Clarke County, Ga. and the city of Athens / by Charles Morton Strahan

CLARKE COUNTY, GA
AND THE
CITY OF ATHENS
CHARLES MORTfi^TRAHAN, C. M. E.
Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Georgia, and County Surveyor of Clarkc County.
CONTAINING
MAPS OIMTHE CITY AND COUNTY
AMD I I_I_USTF? ATION
FOR SALE BY THE AUTHOR AT $1.00.
COPYRIGHTED.
ATHENS, GEORGIA,
1893

CHAS. P. BYRD, PRINTER,
ATLANTA, GA.
1893.

PREFACE.
This hand-book of Clarke county, Georgia, and the city of Athens, is prepared with three distinct objects in view: First. To place on recorxi the main facts of the history, development, and pres
ent status of the county and all its interests. Second. To direct the attention of visitors and settlers to the manifest advan
tages which the county affords for capital and residence. Third. To indicate to other counties, by example, the means of making known
in complete and permanent form their several advantages. The statements of the book have been verified from the best sources of information, and are made without exaggeration. The maps are reliable, based upon actual surveys made by J. W. Earnett, C. E., the present city engineer of Athens, Capt. W. W. Thomas, C. E., and by the author in his capacity as county surveyor. The publication is made under the sanction of the county and city authorities, ar.d with the valuable aid of the official records. The author acknowledges his indebtedness to the county and city officers for the courteous assistance rendered, and to Dr. H. C. White, Prof. David C. Barrow, Jr., and Dr. S. C. Benedict for special contributions published under their names. To the public, at large, the author offers his thanks for the kind words and encouragement with which they have greeted the undertaking.
CHARLES MORTON STRAHAN. Engineering Department, University of Georgia, Athens, 1893.

CONDENSED OUTLINE.
Clarke county lies in the northeastern section of the State, sixty miles east of Atlanta, the State capital. The county is situated in sight of the Blue Ridge mountains, along the ridges which lead downward to the sea, and at a general elevation of 800 feet above the sea level.
Climate.--The climate is as fine for health and for agriculture as can be found anywhere. The average temperature in summer is 74 F., in winter 47 F., and the annual rainfall 54 inches. The county has never been visited by serious epidemics, and the general healthfulness is proverbial. -
Farming.--The farming lands of the county are of strong red clay soil, arising from the disintegration of granitic and schistose rocks. Their natural fertility, coupled with open seasons and abundant rainfall, afford generous returns to the intelligent cultivator of cotton, corn, oats, barley, hay and truck garden products.
Manufacturing.--The county is remarkably adapted to manufactures. The natural water system is very extensive, and the flow of its rivers and streams is abundant at #11 seasons. No less than seven large water powers on the two rivers, aggregating 6,000 H. P., are found, and a large number of smaller sites on the creeks furnish powers of from 5 to 50 H. P. each. The county map will show the positions of most of these powers and how utilized at present.
Education.--The educational interests of this county are second to none in the State. In the city of Athens, the county seat, the State University, with a large faculty and extensive equipment, finds its home. The city public school, system, recognized as the most thoroughly organized and best managed system in the State, is also here. The Lucy Cobb Institute, for young ladies, the fore most seminary in the State, and the Home School, so admirably conducted by Miss Sosnowski, give every educational facility to young ladies. Throughout the county public schools are held at convenient points during five months of the year, and several private schools of good grade supplement their work.
Religion.--The prevailing religious denominati6ns are the Baptist and Methodist, but the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Christian, and Roman Catholic Churches are represented. Eighteen church structures, nine of which are in the city, with periodic services, are an index of the religious work done.
Commercial.--The business interests of the county largely,hang upon the items of cotton, manufactures, and heavy groceries. The receipts of cotton in Athens have reached 90,000 bales, representing a money value of $3,500,000. The aggregate business of the community is close to $13,000,000 per year. Strong houses in cotton, manufactures, groceries, dry goods, crockery, hardware, jewelry and clothing, give variety and vigor to the business life. Athens has the reputa tion of being a good market in which both to buy and sell.

CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA.

7

Railroads.--The concentration of four railroad lines at Athens affords ready transportation, both to and from all points in the country. These roads, by their connections, give through rates from the North and East by two competing lines, from the West by two also; from the South by one, and from the south eastern seaboard by three routes. Few points in the county are more than five miles from some railroad station.
Government.--The county and city throughout their history have been favored with conservative management in the hands of the white people. The county has a bonded debt of $39,500, and the annual State and county taxes are .00775 cents on the dollar. City property is subject to an additional tax of .0110 cents on the dollar. The city bonded debt is $225,000. The property return for taxa tion amounts to $7,500,000, of which $6,500,000 is in the city of Athens. The county is governed by an ordinary and grand jury; the city, by mayor and coun cil of eight members.
Population.--The population of the county, as given by the nth census, shows the following figures : White, 7,072; colored, 8,114; total, 15,186 These are believed to be too low by 10 per cent., particularly as to white population. The two races live in harmony and obey the law. The white population of the county is unusually intelligent, conservative, progressive, and generous of wel come to those who cast their lots in this county. The negroes are peaceable and well disposed, and form the larger portion of the labor to be had in this section.
The county seat is the city of Athens, one of the best business points in the State, and with a population of 10,000 people.
The city has electric lights, electric street cars, gas, brick sidewalks, public schools, a paid fire department with electric fire alarm, free postal delivery, and is now building a splendid system of waterworks to furnish power as well as domestic and sanitary supply. In the last ten years the city valuation hasincreased from $3,400,000 to $6,400,000. Sewers have been built, and bonds are now on hand for paving the city streets with macadam and belgian blocks. An excellent telegraph and telephone service is supplied throughout the city. The city supports an excellent daily and weekly newspaper, The Athens Banner, by name.

RESIDENCE OF J. R. WHITE, WHITEHALL.

10

CLARKE COUNTY, GJIORGIA,

habitants, and much of the business volunteer military company in 1843; and

portion of the city is built on lots sold the disastrous fire an Watkinsville in

off from the original grant of Gov. Mil- 1864, by which the court house and

ledge.

many valuable records of the county

When Athens became a town in 1806 were destroyed.

it was the most northern settlement in In the course of time the town of

the State, and nearest to the borders of Athens out-stripped in growth and im

the Indian reservation. The first store portance its rival of Watkinsville. The

was opened by Stevens Thomas, and presence of the University was a power

the second by Elizur Newton. The ful factor, which not only brought a

descendants of these men still occupy student population, but proved sufficient

prominent positions in the county.

to attract many of "the most cultured and

In 1802 the county government was well-to-do people of the State.

duly established and a court house built The political organization of the

at a point seven miles southwest of Universitys governing bpard annually

Athens in the town of Watkinsville, now brought a large array of prominent

the county seat of Oconee county.

people to witness the closing exercises

But few events of interest mark the of the college, and to hobnob over the

early history of Clarke county beyond political slates for coming campaigns.

the gradual displacement of the Indians, Ultimately a strong sentiment was

the inflow of white settlers from adjoin developed to move the county seat from

ing counties and states, and the con Watkinsville to Athens. The strength

tinued growth of Franklin College. As of this sentiment and the equal strength

steps in the county development maybe of the opposition at Watkinsville made

noted, the acts for the better regulation it necessary to divide the county in order

of the town of Athens in 1815 and 1831; that peace and amity might once more

some attempt at general education under reign.

the academy system and poor school This was done by act of Legislature,

fund begun in 1821; the establishment in 1875, just three years after Athens\

of an asylum for the invalid poor by the had been granted a charter which trans

Superior Court in 1834; the incorpora-. formed it from a town to city. The

tion of the Presbyterian and Methodist southern half of the county was given a

Churches in 1828, of Mars Hill Baptist separate government, under the name of

Church in 1834, of Emanuel Episcopal Oconee county, and took away from

Church in 1843, under the pastorate of Clarke county rather more than half of

Rev. Wm. Stevens, afterwards the dis- its previous area. The division leaves

tinguished Episcopal tJishop of Pennsyl- Clarke county one of the smallest coun

.vania; the extension of the limits of ties in the State in point of size, with

Athens in 1840, and the enlargement of an area of seventy-four thousand and

its charter in 1847; the establishment twelve acres, equivalent to one hundred

of the first volunteer fire company in and fifteen and six-tenths square miles.

1850 as the forerunner of a volunteer The boundaries of this territory are given

system, whose efficiency and bravery was in subsequent pages. Titles to the land

for many years a noted page in the cur run directly back to State grants made

rent history of Athens ; the organization at the time when this section was wild

of the Independent Blues as the first lands. It is a fact of some interest that

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

11

Count Destaing was the first holder of three grants of 5,000 acres each in this and adjoining counties. , The part which Clarke county played in the war between the States is one of which she may well be proud. The names of her sons were high in both cabinet and field, and their unflinching courage is embalmed in the blood which they so freely shed. It is the part of others to pay them the full tribute of their worth; these pages must be content to record them as true, honorable, con scientious and devoted patriots. Clarke county was severely crushed by the war; most of her best men dead, the negroes all made free, and little beside the bare lands left. Notwithstanding these con ditions, the last twenty years have in creased the population of the present county from 7,641 to 16,000, and her tax able property from two to seven and onehalf millidns.
In the past Clarke county has fur nished the State and nation with a long list of distinguished citizens, and to-day she yields to none a superiority in the intelligence, the integrity, the energy, and the patriotism of her people.
Geographical. The geography of Clarke county is shown in detail on the map published herewith. It is nec essary simply to call attention to the main features of that map. The sur rounding counties, taken in order to the right from the north, are Jackson, Mad ison, Oglethorpe and Oconee. The various acts of the Legislature, by virtue of which certain farms have been changed back and forth from Clarke to the adjacent counties, previous to the Constitution of 1877, will account for the irregularity of outline at several points of the northern boundary.
The county is located in that section .of the State known as Northeast Geor

gia, and in the eastern borders of the first Indian reservation. One of the present corners is known as Cherokee corner, and was the southeastern corner of the Indian reserves.
The county lies between latitude N. 33 48 and N. 34 4, and longitude west of Greenwich 83 13 and 83 29.
The general water systems, as deter mined by the foot hills of the moun tains, has a southeasterly trend. The two principal rivers are the forks of the Oconee river, which meet in the South ern part of the county. The Aneroid barometer was used to obtain relative elevations above the sea levels, and these readings are recorded in clear type on the stream crossings and ridges. They show that the county is a succession of high ridges with broad backs, and whose sides descend rapidly as the streams are reached. The original forest is oak and hickory mixed with pine ; the soil is of strong red clay type, arising from the disentegration of metamorphic rocks, and the general appearance of the county has all the characteristics of that belt of country lying forty miles from the Blue Ridge range in Virginia and the Carolinas.
Under the heading of Water System,. Militia Districts and Geology, the reader may gather a detailed picture of the topography and resources of this county.
Boundaries. The boundaries of Clarke county, as shown on the present map, are based upon the recognized limits in vogue amongst the residents along the county line. No official recordsare extant defining the county lines with greater exactitude than the following description :
The northwest corner of the county is in a field, about three hundred yards northeast of Thompsons mill, on Little Bear creek, being the point where the

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA.
three counties of Clarke, Oconee and planation of these irregularities is found Jackson run together. This corner is not in the former practice of the State Leg definitely marked by any monument. islature, which permitted a farmer whose The line between Jackson and Clarke land lay on the county lines to change, by runs from this corner in a straight line special act, the county in which he lived, to a point on the Middle Oconee river upon any caprice. The law now pre known in old descriptions as Easeleys vents such vacillation. A striking result mill, and by the present generation as of the old practice is seen at the north the old Patman mill place. Thence up east corner of the county, where the the west side of the Middle Oconee river triangle, just outside of Clarke, belong about one mile and a quarter to the ing to Madison county, is entirely dis Tallasee bridge. The line crosses the connected from Madison by territory of river on this bridge, and follows the Clarke and Oglethorpe counties. public road, leaving Fowlers mill and The line between Clarke and Ogle Prospect church to the left, to a large thorpe leaves Edwards land as shown, black gum tree on the eastern side of striking the Beaver dam road near the the road. From thence the line runs to residence of Henry Atkisson, thence fol an oak tree on the west side of the lowing along that road to a stone monu Nowhere road, and about one-fourth of a ment where the fork to Winterville leads mile north of the dwelling of B. J. Porter- off to the left. From this point the field, being the corner between Clarke, present county surveyor of Clarke and Jackson and Madison counties. This Prof. T. B. Moss, on the part of Ogle line crosses *the Jefferson road at a small thorpe county, have under due authority bridge one-half mile from Gum Spring, surveyed and marked with granite cor crosses the Cub creek road at an old ners, prop< rly lettered, the dividing line dead tree, about 200 yards south of - between Oglethorpe and Clarke to the George Waltons dwelling, crosses the chestnut corner at Big Creek Church. Harmony Grove road at a large white The maps of the survey are placed in the oak tree near Blacks Station on the county court house in Athens, and show Northeastern Railroad, and when it the following bearings and distances: strikes the lands of T. F. Hudson, S. o 50 E., 7,100 feet, passing through follows around the land lines of said the town of Winterville to the west of property as shown on the county map, Pittards store to a stone corner on the and thence to the oak corner aforesaid. public road, thence S. io% E., 4,086 The line between Clarke and Madison feet to a stone corner at the foot of the runs in a straight line, as shown on the old black gum corner, thence S. 38 E. map, until it reaches the northeastern 17,300 feet to a stone corner in field corner of the county, on the lands of 1,500 feet north of Lexington road and Lemuel J. Edwards, where the county near the Thomas spring ; thence Sline is very irregular, bending first with 25^5 W. 23,170 feet to the old chestnut the public road and afterwards with the corner now marked by granite post and land lines of Edwards farm. The author being the corner between Clarke, Ogle was unable to locate a similar irregularity thorpe and Oconee counties. The line said to exist on the property of Richard between Clarke and Oconee counties Saulter, where the Danielsville road from this point follows the public road crosses into Madison county. The ex to the middle of Barnetts bridge; thence

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

up the Oconee river following the west ern fork to the mouth of Paper Mill creek; thence up said creek to the bridge on the public road ; thence fol lowing McNutts creek to a large stone on the east side of the Monroe public road, a point formerly known as the site of Barnards mill, and thence in a straight line to the beginning corner near Thompsons mill. The latter part of the line crosses the Lawrenceville road about 300 feet east of Jacksons store. This description gives the ac cepted limits of the county. That many of them should be more definitely marked goes without saying. The information here given will serve as a good basis upon which future surveys may be equitably made.
Government. Clarke county, under the general laws of the State, and under the constitution of 18^7, is a dis tinct political organization, having exclu sive charge of its own local affairs.
Its officers are chosen by popular vote and hold office for the term of two years except the Ordinary, whose term is four years. The county elections take place in January, on the first Wednesday. It is a well recognized practice in the county to nominate the candidates for office by means of primary elections. The nominees of these primaries expect and usually receive the full support of the county. From this practice it re sults that the county government is uni formly stable and strong. The county officers regularly elected are eight in number, and with the titles of Ordinary, Treasurer, Tax Receiver, Tax Collector, Sheriff, Clerk of the Superior Court, County Surveyor, and Coroner. Of these the County Ordinary is the most important officer, having in charge the executive management of the county affairs subject to the presentments of

the grand jury, which meets twice each year, during the sessions of the Superior Court in April and October.
The Ordinary has supervision and con trol over all county property, over high ways, bridges and ferries, over the coun ty poor house and convicts, over county health regulations, police, peddling and the like, and a judicial capacity over the legal procedure in winding up estates and in cases of insanity. The executive acts of the Ordinary are all subject to revision and endorsement by the grand jury-
The duties of the remaining office rs are well understood by all. It is proper to call attention to the fact that present ments to the grand jury are in general mandatory on all county officers, and bills receiving such endorsement are paid by the County Treasurer without further question. The county officers are all required to take oath of office and to furnish bond in the following amounts :

Bond. Ordinary. .......... $ i ooo Treasurer .......... 60 ooo Clerk of Superior Court. ... 3 ooo Tax Receiver ........ 25 ooo

T^ax Cr onllec4t. or ij(tt,o0 Scotautnet, y - ... Sheriff. ........... County Surveyor ........ Coroner...........

40 000
50 ooo 10 ooo i ooo
500

The salaries of all county officers are paid either by fees or by percentage on money handled.
The grand jury numbers not more than 23 or less than 18 men, drawn from fhe list of grand jurors. This list con tains the names of the best men in the county, whose mental and moral qualifi cation and material interests are such as to make them wise and conservative guardians of the public welfare. It is

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEOKGIA,

an unwritten law that any large expen ditures for the good of the county must first receive the sanction of the grand jury. The grand jury list in this coumy is passed upon by six jury commissioners, and numbers one hundred and five names.
As is common throughout this coun try, the grand jury has power to find criminal indictments against lawbreakers

Clarke county belongs to the Western Judicial Circuit, over which Judge N. L. Hutchms, of Lawrenceville, has pre sided during the past ten years with dis tinguished ability and unquestioned
fairness. The eight militia districts in the
county have each a Justice of the Peace, before whom lawbreakers are brought in criminal cases, and in civil cases where

PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDING, WASHINGTON STREET.

of all grades, thereby bringing offenders to trial before the Superior Court.
The Ordinary, Tax Receiver, Tax Col lector and Treasurer, under the law, are constituted a board to fix the rate of county taxation. They meet early in September and determine the percent age which will raise a sum sufficient to defray the probable county expenditures.

the sum involved does not exceed one hundred dollars.
The city of Athens has instituted un der its charter a City Court, with certain county jurisdiction, before which a large class of offenders may be brought to trial.
Property Valuation. Though
small in size, the total tax returns for

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

the county reach a large figure, and a comparison reaching back for the past decade shows rapid growth. The factors which have been at work to produce these results have been many. Notably, the advent of two new lines of railroads, the presence and success of several large cotton mills, the progressive energy of the merchants and farmers of the county and the splendid educational facilities which are offered through the University of Georgia, the Lucy Cobb Institute, and the Athens Public School system. The actual figures in the table below

speak for themselves. A careful perusal of them will show the solid financial basis upon which the county stands, the profits which have accrued to investors, and the bright future in store for the present inhabitants and those who may locate here.
The variations in the district returns are largely due to the fact that the same property is often returned in different districts from year to year. Much of the land of the county is owned in the city and there returned.

Year -. Athens Georgia Factory . Purgeais.. .... Sandy Creek Buck Branch
Kinneys Princeton
Total..

Table Showing Property Returns by Districts.
WHITE.

i 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892

3,402,795 3,578,90u 3.848,260 3,98i<900 3,940.250 4,094,895 1.S93.805 4,511,127 5,440,740 6,111,205 6,169,905

315.680 318,445 320.085 322,145 270,965 287,510 276,955 312,775 315,105 268,250 258,645

79,625 96,375 102,615 111.525 I06,725i 101,895 101,905 103,930 113.145 125,400 111,015

74,905 74,790 80,630 94065 91,570 90,415 92,115 88,320 103,980 111,645 106,505

131,380 145,535 134,640 136,825 134,070 132,000 147.210 166,885 176,360 178,405 189,770

117,920 121,804 129,740 90,640 85,900 81,855 62,475 79,265 90,450 76200 70,875

581,645 569,035 632,480 602,790 659,260 610,080 5yl.,591 641,020 128.925 147,700 245,855

*Cut off in 189o

38,640 38,800

4,707,950 4,904,854 5,248,375 5,346,890 5,288.740 5,198,650 5,685.155 5,903.322 6,366,915 7,057 445 7,191,480

Year....

1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 : 1890 1891 1892

Total by Colored . .

155,370 171,475 178,535 179,945 181,250 192,195 206,50 i 212645: 249,700 295,950 293,835

Grand Total for Co. 4,863,320 5,076,329 5,426,910 5,526,935 5,469,990 5,590,845 5,891,655 6,115,987 6,616,615 7,353,395 7,485,315

.0045 .0045 .0040 .0045 .00350 .00377 .00356 .00450 .00396 .00508 .00410

.0030 .0030 .0030 .0030 .00250 .00323 .00290 .00300 -00304 .00292 .00365

) Whites . . 36,557.12 35,522.33 37,997.62 41,381.67 33,066.44 39,255.90 38,519.84 42,866.75 46.S41.11 58,223-68 57,468.32

Amt raised \ Colored . 2,112.27 2,lb8.32 2,263.74 2,412.58i 2,063.50 2.405.76 2,f50.60 2,550.51 2.81890 3,576.60 3,283.24

) Total.. 38,669.49 37,690.65 40,261.37 43,794.26 15,127.94 40*961.66 40,170.44 45,688.02 49,160.01 61.860.28 60,629.66

Table Showing Classification of the County Tax Returns, 1 892.

KIND OF PROPERTY.

C/3

o
rt

Purgears. U

Bruacnkc

Bradbery.

Kenney. Princeton.

<L>

fn

^

rt
O

c rt C/3

Farming Lands ......

....

....... 734,010

City Real Estate .

......

. . 3 131,995

Jewelry . . ... ... ....... . . ............

Live Stock.. ........ .... ..............

Tools ........ . . ......... . ...........

Merchandise .... ... ...................

Crops ...............

.............. . .

Stocks and Bonds . ................ ....

5,375 3.415 4,250 11,445 2,590 8,035 4,485

52,515 1.345 775 390 755 145 705 480

10^,940 4,875 7.890 7,235 11,830 5,281 11,850 3,695

41,520 1,350 2,235 2,520 4,080 1,900 3,370 1,025

380,465 8,630

425 2.250 2,300 6,280 60 2,231755 535

2,105 890 485 130

155

430,200 40,000

Money and Solvent Debts ...... . .

...< 891,515 23,035 4,740 8,815:25,525 7,240 22,960 3,870

Banks......... .........:. .....

610,000

Building and Loan ......... .... ........

Gas and Electric Plants ............

...

Cotton Mills............... .. .............

40,850
50.000 384.550

......


Foundry. ........ ......... . . . ... .... 45,000

Other Property ............................. 17,775 500 770 1.980 3.235 780 2.510 395

16

GLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Taxes.--The vital question of taxa tion in this county has always been man aged with conservatism and equity. The state also has always been economical; so that together the rate for state and county purposes is 7^ mills on the dol lar, $7.75 on $1,000.00. Of this $4.10 on each $1,000.00 goes to the state treasurer and $3.65 is used for county purposes.
In 1892 the total taxes collected under this levy was $60,669.66, of which $32,154.57 went to the state and $28,515.09 went for county purposes.
The county income is distributed under the following funds and percent ages : To pay legal debts ....... 7% Repair fund for bridges and county
buildings .......... 11% Officers salaries ........ 4% Coroners expenses ....... i % Witnesses, bailiffs, servants, etc . 7.% Jurors............. 13% Poor house fund ........ 2% Lawful charges ........ 15% General and contingent fund . . 40%
100%
None of the adjoining counties make so small a levy. Property is returned for taxation based on the holdings on April first of each year. Lands are given in at a figure which is about threefourths of the real value to the owner. Returns are made under oath to the tax receiver on or before the ist day of July, and are due to the county tax col lector on or before December 2oth.
The legislature instituted in 1890 a board of tax equalizers for each county, but this law was repealed in 1892.
The bonded debt of the county is $39,500.00, largely incurred in building the county court house. The county owns the court house property, the pauper farm and buildings, six good wooden bridges over the Oconee river,

four bridges over the Middle Oconee
and a sixth-sevenths interest in the Tallasee bridge, the Paper Mill bridge, Simonton bridge and Barnetts bridge. The total valuation of county property may be placed at $66,100.
Railroads. Four railroads trav erse the county, centering in Athens, and affording every advantage of local and distant transportation. Of these the Georgia R. R. was the first to reach the county in 1846, followed by the Northeastern R. R. in 1876, the Macon
and Northern R. R. in 1887, and the
Georgia, Carolina and Northern R. R. in 1891.
Roads. The road system of the county is thoroughly developed. Main lines of road traverse the county in every direction from Athens, leading to im
portant trade centers in adjoining coun ties, and placing the lands of the county in easy reach of the markets.
The county maps will show the exact position and distances along these roads. The roads are worked under the ".per sonal service" system, and have a total length of 95 miles measured from the county courthouse.
Population Centers. The
population of the county is in great part congregated at a comparatively few points. The following table will show these points and inhabitants at each approximately:
City of Athens. ........ 10,000 Winterville .......... -350 Whitehall. .......... 525 Princeton ........... 225 Paper Mill .......... 150 Tuckton ........... zoo McCleskys .......... 60 On the farms ......... 4,590
Total ........... 16,000 These figures are in excess of the census returns for 1890, but are believed to be a fairer and more complete record of the county population.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

17

CLIMATE AND HEALTH.

BY SAMUEL C. BENEDICT, M.D.

That Clarke county, Ga., is a very healthy county it is hardly necessary to argue, for its altitude, average tempera ture, humidity, rainfall, amount of cloud iness, and its drainage, coupled with the fact that it lies in the Piedmont escarp ment and among the lesser foothills of the southern slope of the Blue Ridge mountains, is sufficient evidence to the scientific inquirer that it must be a healthy district. Its climate compares favorably in respect to the above condi tions with well recognized health resorts, as tables herewith will show.
The county is traversed by numerous streams, all flowing in a southernly and southeasterly directions streams suf ficiently large to be called rivers. Its surface is rolling in almost its entire extent, and in most portions very hilly, furnishing thereby one of the chief causes of its healthfulness natural drainage. These streams are not slug gish, slowly moving waters, such as would be found in level countries ; are not bordered by low, level banks which. in freshets, would allow of easy and farreaching overflows, but rapid, and with sufficiently elevated banks to carry off quickly the surplus of water from heavy rains. As a result of this condition the county is remarkably free from swamps, lagoons or long standing water, and, notwithstanding the statements of some of the laity and a few physicians, mala rial diseases, especially chills and fever, are almost unknown.
The, factors conducing to the health of any climate are those of temperature,

humidity or air moisture, wind, rainfall and amount of cloudiness.
The average temperature of Clarke county can best be determined by a division of the year into months or sea sons, and taking this method-of arriving at its statistics, the writer has availed himself in the following statements of the records kept at the Signal Service Station at the University of Georgia, at Athens, the county seat. We find that for the months of January, February and March the average daily tempera ture to be 42 F. For April, May and June 72 ; for July, August and Septembe 74 , and for October, November and December 52 F. The mean of the highest temperatures for the first three months of the year is 66 , for the suc ceeding three months ending June 30, 86 ; for July, August and September, 91 ; and for the three last months end ing December 31, 71 F. The mean of the minimum temperatures for the same months is respectively 9, 36, 51 and 22 degrees Fahrenheit. The observations were recorded for the seven years past, 1885-1892.
The temperature of a place is proba bly the most important of all the factors in determining the value of a place as a health resort, or as a place for healthy habitation, and especially is this true in respect to the utmost limits of heat and cold, the sudden changes of temperature to which a place may be subject and the relative temperature between day and night. In Clarke county the maximum summer temperature is seldom above

18

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

94 , the average maximum being about 90 , while the average minimum tem perature is about 50 , this latter repre senting the night temperature approxi mately. With the exception of possibly two weeks in July, the heat of the day passes into cool nights, so that some form of covering is necessary for com fortable sleeping.
Next in importance to temperature is the degree of humidity of a climate, and

Athens, the months of greatest humidity are January, August and September, and the lowest May, June and November, the difference, however, being very slight, with 77 per cent, for maximum and 61 per cent, for minimum.
The direction and velocity of its winds influence favorably or unfavorably the healthfulness of a climate. The prevail ing winds here for January, April and October are westerly, with an average

COLLEGE AVENUE LOOKING NORTH.

important. The greater the humidity the less the evaporating power of the atmosphere and the more sultry and close its feeling to the individual.
The amount of sunshine, and fre quency and velocity of winds determine the rapidity of evaporation. Taking, as is the custom, 100 as the standard for saturation of the amosphere by moisture, it is found that for the vicinity of for a certain class of invalids it is more

velocity of 5 to lo miles per hour, and ac companied by clear, cool and crisp weather. For the months of February, March, June, July, September and No vember the prevailing winds are easternly, with a velocity of 5 to 15 miles, bringing in February and March cool rains, and in the other months refresh ing short rains. The prevailing winds for August and December are southernly and the latter month, December, is often

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

19

its entire length balmy and clear, per fect Indian summer weather, showing by accurate tracings, taken for tne past seven years, an average of but nine cloudy and four rainy days.
Rainfall. The total amount of rainfall is of less importance, in point of health,, than its distribution. As a general rule, it will be found that a place showing a very slight rainfall will possess a dry atmosphere, but for the invalid the distribution is of much greater moment than the amount.
In Clarke county, owing to the nature of its soil, its natural drainage, its steady, moderate and breezy winds and its aver age temperature, even a long rain is soon followed by dryness of both soil and at mosphere, making it a climate where the period of confinement indoors is very
short. The average rainfall for New York
City is, in inches, for spring 10, summer 12, autumn 10, and winter 9. For the whole year 42 inches. This includes melted snow.
Charleston, S. C, the fall is, for spring 14, summer 20, autumn 15, and winter 11 inches. Total rainfall for the year 60
inches. For Athens, it is for spring 12, summer
16, autumn n, and winter 14 inches. Total for the year 53 inches. Monthly average 4.41.
The distribution for the past seven years shows for January, March, May, June, July and August 5 inches, 4.8 inches for September, 3 inches each for November, December and October, and

2 inches for May. February and March are the only months in which, from rain, the weather rs disagreeable, but usually in February the spring opens up, as shown by early flowers and peach blos soms and the beginning of early gar dening.
Cloudiness. Lastly as to the amount of cloudiness.
This condition is of importance not only as effecting the rapidity of evapora tion, but also directly having an influence upon the health of its inhabitants by determining the amount of sunshine and warmth and consequently the time which can be spent out of doors.
Observations by automatic tracings show for Athens, average per month in days, as following :
January, February and March, cloudy, 12; rainy, 7.
April, May and June, cloudy, 7; rainy, 8.
July, August and September, cloudy, 9; rainy, 9.
October, November and December, cloudy, 8 ; rainy, 3.
A remarkably well distributed rainfall. For New York City the average clear days for the same divisions per month, are 7, 8, 8.5 and 8 respectively, and for Charleston, S, C., n, u, 10 and 12 clear days respectively. The annexed tables will, by comparison, show the climatic conditions of Aiken, S. C., Asheville, N. C., Augusta and Thomasville, Ga., and Athens, Ga. Atlanta and Marietta, Ga., have about the same climate as Athens. The altitude of Athens is 750 feet.

Comparative Climates of Aiken, S. C., and Athens, Ga.

m

MONTHS.

January ...........

. February ..... .....

March ......

....

December ............. Spring . . . ........ ...... Winter ..............

1873 1884.

1885 1892.

Av. TeTp.

PerCt. of Mean 1 Av. Fair Days Av. Rainfall in Wind, Miles per

Humidity. ; per Month.

Inches.

Hour.

Aiken | Athens Aiken | Athens Aiken | Athens Aiken | Athens Aiken Athens

70 42 64 46 61 49 49 - 62
59 52 72 44 71 60 78 44

65 75 i 19 23 3.64 5.53 3.60 5 54 74 20 23 3.26 4.92 3.70 4 49 68 21 22 4.86 5.89 noobs 5 53 61 23 24 4.71 1.97 2.46 4
63 65 1 19 26 3.43 3.21 3.23 5 61 70 20 25 3.28 3.57 3.49 5 52 67 64 70 12.83 13.37 3.42 4
63 73 59 70 10.35 14.02 3.09 5

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Comparative Climates of Thomasville, Ga,, and Athens, Ga.

1878 1884.

1885 1892.

MONTHS.
April ...............
July.................... September .... ...... October ................ December ..... ........ Spring......... ......... Autumn .......... ... Winter. . . ............. Year ... .............

Av- Temp. ! Mean Humidity Av. Fair Days. Av.Rainfall (in.) Velocity Winds

Thosv. Athens Thosv. | Athens

64 42 63.73 75

54 46 62.86 74

56 49 62.29 68

55 62 62.75 61

75 ; 60 (J8 64.72 66

67

64.72 71

75 77 66.00 74

83 76 69.92 77

81 71 67.75 75

57 58 (18.22 70

58 52 66.64 65

69 44 64.75 70

62 59 62.44 65

38", 75 66, 8* 74

68 60 67.53 70

72 52 63.78 73

hosv. | Athens Thosv. | Athens Thosv. | Athens

23 23 3.41 5.53 5

5

22 23 3.36 4.92 5

5

24 22 3.92 5.89 9

5

21 24 5.28 1 97 8

24 23 3.74 5.51

4

4

21 21 4.37 5.07

q

20 20 4.69 5.88 3

4

19 20 7.23 5.71

o

4

22 24 3.83 4.80 6

3

24 26 5.19 2.96

)j

5

24 26 2.69 3.21

8

5

24 25 3.85 3.57

4

69 69 12 94 13.37 7

5

60 61 16.29 16.66 3

4

70 76 11.71 10.77

4.

69 71 10.62 11.02 O

5

268 277 !51.56 51.82 5

4.5

Comparative Climates of Asheville, N. C., and Athens, Ga.

1869 1880.

1885 189ii.

, MONTHS.
April . ............... December ...........

Av. Temperature, Mean Humidity. Average Fair Days. Average Rainfall.

Asheville | Athens

37.70 39.40
45.50 53.00 61.70 53 60 44.60
37.80

42.37 46.86
49.73 62.26 68.78
53.67 52.54 44 65

i Asheville | Athens
67.13 75 64.97 74 59.51 68 62.13 68 68.67 61 71.87 70 1 66.38 65 71.92 70

: Asheville | Athens

! 17

23

16

23

25

22

20

24

29

23

25

26

! 23

26

18

25

Asheville
2.62 3.69 4.30 3.43 3.50 3.05 2.90 3.03

Athens
5.53 4.92 5.89 1.97 5.51 2.96 3.21 3.57

Comparative Climates of Augusta, Ga., and Athens, Ga.

1872--1883.

1886--1892.

Av. Temperature.

MONTHS.

Augusta. | Athens.

January. ............. i 64

42

60

46

67

49

April ................ 69

62

May ................. 68

68

84

75

July. ................. 83

77

84

70

September ...... ....

79

71

63

58

60

52

December

70

44

Mean Humidity

Augusta. | Athens.

74

75

68

74

65

68

64

til

64

66

68

71

68

74

73

77

72

75

71

70

72

65

73

70

Average Fair Days. Average Rainfall.

Augusta. (Athens.

20

22

19

23

22

22

2l2b

24 22

23

21

24

20

23

20

22

24

24

26

20

26

21

25

Augusta. (Athens.
4.64 5.53 3.88 4.92 5.86 ! 5.89 4.64 1.97 3.09 5 51 4.25 5.07 4.46 i 5.88 4.78 5.71 3.97 4.80 2.23 2.96 4.29 3.21 4.06 | 3.57

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

Clarke county has no diseases peculiar to itself there are no diseases endemic here. It has a climate peculiarly suited to be beneficial and curative to those suffering from diseases of the nose, . throat and lungs, as well as for rheu matics. Diphtheria is practically un known, never as an epidemic, a few iso lated cases occasionally occurring, but in some of those reported there is probably an error in diagnosis. In the city of Athens a half dozen cases have not been known in twice as many years. Chills and fever cases are almost as rarely found, never as affecting a whole neighborhood and usually then confined to some spot subject to rising and fall ing daily water, as a mill-pond, an artifiqial rather than a natural cause. The disease is so rare in Athens that the statement that all cases of malarial dis turbance found here are from an infec tion outside the city and county limits would not be far from the truth. Pneu monias are very rarely seen. Consump tion, as developed from climatic condi tions is almost never known, acquired consumption especially, and so unfavor able is the climate for its development that persons with this disease find here not only relief from progressive changes but an entire arrest of the disease.
Rheumatisms, especially acute inflam matory, are seldom met with, this disease being almost as great a rarity as diph theria or intermittent fever. Brights disease, diabetes and other affections of

the kidneys are so rare that in many years experience many physicians of the county have never seen a case. In deed such is the healthfulness of the in habitants of Athens and its vicinity as to diseases the result of climate, that insurance companies find it a profitable field to work, a large proportion of its people carrying first-class policies, and the mortality of said policy holders is very low.
Statistics of its diseases are not gen erally kept by the physicians of the county, and therefore it is impossible to furnish any. A good way to judge of the healthfulness of a place is by the number of its resident practicing physi cians. The proportion to population of physicians in the United States is I to 350. In Athens, with a population of 12,000, there are but 12 practicing phy sicians, a ratio of I to 1,000, and in the county the proportion is still less.
The writer has traveled or resided in most of the states and territories of the United States, and it is his opinion, formed after a residence of over ten years here, that for delightful climate and healthy inhabitants, and freedom from endemic or epidemic diseases, Clarke county especially, of all the coun ties of Northeast Georgia noted for its delightful climate, has no superior. It would be a most excellent place for the establishment of a summer and winter hotel for invalids and travelers, or for a sanitarium.

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY.

CHARACTER OF THE SOIL AND ITS AGRICULTURAL VALUE.

H. C. WHITE, PH. D., F. R. C. S.

The geology of Clarke county is com paratively simple. The entire county lies within what is known as the "metamorphic" region, a formation which ex tends over a large part of the northern portion of Georgia. In fact, if a line be drawn approximately straight across the State in a southwesternly direction, from Augusta, on the Savannah river, to Columbus on the Chattahoochee, all of the State north of this line is within the "metamorphfc," excepting the ten coun ties comprising the extreme northwest ern corner. Clarke county is, therefore, somewhat east of the center of this great formation. This metamorphic region is the mountainous or hilly portion of Georgia; mountain-making and the metamorphism of rocks being due to the same general causes. Clarke county, however, lies rather upon the slopes and among the foot-hills of the true moun tain range than within the range itself. The country is, therefore, broken and hilly but not truly mountainous. Ranges of mountains of considerable altitude lie 50 or 60 miles to the northward, and are distinctly visible from any of the higher hills of the county in clear weather. The climate of the county (see page 17) is, therefore, that of the great Piedmont ("foot of the mountain") region, being neither enervating, like that of many of the "lowland" counties to .the south, nor rigorous like that of some of the

true mountain counties to the north. For healthfulness and comfort, the cli mate is most excellent, and it is admira bly adapted to a great variety of agricul tural and horticultural products.
The rocks of the metamorphic forma tion vary somewhat in different locali ties, but they are generally hard, compact and silicious, the great bulk of the rock being granite, or nearly approaching granite in composition and character. The rock underlying Clarke county is quite uniformly a gneissoid granite. At occasional points the rock is very like true granite, and is suitable for building and road-bed purposes. No quarries, however, have as yet been opened in the county, although immediately beyond the county line, in Oglethorpe county, workable granite of the very finest qual ity is somewhat extensively quarried.
In common with the greater part of the metamorphic formation of this re gion, the rock of the county is seamed with occasional veins of gold-bearing quartz. Gold in paying quantities has been washed from the bed of a small stream (Tanyard branch) flowing through a portion of the city of Athens, and probably in other parts of the county. No very rich veins or stream deposits have been found in the county, however, and it is most probable that none exist. The rich veins and deposits found in the counties to the north occur generally

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

among the schistose and quartzose rocks and not among the granites.
Whilst the rock is comparatively uni form in general character, and is all, comparatively speaking, hard and com pact, it is not uniform in hardness and compactness. As a consequence, eros ion has carved the surface of the county into numberless water-worn hills and valleys, giving it a rolling" character. As a further consequence, the streams, (of which there are a great number), have uneven and somewhat precipitous channels and move with rapidly chang ing velocities. These conditions give rise to valuable "water powers," many of which are already applied to indus trial uses. (See page 31.) Another con sequence of the lack of uniformity in the hardness and compactness of the rock is that it has been "weathered" to a great and unusual depth. (The same is true of many contiguous counties.) Excepting on the summits of the steeper hills, from which the weathered rock has been washed away as rapidly as formed, the effects of the weathering are notice able to depths of from 20 to 40 feet. Wells in the county are generally sunk to these depths before hard rock is en countered. "Weathering" is the "break ing down, pulverization and decomposi tion of rocks and minerals by natural processes ; that is, by the action of water, air, rain, wind, frost and such like natural agencies in operation constantly on the earths surface." The "weathering" of rocks results in the formation of soil. The soil of the county is, therefore, naturally very deep. Where it is .pro tected from washing the depth to which it may be cultivated for farming pur poses is practically unlimited.
The natural, inherent suitability of a soil for farming purposes depends in part upon the physical character and in

part upon its chemical composition. Both of these are determined by the nature of the rock from which the soil was formed.
The principal minerals of which the granitic rock of the county is composed are quartz, feldspar and mica. True granite is a uniform, homogeneous mix ture of these three minerals, each finely grained, compacted into a hard, uniform rock. Gneissoid granite contains the same three minerals, but it is not homo geneous in character, the minerals are coarsely grained and the rock is not so hard or compact as true granite. In true granite it is sometimes difficult to dis tinguish the minerals from each other by the unaided eye, but in the gneisses the large, coarse masses of each are gener ally easily distinguishable. In addition to quartz, feldspar and mica, other min erals in smaller quantities are sometimes among the components of the rock, such as hornblende, tourmaline, small veins of iron pyrites, ("fools gold"), etc., some of which are often prominently notice able when the rock is freshly broken. Others, such as carbonate of lime, phos phate of lime, sulphate of lime, etc., occur in much smaller quantities, espe cially mixed through the soil formed of the rock when weathered. It is this heterogeneous character and coarse structure of the gneissoid rock that per mits it to be weathered to such great depths.
The first effect of weathering is to crumble the rock. The minerals are then separated and sorted by the action of water. The quartz crumbles into sand, and the mica into small, fine, glis tening plates or scales. These are fre quently noticeable in the dust by the roadside or in the beds and along the sides of small streams. Quartz simply forms sand ; it cannot be further decom-

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

posed. The feldspar and mica (and other similar minerals) are, however, not only crumbled into fine particles but are acttually decomposed. Thus, feldspar, which is composed chiefly of silica (silicic acid), alumina and potash, with small quantities of lime, soda, iron and other ingredients, decomposes under the action of weathering and produces sand (silica), clay (silicate of alumina and

Clarke county is, therefore, essentially a clay soil. As the quantity of iron in the feldspar, etc., is considerable, the oxide of iron formed during weathering gives the soil generally a decided red color. The sorting action of rain water modi fies to some extent the natural character of the soil in many places. Clay is lighter and finer than sand and is, therefore, more easily washed away.

THE GEORGIA NORMAL SCHOOL.

water) and silicate of potash principally, with small quantities of oxide of iron, lime and soda compounds, etc. Mica, which has a somewhat similar composi tion, produces, on weathering, similar results. The principal ingredients of the soil formed by the weathering of a gneissoid granite are, therefore, sand and clay ; and as the quantity of clay is large, such soils are usually clay soils. What may be called the natural soil of

The larger streams of the county are therefor^ almost constantly more or less muddy from the quantity of fine clay which they carry, and the smaller streams are frequently so. This exces sive washing away of the clay as com pared with the sand results in the pro duction of sandy soil. This is especially the case upon the tops and sides of the steeper hills and in "bottoms" where the velocity of a swiftly running stream is

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

first checked. With the clay there is removed a good portion of the oxide of iron, so, as the soils become sandy, they lose their red color and become "grey" soils. Organic matter the remains of vegetation upon the soil also effects the removal of the oxide of iron by solu tion so that some of the soils are "grey" even when clayey.
The great bulk of the soils of the county are red clay lands, but sandy lands and grey lands are not uncommon. The numerous streams furnish consid erable acreages of bottom lands of great fertility.
Even in the case of the distinctly clay lands the proportion of sand mixed with the clay is so great that they are rarely heavy or stiff, or in condition unsuited to easy and perfect tillage. The ease of cultivation of clay lands depends largely upon their freedom from exces sive moisture. The rolling character of the lands of the county enables them to be properly drained without great diffi culty. The hills, moreover, are not generally so steep or abrupt but that excessive washing may be prevented by ordinary and simple methods. Terrac ing for this purpose has found success ful application almost universally.
Physically speaking, therefore, the soils of the county generally are admira bly suited to farming operations, being deep, composed of thoroughly disinte grated materials, capable of easy drain age and protection from washing and of a character adapted to easy and economic culivation.
The chemical composition of the soil may be illustrated by an analysis of a sample of the red clay land of the Uni versity farm. This farm is situated on a ridge-top, and the soil is less fertile than the average soil of the county of similar character. The sample repre

sents the soil to a depth of 12 inches.

and its composition is as follows

Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbonic acid, etc .......... ^8025
Water ............ 4038

Organic matter ........ Lime ............ Magnesia .......... Potash ............ Soda. ............ Phosphoric acid........ Sulphuric acid ........ Oxide of iron ........

4-593 0.292 o 270 0.781 0.685 0.036 0.076 1.204

IOO.OOO

The composition of the soil per acre calculated from this analysis is as fol

lows : One cubic foot of the soil weighed 81 pounds, and one acre taken to a depth of 12 inches weighed, accordingly,

3,528,000 pounds, as follows :

Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbon ic acid, etc ....... 3,105.730

Water .......... Organic matter ...... Lime ...........

142,500 161.750 10,320

Magnesia ..... . . Potash .......... Soda ........... Phosphoric acid ...... Sulphuric acid .......

9>54 27.560 24,150
1,260 22,690

Oxide of iron ........ 42,500

3,528,000
Careful investigations have shown that given crops take from the soil certain quantities of certain mineral matters. The following may be given as illustra
tions. Amounts (in pounds) of different sub
stances used and required by plants in producing certain crops, including the roots, stem, leaves, fruit, grain, seed, etc., and all parts of the plant, repre senting the total demand made by the crop upon the soil.

26

GLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

1. COTTON, 200 POUNDS LINT PER ACRE,

p,

Pounds,

T.

.............

,, .

......... 4

POMhtaoh.gsenpreh, somiarii..cn.era.acl,i..d,m..a.t.te..r....................

12 17 25

2. CORN, 50 BUSHELS, SHELLED GRAIN.

Potash

Pounj Sj

T

,-

Magnesia

20

Phosphoric acid . . . . . ... 31

Other mineral matter. .!.!. 15

3. OATS, 20 BUSHELS.
Potash ......... v ...Poun2ds0. Lime .............. 7 Magnesia ............ 5 Phosphoric acid ......... 7 Other mineral matter . ...... 56
4. WHEA*T, 10 BUSHELS. P_ound,s. Potash ............. 10 Lime .............. 4 Magnesia ............ 3 Phosphoric acid ......... 8 Other mineral matter ....... 37
5 TIMOTHY HAY I TON Pounds,
Potash ............. 65 Lime .............. 30 Magnesia ............ 13 Phosphoric acid ......... 16 Other mineral macter ...... 100
6. RED CLOVER, I TON. Pounds.
Potash ............. 80 Lime .............. 70 Magnesia ............ 25 Phosphoric acid ......... 20 Other mineral matter . ...... 25
Comparing the requirements of the crops with the actual capabilities of the soil, as indicated by the analysis, it is evident that, taken only to the depth of 12 inches, the ordinary soil of the county

is abundantly provided with the mineral

food necessary to produce luxuriant crops ^or many years without artificial fertili-

Zation. When it is remembered that

ttph,h,leaowt ,scucab,on-ns^toapi.il,.o,nsssdi,.e,bovlw.yJenn

to the lowest depth, b.leargreear chqeudanbtiyt>ie_san<oyf

piant food than are found in the surface

soil, it is apparent that it is possible to

maintain the natural fertility of the soil

practically indefinitely. It is true that

the fertility of a soil is mainly depend-

ent upon the solubility or "availability "

of the mineral plant food which it con-

tamg j n no soils

thig availability

nbe so read,ily or easily secured1 b, y j.udi.-

cious care of the land, green manuring,

rotation of crops and other economic

practices of good husbandry, as in soils

of the character found in this county,

the physical characteristics of which ,have ,beJen d, e_ scri.b, ed,,' and, w,h.ich, enab, l,e them to retain heat, air, moisture and the

products of decay of organic matter, the

natural agencies by which such availa-

bility is secured.

The general chemical character of the

so^ anc* ^ ts caPac^y to furnish mineral

plant food may also be estimated from

the composition of the minerals forming

the rocks from which the soil was pro-

duced. All the minerals (excepting

quartz) of the gneissoid granite underly-

ing the soil of the county are rich in

potash, lime and magnesia, and contain the other necessary ingredients of plant food in good proportions- The soil formed by the weathering of such minerais is> therefore, necessarily a strong soil . that is> it contains plant food in abundance, its natural productive capac-

ity is very great, and it responds readily to judicious tillage,
Another indication of the natural fertility of the soil is afforded by the character of the native vegetable growth.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

27

The timber of the county is mainly hard woods oak, hickory, dogwood, etc. a class of vegetation that demands from the soil much the same kind and amounts of mineral food as are required by ordi nary cultivated crops.
It may be safely said, therefore, that the general character of the soil of the county is such as to yield to the hus bandman full and rich returns for the labor of intelligent cultivation. As "proof of the pudding" attention is called to the agricultural statistics of the county given elsewhere, showing what the soil has actually been made to pro duce by careful culture.
As indicated above, the mineral mat ters of the soil and of the underlying rock of this region are mainly silicates compounds of potash, lime, etc., with silica. These compounds are but slightly soluble in water (though competent to become sufficiently so for all purposes of plant growth). The water percolat ing through the soil and rock and col lected in wells for drinking purposes therefore contains but very small quan tities of mineral matter in solution. Numerous analyses of the well waters of the county show that the amount of mineral matter held in solution is, on the average, not more than 2 grains per U. S: gallon. They are, therefore, "free-stone" waters of most excellent quality. The natural springs of the county are of the same general character and even the superficial streams, large and small, when freed from suspended sediment, are remarkably pure. The waters of the Oconee river, from which the city of Athens is about to take its water-supply, shows, when filtered, less than 2 grains per gallon of solid mat ters dissolved. Except where subject to local contamination, the organic purity

of the natural waters is absolute. The extreme purity and the magnificent quality of the drinking waters of the region in which the county lies consti tute one of its chief claims to healthfulness.
It has been previously noted that the oxide of iron which gives the red color to the soil is sometimes washed out of the soil (leaving " grey " land) by the percolating water when the quantity of organic (vegetable) matter upon or in the soil is large. This oxide of iron re mains in solution until the water issues freely into the air. Iron, or " chalybe ate" springs are, therefore, not infre quent in the county. There are, in fact, quite a number of them of excellent quality and great medicinal value.
As illustrating their character the analyses of two of the better known of such springs are here given :

"HELICON" SPRINGS, CLARKE co.,
5 MILES FROM ATHENS.

Soiids Dissolved.

IL.

Carbonate of iron ..... . 3.095

Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.462

Carbonate of lithia ...... a trace

Sulphate of lime . ..... 3 217

Sulphate of potash ...... o 102

Sulphate of magnesia ..... o 065

Sulphate of soda. ...... 0.167

Sodium chloride ....... 0167

Silica ............ 0.310

Alumina ........... 0053

Organic matter . ....... 0112

Manganese .......... a trace

Phosphate of lime ....... a trace

Total .......... 7.714
Temperature of the water (air 81.4 ) 57-6 .
Spring near the N. E. R. R. depot, city of Athens. The so-called

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

" FERRO-LITHIC SPRING.

Solids Dissolved.

Grains per U.S. Gallon.

Carbonate of iron ....... 1.528

Carbonate of lime ....... 0.241

Carbonate of magnesia . . . . . 0.315

Carbonate of lithia ...... o 007

Sulphate of lime ....... o 162

Sulphate of potash ...... 0.132

Sulphate of soda . . . . . . . 0.115

Alkaline chlorides ....... 0.003

Silica . . ........... 0218

Alumnium .......... ooio

Organic matter ........ 0.136

Total .......... 2.766

, A few " sulphur" springs are also known, the sulphur compounds being derived probably from the iron pyrites (sulphide of iron) occurring in small quantities quite generally through the rock and readily decomposing on weath ering.
This brief review of the geology of the county may serve, perhaps, to disclose the natural and sufficient basis for the claim that its salubrious climate, pure water and fertile soil fit it to be the home of a prosperous, sturdy and thrifty people.

FARMING IN CLARKE COUNTY.

PROF. DAVID C. BARROW, JR., C. M. E.

Clarke county is situated about forty miles south of what is known as the Chattahoochee ridge, which separates, the cotton producing section of the State from those portions where the summer season is too short to permit of its successful cultivation.
We are very advantageously situated, agriculturally, being in a climate where cotton can be successfully grown, and yet being sufficiently far north to make the cultivation of wheat profitable.
The climate of the more southern por tion of the State is as suitable for the cultivation of cotton, corn and oats as is our own, but in that section wheat can not be successfull raised. We cannot grow sugar cane in Clarke, at least not as a profitable crop, but we have as a substitute sorghum from which much syrup is made every year.
Each year increased attention is paid to hay making, and there are now farmers

in this county who raise hay to the ex clusion of cotton. Bermudagrass, which was once regarded as the farmers curse, is considered now as of great value on account of the quantity of hay it pro duces and the excellent pasturage it affords. This grass, is killed only by intense cold, so that, when once a field is set in bermuda grass, very little ex pense is incurred in making hay from it.
It is common to cut three crops of hay during a summer, and at least two
are expected. As to fruit, we have an abundance of
figs, from which may be inferred that we have no very severe cold, and peaches, apples, pears and grapes thrive with us. There are many scuppernong vines in and around Athens which are of great size and which produce bushels of fruit.
From this brief statement of the crops which are grown here it will be seen that the statement of an eminent divine that,

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

Our county produces everything else and cotton besides," is almost literally correct.
During my boyhood it was the custom n my fathers plantation, in the vicinity >f Athens, to feed the negroes with proisions grown on the place, and to clothe ;hem with cloth woven at home from :otton and wool raised there The farmer who buys only sugar and Doffee of his food, and wears clothes of
manufactured in his own county, if not on his farm, is still to be found with us.
Extract From Tenth Census.
Clarke County.
1 The lands may be classed as red lays, gray sandy, mulatto, and alluvial ottom soils. The red clay lands cover bout 65 per cent, of the county area, nd extend in two belts across the :ounty, each about 6 miles wide. The ark red soil has a depth of about 18 ches, with a tough red clay sub-soil.
The soil is fine grained and compact, etaining moisture for a long time, hav. ng little sand in its composition. It is ery durable, resisting both weathering .nfluence and the taking up of its riches >y the plants, and produces crops for a umber of years with very little decrease
yield. Its tree growth consists of red, black, panish, and white oaks, chestnut, pine ickory, dogwood and some walnut. he soil is cold and naturally well rained, and is easy to till in wet seaons. Fresh lands produce from 900 to 1,000 iounds of seed cotton, and this yield xmtinues for a number of years without y apparent diminution. The lands are lot troubled so much by weeds or by irab-grass. They have a tendency to vash, and on steep hillsides are much

injured. The valleys are also injured by the washings. Hillside ditching and terracing are practiced with good success in checking the damage.
Gray sandy lands, which form a belt three miles wide in the middle of the county, comprise nearly 30 per cent, of its lands. The soil is gray and more or less sandy, 16 inches deep, and under laid by a yellowish or reddish clay much less tough than the red lands and much less retentive of moisture. It is not as durable as the red lands, is generous in giving up its plant food, and is more readily washed off by rains. It also decreases in productiveness more readily. The growth is white, red, Spanish and post oak, hickory, pine and chestnut, this last being more abundant than on red lands. Whenever it is pos sible farmers use chestnut rails for fenc ing purposes, and gray lands are often marked by chestnut fences. These lands are best adapted to cotton and oats, 75 per cent, of the former being planted. The red land is better for corn, clover and wheat, though cotton forms 60 per cent. o"f the crops. The yield on "fresh gray land" is from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre. While the soil is not so durable as the red land, it recuperates more readily and produces very well for a few years after a rest.
The bottom lands, comprising 5 per cent, of the land of the county, are vari able in width, and are never very wide. The growth is birch, hickory, pine, oak, walnut, and frequently considerable white oak. The soil is a dark alluvial loam, sometimes underlaid by a tough pipe clay, white or bluish in color. The land is best adapted to corn, roper cent, only of cotton being planted. Cocklebur and rag-weed are the most trouble some."

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Since the census report was prepared one notable change has taken place in the farming in Clarke county, which is the cultivation of Bermuda grass on many of the bottoms, which were then planted in corn, a change which has been of the greatest benefit to the farmer.
At my request Mr. Jos. F. Comer, one

of the successful farmers of Clarke county, has given me a statement of the crops raised by himself and tenants dur ing 1892. His tenants are negroes, who with their families and some help hired, cultivated their farms. Mr. Comer is a very careful and skillful farmer, but the results show what can be accomplished.

RESIDENCE OF A. L. HULL, MILLEDGE AVENUE.

JCO.MFER..

TENANTS.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6

VALUE.

30

U

13

10

15

12

15 9 cts. per Ib.

Bushels Cotton Seed. .... 810 297 351 270 405 324 405 22 cts. per bu.

Galls Syrup (Sorghum). . 100

80

60 400

50 150 200 50 cts. per gal.

Bus. Potatoes (Sweet) .... 120

60 150

70 100

75 125 50 cts. per bu.

Stacks Fodder ........... 10

3

rt

4

5

3

5 75 cts. per 100.

Loads Forage Corn.. . . . . 25

2

1

3

4

2

3

500 160 250 170 200 150 20i 75 cts. per bu.

600 600 150 500 400 500 200 8 cts. per Ib.

T rmHc ^tinplfc

8

3

6

3

4

3

4 60 cts. per 100.

4

1

1

2

2

3

3

30

3

2

1

10

2

1 75 /cts. per 100.

"Rn tli pic Pf^ic

25

8

8

20

10

15

25 80\cts. per bu.

N^r A/Tiil PC \A/rT*kpH

4

2

2

2

2

2

3

Rent Cotton (in bales) ....

5

5

5

5

5

6 ..\. ..........

cr:

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

31

The bales of cotton averaged 450 Ibs., that being size of bales paid for rent.
The loads of shucks and hay may be counted at 500 Ibs. each. The stacks of fodder at the same.
The conclusion which naturally fol lows from this brief statement seems to be that our county can hardly be equalled for diversity of products and profitable farming under proper management.
NOTE. Several years ago an agricultural club existed in Athens, which offered a premium for the best acre of wheat. Several of the con testants raised over 50 bushels, and the prize was awarded to Dr. James S. Hamilton, who grew, I think, 54 bushels on an acre. This is given as indicating what can be raised by proper cultivation.
The Tenant System.
The table on page 30 illustrates one of the most common methods of farming in this county and the surrounding coun try, so common, indeed, that it may be called the method in which our lands are farmed.
The land is owned in large bodies, either by those who inherited planta tions, or by the accumulations of suc cessful business men, and is rented out in small farms to tenants.
The rents vary in kinds and amount, lands near cities and towns renting

higher than in more remote sections, and the quality of the land being, of course, an important consideration.
Sometimes a portion of the crop grown, usually one-fourth, is paid for the use of land, but ordinarily the con tract is for "standing rent." By "stand ing rent" is meant that a fixed amount of lint cotton, or occasionally of money, is to be paid for the use of land. The amount varies from 800 to 1,200 pounds of lint cotton for each one-horse farm. Sometimes the landlord furnishes the mule and includes his hire in the rent. Mr. Comer does this, but the tenant feeds the mule.
Another very . common contract is what is called the " half and half con tract." The laborer furnishes the human labor, usually himself and family; and the landlord furnishes the mule and land and feeds the mule. The laborer furnishes his hoes, etc., and the landlord the plows. Fertilizers, black smith bills and other expenses are paid for half and half. The crop is equally divided between the landlord and his tenant.
Under this contract an industrious laborer will greatly prosper and the land lord be well paid for the use of his land.

WATER SYSTEM.

The extent, distribution and commer cial value of the water system of Clarke county justify its discussion under a special article. The article should be read with the county map before the eye, and with a clear remembrance of the large and evenly distributed rainfall with which this c action is favored.

The two forks of the Oconee river which run together on the county line are the most important members of the water system, but along the several creeks which run into the rivers a num ber of valuable powers exist, some uti lized and some not. It will be noted that secondary streams of the county are

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

supplied by a great number of branches which take their rise in a still larger number of bold springs. The general trend of the streams is toward the south-east, and with scarcely an excep tion the river and creek valleys are very narrow and bordered on each side by high hills. The underlying rocks in which these channels have been cut be long to the earliest geological eras, tech nically called metamorphic rock, which abounds in fissures into which a large per centage of the rainfall is gathered. This underground supply not only sus tains the springs and branches, but makes it possible to secure good water at shallow depths. The surface wells of the county range from 25 to 50 feet in depth. The nature of the underlying rock, of course, renders impossible the boring of artesian wells, but, fortunate ly, the surface water is so pure that deep wells aie hot necessary. The insoluble nature of the rock leaves the supply

entirely free from any large amounts of mineral ingredients, and the sparsely settled character of the country secures immunity from hurtful organic contami nation. Analyses are given below of the water of several typical streams, springs and wells in this county, which show the marked purity and healthfulness of the waters of this section. To interpret their analyses it should be said that the presence of chlorides and ammonia indicate animal, or organic con tamination, while the amount of solid matter shows the dissolved mineral in gredients. The recognized limits of safety for a drinking water are concerned chiefly with the presence of chlorides and albumenoid ammonia. When chlo rides exceed two grains per U. S. gallon, and when albumenoid ammonia exceeds 10 parts in 100,000,000 a water should be regarded with suspicion from a health standpoint. With these facts in mind the tables speak for themselves.

Ammonia,

Chlorides.

AFmrmeoneia 1,0p0,e00r. Albuminoid

1,0p0e,0r0.

7<5n. 7Ss>
"See

^%**

Hardnes .

Oconee River, at New Water Works, } F^J^

"""

Trace. 0 01 Trace. 0.03

0.04 7.223 0.00 2.854

1.82

Middle Oconee River, j gltered^ ..

;;

Trace. 0 02 0.00 2.219
Trace. 0.00 0.02 4.672 i.6

Trail Creek, Unfiltered ........... . .......... . . .... Trace. 0 005 0.03 3.651 1.25

Von der Lieths Spring , ...... ......................

0.002 0.005 2.10 1.25

Well on Milledge Avenue, Athens .... ..................... 0.14 0 000 0.045 5.26 1 50

Water Powers. The question as to whether a given water system may be utilized for power purposes depends upon the following facts :
i. The occurrence of rocky shoals over which the stream will descend a number of feet in elevation within a comparatively short distance, the power being proportional to the fall.

2. On the velocity with which the

water is brought to the top of the fall.

3. On the volume of water.

4. On the constancy of water in the

channel.

5 The adaptability of the banks for

the building of a suitable dam and race

way by which to bring the watr to the

machinery.

/

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

33

1. Throughout this county the beds of streams are marked at frequent inter vals by the presence of transverse rocky ledges of greater or less fall over which the waters pass from one comparatively level stretch to another.
2. The general slope of these quiet stretches determines the velocity which is effected in bringing the water to the dam at a given speed. The streams of this county are swiftly flowing at all points. The rivers between the shoals maintain without much variation an average flow of one foot per second. This estimate is a safe average based on actual observations on Middle Oconee river at Tallasee Shoals where the veloc ity is 1.6 feet per second, and on the same river above the Princeton Shoals, where the velocity is .852 feet per second.
3. The volume of water passing the top of a shoal will be the product of the area of a vertical cross section of the stream by the velocity. Cross sections, of course, will vary with different stages of the water, but estimates on the Mid dle Oconee river taken in the early fall season when the water is lowest, show at Tallasee Shoals an area of 152 square feet, and at Princeton an area of 400 square feet, the respective velocities be ing 1.6 feet and 832 feet per second. The product of these factors give at Tal lasee 25 horse power for every foot of fall, and at Princeton 35 horse power for every foot of fall, the increase at the latter point being due to the waters of several large creeks which empty into this river between the two shoals. These are minimum figures.
4. The constancy of the flow is of vital importance, and will depend on three main items.
I. The annual rainfall and its distri bution.

2 The nature of the drainage. 3. The absorption power of the un derlying rock system.
The drainage area of the two rivers is very hilly, a fact which tends to make a large per centage of the water from rainstorms run off rapidly. On the other hand, these water sheds are well wooded and the underlying rock system is fis sured so that much of the rainfall is rapidly absorbed and given forth gradu ally to the streams and branches Act ual observations on the waters of Trail creek, whose water shed is 12 square miles give the following table for a point near the creeks mouth.

Trail Creek.

,

_ t/3

o1

o

i>
03
Q

&cu

43
"o

Q

-

>

<

0g
(j-^cS
^ ^ o* i ^ tn <

.S >-
o & CJ <U
"^
>

OJ
cS <u-
o >

April 1891 25 5.58 in 12.109ft 2.05ft 24.8 cu.ft Oct., 1891|23 2.6 in 5.00 ft2. 17 ft| 10.85 cu.ft

Average grade of stream 4.25 in 1,000.

The first observation was in the spring when the general flow was full; the lat ter at a time when the water was lowest. Taking the average between these two we have 17.8 cubic feet per second as the average flow of the stream, which is equivalent to 1,537,920 cubic feet per day. The annual rainfall for this section being 54 inches, the mean daily rainfall is .14 in., which, on an area of 12 square miles, gives a total volume of water amounting to 4,183,010 cubic feet. Of this, the observations show that 2,645,090cubic feet are lost to the stream by evaporation, by running off in storm water, and by absorption and evapora tion from vegetable growth and in deep fissures. Calculated to per centage this shows that an average of 37% of the

CLABKE COVNTY, GEORGIA,

rain fall is available for supplying the stream. This calculation has been given in detail in order to use the available /0 on other streams in the county. Fan ning in his excellent work on water sup ply shows that 40% of the total rainfall may be taken as available to maintain the flow of a stream. The close agree-

ment between his data and the observa tions on Trail creek lend further strength to the figure as given. We, therefore, may use 40% for the creeks of this county as a basis upon which to estimate their average volume and the horsepower which they will give, as shown in the table below.

Table of Water System Measurements.

<l> TH

in

oWAaretfar sm(hseiqd.).

Q <U

1^ <U

c

"rt

1

h^

NAME.

5

413,0002.5 ft 0.3

McNutts Creek ............... .... .... ......... 9 10 1,300,000 2 ft. 1.5 100

3

420.0002.3 ft. 0.31 115

Bear Creek .................. . . .... . . ...... 7 12 1,627,000 2 ft. 1.8 130

278,0002.5 ft. 0.2

60

164,0002.5 ft. 0.13 110

lVTr"T ptvw *2 I i*Pf* K

9

147,0002.5 ft 0.10 108

1 3/ 181,0002.5 ft. 0.14 96

Big Sandy Creek . .................

...... 13 lo Wi 2,060,0002 ft. 1.54 126

Big- Sandy Creek at Colts Mill. .. ............... 6 Little Sandy Creek ............. .............. . . 2%

4 4 1,000,000 2 ft. 0.75 555,000 2 ft. 0.40

(.0 71

T\F f\\s f* "fr* Vi f* ^ Pppplr

Ql

Trail Creek (West Fork).... ........ .. ........... 4

36 X"

488,000,2 ft. 0.39 lOii 609,000 2.17 ft 0.40 86

Trail Creek.. .......... ... ....................... 6 12 1,537,000 2.17 ft. 1.20 115

Shoal Creek.... . Bi^ Creek

..............

............ \ 12 B-!/

10 2

3,055,0002.4 ft. 2.00 1,300,0002.3 ft. 0.90

230 85

Cedar Creek . . .... ........

..... . ....

McNutts Creek, at Epps Gin ........ .............

4% 8

16 2

715,0002.5 ft. 0.58 2,000,000 2 ft. 1 ^0

120 90

McNutts Creek, at Sykes Mill

.

..

6 10 1,300,000 2 ft. 0.90 50

2

Bobbin Mill Creek ......... .... ............ 2

2

260,00012 3 ft. 0.20 75. 260,0002.5 ft. 0.20 110

320 4 156,0002.4 ft. 0.12 119

41,600,000 1 ft. 30.00

Oconee River .. .............

....

.... 40 280 30,000,000 1 tt. 20.00

In the foregoing table the lengths and drainage areas of the streams have been taken as far as possible from the county map. Streams along the borders, and particularly in the county, have been estimated from general maps of the ad joining counties. [In the case of Mid dle Oconee river the estimated average flow from drainage area is 41,000,000 cubit feet per day, and from observa tions at the Bobbin mill, in October, 1892, 40,700,000 cubic feet per day.]

WATER POWER SITES.
Middle Oconee River.
(a) Tallasee Shoals. iM miles long; total fall 43; H. P. per i fall 25 Total H. P. 1007.5; owned by a company of Athens merchants; for sale on easy terms; not now utilized; formerly used for grist mill; good topography on either bank for race way and mill build ings ; 8 miles from Athens, 4 miles from McLeroys Station on G. C. & N. R. R.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

35

Dam can be easily constructed on con Whitehall. Now utilized by a cotton

tinuous rock ledge ; will have to be 400 factory, with turbines yielding 300 H. P.

long.

Fine dam and race ^ mile long ; also a

(b) McLeroys Mill. Shoal >^ mile grist mill run by power from same race,

long; total fall, 12; H. P. per I ft., 30; (c) Bar/iet'f's Shoals. Located on Oco

total H. P., 360; owned by J. L. McLe- nee river, below the junction point of the

roy and others ; excellent grist mill now two forks, and lying just across the

operated ; good dam and race; situated county line. The shoals are i ^ miles in

3% miles from Athens, and y2 mile from length, with a total fall of 54.7 feet. The

McLeroys Station on G. C. & N. R. R. volume of water is 724.8 cubic feet per

(c) Jennings1 Shoals. A mile and a second; velocity, i per second ; H. P.

half below McLeroys mill; total fall, 8; per i ft. fall, 70; total H. P., 3,780.

H. P. per i ft., 30; total H. P., 240. Located 12 miles from Athens and 4>^

Power partially decreased in high water, miles from railroad at Watkinsville.

old dam still in place, needs repair; 3 Owned by the Athens Manufacturing

miles from Athens, owned by Dr. J. A. Co, R. L. Bloomfield, Agent, and at

Hunnicutt; not now utilized.

present used to operate a large cotton

(d) Princeton Factory. Fall 15, H. P. mill, 7,500 spindles; wing dam and race,

per i ft. 35 ; total, 525 H. P. Located controlling the flow of the river ; turbines

2^ miles from Athens on main road by now take up 400 H. P. One of the best

that name; now used by cotton mill with powers in this whole section. Power

turbine of 300 H. P.; owned by Prince- leased to manufacturers.

ton Mfg Co., J. S. Hamilton, agent. Dam can easily be raised 8 without any McNutts Greek.

damage beyond $2,000 by back water. (a) Sykes Mill. Seven miles from

Building in good condition, machinery Athens on the county line; total fall,

put in 1875.

36; H. P. per foot fall estimated at .9

Oconee River.

H. P. ; total H. P., 32. Owned by Sykes , Bros., Athens, and utilized by a good

(a) Athens Shoals. Total fall, 13 feet. saw and grist mill plant.

H. P. per foot i ft fall. 26. Total H. P., (b) hpps' Gin. Two miles lower down

338. Located in the city of Athens, and on same creek; Total fall, 30 feet; es

owned by the Athens Manufacturing timated H. P. by I foot fall i.i ; total, 33

Co, R. L. Bloomfield, Agent., a fine H. P. Owner, F. N. Epps and utilized

masonry dam, and turbine of 300 H. P. for cotton ginning; located 3^ miles from

The factory makes cotton yarns and dyes Athens and 4 miles from McLeroys

them; 10,000 spindles. It is a good Station, on G., C. & N. R. R.

paying investment; is lighted by electric (c) Paper M ill. Located at the junc

lights run by the water power

tion of McNutts and Barbers creeks ;

(b) Georgia Factory. The shoals are total fall, 18 feet ; estimated H. P. per i

Y-Z mile in length. Total fall, about 30 foot fall, 5.00 H. P.; total, 90 H. P.;

feet. 30 H. P. per i foot fall. Total located on Princeton road, 4 miles from

H.P., 900. Located in the centre of the Athens, and 3^ miles from depot at Wat

town of Whitehall, and owned by J. R. kinsville ; hitherto utilized by a large

White and others ; five and one-half miles paper mill plant; recently bought by

from Athens, and ^ mile from depot of prominent men of Athens, and now in

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA.

process of change to a fine cotton mill for the manufacture of cotton yarns,rope, etc., under name of Alpha Mills, W. D. Griffith, agent, Athens ; value of plant, with new improvements, $50,000 ; has a good dam, race, and power pit, and good brick building, two stories, with out houses.
Little Bear Creek.
Fowlet's M ill. Located 10 miles from Athens, 4 miles from Bogart Station on

Little Sandy Creek. Tottys Mill. On Nowhere road, 5
miles from Athens ; total fall, 15 ; H. P. per i foot fall, 0.4 ; total H. P., 6; owned by Mr. Totty and used for grist and gin ning purposes.
Noketchee Creek. Barretis Mill. On Nowhere road 4
miles from Athens. Total fall, 16 feet; total H. P. 6. Dam needing repair, and race way, for sale with 25 acres of land,

YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING.

G., C. & N. R. R.; total fall, 20 feet; H. 1. per i foot, 0.31, estimated ; total H. P., 6.2; now utilized by excellent grist and saw mill plants ; turbine wheel; owned by Hedge Fowler.
Sandy Creek.
Coifs Mill. Just across Jackson county line, 7 miles from Athens ; total fall, 13; H. P. per i foot fall, 75 H. P.; total H. P., 9.9 ; good dam and grist mill and saw mill, utilizing all the power.

$1,000. Formerly used for grist and gin; now not used ; no good building.
Beaver Dam Creek. William s Saw Mill. On old Jackson
road 8 miles from Athens, just across the Madison county line. Total fall, 20 feet; total H. P., 2. Used for sawing lumber, owned by Benj. Williams.
Shoal Creek. Giu on property of W. H. Morton, io
miles from Athens. Total fall, 20 feet;

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

37

total H. P., 20 ; now used for ginning cotton.
Cedar Creek.
Mill Site. On land of Wesley Puryear, on Barnetts Shoal road 61 miles from Athens, used for sawing and ginning. 20 foot fall; total, 11 H. P.; good dam and saw mill plant.
Bobbin Mill Creek.
Bobbin Mill. 2.}^ miles from Athens. Total fall, 40 feet; total H. P., 8. Good dam, breast wheel, mill house in bad repair; owned by the heirs of J. H.

Newton, Major Lamar Cobb, Athens, executor. For sale.
Trail Creek.
(a) Check Factory. Shoals within the city limits. 18 foot fall; formerly used to run the machinery of the check fac tory, which now uses steam. Dam was cut in December, 1890. Owned by Athens Mfg. Co. H. P., 21.6.
(b) On west fork of Trail creek 2% miles from Athens a shoal with fall of 9 feet occurs; has never been used, It would furnish horsepower of 5.4 with small expense for dam.

COUNTY STATISTICS.

The report of the school commissioner of Clarke county, 1892, shows the follow ing statistics concerning the county schools :
Number of schools, 11 white. 20 col ored; total 31.
Number of teachers, white, male 10, female II.
Number of teachers, colored, male 4, female 21. Pupils admitted, white, male 260,
female 233; total ....... 498 Pupils admitted, colored, male 578,
female 594; total ....... 1,172
Aggregate total ...... 1,665
Average monthly cost of tuition per pupil $1.09, of which the State pays $i 0794. The average attendance in all schools was 774.25 each day.
Orthography was taught to 1,503 pupils.
Reading was taught to 1,394 pupils. Writing was taught to 1,185 pupils. Grammar was taught to 326 pupils.

Geography was taught to 520 pupils. Arithmetic was taught to 1,047. The expenditures on the county schools aggregated $4,730.75. The in come is derived from the county poll tax and from the State.

Population.
Census of 1890 gives in Clarke county, whites 7,072, colored 8,114; total, 15,186. In 1880 the census gave a total of 11,704. Increase in ten years of 3,484, equiva lent to 30 per cent.

Cotton.

Planted in 1890, 13,333 acres, yielded 5,471 bales; average, 2.44 acres to the bale.

Cereals.
Acres.
Barley ...... . . . . II
Rye ...... . . . . 26
Wheat .... . . . . 668
Corn ..... . . . . 4,804
Oats . ..... . . . . i,937

Bushels. 80
212 3,824 52,139 18,981

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Farms.
Owned by white ......... 232 Owned by colored ........ 62

Taxes, 1 892.
Paid by whites . . $57,38634 9443% Paid by colored . . 3.283.32 5.57%

Total ............ 294

Total

. $60,669.66 100%

GEORGIA FACTORY DISTRICT,
BEING THE STATE MILILIA DISTRICT No. 217.

Area.
5 932 acres 9.27 square miles.
Population.
White voters, 74; colored, 55. White population ........ 500 Colored population ....... 275
Total ........... 775
Location.
The district lies immediately south of the city of Athena, adjoining Puryears district on the east, Oconee county on the south and Princeton Factory on the west, and touches a portion of Buck Branch district on the north. The sur vey by C. B. Daniell, C. S., in 1887, de fines the limits as follows :
Beginning at the city limits on the Macon & Northern R. R. and running with said road to a sewer near the resi dence of Dock Giles, thence across to said Giles1 spring; thence down said spring branch n. 78^ w. 14.50 chains; thence west to the line of John R. Whites property, and thence with said line s. 6if w. 30 chains to the Oconee river. The district then follows down the river to the mouth of Cedar creek, and turns up said creek, following same to the mouth of Ransoms spring branch.
The line from this point runs n. 65^ w. 50 chains to the head of branch in Kinnebrews field; thence down said branch s. 65^ w. 8 chains, n, 71 w. 29 chains, s. 83 w. 9 chains, s. 57^ w. 18 chains, s. 81 w, 13 chains, n. 81^ w. 13

chains, s. 35^ w. 5 chains, s. lie. 4 chains, s. 51^ w. 14 chains, s. 89^ w. 4 chains, s. 2 w. 10 chains, s. 453- w. 8 chains to the point where said branch empties into the North Oconee river; thence up said river, n. 32 w 16 chains, s. 81 w. 18 chains, s. 70 w. 26 chains, n. 4f w. 20 chains, n. 15^- e 10 chains, and n. 64 w. 16 chains to the city limits; thence the district runs westerly with the city limits to the beginning corner.
Whitehall.
Occupying the centre of the district and incorporated under a mayor and council is the flourishing town of White hall. The town is essentially a factory town, being peopled almost entirely by the operatives of the Georgia factory. The town lies principally on the east bank of the Oconee, but has a station and postoffice on the Macon and Northern R. R. on the west side of the river. The town limits are circular and described with a radius ^ of a mile from the centre of the factory building. The population of Whitehall is about 400. The town has two good church build ings and supports two excellent schools. It contain likewise a fine grist mill, sev eral stores selling general merchandise, and a good blacksmith shop.
The Georgia Manufacturing Co.
The chief interest of Whitehall centres in the large cotton mill owned by Capt. John R. White and others, and operated

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

39-

? under the name of the Georgia Manu financial success of the undertaking and

facturing Company. This mill is one of the good feeling which exist between the

.the oldest cotton mills in the South and management and operatives are largely

has been in operation since 1829. It due to the good j udgment and tact which

was originally built by James Johnson, the officials of the company display.

Augustus Claiyton and others, passing into the hands of John White in 1836, and has since been largely expanded and strengthened by him and his heirs, who still own and control the property. In 1854 the first brick building was put up, which was gradually enlarged until Oc tober, 1892, when it was destroyed by fire. At the time of the fire the factory was running seventy-five hundred spin dles and one hundred and twenty looms for the manufacture of sheetings, shirt ings, drills and yarns. The company are rebuilding the mill on the old site to cover a space fifty by three hundred and twenty-five feet, and to be two stories high. The new mill will have ten thousand spindles for fine yarn, and later will probably put in looms for the manufacture of print cloths. The valu ation of the companys property is one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. One hundred and fifty operatives are em ployed. In addition to the buildings,

Topography.
As will be seen from an inspection of the map, this district is divided into equal parts by the east fork of the Oco nee river, and has the western fork of the same river for much of its western boundary. The river valley is deep and narrow, and lies 200 feet below the table lands adjoining. That portion of the land lying along the river is very pre cipitous and rough. It is well timbered and has several large bodies of original forest. While the district is essentially a rough district, it contains large areas of uplands which are easily cultivated and of marked agricultural value. Of the total 5,932 acres, probably as much as 4,500 acres are readily tillable. The district abounds in freestone springs along the hillsides, and wells are reached at easy depths. The soil is essentially of red clay, and is rich in potash and phosphoric acid.

they own a large amount of land and the Roads.

magnificent water power on the Oconee river, which is used to run the factory. The available horse power from the river at this point is 900, of which the factory now uses 300 by means of two 32-J-inch turbines. The company is one of the strongest and most reliable cotton mills in this state, and the business has always proven a good investment under a wise and conservative management. Capttain John R. White, who is now the president of the company, is reognized as an exceedingly able mill |nan, who not only knows how to

The public roads from Athens, lead ing southward on both sides of the river, traverse this district. A bridge over the river provides for a cross road east and west, which leads on one side into Puryears district and Oglethorpe county, and in the other direction to Watkinsville, the county seat of Oconee county. Following the general line of the public road, the Macon and Northern railroad runs through the district and has sta tions at Whitehall and Watkinsville.
Churches and Schools.

iun the finances but is thoroughly The church facilities of the district

posted on the practical details. The are supplied by the churches at White-

40

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

hall, Athens and Watkinsville, all of which points are readily reached from the district. People living in the south east section sometimes attend Big Creek and Corinth churches in Oconee county. The two schools at Whitehall are the chief district schools.
Marketable Crops. The main money bringing crop of the
district is cotton. Of this the average

covering the farming lands and improve ments. This divided by the total acre age gives an average valuation of $11 per acre for improved land. The pres ence of a considerable town, and the railroad, combined with nearness to Athens, are factors in this high valua tion. White people own $258,645 ; colored, $5,900. The price of land will vary from $6 to $30 per acre.

BIRTHPLACE OF HENRY W. GRADY, PRINCE AVENUE.

yield is about 600 bales Oats, corn and hay are raised for home consumption, and to a limited extent for sale.
Property Valuation.
The property returned for taxation in this district, including the factory plant, reaches a figure of $264,545. Of this at least $200,000 may be included in the town of Whitehall, leaving $64,545 as

Mills, Gins, Etc.
Outside of the large cotton mills with a capacity of 10,000 spindles, and the grist mill at the same point, there is one located on Cedar creek, owned by Wesley Puryear,drawing its power from the creek and used for ginning and sawing lumber. Many of the farmers of this district use the large steam gin of John Tuck, located at the intersection of the Win-

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

terville and Lexington road, in the com munity of Tuckston.
Farms. A total of 17 farms are returned in
this district, 12 owned by the whites and 5 by negroes. The latter holdings are small. The principal lands belong to John R. White, Willis Kettle, the Wm. Kittle estate, and the Wm. Brittain estate. The farms are, as a rule, worked

by their owners, but some tenants are in possession.
Stores.
The small area of the district and its proximity to Whitehall and Athens offers little support to storekeepers outside of those towns. Accordingly there is no store in the knowledge of the author located in the district at other points.

PURYEARS DISTRICT,
BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRCT No. 218.

Area.
14,735 acres 23 square miles.
Population.
White voters, 39; colored, 116. White population. ........ -30 Colored population .....- 580
Total ............ 810
Location.
The district occupies the southeast section of the county, adjoining Buck Branch district on the north, Oglethorpe county on the east, Oconee county on the south and Georgia Factory district on the west. The official survey made by C. B. Daniel, county surveyor, in 1887, calls for the following limits :
Beginning at the county line between Oglethorpe and Clarke counties, where the Athens and Lexington road crosses said line, and running along said road to the head waters of Cedar creek, thence down said creek to where it empties into the Oconee river, with the following bearings and distances : N52 w47 chains, n64^ w 29 chains, n50^ w 81 chains, n63 w 22 chains, n53 w 30 chains, n59 w 13 chains, n59% w 22 chains, i?85 w 17 chains, s83 w 7 chains,

w 13 chains, n76 w 60 chains, n68 w 8 chains, n54^ w 13 chains, n59^ w/j.8 chains, s38^- w2.50 chains, s9^ e 11 chains, sl8^4 w 2.35 chains to the mouth of Ransoms branch, and thence down the meanderings of the creek to its mouth. The line above given separates Puryears from Buck Branch District as far as Ransoms branch.
Topography.
The district is divided by the waters of Cedar, Shoal and Big creeks into three main ridges, with narrow valleys between them. Numerous branches, supplied by bold springs, course down the sides of the ridges with rapid fall. Between the heads of branches on either side of the ridges a broad expanse of rolling upland is spread. The larger portion of the land has been cleared of its original forest of oaks, hickories and pines. Scarcely more than 10% of the area is now covered with primitive tree growth. It is estimated that 35% of the district will closely represent the total amount of woodland, three-fourths of which is second growth pine and oak. The remainder is cleared and utilized for cultivation and pasturage.

CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Roads.
The road system is composed of five main roads, two of which run along the ridges, and the other three directly across the same in a general westerly course. These roads are connected with main thoroughfares in the adjoining counties.

Churches.
The Baptist and Methodist denomina tions have three church structures in reach of the people. Two of these are just at the Oconee line on the Oconee side, ar.d are known as Big Creek and Corinth churches, the latter Methodist, and the former Baptist. A chapel known as Bethel chapel is located near the centre of the district.
The negroes also have several places of worship within easy reach uf their homes.

Schools,

%

The public school for whites is located on the plantation of Hon. W. H. Morton. Under the state law this school is open during five months of the year and is in charge at present of an excellent teacher.
Another is located at Bethel church. There are also three schools for colored children one near Shiloh church, one on W. H. Mortons farm, and one near Jones store.

Crops.
The main crops of the district are cot ton, corn and oats. Of these the district raises from 1,500 to 2,000 bales of cotton, from 5,000 to 10,Ov.O bushels of corn and 5,0(K> bushels of oats. Hay from native grasses and peavines are raised for mar ket on a limited scale.

Property Valuation.
The total property returns of the dis trict, including farm improvements and equipment, aggregates $118,745; of which the negroes own $7,730, a little less than 1 per cent. Calculated from

the area, it is seen that average value of improved land per acre is $7. The ex tremes of value run from $5 to $20, based on quality of soil, amount of improve ments and distance from the city of Athens.
Mills, Gins, Etc, Gins are located on the farms of Wm.
Dean, W H. Morton, W. R. Tuck, and others. Also, wheelwright and black smith shops, grist and saw mills are found in the district.
Farms, There are 25 farms owaed by white
men and 3 o Aoied by negroes. The land is chiefly owned in large bodies, and is worked under the tenant system, else where described. Where laborers are employed the wages paid are on a basis ot $95 to $108 per year, with board, for able bodied men. The principal land owners are W. H. Morton, Wm. Dean, W. R. Tuck, T. F. Tribble, Scott Martin, the Puryear estate, W. B. Davis, James Smith, Joel Dean and James Spinks.
Stores. Country stores, supplying food stuffs
and general merchandise, are located O
along the public roads at short intervals.
Remarks,
This portion of the county offers ex cellent opportunity for settlers. Small holdings from 25 to 200 acres can be readily bought from the large land owners. A large number of two-room houses, built for the occupation of ten ants, are distributed throughout the dis trict, and usually a purchaser can secure a small farm with such a structure ready for use. The no; them portion of the district is 4 miles from the court house, and the southern extremity is 11^ miles. The land is strong and fertile, and much of it lies exceptionally well for the plow.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

4S

SANDY CREEK DISTRICT,
BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 219.

Area. 10,157 acres 15.9 square miles.
Population.
White voters, 43 ; colored, 96. White population. ........ 250 Colored population ........ 450
Total ............ 700
Location. Lies in the northern haf of the county,
wedged in between Buck Branch dis trict on the east and Kinneys district on the west, and extends northward from the city limits of Athens to the Madison and Jackson county lines The Hull road is its eastern boundary and the Oconee river its western limit.
Topography.
The proximity to the river, and the presence of Sandy creek and its branch es, gives to the district a far more broken and hilly character than Puryears or Buck Branch. Sandy creek is a consid erable stream, and has two important tributaries in Noketchee and Little Sandy creeks. The minor streamlets running into the creeks are very plenti ful, and separate hills of great height and steep ascent. The streams will average from 100 to 150 in elevation below the hilltops. Notwithstanding the uneven surface, the land in this district is rich and fertile, and the backs of the ridges are broad and reasonable in slope. The land has been under cultivation for a number of years, and in places where terracing has been done is not only till able but easily so. As nearly as can be estimated, about 50 per cent, of this dis trict is now covered with woods, includ ing a fair proportion of original forest of

oak and large pines. The steep hillsides are usually found thus covered, and the higher ground is placed under the plow.
Roads. The district is traversed north and
south by three important public roads leading into the counties of Madison and Jackson and a movement has been started to open . a new thoroughfare leading to Athens more directly and with easier grades than at present. A reference to the map will clearly show the positions of the present district roads.
Churches and Schoos. At present there is no church in the
district other than that at Barberville, in the Athens suburbs. The people attend services across the line in Madi son county, or at Nicholson, in Jackson county.
There is a county school located in Barberville for the whites, and two for colored children one at Johnstown, on the Nowhere road, and the other at St. Marys church.
Marketable Crops. The cotton crop of this district yearly
amounts to 800 bales. Corn is rarely sold from this section, but 5,000 bushels are raised for home use. About 3,000 bushels of oats are also produced.
Property Valuation. The tax books show a total $125,670
of property in this district. Of this the negroes own $19,165, being a little more than one-seventh of the total. The cal culation per acre average price gives $10. This is for improved property. But lands at actual sales have averaged $1 per acre.

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Mills, Gins, Etc
Two excellent water powers are found along the creeks in this district, and a third is located just above the county line in Jackson county. The first is known as Barretts mill on Noketchee creek. The stream at this place drops 15 feet, and the volume of water makes the fall represent 6 H. P. The second is further north on Little Sandy creek, and now utilized as Tottys mill. This water power may be relied on for 6 H. P. The third is on the main stream of Sandy creek at Colts mill, and repre sents nearly 10 H. P. Several excellent steam gins are also used by this district.
Farms.
Of 61 farms in the district, 34 are held by white men, and 27 by negroes. The average farm of the district on this basis is 150 acres. Most of the holdings by negroes are small farms from 18 to 60 acres, with a house on each. Placing the average negro farm at 30 acres, it

raises the average farm owned by white men to 250 acres. The tenant system is not very extensive in this district.
Stores. Most of the trading of. the district is
done at Barberville or Athens, and this fact, combined with the small population, leaves little room for country stores. Two excellent stores at Barberville are well sustained.
Remarks.
The opening of a new road from Tottys mill to the Sandy creek bridge is a strong need of the district, and will greatly facilitate the traffic throughout the region along the east side of Sandy creek, both by shortening the distance to Athens and by giving much lighter grades. The principal land owners of the district are J. R. Crawford, J. G. Gray, H. F. Comer, H. B. Mitchell, T. F Hudson, the Wilson estate, the Yerby estate, T. F. Mitchell, A. A. Saye, B. J. Porterfield and W. J. Woods.

BUCK BRANCH DISTRICT,
BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 220.

Area. 14,424 acres 22.5 square miles.
Population. White voters, 111 ; colored, 141.
White population ........ 555 Colored population ....... 705
Total ........... 1,260 Location.
The district lies in the northeast corner of the county, adjoining Madison county on the north, Oglethorpe county on the east, Puryears and Georgia Factory dis tricts on the south, the city limits and Sandy Creek district on the west. Official surveys made by C. B. Daniell, C. S., calls for the following limits :

Beginning at the county line on the Athens and Lexington road and follow ing said road, with the bearing and dis tances as given under Puryears district, to the mouth of Ransoms branch; thence, dividing Buck Branch from Geor gia Factory district, the line runs: N65^ w 50 chains to the head of branch in Kinnebrews field, thence following down said branch s65 w 5 chains, n7 w 29 chains,s83 w 9 chains, s57^ w 18 chains, s81 w 13 chains, n814; w 13 chains, s35^ w 5 chains, sll e4 chains, s51^ w!4 chains, s89^w 4 chains, s2wlO chains. s45^ w8 chains to where branch enters Oconee river, thence up said river n32 w 16 chains, s81 w 18 chains, s~0 w 26 chains,

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

n4^ w20 chains, n!5^e 10 chains, n64 w 16 chains to the city limits. The district line follows the city limits to where it crosses the Hull road, and from thence runs with said road to the Madison county line as follows: NGOj^ e 14 chains, n78% e 10 chains, n69 e 6 chains, n57^ e 16 chains, n62^ e 6 chains, n22^- e 4 chains, n29e54chains, n4^ w(3, n!9 e4, n45^ e 33 chains, n47 e 16 chains, n43^ e 75 chains, nl8 e 12 chains, n38e 2 9 chains, n29^ e 6 chains, n 12^ e7 chains, n21 w 10 chains, n46| e 7, nl4^ e 8.50 chains, n23 w 14 chains, n46^ w 85 chains, n45^ w 18 chains, n50 w 7 chains, n64^ e7 chains, n54^ e 8.20 chains to the Madison line.
The other boundaries of the district follow the Clarke county lines with Madison and Oglethorpe.
Topography.
The great body of this district lies on the broad back of the plateau which forms the dividing area at the point be tween the watershed of the Oconee and South Broad rivers. The head waters of Shoal creek, one branch of Big creek, and the whole watershed of Trail creek drains this district into the Oconee river. The headwaters of Beaver Dam creek likewise take their rise in the extreme northeastern part of the district and flow into the South Broad river. Roll ing upland is present in great abund ance, and the creek valleys are not so deep, nor with sides so hilly as farther south. Springs and branches are quite numerous, running like rays from the curving sides of the plateau into the main water courses. This district, too, has felt the axe to a marked degree on its original forest, and claims but a small percentage now standing. Secondary growth has been vigorous, and the shaded land may be fairly placed at 40

per cent., leaving 60 per cent, of the area for the farmers present use.
Roads.
A public road runs from Athens to the town of Winterville, just on the Oglethorpe line. From this road a branch to the left leads off northward into Madison county, and at Winterville several other roads radiate into Ogle thorpe, Madison and Clarke counties. A number of cross roads run between the main lines and open up the district in excellent manner.
Winterville.
On the county line of Ogethorpe and Clarke, the thriving little town of Win terville is situated, lying half in one county and half in the other. A total population of about 500 people is cen tered there. Substantial merchants, good store houses, several churches and schools, and the presence of the Geor gia railroad, make Winterville a very thriving community. The town is very young, and has had its growth since the Georgia road went through. It derived its name from Diedrich Winter, a sturdy German, who settled in Clarke county in 1850, and gained large property. The town draws its patronage from three counties, whose soils .are fertile and whose people are thrifty. No small town in this section is more solidly built or more steadily prosperous.
Churches,
Outside of Winterville, where two thriving churches are in operation, the Moores Grove Baptist church near the Madison county line is the most import ant. The negro churches are several in number and the services regular.
Schools.
An excellent school flourishes in Win terville, another at Mrs. Anthonys, and

46

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

still another at Moores Grove church. All of them are public schools. The colored children have two schools in this district.
Crops. As elsewhere throughout the county,
the main marketable crops are cotton, corn, oats and hay.
The district raises annually from 1,000 to 2,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 bushels of corn, 5,000 bushels of oats, and hay

of Winterville, and the. real estate valua tion of so much of that town as lies in the county. Deducting $60,000, there remains $153,000 as the valuation on the agricultural lands. This sum, divided by the acreage of the district, gives an average of $10 per acre for the district. The presence of the Georgia railroad, which traverses the entire district, and of the Georgia, Carolina and Northern railroad, which runs along the north-

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA FRONT OF CAMPUS.

and melons for market to the value of $1,000 or more.
Property Valuation, The tax digest for 1892 shows the fol
lowing totals for this district:
Property of all kinds, owned by whites $193,170 Property of all kinds, owned by n-groes 20,360
$213 530
This, of course, includes the merchan dise carried in stock by the merchants

western side, have much to do with the increased average. Land remote from these railroads sells as low as $5 per acre, and near them, at $20 to $30.
Mills, Gins, Etc.
Williams saw mill, on Beaver Dam creek, a number of cotton gins at various points, several blacksmith shops and a grist mill supply conveniences of their kind to the district.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

FarmsFifty-six farms owned by white men,
and thirteen held by colored men, are returned for taxes. The farms in this district vary greatly in size, none of them being more than 800 acres. The tenant system is practiced by the larger farm ers, but not on so large a scale as in Puryears district. None of the farmers work the land in person. More of the farmers work the land in person, and with hired labor under yearly contracts for $108 a year for able bodied men.
The principal land owners of the dis trict are J. F. Anderson, J. A. Pitner, G. T. Murrell, the Coile estate, L. J. Ed wards, the Mathews estate, G. T, Brightwell, and the Pittard estate.
Stores.
There are no country stores in the district, owing to the proximity of Winterville and Athens.
Remarks.
This district has the advantage of ex cellent farming soil and ready markets at Winterville or Athens. The extreme farms are not more than nine miles from Athens and five miles from the railroad at Winterville. Much of the cotton of the district is handled at the latter place, and shipped to Athens to be compressed and exported. The establishment of stations on the new Ga., C. and N. R. R. further opens up a fine part of this district. Land is still cheap at $8 per acre, and is yearly increasing in value.

The district is well watered and contains many small powers admirably convenient
for farm purposes.
Tuckston.
Is a thriving village community at the junction of Buck Branch, Puryear and Georgia Factory districts. It lies four miles from Athens on the main Lexington road, and at a point where the public road from Whitehall to Winterville crosses that road. It takes its name in honor of John R. Tuck, who owns a store and steam gin at this point, and who is a man of influence and public spirit in the community. The presence of two churches, two schools, two stores, a beef market, a gin and saw mill, a shoe and blacksmith shop, are evidences of its present prosperity. More than one hundred people are gathered near this point. Through the community runs Greers lane, once a noted race track, and Ransoms spring marks the spot near which lies buried, Reuben Ran som, said to be a great uncle of Senator Ransom, of North Carolina, and a brave soldier of the Revolution. His home was the resort of many of the most prom inent families of the early days of the county. Ransoms spring is supposed to have been excavated in the rock by the Indians ; and it is stated that be neath the shade of the surrounding grove, much of the "Georgia Scenes" was written by its distinguished author,
Judge Longstreet.

BRADBERRYS DISTRICT,
BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 241.

Area. 8,896 acres 13.6 square miles.
Population, White voters, 45 ; colored, 61.
White population ........ 250 Colored population ........ 305
Total . . . ........ 5.% 5

Location. This district occupies the extreme
western part of the county beyond the Middle Oconee river, and north of the Princeton district line. This line begins on McNutts Creek at the mouth of Malcolms branch, runs up said branch to the head waters of Chaunceys branch,

CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

thence down said branch to the Middle Oconee river. The district line then follows up the river to the Patman mill place, and thence runs with the county lines of Jackson and Oconee counties back to the beginning corner.
Topography.
The district lies on the broad ridge dividing the waters of McNutts and Bear creeks. Most of its surface is ele vated plateaus from which the branches flow in quick descent to the river and streams. The upland is about 230 feet above the river and about 125 feet above the valley of McNutts creek. The northern section, adjoining Little Bear and Bear Creeks is very rough and broken, the water ways cut out narrow fissures through the hills, whose sides are steep and even precipitous. At places the hills broaden out and surround small patches of bottom lands. The ridge tops are largely cleared of timber, but bodies of forests along the river and creeks still supply saw mills in the dis trict. The wooded area is about 53% of which 20% maybe estimated as original forests.
Roads.
To reach the district from Athens it is necessary to cross Mitchells bridge, and the extension of this road from the bridge along the top of the main ridge in a westerly direction, constitutes the main traffic way of the district. All other roads are branches from this. The main road is known as the Lawrenceville road. At the five-mile post a branch leads diagonally to the northwestern section of the county and stops at the Jackson county line. Another branch at the Jennings place leads southerly to Sykes mill and into Oconee county. At the eight-mile post an important branch leads off to the left into Oconee county and on to the town of Monroe. At the

nine-mile post a right-hand fonc leads to Fowlers mill on Little Bear creek.
Churches and Schools.
Near the 6-mile post on the Lawrence ville road the Baptists have a strong church, known as Mt. Zion. Just across the Oconee county line there is another flourishing church by the name of New Hope. The main white school is located near Dr. Burson, on the same public road. The negroes have a good church and two schools in this district. The church is about nine miles from Athens, and the building is also used for one of the schools. The other school is near the Jennings place.
Mills, Gins, Etc.
Fowlers grist and saw mill, on Little Bear creek; Sykes mill and gin, on McNutts creek; an excellent mill site at the old Patman mill place at the lower end of Tallasee shoals ; Thompson saw mill, on Little Bear creek just at the northwest corner of the county, and a site for a mill on McNutts creek where the public road crosses, once known as the Barnard mill place, represent the milling facilities of this section.
Property Valuation.
The tax returns for the district during 1892 amount to $70,875, owned by whites, and $8,480, owned by colored, making a total of $79,355. The average price of improved lands, based on these data, may be taken at $9 per acre, and the extremes at from $5 to $20 per acre.
The principal landowners of the dis trict are S. T. Benton, W. N Burson, Jesse Daniell estate, J. W. Fulcher, J. L. McLeroy, John Sykes, J. N. Weir, the Jennings estate, Tolbert Lester, C. Hale, H. Fowler and B. J. Oldham.
Farms.
Forty-two farms are returned, thirtyeight by whites and four by colored.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

The land is owned in large bodies and worked on the tenant system. The lands of the district are fertile and well watered, and have been under cultiva tion many years.
Crops.
The principal cash bringing crop is cotton, of which the district raised about 700 bales. Of corn probably 3,000 bushels, and of oats 1,000 bushels belong annually to this district.

Stores.
Oldhams store and one on the Lawrenceville road are the only ones in the district.
Remarks.
The opening of the Georgia, Carolina and Northern R. R. through this district has imparted new life and growth. It has caused land values to take an up ward movement, and, in fact, opens up much property which was hitherto un desirable.

KINNEYS DISTRICT,

BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 1347.

Area.
9,086 acres 14.2 squares miles.
Population. White voters, 65 ; colored, 67.
White population ........ 325 Colored population ....... 335

Total.

660

Location.

Kinneys district takes its name from Jos. A. Kinney and lies in the northern half of the county between the two branches of the Oconee river. By
recent surveys, a portion of this district has been thrown into the Athens dis trict, and the line of division runs from a stone on the Mitchells bridge road in a straight line to include the house of J. S. Williford on the Newtons bridge road. This survey cut off 1,497 acres. The two rivers are the eastern and west ern boundaries, and the Jackson county line marks its northern limit.

Topography,

The district is traversed in a north easterly course by the main ridge which separates the two rivers, and from which numerous spurs run each way to the
l_

rivers. The top of this ridge is at a general elevation of 225 feet above the stream levels, and is undulating and varied in outline. Along the rivers and branches steep hills are formed, while in the center large tracts of sloping upland are spread. The waters of Cub creek, Poss creek, and Turkey creek, and Phinizys branch, are the principal trib utary streams. Upon them several small water powers, varying from 2 to 7 H. P., are located. The district has long been under cultivation, and much of the land is cleared. The woodland will probably reach 50 per cent, of the total area of which 18 per cent is in original forest. Outcroppings of the underlying gniess occur at various points along the streams. The valleys of both rivers are very narrow, especially that of the west ern fork, and but little bottom land is found along the banks.
Roads.
The Jefferson road is the main north ern tho -oughfare leading along the cen tral ridge with easy grades for the most part. The road to Newtons bridge fol lows the eastern side of the district par alleling the N. E. R. R., and crosses the

50

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEOEGIA,

river by Newtons bridge into Sandy Creek district, and thence into Jackson county. The Tallasee bridge road tra verses the district on a diagonal to the extreme northwest corner, crossing the Middle Oconee river at Tallasee shoals into Jackson county. A branch of the Jef ferson road leads to the right, crossing Cub creek and the county line near the home of Marion Williams. The county map clearly defines the public road system.
Churches and Schools.
Boggs chapel, near the Jefferson road, and Prospect church, in the north west corner of the district, near Tallasee bridge, are the two church buildings for white worshippers of this district. Sev eral negro churches are in the district. A Public school on the Jackson line near the residence of J. R. Nichols, and sev eral others at Convenient points in the district, are kept open during five months of the year.
Crops. Cotton, corn, hay, oats and so ghum
are raised. Of these cotton is the prin cipal marketable staple. The district raises about 800 bales per annum.
Property Valuation. According to the tax digest for 1892,
the total property is placed at $253,860, which includes the 1,497 acres recently cut off from the district. Of this amount the more valuable portion is located near the city of Athens, where a number of fine suburban residences are located, and where the value of land is high under the hope that it will soon be needed for build ing lots. That portion is in reality a part of Athens, and though not subject to city taxes, is within th^ influence of the electric car line and other city improve

ments. Valuable brick yards along the Northeastern Railroad also swell the property returns for this district. Taking away these artificial factors, the land values of the district will range at $10 per acre. Within the city-affected area property is held all the way from $20 to $l,uOO per acre.
Mills, Gins, Etc.
The excellent grist mill, known as McLeroys mill, is in this district, and near the railroad station of the same name. On the Jackson county line an other excellent grist and saw mill is operated by the Fowlers. Several steam gins are to be found at convenient points in the district. The magnificent water power of Tallasee Shoal, with a total fall of 43 feet and a gross H. P. of 1,000, is at present not utilized.
Farms. Forty three farms over 18 acres each
are returned for taxes; 39 owned by white men, 4 by colored. Some of them are of large extent, and the principal land owners are Patman Lester, G. F. Hunnicutt, J. R. Nichols, Marion Wil liams, Jackson & Vincent, Harvey Archer, W. A. Gilleland, estate, Phinzy estate and J. A. Hunnicutt.
Stores. Mr. T. J. Poss now runs a general
merchandise store on the Tallasee road and David E. Sims on the Mitchell Bridge road.
Remarks. The G. C. & N. R. R. touches this
district and has a station at McLeroys. The extreme point of the district is at a distance of 9 1-2 miles from Athens. The Tallassee Shoals are five miles from McLeroys Station. The land produces well and is abundantly watered.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

PRINCETON DISTRICT,
BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 1467.

Area.
4,178 acres 6.5 square miles.

Population.

White voters, 72; colored, 40.

White population

450

Colored population

200

Total

650

Location.
The district was laid out in February, 1891, and touches the city limits on the southwest and follows the Georgia Fac tory district on the east, the Oconee county line on the south and southwest, adjoins Bradberrys district on the west and Athens district on the north. Offi cial surveys place the boundary as fol lows : Beginning at a point on the Oconee river at the mouth of Barbers creek, and running up said creek to the mouth of McNutts creek, thence up McNutts creek to the mouth of Mal colms branch on the north side of McNutts creek, thence up said branch to the head waters of Chaunceys branch, thence down said branch to the Middle Oconee river, thence down said river to Yerkins island, near the mouth of Bob bin Mill creek, and thence n39^ e 84.65 chains to the city limits of Athens; thence with the city limits to the Macon and Northern railroad, thence with said railroad to a sewer near residence of Dock Giles, thence to said Giles spring, thence down the spring branch n78^ w 14.50 chains, thence west to the corner of John R. Whites property, thence s6i^ w3O chains with Whites line to the Oconee river, and thence down said river to the beginning corner.

Topography.
The general surface of the district is uneven and hilly, being broken by the deep valleys of the Middle Oconee river and McNutts creek, as well as by the waters of Bobbin Mill creek and numer ous small branches. Some of the farm ing lands lie well for cultivation, but the larger proportion of the district may be classed as hillside land. The district has about 55 per cent, of its area in wood land, the remainder being cleared and under cultivation.
Towns.
Two small towns are found in the dis trict surrounding the mills at Princeton and on McNutts creek.
The town of Princeton is incorporated and has a population of 225. Most of it is built on the lands of the Princeton mills. It takes its character from the presence of the cotton mill, in which most of the inhabitants are employed. Two stores, a school, a church and Sun day school and a blacksmith shop are also found at this point.
Princeton Mills.
The mill building is a large two-story brick structure well lighted and afford ing ample room for the machinery. Thirty-five hundred spindles and one hundred looms are in operation. The motive power is drawn from the Middle Oconee River at this point where a large dam with 15 feet fall gives nearly 500 gross horse power. Of this the mills now utilize 125 H. P. by means of tur bines. The possibility of enlarging the plant is easy in the light of the unused power at hand. The company was cap-

CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

italized at $60,000 in 1836 and later a re-organization took place in which the capital was made $65,000. It is entirely owned by the heirs of Dr. J. S. Hamil ton, and operated as a stock company with J. S. Hamilton, one of the heirs, as president and general manager. The mills now turn out ducks, osnaburgs and a fine grade of cotton rope. One hundred and ten operatives are

It is not incorporated, but sixty or more people are congregated in a small area in easy distance from the mill. For a number of years the mill has been used to make the various grades of wrapping and news paper. The company did busi ness in this line until 1890. For the past years the plant has been idle, but has been reorganized under the name of the Alpha mills for the manufacture of cotton

RESIDENCE OF BILLUPS PHINIZY MILLEDGE AVENUE.

given employment, and the monthly pay roll amounts to $1400. This excellent property can be purchased from the present owners, through J. S. Hamilton, 116 acres of land being part of the prop erty.
Paper Mill. Around the factory, at the junction of
McNutts and Barbers creeks, has grown up a similar town, but of smaller size.

yarns and rope. The factory will be en larged to accommodate 2,080 spindles, and new machinery will be put in.
Roads The district is at present traversed by
the main road from Athens to Watkinsville, which passes directly by both Princeton and the Paper mill. A new road is now being opened, as shown on the map, which crosses the river two

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

liles above Princeton, and opens up a section of the district which hitherto has )een difficult of access.
Property Valuation.
The tax returns for this district in 1892 give :
Total property owned by whites $105,300 Total property owned by colored 8,985
Total . . ...... $114,285
Of this amount about $70,000 repre sents the property of the two large fac tories, leaving $54,285 as the value of farming lands in the district. The aver age price of improved land per acre from these figures will be $9 per acre. That portion of the district xm the east of Middle Oconee river is valued at a much higher figure, ranging from $12 to $40 per acre ; while the western part shows by recent sales a value of from $4 to $6. The principal land owners in the district are G. E. Heard, Mrs. John Sansom, Robert Connally, T. J. Epps, David Gann, J. A. Hunnicutt, John Couch and the two factory companies.
Churches and Schools.
Church and school buildings are loca ted at Princeton and the Paper Mill, and Mars Hill Baptist church in Oconee county is in easy reach of many. The churches in Athens are also frequented by a number of the residents of this dis trict. Two colored schools are also in this district.

Mills, Gins, &c.
Outside of the two factories there are several mill sites in the district. Jennings Shoal on Middle Oconee River is now unused but was formerly employed to run a large grist mill. The Bobbin Mill is at present closed down, but has a good power and is equipped for the manufacture of bobbins. Epps Gin on McNutts creek is an excellent power, now applied for ginning purposes. Stores.
None outside of Princeton and the Paper Mill.
Farms. The district comprises twenty-four
farms. Eighteen with white and six with colored owners. The farms are not very large, and much of the land is difficult of cultivation. Good returns, however, are secured from the uplands and the soil is strong and fertile. The tenant system is practised to some ex tent.
Crops.
The usual crops of corn, oats, and cotton are generally grown. Of these the district annually raises 500 to 700 bales of cotton, 3000 to 4000 bushels of corn, and 1200 to 1500 bushels of oats. Remarks.
The district lies very near to Athens and will be greatly advanced by the opening of the new road. This road crosses the river by easy grades on each side, and will doubtless, become a favor ite thoroughfare.

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

ATHENS DISTRICT,
BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 216,
INCLUDING
THE CITY OF ATHENS

Area.
6,603 acres, 10.4 square miles, includ ing the city of Athens, with an area of 3,506 acres, and adjoining lands to the amount of 3,097 acres. The city limits are marked by stone posts on all the roads leading out of Athens, and the jurisdiction of the city extends one and one-half miles in every direction from the University chapel.

Population.

White registered voters, 832 ; colored, 535.

White population Colored population

5,400 4,600

Total

10,000

Location.

The city is near the center of the county on a parallel to the southwestern boundary. The northwest and south east corners of the county, as measured by the public roads, are each 11% miles from the center of the city. Latitude is N 33 56 and longitude 83 21 west of Greenwich. Athens is 60 miles east of Atlanta, 107 miles north of Macon, and 115 miles northwest of Augusta. The main portion of the city is on the west bank of the Oconee river at an elevation of 180above the river, and 750above sea level.

Topography.
\ The city is built on the ridges which rise up from the Oconee river, and from

several small streams that lead into that river. The main ridgetop is gently undu lating, and is outlined by the path of the electric car line on the city map. The gound siopes away from this ridge with rapidity, and the city is quite hilly and uneven in consequence. Building of the better class has in the main clung to the ridge and its numerous spurs, while the, hillsides are dotted with the home of the colored people. The aspect which the city presents to strangers is a very pleasing one. Well built and imposing structures mark the business portion of the town, and many handsome resi dences, with beautiful grounds, are found on the residence streets. The ante bellum architecture of large porticos, with enor mous pillars after Grecian types, stand in charming contrast to many handsome modern edifices. The city is almost a continuous grove of oaks, and the large grounds surrounding the houses are beautiful with evergreens, exotics, and grassy swards.
The principal business streets of the city are Broad, Clayton, College avenue, Oconee, Lumpkin, Foundry and Jackson streets. Most of the important build
ings are located on these streets, with in the fire limits, as shown on the map.
The principal residence streets are Prince avenue, Milledge avenue, Hill street, Cobb street, the Boulevard, re cently opened; Barber street, Hancock avenue, Thomas street, Hull street and Bearing street.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

55

The First Methodist church, First Presbyterian and First Baptist churches are located in the heart of the city. Emanuel Episcopal church is at the junction of Hill street and Prince ave nue, and the Roman Catholic and Chris tian churches are also on Prince avenue, but nearer the business portion of the city. The grounds of the University campus form an attractive feature of the city at the head of College avenue. The Lucy Cobb institute and chapel are permanently situated on Milledge ave nue, and the Home school on Prince avenue.
That section of the city on the east of the Oconee river bears the name of East Athens. It covers a large area and is already thickly settled. The electric lights have been extended to this section, and the water mains of the works now under construction, will extend through the main streets of East Athens. Property is comparatively cheap in East Athens, and it is an inviting field for the purchasers of homes. Its recent growth has been very rapid, and a large number of new houses are in process of erec tion. Four bridges, at short distances from each other, form a close connection between it and the business portion of the city. The people of East Athens are energetic and thrifty, and they con stitute a sturdy and important part of the citys industrial development.
Historical.
Much of the history of Athens is else where told in connection with the arti cles on the county and on the Univer sity. Its foundation in 1806 and its classical name, its complete identifica-i tion with the educational interests of the State for many years, and the rivalry which its growth engendered, with the town of Watkinsville, resulting in the division of the county, have ajl been

noted. But other interesting facts re main appropriate to the object of this sketch. The early" government of the town was in the hands of a town council, and the chief executive officer was knowri as h_lntiidant. The charter at that time was very circumscribed and yet satisfactory to the people. In 1872 the present charter was granted and the first mayor and council were elected early in that year.
The social life of Athens in antebel lum days had many marked peculiari ties. The town had attracted by virtue of its educational advantages a large number of wealthy and cultured people; the history of the State is dotted at very frequent intervals with the names of Athens men. The University com mencements were occasions of most lavish hospitality, and scarcely a home could be found at such times that did not hold a distingushed guest. /As there were no railroad facilities, for many years, everybody came in private car riages ; those from Savannah and the lower portion of the State making Athens their stopping place on the way to Madison Springs and the picturesque summer resorts around Clarkesville and Tallulah Falls. \Those concerned in the affairs of State followed the Governor and Senatus Academicus to Athens and all were accorded a generous welcome.^ Many of the political slates in State and national politics were concocted at such times in the handsome drawing rooms that fringe the University campus. Before an audience of this description, made attractive by beauty as well as renown the young recipients of college honors made their best bows and deliv ered their best speeches.
At such times a curious spectacle was presented on the exterior of the college campus. The colored popula-

CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA.

tion from far and near gathered to cele brate a holiday. Dressed in their Sun day best and gorgeous in all the hues of the rainbow, they surged around the hundred booths in which the toothsome delicacies of tarts, fried chicken and gingerbread were dispensed for a mod erate sum.
The political significance of the Uni versitys commencement has been lost in the reorganization of its trustees ; and the homely custom of the negroes has gradually become a thing of the past. But the commencement of to-day is still a notable intellectual and social event in ^he State and attract* the attendance of large numbers of the alumni and friends of the University.
The growth of Athens, since it has been a city, has been rapid without being hollow. No gigantic booms have struck the town, and yet in ten years the ;tax returns hav, nearly doubled. The interests of the city are no longer en tirely based on the University, but have attained a vigor and extent in the corn s mercial and manufacturing lines which are influential over a large adjoining area. The advent of railroads has been frequent. In 1846 the Georgia railroad was built from Augusta to Athens, in 1875 the Northeastern railroad was built to Lula to connect with the Piedmont Air-Line. In 1887 this same line was extended southward, under a different company, to make connection with Macon, and in 1891 the city welcomed the G. C. & N. R. R., which passes through on its way to Atlanta. So that now the city ranks as an important railroad cen ter, and [has excellent traffic arrange, ments to the great east, to the equally great west, and to the southern seaboard at Brunswick, Savannah, Port Royal, Charleston, Portsmouth and Norfolk. Marking the steps in manufacturing,

two cotton mills, two large foundries, two large planing mills, two ice facto ries, an oil and fertilizer mill, and other smaller enterprises, are now in opera tion. Marking the city like acquisitions, a gas company has ong been in opera tion, replaced in part by electric lights furnished by the same company since 1890; waterworks built in 1882, and now being substituted by a more abund ant supply; electric cars in operation since 1891, public schools begun ml886, a paid fire department since 1891, sewers and paved sidewalks at the same date. Bonds have been issued for paving the streets with belgian blocks and macadam, and before long this much needed improvement will be consummated.
In the last few years the city has taken a very vigorous growth, and a large amount of building is rapidly improving the place.
CITY GOVERNMENT.
The city of Athens was constituted a municipality in 1872, under a charter from the General Assembly, which is liberal in its privileges and duly guarded against the abuse of power. The gov ernment is in the hands of a mayor and council chosen by popular vote.
City Officers
The mayor of Athens is the chief ex ecutive officer of the city. To be eligi ble for this office a citizen must be at least twenty-five years of age and a resident of the city for the two years immediately preceding the election. The Mayor has genral supervision of the city affairs, pre sides over the meetings of the council, enforces all city ordinances, and through the medium of the mayors court im poses fines, imprisonment or work on the city streets, for violation of these ordinances. The salary of the mayor is

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

57

fixed by the council, and at present is 1,200 per year. The term of office is two years from the month of January suc ceeding the election. The present in cumbent was elected for the years 1892 and 1893.

Aldermen.
The city council is composed of eight aldermen, two of which are chosen from > each of the four wards into which the city is divided. The term of office is two years, but it is arranged that one alderman from each ward goes out of office annually and the vacancy is filled by election. An alderman must be,,at least twenty-one years of age and a res ident of the ward he represents for the ten days preceding his election.

The Mayor and Council.

Are charged with large power, nota

bly with the determination of the tax

rate, with the collection and expendi

tures of the same, with the choice of all

other city officers than themselves, with

the fixing of all salaries and with the

auditing and payment of all accounts

against the city. They control the city

affairs at present through the folMwing

standing committees appointed by the

mayor from the members of the council:

On Public Property. On Streets.

On Markets.

On Railroads.

On Lights.

On Public Schools.

On Police.

On Water Works.

On Fire Department. On Sewers.

On Fire Alarm.

On Ordinances.

On Health.

On Printing.

On Petitions and Communications.

On Finance.

The city officers elected by the mayor

and council are:

(a) Clerk of Council, a most important

officer, who has charge of the city re

cords and acts, and is treasurer of the

city funds. He likewise receives all pay-

ments of city taxes. He receives a sal ary of $2,000 and is chosen annually.
(b) Police Force, consisting of a chief of police and ten policemen vested with the usual authority of such officers.
(c) Fire Department, the city is now provided with a paid fire department supported out of the general taxes. The force consists of a chief officer and 10 assistant firemen. They are provided with a splendid equipment, and an elec tric fire alarm communicates with the Presbyterian church bell and the engine houses. This department was installed in 1891 as successor to a volunteer fire department which was noted through out the State, both for efficiency in times of need and for skill and quick ness in the various competitive contests in which .they took part. A large num ber of prizes have been brought proudly home from Augusta, Columbus, Rome, and other cities in the State. But the city has grown and modern methods have come in to make the city even more secure from loss by fire.
(d) Board of Health, consisting of five members, is annually appointed to in spect all portions of the city and report nuisances. This work is also looked after by a special sanitary inspector, and by the city physician.
(e) City Engineer. The care of the streets, the lay ing of sidewalks and pave ments, the construction of sewers and waterworks, have made the office of City Engineer one of great importance.
(H City Attorney. Has charge of all legat business of the city.
Commissions. The city has recognized the wisdom of dealing with special ques tions of city government through the medium of commissions, or boards chosen by and acting under the authority of the Council, or under general laws endorsed by popular vote.

58

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

In this way it comes about that the question of public education is duly in charge ot the board of education, that a sewer commission was charged with the construction of the sewerage system, that three water commissioners are now engaged in the erection of the city water works plant, and that the vex, d question of the sale of intoxicants is regulated by a body known as the Dispensary Com mission. The latter commission deals with a question of so much general in terest that it will be proper to give in detail the plan under which its work is done, and some account of the steps leading to the adoption of this method.
The Dispensary.
The city of Athens had licensed bar rooms during the early part of its histo ry. In 188^ the prohibition movement took strong shape and carried the coun ty under the general local option law of the state. This prohibition law stopped the sale of all intoxicating beverages, save by duly licenced drug stores who could make sales only on the pre scription of a physicion. This plan worked badly. A large amount of liquors was sold illegally, and it was well nigh impossible to convict offenders Such a state of facts brought on another fight, and an election on the question in 1891. The outcome of this struggle was the present dispensary plan carried by eleven votes, but which has worked so well that to all appear ances the whole community is satisfied with the decision. The matter stands now where it will require a special legis lative enactment to bring the question to another vote.
The plan as it now stands recognizes several broad principles.
First. That spirituous liquors are a commodity, if for no other reason, on account of their medicinal value. There fore the people are concerned simply in regulating the sale, not in its prohibi tion.
Second. The sale of such liquors, if left in the hands of those who have a pecuniary interest in the amount sold, will be greater than in answer to the voluntary demand.

Third. If none but pure liquors shall be sold, the damage to the consumers is
greatly reduced. Fourth. If the price of sale be made
low, the violation of the law by illegal sellers is largely precluded on the gen eral business principle of competition.
Accordingly, the city has established its own dispensary, under the direction of three commissioners, who have sole power of regulating the sale of liquors in Athens and Clarke county. These commissioners have elected a manager who is paid a fixed salary of $1,500. All liquors sold are first analyzed by a chemist and pronounced pure. The sale is made in quantities not less than a half pint, put up in sealed packages, and not to be consumed on the premises. No loitering on the premises is permitted. The doors are opened from sunrise to sunset. The manager can refuse sale to an intoxicated person, or to one whom he has reason to suspect of purchasing for re-selling. No sale to liquor dealers can be made, and no individual can buy at one time more than two gallons. The price may not exceed 50 per cent, profit on the original cost. The dispensary was started by funds from the city treas ury, which have since been paid back, and it is now run on the accrued profits. All profits over and above running ex penses and stock are annually divided, proportionally, between the city and county. The manager furnishes bond
in $2,000. One of the three Commissioners goes
out of office each year. His successor is nominated by the two remaining Com missioners, and elected by the City
Council. Waterworks. The city up to this time
has rented its supply of water for city use and fire protection from a private company. This has proven unsatisfac tory, and bonds have been floated for the construction of a new plant, supplying 1,000,000 gallons per day, of pure, filtered, freestone water. By the addion of extra filters, the plant will readily furnish 2,000,000 gallons daily. Nearly sixteen miles of mains will be laid to distribute the supply throughout the city, being double the length now used by the pri-

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

59

vate company. Work on the new system is rapidly progressing and will be com pleted during the summer of 1893.
Electric Lighting.
The city purchases its electric lights and gas lamps under contract from the Athens Gas and Electric Light Compa ny. The electric lights swung high in the centre of the streets are placed about eight hundred feet apart on the main streets to the number of 56, and gas lamps at street corners to the num ber of 42, are used on less important thoroughfares. Together the two kinds of light make a very effective and com plete systen in all parts of the city.
Street Improvement.
The city streets are improved under the care of the city engineer. Much

grading and surfacing has been done and bonds are voted for the pavement of the principal streets with Belgian block and Macadam. Already a large part of the city is furnished with brick side walks built partly by the city and partly at the expense of property owners. Usually the expense is divided, I ^ to the owner and i /2z to the city, the work being done by the city street force.
Taxes.
The city levied for 1892 a property tax of 10 mills on the dollar, a street tax of $2.00 per poll, and special taxes on business enterprises. The annual re port of the clerk of council will show in detail below, the receipts and expendi tures of the city, the assets of the same and the outstanding obligations:

CITY TREASURER'S REPORT.

To the Honorable Mayor and Council of Hie CHy of Alltens:

I respectfully submit the following Annual Report as Treasurer of the City of Athens for the

year 1892 :

TOTAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.

Jan. 1. To cash on hand in all fuuds.$ 15,826 91

' " from Dispensary ac-

" " ; count ... . . 53,985 00

" " ' Light account.

1 75

" " ' Magazine fees. 133 64

'' " ' Miscellaneous

accounts ..... 728 19

" ' ' Billiard and

'' '' ' Pool license

100 00

" ' ' Fines. ...

1.753 10

" " " Market fees 1083 10

" " ' Street account,

paving etc . . . 1,905 96

" " " Sewer account,

including sale

of bonds

14,853 08

" " ' Vehicle license 515 00

'' " " Sewer rents. . . 815 00

' " ' Fire departm't

sale of hose,etc 100 10

" " " Sewer bond ac

count, accrued

interest, etc. .

256 20

" " " Police account,

prison fees

14 00

"" '

" '

Specific taxes. . General taxes.

6,785 66,619

5201

Jau.l. By cash paid on Fire Depart

ment acc't . . $ 8,057 i4

' " " ' " Dispensary

account ... 44,960 26

' ' " '' Street acc't. 12,971 79

" " ' " Water acc't. 5,312 01

" " ll " Salaries of

Assessors for

1892. ........ 300 00

" ' " " Printing and

S t a t ionery

account .

920 22

" i4 ' ' Light acc't. 7,377 76

" ' " " Officers sal

ary acc't .... 4,568 29

'' " " " Pauper acc't, 864 68

' " " " Purchase of

City Hall lot 4.240 00

" " ' " Police aec't. 8,837 86 " " ' " Sewer acc't. r.34 54

'' ' ' ''Mis cellane-

ous acc'nts,

1t

school build-

ings,rents.etc 7,419 96

>' " " " P i o n e e r

bonds and in-

terest ..... 633 25

" " " " Sewer bond

account . . .

879 12

" ' " ' School bond

account .... 1,000 00

" " " ' College bond

account .... 1,928 00

" " " ' Railr'd bond

account .... 7,295 00

" " " " Public Sch'l

account .... 12,667 98

Dec.31. '' " on hand in all funds 33,901 S9

3 65,475 75

* , $165,475 75

CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

DEBT.

6 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to

Railroads, due January 1,1893.$ 5,000 00

8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to

Railroads, due January 1,1893. 23,000 00

8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1883, to

College, due July 1st, 1898

24,500 00

5 per cent, bonds, issue of July,

1886, for Public Schools, due

July 1st, 1916 . .......

20,000-00

5 per cent, bonds, issue of July,

1891, for Sewers, due July 1st,

1921 .......................... 25,000 00

5 per cent bonds, issue of Novem

ber, 1st, 1892, for Waterworks,

$1,000 00 due Nov. 1st each year

for 29 years, and $96,000.00 due

Nov. 1st, 1922 ............. 125,000 00

6 per cent, note, due Nov. 8th, 1893,

to Pioneer Hook & Ladder Co.,

on purchase of building

2,134 16

6 per cent, note, due Nov. 1st, 1893,

to Mrs. Mat-tie Herrington, last

payment for lot on College ave

nue ............ ......

4,000 00

6 per cent, ndtej. due Mrs. E. A.

Talma ge, January 1st, 1894, last

payment for school lot onOco-

nee street .........^ ......

3,350 00

6 per cent, note due Camewell Fire

Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 21st, 1893. 500 00

6 per cent, note due Gamewell Fire

Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 21st, 1894. 500 00

Total. .. .................. .$232,984 16

ASSETS.

Washington and Baxter St. School

Buildings

............... $ 27,500 00

City Hall Lot on College avenue.. 15,000 00

Oconee Street School Building.... 4,000 00

Broad "

'

" ... 3.000 00

East

"

"

" .... 3,000 00

Waterworks land . .. .......... 3,000 00

Engine House JSTo. 1 and Pioneer

Hall........ .......... . . 5,000 00

Horses, hose reel, hose wagon,

hose, etc........ .......... 3,00000

Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph

and supplies...............

2,100 00

Steam fire engine, harness, furni

ture, etc................ . ... 3,00000

Hook and Ladder truck......... . 1,000 00

Two powder magazines ..........

800 00

Horses, mules, carts, wagons, rock

crusher, engine, tools, etc..... 4,000 00

Iron Safes and office furniture.... 900 00

Gas posts, globes, lamps, etc...... 2.000 00

Waterworks plant in construction. 122,000 00

Total. ....................... $207,800 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY.

As Shown by the Tax Digest for 1892.

POPERTY OF WHITES.

Real estate................. ... .$3,584,216 00

Household and kitchen furniture 211,299 00

Live stock and vehicles.......... 77,117 00

Books, pictures, silverware, jew

elry, watches, clocks, etc.... 83,741 00

Merchandise.... .........

439,048 00

Money and debts ............... 786,329 00

Bonds .......................... 234,465 00

Bank stock..................... 605,000 00

Loan Association stock.......... 42,100 00

Gross receipts of Insurance, Tel

egraph and Telephone Go's.. 248,296 00

Total .......................... .$6,311,611 00

PROPERTY OF COLORED.

Real estate. .....................$ 216,470 00

Household and kitchen furniture 13,003 00

Live stock and vehicles.......... 2,521 00

Merchandise ........ . .... 1,125 00

Money and debts................

623 00

Total.......... ...............$ 233,642 00

Total taxable property of whites.$6,311,611 00 Total taxable property of colored 233 642 00 Aggrgate am't taxable of prop'ty. $6,545,253 00

Increase in property of whites over 1891 ..................$ 188,168 00-
Increase in property of colored over 1891... ................ 21,263 00
Total increase .................$ 309,431 00

Outstanding tax executions for 1890.$1,314 96 Outstanding tax executions for 1891. 1,529 60 Total outstanding tax executions for
1890 and 1891................... $2,844 56

Respectfully, A. L. MITCHELL, Tresurer.
December 31st, 1892.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

61

Elections.
The city officers subject to popular vote are elected on the first Wednesday in December, and enter upon the duties of their offices in the January following. All officers hold over until their succes sors are qualified. Voters in city elec

tions are subject to the registration laws of the city.
The use of primary elections by which candidates are nominated avoids much friction and unpleasant features in the conduct of the elections.

EDUCATION.

The educational facilities of the city of Athens have always been the most dis tinctive feature of the locality. The county was born with the opening of the University of Georgia, and the city was given its name under the same influence. They both have owed much of their growth and advancement to the presence of that institution. The city of Athens, known as the classic city, had for many years no interest of large import outside of the University, and it still continues to be profoundly influenced by the numerous excellent educational institu tions which have sprung up in the cul tured community around the University. Athens is recognized as the most im portant seat of learning in the state, and the claim is supported by the presence of the University, the Lucy Cobb Insti tute, the Home School, the public schools of the city, and several private schools of much merit.
The general progress of education in this section began with the University's establishment, and has kept pace with its growth. The Academy system had its representative in Athens until 1884. The poor school fund, unfortunate in name, accomplished some good in the early years of the county. But the pri mary education here, and in the State never had a very vigorous organization

until the public schools were established by the State in 1877. As a factor in female education, the Lucy Cobb Insti tute was founded here in 1858, and has become the most noted school for young ladies in the State. Subsequently, in 1865 Madame Sosnowski, a most accom plish lady, opened the Home school, affording an excellent training and home life for the young ladies in her charge. The public schools of Athens took their place in the work in 1886 and were wisely planned and brilliantly carried out. The duty of educating the colored population has been well cared for since 1870, and has comprised the mainte nance of the Knox School, and various other private schools for the colored people. At present the city of Athens gives to this class of children equal ad vantages of instruction and equipment with the whites.
The main outline of the history and work of the principal educational insti tutions are given in the following pages:
The University.
The University of Georgia, which has found its permanent home in Athens, comes down as an heritage from the days of the American Revolution. Wii two years after that war, the Legislature of 1784 passed the act w-hich granted

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

40,000 acres of the best public lands in the counties of Washington and Frank lin for the establishment of a public seat of learning, and in the following year gave a charter to the institution under the name of Franklin College. This charter was laid down on broad and abiding principles, constituted the col lege as the head of the educational sys tem, and gave its president and govern ing board general supervision over the entire system of academies and common schools aided by public funds.
Franklin College was located at Athens in 1801, after much hesitation; the final choice being determined by the gift of 633 acres of land by Governor John Milledge, upon a portion of which the college buildings now stand. The site was a beautiful one, upon the high hills overlooking the Oconee river, nearf a clear, cool spring, arid beneath the shade of majestic oaks and hickories, which covered a favorite trysting place of the Cherokee Indians, The same year a contract had been authorized to build as a dormitory, the building still in use and known as the Old College. Josiah Meigs, LL. D., at the time Professor of .Natural Philosophy in Yale College, was elected President, and for ten years la bored under almost insuperable difficul ties to raise up an institution of learning. Quoting one of his successors in office: "The Israelites had not a harder task when required to make brick without straw, than President Meigs, when, under such circumstances, he was required to raise up, in a few years, an institution which would compare with those of New England. President Meigs commenced the exercises of the University when no college building of any description had been erected. Recitations were often heard and lectures delivered under the shade of the forest oak ; and for years

he had almost the entire instruction of the college, aided only by a tutor, or some member of the higher classes."
The first commencement was held in 1804 in a rustic arbor, amidst the gather ing of a few friends of the College, and witnessed the graduation of ten youngmen with the honors of the institu tion. Other states have overcome obstacles in building up their universi ties, but none of them have ventured to send forth their young offspring with an infested wilderness for a habitation, and without a roof for its head. Yet, for ten years, Dr. Meigs braved these dangers,
and graduated more than fifty men with the regular A. B. degree.
But having thus secured a foothold, the University has continued to grow; always surrounded by difficulties and antagonized by influential elements in the state, but wisely managed by such men as Moses Waddell, Alonzo Church, Andrew A. Lipscomb and Patrick H. Mell. The periods of most marked ex pansion in the University have the dates of 1859 and 1872. At the former radical changes in the curricula and disciplina ry methods took place whereby a greater importance was given to scientific studies and tutorial espionage was abolished; at the latter date the addition to the landscrip fund materially modified the organization of the college by the estab lishment of the State College of Agri culture and Mechanic Arts. From the latter date the University of Georgia became the legal title including under separate faculties the Old Franklin Col lege for classical training and the State College for scientific instruction. The head of the institution became known as Chancellor of the University of Georgia. Various changes have taken place on the governing board of the institution, start ing with the Senatics Academicus (the

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

State Senate and a board of trustees),then a board of trustees of large number, until the present board is reached, composed of one representative from each congress ional district, four from the state at large, two from the city of Athens, and ex-officio the Governor of the state, and the presi dent of the local boards in charge of the Georgia Technological School, the Girls Industrial College, and the College for Colored Youths, all branches of the parent institution. Under the State Constitution of 1887 the University is the sole recipient of public moneys for higher education, and as such has a number of branch institutions.
The organization at present embraces Franklin College, The State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts, Aca demic and Professional Schools in Mathe matics, History, Physics, Chemistry, An cient and Modern Languages, Geology, Agriculture, Law, Medicine, and Engin eering ; The Georgia Technological School ; The Girl's Industrial School ; The College for Colored Youth ; and branch colleges at Dahlonega, Thomasville, Cuthbert, Hamilton and Milledgeville. Of, these Franklin College and the State College, all the academic schools and the professional schools of Law and Engineering are located in Athens.
The chancellor of the University has supervision over the entire institution. The departments at Athens are arranged under the management of, The General Faculty for both colleges; the Academic Faculty for Franklin College; the Scien tific Faculty for the State College; and the law Faculty for that school. The academic faculty is provided with a dean as presiding officer, and the State col lege has its separate president.
The instruction offered in the Univer sity has won the recognition'of the State

as being thorough and substantial in every department. Regular courses of four years each are arranged leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Letters, and Bachelor of Science in the Franklin College; and to Bachelor of Science, (special), Bachelor of Engineering, and Bachelor of Agricul ture in the State College. Masters de grees are likewise offered upon success ful completion of additional work. Each year beginning the first of January, a special course adopted to the needs of farmer's sons is available. It is given at a time when the farms can be left with greatest ease, and fills a need that has long existed in the State. Every opportunity is given to students in special subjects to pursue their stud ies at the University, certificates being given when honestly deserved. The admission requirements are made com paratively low, (embracing English, Mathematics, Latin and Qreek) but the gates to higher classes and graduation are opened only by steady effort and intelligent progress on the part of the student. The tuition in the academic schools is free to all young men of Geor gia above the age of sixteen.
The institution is thoroughly equipped for all branches of its work--with a splendid library for general and literary purposes, with special libraries for each department, with magnificent scientific apparatus and laboratory facilities in the schools of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Engineering, and with an excellent farm in charge of the professor of Agri culture, and for the use of students in that subject. The buildings of the University are large and the rooms well fitted with benches, desks, maps and blackboards.
The present force of professors and instructors numbers fourteen, and their

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

work is characterized by conscientious and intelligent effort. The relation between professors and students is one of marked sympathy and friendship, and cases where severe discipline is needed are practically unknown. The funda mental principle of the management of the students comprises the treatment of one gentleman towards another, com bined with a firm policy of removing quickly those men wjip are disposed to idle. The faculty is in earnest and the men who attend the University must adopt the same spirit.
The college men are wide awake, gen erous and democratic in their ideas. Athletics and military claim a fair share of their attention and conduce to healthfulness of both mind and body.
The University campus covers 37 acres in the heart of the city, on which eight large buildings for college pur poses are now built. The property of the institutions as represented by its build ings and splendid literary and scientific equipment will aggregate at least four hundred thousand dollars. Its annual income is nearly forty-five thousand dollars.
The Lucy Cobb Institute.
This well-known and admirably man aged seminary for young ladies has been a prominent institution in Athens and in Georgia since 1858. It was founded in response to the demand that Athens, which was doing so much for the young men of the state, should not be behind hand in its services to its own lovely daughters. The importance of the idea impressed itself most strongly on Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb, and the success of the movement is due to his strong efforts in raising the funds necessary. The movement was begun in 1855, a charter obtained in 1859, and the sum of $25,000

raised among the citizens of Athens was expended in building the handsome and permanent structure in which the insti tute is still carried on. The original projectors of the institute looked chiefly to home patronage for its support, and it was at first called the Athens Semi nary for Young Lad es. The death of Gen. Cobb's daughter during the erec tion of the building determined the present name as a fitting memorial to the efforts of its founder, and a touching evidence of sympathy with him in his distress.
The Lucy Cobb Institute, as it has ever since been called, was a success from the first. The opening session showed 155 names enrolled as scholars, and subsequently the school has been favored with a large patronage. The building contains boarding accommoda tions for sixty, and the boarding depart ment is limited to that number.
The work of the institute has long since been broadened beyond local pat ronage. The alumnae of the school in clude many names from every section of the state, and every year witnesses a new list of applicants for admission far in excess of the vacancies to be filled. This gratifying state of facts speaks volumes for the wisdom, thor oughness and efficiency with which the institution is now managed.
The school was first opened under the care of a gentleman of Northern birth, Mr. B. M. Wright by name, who con ducted the school well, but whose in tense views had little sympathy amongst Athenians in the opening days of the war between the states. His resigna tion took place in a few years, and the institute was for a short time in the hands of Mr. Muller and Miss Lipscomb as associate principals. To them succeeded Madame Sosnowski, a cul-

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

tured and refined Polish lady, who for ten years carried on the school with ability and success. Upon the resignation of Madame Sosnowski, Rev. Dr. Jacobs Was placed in charge, holding office during one year, and followed by Mrs. A. R. Wright, who was for ten years the principal of the school. Upon the resig nation of Mrs. Wright, in 1880, the present principal, Miss Mildred Ruther ford, was placed in charge. Her selec tion has proven a very wise one, and for thirteen years her energetic conduct of the school has strengthened and broadened its work in every department. She has placea the institute on a foot ing where its merits attract more pat ronage than can be accommodated, and where its claims to distinction amongst seminaries for young ladies are second to none in the South.
This result has not been attained with out the expenditure of much time and energy on the part of all the excellent teachers connected with the institution. Nor could it have been done under a system of education less broad and pro gressive in principle, and less strongly carried out in practice.
The present organization of the insti tute includes under its management a boarding department and day school for resident pupils. No such distinction is made in the class room, where the classi fication is based on the relative advance ment of each scholar. The school does not adopt the principles of formal ex aminations for entrance, but the regular class room work and the passage to higher grades is determined on written examinations. The regular courses of study lead to diplomas in the Latin and English Course, the French and English Course, and the English Course alone. Thjs requirements for these courses are prescribed and are well chosen with a

view to the needs of the pupils. Elec tive courses and post-graduate work in literature, mathematics, and languages are also afforded.
The departments represented in the general curriculum of the school, are those of Science; Languages, including Latin, French and German; Music, vocal and instrumental; English, including history, general and current literature, grammar, rhetoric and composition ; Elo cution and Physical Culture. Special classes are provided with instruction in drawing and painting, and in dress making. Special lectures, with experi ments on scientific subjects, are de livered by prominent gentlemen from time to time.
In apportioning the time for study and recitations in the several departments, care is taken to secure the mastery of each, and thereby to give the pupil a well-rounded and wholesome develop ment.
The attention which is given to well directed physical culture deserves special commendation as being a most essential factor in a proper system of female edu cation. The work in current literature, which is used to direct the attention of the pupils to the marked events and questions of the time, is a step in ad vance over most schools, and one which gives a zest and relish to general study. All the departments are in the hands of cultured and experienced educators, and are conducted with great ability and success.
The home life of the Institute is full of brightness and variety, taking the form of private concerts, charades, and games amongst themselves, or an occa sional entertainment of a literary, musi cal or social character at which the friends of the young ladies are present.
The equipment of the school is now

66

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

very thorough. The rooms, parlors, library and school rooms are handsomely furnished, and the domestic arrange ments are very complete. In addition to the main building, a handsome chapel, the gift of George I. Seney, of New York, seating 600 people, .and with excellent stage arrangements, is of ser vice in the public exercises of the insti tution. A fine organ is built in the

due to the good health which is vouch safed to all who make it their home.
The Lucy Cobb Institute does excel lent educational work--keeping abreast of the times, securing the best instruc tors, and combining systematic and firm regulations with much gentleness and consideration. The diploma of the In stitute ranks high and is won only by honest and intelligent work.

LUCY COBB INSTITUTE -- MILLEDGE AVENUE.

chapel, thus affording the means of instruction on that instrument. The musical equipment in pianos is ample enough to give every facility for prac tice in that line. The Institute prop erty covers four acres and is well shaded by large trees. It is situated on MilJedge avenue, the handsomest residence street of Athens, and is itself an orna ment to the avenue. The location is exceptionally healthy, and much of the fivor in which the Institute is held is

The Home School
The Home School for young ladies, under the care of Madame Sosnowski and her accomplished daughter, Miss Caroline Sosnowski, has been doing splendid educational work for many years and is one of the best schools in the &tate. The ladies who are identified with its control came to Georgia just after the burning of Columbia, S. C., in which their large establishment at that 'place was destroyed. In the time whiqh has

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

67

since elapsed, nearly one thousand young ladies of this and the adjoining states have been educated under their care and are ready to testify to the charm and excellence of the training which they received, by the rare culture which they possess as well as by their words of praise. The Home School, as its name would indicate, claims no showy characteristics. What Miss. Porter's school, "The Elms," is to Massachusetts,

large size. Miss Sosnowski desires not more than twenty-five for the boarding department, in the belief that a larger number would be ill suited to the method of instruction which she believes to be best, viz., that of developing each pupil as an individual rather than trying to mould all to the same model; at the same time throwing around each scholar an atmosphere of culture and common interest in the pursuit of knowledge.

THE HOME SCHOOL, PRINCE AVENUE.

the Home School is to Georgia, a refined family circle where the young girls are constantly under the care of accomplish ed and kindly instructors, and are daily led to the fountains of knowledge and culture. There is no lack of system and order in the methods of instruction practiced, and the results attained are very gratifying to all who become ac quainted with the pupils of this institu tion. The school does not aspire to a

This, she believes, is best done through the medium of a home school of moder ate number, and where the classes shall never be so large as to allow the indi viduality of each scholar to become lost in that of the class.
In carrying out her ideas of education
Miss Sosnowski has associated with her self a number of very talented and effi cient teachers in order to secure to each scholar thorough and wisely planned

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

instruction. The engraving given above shows the beautiful spot on Prince avenue occupied by the school, what broad piazzas and roomy grounds are at hand for exercise and pleasure. The picture does not show the well-furnished interior, the handsome pictures, the musical instruments, the well-filled libra ry, which tell of the enthusiastic work which is done both by scholars and teachers in the field of literature, art and music. The young lady is for tunate who becomes an inmate of this excellent school, and every September witnesses the arrival of those whom for tune thus kindly favors.
Public Schools.
The public school system of Athens has been, since its foundation in 1886, a source of constant pride to the city. Success has markfcd them for its own, and springs from the exceptional personel of the school board, and the no less excellent officers who have been placed in charge of the school work. Professor E. C. Branson, the organizer and superintendent of these schools, laid them out upon broad lines of policy and inspired the teaching force with a zeal for intelligent dealing with the prob lems of school work. The result has been a growing satisfaction amongst the taxpayers and an increasing interest and attendance by the children. Professor Branson resigned in 1891, and his mantle has fallen on Professor G. G. Bond, a gentleman well fitted to continue the work and thoroughly familiar with the details of modern school methods. To give some idea of the spirit in which the schools are managed, the following quotations from the several reports of the Superintendent, covering the chief points of school government, will be of
interest :--

Tardiness.
" A school into which a dozen or so pupils every morning reluctantly saunter, a few minutes, or a half hour late, is a school too poorly managed to be tolerated in an intelligent business community, where punctuality is a cardinal virtue."
Discipline.
" Methods of teaching subjects have begun radically to change since the days of Commenius. But methods of dis cipline all the while and now, more than methods of teaching, have demanded re
forms of the most radical nature. Public sentiment is always nearer right than the average autocrat of a teacher, who is or dinarily left alone in a school room to resort summarily to brute force whenever whim, or pleasure, or need happens to be the uppermost thing in the mood of him. The doors of school houses thrown open, visitors let in, the public eye searching every nook and cranny of the establish ment, the true facts of the institution placarded upon public bulletin boards-- and at once the instincts of common humanity substitute fairness, and gentle ness, and justice, and mercy for much that before outraged them all."
Teaching Grammar.
"Teaching language instead of teach ing grammar takes aliveness, ingenuity, and originality, endlessly in contriving materials and occasions for picture story work, for number-story work, and for ob servations of plants and animals and every day home occurrences, all to the end that in telling of these, habits and not rules of grammar may be established in the pupil.
" The Gospel of Humanity to Children is a blessed gospel to organize into schools. The short daily sessions of our schools, the short annual session, the

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

69

Christmas and May intermissions, the frequent holidays are the part of wisdom, I take it. The danger of making exces sive drafts upon immature nerve and muscle are very evident to those that daily watch the development of the minds and bodies of hundreds of children. I believe it to be wise to let the work of the schools be slow, if you please, and thorough, and at all times within reach of the child's powers when reasonably put forth. Meanwhile, to contend that education has to do with books and schools alone, and to deny to children a superabundance of sunshine, and air, and out-of-doors romping, the discipline of home duties, and contact with the love of parents, is to rob the child of most of the things he will have actual need for in life--a sound body, a healthily developed mind, and a strongly marked individuality, it may be. The play ground and the home develop strength of char acter as the school never can. ' What we do not call education is more precious than what we call so,' says Mr. Emerson, with great suspicion of truth.'"
These extracts present in strong relief the principles which are successfully enforced in the system as it now exists. Visitors are always welcome and never fail to be favorably impressed by the methods and spirit of the teaching. Annual examinations are held for the teachers as well as pupils and proves a wise measure in preventing stagnation in the teaching force. The teachers of the school are young, bright and devoted, and their work is already telling upon the city life.
The schools are divided into-- (a) Primary department with three grades. (d} Intermediate department with two grades.

(c) Grammar department with four grades.

The grades run from one to nine in

the order of age.

The whole range of instruction covers

the progress of the little child from the

alphabet to a good preparation for enter

ing the University at the age of 16.

The grades in the colored schools are

similarly arranged.

The accommodations for the pupils

are ample and thoroughly comfortable

and healthful. Excellent desks, maps, blackboards and other necessary equip

ments are provided liberally. Four large

buildings are now occupied by the

whites, and two equally comfortable

structures are given to the colored

pupils. The teachers are well and

promptly paid. Tuition is free, except

to non-resident pupils or those over 18

years of age.

The city has dealt with great liberality

toward the public schools, and the ex penditure has been well repaid.

The income of the school for 1891-2

was as follows:

From City Treasurer . . . $10,900.00

From State School Fund . 3,884 20 From County Poll Tax Fund 1,235.82

From tuition fees . ....

119.35

Total ........ $16,139.37

Enrollment.
Whites, 861 ; colored, 537 ; total, 1,398. School population, white, 1,101; col ored, 1,225 ; total, 2,326. School attendance, white, 78% : col ored, 43%. Tax rate for city schools .0016 on a property valuation of $6,335,000. There are at present employed in the teaching force of these schools 19 white teachers, of whom 2 are males and 17

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

are females ; and in colored schools, 3 males and 7 females, making a total of 29 in the whole system.
Private Schools.
On the list of private schools may be found several excellent ones. Mrs. E. A. Crawford has for a number of years taught with much success a school for children and young ladies. A similar

Professional.
The profession of law, dentistry, med icine, music and divinity are strongly represented in Athens, both as to numbers and ability. There are 25 lawyers, 5 dentists, 12 physicians and 7 ministers on the list. The professional practice of many of them is large and lucrative. A number of instructors in

GEORGIA, CAROLINA & NORTHERN R. R. BRIDGE OVER THE OCONKE RIVER.

school for children is in charge of Miss Julia Moss, and has an excellent attend ance. The Misses Mell have a flourish ing school in vocal and instrumental music. Miss Smith's classes in art are largely patronized and do much for the art culture of the city. A business col lege is kept open during the winter which offers good advantages to those desirous of a business training.

music find ready patronage and do ex cellent work.
Newspaper.
Athens supports an excellent daily and weekly newspaper, which has a cir culation through ten or twelve adjoining counties and reaches a population of about 70,000. The paper is known as the Athens Banner, and is edited by Mr.

GLABKE COVNTY, GEOBGIA,

T. W. Reed, a bright and versatile writer. The Banner is the official organ of the city and county, and has a large local circulation.
Entertainment.
The city has one of the prettiest opera houses in the South. Its seating capacity is about 900, and stage arrangements are large and commodious. During the win ter season a number of excellent troupes occupy the boards and afford amusement to the community. Many of the best companies on the road annually visit Athens. The opera house is under local management, and is run with good taste and judgment.

Churches.
Athens is well provided with Churches and Sunday-schools, and her pulpits are ably filled. The Young Men's Chistian Association has a very vigor ous growth in the community, and owns a magnificent building in which its par lors, lecture hall, bowling alley, library and gymnasium are found. The rooms are always open and strangers are wel comed.
The main items of the religious life in a tabular form are given below, and when taken in proportion to the popu lation, will show the general moral tone ot the community.

Table Showing Church Statistics,

1
en <u J3 <gu

First Methodist Church ........................ ....... 618
Oconee Methodist Church ............................. 350 First Presbyterian Church ............................. 260 First Baptist Church ............ .... .......... 320 East Athens Baptist Church . ................ ....... 100 Emanuel Episcopal Church. ........................ . 150

Catholic Church ................................

. . 40

East Athens Methodist Church ................. . . .... 120

Total ............................................. 2.043

Scuhnodoal y Scholars.

NSturmvibcers wepeek.r

a!>s

a
PH
"o

_.

.s <U >v

'^M-H

M +J

u$ ~>

13 >

200 : 6

120 4

180 ; 6

200 5

90

4

70

6

40 4

25

2

(;0

2

100 j 2

900 400
1,200 500 250 300
200 400 150 100 200

$20,000 4.000 20,"00 10.000
3,000 4,000 2,000
5,000 2,000
500 1,200

1,085 41 4,600 871.700

COLORED.

310 125

61

75

741 200

Bethel Church, Methodist. ... ... ..............

34

56

St. Mark's Chapel.... ............

............... 35

61

60

50

57

75

4

600 $ .i,000

4

250 2,500

4 1,500 7,000

4

500

2,500

4 ir.O

250

3

600 1,000

3

700

750

Total ............................................. 1,288 642 26 4.300 $17,000

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Property Valuation.
The present value of property, as shown by the tax returns, reaches the large sum of $6,385,145, on which a city tax of $1.00 per $100 is levied. In 1882 the city was valued at $3,402,000. For details of the distribution of this prop erty, the reader is referred to the tables on page *&. 3TJ - (? O,
Among the principal real estate owners

of the city are, Thomas Bailey, J. M. Barry, R. L. Bloomfield, Mrs. M. Bishop, the Carlton estate, A. K. Childs, the Hamilton estate, Y. L. G. Harris, J. A. Hunnicutt, Cobb Lampkin, E. S. Lyndon, R. L. Moss, the F. Phinizy estate, R. K. Reaves, J. H. Rucker, the Athens Park and Improvement Co., the Lilly Land Co., James White, and the Athens Manufacturing Co.

COMMERCIAL LIFE OF ATHENS.

The commercial life of Athens is char acterized by great energy and marked success. In proportion to its population and to the legitimate territory supplied, few cities can show o large a volume of business. It will not be far from accu rate to place the aggregate volume of business in one year at twelve million dollars or more, and to make the follow ing subdivisions :

Cotton business. ........ .......$ 3,000,000

Manufactures...... ... ........ 300,000

Stocks and bonds .

.... 430,000

Hardware and farming implements 300,000

Banks and Loan Associations ..... 700,000

Foundries........................ 150,000

Building........... ............. 300,000

Furniture........ ................ 100,000

Heavy groceries.

........... 2,000,000

Dry goods............. .... ...... 500,000

Clothing........... ............ 100,000

Jewelry and bric-a-brac............ 50,000

Crockery ......................... 20,000

Professional ................. 200,000

Real estate........ .... ....... 200,000

Insurance risks ................ .. 4,000,000

Miscellaneous..................... 100,000

Total ...................... 412,450,000
The substantial nature of the business done in this section and the integrity of the business community are well known throughout the country. Drummers

are ever eager to sell to the merchants of Athens in the assurance that the goods will be paid for. It is a rare thing to see a business house in Athens forced to close its doors. In all lines of trade the representative men are good busi ness men and make a success of their work. Many firms do an unusually large business, and at least two houses may safely be placed at $1,000,000 of yearly business. Back of this volume of business stands a real property to the extent of $3,000,000
The strength and variety of business life in Athens is best realized in reading the following outlines of the personal and business policy of a few representa tive firms doing business in various lines.
The Southern Mutual Insurance Co.
It is fitting that the special descrip tion of the prominent business enter prises of Athens should begin with the above named company. Organized in 1848 by Athens men, it has prospered as few institutions have ever done and now ranks as one of the best, if not the very best, fire insurance company in the world. This claim is not made on the volume of business done, but on the conservatism and careful selection of

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

risks which the company has always shown and which is witnessed by the fact that fifty-eight per cent, of the pre miums was returned last year to the policy holders, making the insurance cost only 42% of the premiums paid in. The company insures for three-fourths of the value of the property, and has reached the point where it commands more business than it desires to under take. It has as reserved assets nearly $900,000, which are well invested and the income of which is annually dis tributed among the policy holders in the form of dividends.
J. S. King & Co.
The firm of J. S. King & Co., occupy a large three-story building on the north east corner of Broad and Thomas streets, in which they carry on an immense bus iness in groceries and general supplies. The gentlemen who constitute the firm are natives of Athens, and have estab lished a strong hold on the confidence of the city and adjoining territory. The partnership under which they are now operating was formed in 1887, and in cludes J. S. King, E. R. Hodgson, A. H. Hodgson and J. M. Hodgson, all of whom are strong, conservative business men Nothing more fully proves the wisdom of this firm than the methods on which they conduct that branch of the business by which farmers are sup plied with groceries and merchandise. They have discarded the old method of advancing supplies on long time prices, and have adopted the plan of selling to customers at cash prices and carrying the accounts on interest. The effect of this plan is, in fact, to divide a portion of the profits with the customer. To make such a plan of business successful requires the patronage of none but thor oughly reliable and prompt paying cus tomers. The firm is to be congratulated on having just such a patronage from which slow payers have been eliminated. Mutual confidence between the firm and their customers is thus very strong, and both parties find that money is to be made by adopting strict business meth ods. The customers of this firm are not only the best class of men in this sec tion, but they set an example to the

farmers of the South generally by meet ing incurred obligations with the prompt ness of bank paper. They have found that their business runs more smoothly and that they save a large amount for merly lost by exorbitant prices at which goods were sold in the spring to be paid for in the following fall. The firm are proud of the promptness and reliability of their customers. That such a wise business policy is actually in force con stitutes the reason that when other firms are handicapped and retarded by slow paying customers, J. S. King & Co. have gone forward with easy and rapid strides. The wholesale business of this house is very large, covering all the adjoining counties, while in city retail supplies they give entire satisfaction to an in creasing number of families every year. The business is backed by large capital, and the firm carries a stock valued at fifteen thousand dollars. The members of the firm are prominent and influential men, foremost in all movements for the good of the city, and possessed of marked popularity and progressive spirit. They stand as the leaders of the grocery busi ness in the city.
R. C. Orr & Co.
The firm of R. C. Orr & Co. is located at an excellent point on Clayton street, No. 104, and two doors west of the postoffice. Unlike most of the drug stores of the city, they demote themselves exclusively to a prescription business, and despite the cold water which greeted their start some four years ago, they have shown their ability to make the business pay. Dr. R. C. Orr, who is the active member of the firm, has an enviable record as an accurate and skillf ul man in filling prescriptions, and as such has the confidence of all the local physicians. In order to give the best satisfaction,, he orders his drugs from the best known houses, and guaranteed as to the strength and purity of every medicine he uses. In this way, he can make every one of his customers sure of the full beneficial action of whatever medicine the physician may have prescribed. A good cigar may be purchased from him, too, as you are on your way to the postoffice.

74

CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

J. H. Rucker.

Athens, and of the total Mr. Rucker

No one business man in Athens is usually purchases 50 per cent. Outside

quite so valuable a factor in the com of the cotton business, Mr. Rucker has

mercial world as Jeptha H. Rucker, cot always been a valuable citizen to Athens,

ton buyer and exporter. Mr. Rucker having held the Mayor's chair, and is

has done business in Athens and the always ready to lend the strength of his

adjoining section for twenty years past, good judgment and energy to all move

buying large lots of cotton for the ments that promise a benefit to this city.

strongest cotton firms of New York and for European markets. His business C. A. Scudder.

has grown to such proportions that he now handles, yearly, sixty thousand bales
of the fleecy staple and makes direct
shipments to Bremen, Liverpool, Havre Barcelona, Spain, and the conti

Anyone in search of silverware, watches, or jewelry in Athens, is at tracted at once in passing down Broad street by a handsome window fitted in

nent generally. His business is

conducted chiefly from Athens

and Madison, at both of which

points he owns commodious

warehouses and hydraulic cot

ton compresses. He is thus pre

pared, by virtue of the size and

choice location of his property

along the railroad points, to

handle cotton to best advantage

and prepare it fof compact ship

ment. As promoter and owner

of the Belt Line railroad, he has

securecfthe connection^ all the

railroads in Athens, and cotton

can be brought to his compress,

unloaded,pressed, and forwarded

with only a few hours delay.

His plant in Athens is valued at

$60,000, and that in Madison,

Ga., at $25,000, while the volume

of his business largely exceeds

a million dollars. In order to

control so much cotton, Mr. Rucker employs a large and C. A. SCUDDER JEWELRY HOUSE, BROAD STREET.

experienced force of buyers

located at various points in Georgia and dainty colored plush and displaying at

Alabama, the more important agencies tractive pieces of silverware, diamonds

being at Athens, Augusta, Washington and cut glass. The most striking thing is

and Madison, in this State, with head the marked good taste of the window fit

quarters in Athens.

tings and the tempting manner in which

Mr. Rucker avers that Athens is as a few beautiful things are displayed, and good a cotton market as can be found in the impulse created to enter the ad

the South. Competition is lively among joining door and inspect the well-filled

buyers and transportation companies, cases and shelves inside. Whenever you

and the prices for 1892 have uniformly enter this store you are equally pleased

ranged from y& to ^ cent per pound by the same display of good taste and

higher than in Augusta, our neighbor handsome objects, and you are surprised ing competitor. The high market at to find such a striking array of beautiful

tracts a large amount of cotton to things so faraway from New York, YOIL

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

75

are always welcomed, and even if you have no purchase in view, you will find a chronometer there that is worth your inspection. It is a large clock, which winds itself by electricity, and is con nected by the Western Union wires with the observatory at Georgetown Heights, in New York, from which every day the seventy-fifth meridian time is tele graphed at noon and is recorded auto matically on the chronometer. Athens time is just 30 minutes behind New York and the black hand on the dial gives the time in Athens while the red hand indi cates that in New York. Everybody goes there to set their watches, and when the University professors are making any astronomical calculations, this chronometer is invaluable. Well, this store is on Broad street, just above the University Bank, and everybody in Athens will recognize it as Scudder's
Mr. C. A. Scudder, the proprietor, is an Athens man, who was for several years connected with Tiffany, and the Gorham Silver Co , in New York, and he brings to Athens the newest and prettiest things in gold and silverware, jewelry, imported china, bric-a-brac, cut glass, watches and rings. His business is large and increasing, and his establisment would be a credit to any city. The ac companying cut gives a faint idea of the interior of this attractive store.
E. I. Smith & Co,
The firm of E. I. Smith & Co., dealers in boots and shoes, was organized in 1885, an d is composed of Mr. E. I. Smith as senior partner, and Mr. George Lucas as junior partner. Both of these gentlemen are recognized as men of ability and the highest business integ rity. Mr. Smith, the senior partner, has proven himself one of the best citi zens of Athens, both in public and pri vate life. His popularity has been at tested by his flattering election as mem ber of the city council during several successive terms, and he has repaid public confidence by a vigorous and wise advocacy of many of the most benefi cial public movements of the past ten years. The same energy and good judg ment which he has displayed in public affairs have characterized his efforts in

the shoe business, and the result has been equally as successful. Together with Mr. Lucas, who is thoroughly well known and valued by the business pub lic, the house ranks as a strong and reli able business firm. In seven years they have established a reputation and pat ronage in the retail line that easily en titles them to leadership throughout this section of Georgia. They carry a large and well chosen stock, which is artistic ally arranged and displayed in one of the handsomest stores in the city, located on the southwest corner of College ave nue and Clayton street. They guaran tee every pair of shoes which they sell
Hazelton & Dozier.
Athens shows its appreciation of music by the handsome way in which it sup ports the excellent music house of Hazelton & Dozier. Their place of business is No. 112 E. Clayton street, next door to the postoffice, a handsome store with plate glass front. The firm carries a full line of musical instruments and musical supplies. Passing along that way, the people find their steps and pulses quickened by the stirring music which issues from piano, violin, or cornet as played in that store. Often you can locate the store by the crowd gathered to hear one of these impromptu concerts. One can buy there almost anything wanted in the musical line, from a banjo string to a fine piano or a cabinet organ. The firm are agents for a number of prominent piano manufac turers. They lay most stress on the Knabe, Behr Brothers, Ivers Si Pond, and Kimball makes of this instrument. They have placed several pianos at the young ladies schools in this city, which have given entire satisfaction. The terms on which they sell pianos are liberal, and every family should make inquiries with a view of purchasing an instrument which can give the home circle so much pleasure. They carry a full supply of artists' materials and picture frames. Major T. H. Dozier and Mr. D. P. Hazelton compose this energetic firm. They have been in the business for ten years past, and know how to please their cus tomers.

76

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

D. W, McGregor & Co. A college town and a cultured com
munity cannot do without a good book store. It is this need which the firm, whose name is given above, fills in the business and intellectual life of Athens. The firm takes its name from Mr. D. W. McGregor, the senior partner, a gentle man well acquainted with the publishing houses of this and the old country, and thoroughly up with the times in sup plying the literature which the popular taste demands. Mr. J. C. Hutchins, a gentleman well known in Athens and the adjoining towns, is an energetic associate in the firm. The house carries a full stock of books, stationery and artists' supplies. Books of general liter ature, Bibles, and commercial supplies, school and college text books, pens, pencils, picture frames, and blank books of all description find a place on their shelves. The firm does a large business, particularly in school supplies, through out this section. They keep on hand the prominent monthlies and periodicals and are agents for subscriptions to many of the magazines. They are energetic and progressive merchants, and are backed by a capital which enables them to carry a varied and attractive stock. F. S. Morton.
A more enterprising and wide awake insurance man than Mr. Fred S. Mor ton would be difficult to find in any com munity. Mr. Morton belongs to the progressive young men who are urging on the fortunes of this city with marked success. That he is highly esteemed in fire insurance circles is attested by the fact that he acts as agent for no less than thirteen of the strongest fire com panies now doing business, and repre senting aggregate assets to the amount of $ 159,000,000 That he makes a popular and reliable agent is proven by the one million dollars of risks which he annu ally places for the merchants and prop erty owners of this city on cotton, stores, warehouses, and private dwellings, and on furniture and stocks of merchandise. He now occupies handsome new offices at No. ii Jackson street in the center of business and with telephone connec

tion throughout the city In three years he has built up a strong and grow ing business, besides proving himself a valuable and public spirited citizen.
John Crawford & Co. Among the most successful firms of
Athens must be noted John Crawford & Co., the wide-awake and energetic Col lege avenue druggists. The proprietor, Dr. Jno.Crawford, cast his lot in Athens eight or nine years ago, and from a com paratively small beginning built up the business that stands to-day a monument to his business ability and energy. The aggressive policy of the firm has, in ad dition to their large retail business, spread their jobbing trade over a more extended territory perhaps than any other Athens firm, and has made them successful competitors of the large firms of our larger cities. Besides being manufacturers of many pharmaceutical preparations, they control a line of use ful household remedies for which there is a large and growing demand ; notably Crawford's Skin Cure or Eczema Wash, which is sold throughout the Union. The policy of the firm to employ none but skilled labor has given the public assurance that the work they do can be depended on, and the firm merits the patronage of those who wish pure drugs and the best service.
T. Fleming & Sons. Of the three strong firms dealing in
hardware and agricultural implements, in Athens, T. Fleming & Sons are recog nized as the leaders. They have been identified with this business for the past fifteen years, and from small beginnings have established a strong and increasing patronage. In 1891 the company had grown to such size that it was deemed best to transform it from a simple part nership to a regularly incorporated stock company, with a capital of $125,000. The company is now composed of Messrs. J. H. Fleming, Herbert Flem ing, and E. D. Sledge. A stronger busi ness firm cannot be found in Georgia. They possess an amount of energy, clear judgment and popularity which have won a merited reward. In addition to the

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

partners in the firm, the business demands the employment of seven other men, and two drummers are kept on the road almost constantly. Wherever this firm once gets a hold on trade it is an abiding one. They are wellknown as men of sterling integrity and make every effort to furnish their customers with first-class goods. That they are well able to do this and meet competition in prices, needs no better proof than the fact that the stock which they carry is usually $35,000 to $40,000 in value. This stock embraces a full line of cutlery, rifles, fire arms, farming im plements, bar, sheet, and other forms of iron and steel, castings of various kinds, belting, rope, nails, and ginning ma chinery. They are the special agents for the Pratt gins, of which they sell a large number; and they handle a popular buggy known as the Classic City buggy. They take under contract the entire out put of the Princeton mills in cotton rope, and have no trouble in disposing of it to their large trade. They likewise sell large quantities of sash, doors and blinds. Marking the prosperity of the firm is the fact that a new building is in process of erection to accommodate their en larged stock. This building is located on Clayton street, about midway the block between Jackson and Thomas streets, and is owned by the firm. It extends through the block from Clayton to Washington street, with a frontage of thirty-six feet, and a depth of two hun dred and twenty feet. When complete, the Clayton street end will be three stories in height, and the Washington street end two stories. The building is faced with pressed brick and trimmed with Lexington granite around the win dows, doors, etc.
The territory which the firm supplies extends as far north as Toccoa, on the Richmond and Danville Railroad, to Abbeville, S. C., and Augusta on the east, to Madison and Monticello on the south, and to Gainesville and Jug Tavern on the west and northwest.
C- W. Cooper.
C. W. Cooper's livery and sales stables are located at No. 410 Thomas street, and are thoroughly equipped for the

livery business. The outfit in landaus, buggies and carriages of all kinds is very complete, and the stable contains an excellent stock of fine roadsters. Mr. Cooper, as successor to J. Z. Cooper & Son, has been identified with this line of business during 24 years, and is thoroughly well known throughout the country. He yearly visits Kentucky^ and other noted markets, and brings out fine roadsters and carriage horses, both for sale and for use in his general livery business. His business is a large one> and he endeavors to give the best ser vice at the lowest prices. The present year has been marked by a large addi tion of new buggies and landaus to the outfit of his stable, and constitutes a strong and efficient appeal to the pat ronage of the riding public who value stylish turnouts and handsome horses. Athens Park and Improvement Co.
Conspicuous upon the maps of the county and city are the lands of the Athens Park and Improvement Co., a corporation organized some three years ago under a very liberal charter for the purpose of developing a beautiful section of Athens. This company, realizing that the city was outgrowing its bounds, pur chased the only unimproved parcel of land near the heart of the city, three hundred acres in all, removed all objectionable features, negro cabins and the like and began the work of opening up the prop erty. At an immense expense a magni ficent boulevard 76 feet wide and a mile and a half long was graded through the entire property, cross and parallel streets and avenues were surveyed and laid off and the blocks thus formed divided into lots of one-half acre.
The Boulevard terminates within three hundred yards of the county court house, but to bring all parts of the prop erty in easy access to the balance of the city, the directors of the company in duced the street railroad to adopt elec tricity as its motive power, and then closed a contract with it to operate an electric line with convenient and rapid schedules along the full length of the Boulevard and to and from the heart of the city. With this great convenience added to the natural advantages of the

78

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

property, the magnificent air, the easily accessible water of the purest sort, and the fact that every house is new and of the most tasty design, the lots are the most desirable in Athens for handsome homes.
Some of the city ch arches are seeking up town locations, and the Episcopal church has already purchased a lot near the Barber street entrance to the Im provement Co.'s property, and will build upon it a handsome granite church. The company has also donated a lot in the centre of its property for a church which will be erected at once.
To the street railroad company the Improvement Co. conveyed twenty-one acres of land lying between the Boule vard and Prince avenue to be used as a park. This tract has been improved and beautified and will always be a pleas ant resort for those living in the neigh borhood. Negroes are excluded and fine order is always maintained.
Before the work of grading was com pleted the company determined to test the market with a sale, about oneseventh of the property being offered. Buyers were eager for the lots and very satisfactory prices were real ized. Since the sale and through the stringency that has been felt throughout the South, the company has vigorously prosecuted its work of grad ing and developing. Private sales have
been made to a number of home builders, and pretty cottages and residences now dot the landscape, completely changing the appearance of the property. The building of the G. C. & N. railway through the northern portion has opened up a number of valuable manufacturing sites, some of which have already been utilized by the Electric Plant, the Brown Plan ing Mill, and the D. M. Kinney Variety Works. Water for manufacturing is plentiful and easily obtained.
From Barber street to the Park, the lots are within the city limits, owners having the advantages of the city's ex
cellent system of graded school, its lights and waterworks. Beyond the Park the high, airy lots of Buena Vista Heights have all the benefits of the electric line and nearness to the city, but enjoy a freedom from city taxes.

The company has been and will con tinue to be very liberal with those who buy with the intention of building. It has undertaken the work of development on a grand scale, and has advertised the city of Athens more liberally than any other agency--the upward strides of the city dating from its incorporation. As the outcome of its work, so far, the city and county have reaped a harvest in the increased valuations, and numbers of young men have been enabled to build cosy and comfortable homes for their families under the liberal policy of its directors. To all good works looking to the advancement of Athens and Clarke county, the company has given a help ing hand. Its policy has ever been lib eral, its advertising of the city in con nection with its own enterprise has been generous, and its reward has been a suc cess that is gratifying to every good cit izen. The directors of the company are noted as active, energetic business men who have succeeded m all their under takings ; they have given the company the benefit of their sound judgment and commercial sagacity, and have watched over its affairs with careful and pains taking forethought.
The officers are W. S. Holman, presi dent; J. N. Booth, vice-president; C. W. Baldwin, treasurer, and C. D. Flanigen secretary and manager, and these officers, with E. T. Brown, J. T. Voss, E. K. Lumpkin and Geo. M. Booth con stitute the board of directors. With the return of good times, the Athens Park and Improvement Co. promises to be a greater factor than ever in the up building and prosperity of the city of Athens and the county of Clarke.
Vess, Vonderau & Co.
This firm began business in September of '90 in the elegant building, known as the Carlton building, on the corner of Clayton and Thomas streets.
Close attention to business, honest, reliable goods, and close prices, have made this, the third year of their busi ness, nearly double that of the first. They keep always a full stock of firstclass dry goods and notions, never allow old stock to accummulate on their hands, but put a price on it that moves it off.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

79

The buyer of the firm, Mr. A. W. Vess, after a thorough training, is specially well equipped in his line of business, and is generally conceded to be one of the best dry goods men in the city.
Mr. W. P. Vonderau has general charge of the business, and the success of the firm is an evidence of his good judgment and energy.
Mr. A. S. Parker, who is associated with the firm, is one of the best account ants in the State, and his ability is be yond dispute. They are all young and energetic men, and are pressing their business with a determination that is winning an ever increasing success.
Seaboard Air Line.
This great system has just come among us by the completion of the G., C. & N. division from Monroe to Atlan ta, thus placing Athens on a through trunk line between the North and South. This means a great deal for the Classic City and her citizens. The passenger rate has been reduced one-half between Athens and Atlanta. In order to reach Athens the Oconee river was spanned by a magnificent iron bridge, and a cut 28 feet deep and 650 feet long was opened through a prominence of solid rock at the mouth of which stands the passenger depot.
As this line passes through and opens up a new territory, which means lower rates and quicker despatch for our pro ducts, it will be hailed with delight by our farmers, planters and the traveling public at large.
The officers of the Seaboard Air Line are active and piogressive men, which is fully demonstrated by the construction of this Southern division of 272 miles in order to reach Atlanta, the great rail road centre of the South. Finding op position to their entering her portals at the desired point, they at once con structed a belt line around the city, tap ping all the roads centering there, and now running their passenger trains into and out of the Union Depot, where con nections are made with all trains to and from the South and West.
The management have recently pur chased five acres of ground almost in the

heart of the city of Atlanta, and are ar ranging for the erection of a brick and granite fire-proof depot 900 feet long and 75 feet in width.
With its many rail and water connec tions at Norfolk, their deep water termi nus, this building is necessary in order to handle the traffic, which is daily in creasing.
Such steps demonstrate that the S. A. L. has come among us to stay, and we bespeak for them a bright and pros perous future.
Henderson Warehouse Company.
The Henderson Warehouse Com pany runs one of the largest cotton warehouses in Athens, and is owned by Hodgson Brothers & Griffith. The ware house is a large brick building, covering one acre of ground and occupying half the block between Clayton and Broad streets, adjoining Hull street. It is built in four compartments with fire appliances throughout, and is the safest storage for cotton in the city. The capacity is 5,000 bales. The owners have for many years conducted an im mense storage and commission business in cotton, handling from twelve to fifteen thousand bales each season. The expe rience gained in this line of business commands for them a steady patronage and enables them to control cotton from a large section of country. Keeping abreast of the trend of the cotton busi ness, they place experienced buyers at various other points and ship directly to the Southern and Northern ports. They carry cotton for their customers, mak ing advances on the same, and giving the benefit of standard insurance to those who deal with them. The firm likewise conducts a regular banking business, although they do not advertise as bankers. The members of the firm are thoroughly reliable men. Mr. E. R. Hodgson is the senior partner, and a man honored by commissions of trust from his city and the State. The same is true of Mr. A. H. Hodgson, who has recently relinquished the office of mayor of Athens, which he filled with great distinction. Mr. C. B. Griffith, the junior partner of the firm, has established

80

CLAEKE COUNTY, GM EGIA.

a strong hold on the business public by his energy and ability. Mr. J. M. Hodgson is a member of the company but not actively engaged in this department. The combination of talent and capital which these gentlemen represent makes this company a power in the business world of Athens. A long list of the best class of customers testifies to the satisfaction and confidence that rewards the honest and reliable methods for which the firm is distinguished.
A. J. Mirick.
The presence of large numbers of handsome young men and fair young maidens in attendance on the educational institutions of Athens, gives a marked stimulus to the work of a good photo grapher, such as Mr. A. J. Mirick has proven himself to be. It needs but a glance at the specimens of work that fill his studio to appreciate the fine taste and excellent finish that characterize his pic tures. He is found in well appointed quarters at No. 15 E. Broad street, and is prepared to take photographs in all sizes, and to guarantee satisfaction to his patrons. For out door work he is splen didly equipped, and many of the hand some residences of Athens are repro duced in artistic pictures under his skillful hand. In addition to photography, Mr. Mirick does excellent work in crayon and in portrait enlargement. He is a conscientious and skillful artist, and spares no pains on the small details which make the difference between first-class and botched picture making. The en gravings in this book are all reproduced from photographs made by him.
Palmer & Kinnebrew.
This firm has within the last two years established a strong business in the drug and prescription lines. The firm is com posed of Mr. H. R. Palmer, who was for twenty-five years connected with Dr. Lyndon's drug store; and Dr. E. R. Kinnebrew, who gave up active practice to lend his strength to the business. Mr. Palmer's skill as a prescription clerk has been known in this section for many years, and has brought the new firm no small portion of its business. Dr. Kin nebrew is a native of this county and

has a large acquaintanceship who, know ing him in active practice, have stuck to him in the business of selling drugs. The firm does both a wholesale and re tail drug business and find lucrative sales for their goods in the country and smaller towns around Athens. They cover a territory embracing Oglethorpe, Jackson, Madison, Oconee and Walton counties, and reaching sometimes into Elbert and Greene counties. The firm is fast winning its way forward and de serve the patronage which they have won by vigorous and enterprising meth ods. They occupy an excellent stand just opposite the postoffice, at No. 105 E. Clayton street.
The Lyndon Manufacturing Co.
In a city whose population is so rap idly increasing, and where nearly three hundred buildings are erected each year, a well equipped planing mill is a very profitable necessity. The Lyndon Man ufacturing Company is the leading enter prise of that type in this section. In 1887, Dr. E. S. Lyndon, a gentleman noted for his broad views and clear judg ment, saw the financial success and value to Athens which awaited just such an en terprise. Associating with him his brother, Mr. A. J. Lyndon, they invested $35,000 in a large plant, fully equipped with the best modern machinery needed for dressing lumber and for the manu facture of sash, doors, and blinds. Since the mill was opened, it has not known a day of idleness, and a large force of men are kept busy with the various branches which the firm carries on. The plant consists of a large brick building, used as a shop, two stories high, with dimensions 50x125 feet, with several acres of ground occupied by lumber yards and storage sheds for coal and fire wood. A side track makes convenient shipping connection with the Macon and Northern railroad. The company carries a splendid assortment of pine lumber which is worked up into dimension stuff for house building, and manufactured into door and window frames, doors, sash, and blinds. The large demand for these products in local markets makes it easy to dispose of the output with

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

81

good margins of profit. The firm deals largely in wood and coal for the city trade and handles a good share of the business done in that line. They have excellent arrangements with the mines of Tennessee and Alabama, and supply the best grades of anthracite and bitu minous coal at low prices. The majority of people in Athens still use wood for fuel, and find in Lyndon's large wood yard the most convenient and best place to buy seasoned hickory and oak by the cord as well as pine wood and kindlings. The aggregate of these business activi ties constitutes a very valuable total of business, which the company conducts with dispatch and reliability. As the business grows, the owners propose to enlarge the plant and make it one of the largest and best planing mills in North
Georgia.

dence and ranks as one of the best institutions in the city.
Athens Manufacturing Co.
The Athens Manufacturing Company, which owns and operates a large cotton mill plant in this city, was one of the first cotton mills opened in the South. The company was organized in 1832, and built the first mills in that year. The successful and continuous operation of

The Athens Savings Bank.
This excellent banking institution was organized under a state charter in 1885, and has grown vigorously ever since. Its success has not only been a gratify ing fact to the citizens at large, but rep resents a very substantial improvement in finances to a large number of small depositors who take this means of saving money from small incomes. The char ter of the bank is wisely drawn and pro vides for the payment of interest on small deposits. Four per cent, is the rate on deposits subject to withdrawal, and 5 per cent, on money deposited for a year's time without withdrawal. The charter provision which makes each stockholder responsible in proportion to the stock he holds is one that gives the best possible guarantee to depositors. The original stock of $40,000 has been largely increased, and the bank now car ries nearly 250 accounts in its savings department. The bank has built and now occupies the handsome three story building shown in the accompanying cut, located on the north side of Broad street in the heart of the business part of the city. The president of the bank is Dr. J. A. Hunnicutt, the cashier, Mr. G. A. Mell, both of these gentlemen of high business standing and ability. The Sav ings Bank i accorded the fullest confi

THE ATHENS SAVINGS BANK, BROAD STREET.
that enterprise has been accompanied by a large expansion of the plant, which represents an invested capital of $200,ooo. The mills have a total floor space of 69,000 square feet, of which 34,000 are used in the spinning department, and 35,coo for weaving purposes. Ten thousand spindles and three hundred and twenty looms are kept in constant movement to fill the large orders with which the company is favored.
The buildings are lighted by electricity and are furnished with automatic sprinklers and other ample fire protec tion. The company employs 375 opera tors, and provides nice 2 and 3-room cottages for their comfortable living.

CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

The spinning mills are run by water power from the Oconee river, furnished by a thirteen-foot dam, and yielding 338 gross horse power; of this turbines now utilize 300 H. P. The weaving plant is driven by steam. The company owns a large amont of real estate in the city, on which the mills and operatives' houses are built. In addition, they own the magnificent water power at Barnett Shoals, twelve miles lower down on the same river with 4,000 gross horse power. They lease this power to manufacturers putting up such buildings as the lessees may desire. At present 400 H. P. is thus rented, and a factory building fur nished, which runs 7,500 spindles in the
manufacture of yarns. The Athens factories turn out cotton
yarns, and colored goods, such as checks,
ginghams, jeans, etc. The growth of the enterprise is largely
due to the energy of Mr. R. L. Bloomfield, who took charge as agent in 1862. At that time 1,800 spindles and 40 looms were in operation. Mr. Bloomfield is still in charge and hcilds the confidence, not only of the company, but of the entire community, in which he has lived so long, and for which he has done so much. The company is a striking example of the success which is possible for cotton
milling in this section.
Griffith & Charbonnier,
A city without a first-class real estate agency scarcely deserves the name. Judged by this criterion, Athens would stand very high, for a better and more reliable firm handling city real estate cannot be found than that of Messrs. Griffith & Charbonnier, who occupy offices on College avenue, number 14, in the heart of the city, and in easy reach of investors and land owners. Mr. W. D. Griffith has been identified with Ath ens real estate for many years, and is, without doubt, the best posted man on matters of this kind in the city. His ability has been put to the test by the delicate and arduous work of the city tax assessor's office, in which he has served for a number of years to the en tire satisfaction of all. The words of such a man carry weight, and his state ment that Athens real estate has always

been a secure and profitable investment is emphasized by his long and intimate experience with the land sales of this section. He says that Athens property has always shown a steady increase of value, and in the absence of booms, has never suffered from the reactions which follow inflated values. The firm handles the best real estate of all kinds in the city and county, and has the largest rent list of any agents in the city. Just at present they have on hand and are ad vertising fine bargains in improved city lots, in farming lands, and in mineral lands lying in the counties of Habersham, Fannin, Union and Towns. The latter properties contain gold, copper and cor undum, and abound in fine hard wood forests, and can be bought at prices from one dollar per acre and upwards. They have good homes for sale from $1,000 upwards, and small houses and lots, suited for working men, as low as $500. They conduct auction sales as. well as private sales and do a large annual busi
ness. Mr. L. H. Charbonnier, Jr., the other
member of the firm, is an enterprising business man and has more especial charge of the insurance business done by the firm. Representing strong com panies in fire, life and accident insur ance, they place risks to best advantage for their customers in large or small amounts. The fire companies for which they hold agencies represent an aggre gate of 75 millions of assets. In life assurance they represent the ^Etna Life Insurance Company, the oldest and one of the best life companies in America. In accident insurance they place con tracts as agents for the United States Mutual Accident Company of New York, the strongest company doing busi ness in that line. The promptness and energy which characterizes this firm and their high integrity have won for them a large business and a host of patrons.
The Lilly Land Company.
That Athens is a growing 1 own is well attested by the formation of the Lilly Land Company, who own a valuable landed property of more than one hun dred acres in the southwestern part of the city. A reference to the city map

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

will indicate the location of the property and the ease with which it can be reached from both the business and residence portions of the city. The property is a very beautiful tract of upland lying ex ceptionally well for building purposes, and covered with the grateful shade of pine and hard wood trees. The com pany is holding the property as an in vestment. They are gradually proceed ing with the work of laying out broad avenues, winding in graceful curves, and destined to be lined with fine suburban villas. The main avenue, running north and south, curves with the gentle hill slope until it reaches the center of the property, when it branches into the two arms of a handsome oval 800 feet long and 200 feet broad. From the south end of the oval the avenue runs in gentle curve into the Georgia Factory road. When this avenue is opened it will at once become one of the most fashionable drives in the city. Already the Georgia Factory road is very popular with those who love horses, and the new avenue will offer a broader way and easier grades than the present excellent road. The natural advantages of this property are many. It is located on the top of the main ridge on which Milledge avenue is found ; it is well drained, and yet smooth and gentle in slope. It is very healthy, and the odor of the pine imparts a spiciness to the air that is very refreshing. Well shaded, within a short distance from the post office, the men who own this property are secure in their excel lent investment. The property was bought cheap,and the company can afford to sell at low figures. An investor desir ous of buying a home would be wise to consult with the agent of this company. The owners are organized as a stock com pany, and are as follows : Billups Phinizy, president; Arthur E. Griffith, W. D. Griffith, W. J. Morton, R. K. Reaves and R. B. Russell.
To those who know the community, the names in this company is assurance that the best men in this city have con fidence in local real estate.
E. E. Jones & Company.
The firm of E. E. Jones & Co rank as one of the oldest business enterprises

in Athens, organized in 1870 and deal ing in a large assortment of stoves, tin ware and similar goods. Mr Jones was sole proprietor until 1891, at which time he associated Mr. T. S. Methvin as part ner in the firm. Both of these gentle men are well known throughout this sec tion and rank as fine men of business. They sell by far the largest amount of goods of any house in this line and prac tically control the retail stove trade of the city. For many years they have ap pealed to the domestic comfort of house keepers, by selling the splendid stove known as the Iron King brand, and have placed no less than fifty carloads of these stoves in the hands of local household ers. They carry a large stock of kitchen utensils and tinware, and give employ ment to two expert tin workers in the manufacture of standard tin goods. Their patronage extends throughout the adjoining counties and towns for which Athens is the recognized distributing point in this class of merchandise. They sell on small margins and liberal terms, and are agreeable and efficient men with whom to have dealings.
Galloway, Lambert & Co,
No city need wish for a better house than the one whose name is written above to supply the delicacies and substantials that fill the pantry shelves of every good housekeeper. Fine groceries, fresh Jersey butter, and choice poultry can always be found with them. Devot ing themselves largely to the retail domestic supply of the city, the firm leaves nothing undone to give a large line of customers complete satisfaction. In the three years since this store was opened, they have won and kept as cus tomers, many of the best families of this city. The active business management is in the hands of Mr. W. E. Eppes, to whose good judgment and obliging spirit the success of the firm is due. The names of Mr. James Galloway and J. H. Lambert appear in the firm as largely interested in the business. Mr. Galloway is known from his long con nection with the railroads of this sec tion, and his many friends are glad to deal with him in commercial lines, now that he has given up the engine throttle.

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Mr. Lambert is also esteemed highly in the community as an official in the National Bank. Few enterprises in Athens have had a more satisfactory growth than the business of this firm, and none more thoroughly satisfies its patrons.
M. Myers & Co.
A company which has done business in a city for thirty-five years and has shown a steady growth throughout its history is entitled to the confidence of its patrons and reflects great credit on the community in which it is found. Just such a firm is that of Moses Myers & Co., who occupy a hand some new building on College avenue, and who have always done a large busi ness in general dry goods and furnishing lines. During the past year they have built an elegant store 35x70 feet and three stories high, to accommodate an immense stock of dry goods, shoes, car pets and clothing for the retail and wholesale trade. Possessing the confi dence of the trade and selling at close prices, this firm employs eight men to wait upon the customers that throng their popular store. The ground floor is devoted to dry goods, notions and shoes, and the upper stories, reached by an elevator, contain their attractive dis play of carpetings, rugs and clothing. Mr. Myers, the senior partner, is held in high esteem by the community which has honored him with a seat in the city council. Mr. Philip Stern as junior partner is a business man of fine judg ment and address. As public spirited citizens and as good merchants, these gentlemen rank among the best in Athens.
Athens Foundry and Machine Co.
This excellent company is one of the oldest and strongest companies of Athens. It was incorporated in 1850 with a capital of $10,000 to do a general founding and casting business. The growth of the business, due to careful management and superior workmanship has made the enterprise one of the best paying investments in the city, and none of the present stock, amounting to

$43,000, can be obtained for less than 143, with none on the market. The present plant can make heavy castings up to 5,000 pounds, and the output in cludes the iron work for stationary en gines, cotton presses, saw and corn mills, plow stocks and cotton planters. The company make a specialty of plow stocks, furnishing both the wood and iron work of the same. The sale of their products is general throughout this section, and the plow stocks have a deserved reputation as far south as Florida. The company is managed un der a board of three directors, with Mr. William Fleming as secretary and gen eral manager. The company is a success in the full sense of that word and is ably managed. It is not only the lead ing foundry in this locality, but may challenge that claim for the State.
Parr Brothers.
The Parr Brothers' business sign is hung over their store at 17 N. Jackson street, and also over their paint mill on West Broad street. While only three names appear in the firm, there are in fact seven brothers pursuing the busi ness of house, sign and decorative paint ing in Athens. They are following in the footsteps of their father before them, who was a painter, and do the large bulk of that business in the city and the ad joining section. The senior partner of the firm is C. W. Parr, and with him C. A. and V. J. Parr are associated. Their work is done well and they use the best grades of paints. Besides exterior work, they have executed large contracts for interior wall decorations, and are pre pared to do decorative tinting and similar work. They have recently finished the contract for the large First Methodist Church of this city in a satisfactry and tasteful manner. They are equally skillful in wall papering, for which purpose they carry a large stock of wall paper in hand some patterns. A majority of the signs which adorn the business part of the city is the result of their handiwork. At the paint mill they grind and mix paints to order for outside parties, and prepare the paints used in their own contracts freshly mixed.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

85

Athens Brick Co.-- John Crawford, Proprietor.
The company owns large tracts of fine brick clay and makes an excellent grade of brick at the rate of 30,000 per day. The yards are under the experi enced care of Mr. H. C. McGinty, and

are provided with new and improved machinery for both common and oil pressed brick. The product has given entire satisfaction to buyers, and the company is prepared to fill orders on short notice for any who anticipate build ing. Orders are taken at John Craw-
ford's drug store.

ATHENS CITY DIRECTORY.

COUNTY OFFICERS.
Ordinary--S. M. Herrington. Tax Collector--H. H. Linton. Tax Receiver--J. C. Carter. Treasurer--C. J. O'Farrell. Clerk of Superior Court--J. K. Kinney. Sheriff--J. W. Weir. County Surveyor--C. M. Strahan. ' Coroner--J. A. Pitner. Judge of City Court--Howell Cobb. Offices in the county court house on Prince avenue, at Barber street.
JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.
Athens District--J. F, Foster. Georgia Factory District--W. J. Bates. Puryears District--T. F. Tribble. Sandy Creek District--J. W. Collins. Buck Branch District--J. F. O'Kelley. Bradberrys District--J. R. Nunnally. Kinneys District--T. J. Poss. Princeton District--L. J. Hemrick.
CITY OFFICERS.
Mayor--H. C. Tuck. Aldermen:
1st Ward--John~-McKinnon, --W. D. O'Farrell.
2nd Ward--F. W. Lucas, --John Gerdine.
3rd Ward--W. P. Welch, --Julius Cohen.
4th Ward--E. I. Smith, --J. P. Vincent.
Clerk of Council--A. L. Mitchell. City Attorney--T. W. Rucker. City Engineer--J. W. Barnett.

Chief of Police--H. Cobb Davis. Chief of Fire Department-- W. A. McDormant. Sanitary Inspector--J. C. Orr. City Physician--H. M. Edwards. The city headquarters are on College avenue, between Washington street and Hancock avenue.
The directory of business houses in Athens is designed to show the names of Athens merchants and the various lines of business followed. It will serve to present the business life of the city in compact form and to establish the claim that Athens is one of the best business centers in the south.
Blacksmiths.
E. H. Brown, Prince ave. John W. McKennon, Washington st. KLEIN & MARTIN SHOP, Oconee st. F. G. Umboch, -- Clayton st.
Banks.
Athens Exchange Bank, cor Clayton and Lumpkin sts.
ATHENS SAVING BANK, 125 E. Broad st National Bank, 129 E. Broad st. BANK OF THE UNIVERSITY, 123 E. Broad
st. Barber Shops.
Dick Harris, 117 E. Broad st. McQueen, 229 E. Clayton st. "3**
Boarding Houses.
F. S. MORTON, Hancock ave. Hubbard House, Hancock ave. Kidd's Boarding House, Clayton st.

CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA.

Book Stores.
D. W. MCGREGOR & Co,, 2 College ave. Jackson & Burke Co., 107 E. Broad st.
Brokers.
GRIFFITH & CANARBONHIER, 15 College ave.
G. T. HODGSON, cor. College ave. and Clayton st.
F. S. MORTON, 1 1 Jackson st. Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. F. B. Lucas, 21 Clayton st.
Butchers.
G. M. BOOTH, 5 Jackson st. L. Bertling, 19 Jackson st.
Clothiers.
F. Farbstine, 207 E. Broad st. J. J. C. MCMAHAN, 117 E. Clayton st. Chas. Morris, 218 E. Broad st. S. RAPHAEL, 3 College ave. C. Stern & Co., 229 E. Broad st. E. G. Walthall, 127 E. Clayton st.
ATHENAEUM, 10 E. Broad st. Germania, 119 Clayton.
Compresses.
Orr & Hunter, Jackson st. J. H. RUCKER, Oconee st.
Confectionaries.
C. BODE, 1 20 E. Clayton st. McDowell & Son, 8 College ave, Miss ROSA VONDERLIETH, 16 College ave
Crockery.
J. H. Huggins, 222 E. Broad st. Turner & Woods, 33 E. Clayton st.
Cotton Buyers.
J. S. Cowles, Oconee st. J. F. McGowan, 209 E. Clayton st. Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. J. H. RUCKER, Oconee st. HENDERSON WAREHOUSE Co., 10 W.
Clayton st.
Cotton Factories.
Alpha Mills, Paper Mill. ATHENS MFG. Co , Baldwin st. GEORGIA MFG. Co., Whitehall. PRINCETON MFG. Co., Princeton.

Dentists.
DR. B. B. DAVIS, 119 E.Clayton st. DR. R. I. HAMPTON, Southern Mutual
Building. DR. H. A. LOWRANCE, 19 E. Broad st. Dr. Quillian, 107 E. Clayton st.
Drug Stores.
R. T. Brumby & Co., 8 College ave. COBBHAM PHARMACY, 499 Prince ave. JOHN CRAWFORD & Co., 12 College ave. CITY DRUG STORE, 104 E. Clayton st. E. S. LYNDON, 249 E. Broad st. PALMER & KINNEBREW, 105 E. Clayton
st.
Dry Goods.
G. Blumenthal, 37 E. Clayton st. Julius Cohen, 15 College ave. A Coleman, 225 E. Broad .st. DAVIDSON & LOWE, 109 E. Clayton st. Max Joseph, 223 E. Broad st. Abe Joel & Co., 210 E. Broad st. MICHAEL BROS., 202 E. Broad st. M. MYERS & Co., 13 College ave. Mendel Morris, 208 E. Broad st. Morris Bros., 228 E. Broad st. M. Morris, 230 E. Broad st. E. L. Michael, 234 E. Broad st. J. Silverman, 205 E. Broad st. VESS, VONDERAU & Co., 127 E. Clayton
st.
Fancy Groceries.
McDowell & Son, 8 College ave. W. A JESTER, 241 E. Broad st. Wm. Pittman, 21 E. Clayton st. J. P. Wilson, 7 Jackson st.
Furniture.
DORSEY & STERN, 240 Broad st. O'Farrell & Funkenstein, 41 Clayton st.
General Merchandise.
A. J. ANGLAND, 601 Prince ave. Henry Beussee & Co, 101 Thomas st. H. R. BERNARD, 201 Broad st CARITHERS & WHITEHEAD, 9 Clayton st. D. J. Crom, 201 Hull st. R. G. DANIELS, 104 Hancock ave. S. C. Dobbs, 313 E. Broad st. A. G. ELDER, 39 E. Clayton st J, P. Fears & Son, 29 E. Clayton st. GALLOWAY, LAMBERT & Co., 243 Broad. Griffith Bros. & West, 5 Clayton st. I. HADDOCK, 101 Hancock .ave.

AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.

Wm. Haddock, 301 Prince ave. Jas Harbin, 595 Prince ave. D. Hemrick, cor Clayton and Wall sts. J. H. Hulme, 20 Thomas st. JACKSON & VINCENT, i Clayton st. J. S. KING & Co., cor Broad and Thomas.
sts. LATIMER & JOHNSON, in Broad st. Lampkin Bros., 15 Clayton st. O'Farrell & Ash, 302 E. Broad st. T. C. Oliver, 61$ Prince ave. Pittard & Sikes, 7 E. Clayton st. W. B. Rice, 205 Hull st. Talmadge Bros., 23 E. Clayton st. W. M. Vickers, 31 W. Washington st. WEBB & CRAWFORD, 25 E.. Clayton st.
Hardware.
ATHENS HARDWARE Co., 250 E. Broad st.
T. FLEMING & SONS, 10 Thomas st. E. E. JONES, 209 E. Broad st. TALMADGE & BRIGHTWELL, n Clayton
st.
Harness and Leather.
T. G. Hadaway, 126 E. Clayton st.
Hotels.
Central Hotel, cor Lumpkin and Broad. Commercial Hotel, cor College & Broad. Hotel Toomer, cor Clayton & Jackson.
Jewelers.
A. S. Mandeville, 105 Clayton st. C. A. SCUDDER, 113 Broad st. V. W. Skiff, 233 Broad st.
Livery, Feed, and Sales Stables.
]. N. Booth, 18 Washington st. C. W. COOPER, 410 Thomas st. Cheney & Young, 107 Thomas st. ECLIPSE LIVERY STABLE, no W. Clay-
ton st. W. S. HOLMAN, 212 Washington st.
Laundry.
ATHENS STEAM LAUNDRY, 253 W. Broad. st.
Chinese Laundry, iiG'E. Clayton st.
La\vyers.
GEORGE D. THOMAS, I29E. Broad st. E. T. BROWN, 107 Jackson st. Lamar Cc-bb, 220 Washington st.

R. P. HOWARD, 3 E. Clayton st. T. F. GREEN, 222 E. Broad st. Lumpkin & Burnett, Franklin Bldg.,
Broad st. John D. Mell, Franklin Bldg., Broad st. T. S. MELL, Franklin Bldg., Broad st. Thomas & Strickland, 310 Oconee st. S. J. Tribble, 107 Jackson st. FRANK L. UPSON, Franklin Bldg., Broad
st. SYLVANUS MORRIS, cor. Jackson and
Broad st.
Millinery.
MRS. T. A. ADAMS, 122 E. Clayton st. Misses Bradberry, 124 E. Clayton st.
Mills and Manufactories.
G. HAUSER, cigars, I College ave. Athens Broom Factory, Prince ave. Brown Planing Mill, Chattanooga ave. McGinty's Planing Mill, Pulaski st. Cotton Seed Oil Mill, Pulaski st. Kinney's Variety Shops, Chattanooga av. Talmadge's Corn Mill, E. Brojad st.
Mu$ic Stores.
HAZELTON & DOZIER, 112 E. Clayton. Hale & Conaway, 115 E. Clayton.
Painters.
PARR BROS., 17 Jackson st. John Potts, Washington st. Arnold Bros, Broad st.
Photographs.
MADDOX BROS., 109 E. Broad st. A. J. MIRICK, 115 E. Broad st. J. F. O'Kelley, 203 E. Broad st.
Physicians and Surgeons.
DR. S. C. BENEDICT, 106 E. Clayton st DR. JAS. C. BLOOMFIELD, 120 E. Clayton. Dr. W. A. Carlton, 107 Jackson st. Dr. W. B. Conway, Barber st. Dr. H. M. Edwards, City Physician. DR. JNO. GERDINE, cor Lumpkin and
Hancock ave. Dr. Jacobson, 119 E. Claytan st. Dr. T. R. Kendall, 119 E. Clayton st. Dr. J. E. Pope, 15 E. Broad. Dr. Dan D. Quillian, 107 E*. Clayton st, Pr. W- S. Whaley, Prince ave.

GLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Plumbers.
J. H. Hull, 17 Thomas st. J. W. WIGGINS & Co., 312 Broad st. P. J. Voss, 222 Washington st.
Real Estate.
ATHENS PARK AND IMPROVEMENT Co., 218 Washington st.
Anderson & Johnson, in E Broad st. C. C. Chandler, 209 E. Clayton st. GRIFFITH & CHARBONNIER, 14 College av. LILLY LAND Co., 123 E 3road st. Mell & Linton, 115 E. Broad st. Geo. T. Hodgson, cor College ave and
Clayton st.
Shoe Stores.
C. W. BALDWIN & Co., 102 Clayton st. J. G. M. EDWARDS, 233 Broad st. E. L. Johnson, 127 Clayton st. E. I. SMITH & Co., 17 College ave.

Warehouses.
ALLIANCE Warehouse & Com'n Co., Oconee st.
HENDERSON WAREHOUSE Co., 21 Clayton R L. Moss & Co., 213 Clayton st. REAVES WAREHOUSE Co., Broad st. S. F. Storey, 13 Clayton st.
Misc ellan eons.
Athens Restaurant, 36 E. Clayton st. Western Union Telegraph, 125 E .Clay-
ton st. Athens Fire Dept, 118 Jackson st. Athens Daily Banner, 15 Jackson st. Y. M. C. A., cor. Lumpkin and Clayton
sts. Postoffice, 108 E. Clayton st. OPERA HOUSE, 114 Washington st. High .School, 113 Washington st. SOUTHERN MUTUAL LIFE INS. Co., cor.
College ave. and Clayton st.

ERRATA.
In the haste incident to rushing this book through the press in two weeks time, the sprites, which are always busy with playing pranks on authors, have done the following mischief: --
On page 16, col. 2, line 12, " 1846 " for 1839. On page 33, col. i, line 9, " effected" for effective. On page 34, col. i, line 13, "particularly in" tor passing out of. On page 54, col. 2, line 10, *' home " for homes. On page 56. col. 2, line 7 from bottom, "genral" for general. On page 58, col. 2, line 6 from bottom, " addion " for addition. On page 59, col. 2, lines 8 and 9, " i% and i% " for % and % respectively. On page 62, eol. 2, line 32, " to " for of. On page 63, col. i, line 38, a disastrous comma after "of." And a general tendency to ommision of commas elsewhere, which may shock those who do not endorse that practice in modern typography.
The author trembles lest graver damage has elsewhere occurred; but would fain promise that if an indulgent public shall make a second edition necessary, these unwelcome sprites shall be forced to seek other play grounds.

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