained by his depart- agricultural

ment among the agricultural classes of the State, whenever it is possible for the State Entomologist or his as-

societies

sistants to attend such meetings.

Sec. 22. As the cotton interests of this State are men-

aced by the possible introduction of the boll weevil at

any time, and as the boll weevil may at present occur
within the State, and that immediate steps may be taken for its detection and extermination, if present, it is considered that an emergency exists, and the sum of two

Special ap-
propriation for 1904

~housand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any funds

In the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to become

immediately available for executing the provisions of this

Act for the period between the date of passage thereof

and January 1, 1905.

Sec. 23. It shall be the special duty of the State Entomologist to thoroughly investigate the cause of the diseases of the cotton plant known as "wilt" or "black root,"
and. other similar diseases, and make such experiments as In his judgment and discretion may be necessary to

"Wilt"
"black-
root" of cotton

or

find a remedy therefor to be furnished to the farmers of'

the State, and for other purposes. The money appropri-

att;d by this Act is hereby made immetliately available.

This Act shall take effect from and after its passage, and

ahll laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act are

ereby repealed.

(Section 24, approved December 20, 1898.)

Monthly

Sec. 24. It shall be the duty of the Inspector to make a and AnnuaE

monthly report of his work, both as Entomologist and In- Reports

9

spector, to the Board of Control as well as the expenditure under this Act, and said Board shall report annually to the Governor of the State. This Act shall take effect from and after its passage, and all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed.
10

Rules and Regulations
of the
Georgia State Board of Entomology

At the Annual Meeting of the Board held at Macon, Ga., Jan. 26th, 1906, the Rules and Regulations of the Board were amended to read as follows:
Rules and Regulations for the Government oJi the State Entomologist in the Enforcement of the Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia Providing for the Control and Eradication of the Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases which Threaten the Fruit and other Agricultural Industries of the State,. and for the Prevention of the further Introduction of Dangerously Ini.urious Crop Pests from Without the State.

In pursuance of an Act of the General Assembly of the
State of Georgia, approved December 21, 1897, and amended December 20, 1898 and December 21, 1900, and further amended August 13, 1904, and August 22, 1905, creating a Board of Entomology and authorizing and directing the same to take action for the suppression of certain hereinafter defined injurious insects and fungus d.iseases, .and for the prevention of the further introduc~10n, increase and dissemination of the same, the followmg rules and regulations are hereby enacted and promulgated:

1. In accordancet with section 11. of said Act, the following insects and' fungus diseases are hereby declared mdividually and severally, to constitute infestation in
trees and plants; this list to be revised at the will of the Board of Entomology:

The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pernicious.)

The ew Peach Scale (Diaspis pentagona.)

The Woolly Aphis of Apple (Schizoneura lanigera.)

Black Knot of Plum and Cherry (Plowrightia morbosa.)

The Crown Gall (Dendrophagus globosus.)

The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis.)

Rosette of Peach and Plum.

.

Yellows of Peach.

Pests and diseases
constituti ng infestation

2. The State Entomologist is hereby charged with the

enforcement of said Act, and as inspector is directed to Location of

locate by personal investigation, correspondence and in pests-di-

such other manner as he may deem bes"t, the above-named pests so far as they may exist in this State, and give proper directions and take such steps in accordance with the above-cited Act as he may deem necessary to control

rection for treating same

or eradicate the same.

th 3. In accordance with Section 5 of the above-cited Act,

e tate Entomologist is hereby endued with power' to

11

Power of Entomologist to destroy in-
fested plants, etc.

condemn and destroy any infested trees, shrubs or other plants that in his judgment are not worthy of remedial treatment, when such infestation is, or is likely to become,
a menace to the agricultural interests of any section of the State, or when the owner or owners of infested premises shall refuse or neglect to properly execute the treatment prescribed for him or them.

Stock liable to confiscation

4. Any trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known as nursery stock, shipped within the State of Georgia, without each box, bundle or package (in each car-load, or less than car-load) being plainly labeled with the official
Entomologist's certificate to the effect that the contents of same have been inspected and found to meet with the requirements of the Board of Entomology in accordance
with Section 10 of the Act cited above, shall be liable to confiscation upon the order of the inspector.

Certificates 5. No trees, shrubs or other plants commonly

-when

known as nursery stock shall be sold, delivered or given

required

away within the State of Georgia without being plainly labeled with the certificate of the St,ate Entomologist.

6. Persons or firms within the State of Georgia grow-

ing for sale trees, cuttings, shrubs, vines or other plants

commonly known as nursery stock shall make application

to the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.), for inspection

Nursery-

and certificate on or before July 1st of each year. Any person, corporation or firm failing to make application

men to ap- to have his or their stock inspected as aforesaid, after

ply for in- receipt of notice of this rule, shall not be permitted to

spection offer for sale in this State any of said stock not inspected;

before

provided, that such person, corporation or firm may make

July 1st. wl'itten application to the State Board of Entomology to

be relieved of his or their default and consequences, and

offering to pay any additional expense incurred by the

State and its officers by reason .of such failure. The

Board may upon 'a proper showing order an inspection of

said nursery.

Nurseries partially' infestedprocedure

7. In case some part of a nursery shall be found in-

fested with San Jose scale no certificate shall then be

granted; provided, however, that isolated blocks of nurs-

ery stock not infested may be considered as separate nurs-

eries, and a certificate may be g-ranted covering- such

nursery stock after. all stock in the infested blocks has

been destroyed.

.

8. Each and every box, bundle or package of tree ,

shrubs and other plants commonly known as nursery

stock, shipped in car-load lots or less than car-load lots

Official tag into the State of Georgia from any other state or coun~ry

of Board shall be plainly labeled with a certificate of inspectIOn and certfi- furnished by the Entomologist, fruit Inspector .or ot~eh

cate must duly authorized official in the state or country m whlc f

be attached said stock was grown, and also with the offic:al tag 0

to all shIp- the Georgia State Board of Entomology hereinafter pro-

ments from vided for; said tag to be valid only until July 1st followwithout the ing the date of certificate upon which it is based (~ee

State

Sections 9 and 13 of the Act cited above.) Such ship-

ments not so labeled shall be liable to confiscation upon

the order of the inspector.

9. Any person or persons residing in states or countries outside of the State of Georgia, dealing in or hand-

12

ling trees, shrubs or other plants in this State, or ship-
ping trees, shrubs or other plants therein, shall file with the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) a certified copy
(or signed duplicate of original) of the certificate issued by the Ento~ologist, fruit Inspector, or o~her 4uly a~ thorized offiCIal of the state or country In whIch saId
stock was grown. Such certificate for nurseries south
of the northern boundary line of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas must be based upon an inspection made not earlier than July 1st, and for nurseries north
of said line upon an inspection made not earlier than June 1st. Said person or persons shall also file with the
State Entomologist a signed statement in which said person or persons agree to fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas all stock shipped into the State of Georgia. Such fumigation shall be in a manner approved by the State
Entomologist. Upon receipt and approval of the certificate and statement above-mentioned, the certificate of
the Georgia State Board of Entomology will be issued to the applicant without charge, and official tags bearing
a fac-simile copy of such certficate and the seal of the State Board, will be furnished the applicant at cost of printing, viz.:

One hundred tags Two hundred tags
Three hundred tags Five hundred tags One thousand tage

__

$1.35

sent

60 cents postpaid 85 cents postpaid
$1.10 postpaid by express collect

Official tags how se cured

$2.00 sent by express collect

10. No transportation company or common carrier shall

deliver any box, bundle or package of trees, shrubs or

other plants commonly known as nursery stock, shipped Common

from any other state or country to any consignee at any
station in the State of Georgia, unless each box, bundle o! package is plainly labeled with a certificate of inspectIon furnished by the official Entomologist of the state or country in which said stock was grown, and also~ the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomorogy

carriers forbidden to deliver uncertified stock

her~inabove provided for. Such shipments of the nature

deSIgnated above originating in the State of Georgia,

need only have the certificate of the State Entomologist;

and unless his certificate is attached to each and every

box, bundle or package of trees, etc., they shall not be

accepted for transportation.

11. Transportation companies shall immediately notify the ~tate Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when by oversight, !leghgence or otherwise, any shipment of uncertified stock Duty of IS teceived at any station or wharf in the' State, and it Transporta shal~ be his duty to proceed as speedily as possible to in- tion Cos. vestIgate and dispose of such stock, as provided for in the Act cited above.

12. All trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known as nursery stock (with the exception of conifers and ~traw.berry plants) offered for sale, sold, or given away In thIS State shall be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid All nursery gas by the owner under the direction of the State Ento- stock must mologist. Each and every nurseryman within this State be fumigr~wing nursery stock for sale, shall construct and main- gated. ::In upon his premises an air-tight fumigating house or
x !l~d shall maintain such fumigatorium in first-class condItIon for fumigating nursery stock, between the 1st

13

of August of each year, and the 1st day of May follow-

Nurserymen reqUired to construct and maintain fumigating house
Inspection; of fumigating houses

ing. Said fumigating house or box shall be regulal'ly inspected by the State Entomologist or his assistant in connection with the inspection of nurseries, and the owner of
each nursery shall be required to demonstrate to the inspector that he has a practical working knowledge of fumigating methods. Upon failure of the fumigating house or box to pass a satisfactory inspection at the time
the nursery is inspected each year, no certificate shall be granted until such fumigatorium has been placed in condition for properly fumigating nursery stock. The ex-
penses of the inspector when making an inspection of such fumigating house after its repair or alteration, shall in all cases be paid by the nurseryman. Upon failure of any
nurseryman or dealer in nursery stock to comply with these requirements, certificate shall be withheld or cancelled.

13. Certificate tags of a standard size shall be secured through the State Entomologist, for attaching to all ship-

ments and deliveries of nursery stock within this State.

Official shipping tags

Such tags shall bear the printed seal of the State Board of Entomology and the fac-simile signature of the Entomologist, and shall be furnished to nurserymen holding proper certificates at the schedule of prices given in Regulation 9.

Fumigation of stock from other States

14. On and after January 1st, 1905, all nurserymen or dealers in nursery stock, selling nursery stock within this
State, shall be required to thoroughly fumigate, in accordance with the directions furnished them by the State Entomologist, all nursery stock which they may receive
from points without the State, before selling or delivering such stock within this State.

Guarantee that all stock Is
inspected

15. Upon the inspection of any nursery, the owner of said nursery, when ordered to do so by the State Entomologist or by the inspector, shall file with the State
Board of Entomology an affidavit to the effect that all nursery stock grown by him, or for him under contract, has been inspected and that the inspectors have been ad-
vised of the location of all nursery stock owned, controlled or contracted for by him. Certificate shall be withheld

until such affidavit is placed on file. 16. The State Entomologist is hereby authorized to

publish in the form of bulletins, reports, or through the Publ icatlon press of the State any matter pertaining to the distribuof bulle- tion, life history, habits and treatment of insect pests tins, etc. and fungus diseases, or other matter that may be instruct-

Deputy inspectorstheir power

ive or aid in the suppression of such pests. 17. The B9ard of Entomology may appoint tempora.ry
deputy inspectors when it appears to be necessary to as.slst the Entomologist in the enforcement of the Act cIted above, and such deputy inspectors shall have full power to enter on premises and inspect and report to the State
Entomologist.

18. Appeals from the decisions of the Entomologist

should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture

Appeals

(Atlanta, Ga.) who will notify the appellant of the time

hearing of and place of hearing such appeal.

19. The State Entomologist shall be Secretary of the

Secretary of Board

Board, and all inquiries relative to the provisions of the above-cited Act and the subject matter of the same should be addressed to him at Capitol Building, (Atlanta, Ga.).

1.

20. Foreign nurserymen shipping nursery stock into the State of Georgia are required to furnish certificate of inspection from official inspector of country in which stock originates, and certificate furnished must be certified to
by the American Consul.

Foreign Nurseries

In addition to the above rules, and as further defining the duties of the Entomologist with reference to inspection of nur eries, the State Board of Entomology prescribes the following:

The San Jose Scale shall be considered the paramount San Jose

pest and inspections shall be made with special reference Scare-

to this insect.

paramount

Nursery stock infested with the New Peach Scale shall pest

be treated in all respects as is stock infested with San

Jose Scale.

ursery plants found bearing Crown Gall shall be destroyed under the direction of the State Entomologist and

Crown

Gall

a certificate issued to the owner only after he has given

reasonable assurance that such infected plants have been

or will be destroyed. The same requirement shall apply Woolly to nursery trees so badly infested with Woolly Aphis as Aphis to have gall formations upon the roots. Plants or trees

infested to a lesser degree with this pest shall be treated

and allowed to pass inspection.

Should cases of Rosette or Yellows be found in the vicinity of a nursery all diseased trees must be destroyed before a certificate is given the owner of the nursery.

Rosette and Yellows

In cases of Black Knot occurrin~ in or adjacent to a Black

nursery, certificate will be withheld until all visibly dis- Knot eased wood shall have been destroyed.

Notice-Additional Regulations relative to the quarantine against all articles liable to introduce the Mexican cotton boll weevil, have been adopted and read as follows:

At the regular annual meeting of the Board of Entomology held in Macon, January 26, 1906, the Regulation relative to the quarantine against the Mexican boll weevil were amended as follows:

OTTON BOLL WEEVIL REGULATIONS. Regulation 21. The shipment into the State of Georgia of cotton lint, (loose, baled, fiat or compressed) cotton s(eed! seed cotton, hulls, seed-cotton and cotton seed sacks Cotton pro-
it. which have been used) and corn in the shuck, from points ducts from
n the states of Texas, Louisiana, Missi sippi, Okla- boll weeoma, Arkansas and Alabama, is hereby forbid- vil sections den,. unless such shipment shall be accompanied by the not allowcertificate of a State or Government Entomologist to ed to enter the effect that such shipment originated in a locality State Where by actual inspection the Mexican cotton boll weevil was not found to exist.
Re~. 22. Shipments of household goods, furniture, titachlOery, glassware, or supp1ies of any description, from
o e States of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,
klahoma and Alabama, shall be admitted into the State
15

Household of Georgia only when accompanied by a certificate (such

-goods, fur- certificate to be attached to way-bill) as mentioned in

",Iture, etc Regulation 21, and provided for by an Act of the Legisla-

ture of the State of Georgia, approved August 15, 1904,

provided any of the articles listed in Regulation 21 are

included in such shipment or used as packing for any part

or all of same.

Reg. 23. Transportation companies shall immediately

notify the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when, by

Transpor- oversight, negligence or otherwise, any shipments of the

tation

nature designated in Regulations 21 and 22 shall arrive

companies at any station or wharf in this State, without a proper

must give certificate or affidavit attached, and it shall be the duty

notice of of the Entomologist to proceed as speedily as possible, by

receipt of himself or his assistants, to investigate such shipments.

shipments If, upon investigation, he finds such shipments to be in

from wee violation of Regulation 21 or 22, he shall at once order

vII infest same removed from this State. Upon failure of the own-

ed sec- er or shipper to remove said shipment within forty-eight

tions

hours after notice has been sent him by wire, said ship-

ment shall be seized and burned. QuarantIn- Reg. 24. Shipments of the articles quarantined against

ed articles by Regulations 21 and 22, and by the Acts of the Legis-

may pass lature of the State of Georgia, approved August 15, 1904,

through

and August 22, 1905, shall be made through this State to

-State In a point in other states only when in tight, closed cars.

closed

Su~h cars sball not be opened at any point while in tran-

cars

sit through the State of Georgia.

Nursery ,tock, fruit, etc., how restricted

Reg. 25. Shipments of nursery stock, fruit and truck into this State, from points in the states of Texas and Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas and Oklahoma,
shall be admitted only when none of the articles mentioned in Regulation 21 are used in packing same, un-

less such shipment'be accompanied by a certificate as men-

tioned in Regulation 21.

Ive-stock J

Reg. 26. Shipments of live-stock from points in the States of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Ala-

-bedding bama and Arkansas, into the State of Georgia, are hereby

sed

absolutely prohibited when any of the articles quaran-

tined against are used as bedding or feed for such live-

. stock, unless accompanied by the certificate of a State or

Governmental Entomologist to the effect that the bedding

or feed originated in a locality where, by actual inspec-

tion, the Mexican cotton boll weevil was not found to

exist.


16

PART II
SUMMARY OF LAWS OF ALL STATES AND CANADA GOV
ERNI G TRANSPORTATION OF NURSERY STOCK.
To the Nurserymen of Georgia:
Your attention has been called at various times to the rules and regulations of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, relative to the inspection, sale and transportation of nursery stock in this State. By noticing the following statements you see that the Board also places proper restrictions on the shipment of nursery stock coming into Georgia from other states.
Nurserymen or dealers in nursery stock residing in other states, who desire to ship nursery stock into Georgia, must file with the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.), a copy of their certificate of nursery inspection signed in person by a duly authorized State or Government Entomologist. In addition to the certificate the nurserymen are required to file a signed a~reement to the effect that all stock consigned to points in GeorgIa will be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas, in 11 manner approved by the State Entomol. ogist of Georgia. Upon receipt of the above-mentioned certificate and fumigation agreement the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomology is issued to the nurserymen at the cost of printing, as follows: 100 ttags, 60 cents, postpaid; 200 tags, 85 cents, postpaid; 300 tags, $1.10, postpaid; 500 tags, $1.35, sent by express, collect; 1,000 tags, $2.00, sent by express collect.
All shipments of nursery stock into Georgia must bear a copy of the official Georgia tag, which bears a fac-simile of the signature of the Entomologist of Georgia, and also a copy of the certificate issued by the proper official of the state where such shipment originated. Any shipment not so labeled shall be liable to confiscation upon the order of the Entomologist of Georgia. Transportation companies are required to give notice when any uncertified shipments of nursery stock are received at any point in the State of Georgia.
Owing to the difficulty of detecting trees standing in the nursery affected with crown gall and root gall, nurserymen will be given a certificate only with the understanding that all s\1ch trees shall be discarded when dug.
The following is a brief statement of the requirements of other states and Canada relative to the certification and transportation of nursery stock therein. This list has been corrected by direct correspondence with the officials named. Further information can be obtained by writing to the officials named below.
ALABAMA.-A signed copy of inspection certificate must be filed with the secretary of the Alabama State Board of Horticulture, Auburn, Ala. A tag must be attached to every package of nursery stock delivered in the State. Tags are furnished at cost prices: First one hundred, 65 cents, postpaid; one thousand, $2.20, sent collect by express. All scions and bud sticks must be properly fumigated. The following insects and fungus diseases are quarantined against: San Jose scale,
17

new peach scale, woolly aphis, crOWl) gall, black knot, peach yellow, peach and plum rosette, white fly, gypsy moth and brown-tail moth. Prof. P. F. Williams, State Horticulturist, Auburn, Ala.
ARIZONA.-The horticultural inspection and quarantine law provides for quarantine of nursery stock and may be enforced against States, where there is suspected danger to the horticultural interests of the territory. All nursery stock shipped into Arizona from any other State shall be prominently labeled with a certificate of inspection signed by an authorized official of the State in which the stock was grown. Shipments found infested with pests shall be sent out of the territory or destroyed at owner's option. Each carload, box or package shall be legibly marked with the name and address of the consignor ~nd consignee and name of the place where contents were grown. Prof. R. H. Forbes, Secretary Arizona Horticultural Commission, Tucson, Ariz.
ARKA SAS.-Shipments of nursery stock into the State must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection and bear the name and address of the consignee and consignor; otherwise the transportation company must notify the consignor and not deliver the shipments until a certificate is furnished. Geo. G. Becker, Acting Entomologist and State Inspector, Fayetteville, Ark.
CALIFORNIA.-Shipments of nursery stock into California are held by the transportation companies until inspected by State quarantine guardians. All packages must be marked with the name and address of the shipper, name of the consignor and name of the place where the stock is grown. All nursery stock infested with pests not existing in California will be immediately sent out _of tbe State or destroyed at the option of the owner and at his expense. Peach, apricot and almond trees coming from districts where y~lows and rosette are known to exist shall be refused entry and shall be destroyed or returned to the shipper. Notices of shipment of nursery stock to California should be sent to the horticultural quarantine officer, Room 11, Ferry building, San Francisco, Cal., and to the State quarantine guarddians at the point of destination.-A. J. Cook, State Commis ioner of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
COLORADO.-The State Entomologist has general supervision of the inspection of nurseries and orchards to prevent the introduction and spread of in.iurious insects and plant diseases. County horticultural inspectors in fruit-growing counties of the State are appointed by the
18

county commISSIOners. All nursery stock coming into the State must bear certificates of inspection and fumigation, and on arrival in counties that have inspectors is turned over to them, and is released to consignee if it passes inspecti9n. C. P. Gillette, State Entomologist, Fort Collins, Colo.
CO ECTICUT.-All nurseries are inspected annually. Certification and treatment of nursery stock are discretionary with the State Entomologist. Nursery stock shipped into the State shall bear a statement that it ha been thoroughly fumigated in addition to the certificate of inspection i sued by a State or Government officer. Stock may be i.nspected and treated, however, after reaching its destination. Dr. W. E. Britton, State Entomologist, New Haven, Conn.
DELAWARE.-Shipments of nursery stock into the State must bear a certificate of inspection, and also a certificate stating that the stock has been properly fumigated. All nursery stock not accompanied by proper certificates may be held by the transportation companies until it can be inspected. Wesley' Webb, Secretary, State Board of Agriculture, Dover, Del.
FLORIDA.-All shipments into the State shall have attached to each package a certificate stating that the contents have been stripped of foliage and fumigated as per rules and regulations. All persons selling nursery stock without the State shall pay a fee of $5 per annum and register with the inspector of nursery stock, file a certificate of inspection and receive permission to sell nur ery tock in the State. It is declared unlawful to knowingly sell or transport any infested or infected nur ery stock in the State. Rules and regulations may be obtained by addressing E. W. Berger, Inspector of
ur ery Stock, Gainesville, Fla.
IDAHO.-No person, firm or corporation shall import or sell nursery stock without first applying to the State Board of Horticultural Inspection and filing a bond in the sum of $5,000 and securing license upon payment of $10. Shipments into the State should bear a copy of an official certificate of fumigation emanating from the place where the stock was grown. All shipments into the State must bear a label showing the name of the shipper, the locality where grown and variety of nursery stock. bJ,1 nursery stoc~, fruit trees or horticultural plants sold or delivered by principal or agents shall be true to name and variety as represented. All nursery stock shipped into this State, whether bearing
19

-certificate of inspection or not, must be inspected again upon its arrival, the consignee paying for such inspection. Every nursery firm doing business in this State must pay $1 additional for each agent who represents them. J. U. McPherson, State Horticultural Inspector, Boise, Idaho.
ILLINOIS.-State nurseries are inspected and certined not later than October 1. An inspection certificate shall be valid for one year from date of inspection. The State Entomologist is authorized to revoke a certificate if he finds it is being used in violation of the law. He is also required to furnish all Illinois nurserymen with a Hst of State and Government inspectors whose certificates may be received as equally valid as his own, and the nurseryman receiving stock under such certificates is authorized to substitute for them the Illinois certificate of inspection. Each dealer in nursery stock who has no nursery of his own and each agent for a nursery located outside of Illinois, is required to furnish to the State Entomologist annually a sworn statement, showing that the stock in which he deals has been duly inspected and to submit for approval a copy of the certificate of inspection. Nursery stock shipped into the State must bear a certificate of inspection attached to each car, box, bale, bundle or package. Dr. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist; P. A. Glenn, Chief Horticultural Inspector, Urbana, Ill.
INDIANA.-"All shipments of nursery stock into or within the State must bear certificates of inspection signed by the State Entomologist, and must bear the name of the consignor and consignee. All stock from foreign countries must be inspected when it reaches its destination in Indiana. C. H. Baldwin, State Entomologist, Indianapolis, Ind."
lOWA.-State Nurseries are inspected at owner's re-quest, or if supposed to be infested with dangerously injurious insects or plant diseases, and nurserymen are prohibited from selling or shipping without inspection. Shipments in the State must be accompanied by a certificate of apparent freedom from injurious insects or plaid diseases. A copy of inspection certificate must be filed with and approved by the State Entomologist. Prof. H. E. Summers, State Entomologist, Ames, Ia.
KANSAS.-Nurseries are inspected annually between June 15 and November 1. Certificates are valid until the first day of the following June. No nursery stock shall be brought into the State nor offered for sale within the
20

State without having been properly inspected as shown by an accompanying certificate. State Entomological Commission, Topeka, Kans. Prof. S. J. Hunter, Entomologist, Lawl'ence, Kan.
KENTUCKY.~Nurseries are inspected annually. Every package of nursery stock shipped into the State' must have a copy of a certificate of inspection attached and bear on the label a list of the contents. Duplicate certificates of inspection may be filed with the State Entomologist. Prof. H. Garman, State Entomologist, Lexington, Ky.
LOUISIANA.-Nursery inspection is under the control of the State Board of Agriculture and Immigration. The Entomologist of the Experiment Station will have charge of the work, so all communications concerning nursery inspection should be addressed to him.
The regulations of the Board require every box, bundle, bale, or package of nursery stock shipped into the State to be plainly labeled with a copy of a valid and unexpired certificate of inspection, and nurserymen shipping stock into this State must file a copy of their certificate with the Board. J. B. Garrett, Entomologist, State Board of Agriculture and Immigration, Baton Rouge, La.
MAINE.-Nurseries within the State are inspected annually. All nursery stock shipped into the State shall bear on each box or package a certificate that the contents have been inspected. The State Horticulturist has power to inspect all stock shipped into the State at point of destination, whether under certificate or not, and if found infested with any injurious insect or plant disease he shall cause it to be destroyed or returned to the consignor. Agents or other parties, excepting growers who wish to sell nursery stock, shall make application for an agent's license and shall file with the State Horticulturist the names and addresses of parties from whom they purchase stock. Such application 'shall be accompanied by a fee of $10. A. K. Gardner, State Horticulturist, Augusta, Me.
MARYLAND.-Nurseries are inspected at least once in six months. All nursery stock subject to attack of insect pests must be fumigated. Shipments into the State must be labeled wih the name of consignor and consignee and each package bear a certificate of inspection. Duplicate certificates should be filed with the State Entomolo&1st. Prof. T. B. Symons, State Entomologist; Prof. J~ B. S. Norton, State Pathologist, College Park, Md.
21

MASSACHUSETTS.-Nurseries in the State are inspected annually. Agents or other persons,' excepting growers who desire to sell nursery stock in the State, shall make application to and receive from the State Nursery Inspector an agent's license, and shall file with the State Nursery Inspector names and addresses of all persons or nurseries from whom they purchase stock. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to sell, deliver or ship within the State any nursery stock unless such person, firm or corporation holds a grower's certificate or an agent's license, and a copy of such certificate or license must accompany each car, box or package delivered or shipped. Every person outside of the State desiring to ship nursery stock into the State shall file a copy of his certificate of inspection and purchase official tags from the State Nursery Inspector at cost. A copy of the official tag shall be attached to each car, box or package. The State Nursery Inspector has power to inspect all shipments coming into the State at point of destination and, if infested or infected, may cause it to be returned to consignor or destroyed. (A new law goes into effect Dec. 1, 1912.) Dr. H. T. Fernald, State Nursery Inspector, Amherst, Mass.
MICHIGAN.-Nurseries are subject to inspection; infested trees must be destroyed and the remainder of the stock within a half mile must be fumigated. Shipments into the State must bear on every package, plainly labeled, the name of the consignor and consignee, statement of contents and a certificate showing that the contents have been inspected by a State or Government officer, and if of species subject to the attach of San Jose scale, must be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas. Certificate of fumigation must be attached, together with a certificate of inspection. This applies to individual orders when several are contained in the same shipment. All nurserymen, whether residents of Michigan or other States, who wish to grow or sell stock within the State must apply to the State Inspector of Nurseries on or before August 1 of each year for a license, for which the fee is $5.00. A bond of $1,000 must also be filed. Certificates of inspection must be filed with the State Inspector of Nurseries before any stock is shipped into the State. Prof. L. R. Taft, State Inspector of Nurserie~. East Lansing, Mich.
MINNESOTA.-There is an annual inspection (not compulsory) of all nurseries from which stock is shipped out of the State. Shipments into the State must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection. Carrying com-
22

panies accepting packages of nursery stock from without the State without a certificate of inspection are liable. Prof. F. L. Washburn, State Entomologist, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

MISSISSIPPI.-Every nursery in the State must be inspected before November 1 of each year, and every bundle, bale or package of the stock sold or transported must be accompanied by a copy of the certificate of inspection attached in a conspicuous place. Every person or firm from other States wishing to ship nursery stock into Mississippi must file with the Entomologist a copy of their certificate which shall state that the nursery is properly equipped for fumigating all nursery stock. A
copy of the certificate shall be attached to every bundle, bale or package of nursery stock delivered within the State. Every nurseryman must state that all nursery stock shipped into this State will be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas. R. W. Harned, Entomologist, Agricultural College, Miss.

MISSOURI.-Nurseries are inspected annually. Every package of nursery stock shipped into the State shall be plainly labeled on the outside with the name and addre~s of the consignor, the name and address of the consignee,
the contents and a certificate showing that the contents have been inspected by a State Experiment Station Entomologist of the State from which the shipment was made, and that the nursery stock is free from San Jose scale, peach yellows, rosette, or other dangerously injurious insects or diseases. Transportation companies are forbidden to deliver nursery stock unless accompanied by a certificate. Leonard Haseman, Entomologi t, Univer ity of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

MO TANA.-All stock brought into the State must be

unpacked, inspected and fumigated if necessary at one

of the designated quarantine statiolls, viz.: Glendive,

Miles City, Huntley, Billings, Big Timber, Livingston,

Bozeman, Lewistown, Helena, Great Falls, Dillon, Ana-

conda, Mi soula, Victor, Como, Darby, Plains, Mondak,

Gla gow, Havre, Kalispell, Whitefish, Eureka and Troy.

ur ery stock may be inspected and fumigated at other

points of delivery on payment of all costs. To sell or

deliver nursery stock it is necessary to first obtain a li-

cen e by paying a fee of $25 and by filing with the State ~orticulturista bond in the sum of $1,000 annually. No-

tIce of shipment, including an invoice of stock, must be

se!lt to M. L. Dean, Montana State Board of Horticulture,

MIssoula, Mont.

.

NEBRASKA.-No inspection law, but a certificate of

23

inspection should accompany shipments into the State. Nurseries are inspected by Prof. Lawrence Bruner or Prof. Myron H. Swenk, Assistant State Entomologist, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
NEVADA.-Nursery stock shipped from other States shall bear on the outside of each car, bale or package a label giving the names of the consignor and consignee, together with a copy of an inspection certificate of recent date. Such certificate of inspection must bear the signature of a qualified person in authority in the State in which such nursery stock was grown. No transportation company shall deliver any nursery stock lacking such official certificate of inspection. J. E. Stubbs, President, State University, Reno, Nev.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.-Nurseries are inspected at least once each year. Shipments into the State must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection or, in lieu thereof, an affidavit showing that the stock has been fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas, using not less than 2/10 of 1 gram of cyanide of potassium per cubic foot of space, in an air-tight compartment for not less than 40 minutes. A copy of the certificate of inspection or a copy of the affidavit must be attached to each car, box or package shipped into the State. Hon. N. J. Bachelder, Secretary, State Board of Agriculture, Concord, N. H.; Charles W. Stone, State Nursery Inspector, Durham, N. H.
NEW JERSEY.-The law requires the inspection of all nurseries at least once in each year. Shipments into the State must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection, or copy thereof, attached to each car or parcel, together with a statement from the shipper that the stock therein is a part of the stock inspected, and whether such stock has been fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas or not. It shall be the duty of all carriers to refuse for transportation within the State all stock not accompanied by a certificate of inspection.
.If stock comes into the State without a certificate it may be detained for examination, wherever found, by the State Entomologist, and if found to be infested with any insects, injurious or liable to become so, will be destroyed. T. J. Headlee, Acting State Entomologist, New Brunswick, N. J.
NEW MEXICO.-No law relative to transportation of nursery stock. The Territorial Legislature of 1903 provided for county ..boards of horticultural commissioners which were given authority to control orchard pests. Prof. Fabian Garcia, Horticulturist, Agricultural Experiment Station, State College, N. M.
24

NEW YORK.-All nursery stock shipped at any point in the State must be accompanied by a copy of a certificate of inspection signed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, dated not earlier than September 1. All certificates expire September 1. All nursery stock shipped into the State mu t be so shipped as to comply with the requirements of the agricultural law. Any nursery stock brought into the State mu t remain unpacked or unopened until permission is given by the Commissioner of Agriculture. All nursery stock is inspected at its destination. To facilitate rapid inspection, notification of shipments should be sent to the department office at Albany. No nursery stock shall be shipped or delivered until there is positive evidence that it has been inspected by authority of the Commissioner of Agriculture. Copies of law and order of the Commissioner of Agriculture will be sent on application. Calvin J. Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany, N. Y. G. G. Atwood, Chief Bureau of Horticulture and Nursery Inspection, Albany,
. Y.
NORTH CAROLI A.-Every shipment of nursery stock into this State must be accompanied by a valid copy of a certificate of inspection. Every person, firm or corporation desiring to ship nursery stock into this State must file a copy of their certificate with the Entomologi t. It will be of advantage to the nurserymen if they attach a guarantee of fumigation to the shipment. A copy of regulations will be sent on application. Franklin Sherman, Jr., State Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.
ORTH DAKOTA.-The director of the Experiment Station i authorized to cause inspection and prescribe treatment of diseased nursery stock. Shipments into the State must bear a certificate of inspection. Every person who employs agents or salesmen or who solicits for sale of nursery stock must obtain a license upon the p~yment of $10, and upon filing a certificate of inspectIon, and a $5QO bond. Said license will permit holder to do business in the State for one year. Director North Dakota Experiment Station, Agricultural College, N. D.
OHIO.~hipments of nursery stock entering the State must bear the name of the consignor and consignee and be a~companied by an official certificate of inspection or fumIgation. Agents are required to pay a license fee of $1, and dealers a license fee of $5, also to file sworn statements that the stock which they sell or deliver ha been of!icially inspected and was received by them accompanied . WIth a valid certificate of inspection or fumigation. N.
25

E. Shaw, Chief Inspector, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Columbus, O.
OKLAHOMA.- urseries are inspected annually. The owners of nursery stock who desire to ship into the State of Oklahoma are required to make application for a permit. This permit is issued by the Board of Agriculture upon the filing of a duplicate certificate of inspection or report of inspection from the State in pector who examined the stock. The application must be accompanied by a remittance of $5. All shipments into the State must be accompanied by a tag on which is printed a copy of this permit. All agents canvassing for nurseries located outside the State are required to carry a duplicate of the permit of their principal, which duplicate is issued upon payment of $1. Price of tags given on application. Benj. Hennessy, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Oklahoma City, Okla.
OREGON.-The State Board of Horticulture has charge of inspection within the State. All nursery stock brought into the State must be inspected before delivery to consignee. If found infected or' infested, nursery stock must be disinfected, returned to consignor or destroyed. Peach pits, peach trees and scions and other trees on peach roots grown in or coming from districts where peach yellows, peach rosette and little peach exist, and all trees affected with crown gall are prohibited entry. All nursery stock offered for sale within the State must be disinfected or treated before shipment by the u e of hydrocyanic acid gas or by dipping in the standard lime-sulphur solution of winter strength of spraying. H. M. Williamson, Secretary, State Board of Horticulture, Portland, Ore.
PE SYLVANIA.-Nurseries must be inspected at least once a year, and no nurseryman, agent, dealer or broker can legally sell or ship stock without a certificate of inspection. Certificates of fumigation are required to accompany shipments from other States, and the word "fumigated" printed or stencilled on or accompanying the certificate of inspection will not be accepted unless it is apparent that such word is a part of the certificate granted by a State inspection officer.
Nurserymen from' other States are required to file affidavits that all nursery stock of kinds subject to infestation by San Jose scale will be properly fumigated before shipment into the State. Blanks furnished upon application. Dealers in nursery stock are granted certificates upon application and the filing of a statement that they
26

will buy nursery stock only from nurserymen or grow-

ers holding valid certificates of inspection.

Transportation companies are required to reject all

stock entering the State unle s certificates of inspection

. and fumigation are attached. Prof. H. A. Surface, Eco-

nomic Zoologist; Enos B. Engle, Chief Nursery Inspec-

tor, Hanisburg, Pa.

.

RHODE ISLA D.-The State Board of Agriculture

appoints a State Nursery Inspector whose duties shall be

to in pect nurseries and grant an annual certificate.

Owners of nur eries who shall fumigate all stock sold by

them may make affidavit to the fact and attach a copy

to each package shipped in lieu of a certificate of inspec-

tion. All nursery stock shipped into the State shall bear

on each package a certificate that the contents have been

in pected by an authorized inspecting officer. In case

nursery stock is brought into the State without such a .

certificate the consignee shall return it to the consignor,

provided, however, that any package or box bearing a

certificate of fumigation which meets the requirements

may be accepted as though bearing a certificate of in-

pection. A. E. Stene, State Nursery Inspector, King-

ton, R. 1.

SOUTH CAROLINA.-Stock coming from other

States, province or foreign countries and consigned to

points within this State, must have attached to every

bundle or package an interstate tag or permit issued by

the South Carolina Crop Pest Commission. This inter-

State tag or permit can be issued only after the certifi-

cate of in pection of the State, country or province where

hipment originated has been approved by the South

Carolina State Crop Pest Coromi sion and filed in the

office of the Entomologist or Pathologist of the said com-

mi ion. It is further required that the fumigation-cer-

tificate of the South Carolina State Crop Pest Commis-

sion is properly filled out and filed in the office of the

Entomologist or Pathologist of the commission before

the interstate tag or permit can be issued, unless the of-

ficial inspection certificate includes a statement that the

nur ery is properly equipped for fumigating. A. F. Con-

radi, State Entomologist, Clemson College, S. C.

SOUTH DAKOTA.-All nursery stock shipped into-

the State must be accompanied by a certificate of inspec-

tion i sued by the State Entomologist of the State from

which it was shipped. Any person, firm or corporation

owning a nursery which sells stock to be delivered in this

State must certify where the stock was grown, and atta~h this statement to all shipments. Prof. H. C. Sev-

erm, State College of Agriculture, Brookings, S. D.

27

TENNESSEE.-Nurseries are inspected annually or oftener if necessary. Each and every individual, firm or corporation residing in other States dealing in or handling nursery tock before shipping into the State shall register his name, firm or corporation.
Any person, firm or corporation without the State, desiring to do business within the State, shall file with the State Entomologist and Plant Pathologist a copy of his certificate of inspection issued and signed by proper official of his State, as well as an agreement to fumigate properly all stock shipped into the State. Every shipment mu t be accompanied by a copy of said certificate of inspection and a fumigation tag. Every individual sale or bill of trees shall bear a copy of certificate. Failure to comply with the requirements subject stock to confiscation. G..M. Bentley, State Entomologist and Plant Pathologist, Knoxville, Tenn.
TEXAS.- ur eries and greenhouses are inspected annually. All shipments of nursery stock originating outside the State must bear shipping tags showing copy of certificate of inspection from the State Inspector of the State in which the shipment originates, but in addition thereto they must have a tag attached showing copy of permit from Texas. No nur ery stock shall be shipped into the State without first filing with the Commissioner of Agriculture a certified copy of a certificate of inspection from the State Inspector of the State in which the shipment originates. A fee of $5 is required for issuance of permit to ship into the State. Agents or dealers operating in Texas for nur erymen outside of the State must procure proper agents' credentials from their nurseries, on an approved form. H. Dixon, Chief Inspector, Houston, Tex.
UTAH.-No person shall engage in the business of selling or importing nursery stock without having first obtained a license to do bu iness in the State. Any person may obtain a license from the State Horticultural Commi sion upon the payment of a fee of $2.50 annually and by filing with the State Horticultural Commission a bond in the sum of $500. Each salesman or agent must hold a certificate giving his name and the name and address of the persons he represents, together with the license number of his principal. A copy of the certificate of inspection must be attached to each shipment. All nursery stock will be quarantined on arrival and, if deemed nece ary, disinfected or destroyed at the cost of the owner. J. Edward Taylor, State Horticultural Inspector, Salt Lake City, Utah.
28

VERMONT.-Nurseries are inspected annually. Nursery stock shipped into the State shall be accompanied by a certificate of inspection and the name and post-office address of the consignor and consignee. M. B. Cummings, State Nursery Inspector, Burlington, Vt.
VIRGINIA.-Before selling nursery stock, it is necesary to procure from the auditor of public accounts, Richmond, Virginia, a certificate of registration for which the fee is $20 for principals, duplicate for agents' use free. Send certified check or draft for $20 drawn or endol' ed, payable to the Treasurer of Virginia. (Personal checks will not be accepted.) Duplicate of certificate of nursery inspection must be filed with the State Entomologist, who will furnish tags at cost, and one tag must be attached to each package of stock to be sold in the State. W. J. Price, Acting State Entomologist, Blacksburg, Va.
WASHINGTON.-No person, firm or corporation shall engage or continue in the business of selling as agent, solicitor or otherwise within the State or importing nursery stock without first having obtained a license. Application therefor must be made to the Commi sioner of Horticulture, accompanied by a satisfactory bond of $1,000; each bond must be renewed annually. Such bond shall be conditioned that the principal or his agents will obey the provisions of the law, and that said principal will pay the cost of disinfection or destruction of all infested nursery stock and fruit sent into the State by said principal or his agents. The license fee for nurserymen and tree dealers shall be $5, and for agents or salesmen,
1. All licenses expire one year from date of issue unIe s renewed upon the same terms originally provided for. Every per on licensed to do business in the State must notify the Commissioner of Horticulture of his intention to ship nursery stock, giving the names and addresses of the persons, firms or corporations to whom shipments are made. A copy of such notice shall also be ent to the Horticultural Inspector of the district in which the point of destination is located. For full information address Hon. F. A. Huntley, Commissioner of Horticulture, Tacoma, Wash.
WEST VIRGINIA.-Nurseries are inspected annually. fe~ificates shall be void after September 15 of year folOWIng the date. No person shall deliver to purchasers a~y nursery stock consigned into this State from points
ih~thout unless they have at least ten days before the me of delivery given notice in writing to the director of e Experiment Station of the number of trees in such
29

consignment, the place from whence said stock was shipped, and the destination of the same. No person growing or having in his possession with intent to sell nursery stock shall deliver the same before fumigating it. Every package of nursery stock shipped into the State shall be plainly labeled with the names of the consignor and consignee and a certificate of inspection showing that the contents have been properly fumigated. urserymen who desire to employ traveling salesmen in the State should secure from the Secretary of State, Charleston, W. Va., information relative to license fees. E. Dwight Sanderson, Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va.
WISCONSIN.-All persons, firms or corporations shipping nursery stock into the State are required to file a duplicate certificate of inspection and secure a State license at the cost of $5. Each shipment must bear certificate tags which shall be attached to each package, box, or carload lot. Transportation companies are forbidden to deliver nursery stock unless accompanied by valid certificate tag. All agents selling nursery stock within the State mu t be supplied with an agent's duplicate licen e at the cost of $1, which shall bear the same number.and date as that of the principal. Wilful misrepresentation of quality or variety of stock offered for sale shall constitute a puni hable misdemeanor. Professor J. G. Sanders, Entomologist and Chief Nursery Inspector, College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis.
WYOMING.-Any person or firm wishing to do business in this State must fir t obtain a license. Licenses are i sued on application for a period terminating on July 1 of the next succeeding in pection year (approximately two years). All applications must be accompanied by the license fee of $25, a bond in the sum of $500, conditioned that the principal will faithfully obey the law of the State, and by a certified certificate of inspection from an authorized inspector in the State from which shipments are to be made. On receipt of these the Secretary of the State Board issues authorized shippIng tags at cost. Nursery stock may not enter the State and transportation companies may not deliver unless uch tag be attached to each and every box, bundle or bale. Before making shipments, secure copy of the 1aw from the secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, Professor Aven Nelson, Laramie, Wyo.
CANADA.--No nursery stock shall be imported that is infested wi;h any of the following insect pests or dis-
30

eases: San Jose scale, brown-tail moth, gypsy moth, woolly aphis, West India peach scale, potato canker, gooseberry mildew, internal and external parasitic disease of potato, branch canker and blister rust of .white pine. Nursery stock shall be imP9rted only through the ports and during the periods mentioned: Vancouver, B. C., from October 1 to May 1; iagara Falls, Ont., from October 1 to May 15; Winnipeg, Man., and St. John, N. B., from March 15 to May 15, and from October 7 to December 7; Windsor, Ont., and St. Johns, Que., from March 15 to May 15, and from September 26 to December 7.
Importations by mail shall be subjected to the same regulations. The port by which it IS intended that the nur ery stock shall enter shall be clearly stated on each package and notice of shipment must be sent to the Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. European nursery stock and certain other classes' of vegetation may in the case of certain ports be allowed to proceed and shall be inrected at point of destination, but must not be unpacked except in the presence of the inspector. Copies of the regulations governing the importation of nursery stock into Canada may be obtained from Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada, to whom all inquirip should be addressed.
31

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologi t

BULLETIN 38

MAY, 1913

Principal Insects and Diseases of the Apple
In Georgia
Part I. Seven Important Insects of the Apple. Part II. Principal Diseases of the Apple in Georgia.
With a Supplement on Spraying Machinery and Chemicals, and the Care and Management of Apple Orchards.
By W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist

tlanta

Georgia

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 38

MAY, 1913

Principal Insects and Diseases of the Apple
In Georgia.
Part I. Seven Important Insects of the Apple. Part II. Principal Diseases of the Apple in Georgia.
With a Supplement on Spraying Machinery and Chemicals, and the Care and Management of Apple Orchards.
By W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist

tlanta.

Georgia

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION
J. J. CONNOR, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
Ex-Officio Member.
R. C. BERCKMANS, President of State Horticultural Society, Augusta.
Ex-Officio Member.
JOHN T. WILLIAMS, President of State Agricultural Society, Round Oak.
Ex-Officio Member.
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, As istant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
C. S. SPOONER, Assistant En~omologist, Atlanta.
J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Special Assistant Entomologist.

PRINCIPAL INSECTS AND DISEASES
OF THE APPLE
In Georgia
BY
W. W. CHASE
INTRODUCTION.
The development of the apple growing industry in Georgia in the past decade has brought Georgia apples into a general prominence and favor. At so recent a year as 1900, little was thought of apple growing as presenting possibilities of commercial profit. Only a few orchards, at that time, had attained the dignity of the term "commercial." It was not generally believed that Georgia climate and soils were adapted to growing apples that would compete in the open market with the products of the older and more recognized apple growing sections of the country.
This lack of faith, existent then, has been succeeded, not only by a spirit of confidence, but by a development of the industry truly phenomenal when one considers the circumscribed zone of the State to which apples are indigenous. From comparative obscurity, the Georgia apple has evolved into the very forefront of the State's horticultural assets. While the industry is yet in its swaddling clothes, so to peak, it gives every promise of permanence and profit.
.atural conditions are so propitious, and the experience of P.lOneer' growers so encouraging, that capital and immigration have been attracted from other States, taking a competitive place alongside'of Georgia investors.
When compared for quality and productivity to apples of other sections of the United States, .the Georgia apple
second to none. Indeed, in j)oint of flavor it is easily the superior of the irrigated product of the northwestern
tates. One variety of native north Georgia origin already has had the distinction of taking first honor at the annual ational Apple Show, held at Spokane several years ago. This honor becomes doubly significant when it is re-
3

membered that the contest was won in the very heart of the nation's greatest apple producing area. The apple belt proper posse es all necessary attributes of oil, altitude and rainfall. Uncared-for, individual apple tree, from seventy to eighty year of age, still vigorou and productive, In the mountains of the Appalachian and Blue Ridge chains, bear living testimony to Nature's guarantee of conditions.
With a few exceptions, those investing in Georgia apple lands thus far have been men almost wholly unskilled in the care and management of apple orchard. To them, the planting, cultivation, pruning and praying of the trees are new problems. Particularly are they unacquainted with the several diseases and insect pests to which the apple tree and its fruit are ubject. These matters become at once of vital importance to the orchard owner. He requires to know these insidiou enemies by sight, and to learn the best means of combating them, and how intelligently to apply these means, and when. Many requests come to th<! State Department of Entomology for information on probhlms of apple diseases and insect control or prevention, and it is to meet these desiderata that this Bulletin is published.
The State Board of Entomology, under the direction of Mr. E. L. Worsham, has conducted, for the past five or six years, experiments relating both to apple insects and diseases. This work, notably that of Mr. W. V. Reed against the codling moth, was planned and executed mostly with relation to insects. For the past two ea on , however (1911-1912), the scope of the experiments was enlarged, under the author's charge, to include orne of the principal fungus diseases of the fruit.
The results of the experiments are given herein more or less in detail, in conformity with space allowable. The various discussions making up the Bulletin manife tly are too diverse to draw their entire data from a single source. The literature of the several subjects not personally investigat~d has been freely used, due credit being accorded therefor III each instance. Modern methods of control, which have been found most scientific, economical and efficaciou in practice are set forth for the guidance of the orchardi t. It is the author's purpose to avoid the technical as much as possible, and to use terms familiar to the practical orchardist.
For the information of prospective purchasers of spraying equipment and chemicals, a short discussion of these items is thought advisable. (See pages 45 and 47).
Although foreign to entomology and plant pathology, the Department believes it proper to incorporate, as a part of the text, a condensed treatise on the general problems of orch-
4

ard care and management. This is done in response to numerous demands for such information. The notes briefly enter into the subjects of planting, pruning, fertilization, cultivation, etc.
5

PART I.
SEVEN IMPORTANT INSECTS OF THE APPLE
THE CODLING MOTH.
(C:ydia pomonella, L,)
Of the insects preying directly upon the fruit of the apple, the codling moth, or "apple worm," is the most important economically. Because of its .universal distribution, it is well known both to producer and consumer. To the latter class, only the form of the insect's injury to the fruit is familiar, the worm itself usually having long since forsaken the apple when it is bought for consumption. Every one has, at one time or another, encountered an apple tunneled within by cavities with blackened and bitter walls, and partially filled with the blackish frass, or castings of the worm. The agent of these hidden and distasteful mining operations is the larva of the codling moth.
But it is to the grower that the insect is best known and most unwelcome. To him, the work of the moth represents steadily cumulative losses throughout the whole growing season. A large percentage of the apples which fall prematurely from May until harvest time are victims to the voracity of its larvae. One has but to keep a record of the windfalls from a single unsprayed tree for a season, classifying them in accordance with the initial cause of theirdownfall, to realize that the apple worm is a guest with an appetite, one which is costly to feed. Nor does its havoc stop here. Not only does it cut off immature apples from all posibility 9f maturity, but so conditions others that cling to the tree, that they' are, at best, unfit for sale, except as culls.
Fortunately, though the codling moth is most destructive When left to its own devices, it is amenable to almost perfect control through the medium of spraying with arsenical (and other) poisons. It is entirely feasible to guard against its ~vages even by one thorough spraying, applied at the right tIme. of the right materials. The grower has no reason or excu~e except lethargy and disinterest, not to save his crop to hIm elf. rather than to abandon it as food to fatten worms.
7

Life History.
In order successfully to combat an insect, it is necessary that we know its history. Most insects are more vulnerable to attack at one stage of their development than at others. Having determined that stage, and its duration, it is our part in the warfare then to administer measures that will restrict the crop destructive activities and the fecundity of the insect to a minimum.
The life history of the codling moth, from egg to adult, i in four stages, viz.: the egg, the larva, or "worm," the pupa and the moth. Normally, there are three broods annually in Georgia.
The Adult.
The adult in ect i a moth having a wingspread of from one-half to three-quarter of an I inch. The fore wings are striped transversely with alternate dark gray and brown. The hind wings nave the same general coloring of the body, i. e., a grayish brown, nearly a saffron. The moth is seminocturnal in its habits, confining its activities to dusk and early dawn. For this reason, and because of the manner in which its color blends with its natural surroundings, it is nearly invisible and is seldom seen.
The egg laying season begins in the early spring several <lays after the moth emerges from hibernation. It is renewed at intervals, coincident with the adults of successive broods, until well into September. Approximately eightyfive per cent. of the eggs are laid on the leaves*. Considerable latitudeis shown, by individuals, in the life of the moth, and in the number of eggs deposited. The average of the latter is about fifty."
The Egg.
The egg of the first brood begin to be depo ited, by the adults newly emerged from their over-wintering cocoons, the last of April or early in May in the latitude of Cornelia. The deposition of eggs continues, by succeeding generations, increa ing numerically and in duration with each one, until it reaches it zenith with the third brood. There i a partial over-lapping of generations, which renders egg-laying more or less continuous.
The eggs are laid singly, mostly upon the upper surfaces of the lea es. When first deposited they are of a milkywhite color; circular in outline, of about the diameter of a pin head, the upper surface being' slightly convex. When
"Bull. 29, Ga. tate Board of Entomology, p. 7, 1909. HBull. 131, N. H. Agri. Expt. Sta., p. 21, 1907.
8

PLATE 1.

1

2

3
1. Too Far Advanced for Fir t Codling Moth Spraying. 2. Ju t Right for First Treatment. 3. CodUng loth Larva in Apple.

they have attained a certain stage of incubation (variable according to season and temperature), a reddish ring appears around the center of the egg, which later changes to a black spot. The egg is then almost ready to hatch. Early in the season eggs require eight or ten days to hatch, but as the season advances they require fewer days, striking an average of about five days in June, July and August.
The Larva.
From the egg emerges the newly-born larva. The length of this tiny worm is then only about one-sixteenth of an inch. It proceeds almost at once to crawl to the nearest apple, selecting sometimes, as a site for its entrance, an abrasion or break in the skin, but usually the blossom end. It is not an uncommon thing to observe the larva first feediLg on the leaf, especially when it was hatched some distance from an apple. Most of the invasions of the fruit are effected through the calyces, as these afford less natural resistance to the larva. The writer has repeatedly observed larvae enter through the feeding and egg-laying punctures of the curculio, a beetle discussed in another part of this Bulletin. They will, however, oftentimes perforate the unbroken skin of the fruit. The larva's entrance is usually protected by a network of ilken threads which it spins at the point of entrance.
When very young, the larva is white, but this color changes to pinkish with more age and increased size. There are three pairs of true legs on the anterior part of the body, and five pairs of pro-legs on the abdominal segments.
As the larva feeds it increases rapidly in size. The castings produced along the journey into the fruit are at first ~hrust backwards, and out of the opening made by the larva In entering. This mass is held together by silken threads. It is an easy matter to detect an infested apple by the mound of brownish castings pushed out at the point of entry. Later, as the larva advances into the apple, generally towards the core, these are pushed into the channels traced by the worm. Full growth is attained in a period approximately three ~eeks (again a variable item), and the larva is ready to eave the fruit. When full-grown it measures five-eighths to th~ee-quarters of an inch in length. (Fig. 3, Plate 1.)
. Bemg ready to make its exit from the fruit, the worm eIther makes use of the entrance channels for that purpose, or eat its way to liberty at another point.
Effects of Larva on Young Fruit.
Infested apples, up to the time when they are half-grown or more, generally fall from the tree. This does not occur,
9

however, .as a rule, until after the emergence of the larva. In the latter part of the season, preceding harvest, most of the infested fruit holds to the tree, but is, of course, greatly depreciated in value, if not entirely worthless.
The Pupa.
Mter leaving the apple the larva seeks a favorable place in which to spin its cocoon, preparatory to pupation. Sometimes it lowers itself directly to the ground by means of the silken thread it has the faculty of spinning in such prodigal plenty, pupating in litter or such other protection as it finds upon the ground. Usually, however, it crawls down the limbs of the tree to the trunk, hiding itself under partially loosened bark, or in crevices and cracks in the wood. Here the larger part of the larvae pupate, after spinning about themselves an elongated, tightly-woven cocoon. In this silken sleeping sh:r;oud are undergone the subtle, invisible transformations from larva into pupa, and from pupa to imago.
The pupa itself is a contracted embodiment of the larva. The average length i about one-half inch. The color ranges from light to dark brown.
The length of pupation is a factor in the life history exhibiting wide variation. The average time is from two weeks to sixteen or eighteen days. Eventually, the pupa works its way from the cocoon a an adult moth, and, following a brief interval, the female begins to deposit eggs for another brood. The larvae en"ering cocoons in the fall do not at once pupate, but hibernate as larvae, pupating at the approach of warm weather the following pring.
Treatment.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that the control of codling moth must mainly be founded upon measures prohibitive of the entrance of the larvae into the fruit. The most effective medium by which this end may be secured is the use of 'poison sprays. There are several arsenicals which have been, and are being, used, but for purpose of efficiency, economy, freedom from foliage and fruit injury, etc., arsenate of lead doubtles is superior to all. 0 consideration need be given here to auxiliary means of suppressing codling moth fecundity. The old method of banding the trees to trap larvae, and de troying them by hand, is practically obsolete. Clean, mooth-barked tree , and ground free of rubbish unquestionably help the orchardist by depriving the worms of their pupating quarters, but the e condition' are not e ential, only desirable. Though itself a most
10

pernicious enemy of the apple industry in its natural untrameled state, no insect yields more readily to defeat before a well-directed spray nozzle.
When to Spray. The physical changes peculiar to the apple from the blooming period until the sepals close up, and the fact that most of the larvae enter through the calyx end, render it
the key to defense of the fruit from infestation. The first
spraying is all-important, and upon its timeliness and thoroughness of application depend the growers' chances of success. When the calyx cups have been filled with poison, and the calyx lobes have closed upon it, the fortification of the apple against infestation in that direction is completB. The first food taken by the young larva as it sought to enter would result in death. Theoretically, one hundred per cent. of freedom from apple worms, by way of the calyx, is the result" of filling both outer and inner cups with arsenate of lead. In reality, the perceutage is very little less than one hundred.
The Calyx.
Cross Section of Apple at Proper Time For First Codling Moth Spraying.
Following the shedding of the bloom, the young apple soon reaches the proper condition for the first spraying. (See fig. 2, Plate I.) At that time a cross section of an apple resembles the accompanying figure. The outer cup (a) is eo shaped as to catch and retain the liquid poison, but the en-
n

trance to the inner cup (c) is obstructed by the pistils (d) and their encircling stamen-bars (b). It is plain that it is not enough merely to fill the outer calyx cup. The spray must be applied with sufficient pressure and volume to force itself by the obstructing stamen-bars. Maximum good results will not be effected unles and until this condition obtains.
How to Spray.
The experimental work of the past two years at Cornelia, Ga., (a well as in other states for a longer time), ha demonstrated that the best results are obtained by applying the pray to the fruit with a nozzle throwing a heavy, coarse spray under high pressure-from 200 to 300 pounds. Only in this way may the inner calyx container be Impregnated with poison. The clusters of fruit at the stage indicated in fig. 2, Plate 1., point to all parts of the compass, as well as up and down, and they must have the spray driven directly and forcibly into them. This means that the nozzle must be carried to all parts of the tree, inside and out, and at all angles. Spraying tall trees from the ground will not reach the bloom end of the fruit clusters pointing upward in the top. These should be drenched from a tower mounted on the spray wagon.
The imperative necessity of filling the cluster cups at thi spraying demands thorough, conscientious work. Too much stress can not be placed upon making it liberal and painstaking. The material used in this spraying, if rightly done, will be from one-half to once again as much as in any subsequent treatment. But all expenditures of time and care and money will yield a rich return in the cleanliness fl,nd extra value of the mature fruit.
Formula.
The proportion of lead to water varies within certain limits in the recommendation of different codling moth experimenters. In the plan of the work conducted at Cornelia, plats were assigned to first sprayings with arsenate of lead in proportions of one, two and three pounds, respectively, to fifty gallons of water. In addition to these, first sprayings were made with lead combined with two fungicides, namely, prepared lime and sulphur, and "atomic" sulphur* Ignoring the chemical changes taking place in the lead when added to a solution of concentrated lime-sulphur, it was found that the combination was not so effective in controlling codling moth as the arsenate of lead alone. It is recommended that two pound
"Manufactured by Thomsen Chemical Co. (see page 47).
12

of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water be used, to which l'lhould be added a milk-of-lime solution, made from three pounds of slaked stone lime. All constituents-lead, lime and water-should be carefully strained into the spray tank of barrel.
Type of Nozzle to Use.
Fig. 5, Plate IX, pictures what is called a "Bordeaux" nozzle. This is the type best adapted to the requirements of the first spraying. The "Blizzard," a nozzle of similar construction, manufactured by the Hardie Pump Co., is also worthy of recommendation. They serve better when fitted to the extension rod by a short piece of curved pipe, or elbow, which enables the nozzle-man to turn the stream at any angle.
The Second Application.
The variation in the blooming of different varieties of applies, and even among fruit clusters on individual trees, makes it certain that the calyx end of a certain percentage of the fruit will have advanced to the proper condition for the first spraying, while the remainder-perhaps a greater per cent.-is yet in the bloom. A second spraying, a week or ten days later than the first is necessary in order to catch these belated blooms before their calyces close. It is also desirable to apply a heavy coating of arsenical spray material as quickly as possible to the fruit on account of the early and great activities of curculio (q. v.). The second application is more valuable if applied with a view to treating belated blooms than if applied three weeks later than the first spraying.
As it is not practicable to consider a schedule of spraying for the codling moth independent of apple diseases, it i recommended that, where diseases are generally prevalent, the arsenate of lead of the second spraying, whether applied one week or three weeks after the first, be incorporated into a fungicide. In this way the second treatment will accomplish a dual purpose. Of a number of combinations of arsenate of lead with proprietary and home-made fungicides ~ested in the experiments, best results were obtained from the commercial lime-sulphur solution at a proportion of: Lead, 1% pounds, lime-sulphur, 1% gallons, water, 50 gallons. Where no demand arises for a fungicide on account of the early appearance of apple diseases, this formula 'Would be: Lead. 1 pound; lime, 3 pounds; water, 50 gallons. Be ides being a splendid fungicide, lime-sulphur
13

has been found by Scott & Siegler* also to have marked insecticidal value as a direct stomach poison. This value possibly off-sets, in degree, the lowered insecticidal value of arsenate of lead when added to lime and sulphur.
Third Spraying. The third spraying of lead should be applied, in combination with Bordeaux mixture (see method of preparation, p. 48), six weeks after the first. One and one-half pounds of lead should be added to fifty gallons of the mixture.
Summary. The first spraying is the most important for codling moth. Formula: Lead, 2 lbs., lime, 3 lbs., water, 50 gals. Apply with coarse nozzle under high pressure, driving spray . quarely into calyx cups. Second spraying following quicklyon the fir t. Third spraying, six weeks after first. First spraying should be only one applied with coarse Bordeaux nozzle.
*Bull. 116, Part 4, Bunau of Entomology, 1913.
14

THE PLUM CURCULIO.
(Conotrachelus nenupbar, Herbst.>
As a perennial problem of apple growing, the plum curculio takes the second place, in point of economic significance, to the codling moth. It is called the plum curculio, but its dietary range includes other products of horticulture besides plums. In Georgia it is best known as the "peach worm," and needs no introduction to peach growers. In addition to apples, peaches and plums, it also feeds upon and breeds in other cultivated fruits, such as cherries and pears. It is recognized as the principal insect enemy of the peach, and was not successfully combated until the introduction of arsenate of lead as a means of control. In peaches, when unchecked, it finds a most congenial environment for breeding and reproduces itself with amazing multiplicity.
Two years of investigation of the character and extent of the beetles' injury with relation to apples, demonstrates that it is almost, and, in some instances, quite as inimical to successful apple growing as it is to peaches. The form of the injury is radically different, however. Except in extremely rare cases curculio larvae do not mature in the apple. The female deposits eggs freely in them and the majority of them hatch, but unlike their development in peaches, a very low percentage survive the larval state. They succumb to the forces exerted upon them by the natural enlargement and cell formation of the apple. The only considerable damage is that done to the apple by reason of the distorted growth and surface imperfections arising from the egg and feeding punctures. As a medium for perpetuation of species the apple is fatal to curculios, but the injury done in the attempt is certain and costly to the apJ?le grower.
Description and Life History.
The beetle (figure 2, Plate II.) is a member of a family of weevils conspicuous for the taxation it imposes on cultivated and stored crops. The cptton boll weevil, which it closely resembles in habits and appearance, is a near relative, and the identity of the two is frequently confused by the uninitiated. The adult curculio is a beetle about one-fifth of an inch in length, and is armed with a proboscis, or snout, n third as long as the insect itself. The basic color is black or dark gray, marked with ochre yellow and white. The back is ridged, bearing two well developed humps, besides several minor: prominences.
Owing to the habits of the beetle it is seldom seen on the trees by even the most careful observer. This is due largely
15

to its natural secretiveness and to the fact that it is relatively inactive during daylight hours in exposed places. A peculiarity of the species is that it resorts to alleged '''possum" tactics to escape obs~rvation, and will curl up and drop to the ground when disturbed, simulating death. Time was when this habit was utilized to catch the beetles by jarring them from the trees onto sheets spread beneath, and picking them up while they were motionless and apparently dead. Jarring was fOl,lnd to be impracticable as well a inordinately expensive, and has been abandoned.
The Egg.
A con iderable proportion of the egg , for several reasons, never do hatch. One of these doubtless is improper fertilization. Another cause, perhaps the principal, is the condition produced in the egg cavity by the drying out of the ti sues immediately surrounding the egg, and the heat to which it is subjected, when exposed to sunlight, in this relatively moistureless environment. The egg, under such hostile conditions, collap es and the contents become thin and watery.
In 1911, a record was kept of the fallen apples from a few trees from April until August, to determine what percentage of eggs hatched, the percentages of crescent marked and unmarked apple, and the percentage of infested apple. The record was kept for two plats of trees-one sprayed with arsenate of lead, the other unsprayed. In the accompanying table the numbers and percentages of each item are shown. It does not show the entire product of the trees, however, as pressure of other affairs prohibited the gathering and classification of the fruits in season. Dnquetionably, a completed record would have shown to far greater advantage the beneficial results of spraying.

I Apples
Cureuho Marked

UnAmpaprlkeesd

I Iun~ UAnipnpfldelsed

Hatched f.ell'

II Sprayed

Plat.

368

CPlhaetck(un- 521

sprayed).

I 208
\ 115
I

336 474

I 239 I 443

173

162

I 715

309

Per cents \

I

Sprayed
I Plat.
Per cents Check Plat.

64 82

I
l

36 18

58 74.5

I I 42 "' 72

2

I I I

25.5

70

30

I

The tabulated record above shows that about thirty per cent. of the eggs failed to hatch.

16

PLATE II.

1

3

g. 1. urculio Egg Puncture on Young pple. g. 2. Adult Curculio Beside Fall Feeding Puncture. g. 3. an Jo e cale In and Around Calyx Cavity.

The year 1911 presented very unusual conditions in that the entire peach crop was killed at Cornelia and vicinity by late cold weather. Curculios were driven, through force of necessity, to turn to the only considerable food supplyapples. The result was that that crop was subjected to a highly abnormal and concentrated curculio attack. TIle percentage of infestation was above eighty in the unsprayed plat and above sixty in the sprayed when the count was discontinued late in July.
The following year (1912) a similar record was kept to ascertain the ratio of infested fruit to the uninfested. The two sprayed plats, in this instance, were treated just after the petals were off with arsenate of lead, the second and third treatments being with (1) prepared lime and sulphur and arsenate of lead, and (2) atomic sulphur and arsenate of lead, respectively. The windfalls from these plats and the check were classified until July, after which it became necessary to abandon the count. The records, given below, are not of much value, representing, as they do, only a minor part of the total crop. From a comparative standpoint they are of interest as showing the vast difference in curculio infestation between 1911, when there were no peaches, and 1912, when peaches were abundant.

Incompleted Record, 1912.

PLAT
Lime-sulphur and lead. Atomic sulphur and lead. Check (unsorayed) .

o. Apples V.infested

Per Ce.t I.fesled

Per Ceot. V.i.fested

57

705

7.5

92.5

16

1185

12.5

87.5

264

624

29+

70+

A comparison of the above record with that of 1911. reveals a variation of 45 per cent. in the infestation of the check plats for the two years. A fact worthy of mention in connection with the comparison is that the same lot of tree was used as a check both years.
The variation in the sprayed plats is approximately the !':ame as that for the checks. The conclusion deduced from the above is that curculio may be controlled by proper and timely measures in a normal year, but that abnormal condition of food supply, such as those of 1911, make the problem more difficult and run up the infe tation to a destructive degree.
17

Injury to Fruit From Punctures.

The principal injury to apples from curculio, in this State.

lies in the effect which the egg punctures have upon the

growth and ultimate appearance of the fruit, and in the fall

feeding puncture of the second brood adults. Most of the

eggs are deposited within the first six or eight weeks of the

apple's life. These eggs are usually accompanied by the

crescent mark, and, with the growth of the apple, the

cre cent cuts at fir t produce an atrophied growth at the

point of incision, resulting in a malformation of the apple at

that point. Later the wound heals over, but the skin form-

ing the cicatrix is thickened and russetted. By the time

the fruit is ripe for picking this ru etted skin has enlarged,

along with the growth of the apple, until it is as large as a

dime, the outline being irregular. Very often there are ev-

eral of these scars on a 'single apple.

As has been said, the larger part of curculio injury i

found, not in the actual destruction of the apple, but in the

misshapen and blemished fruit, caused by early sea on egg

punctures. Second to this is the puncturing of the fruit for

feeding purposes in the fall, prior to harve t. Thirdly, there

is the injury done by the larva, mentioned under the follow-

ing heading:

.

The Larva.
Four or five days after the deposition of the egg, it batche into a minute, footless grub, or "worm." It i nearly white in color and bears a distinct brown head. At nrst very small, it grows rapidly with feeding until ready to -emerge, attaining a final length of about one-third inch. The larva rarely goes to the core, as does the codling moth larva, but eats its way into the flesh of the apple, leaving a brown, grainy ordure in its wake. Small apples very often are completely emptied of their content, save for the castings of the departed worm. In about three weeks from hatching the larva emerges and goes into pupation in the earth.

Larval Mortality.
It is a larvae we find the zenith of mortality in the whole curculio-reproductive proceSses. Indeed, very negligible numbers of larvae ever succeed in realizing full growth in the apple. They peri h before half-growth is attained, leaving, as the only evidence of their occupancy, a hair-like line, dark green against the white flesh of the fruit. The tissue along thi line harden becoming bitter to the ta te, and impairing the flavor of the apple to that extent.
Out of the thousand of apple, in which eggs had been deposited and hatched, opened during 1911 and 1912, just 57

18

larvae actually were found to have emerged. These larvae came from fallen fruit which had become infested very early in the season. Suspension of the apple's growth seems a necessary factor in the development of the larva. In no case where an infested apple remained upon the tree was the larva observed to complete its existence, nor was a single instance noted in which an infested apple was cut off from the tree directly because of the feeding of the larva within. All emergences were from fallen fruits, and occurred in the young apples which were a part of the natural drop in May. After this period was passed no larvae were found to mature. The high mortality in the larval stage can be attributed to no cause other than the crushing effect of the rapidly expanding tissue growth of the young fruit.
The Pupa.
On the emergence of the larva it digs its way into the earth, where it transforms, after a few days, into the pupa. The depth to which it tunnels the soil varies, but rarely, exceeds three inches. A pupating cell is prepared by the twisting and turning of the worm. In this the pupa remains dormant and inactive until it has reached the final or beetle stage, when, conditions being favorable, it at once forces its way to the surface. The subterranean life of the curculio is extremely variable, and is largeiy governed by the condition of the soil. When it is moist, the emergence of the beetle is hastened. Conversely, when it is hard and baked, emergence IS greatly retarded. The average period in loose, moist earth is approximately three weeks.
Soon after emergence the beetle renews its feeding upon fruit, this time by 'gouging out holes with its long snout, thereby making the circular punctures so commonly observed in fruit in the fall. (See fig. 2, Plate II). The beetles sustain life by these depredations until the approach of winter, when they go into hibernation in such protected places as may most readily be found. In the early days of the following spring they re-appear, mate, and soon thereafter begin the oviposition pf eggs in the fruit freshly uncovered from the bloom.
Treatment.
Reference to the incompleted classifications above shows that curculio infestation is largely a preventable 'evil. By means of thorough spraying of arsenate of lead, applied just after the blooms are off, the apples may be rendered very undesirable 'and relatively immune to curculip for both egglaying and feeding purposes. The first application of arSEnate of lead for codling moth is also rightly timed to give
19

a protective coating of poison against the .earlier activities of curculio. Apples at that time have a pubescent growth which is retentive of liquid spray. A second spraying a week or ten days later (recommended for codling moth, page 13) is of more value against curculio than if applied several weeks later. The spray material adheres much better to the surfaces of apples and foliage after o_ne or two applications. The solids deposited hold subsequent sprayings, and aid in securing a thicker and more uniformly distributed investment of poison. For this reason two sprayings should be administered in quick succession. The unsightly, pitted and russet-scarred apples gathered in the fall are produced by the egg punctures made during the first six or eight weeks of the post-blooming period, during which'the female curculio deposits nearly her full quota of eggs. To be of real lasting \value as a protectIOn against her the arsenate of lead should be applied just after the bloom is off at the rate of two pounds to fifty gallons of water (same as for codling moth), again in a .week or ten days at one and onehalf pounds to fifty gallons spray solution (see schedule for apple scab spraying, page 36) and againin three weeks or one month, and i"l all subsequent summer treatments for whatever purpose, at one pound to fifty gallons of spray solution. All spraying, with the exception of the first, should be applied with a nozzle of the type shown in figures 2 and
8, Plate IX. The disc should have an aperture of nearly :tA
inch. High pressure is desirable in spraying against curculio, as in all other cases.
The habit of the plum curculio in pupating at a shallow depth in the soil, renders them peculiarly liable tQ destruction by the practice of clean cultivation in the orchard. Light surface harrowings beneath the treES destroy them, or so expose them that they' ultimately perish.
20

THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

(Aspidioius pernidosus, Comstock.)

The codling moth and plum curculio have been considered, by reason of their feeding and reproductive habits, essentially as destroyers of the apple. In the case of the San Jose scale we encounter an insect that attacks the trees as well as the fruit thereof. The deadly destruction wrought by this microscopic malefactor stops not with the toll it takes in unmarketable fruit, but threatens, wherever present, the life of the tree itself. Except for a few favored localities in different parts of the State, it is everywhere an active menace to the cultivation of deciduous fruits. While we may ignore other injurious insects and possibly save our fruit trees and a portion of their fruits, we cannot pursue a laisser faire policy with San Jose scale and save a decent or considerable portion of either.
San Jose scale belongs in the category of sucking insects, and takes its food in a liquid form by means of a long, bristle-like proboscis inserted into leaf or limb or fruit, as the case may be. The habit of feeding renders it immune to treatment with arsenical poisons, which must be taken internally to be effective. As the insect is powerless of itself to extend its sphere of infestation from its own immediate and separate habitat, and as the fruit is infested directly from the tree, it follows that the destruction of the scale upon the tree removes simultaneously the injury to the one and the liabilities of the other. This is accomplished through the agency of what are known as contact sprays, i. e., sprays that applied externally to the bodies of the insects, kill them. Scale-extirpative measures are most successfully applied in the winter for the reason that, at that season, the tree is dormant. Powerful contact poisons may then be used, Which, because of their strength and causticity, are debarred when the tree is in foliage.

Life History.

~yAas

the term "scale" suggests, the waxy excretion under cover of

insects are which they

protected feed and

reed. Save for a few hours after birth, during which they C~WI about, the females pass their entire existence under

t IS covering. The males, after several molts, leave the

Scale casings as fragile two-winged flies, and enjoy an ~hheme~alspan of liberty. In this brief season before death
ey Ulllte with the scale-imprisoned females.

unS~earn

Jose scale passes the winter in the small black, circular scales.

the half-grown stage Individual scales are

no Jl.rster than the diameter of an ordinary pin, in small num-

21

bel's so insignificant as to be invisible to all ave the eye trained to observe them. Very early in the spring the males pupate, emerging soon thereafter to unite with the females, which by then have arrived to the proper stage for complementary reproductive functions. In about three weeks or a month the young of the first brood appear. These are borne alive by the mother insect without an intermediate egg stage. Parturition continues several weeks before the female dies.
The newly-born young are light yellow in color. They crawl about several hours before settling down in their fixed positions. The long sucking tube is inserted into the tissues of the plant, and the formation of the cale begin. This, at first, is white, but changes in color through successive molts to gray or black.
Each circular scale is surmounted at the apex by a nipple. In the elongated males the nipple is also present, but near the anterior end. The conformation of this nipple-like marking is characteristic of the San Jose scale and differentiates the species from other species which otherwise outwardly resemble it. The size of both sexes materially increases with age, and the male assumes an elongated hape. Each generation require from thirty-three to forty day from the emergence of the larvae of one brood to the emergence of the larvae of its progeny. The average period of oviposition of a female being about six weeks there consequently is a well defined over-lapping of summer brood .
Since the female never leaves its scale covering it i evident that the spread of the insect from one plant to another and from one premises to another must be effected artificially. Scale infestations are usually set up locally by the removal of the crawling young from their birthplaces to other places on the legs and bodies of larger insects, by birds, on the persons and clothes of orchard workers, by plough animals, and possibly, for short distances, by high winds. Scale infested nursery stock is the commonest cause of long-distance infestations. Thus, it may readily be seen how important it is to insure one's self against the scale in uninfested territory by setting a guard again t the introduction of infested nursery stock.
In Georgia, San Jose scale breeds from March until October or November, and, in late falls, probably until December. The writer has seen the crawling young in a peach orchard at Fort Valley as late as November 26. Allowing forty days to a generation, this means that five full generations are easily possible in the 214 days from April 1 to October 31. In all probability there are more. Estimating 200 females as the off-spring of a single mother of the first
22

generation, Marlatt hows a po sible progeny of 3,216,080,-
400 at the fifth brood. * The e figures offer orne explana-
tion of the near-annihilation (not uncommonly seen) of en-
tire orchard in a ingle eason where condition have been
favorable for the multiplication of the cale.

Characteristic Injury of the an Jose cale.
The effect of the feeding of many cale in ect i the slow sapping of the life of the tree, or, in the ca e of fruit, its scurfy appearance, vivid discoloration and depreciation or worthlessness as a market product. On smooth bark, marked by a light infe tation, there is reddi h or purpli h discoloration surrounding the insects. This di coloration extends through the bark, clear to the wood proper. The ucking of the insects results in a pitted, indented twig or limb. In heavy infestations the cales overlap each other, literally incrusting the bark so that it can not be seen at all. The limbs have the appearance of having been dusted over with ashes. On a badly infested tree, in midsummer, one can see with the naked eye thou ands of the yellow young crawling about.
The apples themselves offer tempting condition to the crawling larvae and they are freely infested where scale is present on the tree. Even a few cale will di color the skin cf an apple, and a medium infestation will tultify the growth, oftentime leaving the apple cracked and mi-
hapen.
In an eight-year-old orchard** at Cornelia, San Jose scale was present in small quantitie at the beginning of the spring of 1911. By the fir t of June the scale had multiplied enormously and infe ted both trees and fruit. The crop was heavy at that time, but by Augu t over one-half of it was utterly ruined, and the other half was very much discolored and inferior. The damage to the fruit was less than half o~ the story. By late fall many of the trees were killed outI'Ight, while the rest had dead or dying tops, necessitating the removal of practically the whole top structure. As has been tated, the infestation in thi orchard at the start of spring was slight. It did not seem possible that scale could m~ltiply 0 rapidly in one season or with uch dire results. I~ IS but an instance of their practically unlimited reproductlYhe power and their capacity for working irreparable havoc '" ere conditions are altogether favorable.

Treatment.

~llSaonr

Jo e scale is most successfully destroyed winter months for the reasons stated.

in the late The tree .is

--B-Tohlleetin 62, . . Bureau Entomology, p. 49, 1906. property of Mr. J. S. Carruth.

23

then dormant, and so is immune to spray injury. Spraying may be safely done at any time after the leaves are off until just before the blooms begin to open in the spring. Weather conditions usually are more favorable in the fall, and there is an absence of the high winds prevailing in February and March. For several reasons, concerned with fungus affections of the apple, it would seem more desirable to apply a full strength scale insecticide as late in the spring as may be done, with due regard to the safety of the tree and fruit. The fungicidal value of a thusly-timed application would continue to exert itself into the period of early development of fruit and foliage, and act as a preventive of the diseases that assail both at that period, and after. However, the orchardist should be governed by conditions, only being sure to give at least one thorough spraying within the time limits above named.
Lime and Sulphur vs. Miscible Oils.
As exterminators of San Jose scale, the standard solutions of lime and sulphur have proved themselves without au equal. They are also as cheap as other compounds sometimes used against scale.'
Their only rivals worthy of mention have been the soluble oil preparations and kerosene emulsion. Of the former, a few, notably Scalecide, have done excellent work. Limesulphur solution possesses composite qualities which are lacking in miscible oils. It is at once a powerful insecticide and fungicide. The latter property is a questionable quality in the oil preparations. Lime-sulphur wash produces a sanitary condition of the bark. It causes dead tissues and scales to sluff off and leaves the tree smooth and clean and bright.
There are a number of proprietary solutions of lime and sulphur manufactured by several competitive chemical com-
panies.* All are fundamentally the same, and are not widely
variant in chemical composition or strength. They are clear, amber-colored decoctions, free of all residuum. They give an average Baume test ranging about 32 degrees. Generally speaking, they are as effective in killing scale insects as the standard home-made preparation.** Since they carry no excess lime they do not whiten trees like the home-made article, nor is the coating of spray so deep or lasting. This deficiency is compensated for by the fact that trouble and time and cost for preparing them for field use is saved. They require only the addition of cold water.
As a fungicide for control of diseases of apples, prepared
*Sea page 47.
**For method of preparation write for Bull. 21. State Bd. of Entomology.
24

PLATE III.
howing Galls Produced by Woolly Aphis on Apple Root.

lime-sulphur in a dilute form gives excellent results, and to these must be adl1ed the other half of its double efficiency a an insecticide in destroying crawling and unprotected scale, as well as its established value as a stomach poi on in the control of chewing insects.
Recommendations. As a dormant spray for San Jose scale, lime and sulphur is recommended, the application to be made any time after the foliage is off until just before the blooms appear. Two treatments should be made of badly infested trees. Pruning should always precede winter spraying. Any good prepared lime and sulphur, well applied, will give desired results. Nothing is superior to the home-made article, though it is comparatively little used because the ready prepared solutions give practically the same results, with the trouble and the cost of the cooking left out. The manufacturers of the commercial article generally recommend it to be diluted at a ratio of one part lime-sulphur to ten parts water. It should not be forgotten that the more thorough the application the better the results. One infested limb or twig, left unsprayed by a careless or indifferent nozzle-man, may ea ily re-infest the tree and it fruit before reproduction i supended. The prepared solution of lime and sulphur, at a proportion of one and one-half gallons to fifty gallon of water, i a dependable spray in checking ummel' infestation of trees and apples. Although too weak to kill the protected cale insect ,- a spray diluted to the above formula i caustic enough to kill by contact all that are crawling, or otherwise unprotected. The type of nozzle be t adapted for u e in spraying against an Jo e cale is shown in figures 2 and 8, Plate IX. These throw a cone-shaped spray, medium fine. High pre sure hould be maintained, so that the mist at close range will po es a penetrating power against the scale.
25

APPLE TREE APHIDES.
Two active advocates of high tariff on apple growing are found in the apple woolly aphis and the apple leaf aphis. Both of these species are common in Georgia. They were made jointly the subjects of'a bulletin issued in 1907*, by Mr. R. I. Smith, of the State Board of Entomology, wherein a description of each was given, together with its life history, and method of control.
This bulletin is still available to tho e desiring it. Since the publication of the above, no new or modified methods of treatment that have proven more successful have been introduced. A word of warning is considered advisable in connection with the treatment of the roots of trees with kero ene emul ion.
The Apple Woolly phis.
(Schizoneura lanigera, Hauss'>
The injury worked by woolly aphis i two-fold, one pha e being wrought upon the limb and trunk , and the other to the root . The latter i , to all practical purposes, the only one demanding pecially directed treatment. The aerial form is readily killed by dilute lime- ulphur summer sprays u ed against the di ea e of the apple, when the applications are made under high pre ure. The white cottony ubstance secreted by the in ect protect it again t contact prays, unle admini tered forcefully.
The root form of woolly aphis, by rea on of its peculiar feeding habits, damages the roots seriously, and not infrequently cause the death of the tree. The injury is none the les serious becau e un een.
Treatment.
The most dependable remedy that ha been di covered in Georgia for eradicating infe tation from the roots of apple trees is kero ene emul ion. In recommending it, however, an emphatic provision i laid down, to wit: The utmost
precaution must be taken thoroughly to emulsify the kerosene, so
that it will not separate out in a free tate. Thi cannot be done merely by stirring the con tituents together. They should first be mixed in a vessel more than large enough to hold them, to allow for the increa e in bulk which accompanies the process of emulsifying, and the content pumped back forcefully and continuously into itself for at lea t ten minutes. AI 0, a ten per cent: solution is a ef-
*Bull. 23, Ga. State Board of Entomology, 1907.
26

fective, though the after effects are not so lasting, as a . tronger emulsion, and so is recommended 9n account of the possible inj ury to the trees from an emulsion carrying a greater percentage of kerosene.
If the preparation is made carefully, and applied ollly ill Ihe growing season, no damage to the tree or it roots need he feared. Many other remedie for woolly aphi have been t ted, but none ha proven so effective as kerosene emulsion. In addition to the direct de truction of woolly aphis on the roots it ha another virtue in its after-action, as a repellant against a new infestation. The odor of kerosen remain in the oil several month after application and effectually prevent re-infestation.
Explicit direction for preparing kero ene emulsion are given in Bulletin 23 of thi Department, which will be mailed on reque t.
The Green Apple Leaf Aphi .
(Aphis pomi, DeGeer.)
The green apple aphis i especially injurious to nursery tock and to young tree in the orchard. The ucking of the juices of the leaves, u ually upon terminal growth, causes .them to curl, blacken and wither. This injury to the leaf if! followed by the stunting of the wood growth. On small tree which have borne a general infestation the stunting effect i often noticeable for years afterward .
The fruit of bearing tree, where surrounded by aphiside ted foliage practically ceases to grow. The apples remain at a fixed size; green, hard and gnarled, for a considerable while and then drop.
The in ects can not be ucce fully combated after the leaves have curled, and to forestall attacks the grower must re ort to preventive measures.
Treatment.
The green apple aphis pa es the winter eason in the egg tage upon the limb and twigs of apple trees, and it i po ible to destroy them at this stage, and to protect tree and foliage for the fir t two or three month of summer, by t~orough spraying with lime-sulphur olution in late mter or early pring.
A explained in Bulletin 23, contact poisons must be used to de troy the aphis. The curling of the leaves make it practically impo sible to apply a poi on by mean of a . prayer thoroughly enough to reach the insect beneath. It 1 co~parat.ively imple to treat nul' ery tock, and orchard tree m their fir t and econd years, by dipping the infested
27

foliage in a vessel filled with an efficient contact poison, and carried from tree to tree by hand. The writer completely ridded a one-year apple orchard of a heavy and well distributed infestation in the summer of 1912, by this method. It is simple, rapid and more thorough than any spraying could possibly be. With the disappearance of the aphids growth was renewed and the trees grew thriftily.
Besides kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap, tobacco decoctions, etc., a manufactured product called "Black Leaf 140,"
a concentrated solution of nicotine sulphate,* has come into
the market recently and given perfect satisfaction against the aphis. When used as a dip, as described above, it is one hundred per cent. efficient as an aphis destroyer, and, in addition, has a healthily stimulating effect on leaf growth.
'Manufactured by the Kentucky Tobacco Products Co . Louisville. Ky. 28

PLATE IV.
1
,. 1. C~aracteristic Form of pple Decay Caused by Bitter Rot Fungus.
'.2. BItter Rot Canker on Limb.

APPLE TREE BORERS.

Apple tree are attacked by two species of borer which exert an inhibitory influence upon their growth, and frequently are responsible-particularly in the case of young trees-for their death. The common names for these are the round-headed borer and the flat-headed borer, names derived from pecularities in the morphology of the larvae. Both specie are injurious to apple trees, but the flat-headed borer enter other trees besides fruit trees, the pecan being freely attacked.

The RoundHeaded Apple Tree Borer.
(Saperda candida, FabJ
The adult of thi pecies i a large beetle, nearly an inch in length, yellowi h-brown above and silvery white beneath. Two broad, white, slightly curved stripes traverse the entire length of the back. The larva is a large, footless, lightyellowish grub, about an inch long when fully grown. The head i darker than the body and lightly larger in diameter, the larva tapering on a graduated scale from segment to 'egment throughout it entire length. The pupa is lightly
horter than the larva and looks not unlike the adult. The beetle appear in May and June, ovipo ition following
soon after. Egg are depo ited by the females in slits cut in the bark near the base of the tree. The egg hatches in two or three weeks into the larva, which at once tunnels into the bark, and feed on the sap-wood during the fir t year, cutting a di c- haped bUTrow. At the bottom of this burrow the larva pas e the winter, not feeding again until the pring of the second year. The burrow is enlarged greatly the econd year with the renewed feeding of the mrva, and the ca ting are pushed out of holes cut in the bark by the in ect. With mall trees the trunk is often c?mpletely girdled. The larva increase con iderably in !Ze the econd year and doe not feed exclusively on the Rap-wood, but gnaw into the heart-wood. The winter of the eeond year i pa ed deep in the burrows. The third
ear the larva penetrate till deeper into the heart of the ~ee, reaching a full larval development therein. Finally, It ~orce it way back to the bark and form a pupa. From thl pupa it emerge the following pring a the adult beetle.

Appearance of Infested Tree .

dd~Tthecetepdruenteinlcteheof

the round-headed econd year. It may

borer is usually be recognized by

not the

1 colored unken patche of bark marking the burrow be-

29

neath. The e area are ometime attended by the exudation of sap from the wound, but more ofteR by the castings thrust out by the larva. The areas of injury and egg laying are mostly in the trunk, within a foot or two of the ground. In small trees the larva is often found below ground, at the crown. Several larvae may girdle and almo t inevitably destroy a young tree. In older tree the injury i not alway fatal, but the growth of the trees and fruit is heavily retarded.
Remedies.
The borer are readily removed by a knife, or killed by prodding into their channels with a harp wire. Where ,everal borers are in one tree, the u e of a knife is not altogether safe becau e of the danger of girdling the trunk in the urgical operation. The safest, urest method i to tap the channels and inject into them small quantities of bisulphide of carbon, stopping up all entrance to the channel with wax or something similar to retain the gas. The fume of carbon bi- ulphide are deadly to the larva. They penetrate to all parts of the tunnels and kill the larva within, making it unnecessary to cut into the bark or wood in search of the borer. Caution: Owing to the highly explosive nature Of bi- ulphide of carbon it hould be kept away from flame.
The Flat-Headed Apple Tree Borer.
(ChrJ;Sobotbris femorata, Fab.>
The adult flat-headed borer i malleI' than the adult of the round-headed specie , being only about one-half inch in length. It i a beautiful, burni hed beetle, reflecting bright metallic color in which green, black and bronze predominate. The body i flattened, and taper at the posterior end. They make an early appearance in the. spring, eggs are laid, and from these egg hatch larvae which mature in one year, issuing forth a adult the following pring. The larva tunnels fir t into the ap-wood, but later bores into heartwood, working back to the bark in the pring and pupating. 'ometime the winter is passed a pupae. In making their escape from the tree they cut an elliptical hole, differentiating the specie from the round-headed borer, which cuts a circular emergence-hole.
ature of Injury.
Thi pecie i more inj uriou to young apple tree than 10 old,. bearing trees. The larva generally work in the
30

PLATE V.
Apple Scab Fungu on Foliage and Young Fruit.

PLATE VI.
1
L Cedar Ru t At Blossom End of Apple. 2. ppearance of Frog Eye Fungu , or Apple Leaf Spot.

trunk, and goes higher up from the ground, often to the first lateral limbs. It is not unusual to find them working in the roots of young trees, however, some inches below the surface of the ground. The writer saw five two-year-old llpple trees removed from an area of about an acre, all of which had literally been cut off at the crown and main roots. Infestations are detected by the patches of discolored, undermined bark. Generally speaking, this borer does not show a preference for trees of vigorous, unimpaired growth. They usually come as a secondary attack upon a weakened, devitalized tree, but when the e are lacking ound trees are attacked.
Remedies. The control mea ures for the fiat-headedborerarethe arne as for the round-headed species (page 30). The trunks of tree are sometimes painted with deterrent compounds to discourage the egg laying of both species, and not without success. Among these are whale-oil soap, carbolated soft oap, etc. They should be apulied early in the spring as thick pastes, and renewed at intervals throughout the ummer.
31

PLATE VII.
c
o.~..
U

PART II.
PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE APPLE IN GEORGIA.
BITTER ROT.
<Glomorella ru/omaculans, Berk. and S. and S.)
Of all diseases of the apple bitter rot ranks well in the forefront of those mostly to be feared and fought. It is the most insidious of the disease enemies because of it erratic behavior. Like lightning, it often comes out of a clear sky, as it were, laying waste, in a few days or weeks, the orchardist's best endeavor. Very few, if any, advance notices of its appearance are erved, and the only effective campaign that may be waged against it is that of prevention. Once well started an outbreak may not be wholly cured and, at best, only checked. The fact that the disease does not appear to a de tructive extent annually, that the outbreaks are more or les poradic and come without warning, inclines the grower to take a chance at its non-appearance and to dispense with preventive sprayings. The acceptance of this chance is of the nature of a gamble, and is often followed by a los of all or a large part of the apple crop. It is always the part of economy to prepare each year for the possible appearance of the rot.
Weather conditions have an important bearing on bitter rot. Hot, muggy, or showery weather in summer is the la.rgest and most importanf factor in the development and dissemination of the disease. Where such weather conditions obtain for any Tength of time after apples are halfgrown, bitter rot is almo t certain to develop. Rains make for .the spread of the rot by washing the spores from affected fruits to other and unaffected fruits.
Character, Cause and Effect of Bitter Rot.
Bitter rot is caused by a fungus and not by wet weather, as many growers believe. Wet weather is favorable to it, however, and the fungus flourishes when the days are hot and. humid. The rot does not usually begin to appear on the fruit until the early part of July, and its development and pread i largely dependent on weather conditions during
33

the remainder of the ummel'. It makfls it fir t appearance on the apple a very mall, browni h-colored peck beneath the skin. The e peck grow rapidly, a suming a circular outline. The di ea ed area increa e in ize very rapidly, the infection radiating out by concentric rings. Th' mycelium of the fungu , at the arne time, grow into the fruit, involving the ti ue in a oft, browni h, cone- haped decomposition. rfhe circular rotted area quickly become
.:unken, with clear-cut margin (fig. 1, Plat I ). * mall
black spots oon begin to appear beneath the skin of the di.ea ed circles, and the e later break through and gi off the pores, or seed, of th di ease. The pore rna e are pinkish in color, an ar readily wa hed about on the tree by l'ain. Finding a receptiv ho t-apple, they s t up a new infection, and thus d cay is pa sed along. Infection are rno t readily made through breaks or abrasion in th skin of injured apple. The pore therein find a re ting place, and the fungus easily effects it foundation in the ti sues. Quick and complete decay follows. Insect punctures, therefore, have a direct relation hip to bitter rot outbreaks.
The fungus passes the winter upon the limbs of the tree in the cankers which it forms when the bark become infected (figure 2, Plate IV) *, and in mummied apples on the tree and ground.
The canker are cracked, depres ed portions of bark. Beneath the bark the wood growth dies and cracks open. It seems highly probable that there i a correlation between the cankers on the limbs and the ummel' form of the disease upon the fruit. Infection of the tree it elf doubtless have their origin in the pores given off by the fruit during season. Reciprocally, it is equally rea onable to a ume that the canker furnish the infections for ub equent crop.
Variety Resistance.
It has been thoroughly demonstrated that orne varietie are more resistant to the disease than other . This factor of varietal resistance has not been worked out in Georgia to any extent, except as to one or two varieties. Ben Davis
and Shockley may 4e mentioned as highly susceptible.
Treatment.
The experimental work for the control of bitter rot ill Georgia has been along the arne general lines a that conducted in other State. Several spray chedule were carried out, embracing the following fungicides: Commercial lime and ulphur, "atomic" ulphur and Bordeaux mixture
'ACLer S brenk, Bnll. 44, Bnre"u of Plant Industry, 1903.
34

separately, and combinations of the first two with the last. Dispensing with details, the best re ults were obtained from sprayings made in the early summer (until 15-30 June) with the prepared lime and sulphur solution, and in the latter part of the sea on (from about July 1 to last spraying) with Bordeaux mixture. Such a spraying schedule at Cornelia in 1911-12 resulted in practical freedom from bitter rot while un prayed plats were freely infected.
The prepared lime and sulphur, while itself a plendid fungicide, is not equal to Bordeaux mixture as a preventive of bitter rot. The application of Bordeaux to young apples causes them to rus et, however, hence its I use in the early growing eason i to be avoided. The first application of Bordeaux should not be made prior to the la t week or ten days of June, upon fall and winter fruit. 0 material rus etting results from praying applied at that time, and after. A high degree of bitter rot control will follow the exclusive use of prepared lime-sulphur, but it is not so effective as Bordeaux after lime-sulphur. The same may be said of "atomic" sulphur which, however, has not shown itself so dependable as either lime- ulphur or Bordeaux.'
Beginning the la t week in June, two or three applications of Bordeaux hould be made at intervals of two or three weeks. The schedule will vary, according to the time of maturity of the fruit, its susceptibility to rot, the season, etc. In view of the corrosive nature of Bordeaux, a thriceapplied treatment should be a 3-4-50 formula, that i , bluestone 3 pound , lime 4 pounds, water 50 gallons. (See methods of preparing, page 48). Where only two treatments are made, the quantity of bluestone, per 50 gallons, may safely be raised to four pounds, making the formula ~-4-50. AI' enate of lead hould be incorporated in all spraymgs of Bordeaux at the rate of one pound to fifty gallons, III a protection again t codling moth, curculio, etc. Thoroughne s in praying i an indi pensable factor to ucce fu} control of bitter rot.
The removal of all mummied fruit from the trees and ground, a well a the removal of cankered limb, or the c~tting out of cankered areas and their ubsequent di infectIon and filling-in with cement, are valuable aid in the work.
35

APPLE SCAB.
(Venturia pomi, EFr.J Wind
With the single exception of abnormally virulent outbreaks of bitter rot, no di ea e of the apple is of more economic significance than apple scab. In orchards where no measures are taken to prevent or control it the scab-diseased fruit may easily, and often does, attain a ratio over the ~.cab-free of two to one. Sometimes it is even greater. The d.iseased apples, in extreme ca es, are small, unshapely, and often cracked and worthless. Light attacks, while not always causing stunting or splitting, lower the market value of the fruit.
Description, and Nature of Injury.
Apple scab is caused by a fungus which lives, in the summer, upon the leaves and fruit and, to some extent, upon the twigs, and in the winter upon fallen leaves. The character and extent of its work are well known to all apple grower . ~cab grows upon the fruit as roughly-circular, dark gray or olive-brown spots. The ize of individual pot varie from tiny specks to blotches a half-inch in diameter. Frequently two or more cab spots join, and extend a unified ~urface development. In thi wayan apple may have nearly its entire epidermis cabbed. In such well-developed attncks the apple usually cracks deeply, and, when not dropping prematurely, i of no value whatever for purpose of ale.
The fungus also attacks the leaves, cau ing the same olive-brown discoloration common to it early stages on the apple. Most of the infections of the leaf are confined to the under side, the fungus rooting and growing more readily in the pubescence there than upon the glaze-like upper-surface.
The development of apple cab is concomitant with the appearance of the foliage and fruit in early pring. The fruit buds are often de troyed in large numbers at thi season, and where the leave are severely attacked the trees are almost denuded of foliage by May. Cool, wet weather is favorable to the development and spread of scab infections, and for this reason it i most active in early spring . and the rainy seasons of summer.
Treatment.
As destructive as the disease may be it yields readily to control measures. Preventive measures are the surest, but they must be applied at precisely the right time to be (!f maximum value. It is next to impossible to check the defoliation of the tree and the scabbing of the fruit when
36

PLATE VIII.
1
3 2
Fig. 1. Gas Power Sprayer (Courtesy Friend Mfg. Co.). Fig. 2. Barrel Sprayer (Courtesy Gould Mfg. Co.). Fig. 3. Barrel Sprayer (Courtesy Hardie Mfg. Co.).

it has gained a good start and weather conditions are propitious for its continuance. Safety lies in being forearmed against the enemy.
The writer has experimented, for the past two years, with the prepared lime and sulphur and the "atomic" sulphur as controls for scab. In 1911, no ante-blooming spraying was applied, and, though both of the fungicides named above: were applied, in separate plats, on the appearance of the disease, neither was effective. Defoliation, especially in the "atomic" sulphur plats, reached very advanced stages. In 1912, the initial sprayings were made, in some instances, just as the cluster buds began to open and in others just before the calyx cups closed. Markedly better results were obtained in every case where the fungicide was used before the trees bloomed.
The commercial lime-sulphur, at a dilution of two gallons to fifty of water, gave best results. "Atomic" sulphur failed satisfactorily to qualify as a control. In addition to its apparent insufficiency, "atomic" sulphur itself manifested decided defoliating tendencies. It causes the leaf to assume a light-yellowish discoloration, and finally to drop. The action of the compound apparently is toxic, so that the leaf gradually discolors, functions are impaired and finally cease, and the leaf falls. This defoliation stops after a time, but is renewed with each spraying. It has not been observed by the writer completely to denude a tree, the defoliation never going beyond a very appreciable thinning-out of the foliage. The whole process, as to coloring and dropping, is similar to that which accompanies the natural shedding of the leaves at the approach of winter.
The first spraying with prepared lime and sulphur at two gallons to fifty just before the cluster buds open should be followed, in two to three weeks, by a second spraying (see codling moth schedule, page 13) with the same material at one and one-half to fifty, and by a third three weeks later at the same strength. In the experiments above referred to Inter sprayings were made with Bordeaux, using a 3-4-50 formula. The schedule reduced scab to an insignificant consideration.
37

CEDAR RUST.
(Gymnosporangium juniperi-oirginianae, Schw.)
As the name implies, cedar rust takes its title from its native host plant, the cedar, upon which one stage of its life cycle is pent. Infections of apples and apple foliage are transmitted directly from cedars and not from other source . It follows, then, that orchards in sections entirely without cedars are not subjected to the disease. Experience has shown that there is a wide scale of variation in the susceptibility of varieties to the disease. Some are practically immune, while others are ruinously susceptible.
Description and Cause of Cedar Rust.
Both the foliage and the fruit of apples are attacked. The rust appears on the upper surface of the leaf as light-yellow spot , and upon the fruit as more brightly yellow-colored spot which frequently bear a greenish-yellow ca t. Enlarging, the spots on the leaf finally reach a diameter of from one-eight to one-quarter inch. Accompanying this growth i a gradual change in the color to an orange-yellow, and numbers of minute black dots are visible in the center. After a few weeks a thickened cushion develops on the OPPoite side of the leaf from the diseased area. This cushion forms spore-bearing tubes, the ends of which split and curl backward, producing a fringed effect. Spores are produced in great quantities, and are carried far and widely by winds, but have not the faculty of re-infecting apples. Finding the original host plant, the cedar, the spores lodge and start a new growth, producing ultimately the cedar balls or cedar apples.
Infections of cedars from the spores produced on apple trees develop on the twigs and cause the growth of the cedar balls; round, reddish, gall-like swellings, usually less than an inch in diameter. The balls begin their growth on cedar twigs during the early summer months, pass the winter there, and renew growth the following spring. Full growth is reached the fall following the start of the infection. The second spring the balls produce spores in a yellow, jelly-like growth arising from the balls in wet weather. From this gelatinous mass a second and smaller crop of spores is produced. When dry, the secondary spores are like dust, and are driven by winds to apple trees, where they infect the foliage and the fruit, causing the abnormalities described above.
Cedar rust on the fruit appears as bright yellow spots. It occurs in the majority of cases in and around the blossom end depression. Spores are produced from the diseased
38

area in projection like those occurring on the leaf (fig. 1, Plate VI). The fungus penetrates into the flesh of the IlPple, producing a yellowish, atrophied condition of the cells.
It is well known that certain varieties of apples are more re istant to the disease than others. In some the foliage is wor e affected, while in others it is the fruit. The principal and primary injury is done to the foliage, but this injury naturally exerts a secondary effect upon the tree. Bad attacks give the foliage a yellow appearance, noticeable at a distance. The diseased leaves fall in consequence of their condition so that, in some instances, nearly complete defoliation is the result; the feeding functions of the whole organism are impaired to the detriment of the crop present on the trees and the mal-nutrition of the fruit buds of the succeeding crop. The foliage of Ben Davis and Shockley is extremely susceptible, and the fruit of the latter variety ~uffers nearly as badly as the foliage.
Treatment.
The most certain method of preventing the establishment of cedar rust infections in orchards is to remove all cedar trees and shrubs within a radius of at least a mile. The source of infection is infallibly the cedar, as the fungus can not exist without at one time in its life history reproducing thereon. Care should be taken to hunt out and destroy all cedar trees, both small and large, that are near enough to menace the orchard. The writer has had very indifferent success in spraying against the disease. The sprayings were beneficial, but far from perfect. A fourteen-year-old Shockley orchard was used in the experiments, portions being sprayed with "atomic" sulphur and others with prepared lime-sulphur.
The disease gets its start in early spring, at a time when wet weather favors the production of the spores on the cedar balls and their germination on apple trees. To be most beneficial, the treatment should begin with the appearance {)f the foliage (see schedule for f.tpple scab sprayings, page 87), and continued at the specified intervals, until the leaves and fruit are well covered by a protective fungicide.
39

APPLE LEAF SPOT.
(Sphaerop$is ma/orum, Peck.)
One of the most destructive diseases of apple foliage is known as leaf spot, or frog eye. It is more or less prevalent in Georgia every year, and in favorable seasons the defoliation produced by it is very serious. Like most fungus diseases, it flourishes best where there is an abundance of moisture. In 1911 and 1912, at Cornelia, protracted rainy weather in April was responsible for general and damaging outbreaks. On apple trees located on low, poorly drained land, where there was little air drainage and the moisture on the leaves and in the soil remained longest, the writer repeatedly found that the young leaves were heavily smitten by the disease. With the coming of dry weather the defoliation ceased and the trees leafed out anew. The loss of foliage in these instances had a markedly depressive effect on the growth of the fruit.
Description.
Leaf spot (fig. 2, Plate VI) is another of the apple diseases appearing soon after the leaves are out in spring. Its period of greatest activity is confined to spring and early summer. The first indication of it on the leaf is a small, grayish, circular spot. When the diameter of this spot has reached about one-eighth inch a well defined, dark brown, raised margin is developed. Numbers of spots appear simultaneously over the leaf. A single mature spot has a diameter varying from one-eight to three-quarters of an inch, or more. At the center of each diseased area there is a grayish-white spot about one-eighth inch in diameter. Several raised, concentric grayish or brown rings may form at irregular intervals in the muddy-brown diseased tissue beyond the frog eye center. The circu1ar growth of the center spot is often modified in the extended growth, becoming lopsided. None of the above characteristic markings, with the exception of the frog eye nucleus, is clearly defined on the under-surface. The coloring of the latter is a uniform dark brown, punctuated by the round and lighter-colored frog eye spots.
Cause of the Disease.
Leaf spot is caused by a fungus Iwhich lives over winter on fallen leaves and in cankers on the limbs and trunks of trees. In the spring spores are produced from these sources which, fallin'g on the young apple leaves in the presence of moisture, germinate, penetrate and grow in the leaf tissue, causing the spotting described above.
40

Treatment. The treatment prescribed for apple scab (page 37) will bt. f9und effectual against leaf spot. It is very necessary to apply the first spraying 01 lime-sulphur just before the cluster buds open, and not wait until the full leaf crop un-
folds, in order -eo insure best results. Fertilization and
clean cultivation will render the trees more resistant to the disease. Trees growing on well limed soils have been observed by the wrner to be less seriously attacked than others on soil deficient in lime.
11

APPLE CROWN-GALL.
Nominally, crown-gall is well known both to the nurseryman and to the orchardist. Considerable confusion exists, however, as to the forms of the disease, their peculiarities of growth, the extent of injury to the tree, their communi cability in nursery rows and orchard, etc. It is the purpose of the following brief di cu sion of the diseases to set forth a few of the most pertinent facts in connection with them, in the hope of clearing up the confusion relative to them in the minds of our growers.
Distribution.
Crown-gall is common to all parts of the United States. So far as is known the distribution is uniform, so that no state, or section of state, can lay just claim to more freedom therefrom than any other State or section. It is present, in greater or Ie s quantities, in all nurseries, and, lacking a cure, a variable percentage of affected stock is always discarded by the honest and careful nurseryman in the annual marketing of his trees.
Description of Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root.
One of the results of Prof. George G. Hedgcock's investigation of crown-gall* was the separation of the disease into two distinct classes, viz., the (1) hard form, which is croWDgall proper, and the (2) hairy-root form. Both forms are familiar to nursery and orchard men. The hard form causes a gall or knot of cork-like hypertrophied tissue. (See Plate VII). The galls are largest just at the crown of the tree, and the lateral roots bear smaller galls. The hairy-root disease mayor may not occur in conjunction with crown-gall. It is characterized by the growth of thick, matted masses of fine, fibrous roots. More often than not, there is an entire absence of healthy, lateral feeding roots. When galls accompany hairy-root they are not as another manifestation of the disease, but result from wounds.
Two Kinds of Crown-Gall.
Aside from hairy-root of apple tre~s there are two forms of crown-gall. These are differentiated by the titles "haxd" and "soft," respectively. Quoting from Prof. Hedgcock:
"Apple crown-gall is of two types. A hard callous form is common on grafted trees at the union of root and scion, and at any other point of the root system where wounds occur in either the cultivation or transplanting of trees. The results of extensive inoculations with this type have failed to prove that the disease is of a contagious nature.
*BuJI. 90, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1906.
42

"A second type is a soft form more common on seedlings, resemble those of the raspberry and peach, in that they are soft and often rot off. It ~s not certain, however, that they, like the latter, are replaced the following year by a new gall growth from the adjacent live tissues of the host, nor i~ there proof that they are of a contagious nature."
Remedies. o certain cure for crown-gall is known. It may be lessened in the nursery by propagating trees by budding and not by grafting. The wounds made in the stock to insert the scion offer ideal conditions for the entrance of the disease, and they constitute the commonest source of infection in the nursery. It seems improbable, in view of all the evidence, that minor infections of gall on nursery stock ever materially injure the tree after it is transplanted to the orchard, or that the disease is of a decidedly contagious character. The buyer should always take the benefit of the doubt, however, and refuse to accept or pay for nursery stock that is visibly afflicted with crown-gall.
43

2 4

PLATE IX.
3

5

6

7

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6.
Fig. 7. Fig. 8.

Extension Rod with Cut-off. Mistry Jr. ozzle. Hose Clamp.
Connection for Splicing Hose. Bordeaux ozzle. Hose Connection.
Stop-cock, or Cut-off. (All courtesy (;QuId Mfg. Co.). The "Friend" Angle Nozzle. (Courtesy Friend Mfg. Co.).

SPRAYIN~ MACHINERY AND ACCESSORIES

o less important than using reliable insecticides and fungicides i the spraying outfit. Much trouble and delay will be obviated, and the orchardist will realize greatly superior results from his spraying operations, if he purchases only high grade pumps of tandard make and of capacity
adequate to his needs. It is the worst kind of economy to buy a cheap pump and
cheap accessories. A few dollar more in the initial cost of the outfit will save themselves hundreds of times over. The cheaper grades of pumps are necessarily constructed of a lower grade of material, nor are they so compactly built
al! the better grades. A good pump, well cared for, has fewer break-downs, saves time and temper, and gives a higher and a more constant pre sure, thus increasing the quality of the work and proportionately decreasing injuri-
ou insects and fungi. The same hold true of spray pump acce orie. Ho e should be of five to seven-ply weight, extension rod of length suitable to the height of trees, etc. All connection should be fitted tightly and securely to pre-
vent leakage and attendant discomfort and loss of power.

Barrel Pumps.
Pumps of this type are made to be fitted in 50-gallon barrei. They are manufactured by a number of concerns and vary somewhat in construction. Two are shown in figs. 2 and 3, Plate VIII. Pumps of this capacity are adapted to use in small orchards.
One of the chief difficultie of all barrel pumps lies in their fail';lre thoroughly to agitate the spray solution. All are equIpped with a device to til' the solution, but these do not. work rapidly or vigorously enough to keep the solid matenal from settling to the bottom, resulting in an extreme1 variable spray at the nozzle. The agitation of the pump ~dd~es should be supplemented, at five minute intervals, by tlrnng up the ettlings vigorously with a paddle.

Power Pumps.

an~Gaaroelibneecopmowinegr

pumps are gaining in favor more and more generally used.

each It

year, is the

ultImate orchard sprayer and is rapidly supplanting all oth-

er type. Gas pumps combine three essential factors of

UCce ful praying. They develop high pre sure, main-

45

tain it constantly, and the feature of propellor agitation insures a uniform physical and chemical spray mist.
Gas pump construction has been greatly simplified in the last few years, and the standard makes give excellent service. None of them is quite "fool proof," however, and at least one man of the crew, preferably the driver, should know the mechanism of the pump and be responsible for keeping it clean, well oiled and in good working condition. orne dissatisfaction with gas pumps has arisen from the fact that they are placed in charge of ignorant and indifferent operators. A little intelligent attention will do away with much of the dissatisfaction and complaint.
Hose.
There are only two things to keep in mind when purchasing ho e; buy the best grade and plenty of it. Spraying is facilitated and better results secured by using lengths sufficient to allow the operator to work all around the largest trees. Good hose will last, with careful usage, for a whole year or more of hard service.
Extension Rods and Stop-Cocks.
Extension rods (fig. 1, Plate IX) should be cut in lengths conformable with the height of the trees to be sprayed. Do not attempt to use them without first fitting them with stop-cocks (fig. 7, Plate IX) for cutting off the current at will. They represent economy.
Nozzles.
Three types of nozzle are shown in Plate IX. Fig. 5 represents the "Bordeaux" nozzle, suitable for spraying very tall trees. This, and nozzles of its type, are the kind that should be used for the first codling moth spraying. Figs. 2 and 8 represent the "Friend" and the "Mistry, Jr." nozzles, respectively. Both throw a cone-shaped, hollow spray mist.
The angle of the spray thrown by the former is more acute than the other, and hence throws the spray further, and with greater force at the same pressure. It also is set to the extension rod at an angle which makes it handier for manipulating the spray. All sprayings, except the first treatment for codling moth, should be made with the types shown in figs. 2 and 8.
Clamps and Fittings.
No outfit is complete without an abundance of hose clamps, washers and couplings for joining hoses, etc. Spraying outfits, strictly speaking, are not working properly unless the only avenue of escape for the spray solution is the aperture in the nozzle. When so working, discomforts and delays are avoided and results are effective and profitable.
46

ames and Addresses of Spray Pump Manufacturers.
Following is a list of a few reliable spray pump concerns. These do not represent the only pumps on the market, only a few of them that have been used in this State:
Hardie Mfg. Co., Hudson, Mich. Bean Spray Pump Co., Berea, Ohio. Gould Mfg. Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. The Deming Co., Salem, Ohio. Friend Mfg. Co., Gasport, N. Y.
PRAYING CHEMICALS, FORMULAS AND CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS.
In the preceding pages two chemicals have repeatedly been recommended, namely, arsenate of lead and prepared lime and sulphur. Following is a list of chemical manufacturing companies, from which arsenate of lead may be obtained:
Bowker Insecticide Co., 43 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Grasselli Chemical Co., Birmingham, Ala. Merrimac Chemical Co., 33 Broad St., Boston, Mass. Sherwin-Williams Co., Newark, N. J. Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md. Vreeland Chemical Co., New York, N. Y. Some of the above companies are represented, at one or more points in the state, by local agents. Names and addresses of agents may be obtained by writing direct to headquarters.
Requirements for Arsenate of Lead.
In 1910, a national insecticide law was proposed at a confr~nce of state and federal government chemists, entomolOIlSts and manufacturing chemists, with a view to standardizing commercial spraying compounds. A draft of the ~posed law relating to arsenate of lead set forth the reqUll'ements as follows:
~ arsenate of lead shall be deemed adulterated; first, if it contains .more than 50 per cent. of water; second, if it contains total arsemc equivalent to less than 12% per cent. of arsenic oxide ( s 20;;); third, if it contains arsenic in water soluble forms equivalent to more than 0.75 per cent. of arsenic oxide (As 205); fourth, if any
orb~n~es have been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce, lower
InJurIOusly affect its quality or strength; provided, however, that
extra w~ter can be added to lead arsenate (as described in this para-
ph) if the resulting mixture is labeled lead arsenate and water e percentage of extra water being labeled and correctly stated oJ!.
label.
47

Arsenate of lead is old in two form : the dry, powdered form and the paste. The latter usually contains about fifty per cent. moisture. Therefore, a given weight of the powder contains approximately twice as much of all chemical
constituents, except water, as the paste. The latter is 1II0re commonly used for spraying fruit trees.
When arsenate of lead is added to lime-sulphur spray, it should always be placed in the tank after the mixture is fully diluted. The mixture should be sprayed out at once, and not allowed to stand.

Commercial Lime and Sulphur Compound.
Two brands of prepared lime- ulphur are sold in Georgia, and have given general satisfaction. These are manufactured by the Thorn en Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md., and the Grasselli Chemical Co., Birmingham, Ala. A good commercial lime and sulphur solution give a hydrometer test of 32.

Method of Making Bordeaux Mixture.

Copper 'ulphate (blue tone) Fresh lump lime Water to make

three (or four) pound four pound fifty gallons

First dissolve the bluestone in a wooden ves el (a keg

or a barrel) containing 25 gallons of water, by . upending

it in a bag or sack so that it will just be submerged. Slack

the stone lime carefully by adding a little water at a time.

Strain the lime water thoroughly, diluting it to the same

bulk as the bluestone water. Pour the two together into

a third vessel, mixing the two streams as they fall; strain

the mixture through a fine copper sieve (24 to 30 meshes

to the inch) into the spray tank. If arsenate of lead is

added it should be added the last thing.

When spraying operations are conducted on a large scale,

it is time-saving to prepare stock olutions of bluestone

-.vater and lime water, measuring out a certain quantity.of

each to every fifty gallons of Bordeaux. This is easily

done by dissolving a weighed amount of bluestone in a meas-

ured quantity of water; the By measuring out a given

same with the lime. quantity of lime water

.and

~f

the bluestone solution, according to amount used 10 dl -

solving each, a definite amount of each is obtained. The

two parts may then be diluted separately, say to 25 gallons,

and poured together into a third vessel, making 50 gallon

of Bordeaux mixture. The mixture should be

kept agitated in the spray ba~l

or tank in order to keep the precipitate well in suspensIOn.

48

OTES ON CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF APPLE ORCHARDS

Varieties of Apple to Plant
Owing to the comparatively recent development of the apple indu try in Georgia much remain to be learned as i 0 the adaptability of varIeties to the soil and climate. This phase of the problem is yet largely in an experimental stage. Generally peaking, the standard varieties may be grown here in their fullness of color, size and flavor. Below is a Ii t of varietie which have been found by experience to be prolific.

Winesap Stayman's Winesap Limbertwig Jonathan King David Yates Terry's Winter Kinnard's Choice Red June Red Astrachan

Yellow Transparent Grimes' Golden Rome Beauty Delicious Red Ben Davis Black Ben Davis Winter Queen Fort's Prize Horse Apple York Imperial.

The variety Shockley i omitted from the list because of i extreme u ceptibility to disease.

Purchasing ursery Stock.

In buying trees from the orchard, it is desirable to use

one-year budded or grafted trees, preferably budded, in-

d of two-year stock. At one year from the bud 01' ~t the trees are branchless whips, and so may be cut

vu and made to head out at will. In other words, they

nd themselves to formative pruning more readily than

o-year trees, which are branched in the nursery rows,

eee sitating the selection of several of the limbs as the

l&mework of the orchard tree. More often than not, the

bedrant hchaet s

of two-year they do not

nursery permit

trees are too of selecting

high, or so placa well balanced

ead. The buyer should insist on healthy, vigorous trees,

e to name. The so-called "pedigree" stock is always Dlore d~sirable, and is worth more than trees propagated

el'Wise. By the term pedigree stock is meant trees Pagated from scions cut from bearing wood. It h~s

49

the advantage of being true to type, and usually fruits more quickly and more prolifically than other stock. Budded trees are less prone to infection of crown-gall in the nursery, though they are not superior to whole-rooted grafted trees free of gall.
Laying Off the Orchard.
The laying out of the orchard necessarily must be subservient to the topography of the land to be planted. It goes without saying that a regular, systematically plotted orchard with straight tree rows, is more easily cultivated and sprayed than crooked rows on terraced land, "but a regular system can not always be followed. Flat, or gently rolling land will not wash when plowed in straight rows. On the contrary, hillside orchards laid off on a rectangle would necessitate plowing straight up and down hill in some directions, thus forming ready-made water furrows and facilitating soil washing rather than hindering it.
There are several recognized systems of orchard planting. For present purposes, it will serve to mention two: the square system and the hexagonal. In the former the rows are laid off from thirty to forty feet apart each way and a tree placed at each corner. In this way the row and the trees in the rows are equidistant. The triangle is the base of the hexagonal system. It permits of more trees per acre, each equally distant from the other, than the quare system allows at the same distance between rows. Another advantage of it is that a tree is placed in successive rows at a point midway between two trees on rows on either side of it. The root systems of the interspersed trees help to hold oil and prevent washing.
The system, if it may be called such, generally followed in the rough steep lands of north Georgia, is known a the "water level" system. Each row is curved to follow the contour of the land, the rows being spaced at more or Ie. s regular intervals (thirty feet or more), and the trees ~n the rows set at approximately the same distance. In thl manner each furrow subsequently run in the cultivation of the orchard follows the contour, and being at right angles to the natural drainage of excess surface water, constitutes a succession of barriers thereto, thereby largely preveny. ing washing of top soil. On very steep land the orchard 18 terraced at intervals.
Planting the Tree.
Having laid off the orchard site and taked the point where the trees are to be set out, the preparation of thP. holes and the planting of the trees follows. It has b~D proven that blasting is the best method of preparlDg
50

the holes. Beyond making the simple statement that a tree set in a well blasted hole has every advantage in its youth and maturity over trees set in holes dug by hand, nothing more need be said at this time. The initial cost is hardly greater, and if it were twice or thrice the cost of hand-dug holes it still would be economy.
Regardless of the method of preparing the holes, they should be filled in with top soil mixed with rotted manure or a few pounds of bone-meal or cotton seed-meal and the tree set deeply therein.
Fertilizing Constituents.
The three principal chemical elements of apple trees are: (1) itrogen, which makes for vigorous healthy leaf and wood growth; (2) potash, which constitutes nearly half the ash of trees, and is the chief agent in ripening the wood, and (3) phosphorus, which plays an active part in ripening the fruit. The needs of the trees will determine the amounts of these elements to use. Excessive nitrogen in the soil produces a rapid wood growth and dense foliage. A too "rank" wood growth i pithy, spongy and comparatively non-productive of fruit buds, and very dense foliage prevent the fruit from coloring well.

Commercial Fertilizers.

The u e of commercial fertilizers on apple lands i of unque tioned benefit, but their continued use, without cover crops or the addition of humus in the form of rotted manure, etc., constitutes abuse, and should not be practised. It is
ell enough to apply them when immediate results are sought, but better and permanent results are obtained by ~owing leguminous crops, uch as peas, vetch and clover for mtrogen, rape for the liberation of potash in the oil, and rye a!l~ oats for humu. Well rotted manure is a plendid fertIhzer for young orchards, as is also high-grade bone-meal !ertilizer. The latter, at two or three pounds per tree, 18 econd to nothing for apple orchards in their first and
second years. Commercial fertilizers should have the tb. ree elements, nitrogen, potash and phosphorous in proportIon to the needs of the trees that receive them. Lime is beneficial to apple trees of all ages and makes for sound,
ell matured wood growth and rich foliage. It is also thOUght to be of value in making apple trees more resistant o at least one disease of the foliage, namely, apple leaf Pot.

Fertilizer formulas are ubject to alteration in one or

n;?re elements according to the deficiencies in chemical con-

beeltauuenet

tney of the

are designed to supply. It is not practicable, great variation of individual cases, to fix upon

51

a formula that will be uniformly and universally succces ful. Following are three formulas recommended for bearing
trees per acre, by Pennsylvania Experiment Station.* The
am9unts should be reduced one-third for younger trees just beginning to bear:
(1). 100 lbs. nitrate of soda (15% % N). 100 lbs. dried blood (12% N) 250-300 lbs. steamed bone-meal (24~ P 20 S and IoN). 100 lbs. sulphate of pota h (50% K20 S)'
(2). 100 lbs. nitrate of soda (15% ). 100 lbs dried blood (12%~ N). 400-500 lbs. acid phosphate (15 0 P20S)' 100 lbs. ulphate of potash (50 c K20 S)'
(3). 500 lb . of a 6-12-10 fertilizer.
The above may be had ready mixed or the constituents bought separately and mixed by the grower.
It is the writer's opinion that the amounts of nitrogen in these formulas are slightly excessive, except for soils very deficient in that element, and might be profitably reduced by leaving out the dried blood. Nitrate of soda should not be applied until after growth ha started in the spring, preferably ju t after the bIos om are off the trees.
Cover Crops.
Under this heading come those orchard crops which are sown in the fall and make a winter growth. They are especially beneficial to bearing orchards and young orchards planted on thin or worn soil. The advantages derived from them are several and vital. The most important are as fol10ws: The prevention of wasning of the soil, and addition of organic matter thereto; improvement of the physical texbre of the soil; liberation of potash as available plant food: direct fixing of nitrogen from the air (the legumes), etc.
Cover crops are of two classes: leguminous and non-leguminous, or in other words, those which gather and fix nitrogen directly from the air in the form of nodules on the root , and those which do not. Of the first-class clover, vetch and peas are prominent representative ; oats and winter rye of the second.
Selection of Cover Crops.
Tne needs of the soil and the trees decermine the Kmd ot
cover crop to plant. Thin, weak soils demand a leguminouS crop, one that increases their nitrogen content by the deca..!
Penn. Aln"i. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100, 1910.
52

PLATE X.

of nitrogen nodules and of the plant fiber itself when plowed under. On the other hand, strong lands, not deficient in nitrogen, will be held and benefited by winter rye. Cover crops of both classes should be plowed under in the early pring.
It must be said that the growing of cover crops thus far has not been practised in Georgia orchards to any extent. Very few attempts have been made to do so. But the fact that it has not been done does not mean it can not be, or that it i not desirable. The practice is general in other applegrowing sections, and is rated as imperatively necessary. It would seem more desirable in Georgia, where apple land is o prone to heavy winter washing, and where humus and nitrogen are generally and badly needed. There is no reason to doubt that crimson clover, winter vetch and spring
etch would not grow well in north Georgia orchards if planted at the right season. It is decidedly to the interest of apple growers, to turn their attention to the growing of
inter legumes.
Shade Crops.
A shade crop is, to all purposes, a cover crop, except that it grows in the summer season. The only crop of this' kind grown in this state is cowpeas. Besides adding nitrogen and humus to the land, cowpeas keep down excessiv~ heat in the soil and lessen the effect of highly reflected light and heat from light colored soil.

Other Orcnard Crops.
All grain crops that grow to maturity on young orchards, do 0 at a heavy expense to the trees. Of this class corn i the leader. It is a heavy surface feeder, using plant food and moi ture in great quantities. Also, it quickly overtops the young trees, shading them from sunlight and tultifying their growth. Cotton, when grown not less than four or five feet from the tree rows, is not hurtful to trees. and may be grown profitably as a by-product. Beans and tomatoes also are not harmful to young trees, and have been demon trated a profitable orchard crops.

Pruning.

:0 The pruning of apple orchards, while absolutely essential hapely trees and the production of high-clas fruit, un-

~ohretupnlaatnetliyngi

sadly of the

neglected, as a rule. tree it should be as

Beginning with iduou ly practi ed

y:l.rom year to year throughout the tree's u efulness. In
rt, pruning is necessary for formative purposes; to grow

arger and finer fruit; to keep the tree within proper limit

53

to promote ease and effect in spraying, cultivating, harvesting etc.
For example, we will take a tree from its transfer to the orchard as a one-year "whip," to bearing age. When set in the orchard the top of the young nursery tree is cut off to eighteen to twenty-four inches. From the shoots which start out at the head, select three or four that are distributed at equal distances about the diameter of the stub. Remove all other growth, allowing only the selected limbs to grow the first, year. The idea is to get the framework of what eventually will be a low, open-headed or vase-shaped tree, but' this form of pruning will have to be modified in some varieties because of peculiarities of growth, or wholly abandoned in favor of the pyramid or central shaft type. Most varieties lend themselves readily to the formation of the vase type, which is generally regarded as superior to other forms, all things considered.
At the end of the first season's growth cut back the branches to stubs twelve or fourteen inches long. At the end of the second year the three or four limbs will each have grown from one to twelve or more laterals. Two or three of the best located and strongest of these should be left, after cutting back to stubs twelve or fourteen inches long, and the others removed altogether, or left as mere stubs carrying two or three buds, which later will form fruit spurs.
After the second year, pruning should be modified somewhat, and heavy heading in should be avoided, because of the excessive lateral growth produced by cutting back terminal growth. Winter pruning may be done at any time of the dormant season, preferably in the early spring before growth is renewed, for the reason that the amputated limbs are less likely to suffer from "die-back."
Many mistakes in formative pruning have been made by Georgia growers, not the least of which is the long "shank," or naked limb from the trunk to the first lateral limbs. This makes a very unsightly, top-heavy tree, very susceptible
to sun-scald. The subject of pruning is a wide one, and can not be dealt
with, except in a rudimentary manner, in this Bulletin. The live grower will make it a study in a personal and speci~c way, acquainting himself with the habits of growth of vaneties, pruning each tree after its individual requirements.
Cultivation.
That apples is a clean culture crop in its most productive and profitable form needs no argument. Cultivation of ~he soils aids in liberation of plant food, conserves moisture, Im-
54

proves its physical texture, etc. 0 matter how rich in plant food chemicals a soil may be, its richness is locked up and useless if the soil is hard and baked and lumpy. Tillage fines the soil, increases its depth, holds moisture and add humus.
Deep plowing obviously is out of the question after the orchard is established, but it may be practised in tree row middles several years after planting. There is every reason to believe that the sub-soiling of hillsides with dynamite will stop soil washing in large measure, and in so doing, be ll. profitable investment. The top soil is usually very shallow, and the clay sub-soil hard and impenetrable to rain. By breaking up the water-resistant clay to a depth of five or six feet it would catch and hold rains, conserving moisture and yielding it up gradually for long periods in seasons of drouth. The hard pan beneath the thin topsoil is comparable to a board bearing a few inches of loose soil. Heavy rains first saturate the top soil and then, not being able to enter the hard surface beneath, the water runs downward. sweeping the loose soil with It.
It is safe to say that hillsides, if broken to a depth of five f6et at varying intervals with dynamite, according to type and steepness of soil, would retain the rainfall, except the hardest downpours, with but little washing.
Cultivation of bearing orchards should be light. No orchard should ever be worked when the soil is wet. Disc and spring-tooth harrows give heavier draught than smoothing harrows or drags, and are suitable for use in early summer. The latter type is used mainly to conserve moisture, hence is intended more to break up capillary action in the soil and to product a dust mulch.
55

CONTENTS.

I TRODUCTIO

THE CODLING MOTH Life History The Adult The Egg The Larva Effects of Larva on Young Fruit The Pupa Treatment When to Spray How to Spray Formula Type of ozzle to Use The Second Application Third Spraying Summary

THE PLUM CURCULIO Description and Life History The Egg Injury to Fruit from Punctures The Larva Larval Mortality The Pupa Treatment

THE SA JOSE SCALE Life History Characteri tic Injury of the San Jose Scale Treatment Lime and Sulphur vs. Miscible Oil Recommendations

APPLE TREE APHIDES The Apple Woolly Aphis Treatment The Green Apple Aphis Treatment

APPLE TREE BORERS

The Round-Headed Apple Tree Borer

Appearance of Infested Trees

Remedies

The Flat-Headed Apple Tree Borer

Nature of Injury

Remedies

"

57

Page. 3
7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 14
15 15 16 18 1 18 19 19
21 21 23 23 24 25
26 26 26 27 27
29 29 29 30 30 30 30

BITTER ROT Character, Cau e and Effect of Bitter Rot Variety Resistance Treatment

APPLE SCAB .. , Description and Nature of Injury Treatment

CEDAR RUST., Description and" Cause of Cedar Rust Treatment

APPLE LEAF SPOT Description Cause of Disease Treatment

APPLE CROWN-GALL

Distribution

Description of Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root

Two Kinds of Crown-Gall

.

Remedies ,

SPRAYI G MACHI ERY A D AC ESSORIES Barrel Pumps Power Pumps Hose Exten ion Rods and Stop-Cocks Clamps and Fittings ames and Addresses of Spray Pump Manufacturers

SPRAYING CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL MFRS Requirements for Arsenate of Lead Commercial Lime and Sulphur Compounds Method of Mixing Bordeaux Mixture

~OTES ON CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF APPLE

ORCHARDS

Variety of Apples to Plant

Purchasing ursery Stock

Laying Off the Orchard

Planting the Tree

Fertilizing Constituents

Commercial Fertilizers

Cover Crops



Selection of Cover Crops

Shade Crops

Other Orchard Crops

Pruning

"

Cultivation

5

Page, 33 33 34 34
36 36 36
38 38 39
40 40 40 41
42 .42 .42 42 43
.45 .45 45 .46 .46 .46 47
47 .47 48 48
.49 4:'1 49 50 50 51 51 5:1 5'3 ;~)3 5:~ 5,' 54

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 39

FEBRUARY, 1914

THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL

tlanta

Capitol Building,

Georgia

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
Eo LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 39

FEBRUARY, 1914

THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL

,.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF' ENTOMOLOGY
ORGA IZATIO J. D. PRICE,
Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ex-Officio Member. I. C. WADE,
President, State Horticultural Society, Cornelia, Ex-Officio Member.
JNO. T. WILLIAMS, President, State Agricultural Society, Round Oak,
Ex-Officio Member.
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta
C. S. SPOONER, Assistant Entomologist.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Assistant in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Special Assistant Entomologist.

THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL
(Anthonomus grandis Boh)

The purpose of this bulletin is to sound a warning to the cotton growers of Georgia. As the weevil has advanced eastward it has found the farmers unprepared and has inflicted severe losses. Land values have depreciated in the infested areas and many farmers have left those sections in
despair. We know that the weevil will arrive in Georgia; the extreme western part of the state will be infested in the fall of 1914. It is to point out the methods necessary to grow cotton in spite of the weevil that this bulletin is published at this time. If these methods are employed univer-
sally we may avoid severe losses, panic and depreciation of land values.
In order to understand fully the problem which confront the growers, a knowledge of the life history and habits of the insects is necessary.

HISTORY

The first official record of the inj ury to cotton by thi

eevil wa in 1885, when specimens were sent to Dr. C. V.

Riley, Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture.

The e pecimens were from northern Mexico. It appeared

at Brownsville, Texas, in 1892. Since that time it has ad-

vanced teadily into our territory northward and eastward

at the rate of about sixty-five miles per year.

The weevil i now found in the following states: Texas,

Alabama, Arkansas, Missis ippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma and

Florida. The map on page 4 shows the portion of these

tate infe ted at the end of the season 1913. ote that it

h~argrieaachliende. a

point in It is also

Alabama about found through

six the

miles from the cotton growing

regIons of Mexico, Gautemala, Costa Rica and the western

part of Cuba.

~ stated above the weevil reached, in the fall of 1913, a

POlnt about six miles from the Georgia line. It extends its

!&Dge on an average of sixty-five miles per year. We may

infer from this that the weevil will enter the extreme west-

ern part of Georgia during the season of 1914. It will not be-

3

'.laUIDtICC'I>IMIt

.,

Fig. 1. The 8pread Of the ('olton-holl weevil f"om 1892 to 1913. (From U. S. Bureau of F.lltomology,)

Plate I

THE BOLL WEE' IL AND INSECTS OFTEN ~~IISTAKE

~ FOR IT.

, The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis; b, the mallow weevil, Anthono-

~..-.,f1{"oITw,e",r;

c, the southern pine weevil, Pissode, nemorensis; d, the cotton-
wee"i1, Dorytomus 'In'Ucidus; e, Conotrachel1/S erhwceus; f. the

Il101ongyg.)all weevil,C'onOI1'lchelus elegalls. (Bu!. 114. U. S. Bureau of Ento-

Plate II
ANATOMICAL STR CTURE OF THE BOLL WLLVIL. a, Dorsal view of anal egment of larva; b, front view of head and inte~ior
egments of larva; c, ventral view of anal segments of larva; d, latera.l vle~ of adult; e, lateral view of larva; {, ventral view of adult; g, dor al "lew 0 adult with wing; spread; h, ventral view of pupa; i. ventral view of 8~~1 segments of pupa; j, ventral view of anterior portion of pupa. (Bul. U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)

come sufficiently numerous to do much damage until the seaon of 1915, and then only in a limited area of Georgia. It will thus be 1916 or 1917 before the weevil becomes gen-
erally destructive in this state.
A VAL LOSS FROM THE BOLL WEEVIL
Many estimates have been made of the loss to cotton growers caused by the boll weevil. We give a few of these estimates in the following paragraphs:
In 1905 Prof. E. D. Sanderson made a careful study of the damage done by the boll weevil in Texas from 1899-1904.* According to his estimate, in 1901 the loss from the weevil in thirty-two infested counties was 100,920 bales; in 1902, in forty-nine infested counties the loss was 200,000 bales; in 1903, in forty-nine infested counties the loss was 500,000; in 1904, sixty-nine infested counties showed a loss of 550,000 bales. In Bulletin 51, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, the loss from the weevil is es-
timated for 1903 at $15,000,000; for 1904, at $22,000,000; the loss in 1909 was $88,056,500, this being based on figures
from the Bureau of Statistics.* *
As a further illustration of the damage done by the weevil, the following table contains figures taken. from the U.
. census report on cotton production in Texas and Louisiana 1899 to 1911 inclusive. The weevil was present in ~exas during the years cited, but did not occur in destrucbve numbers in Louisiana during the same period.

TEXAS

LOUlSI-'N-'

Crop

-'creage

Crop

1899 6,642,309 2,609,018 1,179,156 700,352

1900 7,041,000

3,438,386

1,285,000

705,767

1901 I 7,745,100

2,502,166

1,400,650

840,476

1902 8,006,546

2,498,013

1,662,567

882,073

1903 8,129,300

2,471,081

1,709,200

824,965

1904 8,704,000

3,030,433

1,940,000

893,193

1905 6,945,501

2,541,932

1,561,774

513,480

1906 8,894,000

4,174,206

1,739,000

987,779

1907 9,156,000

2,300,179

1,622,000

675,428

1908 9,316,000

3,814,485

1,550,000

470,136

1909 9,660,000 2,522,811

930,000 253,412

"6: 1910
~1l
---- e

10,060,000 10,943,000
Boll Weevil and the

3,049,409 4,256,427
Cotton Crop of

975,000 1,075,000
Te:"as," published

by

245,648 384,597
the Texas

partment of Agriculture.

::oot note 2, Bulletin 114, Bureau of Entomology, United States Depart-

ent of Agriculture.)

5

From the above table it will be seen that the acreage in the two states increased about evenly each year, but the Texa crop hawed a falling off each year, with the exception of 1900 and 1904, while the Loui iana crop increa ed each year with the exception of a slight falling off of the 1903 crop. The effect of the weevil cannot be doubted here.
It should be mentioned here that a common error made by cotton growers is cau ed by a lack of knowledge of the true conditions. The total crop of Texa ha remained about the arne throughout the weevil infestation, excepting only the first few years of attack. Many people argue from thi that the weevils do not do much damage. The true explanation, however, is an increa e in acreage and a general movement westward of the centre of cotton growing, combined with unfavorable weather condition for the weevil.
The western part of Texa is not favorable climatically to the weevil. Low winter temperature and hot dry summers kill them off in large numbers. For this rea on they do very little damage in that section. The weevil has, however, eriously cut the crop in the original cotton ection, namely, the eastern and southern parts of the state.
The following is an extract from circular recently is ued by HOD. William J. Harris, Director of the U. S. Bureau of the Census:
Mississippi.
"In 1907, the year before the advent of the weevil into Mississippi, the production of cotton in seven selected counties in the southwestern part of the state amounted to 191,790 bale, with a value of nearly $11,000,000. In 1909, when the weevil had become well established in these countie , the production had dropped to 89,577 bales; in 1910, to 61,432 bales; in 1911, to 37,816 bales; and in 1912, to 30,809 bale. The aggregate production of these counties during the four years 1909-1912, inclusive, was only 219,634 bale , with a value of approximately $14,600,000, or an average of about $3,650,000 per crop, as compared with a value of nearly $11,000,000 for the crop of 1907. Thus, on the supposition that but for the boll weevil the crops of these four seasons would have averaged as large a that of 1907, a 10 s in the e seven counties of more than 545,000 bales of cotton, valued at approximately $34,000,000, is indicated.
"These figures, however, do not show the full effect of the invasion of the pe t. It has resulted not only in a great decrease in the quantity of cotton produced, but has had a farreaching influence on the ocial and economic life of the" counties. On account of the de tructive effect of the bo
6

weevil many farmer have abandoned entirely the attempt to produce cotton or have reduced the acreage devoted to this crop very materially. This ha deprived the majority of the farm laborer of employment and resulted in their emigration to other place. In the case of orne counties it is said that as much as 65 per cent of the adu1t negro farm laborer have moved to other sections. It is claimed that, becau e of this condition, it would be impossible, even hould the boll weevil leave the territory at once, to 'make' a normal crop of cotton for a number of year .
Louisiana.
"The largest cotton crop in Louisiana was grown in 1904, and amounted to 1,089,526 bales. From that year the production decreased, and in 1910 it was only 245,648 bale , although in the past three years the crop has increased somewhat. The great decrease in the production of cottan in this state was due principally to the boll weevil, much land formerly devoted to this crop having been diverted to cane, rice ana other crops. The production in ten parishes for a year immediately preceding the appearance of the boll weevil in each of the parishes amounted to 256,018 bales, valued at about $15,000,000. The crops of the four seasons following the dispersion of the weevil through these parishes aggregated 211,253 bales, valued at approximately $13,500,000. Had the production for these years equaled that of the year before the advent of the weevil, the total amount of cotton grown would have been 1,024,072 bales, valued at about $65,000,000, or an average of about $16,250,000 per crop, instead of less than $3,500,000, as above indicated. In other words, the loss to the cotton growers in these ten parishes in the state. attributable very largely to the boll weevil, was more than $50,000,000 for the four years.
Texas.
"The pread of the boll weevil over central and eastern Texa covered a period of about 15 years. In the north~ tern ection of the state the infestation was mainly durIng the seasons of 1905 and 1906, but the weevil had not ~ade its appearance early enough, or in sufficient numbers, In 1906 to affect seriously the production in that year, which, up to that time. was the largest ever reported. In even selected counties the production for that year amounted to 232,063 bales; in 1907, to 114,701 bales; in 1908, to 153,347 bales; and in 1909, to 145,752 bales. The aggregate value of the last three crops mentioned was about $24,000,000. If the production during each of these seasons had equaled that of 1906, the total value of the three crops would have been approximately $40,000,000, which would
7

indicate a loss in these counties for the three crops of approximately $16,000,000, largely attributable to this cause."
It will be seen from the foregoing paragraphs that the weevil has caused great damage. It has also been the cause of the general discouragement of farmers, depreciation of land values and general panic in the infested regions. It is the desire of this Department to prevent this loss and forestall the panic and discouragement.
I SECTS OFTE MISTAKE FOR BOLL WEEVIL
On the eve of the appearance of the boll weevil in Georgia there are naturally many false alarms. Insects are constantly being found which are mistaken for the boll weevil and considerable excitement ensues.
There are so many insects very closely resembling the boll weevil that these mistakes are quite natural. We would advise anyone finding an insect which he thinks might be the boll weevil, to send it to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga., for authoritative determination. Plate I shows some of these insects which most closely resemb e the boll weevil. A comparison with the figure (a) on plate will show how nearly alike these insects are.
FOOD PLA TS OF THE BOLL WEEVIL
The original food plant of the boll weevil was probably the wild tree-cotton of South America. As cotton began to be cultivated more and more extensively, the weevil spread its feeding ground to include the cultivated plant.
Many experiments have been made to force the weevil to live upon other closely related plants, and until recently it was found to attack only the cotton plant. Dr. W. D. Pierce, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, has found the boll weevil at work in Arizona on Thurberia, the most closely related of all plants to the cotton plant. The weevil varies slightly from the Anthanamus grandis Bah. or the species which is so abundant, but when placed on cotton its habits were the same.

DESCRIPTIO OF INSECT
The Egg.
The egg of the boll weevil is a small, elliptical, glossy white
object. The average size is almost 4/5 mm. long, by y.; rom.
wide. The shape and size of the eggs vary somewhat, but in general they are as above described. It is deposited inside of the square or boll and for this reason is not often seen by the farmer. It can only be found by a very careful dissection of the square.
The Larva.
Upon hatching fI'om the egg, the larva is a white legless grub about 1 mm. in length. The head and mandibles are dark brown. It feeds upon the inner tissues of the square or boll, thus gradually increasing the size of the hole. The larva itself increases in size until when fully grown it is about 1/4 of an inch long.
By the time the larva has become fully grown, it has eaten out a comparatively large cavity in the square or Doll. The larval castings are pressed firmly against the walls of the cavity, forming a well defined cell. The larva then assumes a curved, crescent-shaped posture, and remains at rest until the last larval skin is shed and the pupal stage arrives.
The Pupa.
When the pupa is first formed it is very tender and delicate and of a uniform creamy-white color. As it ages, the outer skin becomes harder and tougher and there is some change in color. The eyes become black, and the beak, wing .covers and legs become brown. The pupa of the boll weevil is readily recognized by the presence of two projections on the prothorax and by the fact that the apex of the abdomen is produced into a flat, horny process on the end of which are two strong spines.
The final molt or shedding of the skin occurs when the ~dult is ready to emerge. In this molt the skin splits open along the front of the head. The body and legs become free next, and finally the antennae and beak.
The Adult.
When newly emerged the adult weevil is very soft and of a light yellow color. It is entirely unable to travel and remains in the pupal cell for about two days, when the body has hardened sufficiently to allow the weevil to escape from. the cell and go about in search of food.
The adult is a brownish snout beetle, that is, the head is
9

prolonged into a slightly curved beak or snout. In size and color the weevils vary to a remarkable degree. The smalle t ones barely mea ure 1/10 of an inch, while the large t one are 1/4 of an inch long. The food supply probably ha the greatest effect on size. The largest weevils are tho e which lived in nearly mature bolls, where the food upply wa practically unlimited. The mall weevils emerge from small undeveloped squares; here the food supply wa scant, and the weevils were unable to attain normal size.
In color the adults vary from a light yellowish brown to a dark brown. The color usually darkens as the age of the weevil increases, so that ordinarily the dark colored individuals are the oldest. This does not always follow, however, as often a newly emerged weevil will be very dark in color, while some very old ones may be found to be quite light.
10

SEA 0 AL HISTORY

Hibernation.

The boll weevil spends the winter in the adult stage. In other words, the adults hibernate. Hibernation is the term applied to the period of upended activity in which many animals pass the winter. The weevil seek their hibernation quarters in the fall at the first approach of cold weather. A period of temperatures below 56 degrees F. will send the weevils into hibernation.
Any place affording the lighte t shelter will be sought by the hibernating weevil ; old cotton stalks, dead leaves and rubbish of all kinds, fence corners, boards and logs about the edges of the fields, all form excellent hiding places for the weevil. Plate HI shows cotton fields near timber covered with Spanish moss. This is an exceptionally favorable place for the weevils to spend the winter.
Of the many weevils_ which enter hibernation, a very large
per cent of them die during the winter. Only the strongest weevils survive. The severity of the winter is also a determining factor in the number which succeed in living. The milder the winter the more weevils live to attack the cotton in the spring. A temperature below 12 degrees F. is fatal to all weevils throughout the territory affected by this low temperature.

Emergence From Hibernation.

In the spring, those weevils which have successfully pass-

ed the wintel leave their winter quarters and start in search

of cotton. There is, however, a great variation in the date

of their emergence. Records have been obtained showing

that the first weevils to leave their hiding places came out

a early as the middle of February, while the last ones did

not come out until the first of July.

.

A temperature averaging 57 degrees F. will start the

weevils in search of food. The greatest number, however,

remain inactive until an average temperature of from 64

degrees to 68 degrees has been reached. In other cases a

~e~perature of 75 degrees was necessary to induce the ma-

JorIty of the weevils to emerge.

. The character of the hiding place has much to do with the

hme of emergence. The weevils with the least protection

are the first to emerge, as the change in temperature is first

felt by them. Those with the deepest covering and most

protection are the last to emerge.

The reason Spanish moss makes such a favorable hiber-

nating medium is because the outer temperatures do not

penetrate it readily. A very cold temperature outside would

11

till leave the center of the moss warm, and on the other hand, the warm temperatures of spring do not penetrate the moss for some time. This prevents the weevils from being forced out prematurely by a warm day in spring only to be caught and killed by a cold snap.
Feeding Habits of Weevils.
Mter their long, all-winter fast, the first thing the weevils seek in the spring is cotton upon which to feed. The condition of the cotton plants at the time of their emergence determines their first feeding habits. The first weevils to emerge feed upon the young seedlings. Their habit i to puncture the stem at or just below the attachment of the cotyledons on seed-leaves. These early attacks are usually very injurious in that unless the plants are very robust and thriving they are killed. When planting is delayed, or the early weevils are unusually numerous, very serious inroads are made on the stand of cotton obtained.
When the cotton has put out its first true leaves it is not apt to be killed by the weevils, although it may be more or less retarded in its growth. The weevils feed on the tender growing shoots and new leaves until the first squares appear. Mter their first meal on the squares they seldom attack the stems of the plant, see,ming to prefer the squares.
The injury of the feeding punctures varies in extent. When many such holes are made in one square it is very sure to be killed. Others are prevented from blooming by a single puncture and many are distorted and mature imperfect bolls because of them. Plate IV shows injuries caused by feeding punctures on the leaf and .square, and Plate V, injuries to bolls.
Oviposition.
Soon after the squares form on the plants, the weevils begin to deposit their eggs. The act of egg-laying is known as oviposition. The female eats a hole into the square with its beak, then turns and places tip of abdomen over the hole. The oviposition is then thrust to the bottom of the cavity and the eggs deposited there. The oviposition is then withdrawn, and just as it reaches the edge of the cavity a drop of sticky substance exudes from the tip and seals the hole. It is patted and pushed into place by the tip of the abdomen.
The number of eggs laid by female weevils varies greatly. From a very few eggs the numbers run well over two hundred eggs. The average would probably be about one h~n dred eggs. The number of ~ggs laid each day also .van~s with the temperature. On warm days the number laId WIll
12

Plate III
Fig. a.-CottoD field adjacent to timber covered with Spani h mo s. (Bul. 11~ (Bul. 114, l. S. Bureau of Entomology.)
Fiy. b.-Proximity of moss-laden trees. conducing to high infe tation by weevil. (Bul. 114, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)
HIBER rATION CONDITIONS FOR THE BOLL WEEVIL.

Plate IV
EFFECTS OF BOLL-WEEVIL ATTACK ON LEAF AND SQUARES. a, Cotton leaf much fed upon by adults; b, square with two egg punctures; c.
t, flared square with many feeding punctures; d, square prevented from bloom-
ing by puncture; e, bloom injured by feeding punctures; poor bloom caused by feeding puncture. (Bul. ll~, . S. Bureau of Entomology.)

Plate V
I~JURY BY BOLL WEEVIL TO BOLLS. a, .Three larvae in boll; b. emergence hole in dry unopened boll; c, two larvae
In holl; d, weevils puncturing boll; e. opened boll, with two locks injured by weevil; f, large bolls severely punctured. (Bu!. 114, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)

Plate VI
BOLL WEEVIL PARASITES. a, Eurytoma tylodermatis; male; b, Ellrytoma tylodematis, female; c. Jlicro~
dontomeros anthonomi, female; c, antenna of same; d, Habrocytlls pierce/. female; d, antenna of same; e, Catolacctls hunteri, female; e, antenna of
arne; f. antenna of Catolaccus inceThls. (Bul. 114, . S. Bureau of Ento-
mology.)

be greater than on cool days, the usual number being from one to five eggs. Records have been obtained showing a high as seven eggs laid in one day.
The issue of the square at once proceeds to heal the wound and the sealing substance secreted by the weevil seems to stimulate the growth of the plant tissue. As a consequence, the egg puncture is almost always evidenced by a raised, wart-like protuberance on the side of the square.
One of the first effects of egg deposition is the flaring of the square, that is, the bracts which normally close tightly about the bud spread apart and expose the bud. This usually occurs six or seven days after the egg has been deposited. The next effect is the falling of the square. Usually about ten days after the female lays the egg the square falls to the ground. In some few cases the squares hang by a few threads to the plant. This is especially true of some varieties of cotton, as will be discussed later.
The Egg Stage.
The length of time elapsing between the deposition of the egg and its hatching varies greatly. Two climatic conditions influence it, namely, temperature and humidity. Warm, moist conditions hasten the hatching, while coolness and dryness retard it. Eggs have been observed to hatch in twenty-four hours after being laid, while in other cases seventeen day have been required. The average is probably about four days.
The Larva.
Immediately upon hatching the larva begins to feed upon the food which, thanks to the instinct of the mother weevil, is ready at hand. The first food consists entirely of the immature pollen in the center of the square. The larva is usually half grown before this food is exhausted. It then feeds on the pistil and other tissues of the bud.
Many eggs are laid in bolls and the larvae from these feed on the seeds and occasionally on the immature fibres. Usually only one lock of the boll is injured unless, as often happens, more than one egg is deposited in a boll.
The larvae, of course, as is the case of all insect larvae, molt or shed their skin to accommodate the increased size of the body. In the boll weevil this molting occurs twice in the early tage. The first one usually occurs about the second ~y after hatching, while the second molt takes place on the lourth day.
The length of the larval stage varies with the temperature as does all the other stages of the weevil. From seven to
13

twenty-five days have been reckoned as the length of thi tage. During the summer months the average would be 'lbout eight days.
As the larva reaches full size it forms about itself a cell composed of excrement and the cast larval kin. The e are packed together into a hard, leathery coat. This structure is known as the pupal cell. In this cell the larva sheds its skin for the third time and tran forms into a pupa.

The Pupa.

Like the stage of the weevil already de cribed, the pupal period varies in length with the temperature. The range has been found to be from two to fourteen days. It i much shorter at high temperature than at low ones.

Length of the Life Cycle.

The variation in the length of time required to complete

the various stages of the weevil has been shown to be very

great. This variation is caused chiefly by differing temper-

'lture. It has been found, however, by taking the average

length of time required for the various stages, that the av-

erage time required to complete the life cycle of the weevil,

that is from oviposition by the female of one generation to

oviposition of the next succeeding generation, is fifty-six

days.

-

I

Generations.

The number of generations of the weevil which may occur
in any given season_ is very difficult to ascertain because ?f
the fact that the generations overlap one another. Weevils that come out of hibernation may deposit eggs over a period of three months. Thus the eggs first laid would develop and these weevils lay eggs and start a third generation before the last eggs laid by the hibernating weevil would develop. Taking- the average time required for the life cycle of the weevil, and the length of the average growing ea on, it ha been found that ten generations are po sible for the fir t eggs laid in the spring.

Weevils Which Enter Hibernation.

There is no special generation of weevil which enter hibernation. Weevils of any or all generations that are tro~~ and active seek hibernating quarters on the approach o~lcO f weather. It is not known however, whether the weeVI 0 any particular generation' are more apt to uccumb to the
severity of the winter weather.

14

Fall Flight.

During the spring and summer there is a more or less continual flight of weevil from plant to plant and from field to field. The general flight of weevil does not take place, however, until fall. Then large numbers of weevils make flights of considerable length. The primary cau e of this general flight is lack of food cau ed by an over-abundance of weevil in one locality. There al a eems to be a general feeling of restle sness upon the part of the weevils which causes them to seek new feeding grounds at this season of the year.
The yearly increase in the di tribution of the weevil takes place during this fall flight. As previously stated, weevils have inroaded new territory for an average distance of sixtyfive miles per year.
On the approach of cold weather, till another flight of weevils take place. Thi time they are in search of winter quarters. This last flight is known as the hibernation flight.

Annual Progeny of One Pair of Hibernated Weevils.

The number of progeny that may spring from one pair of hibernated weevils is enormous, and a little study of the following figures will show one reason why the weevil is such a pest.

The following table is taken from Bulletin 114 of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture:

Weevils.

First generation, average adult June 29, numbering

70

Second generation, average adult Aug. 10, numbering_2,450

Third generation, average adult Sept. 22, numbering _85,750

Fourth generation, average adult Nov. 4, " 3,001,250

Total

3,089,520

METHODS BY WHICH THE WEEVILS ARE ARTIFICIALLY SPREAD
There are a number of ways by which the weevil may be carried into uninfested territory prematurely, that is, before the natural spread of the weevil would take them there. By far the most important of these methods is in cotton seed a~d cotton eed products. A great many weevils are carried to the gin with the cotton. Some of these are crushed d~ring the ginning proces , but many of them go through \Vit~ the eed. These are then often shipped to oil mills and an Infestation of the cotton fields surrounding the gins reult. Becau e of thi , the shipping of cotton seed from infested area to uninfe ted areas ha been prohibited by law.
15

Wagons, automobiles and railroad trains may sometime carry weevils into new areas, as many farm hands carry them in their clothing and cotton sacks. These, however, are unusual and minor means of distributing the weevil.
The intentional distribution of weevils has also been found to be the cause of premature infestation in many places. For this reason a law has been passed prescribing a heavy penalty for the interstate shipment of the boll weevil. The penalty i $5,000 fine and five years imprisonment.
16

AT RAL CO TROL OF THE WEEVIL
Climate.
Climate has a very direct effect upon the abundance of the weevIls. Hot, dry weather during the summer may kill hundreds of the larvae; drought may prevent the formation of quares and thus give the weevils no place to deposit their eggs, and excessive cold weather in the winter will kill hundreds of the weevils in their winter quarters. Many weevils will be drowned by excessive rains or overflows and sudden cold snaps will kill large numbers of them.
Hot, dry weather is very destructive to weevil life, provided they are exposed to the sun. For this purpose wide rows are advised, and Dr. W. E. Hinds has perfected a chain drag which brings the fallen squares from under the plants and leaves them in the center of the row. This method is not as likely to prove effective in Georgia as it has in parts of Texas, as the Georgia climate rarely has the excessive heat and dryness necessary to kill the weevils. When the boll weevil first entered Texas, it increased with great rapidity. In Texas the percentage of infestation increased until 1896, when a severe dry spell caused a decided drop. Then it steadily increased unti11905, when it began to drop again and it has continued to drop each year since. How long the adverse seasons will continue cannot be predicted, but sooner or later, more favorable seasons for the weevil will occur, and then they will soon do as much or more damage than before.
Birds.
The U. S. Biological Survey has made a careful investigation of the birds that attack the boll weevil, and investigation shows that there are fifty-three species which feed on adult weevils. Among the most important birds attacking the boll weevil are the blackbirds, meadow larks, sparrows, ~ens and titmouse. They search out the adult weevils durIng winter and devour them. The following table is taken from circular 64 of the U. S. Biological Survey:
17

Schedule of sto11!ach examinalions of bi1"Cls which had ealen boll weevils.

During Janu ary, Febru-
ary and
March

During April, May and June

During July. August and
September

pland Klll?eer

p(l<o?vxeyr ec(hB~ar,t,!roa..emtfeiarus)longic

Quail (Oolmus 1nrgtmanus)., ,

a

uda)., .. ,...

,.,

.

. ,

I

4 2
63

2

13 51
10

1

1 1. " ., '1'" ... 6 '" '" 1 3 '" '" lOS

ightbawk (Olwrdeiles virginianus)

, 1. ..

10 4 15

Scis or-tailed flycatcber (Muscivora forficata) . .. ,

91 5 71'"

Kingbird (Tyrannus tyramm.s) ... , .... ,......

10 1 1 22 6 '"

Cre ted flycatcher (Myiarchus cri/litl/S) .. ,...

7 12 51

Phrebe (Sayornis phoebe)

" .. ,... 19...

Olive- ided flycatcher (Nultallorn'is borealis)

1...

. .. 1. ,.

21 21

Alder flycatcher (Empidonwv trailli alnol'Um)..

31

Lea t flycatcher (Empidonax minimus).......

14 7 21 00' '"

Blue jay (Oyanocitta cristata)...............

111

1 ... '" 2 ...

Cowbird (Molothrus ater) .... 00 .. .. .. .. ... 92 t 4...

84 8 8 24,

Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoell'iceus).. 79 4 5 161 1 1 11".

49

Meadowlark (Stur-nella magna)." ... ,., " 48 10 18 1. ..

1 ."

188

'We tern meadow lark (StuT1lella neglectcl). 52 8 11", '"

. " '"

66

Orchard oriole (Icterus spurius) , .. ,

,

20 1 1 101 30 6" .. ,

Baltimore oriole (Icterus .qaIbula)............

2

50 II 24

,.

Bullock oriole (Icterus bullocki) ... 00 .... .....

149 40183 ' .

Ru ty blackbird (Euphagus carolinus)........ 6 1 1 Brewer blackbird (ElIphag1l.~ cyanocephal'us)" 189 24 40 1

10 ... IS

Bronzed grackle (Quiscalus q. aeneus), ... ,... 36 5 5 19

3 .. ,

8 ...

Great-tailed grackle (Me,qaquiscalus major

i macr01trus)

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82 2 2/ 7 1 1 6 .

Ve per sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus)...... 29 1 1. ..

. .. ,

Savanna parrow (Passerculus sandwiehensis,

ub pecie) ,

"

Lark parrow (Ohondestes grammacus)

\68 8 151 2...

00.

18...

.. '1'" 1
54 1 11 ,

White-throated parrow (Zonotrichia aIbieollis) , 53 1 1 4. .. . ., .. , 1 9

Field parrow (Spizella pusilla)

, '125 2 2.. .

5,

.

Swamp parrow (Melospiza georgiana)....... 27 1 2...

. .. ,.,

,

Fox parrow (Pa-sserella illiaca)

,

00'

1 2...

..

1 9

Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)

001 10 1 1 1

,

1 6

Cardinal (Oardinalis cardinalis) ... ,.......... 42... Texan pyrrhuloxia (Pyrrlwloxia s. texana) .... '"

21'" ,.. 7 . ..

89 81 41 .. 64 2

Painted bunting (Passerina ciris)............. ...

109 1 19 .....

Dpuicrkpclie mel ar(tJ'nPiz(pa roagmneeriSucab1n~S.". ,

"I' .',' ,.

,

,

,::: 115 . '1'1 Il2~ ~ ~I:::

Cliff wallow (Petrochelid01l lunifrons) , , . . . 1 Barn wallow (Hirundo erythrogastra) .. ",.. Bank wallow (Riparia riparia) ..... , ..... ,..

1

,. 85 84 638' .. ,

:21. ..... '. ' ' . : ,.:: ~:Il~

1,: :::

I<

Loggerhead shrike (Lanius I1tdovicialt1Ls)...... 46 1 4< 4. .. .,. 19...1 1

Yellow warbler (Dend'ro'ica aestiva)..........

25 1 11 .. , ...

Myrtle warbler (Dend1'oica eoronatcl) ..... ".. 17 1 21 8...

. . 1 ., .

Maryland yellowthroat (Geothylpis trichas)... 2 1 1 1...

'1'" Yellow-brea ted chat (Icteria virens).........

... ... ...

mel.ican. pipit (Anthus pensilvanictls)....... 78 84 120 ..

'MocklDglmd (M1mus polyglottos) ".,.,.. 43 2 2 13, "

1 1: ,. 1 ...... 1

.

5

IS' IS . 5 5 '29

Brown thra her (Toxostoma rufu11!)

1 91 .. .. 7

"1

Carolina wren (Thryothorus lu~ovfeialllls)1 871 61 9 81 1 2 1 .. ,1 "'1 lJ

31" .. Bewick wren (Thryomanes bewlckl)

" \ 111 11 3 .. .. .. 1

I

.,

"I'" "'," ', .. 'Vinter wren (Nannus hyemalis).............. 1 1 2

'\' '1 TBluafct~e:d:~et:it)me~o

us ..

e~~~(~B~a~e.o~l.o.p(.ll~1~~l~s~~7b~~i'c~o1:l~o.r.)

~.t~~r,i~.

. .

1 14)
\ ... 1.

.

5 .

1,

.

.

7
.

28
1. . .

1

1

111

1 1

: ~.

Carolina chickadee (Pellt"nte,~ ca)'olillell.~i,~).. 1 61 1 11......... 11



Insect Enemies.
According to Bulletin 100 of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology there are 54 insects which attack the boll weevil. The e are divided into predaceous and parasitic enemie .
The predaceous forms are those which simply cut into the squares and devour the young stages of the weevil or in orne cases attack the adult. Ants are the most numerous of this class, several specie of them attacking and killing large numbers of the weevils. Ground beetles, in both adult and larval stages, are also effective enemies.
The para itic forms are those which lay their eggs on or near the young stages of the boll weevil within the cotton square. These eggs hatch into tiny larvae and gradually kill the larvae of the boll weevil by feeding upon them. These in ects are usually very mall, wasp-like form , and are very valuable to the cotton grower. It has been found that these parasites are more abundant and able to do better work on squares which cling to the plant, rather than those which fall to the ground. For this reason it is advisable to select varieties of cotton which show a tendency to hold the infested square rather than those which shed them, provided of course, the bearing qualities of the varieties are equal.
Plate VI figure orne of these natural controlling agencies.
Proliferation.
This is a term applied to a natural agency which kills numbers of the eggs and young larvae. We recall the fact that the eggs are laid within the tissues of the plant by the adult weevil boring into them. In some cases the irritation thus caused seems to cause the plant to grow more rapidly at the point of injury. This rapid growth is known as proliferation, and crushes the egg or very young larva. Varieties which show this tendency to proliferate should be selected for planting, provided again that the bearing qualities are equal.
19

METHODS OF CO TROL

The ordinary methods of insect control have failed with the boll weevil; that is, the application of poison or caustic prays or dust. These are absolutely ineffective, because the weevil is so thoroughly protected by living throughout the most of its life within the cotton buds.
The methods which have been found effective are known as cultural methods, that is, methods of handling and making the crops. The following are some of the most important ones which are recommended:
1. Destroying stalks in the fall. It has been found that very many adult weevils spend the winter in the old cotton talks and hulls. In order to destroy these weevil , the stalks should be cut and either burned or plowed under in the fall.
2. Clean cultivation. This should be thoroughly practiced. The middles should be kept clean so that the sun can reach the ground, the heat killing many of the weevils. The borders of the fields should also be kept clean, especiany during the fall so as not to have any favorable places at hand for the weevil to hibernate.

3. Crop rotation. This should be practiced not only for

the benefit occurring to the soil, but from the effect it will

have on the weevils. They hibernate in or near the field

which contained the past year's crop. By rotating crops the

new cotton may be at considerable distance from this

field. This makes it necessary for the weevils to migrate in

earch of the cotton. Weakened by the winter many of them

will die before reaching the cotton, and the cotton will have

an opportunity of making a better growth before being at-

tacked by the weevils.

.

4. Early planting. Owing to the fact that there are few weevils at the beginning of the season, the aim of the cotton grower must be to get a rapid early growth and to have as many bolls as possible set before the weevils become numerous. The weevils do not attack bolls until the square are all used, so that by setting early bolls, the grower ma~e his cotton from these, the weevils using the later formmg quares. Thus the stronger, faster growth he can get from his cotton early in the spring, the more cotton he can hope to make. This is the object of early planting and of the following recommendations:
By early planting we do not mean to plant before th.e ground is in condition for planting but at the earliest pOSSIble date after the ground is right. Plate VII shows results
of early and late planting.

20

Plate VII
Fig. a.-Late-planted cotton under boll-weevil conditions. given arne culture a early planting. (Bu!. 114, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)
Fig. b.-Early-planted cotton adjoining the late planting under same conditions. (Bu!. 114, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)
RES LTS OF EARLY A:\'D LATE PLA~TIXG OF COTTON.

5. Fertilizing and working. These are, of course, very important factors. They are necessary for the quick, strong growth desired. Too much emphasis cannot be put upon these factors; they often cause the difference between success and failure.
6. Hand picking of fallen squares. In some localities this will prove an economincal and effective method of control. When the climate is not hot and dry enough to kill the weevils, and where labor is very cheap, this method is 'trongly advi ed.
The gathered squares should be burned or, preferably, placed in wire cages so that the parasites may escape while the weevils remain pri oners.
7. Early varieties. It is very advisable to select early maturing varieties of cotton for use in the boll weevil districts. Unfortunately the early maturing varieties are subject to wilt in Georgia. A serious effort is being made to breed an early maturing and wilt resistant variety, and the State Board of Entomology now has some selections which promise to meet the required conditions. One of these matures practically as early as King's and is a much better variety in every respect.
8. In selecting varietie of cotton the following minor point must be considered, all of which aid, to a greater or les extent in the boll weevil control:
(a) Varieties which do not form a "top crop" in the late fall. This would mean a lack of food for the weevil and fewer of them would go into hibernation.
(b) Varieties which show a tendency to proliferate.
(c) Varieties which tend to retain the infested squares in tead of shedding them.
(d) Varieties which have a hairy growth on the stems which impedes progress of weevil and thus reduces damage.
UMMARY OF METHOD OF CO TROL.
1. Early planting. 2. Early varieties. 3. Crop rotation. 4. Fertilizing and working. 5. Clean cultivation. 6. Destroying stalks in fall. 7. Hand picking squares.
21

COTTON WILT AND BOLL WEEVIL
In bulletins 22 and 34 the State Board of Entomology has described this disease and outlined methods of control. It is a fungus disease that must be controlled by proper rotation and growing of resistant varieties. It is more serious in some sections of Georgia and the South than the boll weevil. It occurs throughout South Georgia, but is present in eighty-one counties.
The department has propagated varieties of cotton that are wilt resistant, and large quantities of seed have been distributed thoughout southwestern part of State to aid farmers in the eradication of wilt. This work is being continued at present time and every farmer should eradicate disease from his farm before boll weevil appears.
Briefly, it is controlled by rotation with Iron or Brabham peas, velvet beans, corn, or grain crops, and growing of wilt resistant varieties.
When the boll weevil occurs these two problems must be fought together. If wilt occurs in your soil you must plant an early maturing variety that is wilt resistant on such affected areas.
If you should receive seed from State Board of Entomology or from United States Department of Agriculture you should use individual selections from most prolific, early maturing stalks, with good grade of lint. Plant such seed in separate rows and you will obtain interesting and valuable results.
The boll weevil is a most serious pest, but if cotton growers and business men will take hold of the situation and take advantage of the experience of those who have suffered and recovered, there will be no necessity for alarm. To successfully cope with the weevil we must grow more live stock and more feedstuffs, not so much to compete with other section in these articles, but to grow what we need for home oonsumption. The boll weevil will undoubtedly revolutionize our agriculture. We will have to do better farming than '!e have ever done before and have to give the farm more act~ve personal supervision. The farmer must make use of the ~. formation obtained from the study of different types of so~s, kinds of fertilizers for different crops, cultural methods, lIve stock suited for different sections, market situation, etc.
The farmer who is willing to profit by the experience of other men will continue to grow cotton successfully, but he must live at home, must make his farm self-sustaining.
The solution of the boll weevil problem is no more nor less than good farming.
22

TABLE OF CONTENTS

History

MEXICA COTTON BOLL WEEVIL

Page 3

A NUAL LOSS FROM THE BOLL WEEVIL

Table

5

La in Mis is ippi

6

La in Louisiana

7

La s in Texas

7

I 'SECTS OFTE MISTAKE FOR THE BOLL WEEVIL

8

FOOD PLA TS OF THE BOLL WEEVIL

8

DESCRIPTION OF I SECT

The Egg

9

The Larva

9

The Pupa

9

The Adult

9

SEASONAL HISTORY

Hibernation

11

Emergence from Hibernation

11

Feeding Habits of Weevils

12

Oviposition

12

The Egg Stage

13

The Larva

13

The Pupa

H,

Length of Life Cycle

}4,

Generations ........................................................ 14

Weevils Which Enter Hibernation

}4,

Fall Flight

15

A UAL PROGENY OF 0 E PAIR OF HIBER ATED WEEVILS. lIS

METHODS BY WHICH THE WEEVILS ARE ARTIFICIALLY

SPREAD

15

NATURAL CONTROL OF THE WEEVIL

Climate

17

Birds

'

17

Tahle

18

Insect Enemies

19

Proliferation

,

19

METHODS OF CONTROL

Destroying Stalks in the Fall

20

Clean Cultivation

20

Crop Rotation

20

Early Planting

20

Fertilizing and W,orking

21

Hand Picking of Fallen Squares

21

Early Varieties

21

Selecting Varieties

111

SUMMARY OF METHODS OF CO TROL

21

COTTO' WILT AND BOLL WEEVIL

22

23

OTICE

The Bulletins of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, which are

of present practical value and still available, are mentioned below.

(The numbers not mentioned are either out of date or exhausted.) Application for any of these numbers should be addressed to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.

Bulletin No. 12.-Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil.

Bulletin No. 13.-Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple.

Bulletin No. 2l.-Spraying to Control the San Jose Scale.

Bulletin o. 23.-The Apple Woolly Aphis. Green Apple Leaf Aphis.
Remedial Measures for Same. Bulletin No. 24.-Cotton Anthracnose and Cotton "Rusts."

Bulletin No. 26.-Peach Leaf Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little Peach.

Bulletin No. 27.-Proceedings of Horticultural Society for 1908.

Bulletin No. 29.-Codling Moth or "Apple Worm."

Bulletin No. 30.-Proceedings of Horticultural Society for 1909.

Bulletin No. 3l.-The San Jose Scale and Some Experiments for ita

Control. Bulletin No. 33.-Proceedings of Horticultural Society for 1910.

Bulletin No. 34.-Wilt Disease of Cotton and Cotton Anthracnose.

Methods for their Control.

Bulletin No. 35.-Proceedings of the Georgia State Horticultural Society for 1911.

Bulletin No. 36.-Control of Army Worm and Cotton Caterpillar.

Bulletin No. 37.-Part I. Crop Pest Law of Georgia and Regulations

of State Board of Entomology. Part II. Crop Pest Laws of Other States and

Canada.

Bulletin No. 38.-Principal Insects and Diseases of the Apple in Geor-

gia. Part I. Seven Important Insects of the Apple. Part II. Principal Diseases of the Apple in

Georgia.

Circular No. 6.-The Use of Soluble Oils Against San Jose Scale.

Circular No. 7.-The Hessian Fly in Georgia. Circular No. 8.-Report on Experiments for Control of San Jose

Scale, 1907-1908.

Circular No. 9.-The Brown-Tail Moth. Circular No. 10.-Spraying to Control Insect Pests and Plant Diseases.

Circular No. H.-Wilt Disease of Cotton and Its Control with Sug-

gestions on Seed Selection.

.

Circular No. 13.-Quarantine Regulations on Shipment Into Georgia

of Articles from Territory Infested with

Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil. E. L. WORSHAM:
State Entomologist.

24

GEORGIA

State Boardof Entomology
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETI 0 40.

MARCH 1915

COTTON WILT IN GEORGIA
By
A. C. LEWIS
Assistant State Entomologist

ATLANTA.

GEORGIA

GEORGIA

State Boardof Entomology
E. L. WORSHAM, Siale Entomologi I

BULLETl NO 40.

MARCH 191

COTTON WILT IN GEORGIA
By
A. C. LEWIS
As islant late Entomologist

ATLA TA.

GEORGIA

Georgia State Board of Entomology

ORGANIZATION

hairman,

J. D. PRICE,
mmi ioner of griculture, Atlanta. Ex-Officio Member.

R. C. BERCKM S, President of tate HorLcultural ociety, Augu ta,
Ex-Officio Membel'.
J ,0. . COBB,
Pre ident of tate gricultural Society, Americu..
Ex-Officio Member. E. L. WOR H M ~tate EntomoloO'i t and ecr tary'of the Board. Atlanta

A. C. LEWIS,

.

'I

tant tate Entomologi t, tlanta.

I
W. V. REED,

tant Entomologis't, tlanta.

i

,

W. W. CH E,

I

.c\ tant Entomologi t, tlanta.

C.

POO ER,

tant Entomologi t, tlanta.

J. CHESTER BRADLEY,
pecial Assi tant Entomologi t.

IRA. W. WILLIAM, A sistant in Cotton Breeding.

Cotton Wilt in Georgia
By A. C. LEWIS,
Assistant State Entomologist.
The work on cotton wilt in Georgia was begun in 1905 by th Georgia tate Board of Entomology. Three bull tin ,
o . 22, 28 and 34, and one circular, o. 11 have bee publi hed by the Board on the subject. The e have d alt mainly with the cau e of the \ ilt disea e and it control. In thi circular we will aive orne of the re ult cur d in thi work up to date to how what ha been accompli hed and how much benefit the work ha been to the cotton ar wer of Georgia.
In 1905 there were only two wilt resistant train of cotton, the Dixie and Dillon. These had been bred and introduced by Prof. W. A. Orton and Prof. W. W. Gilbert Bureau of Plant Indu try nited tate Department of griculture, Wa hington, D. C. There are now a number of resistant strain with more or less merit that have been developed by different individual. The e will be mentioned in detail later on. The \\Titer who ha had charge of thi work in Georgia since it wa inaugurated, has improved the Dixie and bred up four strain of resi tant cotton, namely: Modella, Dix- fifi, "Lewi 63", and another train to be known a DeSoto' and i now working on a number of other hybrids.
A few y ar ago many of the farmer complained about the low yield of the re istant cotton. Thi i not true of the re i tant train now a , where there was no wilt last ummer, the yield wa better than that made by a number of non-re istant va rietie. Thi i well hown in the variety te t at Thoma ville Hawkin ville and Donal onviJ1e. Then, too ,it mu t be remembered we have never recommended that the e re i tant strain be plant d where the land is not infected with the wilt di ea e. \Vhere the wilt di ea e is present in the oil they may yield from two to three time a much per acre a the ordinary varietie .
THE BOLL WEE IL 1 D THE WILT Dr EA E.
That dreaded enemy of cotton, the Mexican Cotton Boll \V evil, i not in Georgia yet, but will be before the year is over, a la t fall it was found within a few miles of the tate line. In the wilt aff cted ection of outh Georgia the cotton growers will then have thi in ect and the wilt Ii ea e to fight. The be t way to fight the boll weevil i by certain cultural method and the plantina of very arly varietie of cotton. Our variety test all how that the early strain of cot-

ton, uch a King and Triumph, die very badly from the wilt disease. Knowing thi , five years ago work wa begun on developing an early wilt re i tant train of cotton.
We are plea ed to report that we now have a train f ~i1~ ~esistant co.tton that ha been developed by cro ing and mdlVldual electIOn, that can, we believe, be grown with profit under boll weevil condition. hile this strain is not a early as the King, orne talk of it, the eed of which were planted April 7, had as high a 24 bolls et by July 1st. Our obervation have led u to conclude that strains of cotton like the King have too hort a fruiting period to do well in the andy oil of South Georgia. The early re istant cotton mentioned above begin fruiting early, and continue to grow and fruit until fro t. Thi cotton, in the variety test. i marked "S-6-6;" now named DeSoto.
PROFIT TO FARMERS.
Each year ince the work on wilt was inaugurated it has been the policy of the Board of Entomology to distribute, free of charge, to the fanner, ed of the wilt re istant strains of cotton.
t fir t only a few bushel of eed were di tributed each year. s the demand for the eed increased the legislature very wi ely increa ed the appropriation for the work. Thi. growth can be t be hown with a few figure. Thu, in 190 only 50 bushels of wilt resistant eed were di tributed, and last year about 4,000 bu hels were distributed. WeaL 0 . ent out about 400 bu hel of the Iron and Brabham cowpeas.
A few years ago it \Va e' timated that the annual 10 to the farmers in Geor<Yia from wilt \Va at lea t 1,000,000. It is now safe to ay that the annual 10 s from wilt in the State i not over 50 per cent of what it wa five year ago. In other word, the farmer are now being benefited a.ch year by the State Board of Entomology, by the work on WIlt, at lea t 500,000.00.
ROT TIO OF CROP .
s the fungu cau ing the wilt di ea e of cott n 0!11y
attacks cotton and okra a a parasite, it follows that plantmg the land in other crops will have a tendency to starve out the fungus. Thus far, though, all attempts h?1ve f~iled to eradicate, completely, the fungus from the SOlI. of lt1fected fields, even with a rotation of ten years. Rota.tIOn. of crop is important, however, in the control of the Wilt dl ease on account of the nematode worms that attack cotton an~ ot~er crops, as mentioned in next paragraph, he~ce. we wlll <Ylve in detail ome of our experiment along thl 1111.
4

RELATION OF TEMATODE WORM TO WILT.
Many farmer in Georgia know from dear experience that cotton frequently die very badly when planted after common cowpea. That thi i due to the fact that the cowpea increa e the number of nematode in the oil, and that their presence in the cotton root weakens the plants and increa e the everity of the wilt di ea e of cotton, is well known.
The nematode worm, Heterodera mdicicola (Greff. Mul.) i a para ite which infest the roots of many plants, and cause the knots commonly known as nematode galls or root knot. ffected plants are very much tunted and some times kill d. A few weeds and a great number of cultivated plants are ubject to attack by the nematode worms. The most common of the e in Georgia are: Cotton, cowpeas (all varieties except the Iron and Brabham and Iron hybrids), watermelon, cucumber, cantaloupe, sugar cane, soy beans, okra, cabbage, collard, potato, tomato, tobacco, mulberry, peach and fig. Plate 1, Fig. 1, shows nematode galls on the roots of Unknown cowpea. Plate II, Fig. 1, shows nematode galls on cotton root, and Plate II, Fig. 2, shows nematode galls on cantaloupe roots.
Prof. "V. W. Gilbert, Bureau of Plant industry, U. S. De-
partment of griculture, Wa hington, D. c., in Farmers'
Bulletin 625, reports as follows: "The crops most severely attacked by root-knot are as follows: Bean (soy), beet, cantaloupe, carrot, celery, clover (burr and crimson), cowpeas (all varieties except Iron and Brabham and other Iron hybrids), cucumber, eggplant, fig, lettuce, okra, peach, pecan, pomegranate, potato, sal ify, squash, tobacco, tomato, watermelon.
"Plants les severely injured by root-knot are the following: Alfalfa, asparagus, bean (Lima), bean (snap), cabbage, clover (sweet), collard, cotton, mulberry, onion, pea (garden), potato (sweet), radish, spinach, strawberry, sugar cane, vetch (common), vetch (hairy.)
"A few common weeds are subject to nematode injury and should therefore be eradicated where the attempt is being made to reduce root-knot in fields. The most severely injured are the balloon vine, the maypop or passion flower, the papaya or melon pawpaw. Weeds less severely affected by rootknot are mayweed pur lane and sweet fennel."
;;

ROTATION OF Rap FOR CaNT ROLLI G E:MATODE

WORMS.

In 1905, in au: experiment. at ~ello~ee, Georgia, a plat of land wa own 111 orghum on whIch, 111 190-1-, from 75 per
t cent. to 95 per cent. of the cotton died from the wilt di ea l:'
In 1906 this plat wa planted in corn and ju t before the la cultivati~:m I:o~ cowpea . were own. In 1907 the plat wa planted 111 DIxIe and atlve Green eed cotton with the following re ult: bout 25 per c nt. of th ative Green ccd
cotton died from" ilt and only 5 per cent. of the Dixie cotton. Another very marked difference between thi and another adjoinin lY plat which had b en in cotton continuously f r five
year, wa that the cotton on the plat which had not been in cotton for two year wa twice a tall a that on the other plat, and yielded at the rate of a bale to the acre, while the la tter yielded one-half bale.

In 1909, in our experiment on Mr. Ed. Howell' planta-

tion, at Vienna, Georgia, a plat of land wa planted in the

Iron cowpea, on which in 1908 over 75 per cent. of the Dillon

cotton died from the wilt disea e and nematode worm. Thi

land wa very badly infe ted with the nematode worm I a

wa hown by the numerou galls on the root of the Un-

known cowpea , a few of which were lYrowing in the field.

Plate I Fig. 1, shows nematode gaUs on root of Unknown

cowpea. On both ide of the plat cotton wa planted in 1909.

In 1910 the differ nt plat were all planted in the arne

variety of cotton, the iodella, a re istant train. The re. ults

were as follows: bout 5 per cent of the cotton died in the

plat after the Iron cowpea, while on the other plat planted

after cotton, from 50 to 90 per cent. of the cotton died. The

difference betwen the byo plat i well hown in Plate III.

Fig. 1.

-

In 1910 Col. M. B. Council, Americu Ga., had a field of ten acres planted in cotton that nearly aU died or \ya very badly tunted a shown in Plate I ,Fig. 1, a he did not get a bale on the ten acres. For three year thi land had been planted in oats and the Unknown co\ypea with the re ult that
it was very badly infested with the nematode worm.

In 1911 one acre of thi field wa planted in velv t bean;;. and in the fall, after the frost had killed the vine, they. were plowed under. In 1912 this acre was planted in a re I. ~ant strain of cotton, Lewi 63, and with 500 pounds of fertlhzer it made a little over a bale of cotton. This field i weU hown
in Plat I ,Fig. 2.

6

In 1913 the same acre was again planted in the ame strain of cotton and made one bale. In 1914 it was planted in resistant cotton with the result that over half of the cotton died and most of the remainder was very badly stunted. This experiment shows that the velvet bean is a fine crop to u e in a rotation to starve out the nematode worms, and that it i best on uch land to plant cotton only one or two years and then again plant in some crop resistant to the nematode worms.
Whether the cotton is suffering from the wilt disease or nematode worms or both, can be determined by examining the root. The nematode worms do not always produce large gall like tho e shown in Plate II, Fig. 1 and 2 but the small feeding root are nearly all destroyed. If the wilt disease is pre ent, the roots and stem near the ground will be black inide in the woody portion.
These ob ervation and experiments have been given in detail in order to impre s upon the cotton growers the importance of rotation of crop in controlling the nematode worm and wilt di ea e of cotton. There ar many fields of cotton in the tate, like the last one mentioned above that are much tunted and the yield greatly reduced on account of the nematode worm and wilt. The e field could be made to yield a bale per acre by a proper y tem of rotation, and the planting of a re i tant strain of cotton. The following crop may be used in the rotation, as they will not support the wilt fungu nor increase the number of nematode worms in the oil: Corn, wheat, rye, oats, Iron and Brabham cowpeas, velvet bean and peanut.
We can not too strongly advocate the planting of the Iron or Brabham cowpea on land infested with nematode worm. In the above and other experiments we failed to find any nematode galls on the roots of these cowpeas. The roots of the Iron cowpea are shown in Plate I, Fig. 2. In Plate I, Fig. 1, the root of the Unknown cowpea are shown. otice the galls on the root of the Unknown cowpea.
7

VARIETIES OF WILT RESISTANT COTTON.
MODELLA.

The Modella wilt resistant strain of cotton originated from a single stalk that the writer selected in 1905 in a field of Excelsior cotton where nearly all the cotton wa dead. The stalk wa selected on the Modella farm, Ed. Howell' place, Vienna, in 1905. The next year the proo-eny row from this stalk was very resistant as compared with the Excel ior cotton.
The Modella is a rank cotton, see Plate III, Fig. 2, making large branchy stalks with rather long fruiting limb with usually two large base limbs. The eed cotton yields 35 to 37 per cent. of lint. Seeds of medium size, brownish-white, typically covered with fuzz, but a few are mooth and black.
"LEWIS 63."
Thi is a cros between the Dixie and the Dillon that the writer made in 1905. From thi cro two di tinct type were developed, one that was branchy like the Dixie, but the talk grew very tall. It wa di carded. The other type very much re embles the Dixie, but the talk i lower and more preading. Boll are about the size of the DL'Cie,eed white, and
the lint is about U inch long, percentage of lint to eed cotton
36 to 38. This variety is somewhat earli r than the Dixie. The cotton fall out of the burrs easily, 0 must be picked soon after it open. For shape and growth of talk ee Plate V, Fig. 1.

DIX-AFIFI.

In the variety te t made at Vienna in 1906 it wa noticed

before the cotton began to bloom that the Egyptian l\Iit fifi cotton wa very re i tant to the wilt di ea e. T~e way the

Mit fifi wa growing it wa seen that it wa gomo- to ~a

ture very

very late, slowly.

a it The

was growing cotton being

stoallreasnidtarannt kitanwda.blodeocnl:lIdneg~

to cross it with the Dixie. Accordingly a well fruIted tal

of the Dixie was selected and one evening all the bloom on

that stalk that would op'en the emasculated and covered with

next day (5 mall paper

of them) bag. d

wfe'etwrhe

blooms on a good stalk of the Mit Afifi paper bags, and the next day the pollen

were from

covere one of

t\VhIe~

was dusted on to the Dixie bloom that had been proper)

prepared. Three bolls matured.

8

. In dl!e time the progeny from the e boll began to break up mto dIfferent type of cotton. From the e different types two di tinct type of cotton wer ecured. One type reembled the Dixie in the hape of the leaf, talk and order of branch.ing, but the branche grew more upriO"ht, similar to the MIt fifi cotton. The boll were about the ize of the Dixie boll , but had only four lock , ,,ere longer and much more pointed, and the lint wa long r than that of ordinary cotton. ee Plate I, Fig. 1. Thi i the Mit fifi type, for hape and manner of growth of talk ee Plate ,Fig. 2.
The other type grew like the Dixie, and the boll were about the ame ize and hape a the DL-xie, but the leaves were five-lobed, very much like the Mit fifi. The lint from thi type was hort like ordinary upland cotton. ee Plate \ I, Fig. 2.
The Dix- fifi cotton lint is full 1;4 inches long, with fine fiber. The lint on the typical talk i fairly uniform in length, but now and then stalk appear with short lint. The
ed cotton turn out about 32 per c nt. of lint. The Dix-Afifi cotton need further election to eliminate these stalk with hort lint. For the past two year the lint of the Dix-Afifi cotton ha been elling at a premium of 3 to 4 cent a pound above ordinary cotton. F r the yield of this cotton in compari on with other varietie ee tabl under variety tests.
COTTON VARIETY TESTS, 1913 AND 1914.
In Co-operation With the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
In 1913 three variety te t w re c nducted one at Cairo, one at Lumpkin, and one at ienna. In all of the e te tone row of each variety was planted until all the varietie were planted; then another plat wa planted in the am ord r. In all ca e the percentage of healthy talk wa determined by actual count; that is, by counting the talk oon after the cotton was chopped to a tand, and then counting the talks again in the fall, and from the e two count determining the percentage of healthy talk .
The actual yield of cotton p r row wa kept, and from ~his the yield per acre calculated. The percentage of lint was 10 all cases determined by taking about 500 grams of seed otton, ginning it, weighinO" the e d and from the e figures determining the percentage of lint. The lint percentage given in the tables i the average derived from all the differ nt plats.
9

VARIETY TE T, CAIRO, GA.-1913.

ariety.

I I to~~~n eP~r % Lint. Acre.

I Dixie .................... / 810

33.

I I King ................... . 864

348

Modella ................ . 999

35.8

Lbs. Lint Per Acre.
273.78
29067
I 357.64

Dillon ................... 864
I Lewis 63 .. 1 999

35.6

316.22 I

33.6

I 335.68

Rank in Yield.
10 7 3 5 4

Russell .................. /

32.4

279.83

9

Dix-Afifi ................. 918
. Columbia ............... 810 Covington-Toolea ....... 864 Sam Woodb ............. 729

31

284.58 I

8

32

I 259.20

11

36.2

I 312.76

6

35.2

256.60

12

Cook ....... ............. 1 1080 B-28 (Dixie Imp) ........ 1053

36

388.80

1

35.5

I 373.81

2

Variety.

VARIETY TEST, LUMPKIK, GA.-1913.

I Lbs. Seed
I I Cotton Per
I Acre

o/c L' o mt.

Lbs. Lint % Stalks Per Acre. Healthy.

Dixie ........ 1242

33.8

419.71

96

King ......... 918

34.8

319.44

53

Rank in Yield.
4
10

Modella ...... 1134

35.8

405.97

86

6

Dillon ........ / 972

36.6

355.75

97

7

"Lewis 63" .. / 1296

33.6

455.45

96

3

Russell ...... / 864

32.4

279.83

50

11

Dix-Afifi ..... 1350

31

418.50

92

5

Columbia .... 810

32

259.20

60

12

Covington

Toole ........ 1296

36.2

468.15

96

2

I Sam Wood .. / 918

35.2

322.13

74

9

Cook ........ 918

35

330.48

66

~

B-28 (Imp. Dixie) .. , 1350

35.5

I 479.25

93

!

1

a-W. F. Covington, Headland, Ala. b-]udge Samuel Wood, Abbeville, Ala.

10

PL TE 1.
Fig. 1. Nematode gall on root of nknown cowpea. Original.
/
/
Fig, 2. Roots of the Iron cowpea free from Xematode gall . Original.

PLATE 11. Fig. 1. Nematode galls on cotton root. Original.
Fig. 2. ematode galls on cantaloupe roots. Original.

PLATE III. Fig. 1. On left. cotton after cotton; 011 ri';'ht, after Iron cowpea ..
Original.
Fig. 2. Modella on left; on right. Excel ior cotton. Original.

PLATE IV.
Fi<Y. 1. Cotton field destroyed by wilt and nematode worms; planted after oats and Unknown cowpeas. Original.
Fig. 2. Cotton '''Lewis 63" after Velvet beans. Same field as shown in Fig. 1, after planting in Velvet beans one year. Original.

r'"0-
.>...-,
t'I1
~

DIX-,\1' 11'1.
Fig. 2. Photograph of drawing from actual stalk showing shape and branching of typical stalk. Original.

"LEWIS 63."
Fig. 1. Photograph of drawing frol11 actual stalk showing shape and branching of typical stalk. Original.

PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. Dix-Afifi, leaf, boll and lint. ote the Dixie type of leaf; boll resembling the Mit Afifi boll in shape; and the long lint. Photograph from drawing. Original.
Fig. 2. Other type of above cotton with Mit Afifi type of leaf, Dixie boll and short lint. Photograph from drawing. Original.

PLATE IT.
Fig. 1. Variety te t, mericus, Ga.. 1914. Two row on left "Lewis 63"; in center Ru sell; on right Dixie. Original.
Fig. 2. Variety test Americu , Ga., 1914. Two rows on left am Wood; in center, King; on right, Lee. Original.

PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1. Variety test Americus, Ga., 1914. Two rows on left, Lee; in center, Columbia; on left ( -6-6) De oto. Original.
Fig. 2. Variety test, Americus, Ga., 1914. Two rows on left, Improved Dixie; in center, Half and Half; on right, Dillon.

'ariety.
Dixie King

VARIETY TE T, VIE~"T A, GA.-1913.

I Lh . Seed
Cotton Per
I Acre.

% Lint.

Lbs. Lint Per Acre.

% Stalks Healthy.

33.8

351.34

9"

/ 810

34.8

281.88

44

Rank in Yield.
4
11

Modella

1 918

35.8

328.64

90

6

Dillon

I 1 10395

365

38045

95

2

"Lewis 63" ...

I I 945

32.4

317.52

97

8

Russell .......

I I 891

32.4

288.68

47

10

I I Dix-Afifi ...... 1 945

31

292.95

94

9

I Columbia .... / 864
Covington

32

276.48 ,'_--=5.=.2_-111--_1...2..__

Toole Sam "\Tood

r__. . __9=-1:..:8'--_:._--=36..=..=-2_:_--=3.=.;32.=..3 1:.....:._--=90~
1__.9....3:..:1c:..:.5'--.:_ _-=3.=.5..=.2_:_--=3.=.;27 88=-_:I._--=8:..:5__

-=5,--_ 7_

Cook

1 1012.5

~~~~ Dixie) ... / 1188

36

364.50 1 71

3

35.5

I I. 421.74

97

Variety.
Dixie ......... \ 1224
Russell ...... / 563

GA.-1914.

~ L'

I I Lbs. Lint % Stalks

o mt. Per Acre.

Healthy.

I 35.5

434.52

95

I 34.5

228.73

15

Rank in Yield.
5 9

"Lewis 63" ... 1 1326

37.5

497.25

96

I

Cook ......... 1 680

I

38.5

261.80 .

15

7

(S-6-6) DeSoto 1309

35

458.15

95

3

Columbia .... 374

32.5

121.55

18

11

Leea ........ . 1 1020

37

377.40

78

6

King ......... 1 374

I

36

I 1 134.54

10

10

Sam Wood .. 1190 Half
and Half .... 612

Webber ......
B-28 (Imp. Dixie)...

374 1326

a-Rufus H. Lee, Ed,son, Ga.

38 40 32.5 37
11

452.20

90

4

244.80

18

8

I I 121.55

10

11

490.62

96

2

In thi variety test the cotton was planted in row -l-.5 feet apart and the cotton thinned to one stalk about two feet apart. The plat was fertilized at the rate of 500 lb . per acre with a high grade fertilizer. The wilt wa very severe in this field, as the re ults show. Thi te t hows that under certain wilt disease condition the wilt re i tant strain may yield from two to four times a much a the ordinary varieties.
The actual appearance of the variety test at Americu is well shown in Plate VII, Fig. 1 and 2, and Plate VIII, Fig. 1 and 2. otice th two rows in the center of each view, how they have died from wilt. On each ide are the re i tant varietie a indicated, note the contrast.

Variety

VARIETY TEST, VIE A, GA.-1914.

I I CLobttso.nSePeder % Lint. Acre.

Lbs. Lint % Stalks
I Per Acre. Healthy.

I Rank in Yield.

Columbia .... 341

32.5

110.82

10

14

Webber . ..... 341

32.5

110.82

18

14

Russell ....... 341

34.5

117.64

]8

]3

King ......... , 434

35

154.24

15

12

Half

and Half .... 775

40

310

15

10

Cook '0 ..

899

38.5

346.11

20

8

Triumph ..... 542.5

37.5

203.43

20

]]

Poulnot ...... 1 852.5

38

323.95

20

9

Sam Wood .. ]380

38

524.40

94

6

Dillon ........ 15]9

38

577.22

90

5

Lee .......... 127]

37

470.27

90

7

Dixie ........ 1798

37

665.26

95

3

I B-28

(Imp. Dixie) .. 1829

37

676.73

97

2

"Lewis 63" ... 1829

37.5

685.87

97

1

I (S-5-6) DeSotol 1829

35

640.15

95

4-

I Modella ...... I 1829 I 37

676.73

95

2-

12

In this test the rows were 4.5 feet apart and the cotton thinned to one stalk about every two feet. The plat was fertilized at the rate of 500 pounds per acre with a high grade
fertilizer, and when the cotton was blooming, nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of 100 pound per acre. The oil at this place is a good sandy loam typical of the soil of Dooly county. While the wilt was quite severe, the yield of the resistant varieties was very good.
The results of the variety tests at Americu , Lumpkin and Vienna show conclusively the resistant quality of the e strains of cotton, and that the ordinary varietie , such as King, Columbia, Toole, Cook and others, should not be planted in wilt infected fields.

Variety

VARIETY TEST, LUMPKI ,GA.-1914.

ICLobt tso. nSeePde r I I Acre.

% Lint.

Lbs. Lint Per Acre.

% Stalks
Healthy.

Rank in Yield.

Dixie ......... 714

35.5

253.47

95

13

Lee "0 .0

782

37

289.34

85

9

Half

and Half .0 ..

272

40

108.8

15

18

Sam Wood .. 884

38

335.92

88

4

Sunbeam .0 ..

578

36

208.08

10

15

Cook to.,

850

38.5

327.25

18

5

Covington-

Toole .. .0.0.

816

36.5

297.84

90

8

Columbia ..... 680

32.5

221

10

14

"Lewis 63" ... 918

37.5

344.25

95

3

Triumph ..... 510

37.5

191.25

20

16

Dix-Afifi ..... 850

32

I 272

96

10

King ......... / 475

36

171.36

15

17

B-28

(Imp. Dixie) .. 1054

37

388.98

96

1

Modella . ..... 1 884

37

327.08

94

6

Poulnot ...... 816

38

310.08

25

7

Dillon ....... . 816

38

I 310.08

94

7

Cleveland ... . 680

38

258.40

12

11

(S-6-6) DeSoto 1088

35

380.80

96

2

Russell ....... 748

I I 34.5

258.06

15

12

Webber ...... 580

I I I 32.5

221

18

14

I I Toole ........ / 680

38

258.40

12

11

13

In this field the row were four feet apart and the cotton thinned to one stalk about every two feet. The plat wa fertilized at the rate of 500 pound per acre, with a high grade fertilizer. The land wa poor, andy oil, and heavily infe ted with nematode worm. Thi and unfavorable weather condition gr atly reduced the yield. In thi test, as at _ mericu and Vienna, there were two plat, but the wilt only howed up in one, 0 the per cent o( healthy plant \Va determined from thi plat but the yield from the two plat .

VARIETY TE T, HAWIG VILLE, GA.-1914.*

Toole

Variety.

ILbs. eed Cot"ton Per Acre.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

~2
J

Lee

1065

Cleveland

814

Sunbeam ................

871

% Lint.

I Lbs. Lint

Rank in

Per Acre.

Yield.

38

361.76

3

37

I 39t05

2

I 38

309.32

7

I 3135<v:

6

Triumph ................
Poulnot . ................

809 931

I

37.5

303.37

I ! 38

353.78

9 -l

Dixie ................. - ..

993

I I 35.5

352.51

:>

I

"Lewis 63" .............. 1060

37.5

397.50

1

Webber ................. 712

32.5

I 231.40

10

Dix-Afifi ................

977

32

312.64

8

In thi plat the cotton \\ a planted in r w four feet apart and thinned to one stalk, 'two feet apar:.t. The field of ten acre wa fertilized at the rate of 500 pound per acre with a 9-3-4 fertilizer. Two row of each of the ten varieties were planted and then aJl repeated in the arne order until the ten acre were planted.
In thi te t the wilt in f ction wa light and the \ ebber was the only variety to die to any great extent. It will .be seen from the table that in thi te t the wilt re i tant stram yielded more cotton per acre than the ordinary varietie .
"-Conducted by Mr. Ira W. Williams, Assistant in Cotton Breeding ,Georll"ia State Board of Entomology.

14

VARIEn: TE T, THOl1A ILLE, GA.-1914.*

Variety.

% Lint.

Lbs. Lint Per Acre.

Rank in Yield.

Bank Account ..........

35.5

533.11

10

( -5-6) De oto ......... / 2177.59

35

762.15

3

Ru ell .................. 1 1788.5

34.5

616.93

9

Half and Half .......... 1 991.34

40

395.53

11

un beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1721.34

36

Modella ................ . 1995.09

37

619.68

8

738.18

4

"Lewi

1861.50

37.5

697.96

6

2372.50

37

877.82

Expre ................. 2244.75

31

695.87

7

toney

0

1843.25

38

Toole .................. ./ 2117

38

700.43

5

828.46

2

In thi te t the cotton wa planted in row three feet apart and the otton thinned to one stalk two feet apart. The land had been laid off, manured and fertilized for cabbage. How much of each had been applied was not known, but it was no doubt quite h avy. This account, in a measure, for the large yield secured in thi te t. The season here was more favorable to the grm\'th of the cotton than at the other place where the variety test were made.
The only variety to uffer from wilt, to any great extent, in thi te t wa the Half and Half, a the wilt infection was light. The Half and Half al 0 uffered more 10 s from anthracno e than the other varieties.
'-Conducted on the land rented by the tate Board of Entomology for Experimcntal purposes, under the supervision of ~ir. Ira "V. 'Villiams, Assistant in Cotton Breeding.

15

VARIETY TEST, DONALDSONVILLE, GA.-1914.*

Variety

ICLotb~so. n

eed Per

\

% Lint.

ere.

I Lbs. Lint I Per Acre

Rank in Yield

B-28 (Dixie Imp.) ....... 2328

37

861.36

1

Toole ................... . 2168

38

813.84

2

Dixie .................... 2017.60

35.5

716.24

4

"Lewis 63" ............... 1937.60

37.5

716.60

3

Stoney .................. 1739.20

38

660.89

5

Lee ...................... 1593.60

37

589.63

6

King ....... , ............ 1256

36

452.16

7

In this test two rows of each of the seven varieties were planted and then all repeated in the same order until five acres were planted. The wilt infection was very light, and the King suffered more loss than any of the other varieties. The land was broadcasted with stable manure, and the cotton fertilized with about 500 pounds per acre of a high grade
fertilizer.

VARIETY TE T, CARROLLTO ,GA.-1914.*

\"ariety

I Lbs. Seed
Cotton Per
I Acre

% Lint.

I Lbs. Lint I Per Acre.

Rankin Yield.

Cleveland ................ 1577 Triumph ................. 1542

38

599.25

1

37.5

578.25

2

Half and Half . , ........ "Lewis 63" .............. Sunbeam ................ Dix-Afifi ................. Toole .................... Modella .................

1365 1365 1300 1161 1074 1248

40

546

3

37.5

511.87

4

36

468

5

32

371.52

8

38

408.12

7

37

461.75

6

In this field the rows were four feet apart and the cotton thinned to two feet in the row. The cotton was fertilized with 10-2-3 goods at the rate of 400 pounds per acre.. No wilt disease was present. Note the yield of the wilt resl~tant strains, "Lewis 63" and Madella, are very good, both hIgher
than the Toole.
-Conducted by Mr. Ira W. Williams, Assistant in Cotton Breeding, Georgia State Board 01 Entomololl'Y.

16

THE VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVED SEED.
The farmer do not fully realize the value and importance of improved eed. From the re ult lYiven in thi bulletin it is apparent that many of the farmer, by rotation of crops and the planting of improved seed may at lea t double their yield of cotton, from what it i at pre ent. By improved eed we mean that the seed ha been developed by selection for a specific purpo e, uch a re i tance to di ea e or increa ed yield, or both.
It i not nece ary for the farmer to end out of the state or away off omewhere for improved eed. He can and hould lYrow it at home. In a few year, by individual. election, one may develop a train of cotton as well 0'" better adapted to hi oil than any he could buy anywhere. For it is a well e tabli hed fact that a train of cotton developed on a certain type of soil will, a a rule, yield better on that type of soil than on another type of oil.
The Georgia State Board of Entomology in co-operation with the Bureau of Plant Indu try, U. S. Department of Ag-
riculture, Washington, D. c., i endeavoring to as i t the
farmers in their efforts to improve the cotton seed. Any farmer intere ted in improving hi cotton hould write to the author, or to Mr. E. L. Vvor ham, tate Entomologist, tlanta, Ga., for circular o. 11, in which is given in detail the plan and scope of this work.
Repeated experiments made in different states under boll weevil condition have shown the value of improved seed. A strain of cotton that is of uniform type, prolific and early, is much to be de ired under boll weevil conditions. The best way to ecure thi i by individual election from orne strain of cotton well adapted to the type of oil on your farm.
If you do not care to take the time, thought and care nece ary to improve your cotton, then it will pay you well to buy your seed each year or two from omeone in your county who is improving hi cotton. Go see the cotton while it is growing and then you will know, from ob ervation, how free it is from di ease, how uniform in type, how prolific and early it is on the type of soil where it i growing.
17

THA K A D ACKJ.'WV> LEDGME T . We de ire to thank e pecially the followino- gentlemen: Prof. W. A. Orton and Prof. W. W. Gilbert, Bureau of
Plant Indu try, Washington, D. c., for many valuable ug-
gestions given about th work. Col. M. B. Council, meri u , Ga., for valuable as i tance
rendered, and for furni hing land for experimental purpo e from 1908 to 1914.
Hon. B. S. Miller, Columbu , Ga., for valuable a si tance !"endered, and for furni hing land at Zellobee on which experiment were conducted in 1905, 1906 and 1907.
Mr. Ed. Howell, Vienna, Ga., for furni hino- land for xperimental purposes from 1906 to 1914.
Mr. J. F. Humber, Lumpkin, Ga., for furni hing land for
experimental purposes in 1912, 1913 and 1914.
Mr. J. B. Wight, Cairo, Ga., for furni hing land for ex-
perimental purpo e in 1913.
Mr. J. L. Dickin on, Donal onville Ga., for furni.'hing
lanel for exp rimental purpo e in 1914.
l\lr. J. c. lane ,Hawkin ville, Ga., for furni hing land
for experimental purpo es in 1914.
Mr. Lee J. \i\ illiam Carrollton, Ga., for furni hing land
for experimental purpo es in 191-+. Mi nnie harp, rti t f r the Board of Entomology,
for drawing reproducecl on Plat V and \"1.
IX

'To'Wllley & DO'lJJIIJ

Prillterl alld BillderJ

Atlallta,

Geolgifl