Bulletin [Nos. 31-40 (Jan. 1910 - Mar. 1915)]

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JANUARY, 1910

anb "omt ffxptrimtnt~ for Jt~ Control

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

By E. L. WORSHAM and
W. W.CHASE

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
T. G. HUDSON, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta,
ExOfficiG Member.

P. J. BERCKMANS,

President of State Horticultural Society, Augusta.

Ex-Officio Member.

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J. J. CONNER, President of State Agricultural Society, Cartersville.

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Ex-Officio Member.

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E. L. WORSHAM,

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State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta. A. C. LEWIS,

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Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.

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W. V. REED,

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FIeld Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.

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G. R. CASEY,

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Deputy Inspector, Marietta.

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W. W. CHASE, Deputy Inspector, Atlanta.

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION.

The San Jose Scale is by far the worst pest with which thb fruit growers in Georgia have to contend. this Bulletin is intended to be a summary of the experiment conducted in the
tate on this in ect by the Georgia State Board of Entomology, it has been thought best to give a short ketch of its origin, di tribution and life history,
Origin.
The San Jose Scale, as the common name indicates, was first tabli hed in this country in the early seventies at San Jose, California. Mr. Lick, in who e orchard the scale was first found, died before a study of the in ect wa begun and hence it wa impossible to tell from what country it was introduced. ~Ir. Lick was a great lover of plants and had imported many from hina, Japan and other Eastern countries. From this it wa upposed that the scale must have been imported from the Orient. From investigations carried on by Professor Comstock and others, it was found that the San Jose Scale occurred in th ITawaiian Islands in hiIe, in Japan and in Australia. In 1 97 it was found in Japan, and as it had been previou ly . hown that none of the other countries where it had be n found wa it. oriO'inal home, they thought it must have originated in' .Japan. By ]900 it wa concluded that the original home of the an Jose cale was either Japan or hina and we are indebted to Prof. . L. Marlatt, of the U. . Bureau of Entomology, for determining its original home. In 1901 Profe or Marlatt made a visit to both of these countrie and after very careful investigation located its original home in hina and gave us A most interesting account of San Jose Scale in its native home.

Distribution.

The pread of San Jose Scale from San Joe California, to

other tates was very rapid. By 1887 it had reached ew Jer-

sey, and was introduced from this State into Georgia in 1889. In 1897 it wa .present in 18 counties in Georgia' in 1904 in

about 0 counties of the State; and now in at least 100 counties.

Of late years its spread in the State ha been slow on account

of the rigid laws enforced against it by the State Bo~a~r~~~~.....

tomology.

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'(o.t. UNIVERSITy
- ' J 'L\ IB~ARIES

OF GEORG\~

Habits and Life History. 'l'he San Jose Scale OCClli'S on all parts of the plant attacked: stem, leaves and fruit. A they increase very rapidly an infested tree will soon be entirely covered. When this happens the scales lie very close together on the limbs and the bark soon loses its natural rich, red color, and becomes light or dark gray; it also be ames rough and looks a if covered with wet ashes. In the summer, if an infested tree is exaJ:,ined, there will be found several yellow crawling scales; lig],'-,-colored young with the scale just formed; bla k ones al,Olit one-half grown and old grayish ones.
Fig. 1. A Peach Tree badJ~' infested with San Jose Scale.
The (ree are injured by the extraction of the plant juices and al a by a poisoning of the sap through the punctures made by the in ect. Young trees are injured much sooner than old ones, young peach trees dying in two or three year if nothing is done to check the in ect. On old trees only a limb or two may be killed, which will cause new shoots to sprout out, so that a badly infe ted tree will look very much like the one shown in Fig. 1.
Food Plants. While the San Jose Scale may attack a great many deciduous
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plants, uch a fruit, ornamental and hade trees, it has not been found on a great many different spe i s of plants in Georgia. In Georgia it has been found on the following: apple, .herry, peach, pear, plum, blackberry, raspberry, ro e and walnut. '0 far a w know it ha' never been found on any of the native hade tree except the willow. It has been found on the English walnut and pe an, but does not eern to be able to Ii\" long on the latter. One year an infested pecan tree was found at airo, the next year it wa free from scale. Since then it ha not been found on any pecan trees in the State.
Life History. The waxy cale, commonly seen on the tree , is a covering under which the true in ct liv s. The life of this insect is pa sed under this covering except for a few hours in the larval 'tage, and the brief winged en tence of the male. The San Jose Scale pas es the winter in Georgia in nearly all tages, from the very young to the full grown adults. If the winter is cold a few of the young and many of the old ones perish. The young have been found crawling here as late as 'ovember and December, and a early in the spring as March. The an Joe Scale differs from most other cale insects, in that the female gives birth to living young instead of laying eggs. According to ob ervation made in. 1907- by W. V. Reed, A sistant Entomologi t, there are four generations a sea on in t he latitude of Atlanta. The newly born larva is pale yellow and almost micro copic in ize. After crawling about for a few hours the young larva ettles down and slowly works its long, slender proboscis through the bark of the plant. little before thi take place the caly overing begin to form from waxy se retions, which pring from all parts of the body. The caly covering is at fir t almost white or pale yellow, but lowly change in color with ea h molt of the in ect. After the rst molt the male and female cales are round and jet black except for the central nipple. The e round black cales are \' ry characteri ti of the an Jo cale, and easily distinguish it from nearly all the cale in ect. A th sale. matur they 10 e this characteristi black color and when full grown ar of an ashy gray color with a pale reddish or yellow nipple in the center. The above is a de cription of the outward appearance of the female scale.
The male an Jo e S ale differ from the female by being
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It'ig. 2. A twig infested with San Jose Scale. To tbt' rIght is a portion of twig much enlSlged, showing relative ize and hape of male and female scales.

oblong-oval instead of round, and is nearly twice as long as wide. In size the male are smaller and often darker in color, and the central nipple and fir t ring will be at tbe anterior end of the elongated ale in tead of in tbe center, a in the female sc:ale. Fig. 2 repre ents the comparative ize and bape of th male and female scales a they appear on an infe ted twig.

PARASITES AND OTHER NATURAL ENEMIES.
The San Jo e Scale has a number of parasites, predaceous insects and fungus diseases tbat prey upon it. Though a great deal of attention and study have been given to these in the last few years, none of them are of sufficient economic importance to hold this pest in check.
Prof. C. L. Marlatt found tbat in China and Japan the chief natural agency in keeping in check tbe San Jose Scale was a mall lady beetle, Ohiloco1"us similis 1"08 i. f He brought home with bim some of these beetle and in 1902 and 1903 an effort

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wa mad t e tabli h them in e eral different tate. In Augn t, 1902, ome of them were liberated in an orchard near :Mar hallville, Ga. .An examination of this orchard made in July, 1903, indicated that the beetles were rapidly spreading, and the outlook wa promising but in 1906 and 1907 all had di appeared and not a specimen could be found in adjoining orchards. It i probable that they were killed b cold weather and praying operations. From this it would appear that this. beetle, from which at first much was hoped for, has been a di appointment. In ew Jersey Dr. J. B. Smith made extenive te t with negative re ults, and in none of the States north of the Di trict of olumbia where the Bureau of Entomology liberated pecimens did it become establi hed.
Experiments in Georgia With the Red-Headed Fungus. The red-headed fungus, phaerostilbe coccophila, is parasitic on a numb r of cale in ects in Florida, and it i in trumental in keeping them under control in that State. Thi fungus is pr ent on the Gloomy cale A pidiotus ob CUTa, in many sections of Georgia, but only in a few in tance have we found it on the San Jose Scale. In the spring of 1907 experiments were conducted for the Department bv A. C. Lewis. Assistant State Entomologist,. to determine whether or not thi fungus could be made of economi importance in controlling the an Joe cale in G 01'gia. The fungus was introduced in several peach orchards in different part of the tate where the scale wa pre ent in great abundance. One method employed in introducing the fungus, wa to tie pie e of oak bark with the fungus, on peach trees. Again we tried prayinO' th fungus on the tree, and the following method was used: The oak sticks overed with the fungus were soaked from one to two bours in a small amount of water. 'l'hen the fungus was scraped off and stirred bri kly 0 as to liberate the spores. This was then mixed with water and one package of commercial gela~ine added for each gallon of water. This was done with the idea that the pores would adhere more r adily. ome tree were al 0 sprayed witbout the gelatine. The fungus wa introduced by the e different methods in badly infested orcbard at Millen Waynesboro and Richland, Georgia. The result so far secured may be summarized as follQws: By all metbod , except tbe last, we succeeded in getting th funO'u to take bold and grow. Where the ticks were tied
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on, in one year the fungus had spread and nearly covered the trees below the stick . where the fungus was the thickest it had killed many of the cale.
At Waynesboro, where the fungu was prayed on the trees by the water-gelatine method, the r ult were about the same in regard to the pread of the fungu and the effect upon the scale. One year after the fungus was introduced in a mall orchard of about 50 trees at Richland, practically no scale was found, but whether the fungus or some other agency killed it out, we are not able to state. The orchard had never been prayed, and on the ame date several other orchards around Richland were examined and many live and crawling scales were found. This would seem to indicate that the fungus, or some other agency which wa not pre ent in the other orchards, killed the scale.
At Cairo, Ga. there i a pear or hard 10 y ar old in which the San Jose cale and red-headed fungus have been present, to our knowledge, for 5 years. The scale is as abundant this year as it was two or three years ago, but many of the trees have been greatly injured by its attacks.
From our experiment and observations 0 far it appears that the red-headed nmgus can not be relied upon to control the an Joe cale in Georgia; and furthermore, that at present 1he fruit grower who is not willing to spray .vill tind fruit growing quite unprofitable.
SPRAYING EXPERIMlENTS FOR CONTROL OF
SAN JOSE SCALE.
The first of a serie of experiments for the control of San J 0 cale, extending over a period of three year , was made at Fort alley in 1906 and 1907. combination of causes in some unexplained way prevented a material increase of scale in the orchard (which was un prayed with the exception of the tree used in the experiment), and for thi rea on it was not possible to make proper compari ons between the prayed and the unsprayed tree. The re ults of the work for the two season, 1906 and 1907, must be regarded as lacking definite data and need not be considered. ircular o. 8, published in October, 190 , by this Department, contain a report on the work for the sea on 1907 and 190 . and i partially quoted herein. The original plan of the experim nt wa intended to embrace all the mi cible oil then in general use. Thi plan wa adhered

to throughout the series. Some of the oils were dropped from year to year as their manufacture was discontinued, and other , of more recent introduction, were tested. This Bulletin contains a report on the results obtained from seven different oils three manufacturers' preparations of lime and sulphur, and home-made lime and sulphur.
At the time when these experiments were planned it had been the general observation that soluble oils yielded no strictly dependable results. They were obviously not consistent at all time. .In some instances they left nothing to be desired, and then again, under almost identical conditions and under nearly identical methods and means of application, they were entirely in ufficient. It was because of this apparent inconsistency in re ults obtained from oil preparations that the experiments were repeated. The results of a single test could not be relied upon a conclusive and final.
While the manufacturers of soluble oils usually recommend their products to be diluted at a proportion of 1 to 15 or 1 to 20, each one used in the test was applied at three different dilutions j one at the proportion fixed by the manufacturers, and two application at a greater strength. The data obtained from these sprayings embody the results that can be expected from the application of each material at all proportions that can be considered from a practical, economic standpoint.
Each compound wa , therefore, treated at three different strengths and each h!ld a trial as a fall treatment, as a spring treatment, and as a double treatment. The first spraying of the double application was applied the first week in November, and the econd on the 15th of February.
The application of the e different materials was conducted with the greate t thorougbnes ; the actual field work and the ubsequent examinations being done in person by the junior author. Care was taken with everyone to completely drench every tree that was sprayed. Wherever there is failure properly to control the scale by these treatments it is not attributable to work poorly done, but must be ascribed to some inherent inefficiency in the material it elf.
Experiments at Goggins, Georgia, in 1907 and 1908.
Through the courtesy of Mr. J. Kimball Zellner, we were extended the use of his orchard at Goggins to conduct the experiment. Condition in thi orchard were very favorable to the
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"ork. 'l'he tree were in their third year, had never been prayed at all and were badly infested with scale.
The fall praying were begun at this place on ovember 13th, 1907, and the pring prayings on February 20th, 190 . Ob ervations were made twice during the summer of 190 to determine the re ult of the work. The material tested were Scalecide, Target Brand, Kil-O-Scale, oluble Pretroleum, Schnarr 'ompound o. 1, Schnarr's 'ompound o. 2, and prepared lime and ulphur manufactured by the Thomsen 'hemical ompany.
Experiments at Fort Valley, Georgia, in 1908 and 1909.
We are indebted to Mr. George H. lappey, of Fort Valley, for allowing u the use of a part of his orchard in which to complete the series of experiments. Thi s ction of tr es was four years old and sprayed with a soluble oil the preceding year. On November 2nd, the date the fall praying was begun, live crawling scales were present in large quantities. In this experiment, as in the other, individual tree offering good conditions for the test, were selected to be prayed.
The materials here u ed were the arne a those tested at Goggan , except that Kil-O- cale, who e manufacture had been discontinued for use on peach trees wa dropped. One new oil ( an-U-Zay) was added to the list and two lime- ulphur compounds, viz.: Prepared Lime ulphur olution made by the
ras elli hemical Co., and Prepared Lime ulphur manufactured by the Merrimac Chemical o. The pring spraying were applied on February 16th and 17th, 1909. The examinations of the work were made during the summer of 1909, one in June and the other the :fir t of eptember.
REPORT ON RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED DURING 1907-8-9.
The data given below on the re ults obtained from all materials tested is conden ed in order to avoid useless repetition. Wherever there was a decided variance in result obtained from any soluble oil, attention is called to that difference.
Mechanical Appliances for Spraying Oil.
The selection of pump and nozzle i of extreme importance where oils are u ed. To obtain the best results from them the pump must be capable of deYeloping and su taining a high pre ure at lea t 100 pound.. and the nozzle . houlrl throw a
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finely divided pray. Very often the pressure at the nozzle is reduced by rea on of leaky pumps or hose. This can be avoided by getting only first-clas appliances for spraying, and by due diligence in keeping them in good working order.
Target Brand Emulsion.
Thi oil is manufactured by the Horticultural Distributing Company, Martinsburg, W. Va. The material used in the experiment at Goggins in 1907 and 1908 was so essentially different in composition from that used at Fort Valley in 1908 and 1909 that it is given separate space in the report. The two compounds, although bearing the same name, were really different altogether, and are treated here as though they were made by two different manufacturers.
The Target Brand te ted in 1907 and 1908 was light yellow in color; very vi cid in composition. The water-diluted mixture wa milky white in color.
The following excerpt from Circular o. 8 (1908), Georgia tate Board of Entomology, gives the results of work done by Target Brand at Goggins in 1907 and 1908:
"From the fall application (November 14th) of this material excellent results were obtained. A few live scales were found at the last examination of the trees, but they were confined to smaller twigs and leaves. This treatment must be regarded as being very effective. The double treatment at the same strength was almost Identically similar In results as the single fall spraying. There were possibly a few "Dlore live scales left after the latter treatment, but the difference was very slight.
"It should naturally be expected that the greater the strength of the dilute mixture the more effective the treatment. With the fall application of the Target Brand at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, however, this was not the case. Neither was as effective as the 1 to 20 dilution. Although both were successful in degree, at the end of the season neither compared favorably with the weaker dilution. This seems strange, indeed, and can not be accounted for satisfactorily. The double applications at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 were highly effectual, only a trace of the scale remaining at the end of the season. There was a dying out of the trees in the plat sprayed twice at 1 to 10, for which it would seem that the material itself was partially. at least, responsible. The evidence afforded by this plat is that the dilution was not sufficient to prevent the Idl1lng of the trees.
"At 1 to 20, the spring application (February 20th) yielded poor results, the spread of the scale being checked scarcely at all. At 1 to 15 the results were very good, except on trees that were heavily infested at the time the material was applied. At 1 to 10 the spring treatment was efficient in Its results, although trees worse infested when sprayed showed an abundance of live scale when last Inspection was made, even
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more than the 1 to 15 strength. Here again the results, when compared, seem most inconsistent.
"Target Brand showed conflicting results that can not be accounted for, all the way through the test. At a strength of 1 to 20, the fall treatment yielded excellent results. The double treatment at the same strength also gave good results; but the fall sprayings at strengths of 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, respectively, yielded decidedly inferior results when compared to the 1 to 20 plats. Double treatment at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 destroyed practically all the scale. On July 30th only a few live scales could be found on trees sprayed at this strength. There can be no doubt that this compound was properly mixed and the trees thoroughly sprayed. Every tree was completely covered, care being taken to wet the smallest twigs, as well as the body and main limbs.
"The spring sprayings were ineffective at every dilution. On trees that were badly infested at the time they were sprayed, the summer spread of scale was scarcely checked at all. After standing over winter the material used in the experiment was somewhat insoluble in water, a feature not true of it when the initial spraying was made. The weakening of the dilute spray consequent to this partial insolubility was, of course, measurably responsible for the poor results obtained. It must not be taken that the material was not at all beneficial. ot sufficient scale was killed, however, except by the fall spraying at 1 to 20, the double treatment at the same strength, and the double treatment at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, to keep the new infestation from reaching very undesirable and, in most cases, dangerous proportions."
Target Brand Emul ion a was ent by the manufacturer for trial in the experiment at Fort Valley in 1908 and 1909, was greeni h-black in color, and carried a pronounced odor of carbolic acid. The material was much Ie viscid than that u ed in 1907 and 190 , though the resultant color, obtained by diluting with water, was the same. Both articles were completely soluble in cold water at all proportions.
At 1 to 20 the fall spraying, the double sprayings, and the . pring spraying, were all very effective. Of these three plat, the one sprayed in the early spring wa the least effective and on this was nothing more than a mere sprinkling of live scale, not sufficient to do additional damage to the trees if means are taken to control it.
The fall spraying at 1 to 15 yielded excellent re ults. The summer re-infestation wa very slight and can be controlled by ubaequent sprayings if properly conducted. The double spraying at this strength was nearly perfect, but the spring treatment was not so effective a the fall treatment, there being a considerable scattering of scale on the plat, particularly on the leaves and young wood. The examination made in June
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howed ome of the fruit to be slightly infested. This spra~ring wa disappointing in its results.
At a trength of 1 to 10, the fall spraying and double spraying were highly effective, and the spring treatment also did good work, but there was enough living scale on the latter at the time of the last examination to cause urprise when the strength of the material was considered. t every dilution this material affords a striking example of the great effectiveness of fall prayings over spring sprayings. There were no evidences whatever of damage by the oil to the trees themselves.
A comparison of the data on these two materials shows the 190 product to be easily superior to that manufactured in 1907.
Scalecide.
'calecide i a soluble oil product of the B. G. Pratt Co., No. 11 Broadway, Tew York. Of all the brands of soluble oils mentioned in this report this one is best known to the fruit growers of Georgia, and has been most extensively used by them for ev 1'11.1 years. It is almo t black in color, diluting, on the addition of water, to a milky white solution. It is perfectly soluble in cold water and spray easily and smoothly when diluted at a proportion 'of 1 to 15, the proportion recommended by the manufacturers. At a greater trength, say 1 to 10, it hows a di po ition to spray in large drop, or clot, which do not spread out evenly on the bark when the spray strikes the tree. To l'ompletely cover a tree at a strength of 1 to 10 requires more material by mea urement than the same tree would require at a trength of 1 to 15.
Thi material was applied at three strengths, viz.: 1 to 15, 1 to 12 and 1 to 10. At all strengths, for the fall, spring and double treatments, it yielded re ults of the highest order' nothing more than a scattering of live scale being found on the last examination. Only on one plat, that was sprayed in February at 1 to 12, were the results in the least disappointing, and in this plat the trees were unu ually h avily inf sted at the time they were sprayed. This probably accounts for the fact that there wa more living scale found in this plat at the end of summer. There wa no injury to the trees from this material. The double treatment were all nearly perfect in their results, and it is not po ible to better them. For both years' work, Scalecide maintained about an equally high degree of efficiency, and it is safe to ay that it can be relied upon to kill cale wherever it is carefully applied.
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Soluble Petroleum.
This petroleum oil i manufactured by the Thom en hemical 0., Baltimore, l\Id. It i a heavy oil, yellow in color; the diluted petroleum pray being a dirty white. At Goggin , Georgia, in 1907 and 1908, the material mixed perfectly with cold water and was highly effective in eradicating the scale. The strengths used in thi te t were 1 to 20, 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, respectively. The test to which it was here subjected was severe, most of the trees b'eing heavily encrusted with living scale when they were treated. Throughout the entire te t, at all strengths, the material sustained it elf well and did very effective work. 'fhe second year's te t, however, was not productive of su It good re ult. The material, in the fir t place, wa only partially soluble in cold water. Much of it remained afloat in the spray tank as insoluble oil. The strength of the diluted spray was correspondingly reduced in consequence. All the fall sprayings were applied without' any effort being made to correct this feature. al soda was added in mall quantities to the spray as it was made up for the spring spraying, which rendered the insoluble oil perfectly soluble in water, and brought the diluted mixture up to full strength. At the manufacturer' uggestion, a slight change was made the econd year in the proportion of oil to water. The greate t proportion at which the oil was used wa 1 to 15, the lowest 1 to 20 with an intermediate dilution of 1 to 1 .
Fall pra)'ing at 1 to 20 yielded poor re ult. The pring application of thi material was more effe tive than the fall praying, a fact .0 contrary to the re ult obtaine 1 with all other oil that it can be explained only on the hypothe is that .1h former pray wa rendered stronger than the latter by the addition of the sal soda. and the complete re ultant solubility of the oil.
At a proportion of 1 to 1 the pray wa noticeably more effective although th re wa a con iderable l' -inf tation during the summer from the scale which it failed to kill. At 1 to 15 the re ult were good for all application . particularly the double treatment, which wa nearly perfe 1.
It would seem, from the data et forth above that this oil is very effective when it mixe tboroughly with water, and that it is un at~ fa tory when only partially olubl. By the addition of a little al oda to the il and wat l' mixture as it i being
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pr par d for the 'pray tank this objection i obviated, and the pray material brought up to it full tandard of effici ncy,

Kil-O-Scale. ':'
Thi material al 0 is made by the Thom en 'hernical Co., Baltimore, Md. They no longer recommend it for peach trees, and it ale has been altogether discontinued except as a control for cale insect affecting apple , hedge plants, hade trees, etc.
It was tested in the experiments at Goggin, and, although the material is made up of the highest grade of ingredients, it wa unproductive of good re ult. The ingle fall prayings, applied ovember 14th, failed to kill sufficient scale on the trunk of trees to prevent a very appreciable re-infestation during the ummel'. omparatively speaking, the 1 to 20, 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 trengths were about equally un ucce ful in controlling the cale. As a double treatment, the 1 to 20 strength, though slightly more effectual than the fall spraying at 1 to 20, was, nevertheless, poor. At 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, the double tr atment were highly efficient, e pecially the latter, which wa nearly perfect. The spring spraying at 1 to 20 and 1 to 15, re pectively, were practically valuele s, there being but little difference between the trees sprayed at the e strengths and the unsprayed trees. Live, crawling scale was abundant when the la t examination of plats was made. At the greatest 'trengtb, 1 to 10, the spring treatments gave only fair results, and mu t be called un ati factory wben the strength of the mixture i considered.
Schnarr's Compounds Nos. 1 and 2.
o. I.-This material is a light, yellowi h oil containing some aponified matter. On being mixed with water and agitated, the pre ence of this soap is indicated on the surface by tbe heavy formation of sud .
The material, a tested the first year, wa of little value except a a fall treatment at 1 to 15, and 1 to 10 as a double treatment. The fall treatment at 1 to 20 was practically worthle s, the tree sprayed at that strength and at that time being badly infe ted on trunk , limbs and foliage. The fall application at 1 to 15 killed nearly all the cale, and tbe 1 to 10 trength was

'In special circular which was I sued by the Department In 1909, we stated

that the manufacturers had cea ed to recommcnd this preparation as a scale

remedy. This wa based npon wrong Impression and we wish to correct same.

'They no longer rccommend Its use on peach trees.



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almost perfect in it results. All the double treatment "ere exceedingly efficient, leaving only a mere trace of live scale. At all dilutions the spring treatment was an absolute failure, . no good having been accompli hed by any of them.
t Fort Valley in 190 and 1909, markedly better re~ult were obtained with this compound. At all proportion , eyen the single prayings in the fall and in the spring at 1 to 20. there wa only an inconsiderable percentage of scale that "a not killed by the spray. The double treatment for each of the three strengths tried was nearly perfect, and the fall and spring treatment at 1 to 15, and at 1 to 10, respectively, left 0 little scale alive that it could be found only with difficulty. It must be noted that the test was not so severe at Fort Valley as it was at Goggins, and this fact may account, in a mea ure, for the wide variance in result obtained for the two year.
J. ~o. 2.- chnarr's Compound did not arrive until it wa too late to include it in the fall praying at Goggins in 1907. and hence it wa used only a a pring treatment. From one-fourth to one-third (estimated) of the oil refused to mix with water and the result from the partial mixing were ab olutely worthIe . When la t examined the tree were a badly infe t d a they had ever been.
_\lthough the trees upon which the material was te ted at Fort Valley were Ie s heavily infe ted than those elected at Goggins, the results were of slightly greater value. Whenever a tree bore a heavy infestation of scale the oil failed ignally to control it well. aturally, the double treatments were more effective in their work, but all of them left an easily noticeable scattering of live scale. The second lot of material was freely soluble in water.
Compound No. 1 is unque tionably the better of these two materials for use against San Jose Scale.
Schnarr's Insecticides are manufactured by the J. chuarI' In ecticide Co., Orlando, Fla., and are used mainly in that State against White Fly and cale in ect affecting citru tree.
San-U-Zay. This material is made and sold by F. G. Street & Co., Rochester, . Y., and is the last soluble oil which the Department ha received from any source for experimental purpose. The manufacturers pecified that it is to be used with a mall amount of sal oda, which i added to the oil in process of mixing with water ~s a olvent for the oil. Only a mall quan-
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titr of al oda i nece ary for thi purpo e, say about 1 pound
to 50 gallon. an-U-Zay, except as a spring treatment at 1 to 20, was pro-
ductive of excellent re ult. The double treatments at all proportions, viz., 1 to 20, 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, killed nearly all the eale. The fall and spring treatment at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 repectively, were about equally effective, though in the plat prayed in the fall at 1 to 20 there was a considerable scattering of young scale, particularly on the wood growth of 1909 and on the leave. Aside from the spring application at 1 to 20, which wa not successful, San-U-Zay gave praiseworthy results and rank well up among the best oil compounds.
Prepared Lime-Sulphur Solutions. Enterpri ing chemical manufacturers have introduced into the market prepared solution of lime an~ sulphur. These compound were intended to displace the omewhat unsatisfactory u e of oluble oils, as well a to give to the commercial orchardi -I a ready-made lime- ulphur pray which would be ready for u. e after the simple addition of cold water. Mter a long experimental period the present spray compounds have been perf ct d, and have thus far proven them elves equal to every requirement. The undiluted material as it is received by the customer is a reddi h liquid, free of all solid matter and mixes easily and thoroughly with water at all proportions. It sprays without the lea t difficulty and the only objection common to the standard home-made preparation of lime and sulphur, is its causticity. There is none of the old, familiar trouble from clogged nozzles and the consequent loss of time and temper. As a simple economical lime and sulphur wash, easy to handle and apply, it seems to have solved the problem. Prepared lime- ulphur spray are commonly recommended to be diluted at about one part of olution to ten or eleven parts of water. In the tests mentioned here the proportion was 1 to 12 for the first year's trial and 1 to 11 for the second.
Thomsen Chemical Company's Prepared Lime-Sulphur Solution.
This spray was first tried at Goggins in the spring of 1908, and the treatment resulted in the almost complete destruction of the scale. It was tried again in the fall of the same year at Fort Valley, and again in the spring of 1909 in the same place, and every treatment yielded result of a high order. When last
17

examined the trees prayed with this compound were practically free of all scale, the old coating of dead scale had been sloughed off and. the trees showed a healthy, clean bark. Orchardist who used the solution during the past season are generally pleased with its work, and it is being used on quite a large commercial scale again this year. It is known as Orchard Brand Lime and Sulphur Solution.
Grasselli Chemical Company's Prepared Lime-Sulphur Solution.
This olution is manufactured by the Grasselli Chemical Company, Birmingham, Ala., and recommended for use at a dilution of 1 to 11.. It possesses practically the same physical properties as the compound described above, and at Fort Valley, where it wa tried during the season of 190 and 1909, it was very succe ful a a scale insecticide. It left only the slightest trace of living scale on the trees, and this trace had multiplied, by the end of summer, in numbers so small that they could hardly be -observed. This make of material is also extensively in use this season in the peach orchards of Georgia.
Home-Made Lime-Sulphur.
For the sake of comparing the prepared solutions of limesulphur with the home-made article, a plat of trees was sprayed with the latter alongside the plats in which the manufactured products were used. So far as the mere insecticidal value of the two kind is concerned no difference could be discerned. Both were equally effective in the eradication of the scale, but the .home-made goods, carrying a heavier percentage of free lime, eyentually cleaned the trees more thoroughly of rough bark and dead eales,
Powdered Lime and Sulphur.
Lime and sulphur in a dry powdered form was sent for exp rimental purpo e to the Department by the lerrimac Chemical ompany, Boston, Ma ., and recommended to be used at a proportion of 5 pounds to gallons of water. When added to water the latter is changed to an olive green color, much like the color of properly boiled home-made lime and sulphur. It
pray easily, there being no particles of matter large enough to afford obstruction to the nozzles.
The re ults obtained from this powder were gratifying, but as it was used only once and then' as a spring treatment, the data .regarding it must neces arily lack confirmation.
18

Summary.
While ach oil wa applied a' a 'pring treatment and as a fall treatment it was found in every ca e that the fall treatment wa of uperior effectiveness. The earlier the spray can be applied after the leave have fallen, the better will be the net re ult , all other conditions being equal.
The mechanical appliances of the application are extremely important, e pecially with soluble oils. A good pump developing a high pre ure and a nozzle throwing a direct, forceful pray, are very.neces ary to obtain good re ult .
The concentrated lime and ulphur olution , being free of all solid matter, offer no more eriou 00 tacle. to easy spraying than the oils. They are much more cau tic in nature, however, and it i well to be protected from continuou contact with them. nder well regulated condition they spray as easily as water might, and are no more harmful to the per on. ompared to the soluble oil compounds for efficiency, they yield quite as good re ults as the best oils even when the latter are used at a greater trength than that l' commended by the different manufa turer. A tr e well prayed with lime and ulphur alway offer a cleaner, brighter and healthier appearance than a tree equally well sprayed with an oil. Besides its strictly in ecticidal value, lime and sulphur po e es fungicidal properties to a much greater degree than it is po sible to incorporate in a oluble oil. There i hardly any danger of injuring tree even when used at much greater trength than tho e r<,commended by the manufacturer..
SPRAYING ACCESSORIES.
econd only to the importan e of u ing a dependable insecticide in praying for the control of cale in e tithe election of the praying outfit. Individual preference mu t necessarily playa part in thi , but with particular refer n to the pump, the selection hould be modified to . uit the ize of the orchard to be treated. SprayinO' i O'reatly facilitated by using only the be t grade of ho e and nozzle and by the u e of exten ion rOds, ut to suitable length , and fitted out with cut-Qffs. For the information of the orchardi t, the different parts of the praying outfit are briefly di cu eel in the following paragraphs:
Barrel Pump : Fig. 3 show a type of pump adaptable for prayinO' mall orchard of from 500 to 5000 tr ea. A good
19

Fig. 3. Hal'l'el pray Pump.
barrel pump is capable of developing and maintaining sufficient pressure to operate two leads of ho e. The working parts of the better makes of the e pumps is made of brass or hardened bronze to resist the corroding action of the spray compound, and will last indefinitely if properly cared for. Wherever sprays carrying solid matter are used, it is highly important that the pump be fitted with an agitator uch as is shown in the accompanying figure. This class of pump may be bought at a nominal cost and d pended upon to do excellent work.
Fig. 4. Double Cylinder Pump.
Double Cylinder Pumps: In Fig. 4 may be seen a double cylinder pump capable of developing more power than the regular barrel pump. It 1 intended for use on wagon tank.
20

und i '0 con tructed that the working part do not extend into the spray mixture at all, the latter being drawn into the cylind r 1y mean of a suction tube, thereby Ie sening the liabiliti of corrosion from the mixture. From the fact that thi pump an ustain a much higher pre ure than the ordinary barrel pump, and that it i almo t a easy of operation, it i r commended for use on wagon tanks. The additional co t ov r the fifty gallon barrel pump is practically off et by it. !!1' at l' lllll'ability and efficiency.
Pig.;:;. Wagon Tank.
\YaO'on 'lank: Fig. 5 how a type of wagon tank in common u e over th tate. In large r hard the e tanks a1' valuable a time aver. They are made to hold from 150 to 250 gallon, and it require nearly half a day to empty one of th larO' l' kind with two lead of ho e in operation. The hilly character of many orchard ite, pecially in the northern part of the tate i almo t prohibitive for the u e of the e tank, but this objection may be overcome by filling them to a point where they can be moved by the team power. Wagon tanks cost about eighteen or twenty dollar, a cost so small when their value a time avers i on idered, that it repreent a aving in dollar and cent at the end of one eason' u e.
Ga oline-Power pray Pump: pray pump operated b~' ga oline have been used in a few of the large orchards in th pa t few years and are rapidly gaining in favor and number . They can develop a higher pre ure than it is possible to develop by hand and maintain thi pI' ure con tantly and uniformly. Fig. 6 show a gasoline engine of the most recent and improved manufacture mounted on a wagon with pray tank attached. Gasoline pray outfits have been used in Georgia with O'reat ucce., they can be purcba ed at a moderate cost
21

Fig. 6. Gn oline Power Pump.

and we believe that the larger commercial orchard grower of the State would be benefitted if they equipped themselve with the e machines.

Hose: In his efforts to minimize the co t of the prayinO' apparatu , the orchardist often make the mi take of purclla ing the cheaper grades of ho e and too little of it. l 0 ingle lead of hose hould be less than twenty-five feet long. Much worry and waste of time may be avoided by using only the very be t quality. The average cost of the be t quality

one-half inch hose is about fifteen cent per foot. Other and inferior grade may be bought at from ten to twelve cents per foot, but from an economical standpoint, we believe that the

higher priced good are the cheape t in the end. Under a high pre sure, uch a i nece ary for really efficient spraying.

cheap ho e quickly becomes leaky and i of no account. are

hould be taken to secure the hose tightly to the pump and ext nsion rod in order that it may not be blown off under pre -

ure. Exten. ion Rod . light, durable exten ion rod may be
made from ordinary one-quarter inch piping. The rod may be cut to the de. ired length to suit the occasion for which it is

needed, and threaded at both ends for attaching to the nozzle and the top-cock. Bamboo extension rod are somewhat lighter than the e iron rod but are much Ie s durable.

Stop-Cock

0 spraying outfit i complete without this

nttachment. The pray material that ""ould be wa ted in moy-

22

iug from tree to tree wi thout a stop-cock for cutting off the flow, would very quickly represent a money 10 of considerable proportions.

Fig. 7. Double Vermorel Nozzle.

Fig. . Mistry Jr. Nozzle.

ozzle: The requirements of a nozzle for ordinary spraying purpo es are that it be simple of constrqction and easy to clean and that it throw a finely divided spray. Nozzles throwing a forcible, mist-like spray are very essential to successful oil spraying. While lime and sulphur wash should always be applied to the tree with considerable force, it is not so necesary that it be a fine spray as in oil spraying. Fig. 7 shows a double Vermorel nozzle, and Fig. 8 show a nozzle of more recent manufa lure, the Mistry Jr. Both of these have proven themselve to be highly efficient in the fight against San Jose cale.

NOTICE.
The Bulletlns of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, which are o present practlcal value and still available, are mentloned below. (The numbers not mentioned are either out of date or exhausted). Application for any of these numbers should be addressed to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. Bulletin No. 12.-Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil. Bulletin No. l3.-Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple. Bulletin No. 1S.-Pear Blight Disease in Georgia, and Pear Leaf Blight. Bulletin No. 20.-Part I. Report of State Entomologist for 1905.
Part n. Crop Pest Law and Regulations.
Bulletin No. 21.-.spraying to Control the San Jose Scale. Bulletin No. 22.-Black Root Disease of Cotton. Bulletin No. 23.-The Apple Woolly Aphis. Green Apple Leaf Aphis.
Remedial Measures for Same. Bulletin NQ. 24.-Cotton Anthracnose and Cotton "Rusts." Bulletln No. 2G.-Peach Leaf Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little Peach. Bulletin No. 27.-Proceedlngs of Horticultural Society for 1908. Bulletin No. 28.-"Black Root" Disease of Cotton in Georgia and Its
ControL Bulletin No. 29.-Codllng Moth or "Apple Worm." Bulletin No. 30.-Proceedings of Horticultural Society for 1909. CIrcUlar No. G.-The Use of Soluble Oils Against San Jose Scale. Circular No. 7.-The Hessian Fly in Georgia. Circular No. 'B.-Report on Experiments for Control of San Jose Scale,
1907-1908. CirCUlar No. 9.-The BrownTall Moth.
E. L. WORSHAM, State Entomologist.

THE UNIVERSITY AT ATHENS.
I. FRANKLIN COLLEGE. (The College of Arts.-Established 1801, otrering the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, and including: 1. General Courses in the Liberal Arts. 2. Special Courses.
II. THE GEORGIA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS.-Established 1872, otrering the Degree of Bachelor of Science, and including the following: (a) In the College of Science and Engineering: 1. The General Science Course. 2. The Civil Engineering Course 3. The Electrical Engineering Course. (b) In the College of Agriculture: 4. The Full Agricultural Course. 5. The Forest Engineering Course. 6. The One-year Agricultural Course. 7. The Winte! Course in Agriculture. 8. The Experiment Station (at Experiment). 9. The Farmers' Institutes.
m. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL.-Otrering the following De-
grees: 1 Master of Arts. 2. Master of Science. 3. Civil and Mining Engineer.
IV. THE LAW DEPARTMENT.-Otrering the degree of Bachelor of Law-A Two Years' Course.
V. THE UNIVERSITY SUMMER SCHOOL.-Founded in 1903. Five Weeks' Session, offering courses in 1. Common School Branches. 2. Pedagogy and Related Subjects. 3. High School Studies. 4. Selected College Studies
VI. THE SOHOOL OF PHARMACY.-Otrering the Degree of Graduate in Pharmacy-A Two Yee.rs' Course.
VII. THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.-Esteblished 1908.
For pa..'1;iculars address the head of the Department or the Chancellor, Athens, Ga.

<Georgia ~tate 2lloarb
of <If,,' . ologp (+~ -; Stafe Entomololrlst
MAKCH,1910
~art 1
llium fCuttulio anb ~tbob~ fot its onttol
l'art 2
_town l\ot ~xptri= mtnt~ fot ~ta~on 1909
ATLANTA, GA.

GEORalA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
T. G. HUDSON, Chairman, Commlssloner ot AgrIculture, Atlanta,
Ex-omcie Member.
P. J. BERCKMANS, President ot State Horticultural Society, Augusta.
Ex-Omcio Member.
J. J. CONNER, President ot State Agricultural Society, Cartersville.
Ex-omcJo Member.
m. L. WORSHAM.
State Entomologist and Secretary ot the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, .sBistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Field Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Deputy Inspector, Atlanta.
G. R. OASEY, :Deputy Inspector, MarIetta.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
E. L. WORSHAM. STATE ENTOMOLOGIST

BULLETIN NO. 32

MARCH. 1910

PART I.
PLUM CURCULIO AND METHODS FOR ITs
CONTROL

PART II. BROWN ROT EXPERIMENTS FOR SEASON OF
1909

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA. GA.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Page.

The Plum Curculio and Methods for Its Control-

Introduction ................................................ 5

.t1istory of Experiments in Georgia for the Control of the Plum

Curculio .............................................. 6

Life History of the Plum Curculio

7

Life History in Detail

8

Experiments with Arsenate of Lead and pyrox for the Control

of Curculio ............................................ 15

Injury to Fruit and Foliage from Arsenate of Lead

16

Plan of Experiments ..................................... 17

What Arsenate of Lead Accomplished in 1907 ................ 18

Pyrox .................................................... 21

Arsenate of Lead Experiments in 1909 ..................... 22

Jarring for Curculio

29

Jarring Equipment

31

Spraying vs. Jarring ................................... 33

Methods of Control

.

33

PART II.

Brown Rot Experiments in 1909-

Introduction .................................. .

35

Early Experiments ......................................... 35

DiJrerent Materials Tested ................................ 36

Time of Applications of Different Sprayings

37

Results l:lecured

.

38

The Self-Boiled Lime Sulphur Mixture

38

Injury to Tree and Fruit

.

40

Commercial Tests in 1909 .................................. .42

Loss of Crop Prevented in Spraying

43

Carrying Qualities of Fruit

43

Shipping Test .............................................. 44

Cost of Spraying

'

44

Preparation of Self-Bolled Lime-Sulphur

45

Recommendations

47

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board 01 Entomology
E. L. WORSHAM. State Entomologist

MARCH. 1910.

No. 32.

Published by the Georgia State Board of Entomology. Atlanta. Ga., and sent free of charge to all residents of the State wbo make request for same.

PART I

THE PLUM CURCULIO AND METHODS FOR ITS CONTROL.
By
W. W. CHASE.

INTRODUCTION,
.All Georgia peach growers are familiar with the work of the plum urculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.). Each year in all ections of the tate where fruit is grown, a heavy toll is paid through the ravage of thi beetle. The yearly injury resulting from the attack of thi in ect i seen in the vast quantitie of wormy peache discard d at the packing shed j in the numberle windfall on the ground j and i oftentimes felt in the realization of poor prices in the market. The injury is not alone confined to the peach crop. Plums and apples suffer as well, and other fruit uch a pear, herries, etc., in less degree.
Although, as has been tated, the 10 s i felt annually, it is also true that it is OTeater orne year than others. Certain condition of orchard location and cultivation materially affect the volume of cur ulio infe tation in different fruit growing
5

sections. Orchards situated near woods or thickets and not cleanly cultivated are subject to greater losses than those further removed from timbered land and kept cleanly and thoroughly cultivated at all seasons. The beetle hibernates during the winter in adult form in protected places; under rubbish and tree bark, and in old stumps or similar places, emerging in the early spring ready to begin egg laying in the fruit when it is first uncovered from the bloom. It may readily be seen, therefore, that conditions favoring the protection of the insect in winter account largely for the amount of damage in different sections.
HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTS IN GEORGIA FOR THE CONTROL OF THE PLUM CURCULIO.
Soon after the organization of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, complaints of financial losses in the peach industry were made to the Entomologist by some of the larger grower and led to the first experimental efforts to control it in thi State. Experiments were conducted in 1902 by Mr. W. M. cott, then Entomologist for Georgia, in the orchards of theHale Orchard Company at Fort Valley. The familiar method of jarring for the beetles was given a trial on an extensivescale and resulted in a considerable reduction of the percentageof wormy peaches when it was tried. Spraying with Disparene (arsenate of lead) was also given a trial, but caused such a heavy defoliation of the trees and burned and shriveled the fruit so badly that it was declared impracticable.
Further experiments with this insect along any lines were di continued by the Department until 1907, when they were renewed by Mr. W. W. Chase, Assistant to Mr. R. I. Smith, at that time Entomologist. This series of experiments covered a period of three years, being brought to a conclusion in 1909 under the direction of Mr. E. L. Worsham.
In 1907 and 1908 the experiments were conducted in Messrs. Berckmans Bros.' orchards at Mayfield, and concluded in the
Bagley-Gober orchards at Bagley, Ga., near Americus. To both these companies, collectively, and to the several members of
each, individually, the Department is indebted and grateful
6

for the material and helpful a.id extended in pursuance of the work.
The series of experiments herein considered embraces two methods of control, viz., (1) jarring and (2) liquid spraying with arsenical poisons. The plan of the work at Mayfield was given over entirely to spraying with arsenicals, but at Bagley in 1909, both spraying and jarring were separately considered. Having these methods tested almost side by side, it was possible to determine what value each has as a control for curculio, and to draw a comparison of the relative cost of fighting the insect by the methods mentioned above.
The results of all the work herein recorded refer only t() peaches, no other fruit crop having a place in the experiments. Wherever the word "fruit" is used with reference to any part of the experiments, peaches are meant. The points in the life history of the curculio mentioned herein were worked out at Bagley in the summer of 1909. These facts are stated in order that there may be no confusion as to the meaning of terms, and to avoid repetition in the following pages, as far as possible.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE PLUM CURCULIO.
'fhe adult curculio emerges from hibernation early in the spring, about the time dormant vegetation resumes growth. In the latitude of Americus it makes its first appearance in small numbers the latter part of March, and, as the weather grows steadily warmer, the curculios forsake their winter quarters in ever increasing numbers until about the middle of April. The first beetle found at Bagley (1909) was captured the twenty-second of March, though it is not probable that the emergence of over-wintering curculios was complete until about the fifteenth of April.
Mating begins almost co-incidentally with the first appearance and the deposition of eggs follows even before the bloom is off the young peaches.
Egg laying continues during the entire season, being most rapid during the latter part of April and in May, and decreasing toward the end of the peach season. The majority of the beetles have ceased egg-laying activity by the first of August, but it is very common to see peaches that ripen at that time bearing newly hatched larvae.
7

The egg hatch within four or five day, and the larvae at once begin to eat their way into the fruit, rapidly growing in size as they feed. The peach, owing to the growth of the larvae within it and the destruction of the fruit tis ue, falls to the ground, and the larvae when approximately three weeks old, eat their way from the peach and work their way into the ground to enter the pupal stage.
As pupae, the beetles remain underground about four weeks, emerging at the expiration of that time, a perfect beetles. Thi new brood of beetles feeds upon the fruit ju t as it progenitor, but there i no mating among them until the following spring.
umber of this new brood were kept in confinement and given a supply of peache for f edinO' pill'pose , but there was never an instance of egg-laying noted, although they were kept so confined for more than thirty day.. The new generation feeds freely upon the fruit and adds volume to the injury still being worked by the old generation. The last act of the first year's life of the new beet!. in . eeking their hibernating e urity, complete the life cJ'1 .
LIFE HISTORY IN DETAIL.
The Egg.
The female curculio prepares for ovipo. iting by eating a cavity in the fruit to receive the egg. Thi cavity, when fini hed, varies omewhat in size. In one instance it may be just large enough to contain the egg, or it may be even too small fully to conceal the entire egO'. Again, the hole i made larger than the egg itself, and the curculio may take the precautionary mea ure of protecting the egg from injury or destruction by packing the unfilled portion of the cavity with very small pieces of the pulp, obtained while ex avating the hole.
The egg when first laid is mall, white in color and oval in hape. The color quickly change, however, and becomes yellowish or brown. The egg puncture i usually characterized by a crescent shaped mark which the female curculio cuts above it. This mark, however is not invariably a rule as a finishing touch to oviposition. It is very common to find egg punctures with no accompanying crescent, and it is, perhaps, yet more common to find the crescent without the egg. Fig. 1
a

Fig. 1.-Pench sbowing egg puncture with cre cent cut nbove tbe egg. Natural size (original).
Fig. 2.-Small plums bearing cbaracteristic crescent shaped egg punctures. Natural size (original).
hows the crescent mark on a peach and Fig. 2 also shows a similar mark on a plum.
The egg laying period of the average individual female last nearly the entire period neces ary for the development and maturity of the later yarietie of G orgia's commercial peache..
9

or about four months. During this time it is possible for her to lay a great many eggs. An instance is recorded where a single female deposited nearly four hundred and fifty within a. period of less than three months. When this is considered it is easy to see why there are so many "wormy" peaches. A considerable percentage of the eggs never hatches for various reasons. Some are unfertilized while others are destroyed by predaceous insects, and for other causes fail to produce larvae.
The egg stage of the curculio lasts approximately four or five days, and from the egg emerges the minute larva or "worm, " as it is commonly called.
The Larva.
Everyone is familiar with the little white, footless grub that so often inhabits the interior of an externally beautiful peach. We find them with a displeasure which is greater when a generous, luscious bite reveals only a half worm instead of a whole one.
When first hatched the larva is very 1llinute, almost too small to be seen with the naked eye, but grows rapidly as it feeds upon the juices and tissues of the fruit.
Mortality in the Larval Stage.
At the beginning of spring eggs are laid in very small peaches, and a great number of larvae from these eggs never mature, but die in the peach when the food supply is exhausted. As a matter of fact those that do emerge from these small peaches do so prematurely, i. e., before they are full grown. Fig. 3 shows a full-grown larva (enlarged). About the 19th of June when the second brood began first to be captured in large quantities in the jarring operations at Bagley, Ga. in 1909, one of the indication of its presence was the marked predominance in numbers of very small beetles over large ones. Most of the beetles of the first brood were 0 f a unI'form1y 1arge S.Ize, and the Figc.urcau.ll-oFulanrvag. roEwnn. presence of so many small beetles among larged (original). those caught from day to day after the first of June seems to
10

point to the probable fact that most of the initial crop of second brood larvae emerges not fully grown from the peaches. In May the natural drop of peaches occurs, and many that are then in-

fe ted are 0 rapidly dried out and hardened by the heat of the sun that it is impossible for the larva to escape. The

peach becomes, to all purpo es, a pri on in which the worm dies. Small peaches, however, if kept moist and haded from the sun, will

Fig. 4.-Small peaches from which larvre have escaped. (Original.)

brin'" larvre to full maturity. The proportion that escape to enter upon the next phase of its existence is far in excess of that which dies before the larval life is over.

The rapid development of the peach itself is apparently often the cause of the death of larvre. Small larvre have frequently been found dead in the channels they had just started to

dig, and from the fact that there was present no other apparent cause for their death, comes the belief that they were crushed

by the sudden, strong growth of the peach. The development

of peaches is not a gradual development; they grow spasmodi-

cally-by bounds. During the period while the seed is harden-

ing they practically cea e to grow, and then, within a short

time, almost double in ize. A very small larva just beginning

its entrance into the peach would stand little chance of success-

fully resisting the strong, constant pressure bearing upon it

during one of the e periods of rapid enlargement.

Length of the Larval Period.

o definite figures bearing on the length of the egg tage were obtained, but the time the in ect inhabits the fruit in the egg and larval states, collectively, was recorded in fourteen instances. The e fourteen larvae were all reared from apples, in the following way:
11

Fig. 5.-The peach on the lett shows the destruction worked by a nor mally matured larva. The point of emergence at the calyx end. On the rIght Is shown a larva at work In the feeding channels of Its own makIng. Natural sIze (orIginal).

A number of curculios were confined May 19 in a vessel containing four apples, and kept so confined for twenty-four hours, when the apples were removed and placed in separate jars. At the end of the twenty-four hours eO'g had been depo ited in all four 'apples. These apples were kept under daily ob ervation and a record kept of the emergences. In the accompanying table may be seen the time, in day , required by each of the fourteen larval to emerge:

I I I I Time spent as Egg and Larva.
Eggs deposited Emergence Emergence Emergence Emergence

May 19

June 13

June 14

June 15

June 16

Apple No.!. ......

1

1

2

0

Apple No.2 .......

0

2

1

0

Apple No.3 .......

1

1

1

1

Apple No.4 .......

0

1

2

0

Total No. of Days I 24

26

26

27

The table shows that emergence began on the 24th day after the eggs were deposited and continued daily for four day .

12

until fourteen larVal had emerged. 0 larval emerged after the 27th day. Allowing five days in each case for the eggs to hatch, we find two lived as larVal for nineteen days, five for twenty days, six for twenty-one days and one for twenty-two days. The average time for all is twenty-one days or three weeks.

The Pupa..

The larva of the plum curculio burrows into

the soil immediately after emergence from it

host fruit and enters the pupal stage, remain-

ing quiescent until the physical transformation

are complete, when the insect, now a perfect

.~@.

beetle, tunnels its way from the earth, and soon

"r

thereafter

begins

feeding

upon

the

available

Fig. 6.-p~pa ot the plum cureu-

fruit supply.

llo. Much enlarged. (Atter

Chi ttenden.)

Length of the Pupa.l Stage.

The fourteen larVal reared in the above mentioned instances were put into tubes containing moist soil, kept under observation from day to day, and allowed to complete the transformations from larVal to pUpal and from pUpal to adult beetles. The tubes were opened at both ends and were buried in the soil beneath the shade of a tree. The mouth of the tubes were covered with gauze to prevent the escape of the beetles when they hould finally emerge. Only nine of the fourteen ever arrived at the perfect beetle stage and these came out more or less irregularly. The first emerged on the twenty-second day and the ninth on the thirty-second day.
The accompanying table shows the emergences as they occurred. The average depth to which the larvae went into the
oil in the tubes was % of an inch. It is probable that they go
deeper than this in the orchard, where the earth is usually harder and more exposed to the heat of the un.
Time spent in the SolI as Pupa.
I I I I I I I I I I I No. of Days ........ 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Beetles Emerging .. 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 1

A number of beetle not included in the above table were reared from infested windfall peaches, and it was found that the pupal stage varie greatly in length. The average duration

13

of thi phase of the life of the curculio is approximately twentyfive days. 0 figures were obtained as to the depth which the larva enters the soil to pupate, but it i doubtful if the great majority goes more than two inche . The moisture conditions of the oil doubtless influence thi to a large extent. Cultivation of the orchard de troys thousand of pupating beetles, either by directly crushing them to death or expo ing them to the attacks of predatory in ect and birds.

The Beetle.

Although the plum curculio greatly damages the fruit crop of

Georgia, but few growers have any knowledge of the beetle

itself. 'l'he habits of the insect in seeking concealment for its

feeding and egg laying operation in heavily leafed parts of

the tree, as well as the fact that it both feeds and deposits eggs

largely at night, make it difficult to find one without careful

search. By nature the in ect is extremely shy, and will, in the

majority of cases, curl up its body and drop from its position

on the tree if only slightly disturbed. This habit of 'playing

'po um makes it ea y to catch the offenders by the simple

method of jarring them from the tree upon heets spread out

on the ground beneath the limbs.

The beetle has the characteri tic appearance of the family to

which it belongs. The back i trongly ridged and bears a

humped, irregular outline. The probo ci or nout is nearly a

third a long a the in ect it elf. The color i

black or dark brown, which i broken by pots

of ochre yellow or white, on the wing cover .

When disturbed the insect immediately curl

up it leg, draw it probo ci below the body

and flat again t it, and drop from the object

upon which it was re ting. In thi po ition it

clo ely re emble a small dried bud or piece of

b \"

tree bark. When the temperature i sufficiently

li'lg. 7. pIu m

Ad u It curcullo

low to chill the in ect and render it lethargic,

(Conotrach e Ius nenuphar).

it will often remain in this position, as though

Much (After

enlarged. ChItten-

dead,

for

thirty

minutes

or more.

In Fig. 7

den.)

is hown a dorsal view of an adult curculio-

(greatly enlarged), and Fig. 8 show the insect feeding upon a.

peach with its head buried in the feeding puncture.

14

Fig. 8.-Curculio feeding on peach. Note the feeding punctures in the foreground. Much enlarged (original).
EXPERIMENTS WITH ARSENATE OF LEAD AND PYROX
FOR THE CONTROL OF CURCULIO.
Extensive experiment for the control of curculio with arsenical poi on were conducted in Me rs. Berckmans Bros.' orchard at Mayfield, Ga. in 1907 and 190. The first year's work yielded very marked re ult , which tended to demontrate that ar enate of lead might be depended upon largely to reduce the 10 es re ultant upon the attack of thi insect. The work done in 1908 was planned and conducted along parallei lines, but, owing to the small crop of curculio in that section in 190 , the results were not so decisive. Even among the unsprayed tree the percentage of curculio we tation wa extremely low, and consequently there could be but little contrast when compared to the treated trees. The experiments that
]5

year netted no re ults of value, except in 0 far as they showed the physical effect of the material upon the foliage and fruit. Generally speaking, no differences could be noticed in this particular for the two years. The results of the work done at Mayfield and recorded in this bulletin refer alone to those obtained in 1907.
Two materials were tested in the series, viz. : arsenate of lead and Pyrox. The latter is a manufacturer's product of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux: mixture.
Injury to Fruit and Foliage from Arsenate of Lead.
While arsenate of lead has unquestionably succeeded largely in controlling curculio, it is also true that if applied too often or too strong, or if the quality of the material is not of a high order, there results a burning of the leave, the fruit, and oftentimes the tender wood of the terminal growth. The Illeasure of this burning is determined by the condition of the tree. If weakened from some cause, either from an Jose scale, borer, improper or insufficient cultivation or fertilization, a tree will become partially defoliated from two applications of arsenate of lead more quickly and to a greater extent than would a vigorous, healthy, strongly growing tree from four applications.
The evidences of burning appear fir t on the leav ,later on the fruit, and if severe, even on the wood which is making the buds for the next year. The injury upon the leaves usually takes the form of a yellowing thereof, just as they change color prior to shedding off in the fall. This change of color is followed almost immediately by the dropping of the leaves. Another form of the injury, though appearing much m re infrequently, is the shot-holing of the foliage and the earing of the leaves.
The injury to the fruit hows it elf in small, depre sed, blackened, burnt areas on the surface. The e areas rapidly enlarge, often resulting in the peach splitting open and the formation of masses of gum which exude from the wound. A slight burn does not necessarily mean the loss of the fruit, as peaches prayed properly with ar enate of lead attain a brilliancy of color rarely equalled by unsprayed peaches, and more than .enough to offset the depreciation caused by a slight burn. It must be understood that sun- calding of fruit is caused by one
16

of the three causes named above, or by a combination of these causes. It has been clearly shown that a first-cIa s grade of arsenate of lead can be used upon vigorous, thrifty trees as many as four times in a season, and there will be no harmful effects from it. On the other hand, the grower should use his judgment with reference to the condition of his trees. If they are weak or in poor foliage they should not be sprayed more than twice.
With no consideration for the saving of fruit from curculio, it is almost worth while spraying with arsenate of lead solely for the sake of the beautiful color it adds to the peach. The market value of peaches is appreciably enhanced by the attainment of this feature alone.
PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS.
Two varieties of peaches were treated, Elbertas and Hileys, but a late freeze killed the Hileys after they had been once sprayed, and this variety was necessarily dropped.
The sprayed plats embraced sixty or more trees each, and a check or unsprayed plat of a hundred trees was left for purposes of compari on. There were seven sprayed plats, totalling 600 trees. .All the plats in the test were situated near a body of woods in order to subject them to a maximum probability of infestation from overwintering curculio sheltered by the woods.
In each plat one tree in every fifteen was selected as representing the average condition over the entire area. The windfalls from these selected trees were gathered up at intervals throughout the eason and liced into small pieces. All fruit 0 opened was clas Hied under two heads: those showing the presence of curculio larval and those free of infestation. A record was kept of the sound and of the "wormy" fruit. In this way it was possible to estimate the exact percentage of each kind at the end of the season, when the entire crop from these trees had been gathered and opened.
Arsenate of Lead.
Four plats were treated with this material, and the number of sprayings applied ranged from two to four. The material was used at a. proportion of two pounds to fifty gallons of water.
17

Into this diluted mixture was incorporated a milk of lime solution made from three pounds of good stone lime. Care was taken to "work up" the lead thoroughly. ~hi operation re-, quires thoroughness. In order to have it well mixed with the water it should first be stirred in a bucket or open vessel with a small amount of water, the water drained off slowly into the spray barrel, more water mixed with the paste-like mass remaining in the vessel and again drained off as before until all the arsenate of lead is fully and finely divided. The milk of lime solution was made by slaking three pounds of stone lime and working the lime solution through a strainer into the spray barrel by the same process followed in mixing the arsenate of lead. After the arsenate of lead and the lime mixture were poured into the spray barrel, the latter was filled with clear water, and the diluted spray material wa ready for use.
.AI> both lime and arsenate of lead rapidly settle out of the water unless well agitated, a pump with a good agitator hould always be used in spraying with this material. The heavierthan-water materi!!,l is better kept in suspension if stirred occasionally from the bottom of the barrel with a paddle.
The original plan called for the first spraying to be applied immediately after the petals had fallen, the succeeding applications to be applied at interval of ten days or two weeks. This plan was adhered to throughout the series except when rain made it necessary to postpone the sprayings.
The results obtained in each plat are given below in tabulated form. The tables show the percentage of infestation of every plat. Comparison of these figures with those obtained from the check plat will leave no doubt of the effectiveness of the lead in holding curculio in check.
What Arsenate of Lead Accomplished in 1907.
Plat 1. This plat was sprayed twice, the first spraying being applied April 2nd, and the second April 11th, or nine days later. The peache from the selected trees representing this plat are taken together and averaged.
18

Plat 1. Plat 1, 4 trees Check plat, 7 trees.

I I Arsenate of Lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

No. of

No. of \per cent. ofl Per cent. of

infested uninfested infested uninfested

I I I 1 peaches
/ 503

peaches 1056

peaches I peaches

32

68

1468

687

68

32

There was only a very slight defoliation of the trees of thi plat, and the fruit was well colored and comparatively free of blemishes from curculio feeding punctures. Reference to the table will show that there was 36% more peaches free of curculio in plat 1 than in the check plat.
Plat 2. This plat received three treatments, the :first on April 2nd; the second on April 11th and the last on April 19th. As in plat 1, the fruit from the four selected trees is added together in the table and the average taken.

Plat 2. Arsenate of Lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

Plat 2, 4 trees Check plat, 7 tree

---I-No. of lper cenC ofl Per cent. or

l
1

uninfested infested uninfested

I peaches 1426

peaches I peaches
3-0- / - - 7 < J -

1

6,

68

32

Only thirty per cent. of the entire crop from plat 2 was worminfe ted, or, for approximately the same number of peaches in each of the plats included in the table, there was 38% more wormy fruit in the unsprayed check plat than in plat 2, thrice sprayed with arsenate of lead.
The peaches in plat 2 were highly colored and free of SUllscalds. The defoliation, although a trifle greater than that in plat 2. was nevertheless more beneficial than otherwi e. The leaves began to drop slightly about the time the third treatmen1 was applied, but they had practically ceased to shed by the fifteenth of May.
Plat 3. Plat 3 was sprayed four times. The :first application was made April 2, the three remaining treatments being applie 1 on April 11, 17 and 25 re pectively. A fourth part of this same plat was given two additional sprayings, the :first on May 3rd and the last on May 10th, making a total of six sprayings for the one-fourth part. Plat 3 proper, i represented by the fruit from three trees in the table. which is taken together and averaged.
19

Plat 3. Arsenate of Lead. 2350 Formula.

Plat 3, 3 trees Check, 7 trees

No. of

No. of Iper cent. ofl Per cent. of

, .

infested
I peaches
I 340 I 1468

uninfested peaches
699837

infested peaches
6285

uninfested
I peaches 75 32

The difference here between the percentage of infested fruit in the check plat and that in plat 3 is 43%. This is the highest percentage of sound fruit gathered from any plat so far considered.
About one-third of the foliage shed off the trees of this plat and there was some sun-scalding of the fruit. The injury from this, however, was very small. The peaches over the whole plat were deeply and beautifully colored.
Plat 4. This plat is simply a one-fourth part of plat 3 sprayed twice more. The fifth application was applied on May 3rd, and the sixth and last, one week later, on May 10th. Two trees were selected as representative trees. The fruit from these total,led 969 peaches, infested as set forth in the following table:

Plat 4. Arsenate of Lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

Plat 4, 2 trees Check, 7 trees

No. of

No. of \per cent. ofl Per cent. of

infested peaches
1 237 . 1468

uninfested peaches
I I 732 I 687

infested peaches
24.5 68

uninfested
II peaches 75.5 32

It will be noted that only .5% more peaches were worm-free in this plat than in plat 3, although it received two more I!5prayings.
The fruit on this plat, although brilliantly colored, was considerably damaged from sun-scald. A great number of peaches were thereby rendered unmarketable. The trees, also, were heavily defoliated and the effect of the material on the newly formed buds wa disastrous, and noticeably reduced the yield of peaches the following year. It is doubtful if any tree, no matter how vigorous, would not be injured if sprayed as many as six times.
The peaches on all the plat in the work with ar enate of lead were very highly and beautifully colored, gaining superficial attractiveness as well as comparative freedom from curculio.
20

PYROX.

Pyrox, a mixture of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux: mixture, is manufactured by the Bowker Insecticide Co., Boston, Mass., and recommended to be u ed at a proportion of five pounds to fifty gallon of water. It was used at Mayfield according to the above direction without the addition of lime.
The experimental work with this material was done alongside of that conducted with arsenate of lead and in plats of equal size as the arsenate of lead plats. There were only three plats sprayed, these being treated on the same days that the lead sprayings were applied. Plat 1 was sprayed three times, plat 2 four times and plat 3 (a one-fourth part of plat 2) was treated with two additional sprayings and corresponds to plat 4, arsenate of lead.
The results of these sprayings were obtained in the manner all' ady outlined and are recorded in tabulated form below:

I I Plat 1. Pyrox. Sprayed 3 times. 550 Formula.

I No. of

o. of lper cent. of I Per cent. of

"peaches peaches peaches peaches

1 I I I PClhaetck1,, 47 ttrreeeess

infested uninfested infested uninfested

1416982

564875

6285

3725

I I Plat 2. Pyrox. Sprayed 4 times. 550 Formula.

I No. of

No. of lper cent. ofl Per cent. of

peaches peaches peaches peaches

I' I I 'I infested uninfested infested uninfested

Plat 2, 2 trees1 131

389

25

75

Check, 7 trees

1468

687

6il

32

I I Plat 3. Pyrox. Sprayed 6 times. 5-50 Formula.

I No. of

o. of lper cent. of Per cent. of

I peaches peaches peaches peaches

I I I I infested uninfested infested uninfested

Plat 3, 2 trees 1 115

541

17.5

82.5

Check, 7 trees

1 1468

687

68

32

Plat 1 is the only one of the above that did not how injury from the treatment. Plat 2, sprayed four times, was considerably defoliated and the fruit wa damaged slightly from sunscald. Plat 3, a one-fourth part of plat 2, and sprayed six times, lost over a half of its crop of foliage and quantities of the fruit was so badly burned that it was unfit for anything.
Pyrox is intended as a combined insecticide and fungicide for the control of curculio and brown rot. One of its constitu-

!1

ents is Bordeaux mixture, and it i this lement of the COlllpound that acts as a fungicide. As there are superior anu more certain means of controlling brown rot (treated of ~lsewhere in this bulletin), and as Pyrox is too drastic a treatment at the strength recommended by its manufacturers, it is inadvisable to use it, except, possibly, at a reduced strength.
Pyrox, like arsenate of lead, has the power to paint peaches in gorgeous colors and to gain for them comparative immunity from infestation from curculio. However because of its drastic effect on fruit and foliage it is not recommended.
Arsenate of Lead Experiments in 1909.
The experiments at Bagley, Ga., in 1909 were worked out along parallel lines to those conducted at M1ayfield in 1907. There were certain marked differences in the results, however, occasioned by various causes, and these differences are mentioned and explanations offered for them.
In the first place the putting-out of foliage in the orchard under treatment presented very unusual conditions in 1909. Although the trees bloomed and shed their blooms about the normal time, the leaves were extremely slow in making their appearance. As late as the 22nd of April the trees were almost devoid of leaves, although young leaves were beginning to push out, promising a full crop of foliage ultimately. At this time the peaches were about the size of a thimble and had completely shed their calyces or "shucks." Two applications of arsenate of lead had been applied to these slightly protected peaches by the date mentioned, and it is to the slow growth of foliage and the consequent long e~posure of the fruit, as well a to the action of arsenate of lead, that much of the injury resulting in two of the sprayed plats is ascribed. Many of the trees had been weakened materially by the San Jose scale. These trees were naturally more susceptible to injury than the more vigorous, scale-free trees.
The plan of the work was much the same as that outlined in the Mayfield experiments, except that one plat was sprayed with three pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water, and that the sprayings were applied at longer intervals. Al 0 the plats were larger, and more trees were selected from them
22

as representative trees. The records were kept in identically the same way, and the figures show the exact percentage of the two classes of fruit yielded by the trees.
The following tables and paragraphs give the number of sprayings to each plat, with the results obtained, etc. :
Plat 1. Plat 1 was first sprayed on April 2nd. Three pounds of arsenate of lead were used with fifty gallons of water, without the addition of milk of lime. This formula was used with each of the three applications, which were applied at intervals of three weeks. The second treatment was applied on April 22nd, and the third and last was applied May 14th. At this time there was very little of the material showing on the leaves from the first two applications, there having been only a few leaves present, but the young peaches were well coated. The trees were heavily leafed and required nearly twice as much spray material to cover them well a the first application required.
The following table gives the percentages of infested and uninfe ted peaches gathered from the nine trees representing this plat.

I Plat 1. Arsenate of Lead. Sprayed 3 times. 3-50 Formula.

No. of

No. of lper cent. ofl Per cent. of

Plat 1. 9 trees Check. 10 trees

" .. " .

peaches peaches

I infested uninfested

I I I ~24

3958

peaches infested
8

peaches uninfested
92

978

622

59.5

41.5

The number of wormy peaches for the entire nine trees as recorded is only eight per cent. of the entire product. This is a remarkably low figure and represents 51.5% more freedom from curculio than the check plat.
But however much the peaches were protected in this particular they were injured severely in another. By the first of July the trees were heavily defoliated, the peaches everywhere sunscalded and disfigured, and some were beginning to drop from the trees. Many fine, highly colored peaches were gathered from this plat, and a considerable number was too lightly burned to be a total loss at the packing shed. Yet, of the 1,218 peaches gathered on and after July 6th (the ripening period), 520 or 42% were too badly cracked and sun-scalded to be classed as anything else than culls.

23

.,.
~
Fig. 9.-Peaches showing Injury from arsenate of lead. The peach 011 the right is an extreme case; thaL on the left Is more typical and better. shows how the frnlt sometimes splits when nearing maturity. Natural size (original).

The injury did not stop with the ruin of the peaches, for the wood growth of 1909 was killed out noticeably in places, and more was injured. These burned areas on the wood bore the characteri tic reddish, discolored splotches Oll the bark.
When the last examination of these trees was made on July 21st, it was apparent that many of the newly formed buds had been killed.
It must be borne in mind in considering the above figures and conditions that this plat was treated at a considerably increased strength of material and without the influence of the lime to modify the burning effect of the lead; also that the trees were not as vigorous as they might have been and that they were very tardy in producing their full crop of foliage.
Plat 2. This plat was sprayed but once, ar enate of lead being used at the proportion of two pounds to fifty gallons of water, with the standard solution of milk of lime made from three pounds of lime.
This single spraying was made April 9th. Although there was less than one-fourth part of the normal crop of foliage at this date, the peache were well developed and had shed most of their "shucks."
The peaches from the nine trees representing this plat were classified as shown in the accompanying table:

Plat 2. Sprayed once with arsenate of lead. 2-3-50 Formula.

Plat 2, 9 trees Check, 10 trees

No. of

No. of \per cent. ofl Per cent. of

infested uninfested infested uninfested

I I I I peaches peaches

/ 802 . 978

2131 622

peaches I peaches

29

71

59.5

41.5

It will be seen from the figure that even thi single spraying was productive of good results. As against 59.5% of wormy peaches in the check plat, only 29% were infested in plat 2. The coloring of the peaches was better than that in the check plat, and there was no injury whatever.
Plat 3. Two applications of arsenate of lead were made to plat 3, the first on April 10th and the second on April 28th, nearly three weeks later. The standard 2-3-50 formula was used. Results were as follows:
25

Fig. lO.-eage in which curcullos were conlined with an arsenically poisoned food supply (originall.
28

the pray allowed to dry and th dr nching repeated. On the 11th of May 372 curculios, which had been confined for fortyeight hours without food, were relea ed into the cage which had been fitted over the tree subsequent to the spraying of the latter. The cage wa set upon a white cloth pread beneath the limbs of the tree in order that any curculio that might eat the poi oned bait and die therefrom ould ea ily be seen when they fell upon the white cloth.
This tree was closely watched for ten days but not once was a curculio discovered feeding on any part of the tree. Of the eight unpunctured peaches that the tree originally bore, only six were finally punctured with a total of eight punctures. The e were very small punctures, scarcely breaking the kin of the peach. 0 eggs were laid in these cavitie .
The curculios, for the most part, seemed to have the trongest aversion to the tree, and their lives were spent in trying to escape from it through the wire gauze. Some few smaller beetles did escape in thi way, and at the end of ten days there was not a ingle live curculio within the confine of the cage.
Arsenate of lead unquestionably kill curcubos when they a similate it in feeding actively, but in the above instance it acted more as a repellant, there being no part of the foliage or fruit, however small, which was not well coated with the poison.
JARRING FOR CURCULIO.
A block of Elberta peach trees embracing twelve hundred trees was jarred at Bagley, Ga., in 1909, for the sake of determining the absolute value of jarring for the control of curculio, as well as its comparative value as opposed to liquid spraying. It was planned to jar the plat every two days, but labor conditions were such that it was not possible to follow the original plan. Although the jarring was carried out irregularly, the results are of interest as showing the direct influence which the close proximity of timbered land has upon the orchard from the standpoint of curculio infestation.
The block of trees selected for the jarring operations was forty row long and extended thirty rows into the orchard. It lay parallel to the woods and was separated from it only by the width of a farm road.
29

2'."..
~
'0o".
"...'c..."".o,..
:s o
1
o~
r,Qn
I r...l.
30

Jarring Equipment.
The equipment used in the work consisted of two canvas covered wooden frames, each four and one-half by nine feet, and a leather-padded maul for jarring the trees. The maul was fitted with a handle five feet long. Fig. 11 shows the style of frames employed and the "gang" at work. This outfit can be operated by five people. Usually four women were employed to carry and place the sheets, two to each sheet, and one man to carry the heavy, padded maul and jar the trees.
Method followed in Jarring and Determination of Results.
Beginning with the row nearest the woods (row No.1) each row was jarred as quickly as possible, the sheets spread upon the ground at the end of the row and the beetles picked from them by hand, counted and placed in bottles. Counting the "catch" from each row separately, it was po ible to obtain the exact number caught per row for the season.
Jarring was first begun March 27th and continued at more or less irregular intervals until June 11th. The operation was begun as early in the morning as it was possible to see, and continued until the heat of the sun caused the curculios to become active immediately after they were jarred to the sheets. The weather was cool during the first days of the operations and it was po sible to jar the full rows of forty trees without making an intermediate gathering of the harvest; but later in the season no more than 20 trees could be jarred before it was necessary to gather up the captured beetles to prevent their escape. Beetles have often been observed to fly from the sheets as early as 5.10 a. m. during May and June, and in these months it is practically useless to jar after 6.30 unless the beetles are taken from the sheets every fifteen or twenty trees.
In the following table, beginning with row 1, nearest the woods, to row 30, farthest from them, the number of trees in each row, the number of beetles per row and the percentage of beetles per tree, are given. It is interesting to note the gradual reduction in the number caught from each row, as we move away from the wood .
31

Row

I No.-I-- No--I-No.

of

of

/' of beetles

tree s

beetles per tree

1

26

2

28

4"

32 35

5

3Q

6

36

7

33

8

35

9

33

10

32

11

33

12

30

13

32

14

34

15

31

16

30

17

34

18

36

19

30

20

32

21

36

22

36

23

32

24

35

25

37

26

35

27

39

28

34

29

26

30

33

806

31

739

26.4

682

21.3

627

18.9

497

16.5

477

13.2

-709

21.5

573

16.4

619

18.7

590

18.

476

14.4

589

19.6

493

15.4

357

10'.5

271

8.7

241

8

323

9.5

284

8

179

6

268

8.4

268

7.4

275

7.6

229

7.1

211

6

197

5.6

178

5

112

4.1

95

3.4

101

3.4

161

5.3

Totals 985

11,626

11.8

The percentage of infested and uninfested fruit was reckoned just as it was in the sprayed plats, i. e., by opening all the windfalls and the ripe peaches and classifying them as they properly belonged. Ten trees were selected from the block for this purpose, and eight trees were selected from the nearby section of the orchard for the check plat.
The percentages of the two kinds of fruit yielded by the jarred plat and its check plat are given in the following table:

No. of

No. of lper cent. Ofl Per cent. of

Jarred plat, 10 trees .. , Check plat, 8 trees .,.

peaches Infested
1739 1664

peaches
Iunlnfested
I 2599 I 851

peaches Infested
40 34

peaches
Iunlnfested 60 66

Comparison of the figures in the third column shows that only 6% more peaches were uninfested in the jarred plat than
82

in the untreated check plat. This is a poor showing considering the large number of beetles caught from the trees in the jarred plat.
Spray.ing vs. Jarring. When jarring is compared to spraying on any basis, it suffers by the comparison. The heavy cost involved in the operation of a sufficient jarring force, its comparative ineffectiv~ness and the brevity of the season at which effective jarring can be done, unite to make it inferior. Unless labor is abundant and cheap, the cost of jarring for even two hours in the early morning is decidedly di proportionate to the good accomplished. It is impracticable from an economic standpoint and inefficient as a remedial measure. In small orchards, and under conditions which permit the control of the labor side of the question, it would be feasible. In large orchards jarring presents too many serious obstacles for successful manipulation.
METHODS OF CONTROL. The results of the two years' experiments discussed in this bulletin show that curculio can be controlled largely by arsenate of lead at a ratio of 2 lbs. to 50 gallons of water, to which is added a milk of lime solution made from 3 lbs. of stone lime. Two applications are recommended, the first to be applied a the calyces or shucks are shedding, and the second two weeks later. In thrifty, healthy orchards where the foliage growth is dense, three applications are recommended. It is unsafe to spray weak trees m01'e than twice. Curculio and its relation to brown rot are discussed in Part II of this bulletin. The two are intimately associated; in proportion as the one is active, the other is in evidence. It is hoped that the reader will see how the control of curculio will not only reduce the number of "wormy" and punctured peaches, but proportionately eliminate brown rot as well.
33

PART II
BROWN ROT EXPERIMENTS IN 1909.
By
A. C. LEWIS.
INTRODUOTION.
All peach grower are more or Ie familiar with brown rot, and a detailed description of the di ease is not nece sary. Many grower know from dear experience how it may cut down the yield and profit from their orchard ; and many more know how in some ea on the peache rot in tran it.
The 10 s from brown rot varies at different sea on , the severity of the disea e depending upon the weather and the number of curculio present. The loss from brown rot i frequently 25% to 50%, and sometimes as high a 95%, of the crop in some localities.
We have not, heretofore, been able to advise any sati factory treatment for brown rot. With the promising re ults thu far obtained from the experiments that have been conducted in Georgia, and from the commercial tests made, it now seems that we will be able to control brown rot and curculio by the self-boiled lime- ulphur and arsenate of lead.
EARLY EXPERIMENTS.
For a number of years many experiment have been carried on at different places in the United State to determine whether brown rot of peaches could be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. The Georgia State Board of Entomology experimented with the Bordeaux mixture three different seasons. From these experiments it wa concluded that brown rot of peaches could not be successfully controlled with the Bo~
35

deaux mixture. Others experimenting also arrived at the same conclusion.
In 1907 brown rot experiments were begun by Prof. W. M. Scott of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, with the self-boiled lime-sulphur solution. The results of the first season's work were very promising. In 1908 and 1909 Mr. W. T. Ayres, under the direction of Prof. W. M. Scott, carried on extensive experiments with the self-boiled lime-sulphur in Georgia with very satisfactory results. For Prof. Scott's report upon the experiments of 1908, see Circular
o. 1 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
In Prof. Scott's experiments it was found that curculio sometimes made it very difficult to control brown rot. The observations of the writers in Georgia have been that when curculio was abundant brown rot was more severe, if the weather conditions were favorable, than when the curculio was not 80 abundant.
Experiments conducted by the Georgia State Board of Entomology for the last three years, have shown that the curculi can be controlled to a large extent by praying with arsenate of lead. For a complete report upon these experiments up to and including 1909, see the first part of this bulletin.
Previous to 1909 it was not considered safe to combine the two remedies, arsenate of lead and the self-boiled lime-sulphur solution, for it was not known just what the results would be. lt was cited that in many cases arsenate of lead alone was injurious to the fruit, and it was feared that if the two mixtures were combined the injury to the fruit might be still greater.
PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS.
In planning the experiments for 1909 we decided, fir t, to compare the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture with the selfboiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead; second, to te t' the oncentrated lime-sulphur and the Bordeaux mixture.
Different Materials Tested.
The following different materials were tested:
1. Self-bolled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead (8-8-2-50). 2. Self-boiled lime-sulphur (8:8-5(}).
36

3. Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead. 4. Bordeaux mixture (3-6-50). 5 Lime-sulphur boiled (10-15-50). diluted 1 gallon to 25 gallor.a of
water.
+ 6 Same as above 2 IDs. arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
7 Lime-sulphur boiled (10-15-50), diluted 1 gallon to 50 gallons of water.
+ 8. Same as above 2 lbs. arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
9. Lime-sulphur solution prepared (Grasselli Co.), 1 gallon to 50 galJons of water.
+ 10. Same as above 2 lbs. arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
11. Prepared lime-sulphur solution, diluted 1 gallon to 75 gallons of water.
12. Pratt's Sulfocide, 1 gallon to 75 gallons of water.
+ 1ii. Same as above 2 lbs. arsenate of lead to 50' gallons of water.
14. Prepared lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 75 gallons of water. 15. Pratt's Sulfocide, 1 gallon to 100 gallons of water.
Condition of the Orchard.
These experiments were carried on in Betts Bros.' orchard at Woodbury, Ga. The orchard is located on Pine Mountain ridge, at an elevation of 900 to 1100 feet. The trees were 6 to 7 ~'ears old. In 190 from 50% to 75% of the fruit was lost from brown rot and curculio. In the winter of 1908 the orchard was prayed with the home-made lime-sulphur solution for the San Jose scale. In the spring the trees received a heavy application of commercial fertilizer, and during the season of 1909 made a rapid growth. In 1908 no effort was made to pick up the fallen fruit or gather the mummied peaches. From this it will be seen that the conditions were ideal for curculio and brown rot.
Time of Application of the Different Sprayings.
It was the intention to spray three times with the different materials, but on account of injury to the leaves and fruit some of the plats were only sprayed twice.
It may be well to mention here that before we made the first application of lime-sulphur the trees were sprayed with arsenate of lead (2-3-50), between :March 26th and 31st. That is, the whole orchard was sprayed except the three check plats mentioned further on in this report.
The first application for the control of brown rot and curculio
37

was made April 15th (as the calyces or shucks were shedding) ; the second May 11th and 12th; the third June 10th and 11th.
RESULTS SECURED. Solutions that Injured the Fruit and Foliage of the Trees. The following solution injured the fruit and foliage when used with or without the ar enate of lead, and were only applied twice; Bordeaux Mixture (3-6-50), lime-sulphur mixture (10-15-50) boiled, diluted 1 to 25 and 1 to 50; lime-sulphur mixture prepared (Gras elli Co.), diluted 1 to 25, 1 to 50 and 1 to 75; Pratt's Sulfocide diluted 1 to 50, 1 to 75 and 1 to 100. Soon after the second application of the above materials the leaves began to drop off, and in ome ca es the fruit. For this rea on no attempt wa made to keep the picking records on the plats where the e different materials were used. At picking time it was noticed that the fruit on the trees sprayed with the solutions mentioned above did not ripen properly. Where arsenate of lead wa u ed the fruit was hard and of a deep red color, and was not considered salable.
The Self-Boiled Lime-Sulphur Mixture. The re ults secured with the elf-boiled lime- ulphur, and the self-boiled lime-sulphur and ar enate of lead mixture are well shown in the following table;
38

I Plat Sprayed three

No.

times

Variety

Sell-boiled Iime-

t sulphur. anenate

2 Ibs. 01 lead

Elberta

to 50 !rals. water.

2 Same as above \vithout arsenate Elberta of lead.
---

- - - o/cStuD!r by Curcu~

%of Brown
Rot
---

%of Scab

0/0 of Sound

Remarks

------

16.72

3.46

Less than I

I

--- ---

,

49.23

9.2

Lesa than 1

42

It was the curculio that reduced the 0/0

01 sound peaches.

---------

Check platA

Not sprayed.

Elberta

Check plat B

Not sprayed.

Elberta

Sell-boiled lime-
t sulphur. 2 Ibs. Belle 01 arsenate of lead Geor!ria to 50 !rals. waler.

2 Same as above without arsenate 01 lead.

Belle 01 Georria

Check Not sprayed.

Belle 01 Georll'ia

Orchard

"See f 00 I below.

note Elberta

66.4 32.2 50.3

32

------ ---

50.65 35.39 7\.7

P..aches with only 34 a little scab were
considered sound.

--- ---

9

2.44

91

------ ---

13.3 3

ISprayed once with
87 anenate of lead March 31st.

--- ---

32.85 18

55

--- ---

10 to 15 1010 12 I
I

Per cent determined by countinll' the peaches at the pack'&, house lrom 85 time to time did not include fallen lruil nor all the lruit picked lrom
trees. 1:

Whole orchard was sprayed twice with self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead (lime 8 lbs., sulphur 8 lbs. to 50 gallons of water) and once (first spraying) with arsenate of lead and lime (2-3-50).

Size of Plats.
In these experiments each plat contained from 50 to 68 trees, The results as given in the above table were determined by actually countin~ 1111' the peaches from each plat that w~re
Sll

picked from the trees and those that fell on the ground, after picking wa begun. No account was kept of the early windfalls.
The plats were situated on one side of the orchard near the woods, and in the part of the orchard that was affected the most the season before with curculio and brown rot. It must also be remembered the whole orchard was sprayed as preyiously mentioned.
SOME NOTES ON THE RESULTS.
The above table shows, in a graphic way, how ucces fully the brown rot and curculio were controlled. By comparing the results in Plats No.1 and No.2, it will be seen that much better results were secured with the self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead mixture, than with the self-boiled lime-sulphur alone. It will be noticed the scab or black spot was reduced to less than 1 per cent. This alone in some years would pay for praying. The difference between a sprayed and unsprayed peach in this respect is well shown in Fig. 1. When the peache from the unsprayed trees were brought to the packing house they were so specked and looked so inferior when compared with the sprayed peaches, that they were not put in the same car but packed by themselves and shipped by express to the local markets.
Injury to Tree and Fruit.
The self-boiled lime-sulphur did not injure in the least the leaves or the fruit. The self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead only hot-holed a few leaves, and did not hurt the fruit.
The results in the orchard spraying compare very favorably with the results in the experimental plats, both as to control of brown rot and curculio and effect upon the trees and fruit. The whole orchard, as mentioned before, was sprayed once ",ith arsenate of lead and lime, and twice with self-boiled lime- ulphur and ar enate of lead. Where treated this way no damage was done to the leaves or fruit, except on a few tree that weI' much weakened by the borers and San jose scale.
40

In one part of the orchard the curculio was very abundant even after two praying.. once with ar enate of lead and lime (2-3-50), and once with self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, so that part of the orchard wa sprayed once more.
In this spraying 3 lb . of ar enate of lead was u ed to 50
41

gallons of water without lime. The results of this praying were very disastrous. Over 50 per cent. of the leaves dropped and 25 per cent. of the peaches were burned, and the remainder of the fruit was much damaged. The fruit on these trees never ripened properly, but was hard and highly colored.
The injury to the peach by arsenate of lead takes a very characteristic form. It will first begin as a small, round, brownish-red burnt place. In course of time this burnt area will become larger and depressed, and the rest of the peach will be dark red. Many of the injured peaches crack open, the gum oozes out and the peaches will be in a condition like those shown in Fig. 9 (Part 1).
COMMERCIAL TESTS IN 1909.
In 1909 Mr. J. J. Stranahan prayed his entire orchard, once with arsenate of lead and lime and twice with the self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, with very good results. Mr. Ward, whose orchard is near Mr. Stranahan's, sprayed his orchard twice with ar enate of lead and lime, with very satisfactory results.
Mr. Betts, as previously mentioned, sprayed with arsenate of lead and the self-boiled lime-sulphur with very gratifying results, except where he sprayed the third time with 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
Profs. W. M. Scott and W. T. Ayres in their experiments for the control of brown rot at Fort Valley, Ga., in 1909, sprayed 1100 trees as follows: "First, on March 31st (as the calyces were shedding), with arsenate of lead 2 lbs. to 50 gallons of water; second, on April 22nd with 8-8-50 self-boiled lime-sulphur and 2 lbs. arsenate of lead; third, on May 21st with selfboiled lime-sulphur alone; fourth, on June 9th with self-boiled lime-sulphur.' ,
"When assorted and counted the fruit from five trees had only 4112% affected with brown rot, about half of which was
caused by curculio. Only 6Y2% of the fruit showed scab marks,
and these were mostly small inconspicuous specks. The curculio infestation was 27112%."

For a detailed report of Prof. Scott'8 experiments, see page 96 of Bulletin No. 30, Georgia State Board of Entomology, "Proceedings of the Georgia State Horticultural Society for 1909."
LOSS OF CROP PREVENTED BY SPRAYING.
The gain from spraying is greater than the difference in the percentage of sound fruit on unsprayed and sprayed trees. To illustrate how much greater the yield of fruit is on sprayed than unsprayed trees, we give the following figures: On 53 unsprayed trees the total number of peaches was 304; on 54 trees, sprayed once with arsenate of lead and three times with the self-boiled lime-surphur, the total number of peaches was 782; and 68 trees sprayed once with arsenate of lead and three times with self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, yielded 1154 peaches.
To compare with the above we need only to give the yield in an orchard near Mr. Betts that was not sprayed. The crop was light in this orchard but the owner thought he would have five cars of peaches. He shipped one car and about half of another; the rest of the peaches were lost on account of the curculio and brown rot. There were other growers in the State that had the same experience last summer.
CARRYING QUALITY OF THE FRUIT.
Another factor worthy of consideration is the increased carrying quality of the sprayed fruit. The firm that bought Mr. Betts' peaches put them in cold storage. When the peaches were all picked Mr. Betts went to New York and saw some of the peaches that had been in cold storage for 8 or 10 days. He made no exact count of the peaches to determine what per cent. was affected with brown rot. Mr. Betts and the commission men were well pleased with the results.
43

SHIPPING TEST MADE BY W. M. SCOTT AND W. T. AYRES.

In the experiment conducted at Fort Valley, Ga., by Prof. W. 1. Scott and W. T. Ayre ,a hipping test wa made. Their I' port on this hipping test wa a follows:

"In order to determine the difference in the carrying quality of

the sprayed and unsprayed fruit, two test cars of peaches from the

experiment plats were shipped to ew York. examined on arrival

and sold in the usual way through a commission house. The fruit in

the first car was picked on Friday, July 9th, in the rain, and although

due on the market Tuesday morning was delayed en route, and was

not sold untlI Wednesday morning. The market was almost glutted

with poor fruit and the prices ranged low. The test car contained

Elbertas and Belles-sprayed and unsprayed. The sprayed Elbertas

from the lime-sulphur arsenate of lead block sold for $2.00 a crate, and

the unsprayed Elbertas from the adjacent unsprayed block sold for

$1.5{) a crate, making a difference of 50 cents a crate. The sprayed

Belles sold for $1.25 a crate and unsprayed Belles for $1.12 An ex-

amination of the Elbertas showed that 34 per cent. of the unsprayed

fruit was specked with brown rot, while only 6 per cent. of the sprayed

fruit was affected.

"The second car arrived Wednesday night, and was sold Thursday

morning, July 15th, at the following prices:

Sprayed EIbertas at

$1.45 !leI' crate.

Unsprayed Elbertas at

1.25 per crate.

Sprayed Belles at

1.50 per crate.

Unsprayed Belles at

1.14 per crate.

"This shows a difference of 20 cents a crate for the Elbertas and 36

cents a crate for the Belles. Another significant fact is that all the

sprayed fruit in each case was sold before the buyers began pur-

chasing the unsprayed fruit. It wlIl be seen that the difference in

market value in favor of the sprayed fruit, to say nothing of the loss

In the orchard, pays the cost of spraying several times over."

COST OF SPRAYING.
The co t of 'praying d p nds upon 0 many factor that it is difficult to give figur that will apply generally. The following figures are given as a g neral guide to the cost of praying.
The elf-boiled lime-sulphur-arsenate of lead mixture will cost a trifle over one cent a gallon. One hundred o-allon of the
Read at Athens, Ga., 1909, and publlshed by the tate Board of Entomology and State Horticultural ociet~.
44

mixture will pray from 50 to 100 tree , depending upon the size of the tree .
Four men, one to prepare the mixtul'e and three to pray, can pray from 500 to 00 tree a da , wi th a 200-O'allon tanle FigurinO' on this ba i , for good- ized 6-y ar-old tree, it would co t about 11/2 to 2 cents per tree for each application of the self-boiled lime- ulphur-ar enaie of lead mixture. When a power pray r is used the co t may be less.
Prof. cott found in hi experiment at Fort Valley, Ga., wbere a power sprayer wa u ed, that the co twas 5 3/5 cents per tree for four application of tbe self-boiled lime-sulphurarsenate of lead treatment. When we take into con ideration the benefit derived from praying-larger yield, higher per cent. of sound fruit, increased carrying capacity of the fruit and the enhanced value of the fruit-the co t is in ignificant.
PREPARATION OF SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR.
1'b preparation of the self-boiled lime-sulpbur mixture i6 n t diffi ult, but great care bould be exercised to see that it i properly made and not allow d to boil too long before diluting. Tb following directions sbould be carefully followed:
Weigh out 24 lb . of lime and 24 lb . of ulpbur. Place the . ulphur in a 50-gallon barrel and make into a thin paste by .'Jowly adding cold water and stirring until the ulphur is all llloi t. If this i not done the ulphur will be in lumps and will not mix readily with the lime. To this sulpbur paste add enough cold water to make six gallons, then add tb lime. Stir well and add more water as required to keep the mixture from becoming too thick. (We found that we had to add from 4 to 6 gallon of water during the cooking proce .) Wben the lime is all lacked, which should not be more tban 15 or 20 minute. top further cooking by diluting witb cold water. Dilute to 150 gallon and strain. If arsenate of lead is to be u ed add 6 lb . to 150 gallons after diluting to tbe required amount. Tbe ar enate of lead should be di solved in a small amount of water before addin~ it to the mixture.
If tbe cooking i not topped when the lime is slacked the !\ulphur will continue to dis olve and the mixture may get
45

strong enough to injure the peach foliage. What is wanted is a. good mechanical mixture of the lime and sulphur with as little of the latter dissolved as possible.
The straining is important, and should be carefully done, or the nozzles will clog while spraying. It is best to make the strainer out of copper gauze of 20 to 25 meshes to the inch. If more convenient the straining may be done when the mixture is diluted to 50 or 100 gallons, and the remainder of the water added afterward. In straining all the sulphur should be washed through if possible. If the mixture is strained before diluting to the required amount, the sulphur can be washed through with clear water from time to time as necessary, keeping account of the amount of water added 0 as not to make more than the required amount of the mixture. When the arsenate of lead is added to the mixture a great change in color takes place, it becoming a dark brown. This is due to the chemical change that takes place.
To determine just what takes place, or what were the compounds formed when the arsenate of lead was added to the mixture, we had samples of each analyzed by a chemist.
To secure the samples we prepared 150 gallons of the selfboiled lime-sulphur and took a sample fron{ this. Then the arsenate of lead was added and another sample taken.
The analysis of the samples by Dr. Edgar Everhart, hemist of the' tate Geological Survey, gave the following re ults:
The lime-sulphur wash, as given to me, consisted of 172 cc liquid and 7.2968 grm. solids. The filtered liquid carried 0.076 per cent. sulphur in combination with lime as a calcium sulphide. The solid matter contained:
37.40 per cent. free sulphur, and 32.63 per cent. lime ( aO). There was also found a large percentage of magnesia, showing the lime used was magnesian. The "lime-sulphur-Iead-arsenate" wash consisted of 160 cc liquid and 6.6225 grm. solids. The filtered liquid carried 0-.068 per cent. sulphur as a calcium sulphide. There was found no trace of arsenic in solution. The solid matter contained, beside lead arsenate: 31.57 per cent. free sulphur, 2.62 per cent. lead sulphide. 30.91 per cent. lime (CaO). This lime is also magnesian. The presence of lead sulphide indio
46

cates the contemporaneous formation of calcium arsenate, which would be found in the soUd matter."
It will be noticed there was found no trace of free arsenic, but the greatest trouble with many brands of arsenate of lead is the presence of water-soluble arsenic.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Based on the experiments and commercial tests that have been made, we recommend the following treatment for brown rot and curculio:
Spray first about the time the calyces (or shucks, not the colored petals) are shedding, with arsenate of lead 2 lbs., lime 3 lbs., to 50 gallons of water.
Make second application three weeks later, using the selfboiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead (8 lbs. of lime, 8 lbs. of sulphur, 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water).
Make the third application about four weeks after the second, using the self-boiled lime-sulphur alone, without the arsenate -of lead.
If the curculio is numerous and the trees are hardy and have not been injured by the two applications already made, arsenate -of lead may be added to the self-boiled lime-sulphur at the third spraying.
For earlier varieties such as Carman and Hiley make two applications: 1st, when calyces are shedding, and 2nd, about three weeks later.
While we believe that to secure the best results three applications should be made as outlined above, fairly good results may be secured from two applications. In this case make first .application as calyces or shucks are shedding, using the selfboiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. Make second application four weeks later using the same kind of mixture.
CAUTION.
In view of the fact that in the experiments mentioned in the forepart of this bulletin, arsenate of lead did, in some cases, injure fruit, and that Mr. Betts injured some of his trees and fruit with arsenate of lead as previously mentioned, we would not recommend it without due caution. But if the mixture is
47

not made too trong and applied a du'ected in this bulletin, and the tree are in good condition. we believe the arsenate of lead can be u ed with safety.
When the re ults of the exp rim nt with ar enate of lead are compared with the elf-boiled lime- ulphur and arsenate of lead mixture, it appear a if it is afer to apply the ar enate of leao with the self-boiled lime- ulphur mixture than alone.
Further experiments will be carried out along thi line the coming ea on by the State Board of Entomology.
THANKS FOR ASSISTANCE RENDERED. We de ire to :stend our thank to the following parti Profs. W. 1\1. Scott and \\T. T. yre for ad:vice and ugaestions given. Bett Bro . for their hearty co-operation with us in the work, and for a istance rendered. Gra elli hemical ompany for material furnished. B. G. Pratt 'ompany for material furnished.
Manufacturers of Arsenate of Lead. Bowker Insecticide o. 43 Chatham 1.. Bo ton. ::\la Gra elli nemical 0.. Bu'mingham, Ala. )lerrimac Chemical Co., 33 Broad t., Bo ton, la..
herwin-William 0., )l"ewark, N. J. Thomsen hemical 0., Baltimore. ld. Yreeland hemical 0., New York. . Y. 1\10t of the above companies have local agents at different point in the State. For information in regard to the name and address of these write the manufacturer direct. Many drug stores in the larger town handle ar enate of lead. but u ually better prices may be ecured by buying dir ct from the manufacturer .
48

NOTICE.
The Bulletins ot the Georgia State Board ot Entomology, whIch are ot present practical value and still avallable, are mentioned below. (The numbers not mentioned are either out of date or Qxhausted.) Appllcatlon tor any ot these numbers should be addressed to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. Bulletin No. 12.-Merlcan Cotton Boll Weevil. Bulletin No. 13.-Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple. Bulletin No. IS.-Pear Blight DIsease In Georgia, and Pear Leaf BUght. Bulletin No. 20.-Part I. Report ot State Entomologist tor 190&.
Part n. Crop Pest Law and Regulations.
Bulletin No. 21.-BpraylIig to Control the San Jose Scale. Bulletin No. 22.-Black Root Disease ot Cotton. Bulletin No. 23.-The Apple Woolly Aphis. Green Apple Leaf Aphil.
Remedial Measures tor Same. Bulletin No. 24.-Cotton Anthracnose and Cotton "Rusts." Bulletin No. 26.-Peach Leat Curl, Yellows, Rosette and LIttle Peach. Bulletin No. 27.-Proceedings ot Horticultural Society for 1908. Bulletin No. 2S.-"BJack Root" DIsease of Cotton in Georgia and Itl
Control. BulleUn No. 29.-Codllng Moth or "Apple Worm." Bulletin No. 30.-Proceedlngs ot Horticultural Society for 1909. Bulletin No. 31.-The San Jose Scale and Soma Experiments for Its
Control. Circular No. 6.-'1'he Use of Soluble Oils Against San Jose Scale. Circular No. 7.-The Hessian Fly in Georgia. Circular No. "B.-Report on Experiments for Control of San Jose Beale,
19071908. CtrcuJar No. '.-The Brown-Tail Moth.
E. 1.. WORSHAM, State Entomolqlat.

THE UNIVERSITY AT ATHENS.
I. FRANKLIN COLLEGE. (The College of Arts.-Established 1801, offering the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, and including: 1. General Courses in the Liberal Arts.
2. Special Courses.
n. THE GEORGIA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND THE MECHANIC ARTS.-Established 1872, offer. ing the Degree of Bachelor of Science, and including the following: (a) In the College of Science and Engineering:
1. The General Science Course. 2. The Civil Engineering Course 3. The Electrical Engineering Course. (b) In the College of Agriculture: 4. The Full Agricultural Course. 5. The Forest Engineering Course. 6. The One-year Agricultural Course. 7. The Winter Course in Agriculture. 8. The Experiment Station (at Experiment) .,: 9.. The Farmers' Institutes.
m ~ GRADUATE SCHOOL.-Offering the following De greeh (. ,1 lJrt&ster of Arts. 2.. Master of Science. 3. Civil and Mining Engineer.
IV. THE LAW DEPARTMENT.-Offering the degree of Bachelor of Law-A Two Years' Course.
V. THE UNIVERSITY SUMMER SCHOOL.-Founded in 1903. Five Weeks' Session, offering courses in 1. Common School Branches. 2. Pedagogy and Related Subjects. 3. High School Studies. 4. Selected College Studies
VL THE SCHOOL OF PHARr,iACY.-Offering the Degree of Graduate in Pharmacy-A Two Ye9Xs' Course.
vu. THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.-EstBblished 1908.
Por particulars address the head of the Department or the Chancellor, Athens, Ga.

~
~
Georgia State \. Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 33.

NOVEMBER 1910.

,

Proceedings

Of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting

OF THE

.
Georgia State
Horticultural Society

Held at Sparta, Georgia,
January 26-27, 1910.

Published by the State Board of Entomolo8Y and State Horticultural Society.

Georgia State Board of Entomology

Bulletin No. 33

November, 1910

Proceedings
of the Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the
Georgia State Hortic.ultural Society
HELD AT SPARTA. GA. January 26 and 27. 1910
Published by the State Board of Entomology and Slate Horlic.ullural SOCIety
ATLANTA. GA.: CHAS. P. BYRD. STATE PRINTER
1910

THE DEATH OF
DR. P. J. BERCKMANS
PRESIDENT OF THE
CEORCIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
OCCURRED ON
NOVEMBER THE EICHTH
NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TEN

Georgia State Board of Entomology

ORGAN IZATIO

hairman,

T. G. HUDSO ,
ommis ioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ex-officio Member.

Pre ident,

P. J. BER KMANS,
lale Horlicullural ociety, Augu tao Ex-officio :Member.

Presidcnt,

J. J. eo~ ER,
tate Agricultural oci ty, Ex-officio 111 muer.

artersville,

E. L. WORSHAM, Slale Entomologist and ecrcla ry of lbe Bard, Atlanl.a.

A. . LEWI , A i tan t tate Entomologi. t, tlan tao

W. \. REED, Field A' i'lant Entomologisl, Atlanla.

W. W. eHA E, Depuly In pectoF, Atlanta.

G. R. CASEY, Deputy Inspector, :Mariel tao

Georgia State Horticultural Society

OffICERS
1910-1911

PRE IDE T,

.1'. J. BER K1.IA S

Augusta

VI E-PRE IDENTS,

1 t Con!!'ressional Di [riel-I.. R. FARMER

Louisville

2nd Congres ional District-H. C. ,YHITE

DeWitt

3nl Congressional Distriet-]<'RA~l\: O. MILLER

Fort Vallil.Y

4th Congressional Dislricl-J. J. STRANAIIA:T

Bulloehville

51 h COl1O're~siollal Di triel-JULIA J FIELD

Allanta

6th COllO're ional Di lriet-A. D. WILLI M,

Yale dlle

7th COIl!!"ressiollal Di'lriet-OEO. II. 1.ULLER
8th COllO'rc 'iollal Di lricL-B. "T. H NT

Rome Eatonton

!JUt C 110'1'05 'iollal Di I ri I-I. C. IVADE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. omelia

10th Congres iOllal Di lricl-\\-. I. lIARLEY

parln.

lllh COIlO'l'C sional District-'i". \\. THOdA

Valdosla

SECRETARY,

J. B. WIGH~'............................................. airo

THEA 'h.L.;R,

La I.' A. DEll 'K&J l\R

Angusla

STANDING COMMITTEES

Prof. T. R. 1 Hallon L. A. I3erckmalls J. B. 'Yi"ht II. R. , laight. IIcrucrt . Wbite
. R. C. I3cL'ckman II. B. hase O. II. :!IIiIIcr

N NEW:BR ITS. ON, Y~Ol'nIH.

:

Albells

Augusla

Cair0

D more t

DeWilt

Angusta Ilunl \'i lle, Ala.
Rome, Ga.

Prcsidcnt Bcrckmuns dicd Noyelllbcl' 8tb, 1910. 5

ON OR AME.r TAL A D USEFUL TREES.

B. W. Hunt

Eatonton

Prof. Alfred Akerman

Athens

H. L. Boone

Valdosta

B. W. Stone

Thomasville

o VEGETABLE CULTURE.

Prof. H. E. Stockbridge

Atlanla

H. L. Long

Leesburg

Jno. A. Cobb

Americus

Charles S. Bohler

Augusta

F. A. Ruggles

Dawson

ON PACKING VEGETABLES AND FRUITS AND TRA SPORTATIO OF.

J. Moragne Fleming Geo. White, Jr T. R. Lombard A. M. Kitchens T. F. Murph

Atlanta Sparta Cornelia Baldwin :M:arshallville

W. H. Felton, Jr Judge H. L. Long J no. T. West. M. J. youmans

ON LEGISLATION.

1lfacon Leesburg Thomso:l Dawson

ON BIOLOGY.
E. L. Worsham, State Entomologist. A. C. Lewis, Assistant State Entomologist

Atlanta Atlanta

6

ROLL OF MEMBERS FOR 1910-1911

Akerman, Prof. Alfred Alston, Dr. . E
Berckmans, L. A -Berckmans, P. J Berckmans, Mrs. P. J Berckmans, R. C Berckmans, P. J. A. Jr Black, R. II Boone, H. L Bohler, Chas. S Boyd, Willis ~f.
Carroll, J. S Chase, H. B Christian, ~ Clark, Jno. W Cobb, Jno. A Coffee, Joel Cuthbert, Alfred
Deckner, Chas., Fort McPherson Dozier, O. A
Farmer, L. R Felton, W. H., Jr Field, Julian Finney, J. T Fleming, T. M Fleming, Jas. L Fort, Jno. P Fugazzi, M., 204 Sixth St..
Gilmore, Geo Griffing, C. Moo
Harley, W. 1. Hendrickson, F. W
7

Athens Richland
Augusta. Augusta Augusta Augusta Augusta Cornelia Valdosta Augusta Adairsville
Baltimore, Md. Huntsville, Ala.
Atlanta Augusta Americus
LuI a. Augusta
Atlanta Athens
Louisville Macon Atlanta
Haddocks Atlanta Augusta Athens
Cincinnati, O.
Wartben Jacksonville, Fla.
Sparta, Ga. Milledgeville

lIelldrickson, 1. n

Illledgevilte

Hood, . J............................................. ommCl'ce

IIllghc, Dudley L

"

Danville

IIunnieult, G. F

Allanta

IIunl, B. \Y

:1lonlon

Yilchcns, A. :M

Baldwin

Lewis, A. ., Assistant Enlo!Uolo"i I

ALlanla

Lillie, T. II............................................... pm'la

Lombard, '1'. R........................................... orn lia

Long Juuge H. L

Lce burg

.l\Iidd! lon, W. S .l\Iiller e. H liller, J. . .l\1iIIcr, Frank Ie Ie 'ky, L. L
"T M Halton, Prof. T. II
.l\IorriII, . 1I[unJh J. }"., T'rrs. la. Fruit I~~:<:h:lngr>
Powell, J. r

Clarks IIi11, S. r .
Rom , .. Rome Fort v'alley ALlallla
Alhen l\laeon Mal hal1ville
Dill:1l'11

Rag rs, J. N H)wlanrl \\'. l\J..

JHlria Aug'II"la

, roll, \Y. 0

C!:lI'ks IIill, H. C.

,colt, Eo IT.................................... lillcclgc\'ille, 0:1.

heppal'tl, Cco. \Y

Tallap 0':1

Simmon, P. B.

Gaine \'ille

Staight, H. R

Demore t

Stone, B. IV

Thoma. \'ille

Stoekbrido'e, Prof. II. E., 20 For:'.dh t..

:

AlIanla

Swain, J. P

\Tarnell

Teasley, G. J Thoma, \1". IV

'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ~Inlon Yaldos!a

Von H ril, n., 93 T a. an , I.

X IV York if)'

Wade, I. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ol'nelia,
\ aCl'nic'kr, 11. K, nOll P:l. ,\ \C' \Y:lshing[on n. r.

8

"'l'~f Jilt). '1'

ThOI1l'oll

"'lialey, 'W. T

Whaley

'Yhite, Il. E

Spada

"Thite, 0 o. Jr............................................ parta

Wbile Herbert,

DeWitt

"'hituey, . E

'..uo-usta

"'io-ht, J. B

Cairo

"'illiarn, A. D

Yatesville

William, J. '1'........................................ IIaddoel:

"-or;;:ham E. L., laic ElltolUolo!!i:l.

Allanw.

Youmans, l\I. J

Daws n

HONORARY MEMBERS

AIWOl1d, 1'1'0[.\\'. D

'a. Clmr!ollc',:ij]r,

Bailr.'", Prnf. L. II. orncll ni,el'sity

Illia a, . Y.

Brackett, Col. G. B., hier, Diy. of. PomoIo' y W'a bino-lon, D. C.

-Bush, I ador

Bushburg ~Io.

Crayl n, Hon. B. 1<'

Anderson, S.

Fnnlllss, II II. D. l!~., Ex,G ". of I'cbra ka

Brown "ille, Keb.

-Gray, Prof. Asa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. IImbrido-c, Tlfa~~.

Green, ?Ill'..

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. laylon, Ala.

lIaIe, J. H

South Glaslonbury, onn.

-llexamer, Dr. F. 1\1.

, lanford, onn.

-Jol.\", 'ha

Pari, France

-,Hechan, Tlioma

Germ, nlo"'Jl, Pbila.

?lfnn on F. Y

Dalla , '1'exa

-.'cwman Prof. J. S

Walhalla, ,. C.

Pear on, T. G. (f:ec. Audubon Socicty)

Oreen boro, N. C.

-Quinn, P. '1'

~-c\Yal'kf

J.

"'ims 01. R. 1\1........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. olnmbill S. C.

- trayman, Dr. D. J

Leavenworth, Kansas.

Thurber, Dr. Geo. (Editor Am. Ao-rie.)

Pas aic, . J.

-Wilder, Hon. lIar hall P., Ex-Pres. Am. Pom. Soc Boston, :l\I:J.ss.

"Decea ed.
9

PREFATORY.
The attendance at the Sparta se sions was much larger than heretofore and was graced by the presence of many ladies and numerous persons from the surrounding country. Many new members were added to our roll, and the interest which was manifested in the deliberations of each day, was gratifying to the officers of the Society, who had many months previous arranged a most attractive program.
As was expected, only a small quantity of fruit was exhibited, the session being too late. But the citizens of Sparta were most hospitable and showed their appreciation of the session being held in their midst, by incessant courtesies.
At the conclusion of the first day's proceeding an elaborate banquet was tendered the members of the Society and Visiting friends by the hospitable citizens of Sparta, at which the Pre ident presided as Toastma tel'. The occasion was a very pleasant one, a pirit of good fellowship prevailed throughout the evening, and after the dinner was concluded, several delightful speeches were made by those called upon by the Toastmaster, who .took occasion to thank the good citizens of Sparta, e pecially the ladies present, who took such an interest in making the sojourn of the members of the Society as pleasant as possible. This event will long be remembered by those who were fortunwte in being present.
His Excellency, Governor Joseph M. Brown, (who has always evinced a friendly interest in the work of the
10

Society) had promised to attend during the last day's session, but at a late moment telegraphed that important State bu iness prevented him from being present. This was much regretted by everybody.
It was made evident that the action of the Society taken at a previous s~ssion, in changing the time of holding its Annual Meeting from August to January, was wise.
Owing to the fact that the American Pomological Society will hold its Biennial Session at Tampa, Fla., on January 31st, the 35th Annual Meeting of the Georgia State Horticultural Society will be held at Thomasville, Ga., on January 26th and 27th, giving an opportunity to some of our members and friends to attend the session of the oldest and greatest of our National Pomological organizations.
Reduced fare will probably be given by the Florida railroads.
11

PROCEEDINGS OF THg THIRTY-FOU~THANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HELD ~T SPARTA, GA., JANUARY 26th and 27th, 1910.

Pre id nt P. J. Bel' 'bmw. alled the meeting to or-

der pl'omptly at 10 :30 a. m., a. ]:1l'ge ait ndanre bein o-

pI' ent. In the all ence r th c1'ctary, fl'. J. B.

"Tight, of airo, Ga., Prof.

. L wi of tlle 'tat

Bonrl of Enlomology, \\'a: j'(,fJ!H'slcfllo acl n,',' cr tal'Y

pro lem.

The ev. j\fr. Britt, of 'pm'la, Ga., invok d the di \'ine

,bl ., ing for a nrr ,~rnl ant11>cn ficia] mc ting.

lIon. Thoma, F. Fl min o', of ill pnrta Bar, deliv-

ered the addre f wclcorne, i!1"itino- thn oci ty and

each member to partake of their h 'pitality, and a ur-

ing the ociet)' that the itizens of Sparta ould do all

:in tll ir power to make the me ting proli.t<lbl and uc-

ce ful.

oJ. John P. Fort, of Athen , Gn., one of the. 0 iety'

olde t and mo t valuable ill mber. in appropriate word

re ponded to the ad:Ire of welcome, and thanked the

citizen of parta for ill ir <Yoou wi, he and kind offer-

ing of hospi.tality.

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

T,Amr.s AND OR '1'LE'~fF.N AXD ::\rl~, ffmnc.; 01' TTTF. TNrr. JTOn'rJC' T,1'{TnAT, ,OrTR'l'Y:
I enn n~. HI' you fhnl iL i: ",ilh :1 g-I' nl tlpaJ of "Icnsure Ihnt r nu\\' g-rcc[. you ht']' IO'by, aua CSI'C ,jail." Ihnt il jf; n goo,] ::ll1,~lIl'~' r r u
whell tllC Indie:> [I]'C pre's nl in s:lC'h n1lmh I'S to hclp ns ",ilh tbeir ,~'mp[llhy in out' wOl'k. 'Ye ean nhray" a('c TI11,li.. h hcllcl' I'l',ult. when '" h:l\'e their pI' ,ellce [lnd co-opel'atiun.
l:!

It has been said lhat for many year past hOrliculture has been tardy in it development becau e of the difficulty in ecurin'" reliable practical teachiug from tho e who have given thi pUI uit the attention which it required, and further becau e horticulture half a century ago was con ider d as of small importance when compared with agriculInre.
This opinion W:J enlerlnined by mnny writer upon a"'l;cultnral 'onomy f tho e tim,. They beld that al1 of OUl' th u productive ]' ouree were ub er,i nt to the ullil'ation of colton, and caused al~ OUl' effort to be concentrated upon tIle O't' at mon y crop.
However, a few fat' eeUlO' men for aw tbat tbi COUI"Se mu t e\'entnally be modified wilh lhe incren in'" wealth of ur rural population, which bl'ought wilh it the neces ity of pI' \'i ling for the incrensiug ne d, in the pt'oO'rru, of OUl' dom .lic economy and, ocial ,y tem, which is continually advancin'" and on. I)uenlly adding to human w::mls and pt'oducing tb mcnn for tI'eit' sllpply.
From lhis beO'an a forward mOl'e ill our h rlicultural progress. Men of k cn observation eeing lh , gr at pos.'ibilities of ihi climale and of the lil'er ified soil for t1 ces fully growing a large ran"'e of fruits and plant, began to experiment along ,these lines. oting their
ucc ,other became O'radually inter ted, until the re ults of th .'I~ experiments were made kno\\n t1u'Ough the pet'iodical then published.
We have now reached the oonelu ion Hmt horticultural education and the application of it eientific principle i in k epinO' with the present rcquirements of life, Our pI' uece or began to advocate the cultivation of fmits and a larger varicty 'Of culinary veO'etables. This was followed by the a<lorning of 'home ulToundmgs with flowers and ornamental trees and ,plants, a natural consequence of woman's refining influence.
Our commercial fruit nnLl "eO'etable indu try had it beO'inning wben a urplu bad to seek an oullet to the city market, and today ha l' ached the pint whero it i only secondary lo our great taple, collon.
It i. with ineere pI a lire that an 0PI rlunily i O'i\' n me to ndc1re,,,; the cit izen of this fal'or tl ,eel ion or middle Georgia. lOU hnye taken achnntao or lh p .'.il.>ilitie, which a gen l' u.' .'oil, climate llll,l transportal ion fncilili s hal'e gil' n YOli. W'ilh intellio'enL pl'ogres~i\'e ,pirit yon h.w made your .'ection nmong the mosL au\'anc d in OUl' late's pI' duclil' l'C'SOlIl'C'S, and l' cognizing the, e advnntagc, wvth the application of the b ,t modem scientific m thol you have nchieved an ll\'iabl reput,ati 11 as a highly ec1ueated, social and refined community.
13

Weare glad Lo be with you, make new friends, and strengthen Lhe bonds which are engendered by a common pm'Suit, where the only strife for advancement is one where each of us aspires to grow beLter crops than our neighbor and to tell him of om' more succes ful methods, that by so doing he, as well as others, may be henefited.
While of lart:e Y0aI'S horticultm'e and especially its commercial features, have made such rapid progres , there is some danger in overreaching one's capacity for succe sful results. Of Lhis we frequently have a painful evidence in the numerous peach orchards which have been gradually abandoned, frequently at great pecuniary loss. The causes which brought about these failu.:.es are many, such as sometimes the unsuitableness of soil, situation, great distance from transportation facilities, selection of the Wl'ong market varieties, insect depredations, and fungous di eases; but oftener they arise from planting a larger area than can be properly cultivart:ed, fertilized, sprayed, and the products profitably disposed of.
The principles which should govern everyone of us is how to gather the lm'gest and most valuable prowl/cts {rom a given surface of land in any givelJ number of yeals. This is advanced by all agricultural economi ts, and should nevcr be forgotten. Therefore if you should gather from one acre a very large and profitable crop, owing to careful cultivation, high fertilization and the application of all the scientific methods which are available, do not think that the same re uIts will be secured if you e)..i:end your 'area of cultivation beyond where you can concentrate your labor and attention. There is a limit.to successful and regular results in every class of our products.
TIlE SOCIETY'S FRUIT Lr T.
Each section of our great State holds out pos ibilities for the profi<table growing of certain products, and if one intends to embark in their cultiva:tion he should first carefully study these. Our Society has ever since its birth published a catalogue of fruits which aI'e adapted to our special geographical regions. These fruit lists have been most carefully revi ed during the pa t season and are now as reliable a guide for all fruit growel'S as the combined work of our leading succe ful fruit growers has been able to accompli h. A glance at these Ii t will how ,that special varieties are best suited to each region, but as there is a great divel'SbLy of soils in each of these, the prospecbive tree planter should carefully examine the particular con tituents of the proposed orchard site, see that there is proper drainage, exposure and other details which may conduce to the success of Lhe particular va-
14

riety which he intends to plant, as the fruit list can not be expected to give all these points for all of the fruits catalogued.
STERILITY IN SOME VARIETIES.
In il:hese remarks it is impossible to give minute details upon the cultivation of all classes of fruits. These will no doubt be elucidated during the course of your discussion, but one important fact should never be forgotten by all who plant large solid blocks of trees of one variety, thaJt the inflorescence of some sorts is not always perfect, and the absence of sufficient pollen often causes sterility. Blocks of such varieties should have a few rows mixed with others that are known to be profuse pollen bearers.
OIL"AMEN'I'll HORTICULTURE.
The advance in this feature has of late been very rapid, and is a most encouraging evidence of the gradually 'improving education in our rural districts. The State is to be congratulated upon the establishing of District Agricultural Schools where 'Our boys and girls can receive the proper instruction which will eventually fit them to become uccessful cultivators of the soil. Blling thus equipped with the practical knowledge of ,the various subjects nece sary for their ultimate pursuit, there will then be every reason for retaining them permanently upon the farm and in tbi action of oUT taA:e lies the foundation for more enlightened, progres ive and succe ful workers of the soil who will look upon their avocation as one of pleasure, profit and comfort. We pin our faith upon the futul"e retention of our best rural population, upon our lands, upon a higher education wbich is to come from these Agricultural Schools, and especially the grewt aid from our new State College of Agriculture, where the bigher branches of modern scientific knowledge are offered to our yotmg men.
FORE TRY EDUCATION.
This necessary adjunct to a farmer's knowledge is now one of the most desirable features of our State College of Agriculture, and bids fair eventually to cOtmteract the gradual loss of our foreSts. Practical instruction is annually given by competent teachers taking boys to camp in districts where timber is still abtmdant. There, under a strict discipline a systematic knowledge is given as to ,the value of the different varieties of trees, their practical economic use, the relation which forests have upon our agl'iculhtral indush'ies, together with methods for replenishing by proper reforestation the great timber
15

denuualioll wili h ha' 'r aled such enorUlOUS de\'::lslalion in OUl' ll<'rieulLlll'al land,. It is 11:0 be hoped ,Ihat more attention will be giv n to Ihi peeial branch of in truclion, that our O'ullied and eroded land may eventually be clolhed with a luxUl'iant growth of trees, ill tead of, as now, only eonveyinO' a timber memory.

HIGHER RURAL EDUCATION.

Without enterillg into a di eu ion a to the cau es of our pre ent rapid increa e in the co t of li\'1ng, we houll be warned by the utterances of many men, clo e tudenf of political .aud domc tic economy, wilo fore.ec tbat the time 1 comillo when this "'reat eouutry will be c mp Ilcd ,to look elsc\\'b r for Ihe purcha c f li\;uO' nece ities. The tea ly illcrctl, e 111 lhe cosL of fhe II ce "itil' brillgs with it a s[C':Hly dem'and ,in the illcr 'ase of \ya~c, 111 e\'ery JHII 'nit. To me t fh ~e criou' prc lictiolls of a futur 1 s!>ible famine, lJecau c the ratio f pI' ducfion 1 ]c ' than Ihat of <1 maud, tile only remcdy i- au increa ing yield in our food j)l"olucl .
Thi call be 'l'curcd by the applicatioll of iu/cusiL'e fanniuf} me/hods, thc kllo\\'lcllg of \\'!rich i 1I0W frcely utrer d by a \\'i e tale and Fed ral Gb\'crnment to ~11l who will 'a\'ail lhem ch'c' f lhcse opporlunili . 'Ve a adnmccd 1 rlicultul'i I .hould do all iu oUt' po\\"et to aid in ihi iu rea ed yield, pracl1cally d 01011 trali~lO' that this is po ible by advo ating and adoptulO' mOl'e intelliO'ent m thod of cultivation than are generally pracliced and promoting greater coheion among 'Our rlli'al people ill liv1n'''' more c]o-ely together where the same pursuit prevail.

INSBCT DEPnED.tI.rlO~ .

In 1894 the anllual Jo s to our agricultura] crop. from illscct I esls

had reach d the va t um of $200,000,000. In 190 , the tatistic of

the

. Department of AnTi ll]tUt' tate that thi terrible fiO'ure had

been more 1han doubled and the annual ]os- cau d by inse t amounted

to $700,000,000, 01' len per CE:nl. of Ihe entire value of OlU' aO'ricultural

and horticultural crops. The boll u:eLt'il los in the cotton belt ha

amounted to from $20,000,000, to $2 ,000,000 annually. The straw-

ben'y u:cc'Vil d fro ed $700,000 worth of fruit in one county in Jorlh

arolina.

These figures are appalliuO' and admonish aJI cultivator of the

soil to use the utmost yigilance in protectioO' in ectivorous birds that

can de troy more noxiou in ect than all the prayinO' that is done.

Our tate has wi ely made a special appropriation to the Bureau

16

of EntolUolog-y which will give ils officers additiunal meaus fur ex! Ili"e field and laboratory work, but i it not imperative that all our progre sive tiller of the oil should acquire some knowledge of in ect life and the means to eradicate the noxious species? Free lectures upon economic entomology are offered by the State College of AgricuHure,
Why not avail yourseh'es of this opp01'tuniiy and thus aid in lcssening the grcat los to 'our field prouuets and in a manner off ettillg the direful predic,tion for a pos ible food supply
By doing we will haye the sati 'faction in sbaring in tbe work of lhe world's nice,
TI; 'IWLOGY.
lJoc/or cil i11dn-ne:;:
A felV days "tf'lcl' our Jast s~ssioll at Athcns lhe llumcr us frienlls of Dr. McInnes received lbe tlUUOUllCClDeut of !lis dealh at a waleI' cure in Pennsylvania, whcre he Iiad O'Olle in hope of bcing rclieved of a slight ailm ni fr m which lie had suffercd for 'evel'al monlh pa t. This be ame rapidly 'agg'l.'a"at d, and ended his life shortly aftcr bis ani,'al lh rc.
lIe was grcatly onc rllccl because of his inabilily to b pre nt at our la t annual e. sion, and we will m; this genial fljend and coworker who for 19 year sen'ed you as the Vice-President from the 101h ConOT _sional Di triet.
Doctor M"dnne was bol'll in ScoHan] in 1834. A a yonng man he became bief Enoiueer ill the Ancbor Line of team hip, which pursuit he followed for many years.
Graduated aftcrwards in medicine at Philadelphia, he lhere practiced his profession for two year before coming to Augusta, where he made his home during thirty years. He was a true philanthropi t, eonneclinO' himself with every public in litution where he could add to the welfare ()f 0lhe1 , and where hi con taut work wa freely given without any other reward than the ulliver al esleem in which he was held in his community and by ,those who knew him as a co-worker in his efforts to pr'omote the ethics of ihis Society.
DOCTOR JESSE PHILIP HENRY BROWN.
Dr. Brown was born in Maryland in 1830, 'and followed dental surgery as his profession. He resided a few years in Atlanta and in 1 64 mo,ed to Augusta, where he made his permanent home, and where he died in September, 1909. He was a scientific investigator, espe-
17

cially in agriculture, of which he made a success. He introduced the first bees 'Of the Italian breed and wrote extensively upon this branch of industry. All of his manuscripts, intended to be published in book form, were destroyed by fire together with his residence.
He served you as Vice-President of the 10th Congressional District from 1876 until 1889, during which peliod he annually contributed many valuable papers. In later life he became a most successful strawberry grower, his berries being always 'Unusually large and commanding a high price. He aJ 0 originated a few excellent cro s-bred varieties.
THE PRESIDE T: "All of our members are not yet present, but more are expected this afternoon. However, we should be glad to enroll the names of any present who wi h to become members of the Society, and the old members who have not paid the trea urer their dues' will now be given an opportunity to do o. We will take a sho~t rece s for this purpose befo~e we begin our regular program.
"We have as the first thing on our program an address on Soil Fertility by Prof. Fain, of the State College of Agriculture. He has, however, written me desiring that this should go over until tomorrow morning. I regret to announce that everal members have sent their excuses.
"Prof. J. S. ewman, of Walhalla, . C., who has a paper on the Home Garden as Auxiliary to the Farm. advises me that his health will not allow him to attend our meeting. His son al 0, Prof. C. ewman, a native of Sparta, who was to have delivered a paper on Clover Crops in Orchards, has been called to the Experiment Station at ummerville, S. C., and will be unable to attend.
"Mr. Swingle, of the Department of griculture, Washington, D. C., is also unable to be present. I made
18

every effort to get some officers of the U. S. Department of Agriculture to attend this year, but everyone that has been addressed has replied that no man was available at this time of the year to send South except Mr. Swingle, who promised to come at the reque t of our friend Mr. Hunt. However, as just stated, he writes that he can not come, but sends a paper, many photographs, and also some fruits.
Our secretary, Mr. Wight, of Cairo, is unable to come on account of the illness of his wife, who has a severe attack of la grippe. He says th'at it is a great disappointment to him, and it is al 0 to us.
"Prof. Akerman, of the Georgia State College of Agriculture, whom I introduce to you, will now present his paper."
NATIVE TREES FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES.
By PROF. AL:h'RED AKERMAN, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
When I was "llsked to discuss this topic before the Society, Ire fused, but afterwards consented, against my better judgment.
My chief study has been of native trees for commercial purposes, and naturally I feel myself at a great disadvanmge when I come to discuss ,their ornamental values. However, in spite of long training along utilitarian lJines, I, in common with most people, must confess to an appreciation of the beautiful in trees.
Nearly every one admir~ trees. In some cases this admiration amounts almost to idolatry. Omen trees of inferior ornamental value are kept on streets, lin parks, 'and on private grounds for n'o better reason than the lack of courage to attack a well known fetich.
When one considers our mvtive trees for ornamental purposes' one is overwhelmed with the length of the list to choose from.
When I beg'an to write tbis paper I made out a Jjst of trees native to Georgia that I considered well adapted to ornamental purposes. After I had made my Jjst I counted, the h'ees on it, and found that I had over forty. I dare say that the landscape garde!1er can find the materials for nearly any kind of composition within this State and often within the bounds of one county.
19

Taking the conifers flL- t, thcre arc the pine with ten repre ~nta

tiy in Georgia, at lea t fh'e of which are valuable for ()l'J1'amentJI as well a indu trial purposes. In ~he extreme nOl'thern part of the State we ha,e the white pine, Pinu trobus. Tbi trec with its delicate grey-green foliag ,it incomparable eriect when een aO'ainst the I.;)

a a background, and its quick 0'1' wth make it a mo. t desirable Iree
a in nol'lh GeorOOi<l. It i ometim 1 s d in middle roia, but il docs
not e m to be thrifty \l'h n plant d onl of il na'tul'al ralwe. The . hort Icaf pine, Pinu echina/a, is fOUlld all oyer thc tat.
Perhaj:: orne of yon 'are surr>ri. d lInt I class il among the ol'llamenial tre . bnl I b lieve that if you will consid [' it fairly . u will come

to the c nclu ion that it ha aIm t if not quit the yaluc of the, etch pin, Pinus yll;e 'Iris, which has been ,'0 exlen. iyely U d in ol'l1amental planting.

The loblolly pine, Pinlls laNla, occm in ,{ hc Piedm nt and i he

roa. tal plain. It" "'eneral appearane i imilar to thc horflcaf. It

ha. one ach'alllage o"cr thc horfleaf in ils "cry rapid O'ro\\'[h.

The longl af Pinu. 1'a1u f ri aud uban I inc, Pinu helerophyllu,

oc lIL' in the c aslal plain. Both, becau.e of [h ir dark tufted foliuO'e,

larg ou an 1 tall straight trunk, are c mmeuded for me kind

of ornamen1a1 work, such a' groups and avenue...

'l'he bald CypL' Taxodiwn eli tichml1, llative to the bay and

\l'amrs of the c a tal plain, i ometime n ed for ornamental pur-

poses. The cypress, unlike mo. t of the conifeJ sll d ils foha~' in

the winter. Thi giYes it a weird apl earance which appeal

the

fan y; il tart one to thiJlking of owl and browni ".

The juniper ba. h 0 rcpre en'lati"es in Georgia, Juniperus virginiana and Juniperu uarbadensis. The J~tniperu 1:il'gilliana occur throughout the tate and the otber in the coastal plain. The juuiper i exten i"ely planted for ornament. I do n t recall ha\'ing een a community of a dozen house. or more where ,thi tree had n t been planted. I )nt~st ay, that O'i\'en normal health and flppetite, I do not rflre f I' the juniper. It ombre a"pert i. nlto elhel' 100 sngg .ti,c of h :ll,es, funeral., and 0']'.'1\' yards.

Thc hemlork i. repre. ent d in G orgia by two. p ('irs, T.ur/a COlla,zrll.,i. and T.~1tga ('aro7iniana. They occnl' only in the nodhern counIi.. Thry ha\'c Illng'. c nicfll crow!ls an<1 <1:11'" nTCen roling-e. Th T.ugn Nllladrnsi i. Ih lIlor COIllPfl('t of the f\l'o, :lnd ill g-eneral lhc sn]J<'rior orll:JlIlcnlal Irce. F<lI' (lark backgl'olllllls it has gore::ll meriL

The walnut has t\\'o rcpl'e.entalivc in tbc lale, thc butter-nm,

JlIg7alls cinerea, and the black walnut JlIglan nigra. The bult l'Illlt

20

OC .tl\ only in the norlhern count ic. It i. l' aclily di tingui hed rJn1 the black walnut by it lighter colored bark.
The black walnut OCClll throughont the tate on alluvial soil , and to a 1 extent on moi t hill-sides. It is superior to the butternut in every way. It grows rapidly 'and attain gigantic proportions. For plantinO' singly or in gor lipS where a lr.rO'e, ma i\'e t1' e is needed it has mnch 'l commend it-. J\Iorcover, it may sen'e a dual or triple pn1'po.e; it may ornam nt the gronnd. and aL the amc lime bear nul and prodnce timber. The nut ha,e high nulrilive ,alue and the timber i l' pod d in the December sale Ii L at '26.50 to $2 5 a thou and. When trees are grown f r their nut lhey bould tand far eu Ug.l apart to de,elop larO'e top. A a rule thi detracl from their ,'aille for limber purpo ,but walnut i an exception to the rule; for it i. n. ed fur finishing and cabinet work, and lmol , burrs, and curl whirh l' uH f.om wide spacing enlJance il ,'alne.
The hickory has ome six natiYe repre. enlatives in the tate and one lhaL has bcen introduced. The inll'odu cd OIie i. the pecan, JIicoria 2Jecan, so well known to you all. II ll]ch O'reen foliage and clean, thrifty appearance gi\' it con iderable ornamental valne; although ils chief value is due to ils nut. It wood i prized for fuel, and it is of meJillm yalue for timber. What i' true of tbe pecan is true in a general way of the oth l' hickorie.. me of tb m bear eatable DUt ; orne of tbem produce the be t of impl ment, carriage, and wagon timber; all of tbem are good for fuel; and all of them ha,e con iderable ornamental vulue.
There are two Ie ie of cottonwood nati'-e to Georgia, the swamp cOtlOllWO d, Populus heterophylla, and the common collonwood, Populus cleltoicles. The common olton wood is nsed exlen ively for ornamental pUl'po e. Its extraordinary rate of O'ro\\'th and the ea. e with which it i propaO'ated ha\-e much to do with it popularity. lick a witch in the ground and in a few years you have a tree. Except in the e point, it i an inferior tree, and it ha,; the a Jditional dmwback that its) 01 are apt to penetrate ewer and drains and cloO' Ihem. For u. e about h n es and on tree! 1.his is el1ous.
The hee h, Fo,f}u olr02JlInicco oc III'S throng-hout the lale. It is an ex(' lIent ornamenlal Iree. It.. mo tho g'r y burk. ils abnndant folillg-e, 'tnming: yellow in the fall, and it. clean and thrifty growth make for H 'an almosphere a11 ils Q",n. If i., "'ood as :l 'ingle tree. beller in g.oups, bUL best of all in gTO\'CS. ~'he fallen lea\' mal,e a soft rarp t under Ihe 1l'ees, and ihe dense h:loe ke ps out the weeds, bl'ial , and nnde1'gl'owlh. Be ch wood are the lean. t and Ihe mo L
21

acces ible of all woods. They are the kind of woods that one likes to walk through in winter and to take a book to in su=er.
The chestnut is represented by two' species, the chestnut, Oastanea dentata) and the chinquapin, Oastanea pumila. They are native in the mountains and the Piedmont. The che tnut is a thrifty grower. It has 'lll1 abundance of foliage, the leaves resembling the beech in shape, and in the late spring and early summer it is enlivened by the .long staminate catkins. In autumn its yelle.w-green foliage and goldenbrown burrs make it very attractive. Like the walnut and hickories it may sen-e two or three purposes. It is beautiful, its nuts are edible, and its wood makes good stakes, posts, and fuewood. The chinquapin may he regarded as the che tnut in miniature. What is tnJe of the che tnut is h'ue of the chinquapin, but in lesser degree.
In its oaks, Georgia is indeed bl t. 'fhe botanists recoguize some
25 species in the State. Many of them possess great ornamental value. 'Dhe white 'Oak, Quercus alba) with its spreading branches and its light green foliag'e, tinted' with red in the fall, is everywhere a favorite. The live 'Oak, with Hs small, lustrous lc<wes tand its far spreading hranches, festooned with panish moss, is a favorite in south Georgia. The post oak, the overcup oak with its curious acorn cups, the chestnut oak, the swamp white oak, and the cow oak are other representatives of the wlhite oak group. The scarlet oak with its brilliant foliage in the :all, the Spani h oak, the water oak, and the laurel oak are meritorious representatives of the black 'Oak group.
The magnolia is repre ented by several species. The flowering magnolia, Magnolia foetida) is ea ily the most valuahle of these for ornamental purpo es, It is a native of the coastal plain, but it may be planted in the Piedmont. Its large, dark green lc<wes and its whit\), sweet-scented blossoms have made it a favorite.
The tulip-tree, Li1'iodendron tulipifera) is closely related to the magnolia. It massive trunk, its peculiarly shaped leaf, turning ye~ low in the fall, its brilliant tulip-like blossoms, and its rapid growth all combine to reco=end it. It is fonnd throughout the State; and like the pine, it would be more prized if less co=on.
The sweet gum, Liquidamba1' styraciflua) with its brilliant foliage and wino-ed twigs should be mentioned.
The sycamore, PlatantlS occidentalis) is a favorite for street planting, and should be mentioned. I can not 'explain why, but to me this tree has an Ol-.i.ental atmospbere.
The locust, Robinia lJSeudacacia) is planted 00 a con iderable extent. It has the compound l'eaves co=on to the Leguminosae) and
22

large clusters of white, sweet-scented blossoms. It grows rapidly. It does not cast a dense shade, and for that reason it may be planted to advantage on lawns. In :addition to its ornamental value, it makes excellent fuel and fence posts.
The American holly, Ilex opaca, is one of the smaller trees. Its very lustrous, dark green foliage is known to all. I noted this morning that you have two fine specimens here in Sparta in front of the Presbyterian church.
The rhododendron i also one of the smaller trees. Its large, dark green leaves and attmcti,e flowers are iLs special features.
The dwarf sumac, Rhus copallina, is in ordinary circumstances more of a shrub than a tree, but it ought to be mentioned because of its wide distribution in the StllJLe and of its hjO'h value for planting on banks 'and fringes where its brilliant foliage seryes to enliven the scene.
For fear of wearying yon I have 'om:it,ted from the list the cherry, maples, ba wood, ashes, the dogwood and many others that deserve a place in anything like a complete di cu sion of our native ornamenial hees.
In conclusion, let me say that I am glad to learn from MI'. Berckmans that the demands on his nUl"Sery for native trees are increasing. The foreign trees are desirable, and were it a question of foreign trees or no trees, I would advocate their u e. But with such a variety of nati,e trees, large and small, to choose from, almost if not every ornamen tal 'Purpose can be served by ,their use. As a broad and general rule, the native trees that through the centUl-ies have adapted themselves to the soil and climate, are more resistant to insects, fungi, variations of weather, and to the harsh treabment sometimes involved in transplanting them. Also, native plan'tinO' material can often be produced at a smaller c t than the foreign. I do not wi h to be understood to recommend wild stock either for fore t or for ornamental planting. On the contrary, my observation has been that better l'esUltS are obtained from nUl"Sery-grown stock, but of native species.
This demand for native trees is a sign of development. It shows that the atm.-action of novelty is giving way ,to a deeper and more refined influence' it shows that our people are appreciating trees because of their intrinsic beauty and not because they are unusual or hard to get.
Once I traveled many miles to see Italy. I was charmed by the richness of the landscapes: I enjoyed them thoroughly. Some years later as I went to the post office one morning in my home town in
23

middle Geol'oria 1 happcncd lu louk oJI 10 th hill" alltl as 1 "~\zeJ a~ thaL land cal e I thollcrhL that I had not seen anytIJiug 0 bealltif~11 ill Haly, An Ilalian land cape aim t at my door, In the :J.me v,'ay we go to India, to Japan, to hina, to the end of the earth ill search of beautiful tree wheu e\'ery f r t, e\'ery ",amp, and e\'ery abaud Ded fence corner con lain au abundall e of a beautiful trees and Hhrubs,
THE PRESIDE T: "Thi' l' a very III tructlve e 'say b Prof. ~kerman, an 1 the uhj et i. op n for di 'u ion. Ifou wi '11 to a k any que tion I know the Pl'ofe...or ,....ill tak pl (\ 'ur in an 'werin o' tLJClll. lIe i.. a gi'eat autlJOrity on our nativ' tr ", and a.' he w H aid, thi i a O'l'eat 'tat, but w do not appr eiate it re'our e and they "'i\~ill tillhav t be brouo'bt out a IYreat d a1. M n like Prof. Akerman nr helping u to" ard tha tend."
OL. H NT: "I would lik to ak th Prof SOl' two or three que tion , becau e I do not want u to g t in the habit of pa . ino' over u h in tructive paper. I think di cu . ion, perbap ,:fixe them in our mind better than anything eJ'e could do. You poke of the beech, and from tbe poetic and tender words ou u e I a ume 3TOU fa, or it. 'Wbat ar you o'oing to do with tbe bee h tha t keep half it umm r clothing on in win tel' "
PROF. AKERM N: 'In my e timation it winter foliao'e i one of it mo t b autiful feature."
OL. HUNT: "Not 0 with me. I want a tree that shed it foliao'e and prepares for a new uit in pring. A.nother remark: When you come to the weet gum, I have never een on tran planted that did not carry a
24

few dead limb, and after it has grown foUl' or five year' you find many d ad branche on it."
PR F. KERM N: "I think that i, true of the ,we t o'um whether tran'llant('d or not."
if.R. I. . BER TGIA : ",Vhen you tran plant it you hould prune it in very everely. That i the great troul;le in tran I lantillg a many of our native tree ; they ar not properly pruned. They ar tran planted a they are taken from th nurnery 01' fore. t. If dead hranche. apr ear, the only rem dy i to ut th m out a . . oon a. di. cov I' d."
OL. H NT: "The ~ merican elm i a vel' beautiful tree and one that never 11a to be prune I of any dead wood. And hy th way, I lo not tbink our a-called ycnmore i any compnri on with the on grown in New Enoland. Our nntiv ,~'cnmOl'e" aft l' they pa a c 1'tain a o' 11 gin to show an un. ightl~' . pr('adin o' of the 11l'anc11e.. "
COL. FORT: "111'. Pre i lent, I would like to peak of the pt'neti al u e of on of tbe tre mentioned by Prof. Akerman thnt orne one her may brinn' it into praeti al u. . I peak of the hlaek wnh":lUt and it r pe11ent power
to in et lif. I wi h to illu trate by givin o' two in tnnce
in my life. When a boy at chool in lIilled o'eville, Ga., a great many flea. W 1'e under the chool hou e, and I recall well bein o nt out in the wood to get bla k walnut leave", to expel th flea and they did it very effectually hy th aroma or . cent that they leave. ow, I will
m('ntion nnot]1C'r in. tnn e. 'l'en or tw lv year. no'o, I
25

was ~raveHng ill a huggy in Habersham County, Georgia,
quite a long distance through the mountains, and we stopped on~ day for lunch. I mentioned to the old gentleman who came out of the cabin the number of flies that had gathered around the cabin, and especially on our lunch. He said to me, 'Do you see that large black walnut tree aero the way If you will get under that tree the flies will not bother you for they never come under the black walnut.' I was very much impressed. We had probably half an hour to spend, and I went under the tree. He assured me that when he wi hed to take a noonday siesta and be rid of flies he w nt under tbe foliage of the black walnut. ow in these days when we are accu ing tbe bou e fly of 0 many things and e pecially of carrying typhoid germ , I would suggest that tbe black walnut be planted in proper places to keep tbem off, and the fleas a well.
PROF. AKER fA : "I would like to add another ob ervation to that ju t made. Tbe hou e that my fatber moved into before I wa born wa 0 bad with flie that be planted out orne black walnut. Tbo e trees were of quite a lal'o'e ize wben I fir t remember, and I al 0 remember tbat ery few flie ever came into tbe btchen on that side of tbe bouse, altbough the kitchen was not screened. A great many peol Ie noticed it and remarked about it."
COL. FORT: "Then that i a confirmation of what I aid, and it i a matter worth a great deal to a boy wbo wi hes to plant a nut. In this connection I wish to state tbat I planted more than balf a century ago a pecan nut, and I am informed by the owner of the tree that it has
26

borne more than tEm barrels. The e as I said came from a nut planted in my lifetime."
MR. WORSHA. i[: "I would like to ask a question about the rhododendron. I regard this as one of our most beautiful ornamental , and would like to a k if it is native of the Piedmont regions of Georgia? I pave never known of any ucces ful efforts to grow it in middle Georgia."
PROF. AKERMAI "I would like some other member to an weI' that."
THE PRESIDE T: "Only in shaded situations. We have one variety (R. p'unctatum) native of this section, but it is very scarce, and that i the only one that I know that is indigenou to this section of Georgia. In the upper part of North and South Carolina they have the large white and the lilac, with a range of color including tint of lavender and lilac. There is a variety that comes from A ia Minor that tands the climate of middle Georgia better than any other, but it is necessary that the soil should have a great deal of humus in it. The roots are very fibrous, and they require a soil with a great deal of nutrition. It tran plants very rapidly. You can move it from one place to another without any trouble. "
THE PRESIDE T: "Our friend Prof. McHatton bas just made a trip to the Pacific Coast, where he has inve tigated many things in the ornamental line. He will now give you a short talk on what he has seen there that is mo t triking in ornamental lines."
27

HORTICULTURE ON THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
By T. II. I IL~'ll'o., Prufc~ 'or uf IIorlil'lIllllre, Ge r~ia State ColleO'e
uf A.;riculture Athcus, GeorO'ia.
lR. JlAlIU.LlK, LADa;.. AND GENTLE.llEN:
1l seem' that they 11<1I'e put mc 011 Lhe prOT<lIn fur a talk uu "llor1iculture ou Lhe Paci1:i Slope." IL would hm'e I een a grcat deal better bad it been "Impre iOIl of We tern Horticullure,' becan e my trip of la t SUillmer wa quite burried and I am ouly goin'" to give you a few imp1'e ions yon migbt ay "'Yestern Impr ion from a
ar Window,' '1ou will likely bear more about tbe Hood riYer ection Ihan tbe tbel.
It mu t be conf ed that I di 1 not ba\'e yery mucb time to study Lhe ornamental plants of the c unlry, but it i' impo . ible that I will be able to ay a few word about tho. e a' we come to the di.fferellt ection .
At a certain tacre in hi devel pment e\'ery young mall ha be n c unselled t go 'Vest and !!TOW up wil h lhe coulllry, aud it 0 hapI ened tbat I wa not an exception to lhi rule. f II' year aO'o Ian 1 was off red me in lhe Gl'alld River Valley at olorad at a moderale price before the irrigation y'lem had been e tabli 'hed, I refu ed to take it up partly because, at that time, the small capilal nece sary wa' n t at hand to g into lho v ntuI'e; and partly becau e it wa my desire to I' turn outh from which p3rt of Ibe c ul11ry I had been ~ll araled for 'ome fh'e or six yeal. 0 lasl SUOlm l' when tho Ex] erimeut Rtatior and ollege or AO'ricullure were 10 meet ill Portluull, and while the ealt Ie Exp ilion wa in progres' Pr ident oule asked me if I would go with him to attend lhe on\'enlion and incidentally 'ce mething of lhe \V t. Preparalion w re gladly made for th~ Irip and a the lime came nearer for starlinO', inlerest in the great Rocky
IOllulain land of tbe nit d lates b came iuten e, for I wa an:~""1ou 10 ,ee the ",Ye t, anxi u to know jld how great a mi take I bad made b' taying uth.
Of com' e lbe fir. t w lei'll impr i n, if we wi,h 10 lake the Ii;;sis ippi a oLh dividulO' line, was tbe zal'k reO'ion.
,Ye were unable '00 rop to look the country vel' carefully, but as
we rode al nO' IDO t of my time wa pent looking out of lhe window. I bad beard a "'reat deal from 6me friend who had been workinO' in the Ozal'ks concerning Ihe p ibiliti of thi e lion an 1 lhe nnmber of tree lbat had been planted, 0 I \,as anxious to see wbelbe1' or no~
28

tile orehanl' lI'ere kelJt in 0'00 1 shape, Al lea t from the window olle eoul,] se (he ehara leI' of 'lbe cOI'er crop" the type of pl'lUling' and lhe geueral care which Ibe rehards reccil' 1. I wa disappoiJlte.l. The Il'.ecs alolJg: the road were u I cullil'aled a' 011' 1I'0uid expecl we'l(,J'll orchanls 10 be, nor lI'erc lhey prune I and' in good shape, The leal'ci', of course, w{'re on the Irc aL thai s ason s) ,if wa: possible to:e the dead tree thl'oug-houl the orcllards wllich !lad uoL b eu rcI'lae d, allll while il would be foolish lo pa.. all opiniun ou Ihe ubjeeL from uell a. limited b el'l'ation, the general api earance of tllis ection would I ad oue 10 lIrink Ibat tbey bad gone ioto it on too exten il'e a cale and tbat a grea.t many of tbe growel bad planted out ju t a little bit more than tbey could well care for, and that theref re, the orchard were running doll'o.
liter leaving lbe Ozark and:Mi olll'i, we went into Kansas, \'ITe alV Ihe \"a t prairies wilh no trees iu si"'!lt w!lalel'er. The COl'll !lau becn buml by tbe h t wind and Ibe landseaj e IVa very fiat, wlbroken, uninlelTupl d and unaltraclil'e.
\'ITe went Ihrou b Ihese tr el ~s 'c<ition alld int olorado, (of COlli e we speak of the e lhinos in a, moment, just a if we were !p.ppiJlg aero the line, like goinO' from outh GeorO'ia into Florida, but il lakes you a day r two t get aero tb e miles and mile of IreeI ~ wa Ie) and Ihe fnrtber you go inlo the Golden We t-of com e I mu t land cOTTeeled on tb e poinl if I am in error-tbe further ))n goo inlo lbe Golden W t tbe po rer it g t. Thl'oll"'h the I raides vf Kansa and on into 010rado. you have all seen lho c pictnres oE Heming'lon wllere h ha 1'11' lIuer and lil:le and C1'imson ,eaf lered I'er Ih(' fac of lIle carlh, and I always lhouglll [bey lI'el'c ol'erclralVn, lhaL till'.\' W('I' 1l0thin1t but the 'lreleh of lile imag'iI1:l1ion, yet it mu t be ('('nf , cd tbat abouL all ne can ee ill tbc land cape happen 10 1J\l the;;e clOts, Ft'orn Itbe lime you leave lbe mfielcl of Kansas ana "'el into Dem'et' it i a catlle country-iL ba to be eallle country, as you cl n t cro a runlling tream for mil and miles.
Habitation. are ne e.. arily cat1er d alld all you see i ao-e bru'11. 'Yhy Delll'et' exi t i a puzzle. Dem-er, a city of near llYO hundred tbou. and I eopl a far !I I call 'ce ha 11 rea n on carth for bl'ing wbere it i . oloraclo Cily is closer to {he mine and cl e to the mountains.
''''e were lold ab ut the grand truck o'ardcns which were all around Dcm'er. We enlere I on the Ea t and left on the WesL but never saw the truck. Thc e \'a t o'at'den might hal'c been to tbe Torlh or outh, I can not ay as to lbat. They claim lbat it is mining wbich ha maae
20

Denver what it is. If that is the case, why has not Colorado City outstretched Den,er, for it is closer to the mines and to the mountains. It would seem from casual observation that Colorado City ought to have been the larger place. There may be some geographical reason for the existence of Denver, but I have not discovered it. As a commercial country for the growing of crops, I can not see why it is where it is.
We then went on into the Roch.--y Mountains. One really never tUlder tands why they were called "Rocky" until he gets there. They are the rockiest things ,that ever were, I presume, and the man who named them named them well. At Canon City the train was met by some boys selling cherries. I well remember the cherries which were excellent, and I have a hazy recollection that some peaches were also offered for sale. At ,this point you could see a small orchard from the train. J ow, mind you, we had h'aveled from the Ozarks into the heart of the lOOckies, and had not passed an ~rchard in all this portion of the West. We were de tined to go ihrouah these mountains and even over them, to reach an elevation vf 11,000 feet and to descend on the other side, before going into the real fruit district.
Everyone, of course, has beard of !the large forests in the West, and one would naturally expect to see verdant covered bills topped by now capped peaks with large trees along the sides, making grand and beautiful scenery. Should one start West with any such picture in the mind's eye, he will be sorely disappointed. A person used to the tree-clad hills of the Alleghany system sees li<ttle beauty in the squatty, battle-scarred trees 'Of the Rocky :Mountains. In fact, the mountains a're so rocky that it i almost impossible for a forest to find a foothold. The scenery is arand without a doubt. It is not as beautiful as the scenes on our own home hills if one wishes to di tinguish between beauty and grandeur.
There is one tree, however, that when going through the Rockies, with which every traveler with even the smallest amount of observation must be impressed, 'and that is the Colorado blue spruce. Ev