Oral history interview of Harry H. Hightower

Collection:: Veterans History Project: Oral History Interviews
Title:: Oral history interview of Harry H. Hightower
Creator:: Wallace, Fredrick C.
Hightower, Harry H., 1913-2008
Date of Original:: 2004-12-02
Subject:: M7 Howitzer
Post-traumatic stress disorder
World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Patton, George S. (George Smith), 1885-1945
University of Georgia
Virginia Military Institute
United States. Army. Field Artillery Battalion, 355th
United States. Army. Infantry Division, 76th
United States. Army. Division, 5th
United States. Army. Infantry Division, 5th
United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 85th
105mm Howitzers
Location:: Czech Republic, Elbe River, 50.0319222, 15.1943499
France, Camp Lucky Strike
France, Le Havre, 49.4938, 0.10767
Germany, Elbe River, 52.4344639, 11.6813919
Germany, Kassel, 51.3154546, 9.4924096
United Kingdom, England, Bournemouth, 50.7194784, -1.8767712
United Kingdom, England, Dorest, Weymouth
United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018
United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383
United States, Maryland, Anne Arundel County, Fort Meade, 39.10815, -76.74323
United States, Massachusetts, Bristol County, Taunton, 41.9001, -71.08977
United States, Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston, 42.35843, -71.05977
United States, Michigan, Calhoun County, Battle Creek, 42.3173, -85.17816
United States, Michigan, Jackson County, Jackson, 42.24587, -84.40135
United States, Oklahoma, Comanche County, Lawton, Fort Sill, 34.6809319, -98.5708846797856
United States, Pennsylvania, Indiantown Gap Military Reservation
United States, Virginia, Caroline County, Fort A.P. Hill, 38.07445, -77.3259
United States, Wisconsin, Monroe County, Town of Lafayette, Fort McCoy, 44.03907, -90.67662
Medium:: video recordings (physical artifacts)
mini-dv
Type:: Moving Image
Format:: video/quicktime
Description:: In this interview, Harry Hightower recalls his military experience during World War II. He describes growing up in Atlanta, attending Virginia Military Institute, and obtaining a commission in the United States Army in 1936. He trained for artillery at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, and was assigned to the 76th Infantry Division. He describes in great detail the closing days of the Battle of the Bulge, the losses his unit incurred, and how he helped a young soldier overcome the effects of being the only one of his platoon to survive a German attack. Hightower also personally handled the surrender of a group of 2,500 German soldiers to his unit of 80 American soldiers. His unit was scheduled to go to Japan but the war ended there before they were transferred.
Harry Hightower was an Army officer in Europe during WWII.
HARRY HIGHTOWER VETERANS HISTORY PROJECT ATLANTA HISTORY CENTER Interview Date: December 2, 2004 Interviewer: Frederick Wallace Transcribed by: Stephanie McKinnell Tape 1 Side A FREDERICK WALLACE: Today is Thursday, December 2, 2004. This is the beginning of an interview with Mr. Harry Hightower. Mr. Hightower is a veteran of World War II where he served in the U.S. Army in the artillery from February 1942 to March 1946. This interview is being conducted at the Atlanta History Center in Atlanta, Georgia. My name is Frederick Wallace; I am the interviewer. Mr. Hightower, as I explained, this is your story, and we want you to begin by telling us where you were born and where you went to school, why and when you entered the military service. Then take us from that point on to your various duty stations all the way through your assignments to your date of separation. This is your story, Mr. Hightower, you begin, please. HARRY HIGHTOWER: I was born on Hightower Road in Fulton County, just outside of Atlanta, Georgia, March 8,1912.We lived there until I was about, it was a farm that my father had. We lived there until I was about ten years old when we moved out, into Atlanta out on Peachtree Road. I went to school, started school at Lee Street in West End, transferred to Peeple's Street in West End, and then transferred to Spring Street in Atlanta and then to E. Rivers School at Peachtree Creek where I finished grammar school. Then I went to Fulton High School for four years. Fulton High School was going to be moved over to North Peachtree Road, north of where we lived. Friends of mine talked me into going to Boys' High School for one year, and I did, thinking I'd get a scholarship to Georgia, football scholarship to Georgia, which I did. But my father had a dim view of me going to Georgia, and he said that I should go to VMI because the discipline there would do me good. My brother was there, and he was not [doing?] well, so I went along with what he suggested. Because in those days, you didn't do otherwise. FW: VMI is…? HH: Military school, Virginia Military Institute. So I went there, and I matriculated in 1932, and graduated in 1936 with an AB degree. I didn't go to any graduate school but came home. I was supposed to go into the Marine Corps as a lieutenant, but my eyes, they didn't think my eyes were good enough. So they rejected me. But I still had a commission in the army, and I went into the reserves and stayed in the reserves until World War II broke out, whereupon I was called in. I was in Jackson, Michigan, at the time and was inducted into the army at a fort in Battlecreek, Michigan. From there went on to Fort Sill and took a course in, basic course in artillery. After we finished that course, they put me on an advanced options course, and I finished that. About that time, the 76th Infantry Division was being formed at Fort Meade, Maryland, and friends of mine were going into it and asked me if I'd like to be a part of the cadre, and I said yes I would. So I was sent to Fort Meade, Maryland, and joined the 76th Infantry Division in the divisional artillery, 355th Field Artillery Battalion which was a 105 battery, battalion. We had 105 howitzers. I remained in that battalion throughout my whole career. During that time, I was promoted eventually to battery commander of A battery, B battery, C battery, headquarters battery, and finally after we were in combat for about two months, I was made supply officer, S-4, and went on the staff of the battalion commander. FW: Can I stop here for a minute? HH: Yeah. FW: Where did you leave from the United States to go _? HH: Oh, before we left the United States, we were transferred from Fort, well, I left out… During the time I was in training, we trained troops. We started out at Fort Meade, Maryland, and then we were sent up to Indiantown Gap for about six weeks thinking we were going overseas. But instead they took all the enlisted men, below the sergeant, below the grade of staff sergeant and sent them as replacements for Africa, the African campaign. Then we went back to Fort Meade and took over some more troops, trained them, and went down to AP [?] Hill, Virginia, where we thought we were going overseas from there. But there again, they took our troops below the grade of staff sergeant and sent us to Camp McCoy, Wisconsin, with a third group of soldiers, and we trained them. During that time, I was, as I said, and the reason they changed it around was that when we went to Indiantown Gap, they picked my battery to undergo the army ground forces test. Since we passed it, and then we went to AP Hill, had to go through that army ground forces test again. They couldn't use A Battery; they had to use a different battery, so I was transferred as the battery commander of B Battery for that test. And we passed then. We went to Wisconsin to Camp McCoy, we had a third test getting ready to go overseas again. I was transferred then to C Battery to be commander of C Battery and took the test with the C Battery, which we passed again. FW: How did you feel that you were all primed to go overseas time and time again? HH: Oh, yeah, we were very unhappy about it, and most of the officers were. How we actually finally got overseas was that our wives got very upset with our moving around because at that time, we said, hey, we've trained all these troops, we ought to be able to go and do some fighting. We didn't like it that we couldn't. So the wives wrote a letter to Walter Winchell, and he announced one Sunday night that how unhappy we were that the army didn't see fit to take us to combat because, although we had trained two sets of people for combat already. So about a week or so later, maybe two weeks later, we got orders to proceed from Camp McCoy to Tarrytown, Massachusetts, which was a camp that prepared you to go overseas. From there we went up to Boston after a couple of weeks there and caught the ship over to Europe. FW: So you were married at the time. HH: I was married and had one child. My boy, at that time, I was married and had a boy that was born in June of that year, so he was only about four months old or five months old when I left to go overseas. FW: And your wife was anxious for you to go overseas? HH: I don't think so. No, she wasn't at that time. Might have been. So we went over and landed on England at South Hampton. I was given the, before we went, I was given the job of unloading the ship in P_ and make sure that it got to the right destination. That happened to be about a week before Christmas of 1944. The longshoremen in England, in Southhampton, were on strike. So we, a group of my soldiers and I, went down to a bar, a pub, where we found out that all the union people were. I was starting to talk to the business agent about sending people up to unload the ship, even though they were on strike. Pointed out to him that it was imperative that we get this boat unloaded. Whereupon one of my sergeants, and I had a master sergeant with me, and he ordered me out. I said, what do you mean. He said, I'll tell you later. So I went out, and he secured some people. Later on, he told me that he was afraid that I might get over enthusiastic, and being an officer, it wasn't right for me to get into that kind of a situation. So anyway, we got the ship unloaded. Then by Christmas we all had gone back to our various units by Christmas Eve. My outfit was in Portsmouth, England. And I stayed there for almost a week, and on New Year's Eve, I was sent down to Weymouth as a liaison officer between the division and the transportation corps to make sure that all of our units got shipped over to the mainland from Weymouth on LSTs. And we did. I was the last one to go over. We landed in what was Le Havre. But since Le Havre was all blown up, we had a little makeshift fort right outside of Le Havre. FW: This was in France? HH: This was in France. And then we went to R_ and stayed there for two or three days. We got all of our equipment, and then we started moving east through France into Luxembourg. We ended up in Belgium by mistake. We were in a long convoy. Then we turned around and went back down into Luxembourg and joined the 3rd Army just beyond Bastogne, I guess it was about a few days after the Battle of Bastogne was finished. We entered the fray there, combat. Our first battle, first combat experience was in the battle of [Hufelage], I don't know how to spell it, but that's the battle we were in. After that battle was over, then by that time, that was the battle that pushed the Germans back out of Luxembourg. Then we stayed there for about two or three weeks and we were… FW: So this was your first combat experience? HH: First combat experience. Then we prepared to reach the Siegfried Line in a place called [Ectonoc] which was on the border of Germany and Luxembourg on the Saur River. On the German side, about a hundred yards from the river was a cliff where it was impregnated with all kinds of pill boxes and whatnot behind us, so we all moved up to [Ectonoc]. Behind us were big search lights, must have been 40 or 50 of them. They had the big drum-like, and they were shining over onto the fortifications of the Germans. Each one would be on for maybe two or three minutes and then go off and another one come on. I went up there to see them, just to see what it was all about. You could see just like daylight, it was just like noon time over on the German side. The Germans couldn't see what was coming in. FW: Because of the lights? HH: Yes. At that time I was a liaison officer, which was, I had three forward observer units under my command, and they were distributed at the beginning of that engagement against the Siegfried Line, each one to a company in an infantry battalion. I was with the infantry battalion commander as a liaison to tell him, advise him on what artillery cover we could furnish when he went into combat. Unfortunately, the three forward observer units consisting of forward observer, radio operator, and a driver, after they got about a hundred yards, I was told, after they got about a hundred yards into German territory, they all had to go across a pontoon bridge. And on the pontoon bridge, soldiers were sitting on the side of the pontoon bridge shooting, not bombs, but mines that were floated down the river to blow up the bridge. They didn't shoot them, they'd blow them up before they got to the thing. So it was a very precarious thing. But after these soldiers got about a hundred yards in with the group that they were with, they got into a minefield. And of the twelve, eleven were blown up, killed. The other one came back looking for me and couldn't find me and went to his own captain. Instead of his captain treating him like _ should, he told him that this was war and people get killed all over the place. Well, that set this boy off emotionally, which I can see. I was, when he came to see me, I was up there where he just came from, and they cleared the minefield, because we didn't go through. We went up to see what was happening through the line. That was about 3 o'clock that morning, and the attack started at 12. We were attached to the 5th Division, we'd crossed about five rivers and gone through a lot of fortification. They were supposed to show us how to get through. Well, we were through, we started at 12 o'clock. FW: When you say ‘they' were supposed to show you, who? HH: 5th division, the 5th division was supposed to show the 76th division how to cross rivers and how to go into these bunkers. About, we started, there was a bombardment, preparation went on all day that day. Then 12 o'clock that night, we went across, elements of our division went across the river. I didn't go with them, but forward observer crews did. As I said, they were killed in a minefield. About 3:30 in the morning, I was going across the same bridge with a battalion commander of this battalion of the 85th infantry regiment which was our, part of our combat team. The 85th infantry regiment and the 355th field artillery battalion was a combat team that would operate together. FW: What became of this one survivor? HH: I'll tell you that. So he went off his, he went out of his mind. He, under his emotions. He was in the artillery, he was back in the gun; they put him back in the gun section. When the guns were fired, I imagine he thought it was, because he had heard these mines go off, and I think he thought it was a mine, and he would get out of there. So he would run and grab a tree and do what he could. So I heard that he was reclassified and sent home as a battle casualty. And I knew him; he had been in one of my batteries with me. I had selected him as one of my forward observer teams. He was a corporal. I think he was a radio operator. I said to the battalion commander that I would like to have that boy in my battery. At that time, I was service battery commander which was S-4 and supply officer. The way I got that was that there was a supply officer that came, went into combat with us and for some reason was found as unsatisfactory, and they reclassified him as a _; they reclassified him and sent him home. They assigned me to the S-4 and battery commander and the service _, which meant that I was back on the commander's staff again. So I told the battalion commander that I wanted that man transferred to my battery. There was a lot of discussion about the fact that it was useless to do that because the boy was a battle casualty and should go home. I said, he's too good a man. And I want to keep him. And I thought I could help him. So I took him. I was very strict with my battery personnel. We had a meeting and I told them what I expected, how I expected them to behave towards him. And they did. For thirty days, he was in my care. The first thing I did, told the 1st sergeant, we had a little whiskey that we kept for people coming back from the front line, because we weren't on the front line at that time. And I told the 1st sergeant to give him a bottle of whiskey and let him drink all he wanted to and put him to sleep and don't give him anything to do for a while. I talked to him from day to day, how he was getting along and everything. He slowly came around. About thirty days later, I told him that I thought he ought to go back into combat. He didn't want to go. I said, well, you've got to go. So I made him get on the truck, an ammunition truck that delivered ammunition to the batteries. It was a fight; he didn't want to do it. I had to tell the sergeant that he should go and under no circumstances let him get off that truck. __. I told him that he had to go. He said he wasn't going to do it. I said yes, you are. Reluctantly, and then I kept him going back and forth to the front for another week or so. Finally, he was alright. He could do it. Then another captain, a captain of another battery came to me and said he needed a driver, did I have any suggestions. I said, well, yeah, this boy. Now this captain was, he did crazy things; he would pull over to no man's land, try to capture German soldiers and try to bring them back. But he said he needed a driver that could take him over there. So I talked to this boy, told him who the captain was, what he was wanting to do. Did he think that he could handle the job. He said, well, he'd talk to the captain. The captain convinced him that this was a good job for him. So he took the job as driver. And the last time I saw that boy, he was coming back through the lines with a bunch of German soldiers prodding them in front of the Jeep, prodding them with a bayonet. So I figured he's gone, he's done alright, and he did. He wrote me a letter after he got home and thanked me for treating him the way I did. It wasn't easy. At one time, I had to threaten him, but he lived through it, and he came home all healed and everything. He wrote me a letter telling me how much he appreciated what I did for him. We went through the… the 5th division that was supposed to tell us how to do it, it took them five days to go across that river. We went across in about two hours, part of our division did. It was a hairy situation. But we got through the line, Siegfried Line, broke through it, and all our division forward through that opening and widened it out. Then we moved on into Germany. We were in the 3rd Army, General Patton. Then after a little, about a week or so, they formed a task force to go to Remagen Bridge head, save the bridge from being blown up. So Patton sent a colonel out to us and said that they'd picked out the people they wanted to go. I was to supply the task force with anything they needed, all the supplies, ammunition, food, wire, whatever. And we did. After about 24 hours, we had only gone about 30 miles because we got a bunch of, we got terrific fire from the German army. We were told that the 4th Armored was going to be on our left and we were going to be on the right, so that we were going to be a small force. The 4th, 3rd Army Division, armored division would catch all the fire so we could just keep going until we got to the bridge head. Didn't work out that way. We got the fire and the 3rd armored division hardly got any fire. FW: What size group? HH: Well, I guess it was a battalion of… FW: Speaking of the group that went to the bridge head. HH: Well, the 3rd Armored Division was a whole division. We were just a little task force. FW: How _ men during that…? HH: I think there was probably a couple of hundred. We had a battery of artillery and we had some engineers, a company of engineers, and I guess the rest were infantry. So we got, we all got together, and a tank was sent up there by Patton and a Jeep with his _ in it, and he led us. I was not actually up in the front line because I had to bring up supplies to them. So I'd go up and find what supplies they needed and go back. ___. And after about 24 hours, we hadn't gotten, like I said, about 30 miles. We still had about another 35, 40 to go, because it was 75 miles when we started off. So they gave us another 12 hours. But in the meantime, somebody else got to the bridge head before we did. So they told us to pull off the road and stay there until we had further orders. We did, within 15 minutes of the time we pulled off the road, I guess 50, 60 2-1/2 ton trucks breezed right on by us. At the time we thought we were pinned down; we were getting fire from the Germans and couldn't move very fast. We were near a place in Germany called [Langensalzer] which was fairly close the B_ river. These people went through us. They went into Langensalzer which was I guess about 60 miles from where we were, further into Germany. Then we got word to join our battalion, our units. So I went looking for my battalion, artillery battalion, and finally found it. It was amazing to me that we could move troops so far, so fast and so far. And what they did is they moved up about 50, 60 miles, all the infantry got out of the trucks and spread out and then came back towards us. And what that did is cut off the Germans from their supplies and a lot of them started to surrender. I was about, ended up about 20 miles behind the front lines, artillery _. We had a guard _ because we were alone back there, 80 of us, about 80 of us in the service battery. About, oh 7 or 8 o'clock one night, this German soldier came up with a white flag, and one of our guards challenged him. He said he wanted to see the commandant, which mean the captain. He came up and I saw him, and he said his commanding officer wanted to surrender and if I would follow him, he would take me to where his commanding officer was, and he would surrender to me. Not knowing, having seen other people had gotten into a trap, I said if he wants to surrender to me, you go back and tell him to be here at noon tomorrow, line his trucks up, line his troops, dismount, stack their weapons, and the ammunition in front of the truck, and then he can come up and I'll take his _. Well, the next day, all these trucks started coming up, and it ended up there were 2500 people in them. They lined up very nicely, very orderly, and stacked their guns. He came up and said he wanted to surrender. FW: How could you communicate this? HH: He could personally talk English, and I had a man that could talk German. My driver could talk fluent German. So I had my driver talk to him and to his man so we could communicate. I think we were communicating in German. Later on I found out, before he left, the commander, German commander could talk English, but he didn't want to until he had to. Then I had them all mount back up into their trucks and I sent a lieutenant in a Jeep with them to the prisoner of war camp. Then they all went and we had to dispose of all the ammunition; we had to dispose of all the machine guns and rifles. FW: Why did he want to surrender? They outnumbered you. HH: I know that. He knew that there was a lot more than me coming after him. Because all these infantry guys were coming back and cutting him off from his supplies and cutting him off from the rest of his unit. As he was cut off, he figured he better do something to get out, so he did. That was a very exciting time and it was a very scary time because I didn't know what 2500 of them and 80 of us, what was going to happen. But it turns out, he truly wanted to surrender so he did. Then we joined the group. FW: I suppose you felt a great deal of pride having captured these… HH: I did, and we bragged about it to the rest of the battalion. FW: Did you get any type of recognition from it? HH: Oh, no. Well, later on, our unit got a meritorious award for _ work and all that, about a hundred service batteries got that too. Then we went on to cross the B_ on a pontoon bridge. Then we, a week later we crossed the Rhine on another pontoon bridge and headed toward, up toward Castle, but just below Castle, a place called _, but went through a little place called _, which was kind of between, headed towards the _ eventually was the Elb River and meet the Russians at the Elb River, which did. Arrived there in April, first part of April. We had to wait 30 days for the Russians to get there on their side. Before we ever got to Germany, before we ever got to Europe, Patton, his army had gotten through the Siegfried Line down around Nice, and was 35 miles inside of Germany, end of October '44. The Germans wanted him to go ahead and capture Berlin and made it possible for him to do it. But I guess Eisenhower and the _ had been ordered to allow the Russians to capture Berlin by Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill. So they cut him, tried to stop him, and he claimed his radios didn't work. And he kept going. Finally they cut off his ammunition, cut off his gas, and his food. He ran out of, in October of '44, so I've been told, out of everything. He had to leave his equipment there in Germany and walk out with his troops. Course when he did that, the Germans were attacking, and a lot of them were killed. He lost all the equipment, but then he regrouped after he got out and raised so much Cain about it that they never cut off anything from him from then on. But that's just _, I was not there, but that was what I was told by pretty reliable people who were there. Anyway, we kept on going and went across this, as I said, the Rhine and got to the Elb River and waited there for about 30 days. That was about 35 miles west of Dresden at a place called L_berg. Then we stayed there until we met the Russians. About a week later, the Russians ordered us out of their territory. So overnight we had to leave and go back towards, into France. So we packed up and the next morning we left and went into France. Then we went into Lucky Strike Camp, and that was when we transferred from the 76th Division to the 30th Division in preparation for coming home. We _ the war was over at that time. So we then, we came back to Lucky Strike and had… FW: Did you have to fight your way to the Elb River? HH: You had to fight all the way over there. FW: Were you taking prisoners along the way? HH: I wasn't particularly, but we were taking prisoners along the way. We had one little incident that was kind of scary turned out. Some of the infantry supply people had a, the regiment had a regimental supply company. That company supplied ammunition, food, clothing, everything to the regiment. Since we were on the same combat team, they were over us. So they would supply us with food also, and ammunition and whatnot. We could go down to the dumps and get it. Sometimes they would help us. So one day, the commander of that company called me up and said he'd like to talk to me. So I went up and he said, you know, my men are getting frustrated because the forward elements of this infantry are getting all the goodies, cameras, guns, whatever. We'd like to get up there close to the front lines so we could get it before it all goes away. So I said fine, we'll go together. So he went down to the regimental headquarters and found out where they were going to move that night and where they were going to be the next day. So we said, well, he came back and told me where they were going, what town they were going into and where they would be the next morning. If we got up real early, we could get up there about just after they got there and we could get some trophies. So I said fine, let's go. So we get up real early, had everything packed, and took off and got into this town. And as we were going up there, I kept seeing different towns, I saw bodies on the street. I said to my driver, you know, I don't like the looks of this because people are not supposed to be left out here like that, and I don't know how long they've been here. Next town we get to, we're going to stop. We ended up going to where he said that we should go to and took over some houses. In the meantime, I went out to reconnoiter the town, and there was a policeman coming out of there with a bicycle and a gun on his side, which meant to me that the infantry hadn't gotten there yet. But the people in the town said we should go across the field to another bigger town where there were beautiful homes over there that we could have. I went to see the regimental supply company's commander and told him you can go if you want to but I'm not going to leave and I'm not going to leave here until I _. So I went back down the road looking for my outfit, and I found them. I was in front of them. At that time, we were the two service and company commanders, service commanders, were in front of the front lines. So we got reprimanded about that. They said that the Germans and everything else, if the Americans got fire from that town, they were going to blow it on up, and I said if you do, you're going to lose all your food. They didn't get any fire because we were in there. We routed out anything. So they came back marching through. They went over to that town that the Germans wanted us to go to. Come to find out there was a detachment of SS troops over there. They had a battle that lasted over half a day. Finally they were overcome and we kept going. FW: _ scary. HH: That was awful scary. We could have gotten over there and got captured. FW: Well, tell me about, you were in combat, did you maintain any kind of communications with your wife? HH: I used to write her. I didn't hear from her because it was hard to get letters over to us. But I used to write her from day to day. We had these little, like _ letters that we could write, some stationary we could… we couldn't tell where we were but we could tell where we'd been. Everything was all censored and it was shipped in. But finally it was _. After we met the Russians and the Russians got into Berlin and Hitler committed suicide, then the war was all over then. Then they had the surrender. Then after that was when we were transferred to the 30th Division. That's when the 30th Division formed, the commander of the 30th Division brought us together in a person formation. He got up on the stand in front of us and told us that he had been down to Chafe [?] and he had volunteered us because the 30th Division had all this glory in World War I and World War II and been in terrible fights and come out with honors, that he thought that they should have some more honors, _. For our information, he had volunteered our services to make the amphibious assault on the island of Japan. 15,000 men in one voice said you so-and-so, speak for yourself, you're not speaking for us…
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Extent:: 1:02:26
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