2022 Economic benefits of the forest industry in Georgia.

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................. 2 Introduction ......................................................................................... 8 Definition of the Forest Industry in Georgia ........................................... 9 Economic Benefits ............................................................................. 16 Economic Impact of Urban and Community Forestry .......................... 24 Economic Impact by Regional Commission......................................... 25 References ........................................................................................ 28 Appendix ........................................................................................... 29

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2022

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Executive Summary

Georgia's forest industry has many components, which interact with all other sectors of the economy in complex ways. The purposes of this analysis are to: (1) quantify the level of economic activity conducted by the components of the forest industry, (2) estimate economic activity supported in all Georgia sectors by the industry's activities, (3) compare the level of activity in the forest industry with other industries, and (4) quantify the economic activity of forest industry sectors within each of the 12 regional commissions in Georgia.
This report is the latest in a series that began in 2002 and it underwent a significant restructuring in 2003 to reflect the change in industry classification systems from Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) used by data collection agencies (primarily the Georgia Department of Labor) that provide much of the data used in these analyses. Some minor adjustments were made in the 2011 NAICS list to reflect the changes in the new 2012 NAICS code definitions. This year's report reflects two changes based on 2022 NAICS code definitions.
The forest industry components, and the level of economic activity represented by them in 2022, are shown in Table E-1. Economic activity is measured by output (similar to sales revenue), employment, and compensation (defined as wages and salaries including benefits). These measures are traditionally used in this type of analysis.
Table E-1 shows that 57,228 workers were employed in all sectors of the forest industry in 2022. These jobs were paid an annual compensation1 of $4.4 billion and generated an estimated total revenue of nearly $25 billion.
Table E-1: Georgia Forest Industry Economic Activity (2022)

Sector

Output Employment

Forest Management and Logging Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving
Total*
*Totals may not add up due to rounding

$462.1 M $2,208.8 M $2,962.8 M $1,663.9 M
$561.0 M $13,539.1 M
$103.9 M $2,530.1 M
$952.6 M $24,984.3 M

5,281 1,543 6,763 4,386 2,346 20,380
409 11,445 4,675 57,228

Wages & Salaries
$219.1 M $236.2 M $508.7 M $371.8 M $122.2 M $1,987.6 M
$30.6 M $669.8 M $285.1 M $4,431.1 M

The industry's activities bring dollars into the state, which recirculate in a process called the "multiplier effect." The recirculation touches all major industry sectors as goods and services are bought and sold to meet increased demands by businesses and households resulting from the new resources brought into the state by the forest industry.
1 Wages and salaries including benefits

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2022

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The result of the multiplier effect, given by total impacts (which includes the economic activity in Table E-12), is also measured by output, employment, and wages and salaries and is shown in Table E-2. Total economic activity supported by the forest industry in Georgia (including the multiplier effect and forestry-related bioenergy firms) was $42.0 billion in 2022. These activities supported the employment of 140,787 people who earned $9.1 billion in wages and salaries (including benefits).

Table E-2: Total Benefits by Major Industry (2022)

Sector
Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting Mining Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation & Warehousing Information Finance & Insurance Real Estate & Rental Professional, Scientific & Tech Services Management of Companies Administrative & Waste Services Educational Services Health & Social Services Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Accommodation & Food Services Other Services Government & non-NAICS Industries
TOTAL *
*Totals may not add up due to rounding

Output
$924.1 M $46.8 M
$3,712.8 M $152.6 M
$23,276.7 M $2,647.6 M
$837.2 M $1,504.3 M
$969.0 M $1,324.8 M $1,773.5 M $1,035.6 M
$536.4 M $914.5 M
$88.3 M $961.4 M $100.4 M $554.9 M $519.1 M $110.2 M
$41,990.3 M

Employment
10,950 102
2,722 577
52,677 7,346 7,500 9,483 1,398 3,761 3,629 5,769 2,071 8,971 1,280 7,773 1,437 6,494 6,162
685
140,787

Wages and Salaries
$420.7 M $6.0 M
$419.1 M $24.6 M
$4,141.5 M $651.0 M $266.3 M $504.8 M $179.1 M $298.7 M $84.1 M $440.7 M $299.5 M $352.6 M $60.1 M $502.5 M $35.3 M $168.0 M $223.6 M $61.7 M
$9,140.0 M

Another way to examine the impact of forest industry in Georgia is to compare it with the state's other manufacturing sectors. Table E-3 lists 2022 employment and compensation totals for each major manufacturing sector sorted by employment. These data show that the forest industry ranked second in direct employment and first in wages and salaries. Food processing ranked first in employment and third in wages and salaries, and transportation equipment ranked third in employment and second in wages and salaries.

2 The economic activity in Table E-1 contains more than just the direct impacts because some of the inter-industry purchasing (indirect impacts) is necessarily contained in the estimates of economic activity.

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Table E-3: Comparison to Georgia's Other Manufacturing Sectors (2022)

Industry Sectors
Food Processing Forestry Industry Transportation Equipment Textiles Fabricated Metal Products Chemicals Machinery Printing Electrical Equipment and Appliances Computers and Electronic Products Apparel

Employment
66,352 57,228 50,490 43,330 42,041 23,692 21,538 11,700 10,234
5,249 721

Wages & Salaries
$3,670.9 M $4,431.1 M $3,890.2 M $2,293.0 M $2,628.1 M $1,955.9 M $1,563.8 M
$658.7 M $710.6 M $643.3 M $27.1 M

Of particular importance to Georgia's state government is how the forest industry affects its annual budget. This is investigated by estimating the revenues associated with the forest industry's total economic activity and subtracting the costs associated with providing state services to Georgia's households and companies associated with that activity. Revenues include individual and corporate income taxes; sales and use taxes; highway taxes; fees; and miscellaneous revenues. Costs include education; public health, safety, and welfare; highways; administration; and miscellaneous. Table E-4 provides the fiscal impact estimates based on total impacts. The forest industry generated an estimated $807.4 million in revenues for the state budget in 2022. When the costs of providing services to all employees are deducted from these revenues, net annual state revenues were $247.7 million in year 2022.

Table E-4: Fiscal Impact Analysis (2022)3

Annual State Government Revenues Annual State Government Costs Net Annual Revenues

$807.4 M $559.7 M $247.7 M

Table E-5 compares the overall results obtained in each impact analysis conducted from 2012 through 2022. Compared to 2021, the industry's 2022 direct output grew by 1.4 percent; employment increased by 3.3 percent and the industry's wages and salaries increased by 0.7 percent.

3 The Georgia Fiscal Impact Model was originally developed in the 1990s by economists at Georgia Tech. Georgia Tech updates the fiscal impact model each year with newly available demographic and state financial data. In 2017, Georgia Tech did a major update and revision to the model. In addition to adding the newly available demographic and financial data, Georgia Tech rebuilt the model from the ground up and went back to using log linear estimations to forecast revenues rather than the estimation of levels. Georgia Tech feels strongly that this will bring more accurate results to correct for overestimation of expenditures in the previous model. Due to annual revision of the data and equations, comparisons between results from previous versions of the Georgia Fiscal Impact Model may show very different net fiscal impact results for similar sized projects.

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Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*
Output Employment Wages & Salaries

Table E-5: Comparison of Results 2012 to 2022
(Dollars in millions; Employment in persons)

2012
$16,072 47,123 $2,917
6.6% 1.6% -1.9%

2013
$16,564 48,139 $2,938
3.1% 2.2% 0.7%

Forest Industry Direct Economic Impact

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

$16,843 $19,203 $20,794 $21,348 $21,488

48,740 50,385 51,900 53,933 55,089

$3,030 $3,553 $3,741 $3,836 $4,018

Year to Year Percent Change

1.7% 14.0%

8.3%

2.7%

0.7%

1.2%

3.4%

3.0%

3.9%

2.1%

3.1% 17.3%

5.3%

2.5%

4.7%

2019
$21,996 55,562 $3,941
2.4% 0.9% -1.9%

2020
$23,442 54,185 $4,184
6.6% -2.5% 6.2%

2021
$24,627 55,418 $4,399
5.1% 2.3% 5.1%

Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*
Output Employment Wages & Salaries

2012 $27,469 120,260
$6,540
10.0% 1.5% 0.8%

2013 $28,014 127,750
$6,898
2.0% 6.2% 5.5%

2014 $28,674 129,329
$7,119
2.4% 1.2% 3.2%

Total Impacts

2015

2016

2017

$32,154 133,256
$7,860

$35,237 144,537
$8,529

$35,923 147,380
$8,709

Year to Year Percent Change

12.1%

9.6%

1.9%

3.0%

8.5%

2.0%

10.4%

8.5%

2.1%

2018 $36,262 148,414
$9,105
0.9% 0.7% 4.5%

2019 $36,486 141,214
$8,596
0.6% -4.9% -5.6%

2020 $39,060 140,081
$9,091
7.1% -0.8% 5.8%

2021 $41,346 143,936
$9,603
5.9% 2.8% 5.6%

Forest Industry Fiscal Impact

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

State Revenues

$691

$700

$721

$753

$778

$970

$977

State Costs

$358

$360

$370

$393

$433

$873

$867

Net Revenues*

$333

$340

$351

$360

$345

$97

$109

Source: Enterprise Innovation Institute (EI2) impact assessments and Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages

*Output, Wages and Salaries and Revenues are not adjusted for inflation

2019 $929 $822 $107

2020 $706 $523 $183

2021 $774 $537 $238

2022
$24,984 57,228 $4,431
1.4% 3.3% 0.7%
2022 $41,990 140,787
$9,140
1.6% -2.2% -4.8%
2022 $807 $560 $248

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2022

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Impact by Region
Quantifying the economic benefits of the forest industry at the local level is difficult given the limitations in employment and wages and salaries data (non-disclosed data). In previous reports, the approach was to group counties with no disclosed data and report aggregate employment, and compensation. In 2011, a new section was added to the report quantifying the impact of the forest industry in 12 jurisdictions consistent with the state's regional commissions. Figure E-1 shows the map of the 12 regions and counties located within each region.
Figure E-1: Map of Regional Commissions

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Table E-6 shows the impact of the forest industry in terms of output, employment, and earnings in each region.

Table E-6: Forest Industry's Regional Impact (2022)

Regions
Atlanta Regional Commission Central Savannah River Area Coastal Georgia Mountains Heart of Georgia Altamaha Middle Georgia Northeast Georgia Northwest Georgia River Valley Southern Georgia Southwest Georgia Three Rivers Total* *Totals may not add up due to rounding

Output
$7,180.7 M $1,500.2 M $1,273.9 M
$900.3 M $2,023.4 M $1,784.7 M $1,548.9 M $1,963.6 M $1,123.8 M $2,161.1 M $2,181.0 M $1,342.8 M $24,984.3 M

Employment
13,760 3,431 2,517 2,688 5,020 4,064 3,665 4,870 2,335 6,089 5,248 3,540 57,228

Wages & Salaries
$1,273.5 M $266.1 M $225.9 M $159.7 M $358.9 M $316.5 M $274.7 M $348.2 M $199.3 M $383.3 M $386.8 M $238.1 M
$4,431.1 M

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2022

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SECTION 1
Introduction
Georgia's forest industry contains many components and supports a significant proportion of the state's economic activity. This analysis quantifies that activity in terms of economic output, employment, and employee compensation. Economic output is defined as business revenues, and employee compensation is defined as wages and salaries including benefits paid by employers. Additional factors considered include how the manufacturing components in the forest industry compare to other manufacturing sectors, and how the forest industry affects state government costs and revenues.
The first step in this process was to define the limits of what constitutes the "forest industry." This was not a simple task because the borders of one industry overlap those of other industries. How this was done and its results appear in Section 2, which also contains estimates of how much economic activity is occurring in each component of the forest industry.
After the industry was defined and activities quantified, the total economic activity supported by the forest industry was estimated. Total activity is generally referred to as the "multiplier effect." This effect occurs whenever dollars are brought into the state's economy and recirculated before leaking out. Section 3 explains the methodology used to estimate total economic activity and provides perspective on how important these activities are in the overall Georgia economy.
Section 4 quantifies the economic impact of urban and community forestry, a sector that was added beginning with the 2016 report. Section 5 shows the forest industry's output, employment, and compensation in the state's 12 regional commissions.
This report is the latest of a series of reports that began with an analysis of the 2002 impacts, continuing annually to the present analysis. The 2002 analysis is not comparable to the subsequent analyses, however, because of a significant change in the industry classification systems implemented in the 2003 data set. The 2002 analysis was based on the Standard Industry Classification system (SIC), and the later data sets used the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Industry classification changes introduced by the NAICS 2012 code required minor adjustments in the NAICS code selection in the 2011 analysis. The NAICS 2022 code also introduced some classification changes. The new classification was used in this year's analysis.
The 2014 report includes revisions of 2012 and 2013 historical data, which were made as a result of a more objective and efficient methodology of retrieving data from the ES202 database provided by the Georgia Department of Labor.

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SECTION 2
Definition of the Forest Industry in Georgia
The forest industry in Georgia has many diverse components. A general definition would include all service and manufacturing activity related to the growth, harvesting, and use of forest materials that would not exist in Georgia without the presence of extensive forests or forest industries. For example, the papermaking industry would be a part of the forest industry definition, but retail sales of that paper would not. States without commercial forests still sell paper within their borders.
The forest industry definition used in this analysis includes these broad sectors: forest management, logging, wood products (such as dimension lumber), paper products, manufactured housing, furniture, other miscellaneous wood products, and woodworking and papermaking machinery. The 2022 North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) was used to define the components of the forest industry. The NAICS codes and descriptions comprising the detailed definition appear in Table 2-1.

Grouping
Forest Management and Logging

Table 2-1: Forest Industry Definition Components: NAICS4
Industry Description Timber Tract Operations Forest Nursery and Gathering Forest Products Logging Support Activities for Forestry

Bioenergy

Bioenergy Derived from Forest Products

Lumber and Wood Preservation
Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted and Engineered Wood

Sawmills Wood Preservation Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member Manufacturing & Truss Manufacturing
Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing

Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing
Pulp and Paper Products

Manufactured Home, Mobile Home, Manufacturing Prefabricated Wood Building Manufacturing Pulp Mills Paper, Except Newsprint, Mills & Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Folding Paperboard Box Manufacturing Other Paperboard Container Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing

NAICS CODE
113110
113210 113310 115310 221112 221117 321113 321999 321113 321114 321211 321212 321215
321219
321991 321992 322110 322120 322130 322211 322212 322219 322220

4 The NAICS 2022 revision introduced the following changes: NAICS codes 321213 & 321214 were replaced by 321215. NAICS codes 322121 & 322122 were replaced by 322120.

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Stationery Product Manufacturing Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing

All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery
Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors

Sawmill, Woodworking, and Paper Machinery Manufacturing
Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Non-upholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Custom Architectural Woodwork and Millwork Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Re-sawing Lumber, and Planing Other Millwork, Including Flooring Burial Casket Manufacturing

All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing

Containers, Showcases,

Wood Container and Pallet Manufacturing

Partitions and Shelving

Showcases, Partitions, Shelving, and Lockers

Source: North American Industrial Classification System; Georgia Tech's Enterprise Innovation Institute

322230 322291 322299
333243
337110 337121 337122 337127 337211 337212 321911 321912 321918 339995 321999 321920 337215

As in previous years, this analysis includes all firms producing products related to bioenergy that are derived from forest products. This relatively new industry sector reported direct employment of 1,543 in 2022.

The level of economic activity in each forest industry component is measured by output, employment, and wages and salaries. Measures for 2022 appear in Table 2-2, which aggregates the numerous categories from Table 2-1 to nine larger groups5. This table shows that total employment in all forest industry sectors was 57,228 and these jobs earned annual compensation (total wages and salaries including benefits) of $4.4 billion from estimated total business revenues of $25.0 billion.

Within the industry, Georgia companies have representatives in each of the sectors and subsectors down to the NAICS six-digit level. Based on this aggregation scheme, the highest employment is seen in Pulp and Paper with 20,380 workers, followed by Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors with 11,445 employees and Lumber and Wood Preservation with 6,763 employees.

Compensation, like employment, is dominated by Pulp and Paper at nearly $2 billion (45 percent of the total), followed distantly by Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Archwork & Millwork at $669.8 million (15 percent of total) and Lumber and Wood Preservation at $508.7 million (11 percent of total).

5 There were two changes to the breakdown of categories that were introduced in the 2012 report: Bioenergy is shown as a separate sector and Windows and Doors sector is combined with Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Archwork & Millwork, Windows and Doors.

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The largest outputs are produced by Pulp and Paper ($13.5 billion or 54 percent), followed by Lumber and Wood Preservation ($3.0 billion or 12 percent) and Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Archwork & Millwork ($2.5 billion or 10 percent).

Table 2-2: Georgia Forest Industry Economic Activity (2022)

Sector
Forest Management and Logging
Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving
Total*
*Totals may not add up due to rounding

Output Employment

$462.1 M
$2,208.8 M $2,962.8 M $1,663.9 M
$561.0 M $13,539.1 M
$103.9 M

5,281
1,543 6,763 4,386 2,346 20,380
409

Wages & Salaries
$219.1 M
$236.2 M $508.7 M $371.8 M $122.2 M $1,987.6 M
$30.6 M

$2,530.1 M

11,445 $669.8 M

$952.6 M
$24,984.3 M

4,675 $285.1 M
57,228 $4,431.1 M

Table 2-3 provides a comparison of the forest industry activity from 2013 through 2022. Three measures are included in the comparison: output, employment, and compensation. Of the three metrics, industry's employment, increased by 3.3 percent (1,810 jobs), showed the highest growth in 2022. Wages and salaries and output (an estimate of the firms' revenues) grew 0.7 percent and 1.5 percent, respectively.

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Table 2-3: Forest Industry Activity 2013 - 2022 Comparison

Sector
Forest Management and Logging
Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products
Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery
Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving Total**

2013* $580 $782
$1,272
$1,010

Output (Millions of Dollars)

2014

2015

2016

$582 $688 $1,307

$605 $439 $1,674

$499 $981 $1,690

$1,071 $1,362 $1,436

$174

$206

$312

$380

$10,752 $111
$1,249

$10,936 $118
$1,301

$12,461 $126
$1,494

$13,170 $104
$1,710

$624

$634

$732

$824

$16,564 $16,843 $19,205 $20,794

2017 $521 $869 $1,629
$1,499

2018 $504 $590 $1,779
$1,770

2019 $442 $307 $2,513
$1,339

2020 $474 $1,432 $2,669
$1,512

2021 $472 $2,431 $2,384
$1,606

$432 $605

$601

$13,214 $13,110 $13,650

$101 $109

$112

$461 $13,637
$114

$533 $13,751
$110

$2,182 $2,054 $2,079 $2,096 $2,272

$901 $966

$952 $1,047 $1,067

$21,348 $21,487 $21,996 $23,442 $24,627

2022 $462 $2,209 $2,963 $1,664
$561
$13,539 $104
$2,530 $953
$24,985

Sector
Forest Management and Logging
Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving
Total**

2013* 5,714
300 5,177 3,651
1,252 18,754
506 8,434
4,135 47,941

2014 5,720
673 5,242
3,848

Employment

2015

2016

5,820

5,920

693 5,527

916 5,520

3,947

4,108

1,376 18,538
522 8,676
4,145 48,740

1,618 18,919
526 9,008
4,326 50,385

1,836 18,983
422
9,646 4,549 51,900

2017 5,738
894 5,662 4,131
2,138 19,252
405 11,242 4,471 53,933

2018 5,609
880 5,806 4,687
2,594 19,572
436 10,585 4,920 55,089

2019 5,507
755 6,943 4,100
2,680 19,698
438 10,637 4,804 55,562

2020 5,459
845 6,707 4,216
2,444 19,310
417 10,108 4,679 54,185

2021 5,384 1370 6,486 4,472
2,819 19,073
405 10,717 4,692 55,418

2022 5,281 1,543 6,763 4,386
2,346 20,380
409 11,445 4,675 57,228

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2022

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Wages and Salaries (Millions of Dollars)

Sector Forest Management and Logging

2013* $251

2014 $255

Bioenergy

$39

$45

Lumber and Wood Preservation

$259

$267

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products

$238 $51 $1,544

$253 $56 $1,575

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

$36

$38

Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork

$344

$362

Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$176

$179

Total**

$2,938 $3,030

*Revised data

**Totals may not add up due to rounding

***Output and Wages and Salaries are not adjusted for inflation

2015 $345 $49 $342 $253
$67 $1,796
$35 $449
$218 $3,553

2016 $294 $80 $318 $242
$71 $2,023
$28
$466
$219 $3,741

2017 $312 $147 $348 $250
$92 $1,872
$28
$547
$240 $3,836

2018 $332 $102 $396 $428
$123 $1,776
$28
$552
$282 $4,019

2019 $284 $62 $500 $294
$121 $1,813
$29
$560
$279 $3,941

2020 $356 $158 $517 $357
$108 $1,841
$28
$547
$271 $4,183

2021 $360 $263 $500 $389
$127 $1,857
$28
$597
$279 $4,400

2022 $219 $236 $509 $372
$122 $1,988
$30
$670
$285 $4,431

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Figures 2-1 through 2-3 show output, employment, and compensation changes for each forest industry sector from 2013 through 2022.

Figure 2-1: Forest Industry Economic Activity: Output by Sector (Dollars in Millions)

2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

$0

$5,000

$10,000

Forest Management and Logging Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Pulp and Paper Products Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$15,000

$20,000

Lumber and Wood Preservation Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Bioenergy (Began tracking in 2012)

$25,000

Figure 2-2: Forest Industry Economic Activity: Employment by Sector

2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

Forest Management and Logging Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Pulp and Paper Products Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

Lumber and Wood Preservation Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Bioenergy (Began Tracking in 2012)

60,000

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Figure 2-3: Forest Industry Economic Activity: Wages & Salaries by Sector (Dollars in Millions)

2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

$0

$500

$1,000 $1,500 $2,000

Forest Management and Logging Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Pulp and Paper Products Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$2,500 $3,000 $3,500 $4,000
Lumber and Wood Preservation Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Bioenergy (Began tracking in 2012)

$4,500

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2022

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SECTION 3
Economic Benefits

Economic impact analyses have used basically the same methods for more than 40 years. The tools, although greatly improved in quality and ease of use, are also similar to those in longtime use.
The conceptual basis for estimating economic benefits of an industry is that resources brought into Georgia's economy by the industry raise the level of economic activity. This additional economic activity, commonly called the multiplier effect, supports increased employment, income, and business revenues. These increases are estimated from an input-output (I/O) model.
The purpose of an I/O model is to estimate the flows of resources among various economic sectors by using the "recipes" followed by producers. These recipes provide the type and amount of goods and services purchased during production, which are produced by other firms. For example, a pulp mill purchases wood from a logger. The logger, in turn, purchases equipment and fuel from firms, that, in turn, purchase their raw materials from still other firms. Combined with estimates of what percentages of these items are supplied by Georgia firms, the recipes can be used to estimate how much of each item is purchased from Georgia firms and how much is purchased from outside Georgia.
Purchases from sources outside the Georgia economy are known as "leakage," and have an impact on the multiplier effect; the higher the leakage, the lower the multiplier effect.
The impact is calculated with IMPLAN I/O model. IMPLAN is a nationally recognized economic model that uses Georgia data to tailor its estimates to the state economy.6
The analytical process includes three steps following the definition of the industry sectors, as described in the previous section. The first step is to quantify employment, income, and output associated with each of the defined sectors. Several data sources were used to accomplish this.
The best source for employment and wages was the employment security data collected and maintained by the Georgia Department of Labor. Commonly called ES202 data or, more recently CEW (covered employment and wages) data, it has the advantage of being current thus allowing an estimate of the economic benefits occurring in 2022. It has the drawback, however, of not including single proprietorships (because they have no employees), and it also does not include employees not covered by unemployment insurance, such as some governmental employees.
6 One area of uncertainty that persists, however, is the level of benefits provided to workers in each of the forest industry sectors. The available wage and salary information does not include benefits, but the I/O model bases its analysis on wages and salaries that include benefits. An average of 28.9 percent was assumed for this analysis, based on the latest available U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics compensation cost data for all civilian employment.

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The second task was to divide the forest industry output into two categories; (1) output sold to another Georgia firm and (2) output sold outside the state. Another way to look at this is to recall that the multiplier effect starts from dollars brought into the Georgia economy. Output not sold to another Georgia firm is, by definition, bringing in resources from outside the Georgia economy, and it is these "exports" that fuel the multiplier effect. Forest industry output used as an input to another Georgia forest-industry firm is already accounted for in the multiplier effect; counting it again would result in double-counting and would imply a higher-than-observed level of production from the input-supplying industry. For example, if the multiplier effect was calculated for the paper industry, it will include some of the activities of Georgia logging operations. If the entire output from logging was then added to the multiplier effect for paper, it would double-count the logging output that went to the paper industry. The I/O model is used iteratively for these estimations, with the resulting estimates called "direct impacts." Direct impacts are measures of the output from, in this case, forest sectors that are exported to entities outside Georgia (these are considered exports even if they only go to Alabama).
The third step was to use the I/O model to estimate total impacts, which were divided into three components. The first is the direct impacts - the value of resources brought into the state; the second is indirect impacts - impacts generated from recirculation of resources% resulting from forest industry purchases from other industries); and the third is induced impacts, which result from activities in the household sector. Adding direct, indirect, and induced impacts yields total impacts.
Three measures of economic impacts are provided. The first, output, is a measure of how much each industry or sector produced in 2022 roughly equivalent to a measure of sales revenue. The second measure is compensation, including all household income and employee benefits. The third measure is employment, or number of jobs, in each forestry-related industry.
Findings
Table 3-1 provides estimates of direct impacts for each of the forest industry sectors contained in the industry's definition. These differ from the level of economic activity shown in Tables 2-2 because Table 3-1 eliminates production consumed by another sector. This eliminates the double counting of production in the multiplier effect of the consuming-industry sector. For example, Table 3-1 does not contain much output from the forest management and logging industry segment because most of it appears to be consumed by the various Georgia wood-using industries such as paper and lumber. Logging operations are included primarily as part of the multiplier effect by these consuming industries, not as a direct impact separate from them.
Another way to interpret Table 3-1 is to consider the direct impacts to be estimates of the exports of forest-related industries. This exporting (to anyone outside Georgia) brings resources into the state to support the increase in economic activity estimated by the multiplier effect.
Pulp and paper products, which includes all pulping and paper-making activities, continued to be the largest industry segment in 2022 representing 38 percent of the total industry in

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employment and 56 percent of the entire industry output. The entire forest industry (totals in Table 3-1) exported (to a non-Georgia destination) output valued at $22.9 billion in 2022. These activities supported 50,640 jobs with $4.0 billion in wages and salaries.

Table 3-1: Direct Impacts by Forest Industry Sector (2022)

Sector
Forest Management and Logging Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving
Total*
*Totals may not add up due to rounding

Output Employment

$196.2 M $2,190.5 M $2,184.6 M $1,518.3 M
$551.1 M
$12,790.4 M $103.2 M
$2,459.0 M
$911.1 M
$22,904.4 M

2,464 1,531 4,950 3,997
2,304
19,336 406
11,187
4,465
50,640

Wages and Salaries
$101.0 M $234.2 M $372.0 M $337.3 M
$120.1 M
$1,881.2 M $30.3 M
$653.8 M
$272.1 M
$4,002.1 M

In addition to direct employment, Georgia's forest industry generates economic activity and supports jobs in other sectors of the state's economy. The total impact is estimated by applying the IMPLAN input-output (I/O) model to the direct impacts (provided in Table 3-1.)
Table 3-2 summarizes the impacts by aggregated industry codes (used in the I/O model), which are roughly equivalent to two-digit NAICS codes. As shown, all industries in Georgia are impacted by the activity of the forest industry. Manufacturing continued to see the biggest benefits, with $23.3 billion in output, 52,677 employees, and $4.1 billion in wages and salaries in 2022. A distant second and third in output were Utilities and Wholesale Trade with $3.7 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively. Wholesale Trade and Transportation & Warehousing were second and third in wages and salaries with $651.0 million and $504.8 million, respectively. Agriculture, Forestry, Fish and Hunting was second in employment with 10,950 employees, followed by Transportation & Warehousing with 9,483 employees.
The overall economic activity supported by Georgia's forest industry totaled $42.0 billion. This activity supported the employment of 140,787 people who earned $9.1 billion in 2022.

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Table 3-2: Total Benefits by Major Industry (2022)

Sector
Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting Mining Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation & Warehousing Information Finance & Insurance Real Estate & Rental Professional, Scientific & Tech Services Management of Companies Administrative & Waste Services Educational Services Health & Social Services Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Accommodation & Food Services Other Services Government & non-NAICS Industries TOTAL * *Totals may not add up due to rounding

Output
$924.1 M $46.8 M
$3,712.8 M $152.6 M
$23,276.7 M $2,647.6 M
$837.2 M $1,504.3 M
$969.0 M $1,324.8 M $1,773.5 M $1,035.6 M
$536.4 M $914.5 M
$88.3 M $961.4 M $100.4 M $554.9 M $519.1 M $110.2 M $41,990.3 M

Employment
10,950 102
2,722 577
52,677 7,346 7,500 9,483 1,398 3,761 3,629 5,769 2,071 8,971 1,280 7,773 1,437 6,494 6,162
685 140,787

Wages and Salaries
$420.7 M $6.0 M
$419.1 M $24.6 M
$4,141.5 M $651.0 M $266.3 M $504.8 M $179.1 M $298.7 M $84.1 M $440.7 M $299.5 M $352.6 M $60.1 M $502.5 M $35.3 M $168.0 M $223.6 M $61.7 M
$9,140.0 M

Table 3-3 extracts information from several previous tables to compare the overall results obtained in each impact analysis conducted from 2012 through 2022.
As Table 3-3 shows, the trend of positive growth continued in the 2012 2017 period among all metrics, with the exception of wages and salaries that showed a slight decline of 2 percent from 2011 to 2012. Direct and total output impacts showed the highest growth at 14 and 12 percent, respectively, during the 2014 2015 period. Compensation also showed substantial growth during this time period increasing by 17 percent for direct impact and 10 percent for total impacts. Employment from direct impacts showed the highest level of growth during the 2016 2017 period with 4 percent. Employment from total impacts grew by 9 percent from 2015 to 2016.
While the industry continued to grow in year 2018, the rate of growth in direct and total output of 1 percent, which is equivalent to sales, was smaller than in previous years. The slower rate of growth may indicate a lower level of activity within sectors of the forest industry. Wages and salaries from direct and total impacts increased at higher rates, nearly 5 percent respectively. Employment grew 2 percent from direct impact and 1 percent from total impact.

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The trend of direct output and employment growth continued in 2019. Output grew by 2.4 percent while employment increased by nearly 1 percent. Direct wages and salaries decreased by nearly 2 percent. A decrease in earnings was reported by other sectors included in this study's comparative analysis.
The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 impacted employment and activity of every sector of the economy. Forestry's direct and total employment decreased by 2.5 and 0.8 percent respectively. Direct output and earnings increased by 6.6 and 6.2 percent respectively, a reflection of the spike in demand for lumber and other forest industry related products.
The industry recovered in 2021 showing growth in all three metrics. Direct output and wages and salaries increased by 5.1 percent respectively. Direct employment increased by 2.3 percent.
In 2022, the growth trend continued, albeit at a slower pace. Direct employment increased by 3.3 percent. Direct wages and salaries increased by 0.7 percent and direct output increased by 1.4 percent.
The annual percent-change information in Table 3-3 is also presented graphically in figures 3-1 and 3-2. Figure 3-1 presents a graph of output, employment and compensation of direct activity, while Figure 3-2 presents these metrics for the total economic impact. It should be noted that these data are in nominal dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation.

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Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*
Output Employment Wages & Salaries

Table 3-3: Comparison of Results 2012 to 2022
(Dollars in millions; Employment in persons)

2012
$16,072 47,123 $2,917
6.6% 1.6% -1.9%

2013
$16,564 48,139 $2,938
3.1% 2.2% 0.7%

Forest Industry Direct Economic Impact

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

$16,843 $19,203 $20,794 $21,348 $21,488

48,740 50,385 51,900 53,933 55,089

$3,030 $3,553 $3,741 $3,836 $4,018

Year to Year Percent Change

1.7% 14.0%

8.3%

2.7%

0.7%

1.2%

3.4%

3.0%

3.9%

2.1%

3.1% 17.3%

5.3%

2.5%

4.7%

2019
$21,996 55,562 $3,941
2.4% 0.9% -1.9%

2020
$23,442 54,185 $4,184
6.6% -2.5% 6.2%

2021
$24,627 55,418 $4,399
5.1% 2.3% 5.1%

Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*
Output Employment Wages & Salaries

2012 $27,469 120,260
$6,540
10.0% 1.5% 0.8%

2013 $28,014 127,750
$6,898
2.0% 6.2% 5.5%

2014 $28,674 129,329
$7,119
2.4% 1.2% 3.2%

Total Impacts

2015

2016

2017

$32,154 133,256
$7,860

$35,237 144,537
$8,529

$35,923 147,380
$8,709

Year to Year Percent Change

12.1%

9.6%

1.9%

3.0%

8.5%

2.0%

10.4%

8.5%

2.1%

2018 $36,262 148,414
$9,105
0.9% 0.7% 4.5%

2019 $36,486 141,214
$8,596
0.6% -4.9% -5.6%

2020 $39,060 140,081
$9,091
7.1% -0.8% 5.8%

2021 $41,346 143,936
$9,603
5.9% 2.8% 5.6%

Forest Industry Fiscal Impact

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

State Revenues

$691

$700

$721

$753

$778

$970

$977

State Costs

$358

$360

$370

$393

$433

$873

$867

Net Revenues*

$333

$340

$351

$360

$345

$97

$109

Source: Enterprise Innovation Institute (EI2) impact assessments and Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages

*Output, Wages and Salaries and Revenues are not adjusted for inflation

2019 $929 $822 $107

2020 $706 $523 $183

2021 $774 $537 $238

2022
$24,984 57,228 $4,431
1.4% 3.3% 0.7%
2022 $41,990 140,787
$9,140
1.6% -2.2% -4.8%
2022 $807 $560 $248

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Percent Change

Figure 3-1: Annual Percent Change in Direct Economic

20.00%

Activity

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

-5.00%

Output

Employment

Wages & Salaries

Figure 3-2: Annual Percent Change in Total Economic Activity

14.00% 12.00% 10.00%
8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% -2.00% -4.00% -6.00% -8.00%

2012

2013

2014 2015 Output

2016 2017 2018 Employment

2019 2020 2021 Wages & Salaries

2022

Percent Change

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Comparison of the Forest Industry with Other Manufacturing Sectors
It is difficult to appreciate the significance of the impacts generated by the forest industry without some basis of comparison. Table 3-4 compares the forest industry with other manufacturing industries, showing the forest industry ranks second in employment and first in wages and salaries for 2022.

Table 3-4: Comparison to Georgia's Other Manufacturing Sectors (2022)

Industry Sectors
Food Processing Forestry Industry Transportation Equipment Textiles Fabricated Metal Products Chemicals Machinery Printing Electrical Equipment and Appliances Computers and Electronic Products Apparel

Employment
66,352 57,228 50,490 43,330 42,041 23,692 21,538 11,700 10,234
5,249 721

Wages & Salaries
$3,670.9 M $4,431.1 M $2,293.0 M $3,890.2 M $2,628.1 M $1,563.8 M $1,955.9 M
$658.7 M $710.6 M $643.3 M
$27.1 M

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SECTION 4
Economic Impact of Urban and Community Forestry

Urban and community forestry7 provides significant benefits to communities around the state. This study quantifies the sector's economic impact in the state of Georgia.

For the purposes of this study, urban and community forestry includes these sectors:

NAICS Code
111421 541320 561730 924120 925120

Industry Description
Nursery and Tree Production Landscape Architectural Services Landscaping Services Administration of Conservation programs Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development

Using data provided by the Georgia Department of Labor,8 it was determined that urban and community forestry employed 34,579 people in year 2022 who earned $1.6 billion in wages and salaries and generated $3.7 billion in economic activity. The spending by these companies and their employees generated additional activity in other sectors of the state's economy. Overall, urban and community forestry companies in 2022 created and supported over 52,800 jobs with wages and salaries of $2.6 billion and generated $7.0 billion of economic activity.

Table 4-1: Economic Impact of Urban and Community Forestry: 2020

Direct Indirect and Induced

Total

Employment Wages & Salaries

34,579 $1,621.2 M

18,233 $946.3 M

52,812 $2,567.5 M

Output

$3,664.6 M

$3,406.8 M

$7,071.4 M

The impact values of urban and community forestry are separate values from the impact of forest industry and are not included in the charts and tables shown in other sections of this report.

7 Urban and Community Forestry can be defined as the planning, establishment, protection, maintenance and management of trees and associated plants, individually through arboricultural practices, in small groups, or under forest conditions (open spaces, greenbelts, roadside screens, parks, woodlands, curb areas, and residential developments) within cities, their suburbs, and towns for their economic, environmental, physiological, sociological and psychological public health benefits (developed from the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978, as amended through 2008).
8 Source: Georgia Department of Labor, ES202 data

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Section 5
Economic Impact by Regional Commission
Regional Economies
Economies are interwoven in a complex web. In general, however, a local economy's health depends on the inflow and outflow of resources. Economic base theory calls economic sectors responsible for bringing resources in "basic" or "traded" sectors. The resources that are brought in are then (at least partially) recirculated within the local economy to support the "non-basic" sectors. For example, a sawmill will generally sell its products to builders or lumber supply houses outside the local economy. The revenue it receives from these sales is then used to purchase logs from, perhaps, a local logging firm. It also pays its employees who spend their wages in local restaurants, grocery stores, and the like. As the basic sector grows or declines, so does the non-basic sector.
Forest industry components are very much part of Georgia's basic industry sector, with products sold worldwide. As such, it is one of the key sources of funds flowing into many local Georgia economies. Where the local economy has many sources of such flows, the growth or decline of any specific sector, such as the forest industry, may not have significant effects. However, in those communities where the forest industry is a large proportion of the local basic industry, all economic support activities, such as retail, are likewise generally dependent.
Approach
Employment and income data limitations at the county level make it difficult to quantify the local economic impact of the forest industry. Instead, this report shows the forest industry's impact on Georgia's 12 regional commissions. Table 5-1 shows a list of the regional commissions and their respective counties.

Regions Northwest Georgia Georgia Mountains ATL Regional Commission Three Rivers Northeast Georgia Middle Georgia Central Savannah River Area

Table 5-1: Regional Commissions
Counties
Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Dade, Fannin, Floyd, Gilmer, Gordon, Haralson, Murray, Paulding, Pickens, Polk, Walker, Whitfield
Banks, Dawson, Forsyth, Franklin, Habersham, Hall, Hart, Lumpkin, Rabun, Stephens, Towns, Union, White
Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Rockdale Butts, Carroll, Coweta, Heard, Lamar, Meriwether, Pike, Spalding, Troup, Upson Barrow, Clarke, Elbert, Greene, Jackson, Jasper, Madison, Morgan, Newton, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Walton Baldwin, Bibb, Crawford, Houston, Jones, Monroe, Peach, Pulaski, Putnam, Twiggs, Wilkinson
Burke, Columbia, Glascock, Hancock, Jefferson, Jenkins, Lincoln, McDuffie, Richmond, Taliaferro, Warren, Washington, Wilkes

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River Valley Heart of Georgia Altamaha

Chattahoochee, Clay, Crisp, Dooly, Harris, Macon, Marion, Muscogee, Quitman, Randolph, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taylor, Webster
Appling, Bleckley, Candler, Dodge, Emanuel, Evans, Jeff Davis, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Tattnall, Telfair, Toombs, Treutlen, Wayne, Wheeler, Wilcox

Southwest Georgia

Baker, Calhoun, Colquitt, Decatur, Dougherty, Early, Grady, Lee, Miller, Mitchell, Seminole, Terrell, Thomas, Worth

Southern Georgia

Atkinson, Bacon, Ben Hill, Berrien, Brantley, Brooks, Charlton, Clinch, Coffee, Cook, Echols, Irwin, Lanier, Lowndes, Pierce, Tift, Turner, Ware

Coastal

Bryan, Bulloch, Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn, Liberty, Long, McIntosh, Screven

Source: Georgia Department of Community Affairs

Figure 5-1: Map of Regional Commissions

This analysis examines the proportion of each region's output, employment, and compensation (as defined by wages and salaries) indicated by the ES202 data that is attributable

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directly to forest industries. These figures were calculated using 6-digit NAICS level data and should be considered as approximate estimates. Table 5-2 shows that as in the previous years, the Atlanta Regional Commission, Southern Georgia and the Heart of Georgia Altamaha are the top three regions with the largest employment in the forest industry. See Figures A-1 through A-3 in the Appendix for maps showing each region's output, employment, and wages and salaries.

Table 5-2: Forest Industry's Regional Impact (2022)

Regions

Output

Atlanta Regional Commission

$7,180.7 M

Central Savannah River Area

$1,500.2 M

Coastal

$1,273.9 M

Georgia Mountains

$900.3 M

Heart of Georgia Altamaha

$2,023.4 M

Middle Georgia

$1,784.7 M

Northeast Georgia

$1,548.9 M

Northwest Georgia

$1,963.6 M

River Valley

$1,123.8 M

Southern Georgia

$2,161.1 M

Southwest Georgia

$2,181.0 M

Three Rivers

$1,342.8 M

Total*

$24,984.3 M

*Totals may not add up due to rounding

Employment Wages & Salaries

13,760 3,431 2,517 2,688 5,020 4,064 3,665 4,870 2,335 6,089 5,248 3,540 57,228

$1,273.5 M $266.1 M $225.9 M $159.7 M $358.9 M $316.5 M $274.7 M $348.2 M $199.3 M $383.3 M $386.8 M $238.1 M
$4,431.1 M

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References
Bureau of Economic Analysis Input-Output Sectors as contained in "IMPLAN Pro: Data Guide," IMPLAN Group, Inc., 2022.
Georgia Department of Labor, ES202 Wage and Employment Data: 2022.
North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS): http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naicstab.htm
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employer Costs for Employee Compensation"

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Appendix
Figure A-1: Regional Forest Industry Employment: 2022

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Figure A-2: Regional Forest Industry Wages and Salaries: 2022

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Figure A-3: Regional Forest Industry Output: 2022

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