Atlanta and its builders : a comprehensive history of the Gate city of the South ; vol. 2 / by Thomas H. Martin

Atlanta and Its Builders
A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY
OF THE GATE CITY OF THE SOUTH
By
THOMAS H. MARTIN Volume Ctoo
CENTURY MEMORIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY I 902

Contents

CHAPTER I
AFTER THE SURRENDER. .................................................. i

CHAPTER II
THE "CARPET-BAG" ERA ................................................. 27

CHAPTER III

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION ..............

53

CHAPTER IV
ATLANTA FROM 1870 TO 1880............................................. 69

CHAPTER V
MODERN ATLANTA ...................................................... 87

CHAPTER VI
FACTS ABOUT ATLANTA. ................................................ 115

CHAPTER VII
MUNICIPAL HISTORY. ....................................................130

CHAPTER V11I
EDUCATION ............................................................254

CHAPTER IX
BENCH AND BAR. .......................................................326

CHAPTER X
MEDICAL PROFESSION ....................................................345

vi

Contents

CHAPTER XI
THE PRESS. ............................................................. .366

CHAPTER XII
MANUFACTURING ...................................................... -377

CHAPTER XIII
BANKING AND INSURANCE. ............................................ .394

CHAPTER XIV
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. ........................................... .419

CHAPTER XV
M MERCE ............................................................ .431

CHAPTER XVI
-COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS. .......................... .437

CHAPTER XVII
ATLANTAS GREAT FAIRS ................................................ .461

CHAPTER XVIII
HOTEL FACILITIES ...................................................... .472

CHAPTER XIX
.STREET RAILWAYS. ..................................................... .484

CHAPTER XX
WATERWORKS ......................................................... .490

CHAPTER XXI
FIRE AND POLICE DEPARTMENTS .......................................... 502

CHAPTER XXII
BOARD OF HEALTH ...................................................... 514

CHAPTER XX111
CLIMATE AND RESIDENTIAL ADVANTAGES. ................................ .518

Contents

vii

CHAPTER XXIV CHURCHES ............................................................. 524

CHAPTER XXV
i
THE GRADY HOSPITAL. ..................................................587
CHAPTER XXVI
SECRET ORDERS, SOCIETIES, MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS, ETC. ..................592

CHAPTER XXVII
THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ................................................614

Biographical
George W. Adair, 627; James F. Alexander, M. D., 628; Alfred Austell. 630; E. H. Baraett, D. D., 633; John W. Beckwith, P. IX, 633; Joseph Emer son Brown, 633; Edwin Nash Broyles, 637; James M. Calhoun, 639; Richard H. Clark, 641 ; Marshall J. Clarke, 643; John Collier, 644; Charles A. Collier,. 645 ; Alfred H.Colquitt. 647; John Erskine, 647; John Hughes Flynn, 648; L. J. Gartrell, 649; Henry W. Grady,6si; L. P. Grant, 655; John T. Grant, 657; Win. D. Grant,658; Nathl J.Hammond,66o; Benj. H. Hill, 662; W. Rhode Hill, 665; Henry Jackson, 666; "Honest Jack Jones," 667; John Keely, 670; H. I. Kimball, 671 ; Porter King, 671 ; Christian Kontz, 673; Er. LawshS, 675; Osborne A. Lochrane, 677; Joseph P. Logan, M. D., 680; Robert F. Maddox, 681; William Markham, 683; Homer Virgil Milton Miller, M. D., 684; William A. Moore, 685; Timothy C. Murphy, 685; Pryor L. Mynatt, 687; B. Neal, 687; Jonathan Norcross, 688; Richard Peters, 688; Thomas Spencer Powell, M. D., 690; Edward E. Rawson, 693; William C. Raw son, 694; Robert H. Richards, 697; Sidney Root, 697; Gnstavus G. Roy, M. D., 699; William C. Sanders. 700; John Silvey, 702; 1). N. Speer, 703; Cicero H. Strong, 706; Henry Holcomb Tucker, 1). 1)., LL. 1)., 706; Campbell Wallace, 707; James Etheldred Williams708; Joseph Winship, 709; Robert Winship, 710.

Illustrations
ALFRED AUSTELL PORTRAIT. ............................................ 3 JUNCTION OF PEACHTREE AND WEST PEACHTUEE STREETS. ................. 7 VIEW FROM GAS TANK LOOKING EAST. ................................ 14, 15 VIEW FROM AUSTELL BUILDING LOOKING NORTH .......................... 23 JOSEPH E. BROWN PORTRAIT. ........................................... 37 BENJAMIN H. HILL PORTRAIT ....................... ................ 47 DR. JAMES F. ALEXANDER PORTRAIT. ................................... 5 1 ATLANTA CONSTITUTION BUILDING. ...................................... 80 GEORGIA STATE CAPITOL FROM 1868 TO 1889............................... 83 PRUDENTIAL BUILDING, THE. ............................................ 88 CENTURY BUILDING, THE. ............................................... 90 STATE CAPITOL BUILDING ................................................ 95 CAPITAL CITY CLUB.................................................... 99 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH .................................................112 SCENE IN GRANT PARK ................................................. 119 GENERAL OFFICES SOUTHERN BELL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Co........127 COURT HOUSE. .......................................................... 143 CAPITOL AVENUE. ....................................................... 157 STATUE OF BENJAMIN HARVEY HILL, STATE CAPITOL. ..................... 165 STATE LIBRARY, STATE CAPITOL. ......................................... 171 BOYS HIGH SCHOOL. ................................................... 178 FEDERAL PRISON .........................................................188 SCENE ON WHITEHALL STREET VIADUCT. ................................. 192 GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL. ...................................................235 GEORGIA SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY .........................................265 SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEGE, COLLEGE PARK ............................... 297 SCENE ON THE CAMPUS OF SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEGE. ...................299 AGNES SCOTT INSTITUTE. THE. ..........................................301 .SPELLMAN SEMINARY. ..................................................317

Illustrations

IX

MARSHALL J. CLARKE PORTRAIT .........................................327 DR. G. G. ROY PORTRAIT. ............. x.................................351 HOSPITAL FOR INCURABLES ...............................................363 STATUE OF HENRY W. GRADY. ...........................................371 JOSEPH WINSHIP PORTRAIT ...................................... facing 393 - 0 ALFRED H. COLQUITT PORTRAIT .........................................405 R. F. MADDOX PORTRAIT. .............................................. .4 9 D. N. SPEER PORTRAIT. ............................................... .459 BlRDSEYE VlEW OF SOUTHERN INTER-v$TATE FAIR GROUNDS. ............... .466 STOCK EXHIBITION, SOUTHERN INTER-STATE FAIR, 1900...................470 NEW PIEDMONT HOTEL. .................................................473 SCENE IN GRANT PARK. ................................................477 LAKE CLARA MEER, SOUTHERN INTER-STATE FAIR GROUNDS. ...............479 LAYING STREET RAILWAY. ..............................................489 FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (SOUTH)......................... .5^5 TRINITY METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (SOUTH) ....................... .530 ST. MARK METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. ..............................533 FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH .................................................538 SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH ...............................................541 TAHERNACLE BAPTIST CHURCH ...........................................546 FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH ............................................ 548 CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. ....... ^................................551 WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH ................................... ,558 ST. PHILIPS EPISCOPAL CHURCH. .......................................560 CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH ......................................564 SYNAGOGUE ............................................................567 CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART. THE. ....................................573 UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. ................................................. .576 YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. .................................581 CHRISTIAN SCIENCE CHURCH ............................................583 HEBREW ORPHANS HOME. ..............................................585 GRADY HOSPITAL, THE. .................................................588 PIEDMONT CLUB. ........................................................611 PIEDMONT DRIVING CLUB ANNEX, PIEDMONT PARK. .......................613 CARNEGIE LIBRARY. .....................................................617 ENTRANCE CARNEGIE LIBRARY ...........................................624 EDWIN NASH BROYLES PORTRAIT. ......................................638 CHARLES A. COLLIER PORTRAIT. .........................................646

1

X

Illustrations

L. P. GRANT--PORTRAIT .......................................... facing 655 ~o JOHN T. GRANT--PORTRAIT. .............................................656 WILLIAM D. GRANT--PORTRAIT. ..................................facing 658 -0 HENRY JACKSON--PORTRAIT. ......................................facing 666 -6 "HONEST JACK JONES"--PORTRAIT. .......................................668 PORTER KING--PORTRAIT.................................................672 CHRISTIAN KONTZ--PORTRAIT. ..........................................674
OSBORNE A. LOCHRANE--PORTRAIT. ............................... . facing 677 0
TIMOTHY C. MURPHY--PORTRAIT. .......................................686 W. C. RAWSON--PORTRAIT. ..............................................695 WM. C. SANDERS--PORTRAIT. ............................................701 ROBERT WINSHIP--PORTRAIT. ............................................711

'

CHAPTER I

AFTER THE SURRENDER

While there were quite a number of "irreconcilables" in At lanta when the war closed--men whose hearts were in the sepul chre of "The Lost 'Cause," and who faced the future without the courage of hope--vastly the greater number of Atlantans were full of optimism, energy and enterprise. The dominant element of the city's population were imbued with the spirit of compro mise, so far as Federal relations were concerned, and sought to make the best of a situation that could not be remedied. Andrew Johnson had succeeded to the presidency, and the South had hope that radicalism would be tempered with justice. On the 24th of June, 1865, a public meeting was held in Atlanta to consider questions of great political moment and adopt suitable resolutions thereon. The call for the meeting was signed by Mayor James M. Calhoun, John M. Clarke, W. R. Venable, J. L. Dunning, J. W. Manning and John Silvey. In explaining the objects of the meeting, the call said it was "to afford all good and true men the opportunity of expressing their honest and loyal sentiments with an earnest determination to preserve our common country and its matchless institutions on a basis that shall be true to prin ciple and safe for all conditions both at home and abroad."
A large crowd of representative citizens attended, and after the meeting had been called to order, Mayor Calhoun was chosen for chairman, and B. D. Smith, secretary. In explaining the object of the meeting, Mayor Calhoun said it was to give the people of Atlanta an opportunity to express their desires on the great questions of returning to the Union, on the organization of civil government in Georgia, and on the complete restoration of law and order. For himself, Mayor Calhoun declared, he could say truly and with pride that he had never favored the destruction

1-2

i

2

Atlanta And Its Builders

of the Union founded by the republic's reverend fathers, and that it was the fondest desire of his heart to return to it. He contin ued: ""On returning to the union of our fathers, while it will be our right as citizens to claim the protection of our country's flag --the stars and stripes, emblematic of the union of the states and of our nationality--it will also be our solemn duty to protect and defend it, and that with our lives, if necessary. Under it, in times that are gone, many of us have fought the enemy of our common country; and let us again resolve, should it ever become necessary, that we will do so again; and if, as a people, we have erred in the past, let us try to make compensation for our errors in the future; let us not cherish and keep alive any unkind feelings for the people of any section of our reunited country, but rather cultivate feelings of kindness, friendship and confidence."
The sentiments expressed by the mayor were endorsed by other speakers, and the following committee was appointed to draft resolutions for the consideration of the meeting: John M. Clarke, Jared I. Whittaker, Alfred Austell, James L. Dunning and G. W. Adair. The resolutions brought in by the committee were as follows:
"WHEREAS, The constitution of the United States makes ample provision for the freedom of speech, the power of the press, and the unalienable right of the people to peacefully assemble, and to counsel with each other on all matters of public concern ment and national interest; and
"WHEREAS, The late war having left the state of Georgia in a most deplorable, disorganized and unsettled condition, we, therefore, as a portion of the people, have this day convened to express our anxious solicitude for a speedy restoration to our original status in the Union, and hopefully anticipate that the day is near at hand when the sun of our former prosperity and happi ness will again shine upon us with undiminished and even in creased splendor; when each one may sit under his own 'vine and fig tree, with none to molest him or make him afraid.'
"Resolved, i. That whether we consider its height or depth, its length or breadth, the commencement of this war will ever mark an era of surprising1 national and individual prosperity. And it is equally true that in the winding up of the great drama

Alfred Austcll

4

Atlanta And Its Builders

we can but behold a widespread desolation and waste, sweeping over a once happy, contented and prosperous people. And for the truth of the position here assumed, and its vindication, we confidently rely upon that calm, deliberate and impartial judg ment which posterity will write, after all the hates, injuries and prejudices, the natural result of relentless war, shall have passed away and be remembered no more.
"Resolved, 2. That we profoundly congratulate our peo ple on the termination of the war, with its dire effects; that peace once more reigns, and is installed in all our borders.
"Resolved, 3. That in the appointment of a provisional governor for our state, we trust that we may recognize an im portant advance toward an early reconciliation, and the resump tion of our former status in the system of states.
"Resolved, 4. That we most earnestly desire a speedy restoration of all political and national relations, the restoration of mutual confidence and friendship, the uninterrupted intercourse of trade and commerce with every section; in fine,-to hold and occupy our old position in the list of states, the sovereign and sole conservators of an unbroken and imperishable Union.
"Resolved, 5. That we counsel a ready and willing obedi ence to the laws of our country, and with cheerfulness and patient industry the fulfillment of our mission.
"Resolved, 6. That in the assassination of Abraham Lin coln we gaze upon a deed horrible and horrifying. We hold it up to universal execration, earnestly trusting that not only the immediate perpetrators of the crime, so infamous and revolting, but that all remotely concerned, may receive condign punishment.
"Resolved, 7. That we have full confidence in the admin istration of Andrew Johnson, the president of the United States, and that in all the trying scenes engendered by this anomalous war, justice may be tempered with mercy, and we hereby tender to the. president our firm attachment, fidelity and support, and that in all time to come, we shall be known, and only known, as one people, sharing one destiny, having one interest, one liberty, one constitution and one flag.
"Resolved, 8. That we heartily endorse and approve the appointment of Hon. James Johnson as the provisional governor

After The Surrender

5

of the state of Georgia, a sound lawyer, an able statesman, and an honest man, and trust that under his administration the state will soon be enabled to re-occupy its old and proud position in the Union."
The resolutions were adopted with practical unanimity, and upon motion it was decided to send a copy of the same to the president of the United States. Ex-Congressman L. J. Gartrell made a rousing speech, rejoicing in Georgia's return to the Union and counseling conservatism and a spirit of compromise on the part of his fellow citizens. He was followed by G. W. Adair and James L. Dunning, in like vein.
The federal appointments for the state of Georgia were received with a sense of satisfaction by most of. the citizens of Atlanta. Hon. James Johnson, the provisional governor, was considered a safe and honorable man for that important office. John Erskine, the judge of the United States district court, James L. Dunning, United States marshal, and A. W. Stone, district attorney, had been citizens of Atlanta before the war and were well thought of, barring their political sentiments and affiliations. Mr. Dunning was one of the city's largest manufacturers, his roller mills being seized and operated by the Confederate govern ment after the breaking out of hostilities between the sections.
The vote of the Atlanta precinct and Fulton county in the fall election of 1865 was as follows: Governor, C. J. Jenkins, Atlanta, 754, county, 840; congressmen, VV. T. Wofford, At lanta, 347, county, 396; J. P. Hambleton, Atlanta, 269, county, 284; H. G. Cole, Atlanta, 19; state senators, James F. Johnson, Atlanta, 418, county, 450; John Collier, Atlanta, 185; county, 228; representatives, T. W. J. Hill, 309; R. F. Maddox, 232; William Markham, 163; W. M. Butt, 134; A. Leyden, 119; T. S. Gillespie, 109; W. A. Wilson, 99; V. A. Gaskill, 97; J. W. Price, 51. Hill and Maddox were the successful candidates.
Many citizens, of course, voluntarily refrained from taking part in the election, while many others were ineligible as the re sult of war disabilities imposed by congress. On the 3oth of September, 1865, a mass meeting was held for the purpose of nominating Fulton county's delegates to the state convention, which was called to be held on October 25th. Dr. John G. Wcst-

6

Atlanta And Its Builders

moreland was chairman of the meeting, and W. A. Shelby secre tary. A synopsis of the resolutions adopted follows: i. That the meeting approved of the policy of President Johnson for the restoration of the Southern States to the Union because of the broad, bold and wise statesmanship embraced therein. 2. Pledging themselves to sustain the president in his wise and righteous course. 3. Approving of the president's proclama tion of amnesty, and taking upon themselves, in spirit and in truth, all the obligations imposed. 4. Promising for the dele gates to be nominated at the meeting, should they be elected, to sustain the president's plan for the restoration of the South to the Union. 5. Expressing their opposition to negro suffrage. 6. Stating that they did not intend to deprive the freedman of the results of his labor, and that the late slaves of the South had the sympathy of all intelligent, Christian, moral Southern men. 7. Repudiating any and every effort to stir up strife among those who had differed upon questions which had produced the late war, and recommending a forgetfulness of the past. Judge Jared I. Whittaker, George W. Adair and N. J. Hammond were nominated by the meeting, with great enthusiasm, and after their nomination a resolution was adopted to send President Johnson a copy of the foregoing resolutions. The election re sulted in the selection by the suffragists of the candidates nomi nated at this meeting, by the following vote: N. J. Hammond, 364; Jared L Whittaker, 339; George W. Adair, 362; William Markham, 185; C. P. Cassin, 25; scattering, 5.
After the surrender, and before the federal authority in the city had been established, the few inhabitants of Atlanta suffered considerably at the hands of impoverished and demoralized Con federate soldiers returning from the war. Of this species of depredation Wallace P. Reed says: "After the evacuation of Atlanta by Sherman's army, the condition of the city was deplor able, and the demoralization of the Confederate soldiers was ex treme. Civil government was paralyzed, and persons and prop erty were without protection. Neither the property of the state of Georgia nor that of the Confederate States government was safe in the city. Mules and horses, the stores of the quartermas ter's and of the commissary department, though guarded by vig-

Junction of Peachtree and West Peachtree streets

8

Atlanta And Its Builders

ilant and brave officers, were carried away by men returning from the war--by men who could then see that the cause for which they had fought for years was in a hopeless condition, and who claimed that the property belonging to the Confederate govern ment and to the State of Georgia belonged as much to them as to anyone, and they intended to have their share. Yet, notwith standing their own losses and necessities, they were very liberal with the food upon which they seized; for they gave it away lav ishly to the crowds of women that followed them about the streets. For two or three weeks before the city was taken pos session of by Colonel Eggleston there was great distress among the citizens, and as a consequence of the distress, great disorder; and hence, when Colonel Eggleston arrived in the city and de veloped order out of chaos, all classes of citizens, although morti fied beyond measure at the failure of their cause, yet they all gladly welcomed the soldiers of the United States army, and felt perfectly secure so long as they remained.''
The Intelligencer came back to Atlanta after peace was de clared and resumed its ancient prestige as the journalistic repre sentative of the community. From one of the earliest postbellum files of this paper several facts relative to Atlanta during the war are here reproduced as worthy of preservation in this volume. The Intelligencer said:
'The headquarters of General Sherman after the occupation of Atlanta was at the residence of Judge R. F. Lyon, corner Mitchell and Washington streets. Gen. Thomas's headquarters was at the residence of Mr. M. Meyers, on Peachtree street; General Geary's at Mr. E. E. Rawson's, on Pryor street; General Stanley's at the residence of Mr. Lewis Scofield, on Peachtree street, and Gen. Slocum's at Mr. William H. Dabney's, on Wash ington street."
"The whole number of killed and wounded around Atlanta, from the time the armies crossed the Chattahoochee river until the city was invested by the United States army, including the Jonesboro battles, is unknown to the writer, but must have been at least 18,000 to 20,000 Confederates, and as many Federals. How quickly fade from the memory of man the impressions made by the contemplation of such a scene! Yet, the citizens of

After The Surrender

9

this bustling city, however heedless they may be, sleep nightly in the midst of one vast graveyard. Friend and foe lie shoulder to shoulder, and will take up arms against each other no more; but must one day stand together before their Creator. Let us hope that they died with such charitable feelings, and with such faith in their Savior, as shall secure to them the salvation of their immortal spirits."
"By those who returned to Atlanta soon after its destruc tion, a disgusting and heart-sickening scene was witnessed. Ruin, death and devastation met the eye on every hand. The legions of carrion crows and vultures, whose vocation it might have been to hover over and pick at the decaying carcasses of animals that lay among the scarred and broken walls of our ruined city, were surpassed by the hosts of Georgia's own sons, who might, otherwise, have been styled our brothers, congregated here from a distance of fifty miles, in every direction, not to guard unpro tected property, but, many of them, to steal and haul away the effects of their absent and unfortunate countrymen. There were, also, numerous packs of dogs that had become wild on ac count of the absence of their masters, attacking citizens, and belching forth their frightful howls, as if to render the scene still more gloomy, fearful and desolate. During the months of De cember and January, after the destruction of the city by the Fed erals, some of the citizens who went South returned home. A few found shelter in their own houses, while the majority of them were compelled to take up their abode in the houses of other par ties, or live in tents with their families. The destitution conse quent upon the scarcity of provisions and fuel, and the utter worthlessness of Confederate currency during the winter months of 1864 and 1865, produced an amount of suffering beyond the comprehension of most persons who did not witness the facts. For want of teams, some parties were forced to carry their fuel a distance of nearly a mile, and many suffered severely from both hunger and cold. But they managed to survive the winter, and some had, by the spring following, accumulated considerable little stores. On the surrender and parole of Lee's and Johnston's armies, as the soldiers were passing through Atlanta en route for their homes, they made free with everything that came

IO

Atlanta And Its Builders

in their way, leaving many, again, utterly destitute. So much for war which, under every circumstance and for whatever cause, is demoralizing in its tendencies, rendering, in some in stances, the best men incapable of performing an act of kindness, or even of administering simple justice to his fellow-men."
"Atlanta, during the year 1865, presented quite a pictur esque appearance. There might have been seen small houses, put up in many instances expressly for rent, which presented the appearance of having been built of the remnants of half a dozen houses. Calico fences, too, still remain quite fashionable in some localities. But it is to be hoped that the city will outgrow the effects of the war, and that at an early day her citizens may again become comfortably situated, and that good feelings and a disposition to encourage and foster each other's interests, may be cultivated by them. Then may we hope and expect to see education advanced, fraternity revived, Christianity practiced, and society much improved and benefited.''
The spirit of fraternity and the desire to help one another was strongly manifest in the people of Atlanta the first year after the surrender. The town was bustling with commercial activ ity and ambitious with enterprise, but the citizens were never too busy or self-centered to forget the duties imposed by the tribula tions from which the city was slowly emerging, and "sweet char ity" was ever met with an open hand. Organized relief did much for the unfortunates left destitute by the war. The char itable societies were many and the methods of relieving distress various. In the good work the ladies were especially active. They held bazaars, and fairs, and entertainments, and balls with great frequency the first few months after the return of peace. On January 18-19, 1866, a large fair was held by the ladies of Atlanta, which was well attended and patronized. All the churches of the city t(X)k part in contributing to the success of the fair, as will be seen from the following list of names of the gen eral committee and the churches represented: Central Presby terian church, Mrs. P. P. Pease, Mrs. George G. Hull and Mrs. William Rushton; First Presbyterian church, Mrs. E. A. Gor don, Mrs. James Robinson and Mrs. T. G. Simms; Wesley chapel, Mrs. J. N. Simmons, Mrs. Joseph Winship and Mrs. Wil-

After The Surrender

11

lis Parker; Trinity church, Mrs. E. E. Rawson, Mrs. O. H. Jones and Mrs. L. S. Salmons; First Baptist church, Mrs. Jared I. Whittaker, Mrs. I, R. Foster and Mrs. J. J. Thrasher; Second Baptist church, Mrs. Ed. White, Mrs. J. J. Toon and Miss Ellen Chisholm; St. Philip's and St. Luke's churches, Mrs. William Solomon, Mrs. J. M. Ball and Mrs. Richard Peters; Church of the Immaculate Conception, Mrs. J. H. Flynn, Mrs. Dooly and Mrs. Hayden. Ward Committees--First ward, Mrs. J. A. Taylor; Second ward, Mrs. F. M. Richardson; Third ward, Mrs. Caroline Larendon; Fourth ward, Mrs. W. B. Cox; Fifth ward, Mrs. A. Leyden. The committee met at Wesley chapel on the 2Oth to ascertain the amount of the net proceeds and to provide for the distribution of the fund. Dr. J. N. Simmons, chairman of the relief committee, was instructed to prepare for publication in the local papers, a statement of the amount cleared by the fair, which was done. The net proceeds amounted to $1,535.90. The ladies passed resolutions thanking the Masons for the use of their hall, and the press, merchants and public generally for their assistance. The sum thus raised was judiciously distrib uted and was instrumental in relieving much real suffering in
Atlanta that winter. In 1867 a little city directory of Atlanta was issued from
the press of the Intelligencer, from the preface of which the fol lowing interesting information is taken:
"Atlanta has, already, made rapid strides in the way of im provement. There were licensed by the city council, during the last six months of the year 1865, about three hundred and thirtyeight business houses, representing various branches of trade-- nearly all of which commenced on very small capital, occupying mere shanties as store houses. There was very little manufac turing done in Atlanta in 1865. Planing mills, etc., were much needed to assist in the work of rebuilding the city; among the first of such establishments put into operation was that of Hoge, Mills & Co., on Marietta street. Others of a similar character rapidly sprang up. The several railroad companies went to work in good earnest, repairing their respective roads, and re building their depots and shops, and at this time they are all in comparatively good condition. Foundries and machine shops

12

Atlanta And Its Builders

were established; first class business houses took the place of the shanty substitutes which had at first been thrown up by the im poverished citizens, and large stocks of goods soon found their way into them.
"The city fathers, too, went to work with great energy. Two neat and tastily arranged market houses were soon completed; the bridge across the Macon & Western and Western & Atlantic railroads, near the site of the old market house, was rebuilt, and Broad street opened from Alabama to Mitchell, and widened from Alabama to Peachtree street. The city cemetery received their early attention, and has been re-fenced, enlarged, and other wise improved. The streets of the city, though filled with huge heaps of rubbish less than two years ago, have been put in a fair condition. The incorporate limits have been extended so as to enclose the area of a circle three miles in diameter, the center of which is still located near the general passenger depot. They have also provided a place for the M. & W. R. R. depot, at the corner of M. & W. railroad and Mitchell street, for which they have taken in exchange the site on which stood the old depot, corner Railroad and Whitehall street--making a decided im provement by this transaction. The gas works have also again been put into operation, and at this time the city is tolerably well lighted. The rolling mill, owned by Messrs. Markham and Scofiekl during the first years of the war, having been destroyed, has not yet been rebuilt. Another, however, on a very extensive scale, has been erected and put into operation, on the W. & A. railroad, near the city, under the firm name of the Atlanta Roll ing Mill and Mining Company, by John D. Gray, A. Alexander, and others. There are also, in Atlanta, three iron and brass foundries, seven machine shops (including those in connection with railroads), and three large sash, door and blind manufac tories, besides other and smaller establishments.
"The printing, publishing, and also the educational interest of the city deserves notice. We have at this time three daily newspapers, one large weekly literary paper, one monthly med ical journal, and one large monthly magazine; also, several large job printing offices and two book binderies. All these establish ments seem to be well conducted and in a prosperous condition.

After The Surrender
The medical college has been refitted, and will doubtless soon be come eminently successful and popular. The cause of educa tion, generally, is attracting attention. We have already sev eral good schools, notwithstanding the absence of appropriate buildings for that purpose, and we hope some practicable system of free school education, both mental and manual, will at an early day be established, that the poor children who are learning nothing but beggarly and vicious habits on our streets may be taught that they were created for more noble and glorious pur poses.
"The number of stores on the business streets will reach at least two hundred and fifty, mostly brick buildings. The as sessed value of the real estate in the city in 1866 was over $7,000,000, and the amount of goods sold is estimated at $4,500,ooo. The population of the city, as shown by the census, just taken, under direction of the city council, is 10,940 whites, 9,288 blacks, nine hundred and twenty-eight (nearly five per cent, of the whole number) being widows and orphans, four hundred and forty-nine of whom are widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers--the aggregate showing a population of 20,228 souls.
"It will be seen that this city, within the past two years, has risen out of her own ashes, to the populous, mercantile and manu facturing Atlanta of 1861 and 1862. Her future, who can fore see? The tides of immigration and of improvement still con tinue to flow in her favor. The two new railroads to this city, in contemplation before the war, will probably be completed at an early day. The Georgia Air Line railroad will, we are advised, be in running order as far as Gainesville, Hall county, within the year 1868. The grading of this road will be commenced be tween this point and Gainesville, in March or April next. From the history of the past, we may, with a certainty, anticipate the effects that will be produced on the city by the completion of these roads. On the railroad and manufacturing interest of At lanta, and the mineral resources of Upper Georgia--which are now rapidly.being developed--and not on agricultural (for the surrounding country is comparatively poor), must this city base her hopes of prosperity. Success attend them! and may we not again be cursed by the demoralizing and destructive tendencies

I
View from gas tank, looking east

View from gas tank, looking east

16

Atlanta And Its Builders

of war, but continue, as a community, to march onward and up ward in every ennobling cause, until Atlanta shall have become one of the great cities of the continent."
From the same little volume we learn that "The incorpora tion line of the city of Atlanta, as extended by an act of the gen eral assembly of the state of Georgia, approved March 12, 1866, incloses the area of a perfect circle three miles in diameter, the center of which is located near the general passenger depot."
At that time Atlanta had five wards and about one-half the present number of streets, few of which were paved beyond the business center. The hiunicipality maintained two market houses, in which butchers and green grocers were required to rent stalls. Each market house had a keeper appointed by council, and rigid rules governed the conduct of business therein. Much of the rapid progress in building after the war was due to the local building and loan associations, which had then begun to be popular all over the country. In 1867 Atlanta had four of these helpful organizations, as follows: Gate City Building and Loan Association--J. R. Wallace, Pres.; N. R. Fowler, Sec.; W. J. Houston, Treas.; N. J. Hammond, Atty.; F. M. Richardson, Thomas Spencer, L. C. Wells and William Rush ton, directors. Fulton Building and Loan Association--Perino Brown, Pres.; C. F. Wood, Sec.; N. R. Fowler, Treas.; Daniel Pittman, Atty.; C. F. Wood, E. R. Sasseen, John Glenn and F. P. Rice, direc tors. Stonewall Building and Loan Association--S. A. Verdery, Pres.; J. S. Peterson, Secy.; B. F. Moore, Treas.; L. J. Glenn, Atty.; John A. Doane, R. P. Zimmerman, J. W. Clayton and J. M. Ball, directors. Mechanics' Building and Loan Asso ciation--L. C. Wells, Pres.; S. W. Grubb, Sec.; W. J. Houston, Treas.; N. J. Hammond, Atty.; J. R. Wallace, Thomas Spen cer, F. M. Richardson and J. E. Gullatt, directors. In glancing over the list of the various business establishments in Atlanta as contained in this directory for 1867, one can but be struck by the great number of firms in certain lines of business, and in stopping to analyze the reason in comparison with the situation to-day, must conclude that concentration has a decided tendency to weed out the small dealer. For instance, in 1867 there were twentynine exclusive wholesale grocers in Atlanta--twice the number

After The Surrender

17

engaged in that line of trade in this city to-day. There were, the same year, fifty-one commission merchants in Atlanta. The census of Atlanta by wards, taken by direction of the city coun cil in December and January, 1866-7, was as follows: First ward, 4,837; Second ward, 2,749; Third ward, 2,036; Fourth ward, 5,389; Fifth ward, 5,217--total, 20,288.
James M. Calhoun, Atlanta's "war mayor," who served the city faithfully during her days of sore travail, was honored with the mayoralty the first year after the war closed, serving in that capacity four successive terms. To his public spirit and wise administration was due no little of the progress made by Atlanta immediately after her almost total destruction by Slierman.
Atlanta had four fire companies the first year after the war closed, and it will doubtless be interesting to the pioneer citizens in our midst, and their descendants, to read the names of the members, few of whom are alive or residents of Atlanta to-day. The rosters of the four companies are given as follows:
FIRE DEPARTMENT
S. B. Sherwood, Chief Engineer. Henry Gullatt, First Assistant Engineer. W. G. Knox, Second Assistant Engineer.
ATLANTA FIRE COMPANY NO. I (STEAM ENGINE).
Organized, March 24, 1851. Incorporated, April 4, 1851. Meets first Monday night in each month, at their Engine House, cor. Broad Street and M. & W. R. R.
Officers.--*John B. Norman, President; *Charles -Schnatz, ist Director; John Berkele, 2cl Director; John Wilbey, 3d Direc tor; * Samuel Wilson, Secretary; *H. Muhlenbrink, Treasurer; John H. Ellsworth, Rep. to Fire Dept.; John Bridwell, M. Rogan, Axemen.
Active Members--Alexander, L.; Bell, H. G.; Broxton, H. W.; Cannon, P. J.; Collier, M. L.; Collier, John W.; Cox, W. B.; Daly, Pat; Eisenhut, John ; Ficken, John; Fleck, Daniel; Galvin, John; Garcia, B.; Garvy, P.; Grambling, John; Grogan, Z. W.; Goiuly, D. H.; Haney, Thomas; Haney, Henry; Haverty, M.; Henderson, A. F.; Immel, J.; Immel, M. J.; James, Win.;
2-2

18

Atlanta And Its Builders

Jentzer, John; Joyner, H. W.; Klotz, Jno.; Kuhrt, Henry; Klassett, A.; Krog, Wm.; Kavanaugh, P.; Lynch, Peter; Lynch, J.; Mann, J. E.; Mann, James; *Mann, John; *Mann, Wm. J.; Mann, Henry; *Mason, J. P.; Mason, Wm. K.; Murrins, L.; *McGee, John; Nelley, Martin; *Olerich, P.; Peel, John; Pettis, W. P.; Roab, George; Ransford, H.; Roberts, M. L.; Schoen, J.; Spencer, Win.; Sherwood, S. B.; Weaver, J. K.; Van Loan, A. H.; Van Loan, Richard.
Honorary Members--Bracken, P. J.; Daly, Martin; Flynn, John H.; Forsyth, Wm.; Heinz, Charles; Hunnicutt, C. W.; Kershaw, John; *Kickl, Wm.; *Kirby, T.; *Lamb, B. T.; Lynch, John; Mecaslin, J. H.; Murphy, T. C.; Stadelman, J.

MECHANIC FIRE COMPANY, NO. 2
Organized December 10, 1856. Meets first Friday night in each month, at their hall over Engine House, corner Washing ton St. and Georgia R. R.
Officers--J. E. Gullatt, President; James G. Kelly, VicePresident; W. D. Luckie, Jr., Secretary; O. H. Jones, Treas urer; E. Buice, First Director; C. Beermann, Second Director; W. G. Middleton, Chief Engineer; Joel Kelsey, ist Ass't. Engin eer; G. W. Terry, 2d Ass't. Engineer; James Daniels, 3d Ass't. Engineer; G. T. Anderson, W. F. Woods, Pipemen; J. M. Buice, Joseph Wiley, Axemen; M. L, Lichtenstadt, Rep. to Fire Dep't.; James Alexander, M. D., Surgeon.
Members--Buice, C. W.; Buice, J. D.; Bellingrath, H.; Bradbury, T. W.; Bannan, W. J.; Campbell, J. T.; Crenshaw, J. L.; Darby, Arch.; Dewberry, J. R.; Doby, J. B.; Harmsen, Carl; Krogg, Fred; Langford, W. Y.; Lyons, J. L.; Manning, W. H.; Middleton, M. J.; Moore, B. F.; O'Connor, Thomas; Read, Thomas; Rogers, J. C.; Rodes, C. C.; Rosenfeld, S.; Rote, M.; Schramm, P.; Slilotfeldt, George; Spillman, Joshua; Steinheimer, D.; Stcinhcimer, L; Williams, J. E.; Wilson, Hue.

TALLULAll FIRE COMPANY, NO. 3
Organized February 22, 1859. Meets first Wednesday night in each month, at their hall in Engine House, on Broad, between Marietta and Walton streets.

After The Surrender
Officers--E. C. Murphy, President; S. W. Grubb, VicePresident; W. C. Shearer, ist Director; Jesse Smith, 2d Direc tor; F. M. Queen, Hose Director; J. N. Williams, Secretary; L. H. Clarke, Treasurer; H. S. Orme, Surgeon; A. P. Bell, Rep. to Fire Department; S. Mercer, Foreman ist squad; L. B. Scudder, Foreman 2d squad; W. R. Biggers, Foreman Hose squad; David Buice, B. Kane, Axemen.
Active Members--Bohnefeld, Carl; Bohnefeld, Herman; Bohnefeld, Richard; Center, E. A.; Christopher, Frank; Clarke, Wm. F.; Crew, B. B.; Clarke, John D.; Deringer, J. A.; Fife, R. A.; Fitts, Robert C.; Groves, J. B.; Haralson, A. J.; Hill, John A.; Holland, J. S.; Henson, F.; Jack, G. W.; Johnson, C. A.; Judson, W. N.; Love, J. R.; Mead, W. T.; Mobley, E. L. D.; Mullin, J. E.; Parks, John R.; Queen, B. C.; Rogers, J. J.; Rob inson, R. A.; Smith, J. B.; Starnes, J. M.; Steadman, Charles; Stokes, J. W.; Smith, C. D.; Theme, A.; Thompson, George; Thrower, C. A.; Valentino, Gabe; Valentine, John; Warwick, E. A.; Warwick, T. F.; Wells, J. Y.; Whaley, J. R.; Williams, Isaac.
ATLANTA HOOK & LADDER CO. NO. I
Organized November 28, 1859. Meets first Saturday night in each month, at their Truck House, east side of Pryor, between Alabama and Hunter streets.
Officers--J. L. Queen, Foreman; C. F. S. D'Alvigny, Ass't. Foreman; J. S. Yarbrough, Secretary; George Johnson, Treas urer; Ed. Holland, Rep. to Fire Dep't.
Active' Members--Bookout, J. M.; Bradburn, A. B.; Bryant, W. M.; Buckhardt G. A.; Burr, George; Erginzingar, A.; Forsyth, C. A.; Franklin, George; Hartman, M.; Holley, C. W.; James, J. H.; Johnston, F. M.; Lowry, R. J.; Lumpkin, W. J.; McDade, W. C.; *McWaters, A.; Morris, L. G.; Parrott, G. W.; Peters, W. G.; Queen, D. M.; Rokestraw, George; Reeves, J. W.; Richardson, F. M.; Smith, E. C.; Wilson, Henry; Young, John.
Honorary Members--* Edwards, George; *Fowler, N. R.; *Love, S. B.; Morrison, John; *Peck, J. C.; Scrutchcn, Thomas.
Early in December, 1866, the military office of provost-
* Charter members.

20

Atlanta And Its Builders

marshal was abolished in Atlanta, the city being considered suffi ciently "reconstructed" to be governed by civil administration. On the 18th of the same month, the detachment of the One Hun dred and Fiftieth Illinois regiment on duty as a provost-guard in Atlanta since the surrender, was mustered out and left for their Northern homes. Captain Line L. Parker, who had served as provost-marshal, left for the North at the same time. How ever, a military post was maintained in Atlanta, four companies of the Thirteenth Connecticut, Captain Beckwith, being stationed in the barracks until April 17, 1866, when the regiment was mus tered out and United States regulars stationed permanently in Atlanta.
Of the early post-bellum period, E. Y. Clarke says in his ad mirable little history of Atlanta: "At first the rebuilding was in a haphazard manner, and hundreds of wooden and brick shanties were erected out of the debris of the ruins--in many instances the owners putting their own hands to the work, clearing away the rubbish and picking out the material fit for use. Er Lawshe set up the first store house on Whitehall street by the removal of a little one-story building from another part of the city and this was done by many others. The scarcity of buildings made rents enormous and building materials were equally high. * * * In 1865 John H. James built his banking house, and McNaught & Scrutchin their store on Whitehall street, and J. C. Peck rebuilt his planing mill. In 1866 E. P. Chamberlin built a residence on Washington street; C. E. Boynton erected one on Rawson street. In the same year, also, Mr. O. Hi Jones, mar shal of the city in 1864, and one of our most energetic citizens, built fine livery stables for the accommodation of the great in creasing stock trade he had established. * * * Among the new citizens acquired will be recognized many who have attained official, social and business prominence. In 1865 came James R. Wylie, the wholesale grocer and prominent bank director, a gentleman of great worth and usefulness; John L. Hopkins, from 1870 to 1876 judge of the superior courts of the Atlanta circuit, and one of the most eminent lawyers in the state; W. A. Moore and E. W. Marsh, the wholesale dry goods merchants, who have been in business together some twenty-four years; Andrew Stew-

After The Surrender

, 21

art and S. L. McBride, both very young men. In 1866 came C. E. Boynton, the successful merchant, and E. P. Chamberlin, his partner, a leader in all meritorious public enterprises, and a councilman prominent in municipal laws and measures enhanc ing the welfare of the city; A. E. Howard, of the tobacco house of Howard, Wood & Co.; Julius L. Brown, one of our ablest young lawyers; John N. Fain, a well known merchant and church officer, and James A. Anderson, a young man who has successively held the office of city tax collector and chief of police for several terms with great credit, and now a practicing attorney of the firm of Goodwin & Anderson. In 1867 came S. M. Inman, an ex-Confederate soldier, from Tennessee, the great cot ton merchant and public-spirited citizen; Richard H. Clark, pres ent judge of the City Court; W. A. Hemphill, one of the proprie tors of the Atlanta Constitution; W. F. Stokes, the great fruit merchant of Atlanta; John A. Fitten and John C. Kirkpatrick, who, in 1870, became firm members of the great hardware house of T. M. Clarke & Co. * * * "
To the return of the old population, with their olden char acteristics, intensified by an almost total loss of property, is chiefly due the restoration to former prosperity with a rapidity rarely, if ever, paralleled in American history. Appreciating the situation, they resolutely set to work to rebuild their fortunes. Did the scope of a general history allow, it would be pleasant to recount the story of individual effort. Every class proved true to its antecedent career. The lawyer, the merchant and the me chanic all went to work with a will. As, among the first class, might be mentioned General L. J. Gartrell, who found his home in ashes, but, by brilliant professional effort, achieved success worthy of the political and professional honors of his ante-bellum career; so, conspicuous examples of merchants and mechanics, and of other professional men could be numerously given.
Taking into consideration the era and circumstances, it is doubtful if a parallel can be found to the magic resurrection of Atlanta within a year after the city was in ashes. It was the fable of the Phoenix re-enacted in real life, and well did the re stored city choose as its municipal seal the image of that mythical bird, surrounded by the legend, ."Kesurgens." In March, 1886,

22

Atlanta And Its Builders

a local newspaper published the following brief resume of the im provements made up to that time:
"The indomitable energy and persistence of the people of Atlanta is shown by the way in which they are rebuilding the city. Alabama street begins to assume its former neat and business-like appearance. New business houses are being occupied as fast as completed by book men, bankers, merchants, artists, physicians, insurance agents and all other classes. The following houses have been put in successful operation: P. P. Pease & Co., J. T. Jenkjns & Co.; Langston, Crane & Co.; McCamy & Co.; M. W. & J. H. Johnson; Pratte, Edwards & Co.; Robert J. Lowry & Co.; Simms, Robert & Co.; Clayton, Adair & Purse; Meador & Brothers and McKeon & Godfrey. Bank block is a handsome edifice. The two hotel buildings, the Southern Express Com pany's building, and the Franklin Printing House, all begin to make the city look somewhat as it did before the war. The two hotels are the Planter's and the Exchange Hotel, the latter stand ing on the corner of Alabama and Pryor streets, and being the same as the Fulton House of the old regime."
To quote further from Colonel Clarke's history: "In 1868 came M. C. and J. F. Kiser, from Campbell county, of the im mense wholesale dry goods house of that name; Mark W. John son, of the agricultural warehouse; Thomas M. Wood, D. M. Bain and N. J. Doolittle. In 1869 came W. A. Haygood, from Emory College; Joseph T. Eichberg, from New York, after wards organizer of the Germania Loan and Building Associa tion, and its president; and J. F. Burke, in after years the suc cessful library director. In 1870 came W. C. Dodson, the job printer; the Wilsons--W. S. and J. C.--the latter now the larg est coal dealer in the city; also John B. Goodwill, from Cobb county, who was admitted to the bar in 1877 and has been three times elected to council. In 1871 came James H. Low and Clarence F. Low, from New Orleans, leading insurance agents, and E. H. Thorn ton, of the firm of Lynch & Thornton, book sellers. This year also brought us valuable citizens from the North and West, among them W. G. Goodnow, from Wiscon sin, a man of great energy and business capacity, who planned the Republic Block, got up the stock of and organized the Citi-

View from Austell Building, looking north

Atlanta And Its Builders
zens' Bank, and was at a later date made general business man ager of the Atlanta Rolling Mill. Among valuable citizens from the North may be mentioned W. C. Morrill, a gentleman of large means and liberality, and who has contributed greatly to the suc cess of our noble Library Association. * * * In 1868 the Third Baptist church was built by liberal contributions of Gov ernor Brown and others. In 1889 E. E. Rawson rebuilt his store on Whitehall street; Moore & Marsh finished a magnificent 36x186 store on Decatur street; John H. James built his famous residence, now the Governor's Mansion, on Peachtree street, at a cost of $70,000, and began a block on Whitehall street. In 1870 Louis De Give built the opera house, which Forrest, Booth and other great actors pronounced unsurpassed in acoustic prop erties; the corner-stone of the Catholic church was laid by Father Ryan; the Fourth Baptist church was built by John H. James; the Kimball House, one of the largest hotels in the United States, was built by H. I. Kimball, at a cost of nearly half a million dollars; Richard H. Clark built a residence on McDonough street, and B. F. Wyly one on Washington street. In 1871 at least four hundred buildings went up, among them the Repub lic Block, built by ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown, Judge O. A. Lochrane, and others, on Pryor street; the Austell building, on Decatur street; the Union Passenger Depot, then one of the larg est and finest iron depots in the United States, jointly constructed by the railroad companies; the beautiful residence of Judge John L. Hopkins, on the corner of Gilmer and Collins streets; that of Z. D. Harrison, clerk of the Supreme Court, on McDonough street; those of A. G. Howard and W. A. Hemphill, on Pryor street. In 1872 another church--the Fifth Baptist--was built by John H. James; a three-story building on Broad street, by exGovernor Brown; a splendid, 52x140 feet, slate bank-vault, agri cultural warehouse, by Mark W. Johnson; a building for his hardware business by Thomas M. Clarke; and residences by John N. Fain, on Pryor street, J. T. Eichberg, on Forsyth street; Rob ert Clarke, on Houston street, and W. B. Cox, on Ivy street.
"Business advanced at an equal pace. The old commercial houses were re-established, banks were reorganized, and the old manufacturing enterprises were resuscitated. Trade rapidly

After The Surrender

25

filled up the old channels, and, overflowing their banks, made many new outlets. The monetary needs of the people were, of course, very pressing, and banking facilities were speedily forth coming. In 1865 John H. James recommenced his banking business; the Georgia National Bank opened, John Rice, presi dent, and E. T. Jones, cashier; followed, in 1866, by the Atlanta National Bank, with a capital since raised to $300,000; in 1868 by the Georgia Trust Company, with a capital of $125,000; in 1872 by the State National, now Merchants' Bank; and in 1873 by the Citizens' and State of Georgia. Among the businesses established and re-established were, in 1866, wholesale groceries by James R. Wylie and P. & G. T. Dodd; wholesale dry goods by Moore & Marsh, partners for nearly a quarter of a century; hard ware by Tommey, Stewart & Beck; wholesale crockery by A. J. McBride. In 1868 the Atlanta Daily Constitution newspaper was started by Colonel Carey W. Styles. In 1870 J. Morrison, A. Morrison and D. M. Bain established a new hardware store under the firm name of Morrison, Bain & Co.
"Very naturally, the expansion of trade and great influx of population enhanced the.value of real estate, and increased prices brought upon the market a large and increasing amount of prop erty, which was eagerly purchased by speculators in the city and from abroad, as well as by non-residents. This proved one of the most fruitful sources of revenue to an impoverished people, and at the same time built up a comparatively new business, which, in a few years, assumed immense proportions. In 1865 George W. Adair opened a bureau for the sale and exchange of real estate. In the six years following prices ran up to enormous and most unhealthy figures--millions of dollars changed hands.
"In 1873 came a new arm of progress--the Air Line Rail road. As early as 1857 the growing wants of the city suggested to enterprising citizens the propriety of increased railroad facili ties and the opening of new lines of transportation into undevel oped sections. The agitation of the Air Line Railroad followed. Ex-Mayor Norcross was the recognized leader in this movement, ably assisted by James M. Calhoun, L. J. Gartrell, and others, and obtained a charter. In 1859 he was made president of the road, and was mainly instrumental in obtaining a subscription of several hundred thousand dollars along its proposed line. ....

26

Atlanta And Its Builders

"During these years still another field of business enterprise was extensively opened up, becoming one of the chief contributors to Atlanta's prosperity. In 1859 it was claimed that dry goods were sold for one hundred miles around; but not until since the war did the wholesale business develop into a distinct element of the city's progress. This was also time of the cotton trade, which, in 1867, showed receipts of only 17,000 bales, but at once began an upward career.
"The religious, moral, social and educational progress of this period were equally gratifying. The number of religious organ izations largely increased, some of which may be mentioned. June 17, 1867, the Hebrew Synagogue was organized from the old Hebrew Benevolent Association, Mr. Jacob Steinheimer first officiating. In the same year the Loyd Street Methodist Episco pal Church was organized, and in 1870 and 1872 the Fourth and Fifth Baptist Churches followed. In the year 1870 Payne's and St. Paul's (Methodist) appeared. Educational and society or ganizations were numerous."

CHAPTER II
THE "CARPET-BAG" ERA
While the people of Atlanta were working out their own sal vation, commercially, they were not allowed to do so politically. The hopeful spirit immediately following the war was shortly replaced by a spirit of distrust, gloom and positive alarm. The sentiment to ''make treason odious" by treating the South governmentally as a conquered province, undoubtedly prevailed in congress, and the leaders of public thought in Atlanta were not slow to sound the alarm, however loth they may have been to array themselves against Federal public policy. That the best people of Atlanta had shown a disposition to meet their late enemies half way in the cultivation of fraternity and peace, and had manfully accepted "the inevitable," was evidenced by the resolutions adopted at their public meetings, some of which are quoted in the preceding chapter. Indeed, the spirit of reconcilia tion and good-will manifested by them was remarkable, under the circumstances. But in accepting the conditions imposed by de feat in a noble spirit, they had not forfeited their self-respect, and did not propose to do so. The action of the National Union Con vention held in Philadelphia on the I4th of August, 1866, was received with silent disapproval in Atlanta. The local news papers refrained from making any comment calculated to excite prejudice on either side, but the convention's resolutions were generally taken as earnest of worse things in store. Then came the session of congress made memorable, and, to the South, in famous, by proscriptive measures against a vanquished and de fenceless people. "Rebel"-haters like Thacl Stevens were in con trol at Washington, and President Johnson was hated by a major ity of his fellow-citizens in the North, seemingly, because of his desire to see even-hand justice dealt out to the South. The con-
27

28

Atlanta And Its Builders

servatives and advocates of peace with honor were not able to check the storm of radicalism that burst upon the Southern States. The "Shernian Reconstruction Bill" was passed. At lanta, in common with the South, held her peace no longer. Her papers denounced the oppressive legislation in unmeasured terms, and public speakers inveighed against it as more infamous and tyrannical than any act of England against her Ameri^ can colonies before the revolution. The bill in question af flicted the South with military rule and negro enfranchise ment, practically nullifying constitutional guarantees, and in the "black belts" of the former slave states, then more numerous than now, left the superior race utterly at the mercy of the negro, so far as political domination was concerned. In most quarters South the Shernian law was considered a deliberate attempt to degrade the citizens of the late Confederacy--to add to the injury of a terrible war the insult of a revengeful conqueror. The moral sense of the Southern people was shocked. They had expected to take a back seat in the councils of the nation, and to be, for years, a nonentity in the shaping of governmental policies--but they had not thought this thing possible in a Christian republic. While resistance promised nothing, it was the only course consistent with decency and honor, and a very large majority of the people exerted a strong moral opposition to such a species of "reconstruc tion." They meant that at least history should record their protest.
Avery's "History of Georgia" says of the feeling of the Southern people anent the "Shernian Reconstruction Bill": "It was an amazing piece of statesmanship to disfranchise our intelli gence, and make the hereditary slaves of two centuries rulers of our political destiny. It degraded, alarmed and exasperated our people. We had the whole argument of the case on our side. They had the might. Our reconstructors had excelled themselves in this last fantastic of national restoration. Our people were angered to white heat, and they entered upon an uncompromising fight against the astounding project. In this crisis ex-Governor Brown, with that cool method that distinguished him, went North to look into the matter, and see just how earnest the North was, and what hope there was of resistance to these most odious nieas-

The "Carpet-Bag" Era

29

ures. ..... Judge, Dawson A. Walker accompanied him. These gentlemen went to Washington early in February, 1867, while the reconstruction measures were pending, and thor oughly gauged public sentiment upon reconstruction. Governor Brown probed the subject to the bottom. He conversed with the most influential men on both sides. From President Johnson, down, he conferred with leaders of every shade of opinion. The impeachment crusade against President Johnson had begun. Against the Sherman bill he had fired a noble but ineffectual veto, and on the last day of the old congress it went through. The new congress passed the supplemental reconstruction bill, provid ing for a registration of loyal voters, the calling of a convention by a vote of the people, and the ratification of the constitution made by such convention by a popular vote, all under military guidance. Mr. Johnson struck this measure with another spir ited veto, but it was promptly passed, and the revengeful malig nancy of impeachment gathered force from the incident."
Public sentiment on the reconstruction question was in some respects divided in Atlanta. There were various opinions, and, broadly speaking, the citizens may be said to have been divided in to three factions--one favoring unprotesting submission to the inevitable; another was inclined to take no position on the ques tion, preferring to wait developments while professing to support the policy of Andrew Johnson; the third was unalterably against the whole scheme of reconstruction and advised agitation to the end.
Nothing else was talked about. Men stood in groups on the street corners and grew excited in discussing the political out look. Some of the hot-heads declared they would raise the stars and bars again and fight all Yankeedom to extermination, before they would suffer the degradation of their manhood. It was noticeable that the wildest talkers were, as a rule, not confed erate veterans. The condition of public feeling made it desirable that a mass meeting be held, and accordingly a call was issued, setting the meeting for March 4, at the city hall. This notice was given great publicity in the local press and by hand-bills and posters, and was signed by the following well-known citizens: Ira R. Foster, Joseph Winship, E. E. Hulbert, Lemuel Dean, J.

30

Atlanta And Its Builders

H. Flynn, A. Austell, George Hillyer, H. Sells, D. F. Hammond, P. L. Mynatt, Richard Peters, E. E. Rawson, S. P. Richards, P. P. Pease, R. P. Zimmerman, Clark Howell, E. P. Howell, W. F. Meador, J. W. Simmons, F. M. Richardson, J. R. Wallace, H. C. Barrow, W. A. Fuller, W. M. Butts, J. D. Pope, W. C. Moore, R. M. Farrar, C. A. Pitts, J. J. Morrison, John Silvey, T. W. J. Hill, Henry P. Farrow, J. A. Hayden, T. G. Healy, J. W. Loyd, J. Lemmons, E. F. Hoge, H. Muhlenbrink, L. S. Sal mons, J. B. Campbell, J. E. Gullatt, A. A. Gaulding, J. A. Doane, A. K. Seago, Vines Fish, H. C. Hornady, J. C. Hendrix and C. C. Green
The papers advised caution in the action of the meeting, lay ing stress upon the helplessness of the South and the Herculean effort Atlanta was making to rehabilitate herself. They said the fire-eaters should be kept in the background, and men of prudence left to formulate a wise course of action. The people were asked to remember that the Sherman bill was law, and that the part of good citizenship (particularly under the circum stances) was to obey the law. The radicals in the South, the Intelligencer declared, had had much to do with the hard terms being inflicted by the North, because of their intemperate and re bellious utterances after the surrender.
A large crowd assembled in accordance'with the call, stand ing room being at a premium. Upon motion, Richard Peters was called to preside, and W. L. Scruggs made secretary. The fol lowing committee on resolutions was appointed immediately after the meeting was organized: Colonel H. P. Farrow, V. A. Gaskill, E. E. Rawson, J. O. Harris, I. G. Mitchell, C. P. Cassin, E. E. Hulbert, T. W. J. Hill, and Colonel J. J. Morrison.
Pending the report of the committee on resolutions, a num ber of speeches were made upon the clamorous call of the audi ence. J. L. Dunning, who was known as an ultra-conservative, spoke in such a strain, deprecating the blunders and the malice which had led the South to her present unfortunate condition, and counseling patience and optimism. He declared that Governor Jenkins had exceeded his authority in convening the state legis lature in accordance with ex-Governor Brown's recommendation. Although repeatedly called for, George W. Adair said he pre-

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ferred not to speak until the resolutions had been presented to the meeting. The chairman was asked to define the object of the meeting. He replied that, as he understood it, the people had assembled to take into consideration the duty of the people of Georgia as to the formation of a state government, under postbellum conditions, agreeably to the provisions of the Sherman bill, or, in the event of non-action, to see a military government estab lished over them. The chairman explained the object of the meeting in some detail, and at the conclusion of his remarks, the committee On resolutions brought in the following report:
Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that the people of Georgia should promptly, and without the least hesitation, accept the plan of restoration recently proposed by congress. ,
Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting there are per sons in each and every county within this State sufficient in num bers and sufficient in integrity and ability, who are not debarred from voting and holding office by the provisions of this law, to perform all the functions of government.
Resolved, That we earnestly hope that as soon as practicable, all those who have the right to do so, will, in good faith, enter upon the duty of instituting for Georgia a legal State government.
Resolved, That we, citizens of Fulton county, do hereby pro claim to our fellow-citizens throughout the entire Union, a sincere purpose, on our part, to heal the wounds inflicted by the unhappy past, and we take this method of extending to our fellow citizens of every State a cordial and hearty invitation to come and settle in our midst, assuring them in the name of everything that is sacred that they shall be received and treated as friends, and as citizens of a common country.
Resolved, That a copy of the proceedings of this meeting be forwarded to Governor Jenkins, and a copy to the chairman of the Reconstruction Committee at Washington.
Colonel Farrow, chairman of the committee, made a strong, terse speech in support of the resolutions, saying they proposed to acknowledge the fact that the people of Georgia, by going to war against the government of the United States, had, in the estima tion of the law-making power of the Federal government, forfeit ed their right to legal government; that the same power had de-

v,
Atlanta And Its Builders
creed the equality of all men not affected by war, in their relations to the government; that the bill just passed by congress, by a con stitutional majority, provided a way to escape from onerous mili tary government, and that the time had come when men should lay aside their prejudices and improve the opportunity thus ofered them for a final settlement of the difficulties that then beset them, etc.
Colonel J. M. Calhoun then moved the adoption of the reso lutions as reported by the committee. He said that although they were not couched in languauge that suited him, he was neverthe less strongly in favor of their adoption, believing that under the Sherman bill, the provisional governments as they then existed would be permitted to continue to exercise authority, but that the military authority would have power over the civil government. He also believed that the true interests of the people of the South lay in compliance with the constitutional amendment. Had the people adopted the former constitutional amendment they would have been better off than they were at that time. There was danger in delay. He was not of the "wait and see" kind; he was for immediate action in accordance with the bill.
Luther J. Glenn, always a leader in local affairs and a man whose opinions had much weight, said he wished to offer a series of resolutions as a substitute for the report of the committee. He asked permission to read his resolutions, which was accorded, and after he had concluded the reading, the audience broke into loud cheers, seeming to favor the substitute almost as one man. Col onel Glenn's resolutions follow:
"Resolved, I. That in view of the present condition of the Southern States, and the passage of the military bill by the House of Representatives over the President's veto, we think it the duty of the people of Georgia to remain quiet and thereby preserve at least their self-respect, their manhood and their honor.
"Resolved, 2. That in the event said bill has or does be come a law, we trust Governor Jenkins, either alone or in connec tion with the governors of other Southern States, will at once take the necessary steps to have the constitutionality of the law tested before the Supreme Court of the United States.
"Resolved, 3. That we hereby tender to his excellency, President Johnson, our heartfelt thanks for the patriotic efforts

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he has made to protect the constitution of the United States and the liberties of the people."
Colonel T. C. Howard offered an amendment to the Glenn resolutions, which he was proceeding to read when Mr. Dunning urged in objection that he was not a citizen of Fulton county. The meeting demanded that Colonel Howard's resolutions be heard, and they were read as follows:
"We, the citizens of Fulton county and vicinity, having been convoked, and now being in convention for the purpose of consid ering the state of the country, and particularly the bill just passed by congress, popularly known as the Sherman Military Bill, do solemnly
"Resolve, That said bill is unjust, as it needlessly discrimi nates against the Southern States, which are without exception abiding all public laws, and are in profound peace; it is harsh and cruel, as it surrenders life, liberty and estate to the arbitrary and despotic will of the military power; it is in positive conflict with the better spirit and genius of the constitution and American liberty; degrading to the bitterest and last degree, as it sinks us below the legal status of our former slaves, surrenders the control and polity of the Southern States to the blacks, and by our own hands stigmatizes, disfranchises and disavows the men who have periled life, fortune and al) worldly ambition for our sakes.
"Resolved, 2. That by our assent to the principles and pro visions of said bill, the Southern people commit political suicide by arraying themselves against the President of the United States, who, with sublime courage, has resisted the combined energies of the enemies of the government and constitution, by adopting and ratifying outrages on our liberties that would not be tolerated an instant by that tribunal while a vestige of that constitution re mained.
"Resolved, 3. That we do now solemnly asseverate, and call God to witness the sincerity of our hearts, in doing so, that as a people we meditate no illegal opposition to the laws, no viola tion of private rights, whether of the North man or the South man, the black or the white; no denial of sympathy, justice or legal rights of the colored portion of our population, and that all we ask is quiet, and the enjoyment of what little we hope for from the soil of our devastated, afflicted and poverty stricken country.

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"Resolved, lastly. That we are conscious of having done all that mortal power could do to secure the happiness and liber ties of our people, but in God's afflictive providence we have been overwhelmed; we meekly submit ourselves to His Almighty power, patiently awaiting His good time to deliver us, and confi dently trusting that the day will soon come when the sense of honor, justice and magnanimity of the Northern people will, in our persons, vindicate the dignity, rights and liberties of the American people."
Colonel Howard spoke eloquently for the adoption of the foregoing resolutions. He declared that he appreciated and fully accepted the situation resulting from the war; that he had abided honestly by the results, but was not willing by any voluntary act of his own to place his neck under the yoke before the yoke was forced upon him. He had surrendered his revolutionary arms, but not his manhood, and never would. As for the negro, he was willing to accord equal protection to all men, regardless of color.
V. A. Gaskill made a motion to table the Glenn resolutions and the Howard amendment. There were loud cries of dissent, and the chairman's voice was lost while attempting to put the question to a vote. A babel of confusion ensued, and while it was at its height, Colonel R. J. Cowart shouted above the din a motion to adjourn, which seemed to carry by common consent, as many were already leaving the hall. General L. J. Gartrell called on all who favored the Glenn resolution to remain, and some half of the people present did so. General Gartrell was chosen as chairman of this impromptu meeting, and John G. Whitner, secretary. Colonel J. J. Morrison inquired of the chair whether the participants in the meeting were limited to the friends of the Glenn resolutions, and upon being answered in the negative, earnestly opposed the resolutions in question and deplored the failure of the meeting to adopt the resolutions brought in by the committee.
Colonel Adair expressed himself in favor of the first resolu tions, also, and urged upon his hearers the importance of taking immediate action along the lines laid down by congress. He declared there was nothing to gain and everything to lose by delay.

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Colonel R. A. Alston next spoke, saying he was decidedly opposed to Governor Brown's conciliatory plan, for the reason that it was capitulating to the Radicals and would aid them in building up a party in opposition to the President and the Su preme Court of the United States; "because it will tend to strengthen and encourage the Radicals to further outrages and unconstitutional legislation, and relieves them of the responsibil ities which would otherwise rest upon them; because we then surrender the last claim to sovereignty, and give validity to what would otherwiwse be decided by the United States Supreme Court as unconstitutional; because it is already a law and no action of ours can make it more or less efficacious; because, so far from saving us from any further outrages or worse inflictions of radical hate, it will only stimulate them to further oppression, and we thus, by our own free will, surrender the only power that is left us--the virtue of patient endurance and the honor which arises from a rigid adherence to principle and duty." After the close of Colonel Alston's earnest speech, the question was put on the passage of the Glenn resolutions, which were adopted almost unanimously.
Colonel Farrow announced that the adjourned meeting would meet again that evening, in the city hall, at 7 o'clock. The friends of the Farrow resolutions met, accordingly, and after being re-read, the resolutions were amended, the last resolution being changed to read as follows :
Resolved, That a copy of the proceedings of this meeting be forwarded to the reconstruction committee of congress, and to Governor Jenkins, with the request that he convene the legisla ture immediately, with a view of calling a convention to comply fully with the terms prescribed by the Sherman act, lately passed by congress.
On motion of Colonel Calhoun the resolutions were adopted, and the meeting adjourned. As the audience was dispersing, exGovernor Brown came into the hall, and was invited to address the people on the momentous issues of the day. Governor Brown said he would not intentionally wound the feelings of any one. He thought it was time to pour oil on the troubled waters, rather than to excite the flames of passion and attempt to divide the

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people by angry strife. Congress had already taken action which placed the people all under a military government. The Presi dent would undoubtedly, in a few days, appoint a commander for this district, Georgia, Alabama and Florida, whose will would be the law of the land; it would be a matter of discretion with that commander whether he would allow any one charged with an offense to be tried by a civil tribunal, or before a military tribunal, where the punishment and its mode of infliction would alike be determined upon according to military laws.
"Gentlemen," he said, "this is no child's play. It is a serious matter. It is such a state of things as you and I have never seen. In view of our responsibilities, then, is it becoming in us to quar rel with each other, or to indulge in a spirit of fault-finding, or of crimination and recrimination? Is this a time to stir up angry strife among ourselves, or to take each other by the throat?
"The great trouble with our people seems to be that they do not seem to recognize the fact that they are a conquered people, and that they must submit to whatever terms the conqueror may impose upon them. They forget that they no longer have any power of resistance. The struggle has ended by the triumph of the United States government. The controversy which com menced with the different theories of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson raged with more or less fury from their day until it culminated in the breaking out of the civil war in 1861, and the appeal to the arbitrament of the sword has been decided against the South. Congress claims that both the war-making and the peace-making power has been confided to it, and Con gress has maintained the supremacy in the contest with the presi dent by passing- the Sherman bill over the veto of the President. What good could come of an appeal to the Supreme Court? Do you not remember that a short time ago Governor Pierpont, of Virginia, made a requisition on Governor Fenton, of New York, for the surrender of a violator of the laws of Virginia? Gover nor Fenton refused to comply with the requisition upon the ground that Virginia was not a State. The case was carried to the Supreme Court and dismissed because the question was a political one. As the issues involved in the Sherman bills are political ones, how could any one expect relief from an appeal to the Supreme Court?" etc.

Joseph E. Brown

Atlanta And Its Builders
Governor Brown's speech was a masterly argument, from his viewpoint, and his opinions met with sympathetic hearers on this occasion. He urged in eloquent terms submission to the terms of the Sherman bill.
In a letter addressed to William K. De Graffenried, of Macon, Senator John Sherman, under date of March 12, 1867, expressed the opinion that the sixth section of the bill bearing his name was too harsh, but declared it was put in in the house as the result of opposition from both extremes, and at the request of large num bers of Southerners. The objection to the bill was so strong, in the North as well as the South, that congress was induced to pass a supplementary reconstruction bill, by the provisions of which the commanding general in each military district of the South should cause to be made a registration of all male citizens of the United States, of the age of twenty-one or more, resident in each county or parish in the state or states included in the district, which registration should include only those who were qualified to vote for delegates by the Sherman bill, and who should have taken and subscribed to an oath that they had not been disfran chised for participating in rebellion and civil war against the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any state, or of the United States. Section 2 provided that an elec tion should be provided for by the generals commanding the sev eral districts, for delegates to a convention for the purpose of establishing a constitution and civil government for the state, loyal to the Union, etc.
The memorable controversy between President Andrew Johnson and congress, which nearly resulted in the impeachment of the president, was watched with the deepest anxiety by the South, where the hopes and prayers of the people were with the nation's chief executive. President Johnson supposed it was a prerogative of his office to regulate the machinery of reconstruc tion in accordance with his own ideas, and he set about the task without specific instructions from the law-making body. The plan of the president was wise and conservative, and he was not disposed to make a political Pariah of the South. The terms he proposed were acceded to by the Southern people generally in a good spirit, and the inauguration of his policy was attended with

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gratifying results. But congress was not at all inclined to give President Johnson free rein. Although a strong Unionist and one of the pioneers of Republicanism, he was nevertheless a Southerner and regarded with suspicion by the more radical ele ment in the North. Congress denied the right of the executive branch of the government to formulate and enforce a line of pub lic policy that came within the province of legislation, and the re sult was the Sherman Reconstruction Act, which in fact over turned President Johnson's plans and undid what he had thus far accomplished. The South supported the president, and hoped for his success and vindication against the radical cabal, but in vain. He vetoed the obnoxious bill, but it was passed over his veto. The last hope was gone. The more conservative and sagacious leaders in the South then yielded all opposition to the harsh and unrepublican measures imposed by the Federal law makers, preferring peace even at the sacrifice of what they con sidered their constitutional rights. This feeling prevailed more generally after President Johnson declared his determination to enforce the Sherman law with the most rigid fidelity, the more so because he had expressed his disapproval of the act by the exer cise of the veto power.
However, there were strong men in the South--for the most part irreconcilables of the old regime, who raised the banner of moral revolt with all the old Confederate fire. Robert Toombs, Ben Hill and Herschel V. Johnson were a strong anti-reconstruc tion triumvirate in Georgia. Governor Jenkins remained true to the spirit of the majority of his fellow citizens. He believed congress had transcended the powers delegated to it by the con stitution, and determined to make a legal test of the matter in the court of last resort. Accordingly, Georgia's chief executive filed an injunction against the operation of certain of the pro visions of the Sherman bill in that state, in the Supreme Court of the United States, on April loth, 1867, a comprehensive extract of which follows:
"And this complainant further shows that there is no adequate remedy in the premises in any court of law, nor in any court of equity, save in this honorable court, and that the threatened in juries to this complainant herein mentioned will be committed

Atlanta And Its Builders
and perfected within the next five or six months, and will be con summated, perfected, and absolutely irreparable by any competent power or authority to the entire destruction of the said state and its government, and the proprietary rights aforesaid, unless the execution of the said acts of congress be, as herein prayed for, re strained and prevented by the preliminary order of injunction-of this honorable court and its decree in the premises."
The Supreme Court of the United States issued a subpoena in this case, which read:
"The State of Georgia, complainant, vs. Edwin M. Stanton, Ulysses S. Grant and John Pope, greeting: For certain causes offered before the Supreme Court of the United States, holding jurisdiction in equity, you are hereby commanded that, laying all other matters aside, and notwithstanding any excuse, you be and appear before the said Supreme Court, holding jurisdiction in equity, on- the first Monday in December next, at the city of Washington, in the District of Columbia, being the present seat of the national government of the United States, to answer unto the bill of complaint of the State of Georgia, in the said court ex hibited against you. Thereof you are not to fail at your peril. Witness the Honorable Salmon P. Chase, chief justice of the United States."
General John Pope, one of the three defendants named in the foregoing subpoena, had been designated as commander of the Third Military District, comprising the states of Georgia, Flor ida and Alabama, as provided in the Sherman Reconstruction Act. The machinery of the new law was rapidly set in motion. On Sunday, March 31, 1867, General Pope reached Atlanta by special train from Chattanooga. Arrangements had been made by a number of citizens to give him a cordial reception, and he was met at the depot by a committee of prominent Atlantans and escorted to the National Hotel, where a reception was held. Hun dreds of people called to pay their respects, and the impression left upon them by General Pope was quite an agreeable one. He appeared in civilian dress, and to several of his callers expressed the hope that his future official relations with the people of At lanta would be pleasant. He left for Montgomery that night, from which place he issued his first general order as follows:

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HEADQUARTERS THIRD MILITARY DIVISION, MONTGOMERY, ALA., April 3, 1867.
General Orders, No. i.
In compliance with general orders No. 18, dated headquar ters of the army, March 15, 1867, tne undersigned assumes com mand of the Third Military District, which comprises the States of Georgia, Alabama and Florida. . The districts of Georgia and Alabama will remain as at present constituted, and with their present commanders, except that the headquarters of the district of Georgia will be forthwith removed to Milledgeville. The dis trict of Key West is hereby merged into the district of Florida, which will be commanded by Colonel John T. Sprague, Seventh United States Infantry. The headquarters of the district of Florida are removed to Tallahassee, to which place the district commander will transfer his headquarters without delay.
II. The civil officers at present in office in Georgia, Florida and Alabama, will retain their offices until the expiration of their terms of service, unless otherwise directed in special cases, so long as justice is impartially and faithfully administered. It is hoped that no necessity will arise for the interposition of the military authorities in the civil administration, and the necessity can only arise from the failure of the civil tribunals to protect the people, without distinction, in their rights of person and property.
III. It is to be clearly understood, however, that the civil officers thus retained in office shall confine themselves strictly to the performance of their official duties, and while holding their offices they shall not use any influence to deter or dissuade the people from taking an active part in reconstructing their State government under the act of Congress, to provide for more effi cient government of the Rebel States, and the act supplementary thereto.
IV. No elections will be held in any of the States compris ing this military district, except such as are provided for in the act of Congress, and in the manner therein established; but all vacancies in civil offices which now exist, or which may occur by the expiration of the terms of office of the present incumbents be fore the prescribed registration of voters is complete, will be filled by appointment of the general commanding the district.
JOHN POPE, Major General Commanding.

Atlanta And Its Builders
General Pope returned to Atlanta on the nth of April, and was tendered a public banquet at the National Hotel, upon the e^ning of the following day. The attendance was large and representative, and the excellent brass band of the Sixteenth Regiment Regular Infantry, stationed at Atlanta, furnished the music for the occasion. The details of the banquet are given by the Intelligencer as follows:
"General Pope made a speech in which he said that he came to this State to perform a duty as distasteful and embarrassing to him as it was disagreeable to 'the people of Georgia. He ex pected to be received at least with indifference, if not with posi tive dislike. Hence the hearty welcome he had received was an assurance of the people's co-operation in the performance of his duties, and was as unexpected as it was grateful, and encouraged the hope that his mission would be both satisfactory and brief. The act of congress prescribed his duties and the means by which they were to be performed; but the manner in which those means would be used would necessarily depend so much on circum stances that he could not lay down any rules at all. He should, however, endeavor to discharge his duties with strict fidelity to the law, and with due regard to the rights of all."
The report of the Intelligencer continued: V. A. Gaskill as chairman of the committee of reception, offered as the first toast of the evening, the following: "Our Pope--may he be as infallible as the law has made him powerful." This toast was followed by applause, indicative, as was thought at the time, more of the high appreciation in which General Pope was held personally, than of the "infelicitous facetiousness of the wording of the toast itself." In response the general said that the legislation which he had been sent to Georgia to execute was conceived in no spirit of hostility or bitterness to the South, but as the most speedy and the most satisfactory means of restoring the Southern States to the Union. It was based upon the theory that the political issues which had led to the late war were dead, and should be buried as soon and deep as possible. The policy of inaction based upon the recollection or revival of those issues could only be destructive of those in whose interest it was inaug urated. The measures proposed by Congress were proposed as

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a final settlement of the difficulties then existing, and if accepted in the sincere spirit that prompted them the troubles would at once be at an end.
The next toast was as follows: "The President of the United States." It was drank standing, and in silence, as was thought most appropriate under the circumstances. As appli cable to the case the following aphorism was eked: "Speech is silver; silence is golden."
The third toast was, "The Thirty-Ninth Congress," which was responded to by Colonel Farrow under the head of "The Na tional Unity of the States, One and Inseparable."
The next toast was, "Our Country's Flag," which was re sponded to by Judge Lochrane, in a speech which was considered the inspiration of the evening.
The fifth toast was, "Reconstruction--let it proceed under the Sherman bill without appealing to the Supreme Court of the United States, the arbiter of civil rights, not of political issues." This toast was responded to by Governor Brown, who said that the province of the Supreme Court was not to try political but civil questions, and he had no doubt it would refuse to try the ques tions raised by Mississippi and Georgia. He thought it unwise to bring that question before that body at that time, because he thought it would tend to embitter the feelings of the North against the South, as it would imply an unwillingness to submit to the terms proposed by Congress as the basis of reconstruction.
"Our Army and Navy--tested in war, we trust them in peace,"was the next toast. General Dunn responded to this toast, saying that he was greatly gratified to find a general dis position among the people of Alabama and Georgia, to proceed orderly and in good faith to reconstruct their State governments in accordance with the recent acts of Congress.
The next toast was as follows : "The Press of our City--may it be the intelligencer of this new era, and the Christian index; not a monthly but a daily opinion in our home, and ever have clean proof against any impression that the devil may set up against it."
"The State of Georgia" was the last toast. "May the civil and military authorities act harmoniously together for her early

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reconstruction, and for the protection of persons and property, without distinction of race or color."
The sentiment in favor of swallowing the bitter reconstruc tion pill without a wry face seemed to be a growing one, to judge by General Pope's reception; but the nonconformists were many, and either held their peace and kept aloof, or ridiculed the con formists as sycophants and fair-weather patriots. Governor Jenkins was not one of those who "bend the pregnant hinges of the knee that thrift may follow fawning." From Washington, where he was attending to business connected with his injunction suit, he issued a patriotic address to the people of Georgia, in which he freely expressed his opinions concerning reconstruction under the Sherman bill, characterizing the measure as "palpably unconstitutional" and ''grievously oppressive," and advising the people to take no action with reference to the registration pro vision, whatever might be the opinion of the United States Su preme Court. General Pope took no notice of the governor's address, and addressed him a letter, inquiring whether, when he issued the address, he had read his general orders No. i, and call ing the governor's attention particularly to paragraph III, which he declared was clearly violated in the address in question. Gov ernor Jenkins replied, under date of April 2Oth, 1867, that at the time the offensive address was issued he had not seen the general order referred to, and was ignorant of its existence. He wrote in a conciliatory but manly way, expressing the hope that there would be no conflict or personal friction between them in the dis charge of their respective duties. In explanation of his course, he said: "I supposed I was exercising such freedom in the pub lic expression of opinion relative to public matters, as seems still to be accorded to the citizens of this republic, not imagining that it was abridged by the accident of the speaker or writer holding office. So much for the past, general, and I will only add that in future I shall do and say what I believe is required of me by the duty to which my oath binds me."
General Pope replied to this at some length, saying among other things: "The existing state government was permitted to stand for the convenience of the people of Georgia in the ordi nary administration of the local civil law, and to that end it should

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be carefully confined. You are debarred, as I am, from the ex pression of opinion, or using influences to prevent the execution of the laws of the United States, or to excite ill feeling in oppo sition to the general government, which is executing these acts of congress," etc.
General Pope appointed Colonel E. Hulbert supervisor of registration, on May 13, 1867, with his office at Macon, Ga. In his history of Georgia, Avery says of the appointee: "Colonel Hulbert was an uncommon individual, cool, adroit, managing, energetic, bold, personally very clever, and the most useful in strument General Pope had. A large, powerful man, prompt, decisive, and with superior administrative ability, he handled the problem of registration with unvarying success for any measure he championed."
On the 2 ist of the month an order was issued by General Pope in which his plan for registering the citizens of Georgia and Alabama was set forth. In each district a board of registration, consisting of two white men and one negro, was appointed, the registrars to be compensated in accordance with the rules applying to taking the census, the fees ranging from fifteen cents per name in the cities, to forty cents per name in the remote country dis tricts.
In the meantime, the opponents of the Sherman law were not inactive. Governor Jenkins continued to exert a quiet influ ence in line with the sentiments expressed in his famous address, and those old wheel-horses of secession, Hill and Toombs,took the hustings to urge resistance to what they denominated an infrac tion of civic liberty and a shameless usurpation of the common wealth's inherent powers. Robert Toombs, who had returned from his exile in Europe, boldly asserted that he was prepared to judicially establish the right of secession. He said Sherman's reconstruction act was the last straw to break the Soutb's over burdened back. Herschel V. Johnson published an open letter in which he advised the people of Georgia to register quietly, but by no means to accept the terms proposed by the Federal power. His advice was "never to embrace their despotism," and he ex pressed the belief that the calmer reason of the people of the North and West would assert itself in time to prevent the over-

Atlanta And Its Builders
throw of constitutional liberty. But the most active of the non conformists was Benjamin H. Hill: He entered into the fight for a people's rights with all the impassioned zeal of his nature. He was especially bitter in his attacks on the passive, neutral or toadyish element among Southerners, and severely criticised the course of ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown in lending his support to the reconstruction policy. Mr. Hill made several speeches in Atlanta, all of which were replete with glowing outbursts of eloquence, wit, irony, biting sarcasm, and above all, stern denun ciation and argument. The masses were with Mr. Hill, and his influence was tremendous. His agitation did much to make the reconstruction policy farcical, so far as the majority of the citi zens were concerned, and he was undoubtedly an element of dis turbance to the carpet-bag regime. General Pope was so much disturbed by the powerful opposition of Hill, and his anti-recon struction compeers, that he wrote a letter explaining the neces sity and purposes of the Sherman law. The following extracts are taken from one of Mr. Hill's Atlanta speeches, delivered at Davis Hall during the summer of 1867:
"Human governments, like everything else human, naturally tend to decay. They can only be preserved by constant watch fulness, courage and adherence to correct principles. . . . There is no difficulty whatever in discovering when and how a na tion is dying. The great symptom of decay of government is a disregard of the fundamental law of said government. When ever, a people come to treat lightly the fundamental law of their own government, they have arrived at the most dangerous point that is possible, short of entire destruction. Republics, above all forms of government, are maintained by respect for law. if the people of the United States fail to have a sacred regard for their own law--which is not like that of other nations, to be ascertained by argument, by decisions or by searching, but it is a plain writ ten constitution--they will deserve the awful fate that awaits them, and he who disregards its plain language has no excuse to shield himself from the infamies of a traitor.
"I charge before heaven and the American people this day, that every evil by which we have been afflicted is attributable di rectly to the violation of the constitution. Tinkers may work,

Benjamin iH. Hill

48

Atlanta And Its Builders

quacks may prescribe, and demagogues may deceive, but I declare to you there is no remedy for us, and no hope to escape the threat ened evils but in adherence to the constitution.
"A difference of opinion as to the right of a State to secede from the Union, brought on the war, which resulted in the success of the North; but now a new issue is upon us. It is not a differ ence of opinion as to what the constitution means, but its object is to set aside the constitution and to substitute something else. That tottering, gray-haired candidate of Pennsylvania, for per petual infamy, who is building for himself a monument of ma lignity that will overtop the pyramids of Egypt, said the constitu tion had nothing to do with it. A great many of our own people say the constitution is dead. Now I affirm that these military acts are not only contrary to the constitution, but directly in the face of the amnesty oath which you were required to take after the surrender. ....
"Some of you who favor the acceptance of the military bills take an oath to this effect, and still intend to vote for a convention which you admit to be contrary to the constitution. How is this? If you have a conscience, I have said enough. If you vote for the convention you are perjured. Oh, I pity the race of the colored people, who have never been taught what an oath is, nor what the constitution means. They are drawn up by a selfish conclave of traitors to inflict a death blow on the life of the repub lic by swearing them to a falsehood. They are to begin their political life by perjury to accomplish treason. I would not visit the penalty upon them. They are neither legally nor morally responsible, but it is you--educated designing white men--who thus devote yourselves to the unholy work, who are the guilty parties. You prate about your loyalty. I look you in the eye and denounce you. You are, legally and morally perjured traitors. You perjure yourselves and perjure the poor negro to help your treason. You can't escape it. You may boast of it now while passion is rife. But the time will come when every thought will wither your soul, and make you hide from the face of mankind. I shall discharge the obligation of the amnesty oath. It required me to support the constitution and the emanci pation of the negro, and I do. I will not bind my soul to a new

The "Carpet-Bag" Era

49

slavery--to hell, by violating it. I talk plainly, but I simply want to strike the incrustation of hardened consciences and make men feel and realize their true situation. By all you hold dear, I warn you, that by accepting the military bills, you inaugurate a measure that will exterminate the African race. Some of you who have come among us have taken the negro by the arm, telling him that you are his friend, and that you gave him his liberty. Ye hypocrites! Ye whited sepulchres! You mean in your heart to deceive, and to buy up the negro vote for your own bene fit. The negroes know no better. But I would ask them, If these men are faithless to the constitution of the country, how can they be faithful to you?' They are not fit to be trusted by any animal, dog or man. They are not capable of being the friends of anybody but themselves. I don't pity the whites so much, who are to suffer by these measures. You knew what your duty was, and you did it not, and if you are beaten by many stripes we have the authority of Scripture for saying that your punish ment is just. But oh, it is sad to see that constitution trampled under foot and the country destroyed, only to perpetuate their hellish dynasty, and to see some of our own people join in this unholy work, calling upon us to submit and become the agents of our own dishonor! This is sad, sorrowful, and fills me with shame. Oh, how sorry a creature is the man who cannot stand for the truth when the country is in danger! There never was such an opportunity as now for a man to show of what stuff he is made. How can you go about the streets and say: 'All is wrong, but I cannot help it!' You want courage; you are a coward. You lack courage to tell the truth. You would sell your birthright for a temporary mess of pottage, even for a little bit of a judgeship or a bureau officer's place."
By the provisions of a general order issued by General Pope on the 21st of May, 1867, the state senatorial districts were adopt ed as the election districts, and the counties of Fulton, Cobb and Clayton therefore composed the thirty-fifth election district. The two white registrars appointed for this district were Henry G. Cole, of Marietta, and C. W. Lee, of Jonesboro. The city of Atlanta had a special board composed of Dr. Joseph Thompson and T. M. Robinson. The completed registry in the city was:
4-2

50

Atlanta And Its Builders

First ward--white, 523, colored, 396; second ward--white, 280, colored, 200; third ward--white, 181, colored, 203; fourth ward --white, 343, colored, 521; fifth ward--white, 438, colored, 281; total white registry, 1,765; total colored registry, 1,621; grand total, 3,386. The registry in the district was: Fulton county-- white, 2,419, colored, 1,920, total, 4,339. Cobb county--white, 1,648, colored, 573, total 2,221. Clayton county--white, 553, colored, 219, total, 772. The total district registration, there fore, was 7,332, of which number 4,620 were whites and 2,712 blacks.
By virtue of a call of the executive committee of the Con servative Union party, a mass convention was held in Atlanta on the 12th of October, 1867, for the purpose of choosing delegates to the district convention called to convene in the city of Atlanta on the 19th of the same month. After the selection of Charles Latimer as chairman and Dr. Charles Pinckney as secretary, a committee of five was named by the chair, on motion, to nominate delegates to the convention in question. The names of thirtyfour delegates were reported. On motion, the following reso lution of the Conservative Union executive committee, adopted at a meeting held at Atlanta on the 7th of the same month, was adopted and considered as a part of the proceedings of the meet ing:
"Resolved, That the citizens of Clayton, Cobb and Fulton counties, who are opposed to a state convention and the recon struction of Georgia under the 'Sherman-Shellabarger' bills, and supplements, are invited to send delegates to the district conven tion, in the city of Atlanta, on Saturday, October I9th, for the purpose of nominating seven candidates to represent said coun ties in a state convention called by Brevet Major-General Pope, U. S. A."
A supplementary resolution was adopted with enthusiasm, congratulating and sending greeting "To the gallant Democracy of Pennsylvania and Ohio for their great victories and noble de fence of the sublime principles of constitutional liberty."
On October iQth the district convention met in Atlanta in conformity to the call, and organized by electing Judge Echols, chairman, and Henry Hillyer, secretary. The speeches made were

. . .
-'.-'. } '
I . 1 } ;
" "'^' "''' - : / r \"''lA.i
James F, Alexander

Atlanta And Its Builders
bitterly denunciatory of the Federal reconstruction, and the ticket nominated was designated "the anti-convention, anti-reconstruc tion, anti-radical ticket." Delegates were nominated as follows to the "so-called" state convention, "should such a body be called by the voice of the people of Georgia to assemble:" J. B. Key, of Clayton county; W. T. Winn and Daniel R. Turner, of Cobb county, and James P. Hambleton, E. M. Taliaferro, T. T. Smith and James E. Gullatt, of Fulton county.
The election began on October 29th, 1867, and continued until sundown on the 3Oth, when the registrars received an order from GeneralPope to keep the poles open until 6 o'clock p. m., November 2d. The general stated in the order that the exten sion of time was made necessary by the fact that owing to delays in voting, many citizens would be deprived of the privilege of suf frage unless they were given more time to deposit their ballots. He said he took this action upon the recommendation of a ma jority of the registrars.
General Pope issued his order for the meeting of the state convention to frame a constitution and inaugurate a civil govern ment for Georgia, on the ipth of November, 1867, as provided by the act of congress. When framed by the convention, the constitution was to be submitted to the registered voters for rati fication.
In the meantime, the "anti-radicals" were active in their opposition to the reconstruction programme. They called a state convention to meet at Macon, on December 5th, "to save Georgia from negro domination and radical rule." The adherents of the conservative party in Atlanta met in mass meeting at the city hall on the 23d of November, to nominate delegates to the Macon convention. Judge Jared I. Whittaker was chosen as chairman, and Dr. Charles Pinckney, secretary. A resolution was intro duced by Col. T. T. Smith, providing for the appointment of a committee of five to nominate twenty delegates to the Macon con vention. The nominating committee, which consisted of John Thomas, John C. Whitner, Dr. James F. Alexander, John M. Clark and Judge Echols, returned thirty names instead of twenty, as provided in the resolution, and their action was approved by the meeting.

CHAPTER III
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
The constitutional convention met in conformity to the call of General Pope, on December 9th, in the city hall at Atlanta. When the temporary organization was effected the first day with J. L. Dunning as chairman and Walter L. Gift secretary, 130 delegates presented their credentials--108 white and 22 colored. There were 140 delegates present on the second day, when J. R. Parrott was elected permanent chairman; P. M. Sheibly, perma nent secretary, A. E. Marshall, assistant secretary; M. J. Hinton, sergeant-at-arms; William H. De Lyons (colored), doorkeeper, and a colored man of the name of Campbell, messenger. Colonel R. B. Bullock offered a resolution that a committee of seven be appointed by the president to wait upon General Pope and advise him that in obedience to general orders No. 89 the constitutional convention was assembled and organized, and invited him to address the body. General Pope was escorted into the hall by the committee and made a brief address on the requirements of the situation, and wishing the convention success in its respon sible task. The speech was received with much applause.
On December 28th, 1867, General Pope was removed from his command, and Major-General George G. Meade, the Union commander at Gettysburg, appointed to succeed him. General Pope left Atlanta on the 2d of January, 1868, accompanied by his family and two members of his staff. Quite a demonstration of friendliness on the part of the citizens attended his departure, several hundred people accompanying him to the depot and cheer ing as the train moved out. A band from the post, and all the post officers, helped to make the general's departure impressive. General Meade put in his appearance four days later, in the com pany of three staff officers--General R. C. Drum, Colonel George
53

54

Atlanta And Its Builders

Meade and Colonel C. D. Emory. He was accorded as hearty a welcome as General Pope upon his arrival in Atlanta, and en tered at once upon the discharge of his duties.
This change was made during the holiday adjournment of the constitutional convention. There had been much dissatis faction with General Pope's methods of administration, and it was represented to President Johnson by some of the most influ ential citizens of Georgia that reconstruction could be accom plished more speedily and with much less friction under a differ ent commanding officer. It was not urged against General Pope that he was tyrannical or unduly arbitrary by nature, but that he was too easily influenced by unscrupulous upstart politicians who had no interests or sympathies in common with the people of Georgia. The ring that Pope surrounded himself with was in the highest degree odious to the better element of citizenship. Still, much of the opposition to General Pope undoubtedly had as its basis opposition to the policy he had been sent south to enforce, and the prime movers who effected his removal were mainly the political enemies of the dominant national party. There can be no doubt but that President Johnson was in sympathy with the majority element of the states subjected to the harsh measures of reconstruction, and lent a compliant ear to the many complaints and charges brought against General Pope. When, at length, he transferred the obnoxious officer to a different field of service, there was much rejoicing in Georgia, and better things were pre dicted of the Meade administration. As has been stated, the constitutional convention which convened in Atlanta upon the or der of General Pope, remained in session a very brief time before adjourning over the holidays, and in the interim the change of commanders was made. One of the last official acts of General Pope was to order State Treasurer John Jones to pay to N. L. Angier, disbursing officer of the constitutional convention, the sum of $40,000 which it had voted itself for the payment of its expenses. General Pope's order was dated December 20, 1867, and Treasurer Jones responded on the next day declining to pay the amount because he was "forbidden to pay money out of the treasury except on the warrant of the governor and the sanction of the comptroller-general, and having entered into heavy bonds

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for the faithful performance of the duties so prescribed." General Pope's removal came so soon after the issuance of the order that he took no action with reference to the matter, but left the settle ment to his successor, General Meade.
This action of the constitutional convention was vehemently denounced by the conservative element in the state, and General Pope came in for a large share of the criticism. During the last few weeks of his administration he had been the target for much newspaper and forensic abuse, and to judge from the anathemas hurled at him, the Northern student of the Southern situation must have thought Georgia was about to draw her sword again in the defense of state rights. In Atlanta there was no little illfeeling toward General Pope. On the 4th of January a number of citizens who were dissatisfied with the general's administration of his office met in mass meeting and adopted a preamble and series of resolutions with reference to the manner in which the duties of the commanding general of this military district should be performed, in part as follows: "His (General Pope's) in dorsement of the action of the so-called State convention, and its attempts to draw from the public treasury $40,000 to defray the expenses of said unconstitutional assemblage, conceived as it was in fraud and brought forth in iniquity, is a direct violation of the act of Congress which prescribes the mode and manner of their payment, and at the risk of prostituting the credit, and to the dis honor of the State; and hence it is he was surrounded while in this city by evil counsellors in civil life to whom he lent a listening ear, and whose thirst for office influenced them to counsel to fur ther oppression and degradation of our people, in order that they might fatten on the spoils thereof; therefore, be it
Resolved, That this meeting, composed of conservative citi zens of Fulton county, do hereby tender their acknowledgments to President Andrew Johnson for the removal of Brevet MajorGeneral John Pope from the command of the Third Military Dis trict.
"Resolved, That while this meeting is unalterably opposed to the military acts of Congress, under which it is proposed to 're construct* the Southern States, and while it disclaims any wish (were it possible) to influence the action of Major-General George G. Meade, politically or otherwise, yet it can but express its grati-

Atlanta And Its Builders
tude that our people shall have in him, as military commander of this district, a gentleman and a soldier, who, we have reason to believe, will uphold and not destroy the civil government of the state; who will respect and not trample under foot the civil laws he may find in force, and who will restore those set aside by his predecessor, who will guarantee freedom from fraud and corrup tion in registrars, managers or voters, in any future elections, registrations that may be held under said military acts; and who will tolerate, in its fullest extent, freedom of speech and of the press in the discussion of the great questions affecting the pres ent and future welfare of the people of Georgia.
"Resolved, That entertaining these views with reference to General Meade and the course he will pursue in the administra tion of this office, we welcome him to our city and trust he will continue his headquarters at Atlanta, as commander of the Third Military District."
The next resolution provided that a committee be appointed to formally welcome General Meade to Atlanta and present him with a copy of the resolutions. The resolutions provided for sending a copy to the president of the United States. The com mittee of seven provided for in the foregoing resolutions had a very pleasant interview with the new commander, and the impres sion he made on the people of Atlanta who met him the first few days Was a favorable one.
On the 8th of January the constitutional convention recon vened in the city hall, with a full attendance of delegates. There was a feeling that the removal of General Pope would have a ten dency to make the body more conservative and more amenable to "old-line" influences. Delegate Clift introduced an important ordinance the first day, the object of which was to express the sense of the convention as to the relations of a state to the central government.. The ordinance in question was as follows:
"WHEREAS, In times past the opinion gained currencey that all persons residing in and subject to the laws of Georgia, owed allegiance to the government thereof, and that that allegiance was paramount and superior to any duty or obligation to support the government of the United States, and
"WHEREAS, Said opinion is incorrect, ruinous, and product ive of evil,.therefore, wo, the people of Georgia, in convention

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assembled, do ordain and declare that our first allegiance is due to the government of the United States, and that no authority does exist, has ever existed, or can exist among us or in us, capa ble of dissolving us from our allegiance to the government of the United States."
Ex-Governor Brown was a leader of the conformist wing of true Georgians. On the Qth of January he was invited by resolution to address the convention, which he did with his char acteristic eloquence and mental acumen. Among other things he said:
"The opposition is led by some of the most sagacious states men of this country, who will profit by any mistake you make. It is true, some of its assumed leaders are unprincipled, unscrupu lous demagogues, who have great powers of declamation, but no judgment, and who have always led every party, which has fol lowed them, to destruction. Such men, conscious of their own moral obliquity and dishonesty, naturally suppose all others as unprincipled as themselves, and denounce all who differ from them as knaves, fools or corrupt traitors. Such men will spare no pains, willfully, to mislead and deceive the people both as to your motives and your acts. Having been on all sides of all political questions, they have no pride of character, and no love of the truth, and care nothing for principle or for the peace of the country if they can but get office."
With reference to negro suffrage and the fear that the negro would rule the State of Georgia, Governor Brown said: "But those who affirm that we are to have negro government, have not even the pretext of numbers to sustain them. Take the regis tered voters under the Shernian bill, and the whites have two thousand majority. There are from the best estimates we can make about five thousand to ten thousand disfranchised. Put these numbers together and you have about fifteen thousand majority of white men. Now, my friends, you say we have superiority of race, intellect, education, experience, property, that we are superior to the negro race in all the elements necessary to constitute the governing class. The reconstruction acts give them the right to vote, but not to hold office; then tell me we are to have negro gov ernment under the Congressional plan of reconstruction with all

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Atlanta And Its Builders

these advantages, sustained by fifteen thousand majority! The idea is simply ridiculous. The dishonest demagogues who use it are of the same class who denounce universal, indiscriminate white suffrage for having destroyed the peace and prosperity of the country, and saddled upon an innocent and unborn posterity bur dens too grievous to be borne. The objection with them, when we look to the bottom of it, is not stronger against negro suf frage than it is against universal suffrage. They are opposed to both. Their doctrine is that the few--the true aristocracy-- should rule, and that the ignorant mass, as they regard them, should have nothing to do with government but to obey its behests. It is the old doctrine, that only those born of the aristrocacy should govern. It is the few supplying the government to the many. But in this era it will be a failure," etc.
In defense of General Pope, Governor Brown said that the general had not, as charged, "gerrymandered" the State so as to give it over to negro domination, and that the editors and speakers who had made so much fuss over that question, and who had done General Pope so much injustice, should put their heads to gether, and with the acts of Congress as their guide, which Gen eral Pope was obliged to obey, and the basis of representation established by the laws, and take the map of Georgia and lay the State off in the proper number of election districts composed of contiguous territory into anything like reasonable shape, and do more justice between the races than was done by General Pope, in adopting the senatorial districts as the election districts. His opinion was that it could not have been done.
How much of an improvement General Meade was over General Pope, in the estimation of the "anti-radicals," can be judged by his removal of the governor and treasurer of the State of Georgia from office, by virtue of the power of military law. The difficulty was over the old matter of paying the expenses of the constitutional convention. January 7th, 1868, General Meade addressed a letter to Provisional Governor Jenkins, re questing, or, rather, commanding him, to draw a warrant on the state treasurer for the sum of $40,000, to defray the necessary expenses of the constitutional convention, which Treasurer Jones had declined to do under the administration of General Pope, al leging as the reason for his refusal that the constitution under

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which he took his oath of office did not permit such action on his part, without a warrant from the governor, and the approval of the comptroller-general. Governor Jenkins answered the letter of the military commander on the loth, to the effect that after careful consideration, and the clearest conviction of duty, he must respectfully decline to comply with the request, for in complying he would be guilty of deliberately violating the state constitution of 1865, and the constitution of the United States as well Gen eral Meade replied tartly to Governor Jenkins, under date of the I3th, informing him that his action made it incumbent upon him to remove Governor Jenkins from his office, as his refusal to issue the necessary warrant, as requested, was palpably an ob struction of the reconstruction laws. At the same time he re moved State Treasurer Jones. The order under which these two high officials were removed and their places filled by officers of the United States army, is as follows:

"HEADQUARTERS THIRD MILITARY DISTRICT,

"DEPT. GA., ALA. AND FLA.,

"General Order No. 8: ATLANTA, GA., January 13, 1868.

1 "I. Charles J. Jenkins, provisional governor, and John

Jones, provisional treasurer of the State of Georgia, having de

clined to respect the instructions of, and failed to co-operate with

the major-general commanding the Third Military District, are

hereby removed from office.

"II. By virtue of the authority granted by the Supplement

ary Reconstruction Act of Congress, passed July 19, 1867, the

following named officers are detailed for duty in the district of

Georgia: Brevet Brigadier-General Thomas H. Ruger, colonel

Thirty-third Infantry, to be governor of the State of Georgia;

Brevet Captain Charles F. Rockwell, Ordinance Corps, U. S.

Army, to be treasurer of the State of Georgia.

"III. The above named officers will proceed without de

lay to Milledgeville, Ga., and enter upon the discharge of the

duties devolving upon them, subject to instructions from these

headquarters. By order of

GENERAL MEADE.

[Official]

R. C. DRUM, Assistant Adjt. General.

GEORGE K. SANDERSON, Capt. and Act. Asst. Adjt.-General.

6o

Atlanta And Its Builders

A protest went up from the "Conservative Democracy" that echoed throughout the length and breadth of Georgia. The newspapers and publicists of this faction turned upon General Meade with all the fury of invective at their command--and such men as Hill and Toombs were at no loss for sulphurous ad jectives. General Meade did not go out of his way to placate the anti-reconstructionists, but asserted in defense of his action that he had no alternative as a faithful public officer but to en force the organic act of congress, so long as Georgia was not re stored to her former place in the Union. Historian Avery, re ferring to the manner in which General Pope and Meade per formed their unpleasant duties during the reconstruction period, says:
"To their credit be it said that generally they wielded their authority with respect to old usages and established rights; and where they broke over the conventional forms they did it under the soldiers' spirit of obedience to orders. They were directed to enforce the reconstruction measures, and they did it to the letter.''
Governor Jenkins, upon his removal from office by General Meade, went to Washington, carrying the great seal of the State, and about $400,000 of money, which was placed in New York, to pay the public debt. He filed a bill complaining that Ulysses S. Grant of Illinois, George G. Meade of Pennsylvania, Thomas H. Ruger of Wisconsin, and C. F. Rockwell of Vermont, had illegally seized the State's property and imprisoned the State treasurer, and asked an injunction of said parties from further spoliation.
In the winter of 1867-8, at the height of the reconstruction excitement, a young men's Democratic club was organized in At lanta, with Hon. E. F. Hoge as president. The movement at tracted a representative and vigorous following, and the club was looked to by the old-school Democracy to keep the rising generation of Georgians free from radical contamination. There was no danger of perversion, however, to judge from the con stitution and by-laws adopted by the organization. The club went enthusiastically to work to secure the best speakers and take practical, systematic measures to solidify the Democrats of Georgia against carpet-bagism and the wrongs of reconstruction.

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The Young Men's Democratic Club held a meeting on March loth, 1868, in Davis Hall, at which Hon. B. H. Hill de livered one of his characteristic anti-radical addresses. Wallace P. Reed says of the speech: "At the beginning he employed a very fine analogy, comparing the current of politics to the Niag ara river, calm and peaceful for a distance, then changing to the rapids, and at last to the precipitous descent." Mr. Hill said in part:
"The issue is wholly changed. It had ceased to be a con stitutional question. The issue now pressing is one of actual political life and of social domination. Nothing more startles the man of thought, nothing more startles the reader of history, than the giddiness with which the people are riding the rapids to destruction, almost unconscious of what awaits them. The great difficulty of the times is this: The people have no regard for the truth. They have no love for it, not a particle. I rather think you think more of deception than you do of truth, and that is the reason why so much deception is practiced. The church and society are all at fault. The people are at fault upon this question. Why, it has not only grown into a habit, but it has become a maxim that it is no harm to tell a lie in politics. My friends, a political lie is the worst of all lies, and ought to be held more infamous than all others.
"I deny that the time has yet come when it is necessary for a man to stand up before an intelligent audience and argue the con stitutionality of the question now sought to be thrust upon you. There is no man who does not need a guardian, but knows they are unconstitutional, and you know it. The question is not as to whether you understand it, but whether you have virtue enough to do what you know is right. And, people of Georgia, the issue is made. You are to be called upon to determine whether you will have truth or falsehood. I know that now, and indeed for many years back, the air has been full of policy, policy, policy; the making of this bargain, and that bargain I will venture now to say, and I hope I shall 'offend nobody, though indeed I do not care if I do, in telling the truth, that there are over fifty men this day in Atlanta, who have come here to see if they can not have some office from one party or the other. I

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Atlanta And Its Builders

have been speaking to them for the past two days, and so many of them, too, that I begin to think I almost cease to be respectable. Belonging to no party, I support that party which I think is right, and that party to-day is represented by these young men--the Young Men's Democratic Club. I deem it my duty to come be fore you to-day, and put on record for posterity my views of the constitution, which is framed for your support, and the reasons why I deem it, and declare it, infamous, etc., etc.
"I am not going over the old argument which I had the honor to present to an audience in this same hall, at an earlier period in our history, by which I proved that the authority which authorized this matter was originally unconstitutional and void. I say so still, and every man knows that it is. Everybody knows that the convention assembled here to frame a constitution for the people of Georgia, had no more authority to do so than had my young friend sitting here. But even if the original author ity were absolutely valid, everybody knows that the convention was not called by an honest vote. I say it was falsely counted, and you know it. I say it was fraudulently managed, and you know it. But put all that by, a convention illegally called, and falsely authorized., is enough to justify an honest man in con demning its action, whatever that action may be."
On March nth, 1868, the constitutional convention ad journed, but before it dissolved it resolved itself into a nominat ing convention and named Rufus B. Bullock as its candidate for gubernatorial honors. A grand ratification meeting was held by the "radicals" a few nights later, and the campaign was in augurated with a bitterness of feeling never before equalled be tween opposing political parties in Georgia. The Democrats, or "Conservatives," nominated that gallant Confederate Gen eral, John B. Gordon, after first consulting General Meade as to his eligibility to hold the office, if elected. General Meade gave as his opinion that General Gordon was eligible, and he was accordingly nominated. Three days were occupied in the election--April 20, 21, 22. The vote in Fulton county (includ ing Atlanta, the vote of which could not be ascertained), was, on the question of ratifying the constitution: for, 2,229; against, 2,019. For governor: Bullock, 1,914; Gordon, 2,357. For

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congressman: Adkins, 1,958; Young, 2,193. Bullock was de clared elected, and the reconstructionists were in high feather.
Governor Bullock was inaugurated, with Georgia literally at the point of Federal bayonets, and his first official act was to issue a proclamation convening the legislature, as follows:
"Under authority granted by an act of congress, entitled 'An Act to Admit the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Florida to Representation in Congress/ which this day becomes a law, the persons who were elected members of the General Assembly of the State, at an elec tion held on the 2oth, 2ist, 22d and 23d days of April last, and who are eligible to office under said act, are hereby notified to convene in the city of Atlanta, at 12 m. on Saturday, the 4th day of July next."
Wallace P. Reed gives the following interesting account of the first meeting of the .legislature under the reconstruction regime:
"The legislature convened according to this proclamation, and on the 2ist of the same month, Governor Bullock transmitted to them a message containing a communication from General Meacle, stating that inasmuch as the two houses of the general assembly had complied with his communication of the 8th in stant, with respect to the eligibility of its members, under the act of congress and the fourteenth article constitutional amend ment, he had no further opposition to make to their proceeding to the business for which they had been called together. He said that he had considered the two houses properly organized since the i8th inst.
"Governor Bullock stated to the Legislature, that, accord ing to the act of congress to admit certain states to the Union, passed June 25, 1868, the legislature was required to ratify the amendment to the constitution, proposed by the Thirty-ninth congress, and known as the fourteenth article, and by solemn public act to declare the assent of the state to that portion of said act of congress which makes null and void the first and third subdivisions of section seventeen of the fifth article of the state constitution, except the proviso to the first subdivision, before the state could be entitled to representation in congress as a state

r

64

Atlanta And Its Builders

of the Union. Both houses of the legislature therefore passed the following resolution:
"Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives, that the amendment to the constitution of the United States, known as article fourteen, proposed hy the Thirty-ninth congress, which is as follows, [here followed the amendment] : be and hereby is ratified by the State of Georgia. The vote upon this resolution was as follows: Senate, for, 28, against, 14; House, for, 89, against, 69.
On the next day, July 22, Governor Bullock was inaugurated in the hall of the House of Representatives. Governor Bullock said that through the clemency of the general government, under the fostering care and protection of which they had assembled, they were permitted to inaugurate a civil government that would supersede the military power, which had been supreme in this State since the failure of an attempt to establish the sovereignty of separate States in opposition to the constitution of the Union framed by the people of the United States. At the close of Gov ernor Bullock's inaugural, Judge Erskine administered the oath of office, and then Benjamin Conley, president of the Senate, read the following proclamation:
"Know ye, know ye, that Rufus B. Bullock is hereby de clared governor of the State of Georgia, for the term of four years from the date prescribed by the constitution, for the com mencement of his term. God save the governor and the com monwealth of Georgia!"
Some little applause followed this announcement, after which a voice from the end of the chamber was heard above everything else with the exclamation, "Go it, niggers!" which created quite a sensation.
Thus was Georgia restored to the Union. There was a meeting at the National Hotel that evening, at which Governor Bullock made a neat speech, and General Meade expressed his satisfaction that the State had been restored. It was on this day that the proceedings of the military commission were sus pended, and the Columbus prisoners sent to Columbus.
It still remained to elect two representatives to the Congress of the United States, which was done on the 29th of July. The

The Constitutional Convention
Hon. Joshua Hill was elected for the long term by a vote of no to 94 for Joseph E. Brown; and Dr. H. V. M. Miller was chosen for the short term by a vote of 119, to 73 for Foster Blodgett, 13 for Seward, and 7 for Ackerman. In commenting on this ac tion of the Legislature, the Intelligencer said the results were glorious.
The city of Atlanta was full of excitement and congratula tions over the selection of these two distinguished gentlemen to Congress. An immense crowd gathered in front of the United States Hotel, and were addressed by Hon. Joshua Hill, Dr. Mil ler, General John B. Gordon, Hon. Warren Akin, Colonel Cowart and Hon. A. W. Holcombe.
At the election held for president of the United States, No vember 3, 1868, the vote in Atlanta was as follows: For Horatio Seymour, 2,455; fr U. S. Grant, 2,443. ^n Fulton county the vote was: for Seymour, 2,812; for Grant, 2,474.
One of the episodes of the reconstruction era was the mur der of G. W. Ashburn, of Columbus, Ga., in Columbus, March 31, 1868. Ashburn was a native of North Carolina, had been in Georgia fully thirty years, and was a member of the Constitu tional convention. The murder created considerable excitement throughout the State. The military took the matter in hand, and arrested on suspicion William R. Bedell, Columbus C. Bedell, James W. Barber, Alva C. Roper, William L. Cash, William D. Chipley, Robert A. Ennis, Elisha J. Kirkscey, Thomas N. Grimes, Wade H. Stephens, John Wells (colored), John Stap ler (colored) and James McHenry (colored). All parties were released on bail in the sum of $2,500 each, some four hundred citizens of Columbus, of both races, going on the bond.
The military court organized to try them convened in At lanta, June 29, 1868, McPherson Barracks being the place of the trial. The military court consisted of Brigadier-General Caleb C. Sibley, colonel Sixteenth Infantry; Brevet Brigadier-General Elisha G. Marshall, II. S. A.; Brevet Brigadier-General John J. Milliau, surgeon U. S. A.; Brevet Colonel John R. Lewis, major Forty-fourth Infantry; Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Robert E. A. Crofton, captain Sixteenth Infantry; Brevet Major Samuel E. St. Onge, captain Sixteenth Infantry; Brevet Captain George M.

66

Atlanta And Its Builders

Brayton, captain Thirty-third Infantry; Brevet Major-General William McKee Dunn, assistant judge advocate-general of the United States army, was appointed judge advocate of the com mission. The council for defense was composed of Alexander H. Stephens, L. J. Gartrell, James M. Smith, J. N. Ramsey, Martin J. Crawford, H. L. Benning and R. J. Moses. The prose cution was conducted by Brigadier-General W. M. Dunn, ev-Governor Joseph E. Brown, and Major W. M. Smyth. Following are the charges and specifications upon which the prisoners were arrested and tried, but it will be seen that there were those named in the specifications who were not named as among those arrest ed and giving bonds, and some of those who were arrested were among those tried on the charge. Charges and specifications against Elisha J. Kirkscey, Columbus C. Bedell, James W. Bar ker, William A. Duke, Robert Hudson, William D. Chipley, Alva C. Roper, James L. Wiggins, Robert A. Wood, Henry Hennis, Herbert W. Blair and Milton Malon. Charge--mur der. Specifications--In this, that the said (persons above named) on March 3ist, 1868, in the city of Columbus, in the county of Muscogee, State of Georgia, in and upon one George W. Ashburn, then and there in the peace of the State, feloniously and willfully, did make an assault, and did then and there felon iously, unlawfully, and with malice aforethought, discharge pis tols loaded with powder and leaden balls at said George W. Ashburn, and with said balls, discharged as aforesaid, did wound the said George W. Ashburn in the left leg above and near the ankle joint, and with said balls, discharged as aforesaid, did wound the said George W. Ashburn in the lower part of the nates; and with said balls, discharged as aforesaid, did wound the said George W. Ashburn in the forehead, and which said wound in flicted as aforesaid in the forehead was mortal, and of which said mortal wound inflicted in manner and form as aforesaid, the said George W. Ashburn did then and there die; and the said (per sons named above), in manner and form aforesaid, feloniously, unlawfully, willfully, and of their malice aforethought, did then and there kill and murder, contrary to the laws of this State, good order, peace and dignity thereof. These charges and specifications were signed by W. H. Smyth, Captain Sixteenth Infantry, and Brevet Major-General U. S. A.

The Constitutional Convention

67

At the request of Mr. Stephens, a postponement was grant ed until June 30. On this day the trial began by the riling by Mr. Stephens, for each of the prisoners, an answer in plea to the charge and specifications, each pleading that he was not guilty of the crime set forth in the charge and specification. But in putting in this answer and plea as in their statement, they said they had no personal objection to any member of the court before its organization, and they repeated that they did not wish to be understood as admitting the rightful jurisdiction of the court, constituted and organized as it was, under the rules and articles of war, to try offenses according to the 'customs of war, to take charge of the trial of offenses against the laws of Georgia. The trial, however, proceeded, and on the twentieth day thereof an order was received by the court from General Meade, suspend ing further proceedings until orders should be received. On July 25, 1868, the prisoners were taken to Columbus, Ga., under guard, and there turned over to Captain Mills. They were shortly afterward released on $20,000 bail, the bond being in tended to secure their attendance at court, should any charge be brought up against them in the future. Nothing further was ever done in their case.
An incident in the history of Atlanta is worthy of preserva tion in this connection, as it belonged to the reconstruction era. It was what appeared to some as an earnest attempt to erect in or near the city of Atlanta, a monument to the memory of Abra ham Lincoln, then lately murdered in Washington by John Wilkes Booth. On the 2Oth of September, 1867, J. L. Dun ning, as president of the Lincoln National Monument Associa tion, presented a memorial to the city council, together with a verbal explanation of what it was expected and intended to ac complish, with reference to the erection of a monument to Presi dent Abraham Lincoln in Atlanta. Richard Peters moved that the memorial be referred to a special committee to be appointed by the mayor. The motion prevailing, the mayor appointed as such committee Richard Peters, E. E. Raw son and A. W. Mitchell. At the next meeting of the council, which occurred on the 27th of the same month, the special committee, to whom had been referred the memorial of the Lincoln National Monu
ment Association, submitted the following report:

68

Atlanta And Its Builders

"To the Honorable Mayor and Council:

"Your special committee, to whom was referred the memo

rial of the Lincoln National Monument Association, respectfully

recommend the city to appropriate ten acres of land for the use

of the association, and for a city park, so soon as the mayor and

council shall be satisfied of the ability of the association to carry

out in good faith, the erection of a monument, and the improve

ment of the grounds in accordance with the scale of expenditure,

viz., $750,000 to $1,000,000, proposed in the verbal statement

made to the council by J. L. Dunning, president of the associa

tion.

Respectfully,

"R. PETERS,

"E. E. RAWSON,

"A. W. MITCHELL,

"Committee."

A motion was then made to adopt the report of the commit tee, upon which Mr. Gullatt demanded the ayes and nays. The result of the aye and nay vote was as follows: Ayes, Richard Peters, A. W. Mitchell, E. E. Rawson, W. B. Cox, J. A. Hayden and E. W. Holland. Nays, Messrs. Gullatt, Anderson, Terry and Castleberry.
The council adopted the report not with the expectation that the monument would ever be erected, because they were fully satisfied in their own minds that the amount of money spoken of in connection with the enterprise, $1,000,000, could never be raised, but because, the question once having been brought to their attention, they preferred in this way to put a quietus upon the matter without subjecting themselves to harsh criticism from the friends of the reconstruction of the State of Georgia. Their judgment as to the ability of the association to raise money proved to be correct, and the troublesome question
never was revived.

P1*"
ci.
CHAPTER IV
ATLANTA FROM 1870 TO l88o
The compiler of this work is indebted to Col E. Y. Clarke's valuable little history of Atlanta for many of the facts contained in this chapter. This author deals exhaustively in personal movements during the period indicated in the foregoing title, and as the city waxes greater and early memories grow dim, it is well to preserve such interesting reminiscences.
By 1870, Atlanta--whatever may be said of Georgia--was pretty well "reconstructed." Atlanta had reason to feel rather kindly toward the reconstructionists, for the city was their head quarters during the period of military rule, and after the civil machinery was in motion, the capital of the state was perma nently located in Atlanta.
The beginning of the decade of which this chapter treats witnessed unprecedented activity in Atlanta. The town was booming, to borrow a westernism, and real estate in desirable localities was held at fancy figures and transfers made on that basis. One of the finest buildings of a public nature erected at this time was the De Give opera house, now known as the Colum bia theatre. Atlanta was immensely proud of her new opera house, which Forrest, Booth and other great actors who have re tired from life's stage, pronounced unsurpassed in acoustic prop erties. With the grandeur of De Give's grand opera house be fore us, the following description of what was regarded as the finest play-house of the early '70*8 in the South, taken from an illustrated pamphlet on Atlanta of that period, will interest many:
"From the days of the Roman and Grecian amphitheatres, when the plaudits of the people greeted the productions of the ancient playwrights, the stage has occupied an historical place in
69

Atlanta And Its Builders
the annals of nations. The names and works of men who have become eminent in the world of letters from Sophocles to Shakspeare, have been perpetuated not more by the intrinsic merit of their genius, than by the influence and popularity of the theatres and the effective presentation of their drama. There is as much ability, good judgment and business knowledge requisite in the management of a first-class opera house, so called in modern nomenclature, as in any other business pursuit in life. Most cities in Europe and in this country of any metropolitan preten sions consider an opera house a necessary institution, and one of the best evidences of culture and refinement, and a certain indi cation of commercial progress and wealth. Among Atlanta's public buildings the opera house occupies the place of honor in the front rank. It is at once a credit and an ornament to the city, and is regarded by its citizens with justifiable pride. The house was built in 1869, and remodeled and enlarged in 1871. It was again enlarged and the front of the building changed in 1882. The interior arrangements are admirable. The audi torium is divided into parquette, balcony and gallery, and has a seating capacity of 2,000. The seats are comfortable, and the decorations elegant and attractive. The stage is complete in all its appointments, its area being 37x67 feet. The dressing rooms are nine in number, supplied with every convenience, water, gas, etc. The building is four stories high, and has a frontage on Marietta street of 100 feet, extending back on Forsyth street 105 feet. It is disconnected with any other building on three sides, and is provided with five exits, affording every facility for the speedy evacuation of the building in case of fire. It is lighted by gas and heated by hot air throughout. In fact, everything is elegant, pleasing and attractive. A series of enter tainments are given, which embrace all the leading artists in all departments of the histrionic art, presenting a round of amuse ments which never fail to draw crowded houses and give entire satisfaction to the patrons of the theatre. M. L. De Give, the owner and manager of this handsome and attractive place of amusement, has resided in Atlanta for twenty-five years, and among his fellow citizens is highly esteemed for integrity, relia bility, liberality and enterprise. Socially, he is the best of com-

Atlanta From 1870 To 1880

71

panions, and in business he has attained an enviable reputation for honorable and upright transactions. He takes great pride in the profession, and superintends in person the entire business of the theatre. A visit to his opera house cannot fail to be pro ductive of much pleasure and enjoyment."
It was in 1870 that H. I. Kimball built the first Kimball House--a magnificent six-story structure, in few respects in ferior to the present beautiful building built on the same site. In the same year the corner-stone of the Catholic church was laid by Father Ryan; the Fourth Baptist Church was built by John H. James, and among the more pretentious residences erected were those of Richard H. Clark, on McDonough street, and B. F. Wyley, on Washington street. The famous Republic Block, in its day the finest business block in Atlanta, was built on Pryor street by ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown, Judge O. A. Lochrane, and a number of other prominent Atlantans, in 1871, during which year some four hundred buildings went up in the city. Among them was the present decrepit "car-shed," then the mag nificent "union passenger depot," the pride of the Atlantese. His torian Clarke referred to the effete structure as "one of the larg est and finest iron depots in the United States, jointly construct ed by the railroad companies." The first "Austell Building" was built on Decatur street that year; also the beautiful residence of Judge John L. Hopkins, on the corner of Gilmer and Collins streets; that of Z. D. Harrison, clerk of the Supreme Court, on McDonough street; those of A. G. Howard and W. A. Hemphill, on Pryor street. In 1872 another church--the Fifth Baptist, was built by John H. James; a three-story building on Broad street by ex-Governor Brown; a splendid 52 by 140 feet, slate bankvault, agricultural warehouse, by Mark W. Johnson; a building for his hardware business, by Thomas M. Clarke; and residences by John N. Fain, on Pryor street, J. T. Eichburg, on Forsyth street, Rober & Clarke, on Houston street, and W. B. Cox, on Ivy street. In 1873 James R. Wylie built a two-story brick on Broad street; Daniel Pittman one on Wall street; Julius L. Brown a residence on Washington street; J. T. Glenn one on the same street; James R. Wylie one on Peachtree street; and Joseph Thompson, jr., and others, erected residences,

Atlanta And Its Builders
"In 1870 came W. C. Dodson, the job printer, now at the head of Dodson's Printers' Supply Co., doing an extensive busi ness in every Southern state east of the Mississippi; the Wilsons --W. S. and J. C.--the latter becoming the largest coal dealer in the city; also John B. Goodwill, from Cobb county, who was admitted to the bar in 1871, and three times elected to council. In 1871 came James H. Low and Clarence F. Low, from New Orleans, leading insurance agents, and E. H. Thornton, of the firm of Lynch & Thornton, booksellers. This year also brought us valuable citizens from the North and West, among them W. G. Goodnow, from Wisconsin, a man of great energy and busi ness capacity, who planned the Republic Block, got up the stock of and organized the Citizens' Bank, and was at a later date made general business manager of the Atlanta Rolling Mill. Among valuable citizens from the North may be mentioned W. C. Morrill, a gentleman of large means and liberality, and who has contributed greatly to the success of the Library Associa tion."
In 1873 the local census showed a bona fide population of 30,869. This was the dark "panic year" that brought so much disaster to the entire country, and of which Colonel Clarke says: "The Air Line Railroad was finished, and many improvements, under way at the beginning of the year, were completed. But in this year a great monetary crisis befell the country, and the financial panic swept like a whirlwind over Atlanta. Building stopped, the wheels of progress were clogged, the prices of real estate tumbled tremendously, and business was prostrated. Of course, this state of things caused general damage, and all suf fered ; but to the great credit of Atlanta, and of the sound found ation of its business prosperity, few large houses were seriously affected, and though the crash of great houses and banks was re sounding in all cities of the land, not a single bank in Atlanta fell, though there was a run on all of them. It is true that Mr. James' bank suspended, but the suspension was only temporary. With his characteristic judgment and decision, he threw a hun dred thousand dollars of his real estate immediately upon the market, which, though sold under the auctioneer's hammer at a great sacrifice, furnished him ready money, and tended to re-

Atlanta From 1870~*To 1880

73

store to him public confidence. In less than sixty days his bank was all right again. Thus no bank in Atlanta was crushed. Business, however, was prostrate; but a people whom fire and sword, and consequently monetary bankruptcy, could not de stroy, would not be kept down by a financial panic and its effects, however disastrous. Pogress soon began to manifest itself; indeed, as always in the career of Atlanta, there was not an abso lute halt in its onward march. St. Luke's Episcopal Church and a German Lutheran Church were added to its houses of wor ship, and a Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized.
"Progress soon again became quite noticeable, new hotels, factories, banks, and other enterprises appearing. Immense fires only made way for nobler structures, and so continued the march of improvement.
"There is a tendency in all cities to create public debt, es pecially where there are few or no charter restrictions upon the municipal authorities. This arises in a great part from the im portunities of the citizens themselves for subscription to this or that enterprise on account of alleged public interest or utility, and in some measure from the incompetency and venality of officials. The citizens of Atlanta are wide-awake upon all matters touching the welfare of the city, and also incited by the monetary strin gency and steady decline of values, had detected the accumula tion of the city indebtedness, and becoming alarmed in 1873, set about devising means to save the city from future bankruptcy. The police system was also a source of great complaint and dis satisfaction on several grounds. Under the existing system a high state of efficiency and discipline were impracticable; and the police force was a powerful element in every municipal elec tion, exercising an undue influence over the result. The public interest sternly demanded a change; the policemen must be taken out of municipal politics and be made more efficient. A peti tion signed by J. H. Calkiway, J. A. Hayden, Amos Fox, and some one hundred and fifty other citizens, was read before the city council November i, 1873, alleging that the charter, though often amended, had never been thoroughly revised, and urging that this was greatly needed and should be done to insure future prosperity. This petition was referred to a special committee,

74

Atlanta And Its Builders

who reported on the following Friday night, November 8th, recommending the appointment of forty-nine citizens, seven from each of the seven wards. The report was unanimously adopted, and "the committee of forty-nine" was appointed, including such men as L. P. Grant, G. W. Adair, George Hillyer, N. L. Angier, J. P. Logan, L. J. Gartrell, John H. Flynn, John L. Hopkins, N. J. Hammond, John H. James, A. Murphy, W. G. Gramling, L. E. Bleckley, J. A. Richardson, W. B. Cox and John T. Grant. On the night of November the i8th, this committee met at the Re corder's room. L. E. Bleckley was made chairman, and one from each ward was appointed to report subjects to be referred to sub-committees of three each. The subjects reported were City Government, Finance, Elections, Sanitary Regulations, Police, Water Works, Public Schools, and Streets, and they were referred to separate sub-committees. On November 26th a committee was appointed to consolidate the various sub-commit tee reports. The consolidated report was submitted and adopted. The ensuing Legislature passed the charter thus re vised, and it was approved by the Governor February 28, 1874.
"No event of more vital consequence ever occurred in the governmental policy of Atlanta. No municipal reform was ever more thorough, as will be seen at a glance at some of the new features of the charter and their operation. In the first place, it puts a stop to the creation of debt. Section 32 of the charter says that no bonds shall be hereafter issued, except by an affirmative two-third vote of two successive councils, the ap proval of the Mayor and a majority vote of the citizens in a popu lar election.
"In all appropriations of money for the increase of indebted ness or expenditure of revenue, excqrt for salaries, the councilmen and aldermen must vote separately and agree. For this purpose the general council was constituted of three aldermen for the city at large, and two councilmen from each ward; the aldermen and councilmen separating into two bodies in all mat ters of finance. It is also stipulated that the annual expense shall be so restricted as not to exceed the annual income, after certain payments on the public debt, and that no General Council shall borrow money, save in the management of existing indebt-

Atlanta From 1870 To 1880

75

edness. As an additional safeguard, a clause was inserted en acting the personal liability of mayor, councilmen and aldermen for the refunding of all amounts appropriated in violation of the charter, and it is made the imperative duty of the clerk of council to institute recovery suits.
"Advancing a step further, provision is made for the con stant annual reduction of the public debt by setting apart onefourth of the tax on real estate for the payment of the principal of floating liabilities. Still another step was taken in this direc tion. While increased indebtedness is prevented and reduction secure, the business interests of the city must be protected from burdensome taxation. To do this, taxation is limited to one and a half per cent.
"In the department of official conduct, and the proper admin istration of the laws, the regulations of the charter are equally effective. Official male conduct, to the financial detriment of the city, is made impossible. The greatest reform, however, under this head, was the entire change of the police system, and its divorcement from the General Council. A separate board, called Police Commissioners, consisting of five citizens, elected by a two-thirds vote of the General Council, was instituted, and into their sole control was confided the election and government of the police force. G. T. Dodd, a gentleman who commenced life in Atlanta in 1853 as a clerk, but is to-day recognized as one of our greatest merchants and most public spirited citizens, and a man of unimpeachable integrity, became chairman of the Board, and the public force rapidly improved in efficiency under the new order of things.
"It is unnecessary to note any other changes wrought by the charter; these are sufficient to show that it is a masterpiece of municipal reform, and secures the people, absolutely, against municipal bankruptcy and burdensome taxation, and guarantees a faithful and vigorous administration of the laws, for the pro tection of their lives, liberties and property. The result has been electrical; the city's credit has bounded upward, and strange as it may seem, in this day of general bankruptcy of American cities, Atlanta eight per cent, bonds command a premium. Coun cilman J. W. Knglish not only borrows money on account of the

76

Atlanta And Its Builders

floating indebtedness at seven per cent, interest, but is offered largely more than he needs. It is very probable that, under his able management, the rate of interest will be still further re duced, and an additional saving to the city of several thousand dollars effected. Upon the score of administration, Atlanta never had better city officials, and the efficiency and general character of its police force have a national repute, justly eliciting the pride of its citizens.
"It is true that the severe restrictions of the charter will not permit any very general system of improvements at present, but any inconvenience from this cause will be cheerfully borne, in view of the steady reduction of the public debt, and the new stimulus infused into every factor of the city's prosperity, and the increased values imparted to its property. It must be remem bered, too, that the gradual reduction of the interest account, to gether with the enlarged income from taxation will, in a few years, produce an excess, which will insure the most liberal appro priations for every object countenanced by the charter. The first mayor elected under its operation was Judge C. C. Hammock, whose administration was one of the best and most popular At lanta ever enjoyed, In his official address, at retirement, he ut tered this strong language:
" 'The most signal of your achievements has been the suc cessful application, and faithful execution, of the provisions of the new city charter. Under its operation the city has experienced what may aptly be termed a new birth--such has been the change wrought in her financial standing, and her prospects for future growth and prosperity. Previous to its going into practical effect her credit (the foundation of governmental, as well as of private, character) was impaired and diminishing; but under the confi dence-inspiring provision of the new charter, wisely conceived and courageously forced, Atlanta has, at one bound, inaugurated per petual economy in her expenditures--the steady, gradual reduc tion of her indebtedness--and placed her securitievS on an up grade, without a parallel in the financial experience of these unfor
tunate times.' " 'The commercial panic, not being based upon temporary
causes simply, but upon a general depreciation of the values from

Atlanta From 1870 To 1880

77

inflated proportions to their true standard, the settling down or adjustment of business to the changed condition, was necessarily the work of years. But the commercial circles of Atlanta grad ually worked out of the depression of the times, and reassumed their old activity. Renewed vigor produced greater expansion, and expansion, in its turn, demanded enlarged facilities. More banking capital was needed, and more and larger houses for the handling and storage of goods. One secret of Atlanta's progress is, that no demand of trade, however feeble, fails to produce an effort at supply. So it was at this time. New banks were organ-, ized, and more business structures erected. In addition to those already mentioned, the Atlanta Savings Bank appeared in 1875, under the management of S. B. Hoyt, president, and R. H. Rich ards, cashier.
"The year 1875 was one of marvelous progress in building operations. Real estate improvements aggregated in value, per haps, $1,000,000. This improvement embraced the filling up of numerous unsightly spots, as, for instance, the drainage of a marshy spot south of Hunter street, and the erection of numerous cottage buildings thereon, at an expense of perhaps $25,000, by Colonel Thomas Alexander, one of Atlanta's prominent railroad contractors, and who manifested his faith in Atlanta and its future to the extent of $100,000 in real estate and improvements. P. & G. T. Dock! & Co. (W. J. Tanner taken into the firm in 1876), to accommodate their great business, erected a splendid building on Alabama street--part of an entire block erected at the same time. A costly hotel--the Markham House--was erected for Owens, then the exceedingly popular proprietor of the National Hotel, and a six-story cotton factory went up. Residences--and many line ones--ascended as if by magic. Among them were that of J. L. McBride, on Rawson street, in 1876, and, in 1877, tnat f James Oglesby, on Richardson street, and the elegant, city-like structure of A. C. Wyly, on Washington street.
"Business exhibited great activity. W. F. Stokes & Co. opened a wholesale fruit and produce establishment on Alabama street, and G.P. Guilford a new music house. M. T. Simmons and A. N. Hunt, both of whom were afterward councilmen, associated in the grocery business, having a dry goods department in charge

Atlanta And Its Builders
of Mr. M. S. Gilbert as partner in the same. In 1874 they erected a handsome brick store on Marietta street. Mr. Gilbert at a later period became a member also of the grocery firm of Landrum & Gilbert, on Peachtree street. In 1872 M. C. & J. F. Kiser re moved their wholesale dry goods establishment to the new building - on Pryor street, adding W. S. Everett to the firm. One of the most important business events of the year was the establishment of the National Surgical Institute, for the treatment of all de formities of the body, face and limbs, including paralysis and chronic diseases. It is under the management of Drs. Alien, John son and Wilson, is an incorporated institution, with a capital of $500,000, and is now treating some two thousand three hundred cases, including those boarding in the institution and those in their homes in the states. It has the unqualified endorsement of lead ing citizens, and is accomplishing a vast amount of good. Dr. C. L. Wilson is the surgeon in charge. In the year 1875, W. S. & J. C. Wilson bought out the extensive coal and lumber business of. Edward Parsons, a popular citizen who emigrated to New Zea land. W. A. Fuller opened a grocery business in his building, 148 Marietta street, soon after forming a parternership with N. J. Doolittle, both these men having been popular railroad conductors, and W. A. Fuller noted for his famous and successful chase of a band of men during the civil war, who, in the interest of the Fed eral army, stole an engine on the State Road for the purpose of aiding them in the destruction of bridges and other property on the road--their capture being one of the most spirited feats of the war. In 1875 Morrison, Bain & Co. removed their hardware es tablishment to the Republic block, occupying three large floors, and John Keely made a third enlargement of his retail dry goods store to 55 by 100 feet. Among the movements of trade may be noted that of wholesale groceries to Alabama street. In 1873 Stokes & Co., wholesale fruiterers, removed to this street; Stephens & Flynn, Dodd & Co., Fuller & Smith, followed, making it the great wholesale grocery street of Atlanta.
"The progress of Atlanta during the last decade (1870-80) has not only equalled, but has surpassed that of any other period. This progress has been a general one, extending to every depart ment of business and industry. The same advance marked all

Atlanta From 1870 To 1880

79

other interests, religious, educational and social. Besides munici pal reforms, the city government had also made great progress in the establishment of important public works, among these was the supply of the city with water, at a cost of nearly a half million of dollars. Though the well and mineral waters of Atlanta were amply sufficient for all drinking purposes, yet the continuous in crease of population rendered another source of supply advisable for the central part of the city, and more particularly for the ob jects of sewerage, and the extinguishment of fire. The great en terprise, is now in the most successful operation. Hunnicutt & Bellingrath, in 1875 and 1876, laid seventeen miles of pipe, all of which stood the test of two hundred pounds pressure to the square inch. The water can be thrown in numerous streams to the top of the highest buildings. The works are under the control of a water board, elected by the people, consisting, at present, of C. H. Strong, G. W. Adair, G. W. Terry, J. H. Flynn and E. E. Rawson. The members of the board receive no compensation for their services, which are not only responsible, but also quite oner ous, as in the case of the president, who at present is E. E. Rawson, the public-spirited citizen, whose time and labor form so prominent and large a part of many of our best institutions. The superintendent is T. F. Winn, a most efficient officer. The works were completed in 1875.
"Another most important step was the building of a street railway by George W. Adair and Richard Peters. This proved a valuable stimulus to the property of the city.
"The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was organized in 1876 by Miss Louise King, of Augusta, aided by a lady noted for her charitable works, Miss Nellie Peters, now Mrs. George R. Black. Under its operations several prosecutions have occurred, leading to improved treatment of dumb brutes; and drinking fountains have been erected through the city for their benefit--the largest one being the present of Hon, John P. King, the distinguished president of the Georgia Railroad.
"In 1877 another library association was organized--the Catholic Library Association. Its object is the dissemination of Catholic literature and knowledge generally. Its officers are: J. F. Burke, president; R. D. Spalding, vice-president; A. C. Ford,

Atlanta Constitution Building

Atlanta From 1870 To 1880

81

treasurer; John M. Graham, secretary, and John H. Flynn, E. Van Goidsnoven, P. J. Moran, W. B. Cox, John Stephens, M. H. Dooly, John Doonan and Joseph Gatins, directors.
"For several centuries the progress of the printing art has been both a great indicator and powerful promoter of national and local prosperity. One has only to glance at a book or college cata logue issued from the Franklin Steam Printing House of Atlanta, to ascertain how near perfection this art has been brought. The Franklin Steam Printing House became, in 1873, the property of James P. Harrison, Z. D. Harrison, D. E. Butler, J. H. Estill, of Savannah, and J. W. Burke, of Macon, and rapidly assumed mammoth dimensions. Under the business management of James P. Harrison, the superintendence of John S. Prather, and the thorough bookkeeping of George W. Harrison--men unsur passed in their departments--the Franklin has grown until it has become the largest printing house of the South.
"But no greater progress was made anywhere than in the ac quisition of valuable citizens. Among them may be mentioned J. W. Rankin, who came in 1875 to manage the great wholesale drug house of Hunt, Rankin & Lamar, and N. P. T. Finch, of the Atlanta Constitution, gentlemen who may be cited as representa tives or types of the substantial and worthy men won by Atlanta in late years."
The following is interesting as a glance at the newspaper situation in the decade under review:
"The printing business has developed into great proportions. Religious, political, agricultural, literary and medical journals are published. The daily newspaper business has been a checkered one. The old Intelligencer, in its palmiest days a staunch Demo cratic leader, finally gave way to its youthful rival, the Constitu tion. It had many strong friends, who clung to it to the last. Our efficient deputy sheriff, Charlie Wells, was for many years its chief foreman. In 1871 the Constitution became the property of W. A. Hemphill and E. Y. Clarke, N. P. T. Finch purchasing an interest later. This journal, in its turn, had fierce rivalry in the Sun, Herald and News, all of them excellent Democratic papers. After the fiercest contest known in Georgia journalism, all these papers suspended, leaving the Constitution, in 1876, alone in the
6-3

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Atlanta And Its Builders

field without competition. A few months later, the managing editor, E. Y. Clarke, sold his interest, after a connection of six years. The city has, in the Constitution, a first-class political jour nal, equal to that of almost any city in the South. It is under the management of a publishing company, of which Albert Howell is the president; W. A. Hemphill, business manager; E. P. Howell and N. P. T. Finch, managing editors. In Colonel Thomas M. Acton the Constitution has the greatest newspaper agent in the South. He came to Atlanta in 1858, and in the same year pub lished and sold some 20,000 copies of the 'Life of Crocket/ hung for the murder of Landrum. For some ten years he has been connected with the Constitution, is known for his geniality and immense physical proportions, and is a good and useful citizen, much esteemed. The present foreman of the Constitution, Mr. Paschal J. Moran, displays fine ability in the make-up of the pa per. A new daily, the Tribune, has been recently started by Charles H. Williams, formerly of the Cqlumbus Times, who is manager of the Tribune Publishing Company. It is a smaller and cheaper paper than the Constitution. The Sunny South, a literary journal of great excellence, is published by Mr. John H. Seals, and edited by Mrs. Mary E. Bryan. The Christian Index, the organ of the Baptists of Georgia, is published by the Christian Index Company, under the editorship of the Rev. David Butler, The Southern Grange and PJanter, the official organ of the patrons of husbandry and farmers' journal, is issued weekly by John J. White and Frank Gordon." * *
"By a vote of the people on December 5th, 1877, Atlanta was made the permanent capital of the state. This adds largely to the influences tending to the continual growth and prosperity of the city, making it the home of the governor, and other officers of the state government, and the seat of all state conventions, political, commercial and industrial, thereby creating a source of very great revenue. The state will doubtless soon begin the erection of a new capitol building upon a magnificent site presented by the city. The overwhelming majority--43,946--by which the people of Georgia expressed their preference for Atlanta is a home estimate of its worth and advantages. In his management of the cam paign for Atlanta Councilman J.W. English deserved high praise,

Georgia State Capitol from 1868 to June, 1889 South-west corner Marietta and Forsyth Sts.

84

Atlanta And Its Builders

and received a public testimonial from citizens in the shape of a massive silver salver from G. H. Miller & Co., of this city. The location of the capitol at Atlanta is, however, but one of many causes operating to center upon it the attention, interests and affections of the people of Georgia." * *
"As New York is famous for the splendor and magnificence of its retail stores, so is Atlanta. In consequence its retail business is correspondingly great, and growing, attracting from a distance thousands of people desirous of availing themselves of the econ omy and choice obtainable in the selection of family supplies from immense and brilliant stocks. John Keely and Chamberlin, Boynton & Co. are to Atlanta what Stewart and Lord & Taylor are to New York. John Keely, after the close of the war, in which he was a gallant Confederate officer, put all his energies into the dry goods business, and rapidly acquired a most brilliant success. His store had to be repeatedly enlarged to meet the de mands of incessant trade, and is constantly thronged. In 1871 Mr. H. S. Johnson, a popular young salesman who had long been connected with the house, was admitted into the firm of Chamber lin, Boynton & Co., which, composed of three such men, could not be otherwise than successful. The carpet store is under the management of W. A. Haygood, who is a partner in this branch of the business, in which he has made quite a name and won hosts of friends. Thousands of strangers make annual pilgrimages to Atlanta to visit these stores, which are marvels in the beauty, rich ness and variety of their goods. There are other popular dry goods houses such as A. O. M. Gay & Co.; and, indeed, no city, not excepting New York itself, offers a more inviting retail market to the purchasers of family or individual supplies."
A news notice of the building of the government building in Atlanta--now regarded as inadequate to the city's demands--was
as follows: "Congress passed an act on February 12,1872, appropriating
the sum of $100,000 to build a United States court house and postoffice at Atlanta, Ga. In June, 1874, another act was passed, extending the limits of the cost of the building to $250,000. Other appropriations were afterwards made which swelled the whole amount up to $275,000. The site for the building was presented

Atlanta From\1870 To 1880

85

to the government by the city of Atlanta. Ground was broken for the new building on the 2ist of August, 1875. The style of the building was taken from a copy of an ancient Italian villa, but somewhat modernized, and is termed the Italian Gothic. It is built upon a concrete foundation composed of cement, sand and granite, and is three feet thick. Mr. T. G. Healy, of this city, has been the able superintendent of its erection from the com mencement to the finishing. Mr. James G. Hill, in his annual report to the U. S. Treasury Department, says: This building, will be completed within the limit placed upon its cost by the act of congress, and it will afford larger accommodations in proportion to its cost than any other building under the control of this de partment/ The lot of land is 200x210 feet, and is bounded by Marietta street on the front, by Parley on the west, and Forsyth on the east. The size of the building is 135x75 feet, is three stories high, and the total cost of the building, as shown, was over a quarter of a million dollars. It is used by the postoffice, custom house, and revenue departments, and has also a court room and offices for the Federal District Court."
In a table contained in a population census of the United States for 1880, exhibiting the percentage of persons engaged in gainful occupations for each of "the principal fifty cities of the United States," Atlanta stood third, being exceeded only by Lowell and Lawrence, Mass. This percentage ranges in the cities referred to from 33 per cent, as the minimum, to 50 per cent, as the maximum. Atlanta was 46 per cent., Lawrence 49 per cent, and Lowell 50.
When the fact is considered that both Lawrence and Lowell are specially cotton manufacturing points, employing in the list of their population engaged in gainful pursuits, a larger percent age of women and children than Atlanta, then comparison, even with these two cities, is very favorable to Atlanta.
In Atlanta the occupation of those engaged in gainful pur
suits was divided as follows:

Agricultural pursuits............................... 314 Professional and personal service..................... 8,614 Trade and transportation............................ 3,952

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Atlanta And Its Builders

Manufacturing, mechanical and mining industries....... 4,189 All occupations.................................... 17,078 Total population.................................... 37,409

The rapid growth of Atlanta from 1855 to 1880--within a quarter of a century--is shown by the following table:

Population of Atlanta in 1855 was.................... 6,025 Population of Atlanta^in 1865 was.................... 10,000 Population of Atlanfa in 1870 was....................21,788 Population of Atlanta in 1875 was....................30,869 Population of Atlanta in 1880 was.................... 37,409

In view of Atlanta's present population of upwards of 100,ooo, the prediction made at the close of Col. Clarke's work, writ ten in the latter '7o's, is interesting. Forecasting Atlanta's fu ture growth Col. Clarke said:
"The preceding brief reviews of Atlanta's population, insti tutions, business, facilities of trade and health fulness, while dis covering the basis of its past growth and present prosperity, also demonstrate its continued progress in the future; for the same causes are operating only upon a grander scale. The railway system is perfect, but the sections penetrated are constantly devel oping their resources, and Atlanta must grow with its tributaries. In addition to this the combined power of superior facilities, in creasing enterprise and skill, and the prestige of past success, are continually extending trade into new and more remote sections. The rapid developing of the manufacturing interests, the social and healthful attractions of Atlanta for residence, the admirable character and excellent financial condition of the municipal gov ernment, and the considerations first noted, sufficiently assure con stant future increase of population and business. An old and popular citizen of Macon, Mr. E. E. Brown, writes to the author that he expects to see the population of Atlanta 75,000 at no distant day. Our Macon friend is probably right."

CHAPTER V
MODERN ATLANTA
Atlanta as she stands to-day may be said to date from 1880. Practically the entire city has been built since that date. True, the central part of the city was substanially built up during the fifteen years from the close of the war to that time, many of the structures being the most modern and costly of their day, but few of these comparatively modern landmarks can be found in the heart of Atlanta to-day. Ante-bellum Atlanta was obliterated "at one fell swoop" by the grim destroyer mythologically known as Mars, but the Atlanta that rose like the fabled phoenix from her ashes has also been obliterated--more slowly, but none the less surely. Not the red hand of war, but the nervous, irreverent, hand of progress is responsible for the post-bellum vandalism. The business houses of the seventies, dignified and solid brick structures, answered well enough the requirements of a provincial city of 30,000 inhabitants, but were entirely inadequate to the demands of a metropolitan city of 100,000. Many of them served their purpose five, ten, fifteen, or even twenty years--but they had to go to make way for Twentieth century methods and Twentieth century necessities. Pass from end to end of any cen tral business street and you will find few, very few, buildings which antedate 1880. To give a detailed account of the con struction of the principal buildings of modern Atlanta, as was done by the historian prior to 1880, would be an endless task and amount to almost a house-to-house "write-up" of the city. There is nothing that tells of Atlanta's splendid progress more unerring ly than this. Few cities in the country--the new West not excepted--show such a "brand-new" look as Atlanta. The "sky-
87

Prudential Building

Modern Atlanta
scraper" era of the last decade has wrought wondrous changes in Atlanta's sky-line. The Equitable, Austrell, Prudential, Empire, Century and other large office buildings would by no means ap pear dwarfed on Broadway, New York.
Atlanta has trebled her population within the last twenty years, and her various industries and business enterprises have increased in about the same proportion. While the last Federal census did not credit Atlanta with quite 100,000 inhabitants, the fact remains that the city and immediate suburbs, some of which are separate incorporations, have an actual census population of
over 125,000. Her fortunate location, unequalled transportation facil
ities, and reputation for commercial activity and enterprise, have made Atlanta the Southern headquarters for many of the great corporate interests of the country, and few in deed are the national business concerns that have not, at least, an agency in Atlanta.
A recent bulletin issued by the census bureau on manufac tures in Georgia shows that Atlanta is not only the leading manu facturing city in the state, but has made the most rapid growth, the value of products having increased from $13,074,037 in 1880, to $16,721,899 in 1900, or 27.9 per cent.
The average number of wage earners increased from 7,957 to 9,368, or 17.7 per cent., but the number of establishments de creased from 410 to 395, or 3.7 per cent.
The number of establishments, number of wage-earners, and value of products for this city constituted 5.3, 11.2, and 15.7 per gent, respectively, of the totals for the entire state.
The nine leading industries of the state in 1900 embraced 3,301 establishments, or 44 per cent, of the total number in the state; used a capital of $61,341,596, or 68.3 per cent, of the total; gave employment to 61,170 wage earners, or 73 per cent, of the total number; and paid $J4>O59>33> or 69.3 per cent of the total
wages. The value of their products was $72,315,693, or 68.2 per
cent, of the total. Although Georgia is an agricultural state, there has been a
steady growth in its manufacturing and mercantile industries

The Century Building Prom architect's plans

Modern Atlanta

91

during the half century. The population during these years in creased from 906,185 to 2,216,331, or 144.6 per cent, but the average number of wage earners employed in manufacturing establishments increased from 8,368 to 838,342, or 901.9 per cent., embracing in 1900 3-8 per cent, of the entire population, compared with nine-tenths of I per cent, in 1850.
Probably the best indication of the importance of the wage earning class is afforded by the greatest number employed at any one time during the year.
In 1900 this was 111,239, or 5 per cent, of the total popula tion of the state.
Atlanta is the most metropolitan city of its size in the United States, and, in acknowledgment of her push and bustle, has been called "The Yankee City of the South."
No city, in all the borders of "Dixie Land," so thoroughly typifies what is meant by "The New South."
In ten years the population, the commercial interests and the industries of the city have grown and increased at a remarkable rate, and the Atlanta of to-day is beyond the dreams of the citi zens of 1890.
The population of Atlanta and its immediate suburban dis tricts has increased until it can be shown that the city and its business enterprises and institutions are supported by not less than 125,000 people, whereas in 1890 there was only about 80,000 people in the city and its suburbs.
There has been a wonderful development in the matter of new buildings in the last ten years, and this, feature of the city's growth surpasses that of any city in the United States of Atlanta's size.
The volume of business, wholesale and retail, has increased at a wonderful rate, and Atlanta is recognized as the chief city of the southeast in a commercial way.
The enormous business being clone in Atlanta is shown in the statements of the Atlanta banks, the Atlanta postomce, the clear ings of the banks and the receipts of the postoffice being a splendid indication of the business done in Atlanta.
The figures of the Atlanta clearing house show that since 1893 the clearings have increased more than 61 per cent. The

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Atlanta And Its Builders

clearings for the ten years from 1890 to 1900 probably increased between 75 and 100 per cent.
The clearings for 1893 were $60,753,911.13. The clearings for 1900 were $97,946,251.04.
The taxable wealth of Atlanta has increased $11,843,789 since 1890. The real estate values as shown by the city tax books in 1890 were $30,729,894, and the personal property values for that year were $11,906,605, making a total of $42,636,499.
The taxable wealth in 1900 was $54,480,288. About $10,000,000 has been invested in Atlanta buildings since 1890. Accu rate figures are obtainable only since 1896, and the records show that for the five years, 1896 to 1900 inclusive, $7,375,083 was expended in new buildings, office and business, dwellings, addi tions and alterations.
In the past ten years $2,800,000 has been expended in the erection of magnificent office buildings.
Since 1890, $595,000 has been spent in the erection of new public buildings. The United States Federal prison, which is to cost $1,500,000 when completed, is now in course of construction.
In the last five years $2,367,303 has been expended in new dwellings in Atlanta.
About $250,000 has been spent in the erection of new hotels and the remodeling of old ones.
In 1890 the postal receipts of Atlanta were $159,262.01, and for the present fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, the receipts will amount to more than $350,000, showing an increase of more than 120 per cent, in ten years.
The best figures obtainable are that Atlanta's wholesale trade for 1900 amounted to about $30,000,000, and that the retail trade amounted to $21,000,000. The retail firms in Atlanta are unusually strong and prosperous, and by dint of great energy, enterprise, fair dealing and alertness have built up a wonderful trade, reaching out for customers all over Georgia and even in other states of the South. The enterprise of Atlanta's wholesale merchants is proverbial. If the story of how they have built up such a wonderful trade, contending all the time with great difficul ties from which their competitors were free, could be written in detail, it would read like a novel.

Modern Atlanta

,

93

The volume of business handled by the railroads running into Atlanta has increased enormously in ten years, and the facili ties for handling this business have been almost doubled in that time.
There are now about 700 manufacturing industries in the city and immediate vicinity, and about $15,000,000 is invested in these enterprises, which employ 16,000 persons, and which pay in salaries and wages something like $20,000 a day, and turn out products which sell for $21,000,000 per annum.
The importance of Atlanta as a manufacturing center has been increased by the erection of a large number of new cotton factories, machine shops and enterprises of a similar character, and any number of smaller institutions which employ skilled labor have been erected.
While Atlanta has about the same number of railroads that it had in 1890, there has been a marked improvement in the rail road facilities and business. In 1890 nearly all the railroads running into Atlanta were either in the hands of receivers or were in bad financial condition, and they had not expended much effort in upbuilding the city and developing the territory in its vicinity by encouraging the establishment of manufactories and shops as has been done by the railroads in the last few years. Now all the railroads are in a prosperous condition, and have been taken out of the hands of the courts, and every railroad running into Atlan ta is in fine condition financially and otherwise, and they are doing a great work in the way of building up the territory through which they run. Many factories and all kinds of industries are being established annually along the lines of all the railroads, which show that they are receiving encouragement. Atlanta is recognized as the first important railroad center in the South, and it is possible to reach from Atlanta all the southeastern states from Virginia to Texas in less than 24 hours, and the principal points in North and South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Ala bama and Mississippi, can be reached in twelve hours or less from this city.
The splendid railroad facilities of Atlanta have encouraged the location of a large number of business and commercial enter prises in this city and this is especially true in the matter of mak-

94

Atlanta And Its Builders

ing it southern headquarters for nearly all the great life, fire and other insurance companies, and a large number of general rail roads of the north and east, and of other institutions seeking busi ness and investment in the South have been located here.
In the eleven years since 1890 Atlanta has expended or con tracted for the erection of bridges and viaducts at the cost of $350,104.
There are now 225 miles of streets in Atlanta, and there has been a great increase in the mileage of paved streets, brick side walks and improvement of the sewerage system.
The membership of the Atlanta churches has greatly in creased and a number of churches have been almost doubled in ten years. In 1890 there were 45 white churches, and in 1900 there were 80--an increase of 36. The negro churches increased from 25 to 56--a gain of 21.
The street railway mileage of Atlanta has increased from 45 miles in 1890 to 132 miles in 1900. The street railroads handled 5,000,000 people in 1890 and over 12,000,000 in 1900.
The capacity of the public schools of Atlanta has increased from 6,575 to 10,399.
The number of professional men--doctors, lawyers, archi tects, dentists and others--has increased nearly 100 per cent. The secret and labor orders of Atlanta have grown rapidly. The registration of city voters was 4,752 in 1890, and in 1900 it was 10,659, an increase of over no per cent.
In every line of business and in every material way Atlanta has grown and developed at a remarkable rate, and the statistics presented in this volume tell a story of the marvelous progress and prosperity of this city and vicinity.
A study of the facts and figures presented demonstrate the great possibilities of Atlanta in a business, social and religious way, and show that in every line of endeavor there has been won derful energy and enterprise expended in the development of the interests of the city.
In 1890 all the electric lighting done for the city and for residences was done by a small company located on the railroad, back of the First Presbyterian church. Then only a very small portion of the city's streets was lighted with arc lights and a few

State Capitol Building

Atlanta And Its Builders
of the business houses, but practically none of the residences were lighted by electricity. Since then the electric plant of the Georgia Electric Light Company has been thrown away twice practically as scrap and as wholly unsuited to the growing demands of the city. In the year 1891 the plant was moved from the railroad back of the Presbyterian church to its present location. All the machinery was practically thrown away and a brand new up-todate equipment was bought and installed, and it was thought that the new plant would supply Atlantas needs for a quarter of a century to come. But in the last two years that machinery has again in turn been practically thrown away and the plant has been refurnished throughout. The new plant in 1891 was established at a cost of about $600,000, and in the last two years a much larger sum has been spent in bringing it up to date and making it equal to the growing demands of the city and its people. Now practically all Atlantas streets are lighted by electricity, as well as the business houses and a very large per cent, of the residences, and in addition it is said by the companys officials that it is operat ing motors for manufacturing purposes in the central portion of the city to the extent of 2,000 horse power.
There is no better indication of the growth of a city than the increase of the registration. Indeed, many persons consider, this the best evidence of the increase of population, although the regis tration of a city may depend upon the local conditions, local pride, issues and interests in the ballot for officers and settlement of ques tions of local or general importance. In the ten years from 1890 to 1900 the registration of Atlanta increased more than 100 per cent.
The registration of the city for the year 1900 was 10,659. The registration for 1890 was 4,752, or an increase in ten years of 5,907. In 1890 the white registration was 4,165. In the same year the colored registration was 587. The white registration increase for ten years was 5,531. The colored registration increase was 376. These figures show the negroes of the city are not taking advantage of the privilege of voting, and that they are hopelessly in the minority.

".IJV'I"'* (..>,"- --- T- -v .-;>-,

Modern Atlanta

97

Atlanta supports about 425 industries, shops, factories and establishments which make, manufacture or produce such articles or goods as baking powder, paper boxes, butter, material, beds, machinery, beer, ice, soda water, roofing, cotton goods, elevators, excelsior, garters, gas, guano, hosiery, lithographs, lumber, shin gles, marble and granite, mattresses, flour, grits, meal, pants, pickles, plows, pretzels, crackers, rubber stamps, rugs, saws, show cases, soda fount supplies, stoves, tents and awnings, terra cotta, tiling, trunks, wire and iron, woolen goods, cigars, brooms, hard wood fixtures, confectionery, medicines, shoes, brick, distilled products, canned edibles, tinware, dental goods, cotton gins, shirts, saw mill machinery, vinegar, printers' supplies, syrups, tobacco, dynamos, glass, sausage, boilers, blank books, bags, baskets, brushes, paints, fertilizers, coffins, fence iron, oil, book bindery, soaps, monuments, harness, fish hooks, optical goods, preserves, farm tools, chewing gum, cornices, drugs, clothing, spices, ice machines, millinery, extracts, neckwear, stationery, tablets, hot air furnaces, furniture, straw hats, cloaks, refrigerators, caps, jewelry, carriages, agricultural implements, engraving supplies, electro plates, overalls, plaster, emery wheels, slate, shirt-waists, moulding and picture frames, cutlery, wagons, buggies, steel tools, cuts and numerous other articles.
In nearly every profession there has been a marked growth, and the number of persons engaged in the learned professions in particular has increased in the past ten years more than 75 per cent. The following figures show the increase in the learned professions from 1890 to 1900:
PHYSICIANS.
1900. No. of physicians in Atlanta.................... 290 1890. No of physicians in Atlanta.................... 156

1900. 1890.

Increase in ten years.......................... 134
LAWYERS. No. of lawyers in Atlanta...................... 319 No. of lawyers in Atlanta...................... 185

Increase in ten years..,,,.,,.,,.....,......... 134 7-2

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Atlanta And Its Builders

ARCHITECTS.
1900. No. of architects............................. 20 1890. No. of architects............................. 12

Increase in ten years.......................... 8
DENTISTS.
1900. No. of dentists............................... 59 1890. No. of dentists............................... 17

Increase in ten years.......................... 42
The Atlanta water works system has been greatly improved and enlarged since 1890. In that year there were 40 miles and 2,090 feet of water mains and pipes in Atlanta.
In 1900 there were 112 miles and 1,540 feet of pipe and mains.
In 1890 the receipts of the department were $63,438.97. In 1900 the receipts were $133,819.26. The rate for water has been reduced materially since 1890. In 1890 a total of 861,241,100 gallons of water was pumped into the city. In 1900 the total pumpage was 2,146,635,750 gallons, show ing an enormous increase. The new Chattahoochee river water works system was estab lished since 1890. The Atlanta fire department has been greatly improved in the past ten years, both by increase of firemen and apparatus. In 1890 the department consisted of 67 men, two engines, two hook and ladder trucks and five houses. The expenses of the department in 1890 were $65,300. In 1900 the department consisted of 106 men, five engines, three hook and ladder trucks and eight houses. The expenses for 1900 were $108,000. The department is recognized as one of the best in the United States. Captain W. R. Joyner has been chief of the department during its development and improvement. About ten square miles of Atlanta's territory is now lighted by electricity.

Capital City Club Peachtree St.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

In 1891 there were 237 arc and 451 series lights. Atlanta's population by the census of 1901 is 114,731. True, the census reports only show 89,872 for the corporate limits, but yet it is susceptible of proof by the census returns that the actual population of the city, according to the count of the census enumerators, is 114,731. The figures given in the census seeking to show the actual population within the corporate limits, is too small, as everybody knows, but, admitting them to be cor rect, many thousands of people live just outside and in territory contiguous to the corporate limits in all directions, and these people live in Atlanta, register from Atlanta, do business in Atlanta, Atlanta's street cars run in front of their doors, and they are a part of Atlanta for all purposes as fully and completely as if they lived in the city limits, except for the purpose of paying taxes to the city government. Take the territory in any direction, out Peachtree street, out Marietta street, out Decatur street, out Pryor street and every other street that leads out of the city's limits and houses continue outside the limits as thickly as before the limits are passed. How many of these people should be counted as a part of the city of Atlanta? The answer to this question gives the actual population of Atlanta. It is answered by a recent census bulletin, which shows the population of the militia districts and the incorporated towns that are contiguous to Atlanta's corporate limits. Take for example Peachtree street. Beyond the corporate limits of the city it runs through what is known as Peachtree militia district and beyond the limits along this street for a mile or more the residences are as thick and as handsome as they are inside the limits. Take Marietta street. After leaving the city's limits it runs through Cook's district, and through territory as thickly inhab ited as territory within the corporate limits, and so on through the list. The people who live in this outlying territory, but territory that touches Atlanta's limits, have been figured from the census reports and are stated in the table below showing Atlanta's popu lation to be, according to the census, 114,731. Not all people living in this outside territory have been counted but only such of them as for all practical purposes make a part of Atlanta. Through all the territory outside the immediate corporate limits

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which is counted as a part of Atlanta, street cars run, there are side walks, and in many cases city water and the city fire depart ment in a large part of this territory actually extinguishes the fires for the people.
Here is the table referred to, showing Atlanta's population according to the count of the census enumerators:
Atlanta, city proper............................... 89,872 Cook's district ................................... 6,558 Blackball and Oakland City........................ 3,226 Collins district .................................. 2,419 East Point, College Park and Hapeville.............. 3,390 South Bend (not including all of South Bend district) .. 2,800 Peachtree (not including all of Peachtree district) ...... 2,117 Edgewood district ................................ 1,552 Battlehill (town) ................................. 813 Kirkwood (town)................................ 699 Edgewood (town)................................ 1,285

Total, city and suburbs........................ 114,731
Yet not all the territory is included through which the street car runs by any means. For instance, the street cars run to Decatur, three lines, but none of this territory is counted except the towns of Kirkwood and Edgewood. There are 5,000 people probably in this territory not counted.
This is the census count, which everybody knows is too small by at least 12,000.
In the above table only people living in Fulton county con tiguous to Atlanta's corporate limits are included, with the excep tion of 1,984 people living in the towns of Edgewood and Kirk wood.
If this territory is taken into the corporate limits during the next ten years, and even the same rate of growth kept up, as for the past decade, Atlanta will show a population in the next census of over 150,000. Only an increase of 36,000 people or less than 33 I-3 Per cent., if this territory is included in the limits, will be necessary to put the city past the 150,000 mark, and this amount of growth is a very conservative estimate.

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In estimating the population of Atlanta it must be considered that fully 70 per cent, of it is white and that the 30 per cent, of negro population is mainly made up of as high a class of negroes as can be found anywhere.
There has never been a race riot in Atlanta. The white man and the negro have lived together in this city more peacefully and in a better spirit than in any other city, in either the north or the south.
In Atlanta negroes are engaged in more occupations than any other city of its size in the world. Many of them are prop erty owners, home owners, and proprietors of various establish ments.
But Atlanta is more emphatically than any other city of the South, a white man's city.
The material growth of Atlanta in the past ten years has been wonderful. Practically all of the large fine substantial office and business buildings of the city have been erected since 1890. Many hundreds of fine dwellings and residences have been built since then and the enormous sums of money invested in buildings shows the remarkable growth of the city.
The books of the building inspector, Mr. Frank Pittman, tell a story of great development of the city and a great building era such as has never before been enjoyed by any southern city.
The office of building inspector was created five years ago and accurate figures for the years from 1890 to 1895 inclusive are not obtainable. But the figures for the five years from 1896 to 1900 inclusive, are obtainable from Inspector Pittman's office, but they fall short of showing the actual cost of the buildings, as all experience shows that houses almost invariably cost more than the original contract price.
The following tables show the amounts expended in new buildings and in additions and alterations of old buildings for each of the five years from 1896 to 1900, inclusive, according to the 'niilding inspector's books:

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1896. 28 Brick stores, cost. .........................$ 172,525 26 Frame stores, cost.......................... 11,038 19 Brick dwellings, cost........................ 91,600 341 Frame dwellings, cost....................... 380,984 28 Public and business buildings................ 596,984 280 Additions and alterations, cost................ 127,104 63 Miscellaneous building, cost.................. 24,344
Total cost ................................ $1,404,486
1897. 22 Brick stores, cost. ......................... .^ 80,425 14 Frame stores, cost.......................... 5,9^5
5 Brick dwellings, cost. ....................... 28,600 383 Frame dwellings, cost....................... 376,332 27 Public and business buildings, cost............ 1,114,500 727 Additions and alterations, cost.. .............. 183,063 136 Miscellaneous, cost ......................... 14,409
Total cost ............................... .$1,803,304
1898. 14 Brick stores, cost. ..........................$ 17,920 15 Frame stores, cost........................... 6,350 10 Brick dwellings, cost....................... 33,250 438 Frame dwellings, cost....................... 398,268 30 Public and business buildings, cost............ 225,500 1161 Additions and alterations, cost............... 185,655 172 Miscellaneous, cost......................... 23,209
Total cost ................................$ 890,152
1899. 12 Frame stores, cost ..........................$ 8,980 10 Brick stores, cost........................... 40,250 585 Frame dwellings, cost....................... 553,4 J 7 14 Brick dwellings, cost........................ 56,300 32 Public and business buildings, cost............ 383,200 1285 Additions and alterations, cost. .............. 224,663 181 Miscellaneous, cost ........................ 21,187
Total cost ............................... .$1,293,997

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Atlanta And Its Builders

1900. 13 Brick stores, cost.......................... .$ 45,215 8 Frame stores, cost.......................... i ,975 5 Brick dwellings, cost........................ 28,200 458 Frame dwellings, cost....................... 437,045 41 Public and business buildings, cost............. 1,095,400 316 Additions and alterations, cost................ 343,088 238 Miscellaneous, cost ........................ 32,221

Total cost ................................ $1,983,144
RECAPITULATION.
The total amount expended in new buildings, dwellings, additions and alterations in the last five years is as follows:
1896 ........................................$1,404,486 1897 ........................................ 1,803,304 1898 ........................................ 890,152 1899 ........................................ 1,293,997 1900 ........................................ 1,983,144

Total ....................................$7,375>o83
SPENT FOR DWELLINGS.
The amount expended for new dwellings in Atlanta since 1896 is as follows: 1896 360 dwellings ............................$ 472,491
1897 388 dwellings............................ 402,932 1898 448 dwellings............................ 435,518
1899 592 dwellings............................ $9 1 >5 1 7 1900 463 dwellings............................ 465,245

Total ................................... .$2,367,303
OFFICE BUILDINGS.
The construction of office, and public buildings in Atlanta in the last ten years is one of the most important features of the development and growth of the city. The demands of the city for office accommodations have been far reaching and despite the fact that many great and magnificent structures have been erected

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and others are in course of construction the end of this growth is not in sight.
Practically all of the great office buildings have been erected since 1890. At that time the city had not a single structure which its people would now call a modern office building. Now it has many complete up to date fire-proof office buildings which far surpass anything south of Philadelphia. It is a fact that even such great cities as Baltimore, Washington and Louisville have not within their borders such splendid office buildings as Atlanta has.
The Equitable building was the first of the great structures erected in which much of Atlanta's business is now carried on. It cost a much larger sum of money than the similar buildings that have been erected since for the reason that when it was built all material and labor was higher than at this time, or during the past five or six years, when most of the office buildings were erected.
The following table shows the names of the big office build ings erected in the past ten years, and the cost of each as shown by the building inspector's books, but these figures show in some cases only the original contract prices, without including the furnishings or elevators and other things which run the actual cost far higher:

Equitable building ......,....,.................$ 700,000 Austell building ............................... 315,000 English-American building. ...................... 200,000 Lowndes building .............................. 85,000 Inman building ................................ 75,ooo Prudential building ............................ 325,000 Empire building .............................. 500,000 Temple Court improvements...................... 50,000 Kiser building ................................. 100,000 Gould building ................................ 100,000 Norcross building ....... ....................... 75,000 Grand building (including opera house) ............ 200,000 Hirsch building ............................... 75,ooo

Total for ten years......................... $2,800,000

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The Federal prison which is under course of construction near Atlanta by the government will cost, when completed, about $1,500,000. This will be the largest federal prison in the country.
ATLANTA'S HOTELS
Atlanta's hotel capacity has been increased since 1890 by the erection of the Aragon hotel at a cost of $250,000; the Majestic hotel at a cost of $100,000, the conversion of the Jackson building and the Fitten building into hotels, the erection of the Bon Air, Marion hotel, Farlinger apartment house and many other splendid structures and large boarding houses, not to omit the palatial Piedmont hotel, now under construction at the corner of Peachtree and Luckie streets, which will be one of Atlanta's high grade hostelries. Not counting the Piedmont hotel, probably half a million dollars has been spent in building and furnishing new and old apartment houses, including the extensive improvements made by the Kimball house last year.
NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Since 1890 the following public buildings have been erected: Courthouse annex .......,.....................$ 100,000 Fulton county jail .............................. 175,000 Carnegie library ............................... 120,000 Grand opera house............................. 200,000

Total ....................................$ 595,000
FACTORIES AND PLANTS
Among the big factories and plants which have been erected in and near Atlanta in recent years are the following:
The Frank E. Block factory, cost $55,000. The Charles A. Conklin plant, costing $24,000. The Atlanta woolen mills plant, cost $175,000. The George W. Scott cotton mill at Scottdale, $200,000. The Swift fertilizer plant, cost $350,000. The Whittier cotton mills, cost $250,000. The Elizabeth cotton mills, cost $200,000. The Piedmont cotton mills, cost $100,000. The Gate City cotton mills, cost $200,000.

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And many others of equal size and great importance to the city and county.
THE IMPORTANT BUILDINGS
Table showing all buildings erected since 1895 costing over $10,000: Austell building ...............................$ 315,000 S. A. L. depot................................. 100,000 Wellhouse factory ....... ...................... 25,000 Dobbs & Wey building.... ...................... 20,000 Lowndes building .............................. 30,000 Boys' High school.............................. 41,000 Inman, Smith & Co............................. 55,ooo Thornton building, Pryor street................... 45,000 W. D. Grant store, Central avenue and Hunter street. 10,000 Woodward Lumber Co.......................... 35,000 Southern Railway, new shops..................... 25,000 Coco-Cola building ...... ....................... 15,000 Kiser building, Marietta street.................... 16,000 Prudential building ............................ 325,000 Jackson Hill Baptist church. ..................... 15,000 Catholic church, Peachtree and Ivy................ 25,000 Farlinger flats ................................. 42,000 Methodist church, Inman Park. .................. 10,000 Majestic Hotel ................................ 80,000 Atlanta Paper Co.............................. 30,000 A. G. Rhodes block............................. 20,000 English-American building ...................... 200,000 Leary sale stable, Marietta street. ................. 11,000 Maddox store ................................. 18,000 Tech dormitory ............................... 14,000 Elkin & Cooper sanitarium....................... 20,000 Atlanta Brewing and Ice annex. .................. 15,000 Fulton county Tower........................... 175,000 Markham House Block.......................... 75,ooo Orr Shoe Co.................................. 23,000 Fulton Bag and Cotton mills warehouse. ........... 16,300 Courthouse annex .............................. 100,000

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Atlanta Woolen mills..... ...................... Annex to Maddox building...................... S. M. Inman, Nelson street and Madison ave. factory Bass Dry Goods store........................... Addition to Lowndes building.................... Marion.Hotel annex............................ Inman Block, Forsyth street...................... Pratt laboratory ............................... The Fairfax apartment house.................... Trunk factory, Trinity avenue.................... Textile building ............................... McCord Grocery Co. warehouse.................. Atlanta Stove Works, Irwin & Krog............... Chamberlin-Johnson annex ...................... Calhoun building .............................. Atlanta Baptist college.......................... West End Baptist church........................ Atlanta Milling Co............................. J. W. Rucker estate, Alabama, near Forsyth......... Spelman seminary dining hall.................... Spelman seminary dormitory..................... Atlanta Brewing and Ice Co. bottling plant.......... Empire building ............................... Georgia Railroad and Banking Co., addition to depot. Spelman seminary and hospital................... Bell street school............................... Kontz building, Marietta street................... Carnegie library ............................... F. E. Block factory............................. Atlanta Railway power plant..................... Conklin Manufacturing Co ....................... North Avenue Presbyterian church................

30,000 13,100 10,000 35,000 17,000 18,000 35,000 18,000 12,000 10,000 17,000 20,000 10,000 12,000 34,000 13,000 10,000 35,000 35,000 28,500 28,000 10,000 500,000 10,000 16,000 12,500 25,000 120,000 55,ooo 90,000 22,000 26,000

The above figures only show the actual building that has taken place inside the city limits for the past five years. They do not include any of the vast sums that have been expended in the construction of factories and other business buildings outside the citys limits, nor the cost of the many handsome residences that

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have gone up in the suburbs. For example, on Peachtree street alone, residences have been constructed during the past ten years outside the corporate limits at a cost of over $500,000.

POSTAL RECEIPTS
One of the best indications of Atlanta's growth in the past ten years is the enormous increase in the receipts at the Atlanta postoffice.
The postal receipts of a city are recognized as a splendid trade barometer and the value of business of a community may be almost accurately ascertained by calculations based on the postal receipts and the bank clearings.
In the case of Atlanta/^postoffice, the books of the govern ment show that since 1890 the increase in the postal receipts has more than doubled in the last ten years.
A significant fact in connection with the business of the Atlanta postoffice is that it has shown a steady increase for every year since 1870, with the single exception of the fiscal year ending June 3Oth, 1894, when the general depression which prevailed throughout the United States caused a slight decrease.
Major W. H. Smyth, Atlanta's postmaster, furnishes the fol lowing highly interesting statement, showing the increase of busi ness of the Atlanta postoffice and the relative rank of the Atlanta office with those of other cities of the country:
"In population, according to the census, Atlanta is the fortythird city in the United States. In postal receipts it is the twentyeighth, and in postage paid by newspapers and periodicals it is the twenty-first.
"These latter receipts for the year 1900 were $35,692.98, showing 3,569,298 pounds, or over 1,784 tons of newspapers mailed by the Atlanta publishers.
"The average amount of postal receipts per capita for the fiscal year of 1900 in the fifty largest cities of the United States was $2.92; that of Atlanta was $3.55, only Chicago, Boston, Cin cinnati, Kansas City and Omaha being larger, while amon^ the southern cities Louisville was only $2.34, New Orleans $1.65, Richmond $3.06, Memphis $2.25, and Nashville $2.83.
"In the southern cities Atlanta ranks third in the postal re ceipts, Louisville being first and New Orleans second. Atlanta's

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receipts were one-fourth of the entire postal receipts of the state of George and 36.2 per cent, of the fifty-five presidential offices. They are more than the combined receipts of Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and Rome, and nearly equal to the combined of Nashville and Chattanooga.
"The statement of money order business shows in a very striking way the trade of the city, as four dollars are received here, for every dollar sent away.
"In the fiscal year of 1880, when the present postoffice was first occupied the postal receipts were only $59,409.07. In 1880, when the postoifice floor was slightly enlarged, they were $159,262.61 and this year they will be over $350,000. This shows the enormous increase since 1880 of 489 per cent."
The great Atlanta of the new century was not unforeseen. But little over fifteen years ago Hon. A. K. McClure, the able and far-seeing Philadelphia editor, paid an extended visit to Atlanta while making an extensive tour of the South. Of his impressions he wrote:
"Georgia is the Empire State of the South. Nature made her so by a wealth of soil and mines that is unequalled in any of the coast or Gulf states south of Virginia, excepting Alabama, and her people have been proverbial for more than ordinary Southern progress.
"Atlanta has every appearance of being the legitimate off spring of Chicago. There is nothing of the Old South about it, and all the traditions of the old-time South, which are made poetical to dignify effete pride, logical poverty and laziness, have no place in the men of the present in the young and thriving Gate City. There must be old regulation Southerners in this region, but they have either died untimely in despair, or they have drifted into the current and moved on with the world around them. The young men are not the dawddling, pale-faced, soft-handed, effem inates which were so often visible in the nurslings of the slave. They have keen, expressive eyes; their faces are bronzed; their hands are often the tell-tales of labor; their step is elastic and their habits energetic. They bear unmistakable signs of culture; but it is the culture that came with self-reliance, and it is valued because it cost them sacrifice, invention, and effort. They have learned that hardness ever of hardiness is mother/ and if the

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young men of Georgia who have grown up since the war, do not assert themselves and make a most wholesome shaking up of the old fossil ideas and dreams of the South, every present indication must prove delusive. With a city like Atlanta, that has not a vestige of old Southern ways about it, in the very heart of the State and temple of her laws, it is simply impossible that such keen and powerful pulsations can fail to quicken the whole people. You hear no curses of the blacks from idlers in Atlanta. They understand that the negro is away behind them, that his future is a doubtful one, and they vote him, and vote with him; open schools of all grades for him, on equal footing with the whites.
*********
"They know that the negro will never rule the State or any thing else; that he won't rule himself, and while really cherishing more sincere and practical kindness for him than most of those who bubble over with sympathy for him at long range in the North, they have no political or business warfare with him, and he votes as freely in Georgia as he does in Pennsylvania.
"There are more potent civilizers in Georgia than I have met with in any other portion of the South, and they are not few in number. The more intelligent young men of from twenty to thirty years, who are now beginning to assert themselves, are, as a rule, the foremost missionaries in the new civilization of the South. They don't want offices, for they have learned a better way of making a living, and they are manly in their independence. Instead of discussing the old plantation times 'before the wall,' they talk about railroads, factories, the tariff, the schools, the increase of crops, and the growth of wealth and trade.
*********
"And wherever the factory is reared there is a new civiliza tion planted in the desolation of slavery. The shade, the vine, the flower, the tidy fence, and the tasteful home alxnit the cotton mill, tell the story of the future South, and the uniform prosperity of the mills of this State must speedily multiply their numbers.
*********
"The young men, the factory, the school, the hardiness and comfort of industry--these are the new civilizers which are to revolutionize the old slave states.
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I' 1

* " i '-- ;*fc'\*xy>-.-i j'iv->''(-; '?



''''"

Presbyterian Church
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"In Atlanta one-sixth of the whole voters are white Repub licans, but most of them vote steadily for the Democratic State and local rulers. The schools of the State are open to both races on equal terms, and the State aid to the colored college has been placed on exact equality with the State University for whites by constitutional provisions. High schools, equally for both races, may be maintained by special county taxation, if ordered by a vote of the people, and two high grade schools specially for the colored race are in progress in Atlanta, exclusive of the colored college. The general system of education--equally for both races --has not been grudgingly adopted by the white government of Georgia. On the contrary, it is heartily sustained by the great mass of the whites, and, as a rule, they generously aid rather than hinder the advancement of the blacks.

"Every acre of ground in and for miles around the city has felt the shock of the most valiant armies in the world, and has been the death couch of the blue and the gray. When Sherman entered it with his shattered but victorious army he was in the heart of the enemy's country, and the destruction of the city was deemed a military necessity. Hood had destroyed all the build ings containing any stores before he retreated, and Sherman ac cepted the harsh necessity of destroying the place to leave the enemy without a base to reorganize and pursue him on his peril ous march to the sea. He notified the citizens to elect which government they would choose for their protection; sent those who gave oath of allegiance to the North, gave all others safe conduct beyond his lines, with such property as they could take with them, and then made Atlanta one scene of desolation. Here and there an ante-bellum Southern home stands in contrast with the modern buildings which surround them, but they were as brands snatched from the burning. Atlanta was destroyed, but it remained the gateway of the trade that survived the waste of war; it is on the through line from the North to the Gulf; the best vigor of the South with the best vigor of the North seem to have met here on the same mission, and the new Atlanta is the Queen of Beauty among Southern cities, and is rich in all that consti
tutes enduring wealth.
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"The influence of Atlanta upon Georgia, and upon the whole South is incalculable. Already it has revolutionized Georgia. It has not been done by Atlanta verdicts at the polls so much as by the advanced leadership that pours out its live currents of healthy progress in every direction.
.*
"Here the most advanced leaders of the whole South have their homes, and they are felt in every precinct of Georgia, and the tide of progress cannot be swelling up in the centre of the South without overflowing and finding its outlet into all the sur rounding States.

"With Georgia, the mightiest and most prosperous of all the Southern States, thus asserting herself in favor of what is to be the new civilization of the South, I look for her to be more poten tial in the restoration of the South to enduring prosperity than any other factor in solving the great problem known as the South ern question.
"Atlanta is fairly typical of Georgia in the solidity of her prosperity. It is not the apparent prosperity that is visible 'where wealth accumulates and men decay.' It is the general diffusion of wealth and the diffused creation of individual wealth for its own producer that makes Georgia exceptionally prosperous to-day, and the same causes are producing like results largely in SoutruCarolina and in North Carolina.

"It is not the wealth and luxury of the old-time plantation, but it is the better and more enduring wealth and comfort that comes from well directed industry and the harmony of all classes. I believe that in another decade Georgia will have doubled her cotton production, that her own bread will be grown on her own soil, and that the income from her cotton will be doubled from every bale by spinning and weaving her entire product.
"Unless some new hindrance to Southern progress shall be invented by those who have everything at stake in sectional turbu lence, the census of 1890 will show a growth in every element of prosperity in the South that even the progressive North cannot equal."

CHAPTER VI
FACTS ABOUT ATLANTA
The Atlanta of to-day is a growth of thirty-five years. Twice has the upbuilding of a city on this site demonstrated its natural advantages. The rapidity of the growth of Atlanta is illustrated by the fact that, since it was blotted from the map, the city has spread over twelve square miles of ground. Starting with no business in 1865, it receives one-third of the freight delivered in Georgia, and its postoffice receipts are also one-third of those of the State.
The question, Wherefore Atlanta? naturally arises, for com munities are not effects without causes. Atlanta is the result of a combination of advantages, on a commanding geographical loca tion, turned to the best account by a spirit of transcendent energy, which surmounts all obstacles and builds even on disaster the fab ric of success. The growth of this unconquerable spirit has been promoted by a unity of purpose which has prevented the domina tion of factions. Whatever local interests may clash, the good of Atlanta is always a rallying cry. The Atlanta spirit, which has accomplished so much in the upbuilding of the city itself, is happily contagious, and has much to do with making Georgia the Empire State of the South. The spirit of new life has spread from this to other Southern States which are the most active in the development of their resources, and the spirit of the Southeast is the spirit of Atlanta.
For this moral and material eminence Atlanta is fortunately situated on a ridge ,which divides the water-shed of the Atlantic from that of the gulf, and at a point where the natural barrier of the Apalachian chain is broken by great gaps in the mountains. This is the natural point of intersection for railway lines from the West with lines from the East.
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Atlanta And Its Builders
This geographical vantage ground is accompanied by a topo graphical eminence, from which the great climatic advantages of Atlanta are derived. More than 1,000 feet above sea level at its lowest point, and from eleven to twelve hundred at other places, Atlanta enjoys a cool, bracing atmosphere, with breezes that blow over the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge. The exhilarat ing air is a kind of natural tonic, so different from that of the coast and gulf regions that an inhabitant of the low countries, coming to Atlanta during the heated term, feels a stimulus as if he had been drinking great draughts of aerial champagne. The rolling surface of the country, which slopes in almost every direc tion from the city, affords easy drainage and keeps the surround ing region free from malaria.
Atlanta's public buildings typify the solid character of her institutions. Most conspicuous among them is the State capitol, which was erected at a cost of $1,000,000. This stately struc ture, the custom house, the county court house, and other public edifices, make up an aggregate of seven to eight millions invested in public buildings.
Outside of public buildings, the architecture of Atlanta is of a pleasing character, and has steadily improved during the past thirty years. Few cities in any part of the United States can show more attractive residence streets or architectural designs in dicating more culture and good taste. Peachtree street, the principal one for residences, has a number of elegant homes which would be ornaments to any city.
Atlanta is a city of homes, and this is apparent not only in the appearance of the houses, but in the statistics of the United States census, by which Atlanta is accredited with a larger per centage of home owners than any city of its size in the Southern States.
Architecture has had a notable development in the business edifices of Atlanta during the past ten years, and buildings which were notable in 1890 are insignificant in comparison with the great office structures which have been erected since then. No city in the United States can surpass the group of office buildings erected in Atlanta during flic past decade.
As will more fully appear in the chapter devoted to municipal affairs, the street improvements and public works are of a sub-

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stantial character. The business streets are paved with granite blocks, and much of the residence portion of the city is similarly improved, while other streets are paved with asphalt and vitrified brick. Extending from the city limits there are graded roads macadamized with granite or chert, which give an ideal drive for some distance north and south of Atlanta, affording a smooth and solid roadway for twenty miles.
The water supply for domestic and manufacturing purposes and for sanitary use is hardly equalled in any city of Atlanta's size, and the rates per thousand gallons for families or for manu facturing purposes are merely nominal, and probably lower than any on record.
Conditions in Atlanta are highly favorable to manufacturing industries, and this is attested by the great variety of articles made here. More than 150 establishments are in successful operation, employing about 8,000 operatives at good wages, and pouring into the channels of trade an annual pay-roll of $2,500,000. The value of the raw material consumed is more than $6,000,000, and the product between fourteen and fifteen millions. The factories of Atlanta take the cotton crop of four average Georgia counties.
The manufactures of Atlanta in their variety have a guaranty of stability not to be found in those of any city where industry is confined to one family, as of iron or cotton, however important that may be, and the extent of this variety is to some degree indi cated in the chapter on this subject. Among the articles made here are many specialties, for which there is a demand in almost every State in the Union, and concerns making them have enjoyed prosperity through a long series of years.
The trade of Atlanta covers more or less all of the States between the Ohio and Potomac rivers,-the gulf, the Atlantic ocean and the Mississippi river, and in some lines extends to the far Southwestern States and into Mexico, while in a few it covers the entire country. The tendency of the jobbing trade of the Southwest is to concentrate in Atlanta, and little by little the busi ness of other centers gravitates to this city.
Alanta's commanding geographical and topographical situa tion was, at the outset, one of the causes which led to the develop ment of a great railroad center, at which powerful systems from

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the East,- the West and the Southwest regularly compete. As a distributing point Atlanta enjoys facilities hardly equalled else where in the Southwestern States, and as an accessible place of rendezvous for all kinds of organizations and interests, it is a fa vorite, and has come to be known as the Convention City. The terminal facilities of the railroads centering in Atlanta are very extensive.
Atlanta's financial institutions are of the most solid character, and among her banks are several whose phenomenal success is in dicated by the very large surplus they have accumulated and the handsome dividends they regularly declare. Atlanta is the finan cial center of Georgia, and much business from the surrounding country is cleared through the banks of the city. The clearings represent a larger business, in proportion, than those of cities whose exchanges are swollen by cotton receipts, the margin upon which is very small. Atlanta's exchanges, on the contrary, rep resent a broad variety of business, on which a fair, conservative business profit is made, and therefore present a far greater degree of activity and prosperity than clearings composed largely of cot ton business. This city is steadily developing the type of finan cial institutions known as trust companies, and some of these have under way important operations involving millions of dollars.
Atlanta is the third city in the United States in the amount of insurance written and reported to agencies. It is the South ern headquarters for a number of fire and life insurance com panies, and agencies of old line and every other type of insurance are numerous. The financial and social standing of the insurance men of Atlanta is high, and they wield a great influence in the Southern field. Besides the outside companies represented, there are several strong local concerns which have developed within the past twenty years and are doing a very large and pros perous business.
The educational facilities of Atlanta are fully treated in a separate chapter, in which it appears that this city is abreast of the times in this as in other respects. Atlanta early established a system of public schools, and before almost any city in the South, turned its attention to technical education. The Tech nological School was established by the State of Georgia upon in-

Scene in Grant Park

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ducements offered by the city of Atlanta, which bore half of the cost of the original plant, and contributes largely to the support of the institution. There is ample opportunity here for technical instruction of other kinds, and Atlanta has three medical colleges, whose attendance averages 600, to say nothing of the students of the dental colleges. Technical instruction in business methods is not neglected, and two large and flourishing business colleges have maintained themselves here for many years.
With the system of public instruction in elementary and higher branches and in the technique of various pursuits, Atlanta has facilities for a broader and more liberal culture in the libraries and lecture courses open to the public.
The religious and social atmosphere of Atlanta is wholesome and invigorating. It is a city of churches and the home of church-going people, and the community is honeycombed with fraternal organizations.
The social intercourse of the people, as well as the facility for doing business, is greatly aided by an ideal system of rapid tran sit, not only from the residence and suburban sections to the city, but from one residence portion to another. The neighborly spirit is enhanced by the nearness thus artificially created.
With all these advantages, and many which appear more fully in subsequent chapters, Atlanta has a wholesome and inspir ing public spirit which never fails to respond when the interests of the city are at stake. This is perhaps the most distinctive thing about Atlanta, much as there is to say of her various advan tages and magnificent institutions. These, after all, are the crea tion of the people of Atlanta, and the result of that same spirit working out its marvels in physical form. This is the spirit which has made Atlanta a household word in every city, town and hamlet in the United States, and has carried her fame to almost every community in the old world.
With this admirable esprit de corps there is a broad and cath olic spirit born of the cosmopolitan character of the people. The population is principally composed of the best elements of the Southern States, with an admixture of enterprising and progress ive people from the North and West, all striving with generous rivalry for the upbuilding of the city. All creeds and cults and

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political faiths are represented, and for each there is not only tol eration but welcome and sympathy, according to his individual deseits. The people of Atlanta are hospitable, broad, liberal, big-hearted, fair and free.
Enterprising newspapers have much to do with the growth of any community, and this is especially true of Atlanta. For twenty years the daily newspapers of Atlanta have led the van of the Southern press and have had much to do with the develop ment of the surrounding country. There are two daily news papers in Atlanta, The Constitution, which is the morning paper, and The Journal, which is the most important evening newspaper in the Southern States. Another afternoon paper, the News, will start on August 4th, edited by John Temple Graves. The Atlanta Constitution has an interesting history, and has been the means of bringing into prominence several men of national reputation. It was on this paper that. Henry W. Grady did his great work. It is unnecessary to speak of his career, for it is known to the whole country. In his hands The Constitution was especially powerful as a developer of the resources of the Piedmont region, as well as a strong factor in politics. Grady's genius has left its impress on the literary cir cles of the city, and The Constitution under its present manage ment is one of the leading morning papers of the country. Other writers of national reputation who have developed on this paper are -Joel Chandler Harris, whose stories are read in every Eng lish-speaking country, and Frank L. Stanton, whose verse is prob ably more generally quoted and read than that of any poet now writing for the American newspaper press.
The Evening Journal fills a unique field, somewhat broader than that usually occupied by evening newspapers. It is an en terprising newspaper of large circulation, and has been a power ful factor in the politics not only of this State, but of the entire country. It had much to do with bringing about the nomination of Grover Cleveland for president in 1892, and its then principal owner, Mr. Hoke Smith, was selected by Mr. Cleveland as the man to represent Georgia in the cabinet.
Atlanta, the capital of Georgia--"The Empire State of the South"--is situated nearly centrally in the great unsurpassed

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agricultural and mineral quadrilateral forming the Southeastern section of the Union--bounded by the Ohio and Potomac rivers on the north, the Atlantic ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Mississippi river on the west--seven miles southeast of the Chattahoochee river (and 300 feet above it), on the southernmost crest of Chattahoochee Ridge, which divides the waters which flow and empty on the east, within the Georgia coast line, into the Atlantic ocean, and on the west into the Mex ican Gulf.
Captain C. C. Boutelle, a distinguished officer of the United States Coast Survey, who, some years ago, was engaged in astro nomical and geodetic observations, stated that the climate of the Atlanta plateau was not only healthy, but ranked among the most salubrious on the globe.
The superior natural drainage within (and far beyond) the city limits; the extraordinary topographical configuration of the surface in and for miles around the city; the almost constant and general brisk current of air, and the absence of fogs and humid ity, together with absolute exemption from malarial exhalations, render Atlanta unsurpassed for healthfulness.
It has been satisfactorily demonstrated that epidemics cannot be engendered or prevail here. Cholera and yellow fever brought here from other places failed to become epidemic--but ran their course, ending in death or recovery; and in no single case did the disease ever spread, nor was it ever communicated to any individual. When, in 1888, Jacksonville, Florida, was visited by yellow fever, and when, in 1893, Brunswick, Ga., and Pensacola, Fla., were even more seriously scourged by yellow fever, and coast and inland cities quarantined against them, Atlanta gen erously and fearlessly opened wide her gates, hearts, purse and homes to their stricken and fleeing citizens, and invited them hither--becoming a veritable "City of Refuge."
Considering the many superior advantages possessed by At lanta (natural and artificial), her geographical position, unsur passed natural drainage, supplemented by skillful sanitary engin eering; her salubrious climate and healthfulness; her extended, widely ramifying external railway connection, and internal elec tric street car lines; her general business facilities and well graded

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and well paved streets; her many churches and well-equipped schools--public and private; her beautiful and attractive recre ative resorts, and mineral springs within and near the city limits; it is not at all surprising that Atlanta should have outstripped her sister cities in extraordinarily rapid increase in population and wealth.
Within a radius of fifty miles of Atlanta there is a greater variety--and in some instances a greater abundance--of minerals than can be found so near any other city in this country, if not in the world--iron ore (of wide extremes as to quality and rich ness), manganese, gold, silver, copper, granite, marble, slate, lead, graphite, soapstone, limestone, flexible sandstone (the matrix of the diamond), mica, talc, kaolin, asbestos, corundum, etc., and other gems.
One hundred miles radius will include, in addition to the above, coal measures almost inexhaustible, and water-powers more than sufficient to manufacture all the cotton made in the United States.
Raw materials of every description--iron in the ore or pig, and other metals and minerals; cotton; long-leaf pine, hickory, oak, ash, maple, beech, black walnut, yellow poplar, dogwood, and other hard and soft woods; all vegetable and animal fiber, hides, pelts, steam coal, and all other raw material needed for the suc cessful prosecution of every branch of manufactures and mechan ical industries known to man, are either kept here heavily in stock, or can be had quickly from points on the many lines of rail way centering here, within easy distance, at a low cost of material and freight, while within the city limits, and in close proximity all around, are extensive beds of the best clay suitable for terra cotta work, sewer pipe and brick making.
Published statements show that Atlanta has much more banking capital than any other city in Georgia; has a much larger surplus and undivided profits; exceeds any other in the amount of deposit; that her banks have very much more cash actually in their vaults, and that they have nearly three times as much due them by other banks as they owe other banks.
Atlanta is a charitable city. With all her impetuous com mercialism, her heart is in the right place. The city is the seat

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of several noble institutions of philanthropy and benevolence, prominent among them the Georgia Soldiers' Home. This worthy charity (and the word does not sound right in such a con nection) recently suffered a sad blow from fire, the building being entirely consumed; but a new and more beautiful soldiers' home is to be built at once.
There is a probability of a United States subtreasury being established in Atlanta, and of a magnificent new federal building being erected here.
Atlanta is practically, and nearly geographically, the center of the most richly endowed area of territory--in natural re sources--of any in the world of equal compactness and limited extent.
Twenty-four hours' ride by rail from and back to Atlanta will take one through and around long leaf pine forests of stand ing timber estimated to contain more than 30,000,000 feet of the best yellow pine lumber in the world.
Twenty-four hours' ride by rail from and bacjc to Atlanta will take one through and around tens of thousands of square miles of the best hard wood timber in the Union, and the only area of any considerable extent in the United States.
Less than twenty-four hours' ride by rail from and back to Atlanta will take one through and around ten thousand square miles of coal fields the quality of whose product cannot be ex celled.
Twelve hours' ride by rail from and back to Atlanta will take one through and around an area of minerals (precious and nonprecious) and gems, which for variety and abundance cannot be excelled in the same space.
Two hours' ride by rail from and back to Atlanta will take one to a mountain deposit of granite of unsurpassed strength, showing more than 10,000,000,000 cubic feet above the surface.
Six hours' ride by rail from and back to Atlanta -will take one over deposits of marble covering hundreds of square miles of unknown depth, of all shades, and of unexcelled beauty and quality.
Twelve hours' ride by rail from and back to Atlanta will take one through and around water powers (in Georgia), of large

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volume and constant flow--unchecked by drouths and freezes-- of sufficient power to manufacture all the cotton made in the United States.
Atlanta is nearly 1,100 feet above ocean level--the highest point (save one) in the United States, of equal population, and railway and other facilities.
Atlanta is absolutely exempt from miasmatic influence, ex halations and malarial influences.
Atlanta has unsurpassed natural drainage. Atlanta cannot be surpassed on the globe for salubrity of climate and healthfulness.
Atlanta can carry full lines of every description of merchan dise, and transact business uninterruptedly the year round.
Atlanta's facilities for communication with the world, by steam and electricity, equal those of any other city.
Atlanta has a water supply ample, at the present rate of con sumption, for a population of 50,000,000 people. Atlanta has a paid fire department not surpassed (if equalled) in the Union.
Take four strings and stretch them thus: Place one end of the first at Richmond, Va., and the other end at New Orleans, La.; one end of the second at Cincinnati, O., and the other end at Appalachicola, Fla.; one end of the third at Chicago, 111., and the other at Tampa, Fla.; one end of the fourth at St. Louis, Mo., and the other at Brunswick, Ga., and it will be found that they all cross each other at Atlanta.
Take three other strings and stretch one from New York to New Orleans--it will pass very near Philaclelplri^vBaltimore and Washington, and a few miles west of Atlanta; another stretched from Charleston, S. C, to Memphis, Term., passes just north of Atlanta; and the third, stretched from St. Louis to Jacksonville, passes a few miles south of Atlanta.
A circle describing a radius of four hundred miles will inchule within it Wilmington and Raleigh, N. C., Danville and Lynchburg, Va., Charleston, W. Va., Cincinnati, O., Louisville, Ky., Evansville, Ind., Cairo, 111., Memphis, Tenn., New Orleans, La., and Tampa, Fla.
No better indication of the growth and enterprise of Atlanta could be desired than is reflected in phenomenal strides of The Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company.

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A little more than two decades ago--in the days when the hopes of the South were centered in the prospects of Tilden and Hendricks--the telephone had its birth. It was exhibited first as a scientific toy at the Philadelphia Centennial, and the feat of being enabled to talk electrically from one end of Mechanics Hall to the other, went round the world like a flash and was written upon the honor roll of time as one of the new wonders of the new world. The toy of 1876 was not long in finding its application. Within two years telephone exchanges, with subscribers running into the hundreds, began to spring up in all the commercial cen ters. Telephony was a fact, though a feeble fact at that time. Among the first cities to secure the benefits of the telephone was Atlanta, and we find here in 1879 an exchange, in one of the upper rooms of the old Kimball House, with fifty-five subscribers! To day Atlanta boasts of one of the best equipped and up to date tele phone systems in the world, with a telephone to every twenty peo ple of her population.
Of all the industries for which America has become famous, none have had such phenomenal development as the arts of ap plied electricity, and of the electrical arts, the art of telephony has by far outstripped its compeers both in point of development and financial investment. As a result of which one may talk to-day from Atlanta to any point within a radius of one thousand miles with far more ease and satisfaction than was possible from one block to another fifteen years ago.
For this Atlanta owes much to the Southern Bell Telephone and Telephone Company and its progressive management, whose territory covers the South Atlantic States below Pennsyl vania, an<J whose general headquarters have recently been re moved from New York to this city, where their various depart ments are located in their large and elegantly appointed building on the corner of South Pryor and Mitchell streets.
During the past six years this company has devoted its best efforts to the establishment of a long distance system connecting together all of its various exchanges, and has to-day more than twelve thousand miles of wire in operation, and lines under con struction which will bring the mileage near the fifteen thousand mile mark before the end of the present year. The Southern

General Offices Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Pry or and Mitchell Sts.

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Bell adheres to the very highest standard of construction and equipment, using only pure copper wire in their long distance con struction, which ranges from three to five hundred dollars per mile of pole line, varying with the conditions of the country to be traversed.
In addition to the General Offices and Exchange on South Pryor street, the company have a factory on East Mitchell street, where about one hundred men are employed, and branch ex changes in Decatur, East Point, and North Atlanta operating into the main exchange:
The officials of the company are: Edward J. Hall, president, New York City. James Merrihew, vice-president, New York City. D. I. Carson, secretary and treasurer, New York City. W. T. Gentry, general manager, Atlanta. J. W. Gibson, auditor, New York City. T. L. Ingram, general superintendent construction, Atlanta. E. H. Bangs, electrical engineer, Atlanta. W. H. Adkins, traffic agent, Atlanta. C. H. Connoley, supply agent, Atlanta. John D. Easterlin, special agent, Atlanta. M. O. Jackson, special agent, Atlanta. D. M. Therrell, wire chief, Atlanta. J. C. Gentry, special agent, Atlanta. H. W. Burton, jr., manager Atlanta Exchange, Atlanta. Each of the above officials and heads of departments have under their direction from scores to hundreds of employes, bar ring, of course, the general manager, who has direct executive control of the administrative affairs of the company. In addition to the above officials there are five district super intendents, with districts covering one or more states, who are charged with the superintendence of the various interests of the company in their respective districts. These officials are: Hunt Chipley, superintendent 1st District, Richmond, Va. Robert L. West, superintendent 2nd District, Atlanta, Ga. D. C. Sims, superintendent 31! District, Montgomery, Ala. Morgan B. Speer, superintendent 4th District, Charlotte,
N. C J. W. Crews, superintendent 5th District, Savannah, Ga.

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In 1896 another telephone enterprise was started in this city under the name of the Atlanta Standard Telephone Company, but the company was not equipped for work until 1899, when operations began. At the present time the company has 2,500 telephones in active operation. The officers of this company at this writing are: Albert Baltz, president; L. J. Bauer, vice-president; Otto G. Wolf, treasurer, and F. V. L. Tur ner, secretary.

9-2

CHAPTER VII
MUNICIPAL HISTORY
The compiler of the present work is indebted to Col. E. Y. Clarke and Wallace Putnam Reed, editors of earlier histories of Atlanta, for much of the following information pertaining to Atlanta of the past.
The period from 1861, to the close of the war between the States, was filled with memorable events in the history of Atlanta. The government of the city until its capture by the Federals was carried on without special change except as the usual order of things incident to war made necessary. In the preceding portions of this volume the exciting events connected with the war have been fully treated, and of necessity such relating to municipal affairs has been touched upon, but it remains in this connection to follow more into detail the important events pertaining to the municipal government.
The officers elected in 1861 were as follows: Mayor, Jared I. Whitaker; councilmen, James R. Crew, John H. Mecaslin, S. B. Love, Robert Crawford, Felix Hardman, William Watkins, F. C. House, Thomas Kyle, James Lynch and S. B. Robson. The ministerial officers elected by this council were: Clerk, Henry C. Holcomb; treasurer, E. J. Roach; marshal, T. B. Bogus; deputy marshal, John R. Rhodes; first lieutenant of police, Ben jamin N. Williford; second lieutenant of police, G. M. Lester; sexton, G. A. Pilgrim; superintendent of streets, H. W. McDaniel; clerk of market, John 1). Wells. The board of health for 1861 was composed of Dr. H. W. Brown, Dr. D. C. O'Keefe, Dr. J. G. Westmorland, Dr. T. S. Powell, and G. B. Haygood.
On February 15, 1861, the rules of the council were sus pended for the purpose of hearing a report from Dr. J. P. Logan and Colonel K. P. Watkins, two of the delegates who had been
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appointed to attend the sitting of the Confederate Congress to solicit the location of the capital of the Southern republic at this city. Dr. Logan made the report, saying that from indications apparent at Montgomery, the delegation and friends of Atlanta thought best not to press their claims at that time, seeing that ample arrangements were then being enjoyed by the Congress, which were tendered them by the citizens of Montgomery. The opinion of the delegation was that Congress would not change its place of sitting during that year. The delegation therefore re turned home. With reference to this matter, however, the coun cil, on the 8th of March following, passed the following resolu tions :
"That in the event it shall be deemed necessary and expedient for the Congress of the Southern States of America to remove the temporary, or to locate in any other section the permanent government, the city of Atlanta tenders for one year the use of the city hall for Congress, and other suitable buildings and rooms for the different executive departments of the government.
"Resolved, That our delegates to the State convention, then assembled at Savannah, be requested to use their best efforts to have said convention pass an ordinance granting to Congress of the Confederate States of America, political jurisdiction over such an amount of territory as said Congress may deem necessary for the establishment of a permanent capital in the State of Georgia."
On April 22, 1861, important action was taken by the council with reference to war measures. Mechanics' Fire Company No. 2 had offered their services as military corps to the council to serve as a home guard. The mayor, in appreciation of this patri otic tender on the part of the company, responded as follows: "The tender of yours, gentlemen, being a free and voluntary act on your part, and coming as it does from a company of good and true firemen, and from noble and gallant patriots, I accept the tender of your company, and will use my influence, to the utmost of my power, in procuring the necessary arms for the company. Your past history as good citizens and as true firemen to the inter est of Atlanta, against the devouring flames of fire, is a sufficient guarantee that you will ever prove successful in protecting and defending, if need be, the lives and property of the citizens of

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Atlanta, in any emergency, against the influence of the unholy and wicked war inaugurated by Abe Lincoln and his mean and con temptible cohorts. Our people, gentlemen, are fighting for inde pendence and equality, as our fathers did in the old Revolution of '76, and we will teach Abe Lincoln and his cohorts, before the war is over, that the South never surrenders, and that the people of the South will never be satisfied until the capitol at Washington is rescued, and our flag raised upon it, and the Confederate States acknowledged to be free and by all nations."
The following resolution was passed about the same time as the above:
"Whereas, The administration of one Abraham Lincoln, of certain non-slave holding States of the late United States, having announced its determined policy to subjugate the Slave States, and whereas, the people of the Slave States are determined never to be subjugated by such demons, so long as there is an arm to raise and a God to rule and sustain the cause of the Confederate States of America, therefore,
"Resolved, That the judges of the Inferior Court be, and they are hereby requested to call a meeting of the citizens of Fulton county, to be held at an early day, at the city hall in Atlanta, for the purpose of devising ways and means to aid in the support of our soldiers and families during the war."
Jared I. Whitaker, mayor of Atlanta, having been appointed commissary-general of the Georgia army, resigned his position as mayor, and was succeeded on November 25, 1861, by Thomas F. Lowe.
The election, which was held on January 15, 1862, for mayor and councilmen, resulted as follows : James M. Calhoun, mayor; councilmen, first ward, Isaac E. Bartlett and S. B. Oatman; sec ond ward, James R. Crew and James E. Williams; third ward, John Farrar and James G. Kelly; fourth ward, William Barnes and William B. Cox; fifth ward, C. W. Hunnicutt and John H. Flynn. The officers elected by this council were the following: Clerk, Henry C. Holcomb; treasurer, John H. Mecaslin; marshal, Benjamin N. Williford; deputy marshal, Thomas Shivers; first lieutenant of police, W. S. Hancock; second lieutenant of police, George Stewart; city physician, W. C. Moore; sexton, G. A.

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Pilgrim; surveyor, H. L. Currier; clerk of market, John D. Wells; superintendent of streets, H. W. McDaniels. The board of health appointed by the mayor was as follows : Dr. Harrison Westmoreland, Dr. E.-N. Calhoun, Dr. John W. Jones and Dr. James F. Alexander.
The election of officers to serve during the year 1863 was held on December 3, 1862, and resulted as follows: Mayor, James M. Calhoun; councilmen, first ward, Isaac E. Bartlett and S. B. Oatman; second ward, James E. Williams and E. E. Rawson; third ward, James G. Kelly and T. B. Thurman; fourth ward, E. R. Sasseen and James Noble; fifth ward, C. W. Hunnicutt and Perino Brown. The officers elected by the council were, clerk, Henry C. Holcomb; treasurer, John Mecaslin; tax recorder and collector, Columbus M. Payne; marshal, Benjamin N. Williford; deputy marshal, Thomas Shivers; city attorney, Thomas W. I. Hill; clerk of market, Theophilus Harris; first lieutenant of police, W. S. Hancock; second lieutenant of police/ George Stewart; city physician, S. S. Beach; surveyor, H. L. Currier; superintendent of streets, H. W. McDaniel; sexton, G. A. Pil grim ; hall-keeper and messenger, Patrick Fitzgibbon. A few days after his election Thomas Shivers died and W. S. Hancock was elected deputy marshal to fill the vacancy thus caused; George Stewart was then elected first lieutenant of police, and William A. Puckett, second lieutenant of police.
On May 3, 1863, Mr. Williams offered a resolution to the effect that in view of the Yankee vandals having made inroads info the country, and ever threatening the city of Atlanta and vincinity, the mayor be requested to ask the citizens to organize immediately into military companies for the more effectually pro tecting the city and council against such raids, should they again be attempted. And on the same day the following resolution
was passed: "Whereas, Our barbarous enemies lately fitted out and sent
forward an expedition of brigands to invade northwest Georgia, to plunder and devastate the country, burn up and destroy our foundries, work shops, manufactories and railroads, and to espe cially to visit Atlanta and destroy the government stores, the enterprise and wealth of the place and leave it in ruins, which

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brutal intention of our foes was most happily prevented by the unparalleled energy of General Bedford Forrest and the valor of the unconquerable men under his command, therefore, be it
"Resolved, That we hereby, in the name and behalf of our citizens, tender to General Forrest and the patriots of his com mand our warmest thanks and our heartfelt gratitude.
"That the indomitable courage and perseverance of General Forrest, and the heroic endurance of the soldiers in his command, in his great chase of the vandals from Columbus to Rome, and the extraordinary sagacity and generalship displayed by him during this chase, and the final surrender of the whole Yankee force to his jaded and worn out patriots, whose numbers were only onethird that of the enemy, is unparalleled in the history of this war, and unexcelled by any feat of the kind in ancient or modern war fare."
On May 22, 1863, it was resolved by the council that L. P. Grant and Colonel A. M. Wallace be requested to exam ine the surrounding country with a view to the safety of Atlanta, and to report to the council their opinion, as early as practicable, in relation to the steps necessary to be taken for the defense of the city against the ap proach of the enemy, and the mayor was requested to invite the closing of all stores, workshops, etc., one afternoon in each week, that all persons whose duty is to attend military drill might do so. The following resolutions were also adopted by the council:
"Whereas, those of our citizens who have promptly respond ed to the patriotic calls of his honor, the mayor, in volunteering to organize themselves into companies for the defense of the city, have only done their duty; but for the purpose of making their effort effectual, in the opinion of this body, there should be raised, for the present, and at once, a sufficient force to organize ten com panies or more of one hundred men each, to consist of one com pany of artillery, two companies of cavalry, and seven companies of infantry; and that it is expected every citizen able to bear arms will promptly enroll his name and become a punctual and vigilant soldier, and to the end that these views be perfected, be it
"Resolved, That his honor, the mayor, appoint a committee in each ward, to consist of one member of the council and two

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citizens, whose duty it shall be to canvass thoroughly each ward in the city, and present a list for enrollment to each resident of the said ward, who is able to perform such military duty, as may be required of him, for the defense of the city.
"Resolved, further, that, in the event of any resident refusing to cheerfully enroll himself for the protection of our wives, our children and our homes, the names of all such be published con spicuously in each of the daily papers of the city, and that those may be distinctly known who refuse to embark in so holy a cause; and that such other action be taken in the premises as may be deemed prudent and safe for the welfare of the city."
In December, 1863, the following officers were elected: Mayor, James M. Calhoun; councilmen, first ward, L. C. Wells and J. A. Taylor; second ward, E. E. Rawson and William Watkins; third ward, Robert Crawford and John T. Jones; fourth ward, Z. A. Rice and James E. Gtillatt; fifth ward, Perino Brown and N. R. Fowler. The council then fixed the salaries of the various ministerial officers, after which the officers themselves were elected. They were as follows, together with their salaries : Clerk, Henry C. Holcomb, $4,000 and the perquisites of his office; treasurer, J. H. Mecaslin, $1,000; tax receiver and collector, C. M. Payne, one and one-half per cent, on taxes received and one and one-half per cent, on taxes collected; marshal, O. H. Jones, $3,500 and perquisites; deputy marshal, W. P. Lanier, $2,500 and perquisites; city attorney, N. J. Hammond, $1,000; clerk of mar ket, Theophilus Harris, $1,200; first lieutenant of police, George Stewart, $2,000; second lieutenant of police, D. C. Venable, $2,000; city physician, J. G. Westmorland, $2,000; surveyor, H. L. Currier, ten dollars per day for the time actually employed; superintendent of streets, John Haslett, $2,000; sexton, G. A. Pilgrim, five dollars for each interment; hall-keeper and messen ger, Patrick Fitzgibbon, $100 per month. On June 3, 1864, the council passed the following resolution:
"Whereas, the Lincoln government has concentrated two of the largest armies ever seen on this continent, the one under the leadership of General Grant, to tasiege Richmond, the scat of government, and the other under General Shernian, to invade Georgia and capture Atlanta, 'the citadel of the Confederacy,' as

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they term it, and have left nothing undone to accomplish that design; and
"Whereas, God has vouchsafed to our arms, so far, success ful repulses of both armies through the instrumentality of our forces under Generals Lee and Johnston, it becomes us, as a Christian people, to humble ourselves before the mercy seat, and, with fasting and prayer, confess our sins and beseech the Al mighty God, for the sake of His son, to guide our rulers in the path of right, council our officers in the field, and give us strength to resist the vandal invaders, and crown our arms with decisive victories. Therefore, be it
"Resolved, That his honor, the mayor, be requested to issue a proclamation setting apart Friday next, the loth inst, as a day of fasting and humiliation and prayer, and request the citizens to lay aside, on that day, all secular business and devote it to prayer to Almighty God to continue to be strength to us in our weakness, and to bless and crown our armies with success."
The last entry made on the books of the council, before the capture of the city by General Sherman, was made on July 18, 1864, and from that day until January 6, 1865, the minutes are a blank. The first entry after the re-occupation of the city by the inhabitants is as follows:
"At a meeting of the mayor and council-elect in the council chamber this evening, present, his honor, James M. Calhoun, and Councilman Collier, Williford, Salmons, Simmons, Sasseen, Ripley, Richardson and Terry. "State of Georgia, Fulton County:
"We, the undersigned, managers of an election for mayor and ten councilmeii for the city of Atlanta for the year 1865, held at the city hall on the 7th of December, 1864, do hereby certify that the folllowing persons received the highest number of votes for mayor and councilmeii as aforesaid, and as such are duly elected: James M. Calhoun was elected mayor; John Collier and B. N. Williford were elected councilmeii for the first ward; Lewis S. Salmons, for the second; Thomas R. Ripley and F. M. Richardson, for the third; L. S. Mead and Theodore W. J. Hill, for the fourth; James N. Simmons and Ed. R. Sasseen, for the

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fifth. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto signed our names officially this I5th day of December, 1864.
"ED. M. TALIAFERRO, "JETHRO W. MANNING, "JAMES G. McLiN."

The first ordinance passed after this election was with refer ence to the clerk's salary, which was fixed at $4,000 per year. S. B. Love was then elected clerk. A committee on salaries was then appointed, consisting of Sasseen, Richardson and Simmons. This committee, on the 7th of January, reported as follows : "We would respectfully say that from the very large amount of real estate and personal property destroyed by the enemy, and from the almost total destruction of our very large commercial business and the revenue arising therefrom, we feel somewhat at a loss in making an estimate of the revenue that can be collected, from which to pay the salaries of our officers and other expenses; but your committee would further state that, to have peace and good order in the city, we must have good men for officers, and to get good men we must pay them such salaries as will meet their cur rent expenses and enable them to devote their whole time to the interests of the city. We feel satisfied that our citizens will will ingly pay such tax as will pay the salaries. From the aforesaid facts we ask that the following amounts be allowed the following named officers: Marshal, $5,000; deputy marshal, $3,500; city attorney, $2,500; city physician, $2,000; treasurer, $2,000; tax receiver and collector, two and one-half per cent, on taxes collected and two and one-half per cent, on taxes received; clerk of market, $150 per month; surveyor, twenty-five dollars per day when ac tually engaged; sexton, twenty dollars for each interment; first lieutenant of police, $3,500; second lieutenant of police, $2,500; superintendent of streets, $225 per month; hall-keeper and mes senger, $125 per month."
The following ministerial officers were then elected by the council: Marshal, O. H. Jones; deputy marshal, C. C. Davis; city attorney, N. J. Hammond; treasurer, J. T. Porter; city phy sician, James W. Price; tax collector and receiver, Robert Crawford ; sexton, G. A. Pilgrim; surveyor, W. F. Harris; first lieuten-

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ant of police, George Stewart; second lieutenant of police, David Howard; superintendent of streets, John Haslett; hall keeper and messenger, James G. McLin.
On the 9th of June, 1865, Dr. D'Alvigny made a proposition to the council with reference to the medical college, which was accepted. He said that he had conferred with General Winslow and Colonel Eggleston, commanding United States troops in this place, in relation to turning over the stores belonging to the hospital and also the furniture then in use by the surgeons in charge, and that said officers agreed that the furniture should remain in the hospital for the benefit of the city and country. The doctor then proposed to take all the sick, wounded, etc., of the city, and give them such attention as himself and Doctor Westmoreland could give, provided the city would furnish a steward and nurses for the hospital. He also said it was the intention of the United States to remove all sick and wounded belonging to the United States army very soon.
An ordinance was passed on the I4th of July as follows: "Whereas, the military authorities do not recognize any difference in penal laws between blacks and whites,
"Therefore, be it ordained by the mayor and council of the city of Atlanta, that all ordinances and parts of ordinances, mak-: ing negroes guilty of crimes different from white persons, be, and the same are hereby repealed, and that hereafter negroes be sub ject to the same ordinances as white persons, and the violations of them be punished as violations by white persons, provided that on failure to pay any fine and cost they may be sentenced to work on the streets or other public works of the city for such time as will pay the same at such rates as are then paid to persons for like work for the city."
At the election held in December, 1865, for officers to serve during 1866, the following officers were elected: Mayor, James E. Williams; councilmen, first ward, A. P. Bell and D. P. Ferguson; second ward, P. E. McDaniel and F. M. Richardson; third ward, Robert Crawford and James E. Kelley; fourth ward, W. T. Mead and J. H. Porter; fifth ward, Anthony Murphy and R. D. Smith.
In his inaugural address Mayor Williams made use of the following language: "We have recently passed through a war

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which has borne with peculiar weight upon our city. But a few years since Atlanta was one of the most flourishing cities in the South. The Federal army left it totally in ashes. But yesterday it seemed as if the pall of death had overspread it. To-day how changed! It is but a few short months since our citizens, penni less and houseless, began to return with sad hearts at the desola tion which everywhere met their eyes. But with unconquerable will they set about rebuilding the waste places, and repairing, as far as human energy could do, their lost fortunes. How well they have succeeded you all know. What prospects we have be fore us all may anticipate. We cannot recall the past. We can not cease to mourn for those who have gone from among us for ever. But we still cherish the hope that there is still in store for us a bright future. Though there is much to encourage, yet there are difficulties to be met which must challenge our wisest counsels, and our best efforts and energies. Our streets, wells and pumps, public buildings and grounds, cemetery, gas, fire department, city poor, all demand our immediate attention, etc."
After the conclusion of the mayor's address the council at tended to the appointment of standing committees, the fixing of the salaries of various officers, and the election of those officers as follows: Clerk, S. B. Love, $1,800 and the perquisites of his office; treasurer, J. T. Porter, $800; marshal, G. W. Anderson, $1,800; deputy marshal, W. P. Lanier, $1,600; city attorney, S. B. Hoyt, $800; first lieutenant of police, L. P. Thomas, $1,400; second lieutenant of police, --------------, $1,200; city physician, E. J. Roach, $800; sexton, G. A. Pilgrim, $5 for each interment; surveyor, W. B. Bass; tax receiver and collector, C. M. Payne; superintendent of streets, George Stewart. The Atlanta Gas Light Company, through its president, J. W. Duncan, presented a memorial to the council, on the 2ist of September, 1866, which was as follows:
"The Atlanta Gas Light Company, in announcing to corpor ate authorities of the city that they are now ready to resume the manufacture of gas both for public and private use, beg leave to state the facts which confront them by the altered condition of the country since the first agreement was made in 1855. Coal, which is the main element in the manufacture of gas, could be bought in

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1855 fr from 12 to 15 cents per bushel, laid down at the works; but at the present time it costs from 28 to 33 cents per bushel; lime at the same period could be bought for from 28 to 35 cents per bushel, while now the price is from 65 to 80 cents. Fire brick then cost $35 per thousand, and about the same in freight; now the price is $65 per thousand and the freight is $90 per thou sand. Labor used to cost from $32 to $45 per month, now the price of labor is from $50 to $70 per month. When the under taking of lighting the streets of the city was started, we expected to light them at about cost; but owing to waste of leakage and the low price charged a series of loss occurred to the company. The burners were larger than originally agreed upon, and the lights were scarcely ever extinguished according to contract. We find now the proportion of street lamps will be much larger than our private customers, which was the reverse prior to 1861, and the waste will be very great. The company would be very glad to make an arrangement with the council to take charge of the lamps, provided the city cannot make a more satisfactory arrangement. Under the foregoing statement we believe the city will see that it will redound to its interest, as well as to that of the company, to increase the compensation for lighting the street lamps so long as the prices for all the prime articles which constitute the basis for the manufacture of gas remain as at present, to be reduced as those prices are reduced."
The legislature of the State, on the 3d of March, 1866, passed an act amending the charter of the city extending the limits of the city, so that afterward they should extend to the distance of one and one-half miles in every direction from the passenger depot. An election was held on the i6th of October, 1866, to determine whether this amendment to the charter should be accepted by the people, which resulted in the casting of one hundred anj fifty-two votes in favor of the extension and thirty votes against it. The city limits were therefore declared to extend to the distance of one and one-half miles in all directions from the passenger depot.
At the election which was held on the 5th of December, 1866, for officers to serve during 1867, the following were elected: Mayor, James E. Williams; councilmen, first ward, M. T. Castleberry and D. P. Ferguson; second ward, F. M. Richardson and

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A. W. Mitchell; third ward, W. C. Anderson and George W. Terry; fourth ward, J. E. Gullatt and W. B. Cox; fifth ward, A. P. Bell and Anthony Murphy. On the 2ist of this month an ordinance was passed creating the office of commissioner of public works. The officers elected by the council were as 'follows: Clerk, S. B. Love, salary, $1,500; marshal, L. P. Thomas, $1,500; deputy marshal, E. C. Murphy, $1,300; treasurer, Joseph Q. Paxton, $800; first lieutenant of police, W. Y. Langford, $1,000; second lieutenant of police, T. C. Murphy, $1,000; city attorney, S. B. Hoyt, $800; city physician, E. J. Roach, $1,500; commis sioner of public works, Robert Crawford, $1,500; surveyor, James F. Cooper; hall-keeper and messenger, Patrick Fitzgibbon.
From a report to the council on the financial condition of the city for 1866, the following extract is made: "It will be seen that the receipts of the city, which came into the hands of S. B. Love, clerk, amounted to $99,932.53; and the expenditures, in cluding the checks issued during the year 1866, amounted to $183,292.77, showing an excess of expenditures over the receipts of $83,360.24; and the committee take great pleasure, in this con nection, of expressing our entire satisfaction with the manner in which the clerk of the council has kept his books, showing both neatness and accuracy.
''Having thus shown the receipts and expenditures of 1866, we have endeavored to make a complete record of the indebted ness of the city, out of which by the addition of some items, which can be reached hereafter, a regular bond book can be opened, and the city be able hereafter to keep a complete register of its obliga tions. From abstract No. 3, the entire amount of bonds issued and outstanding will be seen to be:

Old issues, date not ascertained ..................$ 28,000 oo Bonds issued in 1865........................... 53,000 oo Bonds issued in 1866.......................... 169,000 oo

Total bonded indebtedness. ................ .$250,000 oo
"The entire indebtedness of the city, therefore, on January i, 1867, is seen to be:

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A bonded indebtedness of..................... .$250,000 oo Checks outstanding, Broad street awards.......... 25,845 15 Other checks outstanding....................... 23,285 31 Money borrowed in New York.................. 10,000 oo City notes outstanding......................... 14,644 50 Other notes and obligations..................... 2,800 oo

Aggregate city indebtedness............... .$326,574 96

Following is the report of treasurer, J. T. Porter, for the year ending December 31, 1866:

RECEIPTS.

General taxes for 1865 ..............$ 1,969 10

General taxes for 1866.............. 39,941 07 ------'------$ 4i,9 10 1 7

Tax on merchandise sales, 1865 .......$ 2,186 49

Tax on merchandise sales, 1866....... 7,197 88 ------------$ 9.384 37

Tax on commission sales, 1865 .......$ 761 86

Tax on commission sales, 1866....... 5,9*5 54 ----------$ 6,677 40

Merchants' licenses ............................$ 5,563 30

Retail licenses ............................... 13,076 oo

Dray licenses ................................ 2,365 oo

Vendue licenses .............................. 187 50

Exhibition licenses ........................... 870 oo

Lager beer licenses............................ 200 oo

Bowling alley licenses..........................

5000

Fees and rents of markets...................... 1,834 24

Fines and forfeitures.......................... 1,993 50

Billiard tables ............................... 275 oo

Cemetery lots sold............................

50 oo

Miscellaneous ............................... 357 05

City notes issued............................. 15,275 oo

Proceeds of bonds issued....................... 130,062 50

Sale of market lots............................ 17,985 oo

Loans ....................................... 46,525 oo

Total for 1865 .................$ 4,917 45

Total for 1866. ................ 289,723 58 --------------$294,641 03

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The disbursements for the year were as follows:

Salaries of officers .............................$ 45^52 43

Public buildings and grounds................... I3532 52

Streets and bridges............................ 58,820 09

Wells, pumps, and cisterns..................... 3,248 85

Cemetery ................................... 1,883 ii

Fire department ............................. 7.944 4i

Paupers and relief............................ 29,580 45

Stationery and printing. ....................... 2,227 66

Gas and fixtures. ............................. 2,178 12

Incidentals .................................. 2,050 53

Interest ..................................... 13,825 oo

Bonds and notes redeemed...................... 44,800 oo

Miscellaneous ................................

977 65

Costs and fees................................

103 30

City notes retired............................. 21,913 50

City notes on hand............................ 11,221 25

Notes and partial payments..................... 5.337 49

Total disbursements ...................... $264,896 36

Leaving a balance on hand of ...............$ 29,744 67

Mr. Peters of the council introduced a set of resolutions on February 26, 1868, with respect to the removal of the State Capital to Atlanta, which were as follows:
"Whereas, There is a proposition before the State convention of Georgia now in session, proposing to locate the capital of the State in this city from and after the ratification of the constitution to be by the said convention; therefore,
"Resolved, That in consideration of the location of said capital, as proposed by the said convention, the city of Atlanta does hereby agree, covenant and bind the city of Atlanta free of cost to the State to furnish for the space of ten years, if needed, suitable buildings for the general assembly, for the residence of the governor, and for all the offices needed by such officers as are generally located in the State house, and also suitable rooms for the State library and for the Supreme Court.

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"Resolved, That we also agree to donate to the State twentyfive acres of land as a location for the capitol, and if the location is not desired, to donate in lieu of said fair grounds, any other unoccupied ten acres of land in the city that may be selected by the general assembly as a more appropriate site for the capitol and governor's mansion."
The above preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted by the council, and on the 28th of the same month the following address was made to the constitutional convention then in session in the city: Gentlemen.--We take this opportunity of expressing to you, in the name of the whole people of Atlanta, our hearty thanks for the unanimity of your body for the location of the capitol of Georgia in our thriving city, etc., etc.
On March 6 a resolution was introduced into the council re questing the mayor to appoint a committee consisting of three members of the council to take into consideration the arrange ments necessary to meet the contemplated removal of the capital of the State to Atlanta, and report to the council the best plan of furnishing suitable buildings in accordance with the promise of the council. The committtee consisted of Peters, Rawson and Holland.
A report was made to the council on May 8, 1868, by J. A. Hayden, chairman of the committee on gas, to the effect that on account of the destruction of the works occasioned by the war, the gas company was compelled to issue bonds to the amount of $15,000 at eight per cent, interest, and falling due three years from date, for the purpose of repairing the works. This work had been done at a cost of about $20,000. The gas was turned on for the first time after the war on the i5th of September, 1866. Between that date and the date of the report the company had paid the interest as it came due, and of the principal it paid $6,000; leaving $9,000 still unpaid. At that time the company had on hand $800 in cash, and city checks to the amount of $6,616. The company paid no dividend, the profits being used to put the works in complete repair. It had, however, made a stock dividend of fifty per cent., and now the city's stock amounted to $28,500.
A later report of the committee on gas, made on January 6, 1871, presented the following statistics: The original stock of
10-2

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the city in the gas company amounted to $19,000. In February, 1868, a stock dividend was made of fifty per cent., thus making the city's stock $28,500. In January, 1869, a cash dividend was declared of ten per cent., or $2,850. April 16, 1870, a stock divi dend was declared of fifty per cent., raising the city's stock to 1,710 shares, or $42,750. July 5, 1870, a cash dividend of ten per cent., or $4,275, was declared,and on January 5,1871,a cash dividend of five per cent, was made, or $2,137.50; making the city's total in come from its gas stock, $6,412.50. The cost of gas, including consumption, repairs and ten new lamps, for the year 1870, was $7,372.52, from which, deducting the expense for 1869, $269.57, paid in 1870, and it leaves for the actual expense for 1870, $7,102.95. Deducting from this sum the cash dividends, as given above, there remains to be paid the sum of $690.45. Counting increase of stock, it was found that the stock fully paid for all gas consumed, including repairs and the ten new lamps. On January 5, 1871, the price of gas was reduced from five dollars per thou sand feet to four dollars and fifty cents per thousand feet, and if any one customer used more than 150,000 feet per month, the price to him was reduced to four dollars per thousand feet.
On July 3, 1868, chief engineer, Thomas Haney, made a report to the council with reference to the work of the fire depart'ment for the year ending June 28, 1868. According to this re port the loss from fires during the year amounted to $61,540, and upon the goods destroyed there was insurance to the amount of $92,000. Most of the goods destroyed were in frame shanties. The great want, according to Chief Haney, of this city, was a supply of water and a proper system of fire alarms.
At the election for municipal officers which occurred on De cember 2, 1868, the following were elected: Mayor, William H. Hulsey; councilmen, first ward, John P. Mays and William H. Brotherton; second ward, E. J. Roach and D. C. O'Keefe; third ward, V. P. Sisson and William C. Anderson; fourth ward, E. P. Howell and M. Mahoney; fifth ward, Sam R. McCamey and E. R. Carr.
According to the report of the clerk, the receipts of his office for the year ending December 31, 1868, were $253,912.54, and the expenditures, $212,187.77. The treasurer's report for the

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147

same year showed that he had received $409,325.56, and had paid out $407,709.30. The bonded debt of the city at the same time was $397,350.
Mayor Williams, upon retiring from the mayoralty January i, 1869, after serving in that capacity three consecutive years, made the following remarks in reference to the services of the police force of the city: "I point with pride to your police. A more delicate or more difficult task has seldom been imposed than was that of preserving the peace of the city during the years past. One of the alarming evils, consequent upon the war, was the les sening of respect for law, and particularly municipal law. A large military force was located in and around the city, a formid able element of population, then newly introduced to freedom, gathered in and aspired to the control of society. Political strife followed, and all the dangerous material was fanned almost to a flame. I have often seen the time when even slight indiscretion might have given the city over to riot and bloodshed. But with the lofty purpose of faithfully discharging a high public duty, thirty men, including officers, by exercise of patience, firmness, kindness and courage, faithfully enforced the law, and we have been saved from scenes that have darkened and saddened in other quarters. To the police of this city the people owe a debt of ever lasting gratitude," etc., etc.
After this parting address, the new council elected the follow ing ministerial officers for the year 1869: Clerk, S. B. Love; treasurer, W. W. Clayton; attorney, Reuben Arnold; tax receiver and collector, L. P. Thomas; city physicians, Charles Pinckney and S. E. Ray; superintendent of streets, George Stewart; mar shal, John Thomas; deputy marshal, E. C. Murphy; first lieuten ant, John L. Johnson; second lieutenant of police, G. W. Anderson; surveyor, W. B. Bass; hall keeper, Patrick Fitzgibbon.
The finance committee made a report on April 2, 1869, with reference to the purchase of fair grounds for the State Agricul tural association. They had purchased of Dr. Ephraim Powell forty-two and one-fourth acres of land, a part of lot No. 112, in the fourteenth district of Fulton county, and also five acres of E. R. Sasseen, adjoining and situated on the Western and Atlanta railroad, about three hundred yards beyond the first water station,

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two miles beyond the passenger depot. For the forty-two and a fourth acres they had paid $112.50 per acre, which amounted to $4,753.12 1-2, and for the five acres they had paid $100 per acre.
According to the report of the clerk, the receipts for the year ending December 31, 1869, were $49 I >974- 1 7 and the expendi tures for the same time, $478,935.16.
At the election held December i, 1869, for municipal officers to serve during the year 1870, the following were elected: Mayor, William Ezzard; councilmen, first ward, M. T. Castleberry and D. C. O'Keefe; second ward, J. H. Galloway and Volney Dun ning1 ; third ward, James G. Kelly and William C. Anderson; fourth ward, Evan P. Howell and M. Mahoney; fifth ward, An thony Murphy and A. L. Fowler.
The ministerial officers elected by the council were as fol lows : Clerk, S. B. Love; treasurer, Perino Brown; marshal, George W. Anderson; deputy marshal, John L. Johnson; second deputy marshal, Sam D. Haslett; city attorney, Henry Jackson; tax receiver and collector, F. T. Ryan; first lieutenant of police, T. C. Murphy; second lieutenant of police, D. M. Queen; overseer of streets, Martin Haley; city physicians, Charles Pinckney and E. S. Ray; hall keeper, Patrick Fitzgibbon; city engineer, W. B. Bass.
At the election held on December 7, 1870, for municipal officers for the year 1871, the following were elected: Mayor, Dennis F. Hammond; councilmen, first ward, Charles W. Wells and C. P. Cassin; second ward, N. A. McLendon and R. J. Lowry; third ward, S. W. Crubb and George Graham; fourth ward, D. D. Snyder and W. Lynch; fifth ward, Z. A. Rice and A. L. Fowler. At this election the question of establishing a water works was voted on by the citizens, with the result of there being cast for waterworks 1,928 votes, and against them 499. The officers elected by this council were as follows: Clerk, S. B. Love; treasurer, Perino Brown; marshal, Thomas H. Williams; deputy marshal, John L. Johnson; hall keeper, Patrick Fitzgib bon ; sexton, R. T. Simons; city attorney, W. T. Newnian; over seer of streets, T. G. W. Crusselle; first lieutenant of police, D. M. Queen; second lieutenant of police, J. S. Holland; city engineer, John A. Grant.

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The legislature, on December 12, 1871, authorized the mayor and council to establish the office of city recorder, if, in their dis cretion, it was for the best interests of the city. As will be seen later in this chapter, the mayor and council did establish such an office, and a recorder was subsequently elected at the same time with other ministerial officers.
In October, 1871, an ordinance was passed laying off the sixth ward, as follows: Be it ordained by the mayor and council of the city of Atlanta, that the ward known as the first ward, in the city of Atlanta, be divided into two wards on the line of Hun ter street; and the ward lying on the north side of Hunter street street shall be the Sixth ward, and that lying on the south side of Hunter street shall be the First ward, and each of said wards shall, on the day fixed for the holding of an election for mayor and councilmen, elect each two members of the common council.
December 2, 1871, an ordinance was passed creating an ad ditional ward out of the Fourth and Fifth wards. The bounda ries of this ward were defined as follows: Commencing at the junction of Houston and Pryor streets, thence through lot nine teen, between blocks three, one and two, five and six, to the city limits; thence northerly along the city limits to Peachtree street; thence south along Peachtree street and Pryor street to the begin ning, which shall be known as the Seventh ward. And, be it further ordained, that the Fourth ward be extended from Ivy street west to Pryor, and from Houston street south to the rail road, and that Pryor street shall be the line between the Fourth and Fifth wards, and Pryor and Peachtree streets between the Fifth and Seventh wards.
At the election which occurred on December 6, 1871, the following officers were elected : Mayor, John H. James; councilmen, First ward, Charles W. Wells and M. T. Castleberry; sec ond ward, C. C. Hammock and F. J. Roach; third ward, L. P. Grant and T. A. Morris; fourth ward, Henry L. Wilson and T. W. J. Hill; fifth ward, A. Leyden and A. L. Fowler; sixth ward, John Pr Mays and W. L. Morris; seventh ward, Robert M. Farrar and R. C. Mitchell.
The report of the finance committee showed that for the year 1871, the entire receipts of the city had been $578,409.80, and the

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Atlanta And Its Builders

expenditures $545,935.46. Bonds had been issued during the year to the amount of $150,000, at eight per cent, interest, and there had been cancelled bonds to the amount of $21,300.
According to the report of the committee on gas, there had been made on August 7, 1871, a five per cent, dividend amounting to $2,137.50. The gas used by the city during the year had cost $6,566.25, and there had been expended in repairs .$4,041.24, making the net expense for gas $8,469.98. At that time there were 230 public lamps.
The municipal officers elected for the year 1872 were as follows: Clerk, S. B. Love; marshal, George T. Anderson; treasurer, J. W. Goldsmith; first lieutenant of police, J. S. Hol land; second lieutenant of police, Henry Holmes; overseer of streets, George Stewart; sexton, John Connelly; engineer, Hugh Angier; attorney, William T. Newman; auditor and recorder, A. W. Mitchell; tax receiver and collector, J. H. Franklin; hall keeper, Patrick Fitzgibbon.
March i, 1872, a special committee, consisting of Messrs. James, Wilson, Hill and Newman, made a report on the water works contract, between the mayor and council of Atlanta, and the Holly Waterworks Company, as follows:
"We, the committee, find the bonds given by the waterworks company defective, and in the contract submitted to us the com pany only agree to throw the water two feet above the highest point in the city. We also find the contract made with the 'city of Atlanta,' when, in fact, no such corporation exists. The water works company, through their agent, Mr. Edwards, propose to make the bonds perfect in every particular, and to throw the water one hundred feet above the highest point in the city. He also rep resents that they are ready to sign the contract with the 'mayor and council of the city of Atlanta,' as the law requires. The Holly company has also proposed to take one-half of the bonds at eighty-five per cent., and the pipemen, Gaylord & Co., will take one-fifth of the bonds at the same price. He also represents that the machinery, pipe and necessary apparatus is now ready for shipment, having been put up in good faith by the company. The committee therefore recommend that the council authorize the water commissioners to carry out the contract as soon as possible/' This report was adopted by the council.

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At the election, held December 4, 1872, for municipal officers, the following were elected: Mayor, C. C. Hammock; councilmen, first ward, John F. Morris and W. H. Brotherton; second ward, N. A. McLendon and Green T. Dodd; third ward, R. C. Young and D. A. Beatie; fourth ward, John H. Mecaslin and John W. Sparks; fifth ward, Frank P. Rice and J. H. Goldsmith; sixth ward, John M. Boring and D. A. McDuffie; seventh ward, J. C. McMillin and Jep N. Langston. The water commissioners elected were James M. Toy, C. L. Red wine and W. B. Cox.
The ministerial officers elected were as follows : Clerk, Frank T. Ryan; treasurer, J. W. Goldsmith; marshal, John Thomas; attorney, William T. Newman; auditor and recorder, D. F. Hammond; engineer, William B. Bass; tax receiver and collector, James H. Franklin; sexton, John Connolly; hall keeper, Patrick Fitzgibbon; street overseer, Martin Daly; first lieutenant of po lice, F. J. Bomar; second lieutenant of police, W. H. Holcombe; chairman of the board of health, Dr. Charles Pinckney.
Reference to other portions of this history will show the great interest taken in the proposed construction of the "Atlantic and Great Western Canal." On May 2, 1873, the council took action on the proposed entertainment of the "convention of gover nors," which it was hoped would be able to decide the fate of the project favorably. A committee reported on that day adversely to the entertainment plan, for the two following reasons: First, there was no authority in law for making donations to banquets; and second, there was no money in the treasury, and if the enter tainment be given it would be necessary to borrow $2,000 with which to pay the necessary expenses. Notwithstanding this ac tion the committee expressed itself as being in favor of the mag nificent project, as it would, in their opinion, be of vast benefit to the city.
Another important matter was taken hold of about the same time, with a different result, and that was the introduction of the free delivery system of distributing the mails. James L. Dun ning, who was then postmaster, sent a communication to the coun cil on this subject on May 16, 1873, in favor of numbering the business houses and residences as preparatory to the establishment of the free delivery system.

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The municipal officers chosen in the election of December 3d, 1873, were as follows: Mayor, S. B. Spencer; councilmen, first ward, Aaron Haas and John B. Goodwin; second ward, John Keely and W. D. Ellis; third ward, J. G. Kelly and R. C. Young; fourth ward, John H. Flynn and J. C. Watkjns; fifth ward, John H. Goldsmith and M. T. Simmons; sixth ward, Daniel A. McDuffie; seventh ward, J. N. Langston and J. C. McMillan.
The report of the finance committee made for the year 1873 showed the total receipts to have been $1,086,218.17, and the total expenditure, $1,053,889.15. The total bonded debt of the city amounted to $1,423,900, and the floating debt to $279,211.72.
At the election of January, 1874, the officers chosen were: Clerk, Frank T. Ryan; treasurer, J. H. Goldsmith; marshal, James O. Harris; first deputy marshal, Thomas G. Jones; second deputy-marshal, W. H. Hoi combe; attorney, W. T. Newman; auditor and recorder, J. T. Pendleton; city engineer, Max V. T. Corput; tax receiver and collector, J. A. Anderson; sexton, John Connolly; chairman of the board of health, E. J. Roach; street overseer, Martin Daly; first lieutenant of police, Timothy C. Mur phy ; second lieutenant of police, J. O. Simrnons; third lieutenant of police, H. H. Newton.
At the election held December 2, 1874, for municipal officers the following were elected: Mayor, C. C. Hammock, for two years; aldermen-at-large, A. J. West, for three years; Robert F. Maddox, for two years; Aaron Haas, for one year. Councilmen, first ward, John B. Goodwin for two years, and James D. Turner, for one year; second ward, Jerry H. Goldsmith, for two years and W. D. Ellis, for one year; third ward, David A. Beattie, for two years and Thomas A. Morris, for one year; fourth ward, John H. Flynn, for two years and John S. Garmany, for one year; fifth ward, J. A. Richardson, for two years and Frank P. Rice for one year. The water commissioners elected were George W. Adair, E. E. Rawson and George W. Terry, for two years, and W. B. Cox and Anthony Murphy for four years.
The municipal officers elected by the above named council were as follows: Clerk, Frank T. Ryan; marshal, W. H. Hoicombe; treasurer, John H. Goldsmith; city attorney, W. T. New man ; auditor and recorder, J. T. Pendleton; city engineer, II. T.

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McDaniel; tax receivers and collectors, James A. Anderson and James O. Harris; street overseer, WT F. Woods; sexton, L. G. Holland; chairman of the board of health, Dr. E, L. Connally.
According to the report of the treasurer, his receipts for the year 1874 were $736,148.46, and the expenditures, $730,042.92. The bonded debt of the city was then $1,923,900, and the floating debt $321,421.77.
On the ist of December, 1875, an election was held for one alderman-at-large, and for one member of the council from each of the five wards, resulting as follows: Alderman-at-large, for three years, Oliver H. Jones; councilmen, first ward, George H. Gramling; second ward, E. P. Chamberlain; third ward, William Gray; fourth ward, Dr. Samuel Hape; fifth ward, Dr. Stephen T. Diggers.
The finance committee's report for 1875, was as follows: The bonded debt of the city on January i, 1876, was $1,783,700, and the floating debt, $400,291.17. The contingent expenses of the city for 1875 were $150,750.18, against $250,064.75 for 1874, the interest, however, not being included in the above sum for 1875. The assets of the city at that time amounted to $1,028,200. The committee upon taking charge of the finances at the begin ning of the year 1875, found that the city was paying eighteen per cent, on a portion of its floating debt, which the committee at tempted to reduce. Such was their success that at the end of the year the city was paying not over twelve per cent, on any of its floating debt, and on a large portion of it was paying still less than that. The saving in the item of interest alone was about $12,000. Early in the summer of 1875, the committee went into the New York market to obtain money with which to pay the July interest on the bonded debt, and secured the desired amount at the rate of seven per cent., and later in the same year they secured money to pay interest on the bonded debt falling due January i, 1876, at the same low rate, thus establishing their credit in the New York market for the first time. The committee expressed the opinion that if the credit of the city was properly taken care of, the city could look forward with confidence to that credit to protect her against ruinous rates in the future.
An ordinance was adopted November 20, 1876, regulating the election of municipal officers. It provided that the regular

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Atlanta And Its Builders

annual election should be held on the first Wednesday of Decem ber of each and every year, at which time there should be elected one alderman-at-large, and one councilman from each ward in the city. It is also provided that at the next election held under the foregoing provision, and biennially thereafterward, there should be elected a mayor of the city.
At the election held on the 6th of December, 1876, the fol lowing officers were elected: Mayor, N. L. Angier; aldermanat-large for three years, M. T. Castleberry; councilmen, first ward, Michael E. Maher; second ward, George J. Dallas; third ward, J. M. Brice; fourth ward, Charles K. Maddox; fifth ward, James W. English. The water commissioners elected were George W. Adair, E. E. Rawson and George W. Terry.
The finance committee made its report on the ist of Janu ary, 1877, fr tne preceding year. According to that report the bonded debt of the city at that time was $1,781,000, and the floating debt $388,204.70. During the year the city had paid the following items of the floating debt: The Kimball mortgage on the opera house, $39,779.78; the custom house lot, $4,200; five bonds retired, $3,500; and to Mrs. Barnes, as damages, $1,000. The total reduction made of the floating debt had been $60,566.70, and besides this the Neal property had been pur chased for $4,516.90.
Besides the reduction of interest on the bonded and floating debt made by the finance committee, the gas committee also strove to reduce the city's expenses, and during the year 1876, a reduc tion in the number of lamps used in lighting the city was made to the number of eighty lamps, so that at the end of the year there were but three hundred and fifty-six lamps in use, as against four hundred and thirty-six at the beginning. The expense of light ing the city for 1875 was $17,746.03, while for 1876 it was only $15,263.60. According to the treasurer's report, the receipts of the city for 1876 were $762,096.72, and the expenditures $755^41.23.
At the election held on the 5th of December, 1877, the fol lowing officers were elected: Alderman-at-large, R. C. Mitchell; councilmen, first ward, J. M. Boring; second ward, Edward A. Werner; third ward, William E. Hanye; fourth ward, John H.

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Flynn; fifth ward, B. B. Crew. According to the report of the finance committee for the year. 1877, the bonded debt of the city on the ist of January, 1878, was $1,827,000,,and the floating debt had been reduced to $331,915.12. The total receipts for the year had been $322,727.97, and of this sum there had been paid out as interest on the city's debt, 168,780.37, and $110,308.28 had been used to pay current expenses. The committee thought that the city's finances had been closely managed, especially when it was considered that of the current expenses, $56,518 had been paid out on public schools and the police. Atlanta, like most other Southern cities, after the war, had burdened herself with a debt, a considerable part of which was really unnecessary; and but for the wise provisions of the charter of 1874, which stayed the hand of waste and extravagance, it would have been impossible to pay the interest on the floating debt; the floating debt could not have been decreased, nor would the city's bonds have been enhanced in value.
The election of December 4, 1878, for municipal officers re sulted as follows: Mayor, William L. Calhoun; alderman-atlarge, John B. Goodwin; councilmen, first ward, Ed. A. Bald win; second ward, W. D. Ellis; third ward, J. K. Thrower; fourth ward, W. H. Patterson; fifth ward, Andrew P. Stewart.
According to the report of the finance committee the total receipts for the year had been $944,952.49. The bonded debt was $1,815,500, and the floating debt $382,415.44. The annual interest on the bonded debt amounted to $137,220.
On March 7, 1879, the council fixed the salaries of the variout officers for the year commencing in July, 1879, as follows: Hall-keeper, $500 per annum; magazine-keeper, $400 per annum; physicians, those in the first, fourth, and fifth wards, each $440 per annum; that in the second ward, $320, and that in the third ward, $360; chief of police, $1,350 per annum, he to furnish his own horse; four captains of police, each $900 per annum; one day clerk and station-house keeper, $900 per annum; one as sistant station-house keeper, $648 per annum; thirty patrolmen, $54 each per month.
At the election which occurred July 7, 1879, for ministerial officers, the following were elected : Clerk, W. R. Biggers;

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marshal, W. H. Holcombe; city attorney, W. T. Newman; city engineer, Robert M. Clayton; treasurer, John H. Goldsmith; sexton, L. G. Holland; tax receiver and collector, John Milledge; hall-keeper, William A. Bonnell.
On September i, 1879, the following ordinance was passed with reference to the floating debt: "That the finance committee are hereby instructed to have prepared for issuance, bonds of the city of Atlanta, to the amount of $385,000, to be dated October i, 1879, and to bear six per cent, interest payable semi-annually."
Of these bonds, $25,000 was to fall due January i, 1886, and an equal amount on the ist of January each year for four years; $40,000 was to fall due on the ist of January, 1891, and an equal amount on the ist of January for each of the succeeding three years; $50,000 to fall due on the ist of January for each of the succeeding three years; $50,000 to fall due on the ist of January, 1895, and $50,000 on the ist of January, 1896. By the issu ance of these bonds the bonded debt became $2,201,500.
At the election held December 3, 1879, for an alderman-atlarge, and one councilman from each ward, the following was the result, with the vote cast for each candidate: Alderman-atlarge, Charles Beerman 2,460, William Finch, 990; councilmen, first ward, J. J. Barnes 1,866, J. A. Anderson 1,518, R. Derby, 17; second ward, John Berkele 1,737, R. H. Knapp, 1,614; third ward, T. J. Buchanan 1,863, M. Cargile 1,058, C. Q. Adamson 510, J. D. Garrison 31, W. R. Page 3; fourth ward, Thomas Boyle 2,527, C. K. Maddox 788, H. H. McLane 97, A. Heals 15; fifth ward, L. C. James 2,300, W. H. Redden 723, J. W. Churchill 101. The water commissioners elected were L. P. Grant for three years, G. W. Adair for two years, and E. E. Rawson for one year.
The receipts of the treasurer for the year 1879 were $1,319,610.92, and the expenditures $1,030,897.24. The expenditures for gas were $11,096.11, and the dividends on the city's stock in the gas company amounted to $9,620.
At the election held on the ist of December, 1880, the fol lowing is the result with the vote cast for each candidate: Mayor, James W. English 1,433, H. I. Kimball 1,379; alderman-atlarge, R. J. Lowry 2,706, A. N. Watson (colored) 93; council-

r
Capitol Avenue

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Atlanta And Its Builders

men, first ward, A. J. Pinson 1,463, M. E. Maher 1,265, F. S. Peacock 40, J. M. Boring 8; second ward, R. H. Knapp 1,605, William Laird 1,175; third ward, D. A. Beattie 1,219, S. Holland 691, Augustus Thompson 585, E. M. Greeson 291; fourth ward, J. W. Johnson 1,841, J. N. Langston 838, Charles O. Jones 119; fifth ward, W. D. Payne 1,432, Pat Lynch 1,271, J. S. Lester 21, D. Mapp 33.
On July 4, 1881, the following officers were elected by the council: Clerk, J. H. Goldsmith; treasurer, R. M. Farrar; mar shal, W. R. Joyner; auditor and recorder, H. C. Glenn; city at torney, W. T. Newman; city engineer, R. M. Clayton; receiver and collector, J. A. Anderson; sexton, W. A. Bonnell; hallkeeper, Jacob Morris.
The result of the election held December 7, 1881, was as fol lows : Alderman-at-large, Thomas G. Healy; councilmen, first ward, Dr. W. D. Mitchell; second ward, Frank T. Ryan; third ward, Z. W. Adamson; fourth ward, William H. Howell; fifth ward, W. C. Reynolds. On the 7th of March, 1881, an ordi nance was passed by the council providing for the election of a street lamplighter at a salary of $1,700 per annum. August 7, 1881, a communication was received from the Western Union Telegraph Company and from the Bell Telephone Company granting permission to the city to stretch wires on the poles of the two companies for an electric fire alarm telegraph system. This system was put into operation soon afterward.
The council on December 4, 1882, fixed the salaries of the various ministerial officers, as follows: Mayor, $2,500 per annum; treasurer, $1,000; tax receiver and collector, $1,500; auditor and recorder, $1,800; sexton, $900; attorney, $2,000; engineer, $i,$oo; clerk, perquisites and fifty cents on each fine in the recorder's court, when collected in cases where the fine did not exceed $1,000; hall-keeper, $600; magazine-keeper, $500; water commissioners, $100 each; secretary of the board, $400 additional; assessors, $1,200; aldermen, $200 each; councilmen, $200 each; street commissioner, $200; lamplighter, $1,800.
The election of December 6, 1882, resulted as follows: Mayor, John B. Goodwill 1,247 votes, E. J. Roach 881, J. H. Seals 500; alderman-at-large, John H. Mecaslin 2,429, scattering

Municipal History
51; councilmen, first ward, J. A. Gray 785, W. A. Gramling 731, W. M. Middlebrooks 576, J. M. Boring 542; second ward, Volney Dunning 1,315, J. H. Ketner 1,206, George H. Eddleman 97; third ward, S. W. Day 1,529, F. A. Arnold 1,060; fourth ward, B. F. Longley 1,309, J. S. Garmany 1,241, M. M. Brannon 21; fifth ward, Elias Hannan 1,597, Z. A. Rice 1,017.
July 2, 1883, the following officers were elected: Clerk, J. H. Goldsmith; treasurer, E. S. McCandless; marshal, James W. Loyd; auditor and recorder, James A. Anderson; city attorney, E. A. Angier; engineer, Hugh Angier; tax collector and asses sor, D. A. Cook; tax receiver and assessor, C. R. Harris; sexton, W. A. Bonnell; hall-keeper, Jacoh Morris; chief of fire depart ment, W. R. Joyner.
November 5, 1883, the sixth ward was establishes by ordi nance, with boundaries as follows: Commencing at the point where Butler street crosses the Georgia Railroad, and running along North Butler street to North avenue; thence along North avenue to Myrtle street; thence along Myrtle street to the cor poration line; thence around the corporation limits, in a westerly direction, to a street known as Apple street; thence along Apple street to Williams street; thence along Williams street to West Cain street; thence along West Cain street to James street; thence along James street to Forsyth street; thence along Forsyth street to the Western and Atlantic Railroad; thence along the Western and Atlantic Railroad to the Georgia Railroad to the beginning on Butler street.
December 5, 1883, the election was held for aldermen and councilmen, with the following result: Alderman-at-large, W. H. Brotherton 1,511 votes, H. C. Stockdell 1,894: councilmen, first ward, J. M. McAfee 2,160, J. M. Richmond 1,214; second ward, Max Klutz 1,824, C. W. Smith 1,544; third ward, W. C. Mangum 2,805, T. E. Collier 544; fourth ward, W. M. Mickleberry 3,384, fifth ward, E. Van Winkle 1,960, J. S. Lester 1,440; sixth ward, M. Mahoney 2,234, J. T. Cooper 2,198, J. F. Redd 1,555.
The treasurer's-receipts for the year 1883 were $991,918.20, and his expenditures $857,562.59. At the election which oc curred December 3, 1884, the following was the result: Mayor, George Hillyer 2,137 votes, Reuben Arnold 947; alderman-at-

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Atlanta And Its Builders

large, J. R. Gramling 2,632, J. T. Cooper 2,792, H. G. Hutchinson 2,008, J. A. Anderson 1,264; councilmen, first ward, W. M. Middlebrooks 2,138, J. O. Perkins 928; second ward, W. J. Garrett 1,861, J. W. Alexander 1,246; third ward, D. A. Beatie 1,701, J. G. Woodward 1,289, James Johnson 60; fourth ward, E. F. May, 2,086, Mastin Bridwell 959; fifth ward, Z. A. Rice 1,782, J. W. McFaul 1,264; sixth ward, J. C. Kirkpatrick 3,048, scattering, 2.
The officers elected by this council July 6, 1885 were as fol lows : Clerk, J. H. Goldsmith; marshal, J. W. Loyd; treasurer, R. M. Farrar; attorney, J. B. Goodwin; auditor and recorder, J. A. Anderson; engineer, R. M. Clayton; tax collector and asses sor, D, A. Cook; assistant tax receiver and assessor, M. T. Castleberry ; chief fire department, W. R. Joyner; sexton, W. A. Bonnell; hall-keeper and messenger, Jake Morris.
An election was held December 2, 1885, with the following result: Alderman-at-large, Charles A. Collier 1,958 votes; J. H. Kenter 658;, councilmen, first ward, William Kinyon 1,926, M. H. Dooly 441; second ward, I. S. Mitchell 2,014, scattering 3; third ward, E. A. Angier i ,888, W. H. Frizzell 705; fourth ward, A. L. Green 1,864, C. K. Maddox 730; fifth ward, James Bell 2,505; sixth ward, G. G. Roy 2,464, R. D. Badger 9.
The salaries of the various officers were fixed for two years on November i, 1886, as follows : City attorney, $1,800; auditor and recorder, $1,500; tax receiver and collector, $1,600; treas urer, $1,000; engineer, $1,800; two assistant tax receivers and assessors, $1,200 each; hall-keeper, $720; sexton, $900.
The election held December i, 1886, resulted .as follows: Mayor, J. T. Cooper 2,184 votes; alderman-at-large, J. H. Mecaslin 2,166, W. A. Hemphill 1,993; councilmen, G. H. Thrower 2,179, W. A. Fuller i ; second ward, H. A. Boynton 1,218, W. P. Elliott 1,010; third ward, E. V. Alien 2,179, scattering 2; fourth ward, L. B. Nelson 1,183, J. M. McGuirk 1,027; ti^1 ward, H. M. Beutell 2,181, J. S. Lester i ; sixth ward, F. P. Rice 1,998, J. J. Woodward 9, scattering 4.
At the beginning of the year 1887 there was on hand a sur plus of $183,833.22, as required by law. A brief review of the reason and manner of this accumulation will not be without inter-

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161

est here. Previous to the adoption of the charter of 1874, to which reference has been made in previous pages, each council paid its obligations out of the income for the current year. A most discouraging feature of the year's business was that the expenses usually exceeded the income, so that besides turning over an empty treasury to its successor, each council as it retired from of fice, turned over a steadily increasing deficit. As the taxes for any given year did not begin to come into the treasury until mid summer it was necessary to borrow money with which to run the government until the necessary funds began to collect. The de ficit had to be met in the same manner. As a consequence the city was at all times a heavy borrower, sometimes to the extent of $200,000. As was natural, too, the city had to pay a very high rate of interest, for it is only those whose credit is good who are able to borrow it at a low rate of interest. In 1873 and 1874, when the city attained very nearly its present proportions, and before her credit was established on the present firm foundation, it was customary for her to have to pay as high as twelve per cent., and sometimes even higher than that ruinous rate. To remedy this great and dangerous evil, an amendment was pro cured to the city charter, requiring a surplus fund to be accumu lated at the rate of $20,000 for the first year, and $25,000 per year afterward. By the beginning of the year 1887 this system of accumulating a surplus had been in operation eight years, and the amount of the surplus was actually $225,155.02, an excess of $41,221.80 over and above the legal requirement. The credit of the city had, by the operation of this wise law, been very greatly enhanced and elevated. During 1885 the mayor of the city was enabled to negotiate in New York a sale of $52,000 At lanta five per cents, at par, and during 1886 he was able to nego tiate the sale of $116,000 of Atlanta four and one-half per cents, at par. About January T, 1887, the people of Atlanta, them selves, took $25,000 of the city's bonds at the same low rate of in terest. All of this demonstrates in the most satisfactory manner that the credit of Atlanta is as high as the most jealous of her citizens need require.
The officers elected July 4, 1887, were as follows: Clerk, J. H. Goldsmith; attorney, J. B. Goodwill; mar-
11-2

.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

shal, James W. Loyd; auditor and recorder, J. A. Anderson; tax collector and assessor, R. J. Griffin; treasurer, R. M. Farrar; engineer, R. M. Clayton; sexton, W. A. Bonnell; messenger, Jake Morris; assessor, D. A. Cook; chief fire department, W. R. Joyner; boiler inspector, Fred Krog; building inspectors, A. C. Bruce, Dr. J. Irby and Gus F. Leo, and assistant attorney, John T. Pendleton. On December 19, 1887, W. M. Middlebrooks, C. C. Hammock, Z. H. Smith, H. C. Irwin, M. L. Collier, and Joel Hunt were elected water commissioners.
At the election held on December 7, 1887, for alderman and councilmen, the following was the result: Alderman-at-large, Al bert Howell 2,682 votes, Jacob Haas 2,554, H. C. Stockdell, 1,685, T. D. Meador 1,971; councilmen, first ward, J. M. Stephens 2,726, E. J. Roach 1,662, R. M. King 177; second ward, P. J. Moran 2,597, A. B. Bostick 1,907; third ward, J. G. Woodward 2,630, J. J. Falvey 1,758, A. W. Burnet 168; fourth ward, S. A. Morris 2,667, G. W. O'Brien 1,621, R. J. Henry 266; fifth ward, A. P. Thompson 2,789, W. H. Bell 1,713; sixth ward, M. F. Amorous 2,746, E. M. Roberts 1,726. On January 2, 1888, M. Mahoney and Clarence Moore were elected commis sioners of public works.
The government of the city of Atlanta for 1889 was officered as follows: Mayor, John T. Glenn; aldermen, W. M. Middlebrooks, J. H. Mecaslin, Jacob Haas, W. A. Hemphill, Albert Howell, H. G. Hutchison; councilmen, first ward, James M. Stephens, Joseph Hirsch; second ward, P. J. Moran, J. J. Mea dor; third ward, J. G. Woodward, A. S. Robbins; fourth ward, S. A. Morris, J. S. McLendon; fifth ward, A. P. Thompson, A. L. Kontz; sixth ward, M. F. Amorous, H. T. Inman; city clerk, J. H. Goldsmith; marshal, J. W. Loyd; auditor and recorder,J. A. Anderson; city attorney, J. B. Goodwin; assistant city attorney, J. T. Pendleton; tax receiver and collector, R. J. Griffin; treas urer, R. M. Farrar; city engineer, R. M. Clayton; messenger, Jacob Morris; city sexton, W. A. Bonnell; police depart ment, commissioners, J. W. English, John Stephens, E. W. Martin, W. H. Brotlierton, W. R. Brown; chief of police, A. B. Connally; captains, Pink Manly, E. F. Couch, J. W. Mercer, J. M. Wright; fire department, chief, W. R. Joy-

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163

ner; foremen; Jacob Emmel, T. W. Haney, M. R. Murray, H. P. Haney, W. N. Clowe, and forty-five regular men; ward phy sicians, first ward, C. C Greene, M. D.; second ward, E. Van Goidtsnoven, M. D.; third ward, T. E. Collier, M. D.; fourth ward, C. E. Murphey, M. D.; fifth ward, A. D. Johnson, M. D.; sixth ward, N. O. Harris, M. D.; board of health, W. S. Arm strong, M. D., J. B. Baird, M. D., J. F. Alexander, M. D., Dr. W. M. Curtis, J. T. Cooper; water commissioners, C. C. Ham mock, W. M. Middlebrooks, Z. H. Smith, H. C. Erwin, M. L. Collier, Joel Hurt, W. G. Richards, superintendent; the board of education, president, W. A. Hemphill; vice-president, D. A. Mayer; treasurer, R. J. Lowry; secretary and superintendent, W. F. Slaton; commissioner public works, M. Mahoney; clerk, Clar ence E. Moore; assessors, T. J. Malone, C. J. Keith, C. D. Meador.
In 1888 forty-four acres were added to Grant Park by pur chase, and quite extensive improvements made. By this time the park was becoming quite a popular summer resort, and some of the leading citizens of the city were taking a lively interest in it, notably Sidney Root, who was at the head of a citizens' park committee.
The Glenn municipal administration followed one of the most heated prohibition campaigns that ever occurred in At lanta, or, probably, in any city, apropos of which the inaugural address of Mayor Glenn contained this significant allusion:
"Bar-rooms never built a city nor did fanaticism ever nurse one into greatness, and their war over Atlanta should cease. Its government will never pass into the hands of either. The men who have made Atlanta what she is, her merchants, her manu facturers, her mechanics, and, in a word, all who are proud of her position as the leading city of the South, and who have faith in her future, stand between them and demand peace, and they mean to have peace. Representing, as we do, all the people, most of us being elected without regard to the liquor question, and with a view to its elimination from municipal politics, we should adopt a conservative course in dealing with the liquor traffic. We have no right to prohibit it, but it is our solemn duty to control it and to make it as harmless and as little offensive as possible to those of our citizens who so bitterly oppose it.

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"By wisely and justly dealing with this irritating question, I am satisfied that we can aid in restoring harmony and peace to our people and banishing this question from their discussions. We never knew unfriendly division before its introduction and for tunate will we be if we are instrumental in satisfactorily remov ing it."
The water problem was a rather vexatious one to the munici pality. The city was fast outgrowing, if it had not already out grown, the limited supply afforded by the South river reservoir, and insurance rates were unfavorably influenced by the inade quate water facilities. For several years the city experimented by boring an artesian well at the corner of Marietta and Peachtree streets, but the hope of striking a flow of artesian water was soon seen to be vain. The well was sunk to a depth of 2,044 feet, with the result that, so far from obtaining artesian water, the water obtained was not even of a drinkable quality, and the board of health condemned its use in the following language:
"Reluctant as we are to dispel the fond delusions of our fel low citizens, this board is constrained by a sense of duty, in re sponse to the solicitations of the water commissioners, to express officially the conviction, based upon the evidence before us, that 'the artesian well' is a palpable failure.
"It may be that the use of the water is even now attended with some risk, and we fear it bids fair to become more and more polluted, and in the near future, unless great amendment can be secured, that it will prove fatally defective.
"While this board is not prepared, at present, to condemn without qualification, the use of this water, it desires to go on record as declaring the water impure and of doubtful safety for drinking purposes.
"We would respectfully recommend, therefore, to the hon orable board of water commissioners, that all extension of the mains be discontinued--especially where they parallel the mains of a vastly superior and absolutely unexceptionable water--and that the water at the pumping station be tested by repeated analy ses during the coming year, in order that any further deteriora tion may be promptly detected."
The necessity of utilizing the water of the Chattahoochee was quite generally recognized, although a few influential citizens

Statue of Benjamin Harvey Hill, State Capitol

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Atlanta And Its Builders

were disposed to worry along a few years more with the South

river plant. Mayor Glenn's inaugural voiced the sentiments

of the community on the water question when he said:

"If we become a large manufacturing city, we must be in

condition to furnish water in abundance at moderate cost. Our

works can supply a sufficient amount for the present, but cannot

meet the demands we have a right to anticipate in the near future,

and it will finally be necessary to get the water from the Chatta-

hoochee River. We should quit trifling with the creeks and

branches around the suburbs and look to the river. If we com

mence in time to do the work gradually, we can have the river

water before it is needed, without increasing taxation or issuing

bonds. The city should retain the ownership and control of the

water works. An article so necessary to every citizen and to

the health of the people and on which so many enterprises depend

should not be placed in the power of any private party or com

pany, and I am opposed to any scheme by which it may be at

tempted.

"We now propose to build permanent works for the supply

of water in all the coming years and no mistake must be made

in the plan we adopt or the location we select. The services of

the most competent engineer we can find, who is of high character

and has experience in the business, should be secured at once, with

instructions to examine the whole field and make the necessary

surveys, without interference or influence from any quarter.

After we reach a conclusion, the work should be started and car

ried forward gradually .until it is completed. It would not be

wise to wait until the emergency is upon us and then be forced

to act hurriedly to meet it."

The realty valuations in Atlanta returned in 1888 approxi

mated $26,000,000, with a personalty return of over $9,000,000.

[

The city marshal's oflice showed a grand total of $311,253.53

collected from all sources of revenue that year, and the city clerk's

oflice showed that year's total receipts to be $895,181.74.

When he turned over the mayoralty to his successor in 1891,

Mayor Glenn enumerated the following accomplishments of his

administration, among other things:

"The credit of the city has been so firmly established that we

were able to sell her four per cent, bonds at par without paying

Municipal History

167

commission, which has never been done before in a Southern city. During the past two years we have built over twelve and a half miles of sewers, at a cost of $166,179.67, which does not .suffer by comparison with similar work of former years, only three and a half miles being built in 1887 and 1888, and not quite three miles in 1885 and 1886. We laid ten and a fourth miles of Bel gian block pavement in 1889 and 1890, at a cost of $310,072.24, as against eight and one-fifth miles in 1887 and 1888, and four and a half miles in 1885 and 1886. We laid twenty-two and onehalf miles of sidewalks at a cost of $70,293.46, as against twenty and a half miles in 1887 anc^ 1888, and twelve and a half miles in 1885 and l886-" * * * *
"We laid one-third,more water pipes than were laid in any previous two years.
"During 1890 nine hundred and twenty-eight houses were erected in the city, at an average cost of $3,500 each. This is a much larger number than was erected last year, and the number last year was unprecedented in our history. Nine hundred and twenty-eight houses, costing on an average $3,500 each, would alone make a larger city than many of those which, a few years ago, were claiming to be rivals of Atlanta.
"We have provided the money, purchased the lot and com menced the erection of the Grady hospital, which will fill a longfelt want in this city, and will be the handsomest hospital in. the South.
"During the year suits for damages against the city aggre gating the large sum of $224,300.00 have been disposed of by verdicts and settlements. The amount paid out for verdicts and settlements on this sum was $8,063.74, or slightly over three and one-half per cent, on the aggregate sum claimed in the suits. This amount paid out does not include the court costs or witness fees, which would probably aggregate $400.00 in addition to the sum just stated. Out of the many cases tried and contested be fore juries, the whole recoveries aggregate only $2,863.74, while the amount paid out for settlements and consent verdicts aggre gate $5,200.00."
The city comptroller's report for 1890 showed the following disbursements:

168

Atlanta And Its Builders

\

$137,529.70 to public schools.

$51,709.66 to sanitary affairs.

$104,141.52 to building sewers.

$254,137.89 to improving and paving streets.

$65,575.00 to the fire department.

$102,976.08 to the police department.

$55,085.17 to the water works department.

$45,579.02 to lighting the streets.

$45,886.31 to relief.

These sums did not consume the income. A large amount

was appropriated to the payment of the interest on the public

debt, and the balance of it to the support of the other departments

of the city.

The increase in the value of real and personal property in

1890 over 1889 was $5,540,364.00, and the rate of assessment

was not raised, but this large amount was the natural increase in

the value of property.

Of the proposed new water works the retiring mayor said:

"Every department of the city government is in a satisfac

tory condition except that of the water works,and this is due alone

to the quality and inadequacy of the supply. From the day of my

inauguration I have been urging new works. The people voted

the bonds to pay for them; bids were received for the material,

and the work would now have been in progress if you [the coun

cil] had not interposed obstacles. I have never understood the

real grounds of objection, and have been unable to appreciate the

force of the arguments used against the new works. There may

be good reasons, but they have never been brought to my atten

tion. In order to aid the city in every possible way in securing

good water from the best stream, and at the lowest price, I re

quested >you to give me the authority to appoint a commission of

|j

citizens to act with your committee on water works, and the board

j.

of water commissioners in selecting the stream, adopting the

>v

plans, and making the contracts. During last year I appointed

the following gentlemen: George Hillyer, L. P. Grant, Jacob

|

Klsas, George Winship, J. R. Wylie, John R. Gramling, Dr. A.

jj'

W. Calhoun. Subsequently Mr. Winship was elected on the

'f

board of water commissioners, and I appointed in his place Mr.

Municipal History

169

Hemphill, the mayor-elect, and on the death of Mr. Gramling I appointed H. H. Cabaniss in his place, and I added Joel Hurt to the committee. These gentlemen had no interest in the mat ter other than that of citizens of Atlanta, and they have given the city, without charge, a great deal of valuable time. They un derstand the subject thoroughly, and, with the committee on water works and the water commissioners, were unanimous in recommending that the city obtain her water supply from the Chattahoochee river, and that it should be done at once. These gentlemen took part in the publication of bids for the material to be used in the new works, and contracted for the pipe and other materials, subject to your approval, which was never given. Let me urge that the new general council continue in existence this commission of citizens. The people will be satisfied with any scheme, contract, or conclusion, which meets their approval. In leaving the service of the city I urge my successor and the general council to provide at once for a larger and better supply of water. For $600,000 works can be secured which will pump 10,000,000 gallons of Chattahoochee river water into the city each day, and when the demand increases, by an additional expense for an en gine of not over fifty thousand dollars, five to ten million more gallons can be added per day--the pipes having the capacity of twenty-five million gallons per day--and all that is necessary be ing the addition of more engines to pump as the demand increases. The interest on the bonds would be twenty-four thousand dollars per annum, while the increase in the income of the city from the sale of the water would be nearly double that amount. Outside of any necessity for more water, the new works would be a profit able investment. * * * *
"A movement has been started to turn Poole's Branch into the present reservoir. 1 cannot believe that the people of Atlanta, though patient and long-suffering, will submit for any length of time to be forced to drink the drainage of East Point and Hapeville, besides oil mills, guano factories, and other similar institu tions located on the water-shed of that branch. It will cost not less than $200,000 to purchase the property from Poole, to lay a new main from the present reservoir into the city, and to pay the damages which the farmers and mill owners who have the

170

Atlanta And Its Builders

right to the water of the Poole's branch would sustain by the city

taking it, and this would be paying for a temporary and un

healthy relief an amount equal to one-third of what the new water

works would cost. Is this wise? And still greater injury to

the interests of the people of Atlanta may arise from a longer de

lay in building new water works. A sudden emergency may,

and in all probability will, come upon us in the failure of the

water supply or the present supply being denounced as unfit for

use by the board of health, which would tend to excite and unbal

ance the public judgment to such an extent that a private company

would possibly step forward, seize the tide of excitement at its

flood, and being prepared to build the works at once, would get

possession, and thus fasten a grip upon the water supply of the

'I

people which could not be loosened for a generation, and then

only by the payment of an enormous sum of money. I cannot

I

believe that the people will ever submit to this fate. A former

attempt to sell their water works to a private company was met

with an indignation meeting, and possibly the people have not

i

forgotten the efficacy of that remedy to correct threatened wrongs

to their interests. Who would give to any man or company a

monopoly of the air we breathe? Water is about as necessary

and was intended by the Creator to be as free."

J

The city administration for 1891 was in the hands of the fol

lowing officers: Mayor, W. A. Hemphill; aldermen, H. G.

Hutchison, James G. Woodward, A. M. Reinhardt, W. M. Mid-

dlebrooks, A. J. Shropshire, Frank P. Rice; councilmen, first

ward, J. P. Kinyon, Joshua Tye; second ward, A. J. McBride,

,

H. C Sawtell; third ward, W. H. Hulsey, Arnold Broyles;

fourth ward, J. C. Hendrix, C. E. Murphy; fifth ward, Joseph

Lambert, J. D. Turner; sixth ward, Porter King, A. L. Holbrook.

City officers--City clerk, A. P. Woodward; marshal, J. W. Loyd;

i

comptroller, J. H. Goldsmith; auditor and recorder, Ernest C.

I

Kontz ; city attorney, J. B. Goodwill; assistant city attorney, J. A.

;

Anderson; tax collector, R. J. Griffin; tax assessors, C. D. Mea-

dor, T. J. Malone, C. J. Keith; treasurer, Jos. T. Ornie; city en

gineer, R. M. Clayton; messenger, Z. B. Moon; city sexton, W.

A Bonnell.

In his inaugural message Mayor Hemphill said of the water

works: "I believe that it is conceded that our greatest need is

State Library, State Capitol

172

Atlanta And Its Builders

water--water that is pure and in full supply, and as one of our citizens expresses it, 'Water that we can enjoy without fear and use without stint.' The people demand this, and nothing else will do. Our supply must come from flowing streams and not from ponds. Measures must be inaugurated at once that will secure what we need. We do not expect to finish it during one administration, but we do expect that plans will be perfected and the preliminary steps taken to give our city all the water necessary for years to come."
He also recommended the extension of the main trunk sewers beyond the corporate limits, the building of the Forsyth street via duct, the opening of West Alabama street, the establishment of public night schools, the building of a new police station, the equalization of taxation, the building and control of a municipal electric light plant, the annexation of West End, etc.
On December 23, 1890, the corner-stone of Grady hospital was laid with Masonic honors, and the council committee report ed that it would be ready for occupancy within a year.
The amount expended for lighting the city in 1890 was $43,680.02. The report of the committee on electric lights, street railways and other electrical street obstructions, made the follow ing reference to street railways:
"There have been a great many improvements asked for and granted to street railroads--both new and old companies---during the past year. And when these grants are complied with, a great many sections of the city will be supplied with street car facilities that heretofore have only known the want of them.
"It has been the policy of this committee, and of the general council, for the past year, in granting franchises for street rail roads, to limit the person or company applying therefor to fifty days to commence work and a reasonable time in which to com plete the same, and when not complied with all rights to the streets asked for are declared forfeited. This course your com mittee recommends for the future. It prevents a person or com pany from securing a number of streets and holding them, prob ably with no intention of ever building a street railroad, but for the purpose of keeping down competition or for speculation. This works a great injustice upon any one section of the city and re tards the growth of the entire city."

Municipal History

173

The finance committee's report of 1890 showed: Cash in hands of City Treasurer. .............. .$259,755 93 Charter surplus required by law. . . .$175,000 oo Cash to redeem maturing bonds.... 40,000 oo Warrants outstanding. ........... 35,568 13 -- 250,568 13

Cash surplus in Treasury. .....'..............$ 9,187 80

Commenting on the foregoing showing, the committee said: "The above statement shows that after setting aside $40,ooo.oo to meet bonds maturing in January,and $35,568.13 to cash the warrants which have been drawn but not presented, we turn over to our successors $184,187.80 cash in the treasury with which to begin the business of 1891. This wise and prudent pro vision in our excellent city charter always insures the money to be in hand wherewith to pay the coupons which became clue the first day of January each year without taxing the succeeding council, whose term of office is just beginning, with the burden of providing it, and allow them time to look around and get fairly in the official harness before being compelled to assume such a grave business responsibility which they would have otherwise to meet. It also gives confidence to holders and purchasers of our bonds, for they know that the charter requires this money to be in the Treasury at the beginning of each year for the special purpose of paying maturing coupons." At this time there was considerable agitation in favor of the city building one or more market houses, a good deal of revenue having been obtained in the old days from such a source. On this question a special committee composed of J. C. Hendrix and Jacob Haas reported as follows: "Your committee, after repeated conferences and a thor ough investigation, found it impracticable to build two markets, which we deemed necessary (if any), one on the south side and one on the north side. The financial condition of the city would not admit of the expending the amount that would be required in building said markets, and the building under the law authorizing private parties to build for the city, we regarded as not desirable. "Therefore, in the absence of markets, your committee recommend the adoption of such ordinances as will cause a rigid

174
\

Atlanta And Its Builders

system of inspection to be put in operation of all meat, fish and vegetable stores or stalls."
More than ten years ago the crying need of a reformatory for the juvenile offenders of the city was urged upon council by the recorder. Judge E. C. Kontz said in his report for 1890:
"Comparison of the number of names to the total number of cases is amazing. It is evident that there is no reformatory feature at the stockade, or on the public works. The man who has been a gazing stock in shackles on the street is apt to return. I have during the year suspended execution of sentence in a num ber of cases and released prisoners, trusting them to go out and get amount of fine and return--believing that, in certain cases, even a short term on the streets would ruin all pride, and thus ruin a citizen. Most of these have returned with the money, thus increasing cash collections; but had the city lost a few dol lars, this course has, I am confident, saved men.
"Hardened criminals, white and colored, male and female, are constantly there, and they are separated only with regard to sex and color. Thus little children, whose offenses, though per haps trivial, oft repeated, demand some punishment, are sent out, come in contact with old and experienced offenders and are ruined. Thus is spread a moral contagion more deadly than any fever, and which as surely brings physical disease besides. A reformatory for young offenders is a crying necessity now."
The above references to city affairs for the year 1890 have been made rather detailed for purposes of comparison with 1900, or the present time, eleven years later. The expenditures of the several departments for 1890 were:

1. Department of Mayor. ..................$ 3.504 55

2. Department of Council. .................

3,600 oo

3. Department of City Hall................ 6,645 08

4. Department of Finance. ................. 314,326 25

5. Department of Police. .................. 102,976 08

6. Department of Tax. .................... 12,233 44

7. Department of Fire. .................... 65,575

8. Department of Cemetery. ............... 4,760 85

9. Department of Sewers. ................. 104,141 52

Municipal History

175

10. Department of Streets.................. 11. Department of Engineer................. 12. Department of Cormnis'r Public Works.... 13. Department of Water-works............. 14. Department of Street Lights. ............ 15. Department of Wells, Pumps and Cisterns.. 16. Department of Law.................... 17. Department of Parks. .................. 18. Department of Relief. .................. 19. Department pf Public Schools............. 20. Department of City Comptroller.......... 21. Department of Manufactures Statistics.... 22. Department of Sanitary Affairs........... 23. Department of Contingent. ..............

254,137 89 6,929 56 2,909 n 55*085 17
45,579 02 27 16
21,206 69 13,382 22 45,886 31 137,529 70 3,955 61
S l ^79 66 8,493 63

Total ........................... .$1,264,594 50

Assessed value of real estate.$30,729,894 (ij/2) Personal ................. 11,906,605 ( i /l 2 ) Street tax................ Sanitary .................

$460,948 41 178,599 08 6,220 oo 26,380 oo
$672,147 49

The second year of Mayor Hemphill's administration the aldermen and councilmen were: Aldermen--A. M. Reinhardt, J. G. Woodward, Frank P. Rice, A. J. Shropshire, W. W. Boyd, J. M. Stephens.
Councilmen--First ward, Joshua Tye, O. Reneau; second ward, H. C. Sawtell, Jno. A. Colvin; third ward, Arnold Broyles, J. F. McWaters; fourth ward, C. E. Murphy, Win. P. Hill; fifth ward, J. D. Turner, C. S. Northen; sixth ward, A. L. Holbrook, T. D. Meador.
In 1893 John B. Goodwill was again elected mayor, with the following common council: Mayor pro tern., A. J. Shrop shire. Aldermen--A. J. Shropshire, Frank P. Rice, W. W. Boyd, J. M. Stephens, Arnold Broyles, Phil. H. Harralson. Councilmen--First ward, O. Reneau, Jos. Hirsch; second ward, John A. Colvin, H. C. Stockdell; third ward, J. F. McWaters, D. A.

176

Atlanta And Its Builders

Beatie; fourth ward, Wm. P. Hill, W. R. Dimmock; fifth ward, C. S. Northen, Zach, Martin; sixth ward, T. D. Meador, Edward C. Peters.
Mayor Goodwill, in retiring from office, referred to what was accomplished under such difficulties, as follows:
"In 1893 the total receipts of the city amounted to $1,947,788.12, while for 1894 the total receipts were only $1,567,024.65, showing an apparent decrease for 1894, as compared with 1893, of $380,763.47.
"This is accounted for as follows: In 1893 there was in cluded in the receipts the proceeds of the sale of the last issue of water bonds, amounting to $182,000; the amount of permanent street paving was less in 1894, and hence the collections passing through the city to be paid to the contractors was less; there was a decrease of $16,370.00 in water receipts, owing to the great reduction in the price for water to the consumers, which went into effect beginning in January, 1894, and the benefit of which the people received. Another item of decrease came from the great shrinkage in the returns of personal property for taxation, brought about by the long-continued depression of business, and which caused many merchants and business men to carry less of stock and supplies than formerly. This shrinkage and reduc tion were such as to reduce the receipts from property tax $24,ooo.oo below the careful, conservative estimate made early in the year, and was the occasion of much inconvenience to the city gov ernment.
"The committee on tax and the assessors and receivers were capable and attentive, but the conditions were such that reduc tions could not be prevented. The fact and amount of the shrink age appeared from the final footings in the tax office, and were ascertained in time to reduce appropriations in October. And here again, the wisdom of our charter--in providing for changes and revisions in appropriations in July and October of each year after the first annual appropriations made--is demonstrated. A full and itemized statement of receipts and disbursements for 1894 will be found in the report of the city comptroller.
"Notwithstanding this, however, the splendid credit of the city has not only been well sustained but advanced, and no default

Municipal History

177

has been made in the payment of interest or other obligations during the eventful period covered by the last two years; and at the close of 1894 we were enabled to place easily and readily on the market $46,000.00 of four and one-half per cent. City of At lanta redemption bonds at 101, or a premium of one per cent, above par, and to have in cash in the treasury all the funds re quired by our charter. These are matters on which I feel justi fied in congratulating you, gentlemen of the general council, and all the people of the city. *****
"When the depression became most distinctly felt, in the spring and early summer of 1893, the city had on hand the con struction of our new water works system; and the last installment of bonds ready to complete them, and contemplated under the charter amendment, had to be issued and sold. An election was therefore ordered to determine the question of the proposed issue, and while public sentiment was well united in favor of the issue, it was no easy matter to get two-thirds of the registered voters out to participate in the election in order to carry the issue for bonds in accordance with the requirements of our State constitu tion and laws. While the vote on bonds, as cast, was almost unanimous in their favor, there was but a small majority above the two-thirds registered vote required. The concern of the city government with reference to this election was great, for the reason that had the bonds been defeated it would have embarrassed and almost dismantled a number of the departments of the city to complete and carry out the work from the annual revenue. The first difficulty--that of obtaining the two-thirds vote in favor of the bonds at the election--having been passed, the next question was to realize by the sale of the bonds. Fortunately, here also we were successful, and the high credit of the city enabled the mayor and general council to make a sale at a fair and satisfac tory price, and thus made possible the completion of the water works without an extraordinary drain upon the annual revenue. This completed the issue of bonds on account of water works con struction as provided by the charter amendment on the subject, and about or soon after this completion it was found necessary as a prudential measure to have an additional or duplicate engine at the reservoir station, so that in case one should become disabled
12-2

178

Atlanta And Its Builders

the supply of water to the city should not be stopped while repairs
were being made. "If we could have foreseen the necessity which arose this
year for paying $25,000.00 towards that great and worthy pub lic enterprise, the Cotton States and International Exposition,, as also the loss of $24,000.00 of revenue by shrinkage of tax returns on personal property, it might have been better to have issued re-

Boys' High School
demption bonds instead of paying off the $40,000.00 which ma tured. This $40,000.00 paid to retire bonds, and the $25,000.00 to the Exposition, would have more than paid off the balance on duplicate engines; and yet these payments were well made and in the interest of the city.
."I do not include, as legal obligations carried over to 1895 and future years, the completion of the Boy's High School; aid to the Exposition; and improvement of the old water works land;

Municipal History

179

for they are not properly to be so considered--being only recom mendations, and to be considered and disposed of on their merits."
On January i, 1895, tne bonded indebtedness of the city of Atlanta amounted to $2,961,000.00.
The taxable values of property in the city, as assessed arid returned, aggregated for 1894, of realty and personalty, $53,878,345.00, the real estate being on an assessment of about 62 1-2 per cent, of its real value. The assets of the city, consisting of real and personal property owned by the city, and including new and old water works property, plants and lands* sanitary grounds, stables, live stock, etc., stockade lands, live stock, etc., school buildings, grounds, etc., fire department buildings, grounds, ap-' paratus, etc., police station, house and lot, etc., Grady hospital, building and lot, L. P. Grant Park, etc., etc., aggregated in value $5>93 1 >oo.oo.
A statement was made showing the cost of public works between 1880 and 1895, as follows:
"The city has now (all laid since said date) sixty miles of paved streets, which cost the city, property owners, and street railroads, together, $1,787,870. One hundred and eighty-one and three-fourths miles of sidewalk and curbing, which cost $582,240.00. Fifty-eight and one-half miles of sewers, which cost $645,351.00, making the total expenditures, since 1880, for said purposes, $3,015,461.00."
Speaking further of the new water works system, Mayor Goodwin said:
"Since September, 1893, the city has been supplied with water from the Chattahoochee river through the new water works system and the water^being pure and well filtered, we now have an abundant supply of the very best water for all uses. Every thing about the system has been substantial. The supply is not only abundant and the quality of the best, but the price is far below that which usually prevails in cities having water works. Prior to 1894 the rate to domestic consumers was eighty-five cents for five thousand gallons; but beginning with 1894 the rate to this class of consumers was reduced to sixty cents per month for six thousand gallons, and to manufactories and other con-

180

Atlanta And Its Builders

sumers in same proportion. Considering the reduced price and increased quantity allowed, this is a large and substantial reduc tion to our people; and the ordinary domestic consumer now gets water for all purposes for ahout $7.20 per year. It would seem, therefore, that the water problem has been well solved for Atlanta. In 1893 four miles of water pipes were laid, and in 1894 over ten miles of pipe were laid, and Atlanta now has sixty-seven miles and seventeen hundred and sixty-three feet of water pipe laid. As the supply is abundant, and greater safety to health in its use, the benefits of this water supply should be extended as the means of the city will allow." * * *
"The old water works property has been leased to a company which will make a first-class resort out of a portion of it, and add greatly to the value of that property by giving it street railroad connections. This is a beautiful tract of land, and the lake and that portion of the land adjacent to it should be preserved for a public resort as long as the water in the lake can be kept pure. This would add much to the comfort of the people of the city, and by street railroad connections, and the opening of roads and streets through the property, which should be done as early as practicable, will make the remaining and far greater portion of the land valuable to the city and command good prices for choice residence lots upon the same. If all of this land, except the lake and a sufficient space around it, should be sold off to desirable purchasers, with the view of making it a residence park, it would become, in time, a source of great financial help and income to the
city." West End was made a part of the municipality of Atlanta
during Mayor Goodwill's administration. The suburban annex had at that time a population of about 3,000, and was made to constitute the Seventh ward.
The council during the second year of Mayor Goodwill's administration (1894) was as follows: Mayor pro tcm., Arnold Broyles; aldermen, W. W. Boyd, J. M. Stephens, Arnold Broyles, Phil H. Harralson, Albert Howell, John A. Colvin; councilmen, first ward,Jos.Hirsch,M. P. Cam]); second ward, H. C. Stockdell, M. M. Welch; third ward, D. A. Beatie, R. P. Dodge; fourth ward, W, R, Dimmock, W. J. Campbell; fifth ward, Zach. Martin,

Municipal History

181

J. H. Welch; sixth ward, Edward C. Peters, C. E. Harman; seventh ward, John W. Nelms.
In 1895, the year of the Cotton States and International Exposition, the municipal administration was as follows: Mayor, Porter King; mayor pro tern., Arnold Broyles; aldermen, Arnold Broyles, Albert Howell, Joseph Hirsch, Phil H. Harralson, John A. Colvin, M. L. Tolbert; councilmen, first ward, M. P. Camp, T. C, Mayson; second ward, M. M. Welch, T. J. Day; third ward, R. P. Dodge, W. S. Bell; fourth ward, W. J. Campbell, J. A. Miller; fifth ward, J. H. Welch, George H. Sims; sixth ward, C. E. Harman, H. T. Inman; seventh ward, J. W. Nelms. City officers: City clerk, Park Woodward; deputies, Charles F. Rice, John R. Wilkinson; city marshal, Edward S. McCandless; deputies, John W. Humphries, R. S. Rust; comptroller, J. H. Goldsmith; bookkeeper, John F. Kellam; recorder, Andrew E. Calhoun; city attorney, J. A. Anclerson; assistant city attorney, Fulton Colville; tax collector, J. R. Collins; deputies, W. H. Hoicombe, Loycl Collins; tax assessors, C. D. Meador, T. J. Malone, C. J. Keith; treasurer, Jos. T. Orme; city engineer, R. M. Clayton ; messenger, Z. B. Moon; city sexton, Thomas A. Clayton. Police department: Commissioners, J. W. English, W. H. Venable, R. D. Spalding, J. C. A. Branan, George E. Johnson. Fire department: Chief, W. R. Joyner; foremen, J. Emmel, W. B. Cummings, S. B. Chapman, E. J. Setze, J. C. Watters, H. P. Haney, W. H. Clowe, John Terrell, E. R. Anclerson, W. B. Cody.
The city of Atlanta agreed to pay to the Exposition Company $75,000 towards the improvement of property leased by the city for park purposes, $25,000 having been paid in 1894, $35,000 in 1895, and the remaining $15,000 in 1896. Starting with a subscription of $139,000 by the citizens of Atlanta, the city government encouraging the enterprise with an additional $75,000, the United States government then following with the encourage ment of its approval and sanction, and by appropriating $200,000 for a building and exhibit, and the state of Georgia also making her appropriation of about $20,000, and lending the collection her agricultural and geological departments, the Exposition was widened and broadened until it assumed a national character, and great things for the upbuilding of Atlanta were expected of it.

182

Atlanta And Its Builders

A detailed description of this great fair and the story of its suc cess will be found elsewhere in this volume. The responsibilities of the city officers, particularly of the police and fire departments, were increased by the exposition, bringing as it did tens of thou sands of visitors to Atlanta during nearly half a year, but in no year of the city's history did administrative matters run more smoothly. Hon. Porter King, so lately called from his mortal labors, made an excellent mayor, retiring with the esteem and good wishes of his fellow citizens.
The council of 1896 was as follows: Mayor pro tcm., Joseph Hirsch; provisional mayor pro tern., W. R. Dimmock; aldermen, John A. Colvin, Joseph Hirsch, Albert Howell, M. L. Tolbert, J. G. Woodward, W. R. Dimmock; councilman, ward i, T. C. Mayson, L. P. Thomas; ward 2, T. J. Day, J. E. Maddox; ward 3, W. S. Bell, W. E. Adamson; ward 4, J. A. Miller, S. A. Morris; ward 5, George H. Sims, A. P. Thompson; ward 6, H. T. Inman, J. A. Hutchison; ward 7, H. L. Culbertson.
In 1897 Charles A. Collier, who had so successfully directed the great exposition of 1895, was called to the mayor's chair. The council he presided over was composed of the following gentlemen: Mayor pro tern., W. R. Dimmock; aldermen, Jos. Hirsch, M. L. Tolbert, W. R. Dimmock, J. G. Woodward, F. P. Rice, I. S. Mitchell; councilmen, ward i, J. J. Barnes, M. P. Camp; ward 2, J. E. Maddox, R. T. Dorsey; ward 3, W. E. Adamson, E. S. Lumpkin; ward 4, S. A. Morris, G. P. Howard; ward 5, A. P. Thompson, L. P. Stephens; ward 6, J. A. Hutchi son, E. C. Peters; ward 7, H. L. Culberson.
The council of 1898 was composed of Mayor pro tern. W. R. Dimmock; aldermen, W. R. Dimmock, J. G. Woodward, F. P. Rice, I. S. Mitchell, J. Turner, James L. Mayson; councilman, ward i, M. P. Camp, M. T. LaHatte; ward 2, R. T. Dorsey, G. B. Adair; ward 3, E. S. Lumpkin, E. P. Burns; ward 4, G. P. Howard, W. S. Thomson; ward 5, L. P. Stephens, D. N. McCullough; ward 6, E. C. Peters, T. A, Hammond, jr.; ward 7, J. S. Dozier.
Mayor Collier's administration was notable for the rigid economy and prudence exercised in the several departments of the municipal government. The difficulties imposed at the outset,

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growing out of the reduction of the tax rate from one and onehalf to one and one-quarter per cent., were successfully met, and it was demonstrated in a highly gratifying manner that the city government could be administered and all the departments effi ciently maintained, upon the basis of this reduced rate of taxation.
In his last message to council Mayor Collier reviewed his two years in office, from which the following extracts are made on the most important matters accomplished:
"The recent sale by the city of $275,000.00 four per cent, bonds at a price far in advance of any offer heretofore made, attests most strikingly the faith and confidence of the public in the financial condition of the municipality, and is the highest tribute that could be paid to the careful, intelligent and prudent manner in which the affairs of the city have been managed. By this transaction we have been able to reduce the bonded indebt edness of the city $25,000.00 and effect an annual saving in inter est charge of $10,000.00, besides establishing for the securities of the city a basis of standing in the financial world unequalled by any other city in the South and approached by but few in the whole country. The change in the system of tax collections inaugurated two years ago has been attended with the most gratifying results. * It has materially lightened the burdens of the taxpayer and entirely relieved the city from the necessity of borrowing large sums of money each year. It has saved the city large amounts annually paid out for interest in previous years, and has placed in the treasury ample funds, when needed, to meet all demands, and at the same time maintain a comfortable cash balance to the city's credit. The demonstrated and acknowledged success of this system has finally and permanently established the financial independence of the city, and placed it in a position to demand and require just and reasonable compensation for the use of its funds wherever deposited."
*********
"The receipts for the year from all sources were $1,518,873.70, and added to balance on hand at beginning of the year, to wit, $258,901.29, makes an aggregate of $1,777,774.99. The expend itures for the year aggregate $1,220,176.40, which shows a bal ance on hand according to the comptroller's books, of $557,598.-

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59. There are, however, outstanding warrants amounting to $33,299.14, which makes the balance, according to the treasurer's report, $590,898.07. The balance on hand, to wit, $590,898.07, is not only sufficient to meet all charter obligations as to required surplus and sinking funds, amounting to $266,168.00, but in addition provides the funds necessary to pay for past due bond not yet presented, $1,000.00; for compiling city code, balance, $900.00; for completion of Mitchell street viaduct, including paving, $23,000.00; for Grant Park sewer, $500.00; for slate vaults, $600.00; for paying off maturing bonds, $300,000.00; for payment of .outstanding warrants being checks issued by the comptroller and not yet presented to the treasurer, $33,299.48, and still leaves a cash surplus on hand."
*********
"The early completion of the Mitchell street viaduct will mark one of the most important improvements of the year and will at last give to the people of the west side a safe and conven ient access to the center of the city. Early in the year the able and energetic chairman of the bridge committee opened negotia tions with the railroads at interest with the view of securing their co-operation. His efforts were successful, the Southern railway and Central of Georgia railway agreeing to contribute $40,000.00 towards the cost of the viaduct, balance to be paid by the city. Payments to the amount of $40,631.09 have already been made to the contractors, and the balance due by the city, to-wit, $23,ooo.oo, which includes $8,000.00 for paving has been brought over in cash from the budget of 1898 and in the hands of the treasurer."
The "street railway fight" was becoming very heated during the Collier administration, and the retiring mayor referred to certain phases of it in the following caustic language:
"While the efforts of the present administration to secure for the people some compensation for the valuable franchises which have been given to the Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway were not immediately successful, it is gratifying to note that the agita tion which commenced with the passage of the transfer ordinance has increased in volume and extent to such proportions as to force the announcement under oath that the just demands of the

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/-

*

people in this respect would be speedily complied with. It is entirely safe to say that if this fight had not been made the an nouncements referred to would never have been forthcoming. This promise, however, in view of the pending effort to throttle competition in defiance of public sentiment and in contempt of the lawful authorities of the city should not and will not relieve it from the just odium of an outraged people. For years this cor poration has insolently trampled upon the rights of the people and treated the ordinances of this body with scorn and contempt. Instead of attempting to conciliate and make friends it has per sistently defied the public and should not complain if it has earned, as it has deserved, the ill will of those it serves."
A new crematory was established inside the city limits in 1898. At that time the total mileage of sewers was 79.25, cost $786,069.69; total mileage of paved streets 62.95, cost $1,938,132.16; total mileage of sidewalks and curbing 203.45, cost $659,816.20.
Mayor Collier strongly recommended the establishment of a municipal electric light plant, which he declared would pay for itself in two or three years, saving to the city at least $40,000 per annum.
Hon. G. V. Gress presented by deed to the people of Atlanta the Cyclorama building and picture of the Battle of Atlanta The only conditions attached to the gift was that $1,000 be expended by the city on repairs of building and picture. Under the super vision by plans drawn by City Building Inspector Pittman, the park commission spent $4,066.17, practically rebuilding the entire structure and refreshing the picture. The latter work was en trusted to Oscar Pause, who did the work artistically and to the vsatisfaction of the authorities, as well as the general public. Ow ing to continuous wet weather, the completion of repairs of the Cyclorama were delayed until a day or two before the reunion of the Confederate veterans, but during that week the receipts froir admissions at ten cents each were nearly one thousand dollars, notwithstanding that Confederate veterans were admitted free.
The city officials for 1899 were as follows: Mayor, J. G. Woodward; mayor pro tern., I. S. Mitchell; aldermen, K P. Rice, 1. S. Mitchell, J. 1). Turner, James L. Mayson, S. W. Day, J. W.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

Kilpatrick; councilmen, ward i, M. T. LaHatte, J. H. Harwell; ward 2, G. B. Adair, J. J. Maddox; ward 3, E. P. Burns, J. S. Holland; ward 4, W. S. Thomson, J. S. Parks; ward 5, D. N. McCullough, A. P. Thompson; ward 6, T. A. Hammond, jr., G. G. Roy; ward 7, J. S. Dozier, J. W. Pope.
The election of J. G. Woodward as mayor was a distinct recognition of the growing power of organized labor in Atlanta. Mr. Woodward, unlike most of his predecessors, was not a lawyer, a capitalist or a conspicuous promoter of public enterprises. He was a printer by trade, a strong unionist, and at the time of his election was in the employ of the Atlanta Journal.
The council of 1900 was composed of the following mem bers : Mayor pro tern., J. L. Mayson; aldermen, Harvey John son, M. M. Welch, H. M. Beutell, S. W. Day, J. L. Mayson, J. W. Kilpatrick; councilmen, ward I, J. H. Harwell, C. A. Barrett; ward 2, J. J. Maddox, W. C. Rawson; ward 3, J. S. Hol land, A. C. Minhinnett; ward 4, J. S. Parks, W. M. Terry; ward 5, A. P. Thompson, A. Q. Adams; ward 6, G. G. Roy, H. W. Grady; ward 7, J. W. Pope, T. D. Longino.
In his annual address at the close of the first year of his term, Mayor Woodward made a strong plea for the building of a viaduct across the dangerous grade crossing between Peachtree and Whitehall streets. He said among other things:
"The time has arrived when to delay longer than is abso lutely necessary the building of a viaduct over the railroad tracks between Whitehall and Peachtree streets would amount to crim inal neglect of the interests of the city. For years this point has not only been a detriment to business, but has been a constant and terrible menace to life. The accidents that have occurred there and the lives that have been lost cannot be reckoned in dollars and cents. There are affairs that even demand the attention of men mad in the race for gain and which inspire awe and arouse the sensibilities of those apparently deaf to all things except their own advancement. This crossing, with its tentacles of steel that seem to reach out for victims like some greedy monster of the deep, has done this.
"This clanger is no new thing, as the long list of deaths there attest, and this is an excellent reason why there should be no

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further delay. The time has come for action, and something should be done now, before the life is crushed from another human victim. How soon this will be, no one can tell. It may be within the hour, and some one in this hall now may be the person called upon for the sacrifice. Probably we have never had an opportunity such as is before us to entirely abate this evil and give protection to the lives of men, women and little children. It seems to me that there is now no doubt of the city being able to construct the viaduct this year, and forever put from us what has proven a curse to an otherwise beautiful and prosperous city.
"The gain from such a structure cannot fail to be apparent at a glance to the most casual observer. The preservation of life alone would make it of untold value, and should it go no further in its benefits than that it would be a priceless gem, but it will do even more. Costly buildings are sure to follow, and in fact many will be in course of erection as soon as work on the viaduct is begun. This means employment to all classes of labor and the distribution of large sums of money among tradesmen each week. It will furnish work for idle hands and give honest men the means by which to provide, for the time at least, a comfortable support for their families."
During the first year of the Woodward administration a notable military spectacle took place in Atlanta in honor of the American victory over the Spaniards. Admiral Dewey was ex pected to be the city's guest on the occasion, but failed to arrive, as promised. However, the honors bestowed on Admirals Schley and Lieutenant Brumby afforded ample outlet for the city's patriotism. The city council appropriated $5,000 to make the reception of these popular heroes a brilliant one, and it fully equalled all expectations, attracting thousands of visitors, many of whom came from neighboring states.
A site was purchased for the new Federal prison at a cost of $25,000 and presented by the city of Atlanta to the United States.
Regarding the financial status of the city at the close of the first year of his administration, Mayor Woodward said:
"The receipts for the year from all sources were $1,247,456.-
44, which, added to balance at beginning of the year, $557,598.59, makes an aggregate of $1,805,055.03. The expenses for the year

188

Atlanta And Its Builders

aggregate $1,594,303.28, which shows a balance on hand, accord ing to the comptroller's books, of $210,751.75. There are out standing warrants to the amount of $8,143.40, which makes the balance, according to the treasurer's report, $218,895.15.
Mayor Woodward urgently recommended an increased ap propriation for the public schools, to be raised through a special tax. Of the school situation he said:
"The department of public schools makes an unusually good showing in the amount and character of work done, but condi-

Openc-d February, 11KW

Federal Prison

tions become almost alarming when we are made acquainted with the large number of children, both white and colored, who are making application for admittance but who have to be turned away for want of room. The high standing and reputation of Atlanta's schools throughout the country has been one of the prime causes of her growth. A great many people have been influenced to. make Atlanta their permanent home for the sole

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purpose of educating their children. That being true, immediate steps should be taken to enlarge our schoolroom facilities until every child making application should find accommodation. This is a debt we owe every child, not only for the purpose of making a good and useful citizen out of it, but for the additional reason that we draw its per capita of the school fund from the State appropri ation, and should give school privileges in return. By reference to Superintendent Slaton's report, it will be seen that the crowded condition of the schools has existed for years, especially in the primary grades, and that many, notably in the negro schools, have been knocking at the school doors for several years in vain. This condition of affairs should not be allowed to exist longer than it is absolutely necessary. In the interest of good citizenship and society we owe every child an education. It is cheaper, and infi nitely more humane and proper, to educate a child than it is to let it grow up in vicious ignorance, and pay for convicting and maintaining it as a criminal." * * * *
"With the tax rate reduced to i 1-4 per cent, in the last three years, and the assessments reduced and equalized during the two last years about $4,000,000.00, it has affected the income of the city from year to year to that extent that the actually indispensa ble improvements could not be made and at the same time keep the different departments of the city up to the proper necessities.
"On account of this general reduction, it is apparent that the public schools have suffered most. There is but one way to remedy this defect in any one year, and that is to add a special tax of about one-eighth of one per cent, to the regular tax rate for school purposes. This would enable the board of education to provide room for every child within school age in the city. The wise fminers of the city charter made provision for just such emergencies as confronts us now.
One step forward in municipal administration was the pas sage of an ordinance requiring1 all overhead wires to be placed in underground conduits. Of the electric light question Mayor Woodward said:
"During the past few months the committee on electric lights advertised for bids for a new contract for lighting the streets of the city. The price per light will be materially reduced after the

190

Atlanta And Its Builders

expiration of the present contract. The new contract is for a term not longer than three years, and, at my suggestion, in the interests of municipal ownership, there is to be a clause in the contract that the city reserves the right to terminate the agree ment at the end of any one year, if the city should own by pur chase or build a plant.
"At the election held in 1898 the question of the city owning its own plant for lighting was submitted to the people, and the result was a nearly unanimous vote in favor of such ownership, and at the same election every candidate for council was pledged to such a course. At the regular election last fall the same ex pression was exacted of each aspirant for councilmanic honors. Therefore, the entire general council is committed to municipal ownership of an electric lighting plant, and the only question now is as to how we shall acquire the means to erect the plant and do the necessary wire construction.
"Acting under this expressed desire of the people, and know ing full well that the city's entire surplus income for any one year will not complete the work, the general council secured authority from the general assembly of Georgia, at its last session, to hold a bond election, for the people to express their wish at the ballot box as to whether they will vote an issue of $300,000.00 of bonds to be used for the express purpose of building a municipal light ing plant. It is the duty of the general council to give the people an opportunity to express themselves upon this important ques tion at an early date."
During 1899 there were 2,125 permits given for the erection of new buildings, at a cost of $1,293,997. This was the largest number of buildings ever erected in Atlanta in any one year of its history, to date. A gratifying feature shown by an analysis of these statistics was that an unusually large number of moderatepriced cottages were erected, showing that the masses were building homes.
The year 1900 was a most prosperous one in the history, of Atlanta, and for purposes of comparison with statistics at the end of the preceding decade, the facts connected with this great pro gress will be given in considerable detail. No better or more succinct review of this period can be given than to quote liberally

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from the valedictory address of Mayor Woodward at the close of 1901. Among other things the retiring mayor said:
"Early in the year 1901 the bond sinking fund commission was established, and its value to the city is not to be easily esti mated. It has already saved far more than enough to demon strate that such a department of the city government is not only wise, but that it is a necessity, where sound business principles are to be put into practice and maintained. The drawing upon the sinking fund that was done for years was illegal and danger ous, but now that the commission has been established this has of necessity been stopped, and the result is that there is provision now made for all bonds that are outstanding.
^C3fc^C5)c^C^>|<^C^
"Another and an important item in the growth of the city is the establishment of the Carnegie library. This was only made possible through the generosity of Andrew Carnegie, who gave the first sum necessary for its establishment, but had not the city government shown that it, too, was willing to do its share the gift could not have been accepted. The handsome building, now in course of erection, will, in due time, be completed and stand as a monument to the man who gave to the city the money with which to build it, and to the city which recognized its value and hastened to obligate itself to support it. Coming to the question of the Federal prison we reach a matter that will represent an investment of more than $2,000,000 before the goverment has finished its work, in my opinion. When the buildings have been finished there will of necessity be an increase in the number of persons in that particular locality. Men will be appointed to positions there who will receive salaries that will enable them to maintain themselves and families in comfort, and Atlanta will be benefited thereby."

"For years there has been a crying need for the construction of a viaduct at the railroad crossings at Whitehall and Peachtree streets, and at last the city has been enabled by a fortunate set of circumstances to contract for the building of a structure at that point that will not only be all that is necessary for practical pur poses, but it will be an ornament to that section. In addition to the building of the viaduct there will be more than $1,000,000

I!

\

I

Scene on Whitehall Street Viaduct

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193

spent in two blocks for the erection of new buildings and the improvement of ones now standing as a direct result of its con struction. This money will be spent in less than two years, and the beginning of its disbursement will be immediate. The city, in my opinion, has been fortunate in this particular instance, for the construction of the viaduct will not be at the public expense, but it will be done by two enterprises of the same character--the steam railroads and the Atlanta Rapid Transit company. The latter company, as is well known, has paid into the city treasury the sum of $50,000, to be used in the construction of the viaduct. This money is now in the hands of the city authorities, and can be used at any time for the purpose for which it is intended. The company has kept its agreement with the city in every particular, and by doing so has been the means of enabling its officers to make a contract for the viaduct that it could not have done but for the help received. When the viaduct has been completed the city will gain thousands of dollars annually in taxes from in creased property valuations, and it will also have set forever aside a messenger of death that has been hanging over the people of Atlanta for years, ever grasping out for victims. Every detail of the contract for the building of the viaduct has been completed between the contractor and the city, and the contractor has, with commendable enterprise, already carried out the agreement to such an extent as to show that there will be no delay on his part, and that just as soon as skilled artisans can accomplish their task that we will be rid of the terrible nuisance that we have so long looked at with horror."
** * * * * * # #
"A summary of the financial condition of the city is one that 1 feel will be of interest to all, and it shows the following:
January i, 1900--balance. ....................$ 212,836 59 Receipts, 1900 ............................. 1,360,820 84
$1,573,656 83 Disbursements, 1900. ........................ 1,363,771 74
December 31, 1901--comptroller's balance...... 209,885 09 Warrants outstanding ....................... 2,556 12
Cash in treasury and banks. .................. 212,4 \\ 81 13-2

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Atlanta And Its Builders

Jan. I, 1900--cash in treasury................ 107,367 77 Jan. i, 1900--cash in banks. ................. 105,085 44

$ 212,441 21 Total receipts from all sources................ .$1,360,820 24 Total disbursements ........................ 1,363,771 74 Net bonded debt............................ 2,761,041 15

"The report of the city engineer shows that 4.81 miles of sewers have been laid, at a cost of $26,068.36; 6.52 miles of side walks and curbing, at a cost of $31,821.24, and 71-100 miles of asphalt and block paving, at a cost of $41,323.67, making a total on permanent improvements during the year of $99,213.27.
"This added to the work done by the present administration during the year 1899, gives a total mileage of sewers laid for two years of 10.08, at a total cost of $51,495.10. Total mileage of paved streets of 78-100 at a total cost of $42,878.60, and total mileage of sidewalks of 12.16 at a total cost of $49,992.76, mak ing a total expenditure on street and sewer work during the two years of $144,366.46."
"At Grant Park a transformation scene has taken place in the last few months. The improvements made there have been at comparatively small cost, and a vast majority of them are of a permanent nature. It is my judgment that the city may well afford to increase its annual investment there, as I feel sure that any appropriation made for Grant Park will, in course of time and in the enjoyment of its citizens, be a paying investment."
*********
"Oakland cemetery has now a most valuable addition. I refer to the public comfort building and the receiving vaults. This building was completed during the early part of the year and has added much to the beauty of the place. With a larger appro priation Oakland cemetery could be made one of the most beauti ful spots in the country."
From the report of the president of the board of education, Hon. Hoke Smith, the following extracts are made:

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"During the past year two onward steps have been made in oiir school work. First, two weeks were devoted to a normal school for the teachers of our schools. Capable instructors were brought from other states, and an opportunity was given to those in charge of our schools of devoting this time to prepara tion for better work by studying, under the leadership of able educators, the progress which has been made elsewhere.
"Second, a director of manual training was employed with the beginning of our fall term. Through him the first primary hand work is being introduced into the schools. We have ar ranged to fit up a workshop at the Boys' High School for the students of the night class. To this shop will also be invited, during the afternoons, boys from the various grammar schools. We regard this as simply the beginning of manual training. We .hope to see it gradually develop until manual training for girls and boys will help to prepare the children of our schools for practical work. We believe that sewing and cooking ought to be introduced into the schools with as little delay as possible.
"The Bell street school building was erected and furnished for $13,053.93; the addition to the Williams street school was made for $3,434.30; the additions to the Houston street negro school were made for $2,702.59.
"While the city council nominally appropriated $168,793.32 for school purposes, in point of fact only $128,928.62 was ap propriated by the city; $39,864.70 of the amount nominally appropriated by the city council came directly to the board of education from the state school fund. Under the law this money is payable to the board of education. It is handled by the board of education for the state.
"The schools of Atlanta are all crowded to an extent that prevents the best work from being done. Forty children are as many as any one teacher should undertake to control and instruct. We have been compelled, in a majority of our school-rooms, under one teacher, to place sixty children. To relieve this pres sure we really ought to increase fifty per cent, the grammar schools of the city. We cannot hope, however, to obtain so large a sum for a single year's appropriation. The growth of the city has caused an average increase of attendance by the children upon the schools of between seven and ten per cent, annually.

196

Atlanta And Its Builders

"For the past ten years we have built only two grammar schools for white children, and the negro schools have received only the increase'recently made by the additions to the Houston street school. The appropriations to the schools have not in creased with the growth of the city. The other departments have received from the city increased appropriations in excess of those made to the schools.
"To accommodate the children, beginning with September, 1901, we will need three new white grammar schools of six grades each, and an addition to the State street school; we will need four new four-grade negro schools; we will need an addi tional girls' high school, or a substantial enlargement of the present building. We are confronted with the necessity for so large an increase of school buildings now on account of the failure of the city council to furnish enough money for buildings during the past few years.
"We will receive this year about $40,000 from the state. Our financial sheet, which will be furnished to the finance committee of your honorable body, will show that in addition to the $40,000 received from the state, the schools will need $290,000 from the city."
The commercial operation of the Standard Telephone com pany was completed during 1900, much to the benefit of the citi zens of Atlanta.
The increased receipts in several departments deserve special mention. These were:
General tax increase. ......................... .$32,820 99 Various license tax. ........................... 7,726 41 Water receipts................................ 17,516 60 Recorder's Court.............................. 11,452 82
With this increased revenue the finance committee was en abled to make larger and much-needed appropriations to various departments, notable among which were the following:
Department of Fire, increased about. ............ .$12,800 oo Department of Streets, increased about............ 34,500 oo Department of Waterworks, increased about...... 27,700 oo Department of Street Lights, increased about...... 7,700 oo

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197

Department of Parks, increased about............. 4,200 oo Department of Schools, increased about. ........... 18,200 oo Department of Sanitary, increased about. ......... 7,500 oo
During 1900 there was added to the fund held by the Bond Sinking Fund commission the sum of $39,747.50, making a total in its hands of $127,695.18.

The finance committee's report said: "During the year we have paid and destroyed interest coupons amounting to $154,022.50. It becoming necessary to procure a temporary loan of $75,000.00 for sixty days, we negotiated one of that amount with the Southern Banking & Trust company, on August loth, at the rate of two per cent, per annum, the lowest rate of interest ever secured by the city. This loan, with $250.00 interest, was re paid October 8th."

The following tax statistics for 1900 are interesting:

DR.

Real estate, $41,456,943, at i}4 per cent........ .$518,211 79

Personalty, $13,023,345, at i j4 per cent......... 162,791 81

Street tax.................................. 9,368 oo

Sanitary tax................................ 53,865 04

Odd cents, city's gain.........................

14 56

$744,251 20
CR.
Discount ......................$ 555 93 First installment. ............... 177,253 38 Second installment............... 96,977 22 Third installment. ............... 358,646 47 Fi. fas......................... 110,818 20--$744,251 20 Interest paid................................ 2,298 61 Interest due on ri. fas......................... 986 35 Railroad returns to Comptroller General of State. . 18,515 62

Total ..................................$766,051 78 The assessed value of real estate 1900 was..... .$41,456,943 oo The assessed value of real estate 1899 was...... 40,940,077 oo

Increase of assessed value real estate. .........$ 516,866 oo

r-y

198

Atlanta And Its Builders

Personal property returned in 1900 was. ..... .$13,023,345 oo Personal property returned in 1899 was - I2>245>588 oo

Increase of personal property returned ........$ 777,757 Sanitary tax, 1900. ........................$ 53,865 04

Sanitary tax, 1899. ........................

52,178 08

Increase for 1900 over 1899................ .$ ' 1,686 96

INCOME FROM LICENSES FOR 1900.

MONTHS

General Hacks and Wholesale Commission Retail

Business Drays

Liquor Returns Liquor

January ......
Pphnmrv
March ....... April ........ May ......... June ......... July .......... August ....... September .... October ...... November .... December ....
Totals, i goo. Totals, 1899.

$19,341 65 744 oo 818 30
14,961 35 1,108 17
1T ,U<Y-^>O1 /*7JC
26,2l8 OO
1, 2l8 70
I.OOO 25
15,778 8 5
1,043 50
83965
$84,006 77 80,281 80

$ 1,212 50 1147f 6w5=0i
1,207 50
91 7^
18 50 1,300 oo
44 4 /75*j 65*j
I >OA1jDC /*TJC
40 15
II OO
$ 5,291 35 5,o4 99

$ 412 50
TC 17
400 oo
200 OO
T.62 50
475 oo
$ 1,885 33 2,007 40

Increase for 1000 over 1899, $8,785.98. General tax for 1900, $771,122.51.

$ A.0 3'*3'j9f\ Um1 305 70
2,554 15 302 84 42 80
2,405 36 97 83 *5.*2 *5j0
2 2OI 67
86 86 129 40 $10,517 58 9,458 01

$20,556 95 249 50
T-* w
1,377 65 19,790 95
843 98 20,682 05
282 45 312 50 21,187 5 4i 65 562 50
$85,887 48 82,060 33

The long and bitter controversy between the Consolidated and the Rapid Transit street railway companies resulted in much litigation, to which the city was made a party. The city attor ney made the following explanation of the nature of this litigation in his report for 1900:
"Probably the most important litigation to which the city was a party, finally disposed of during the year, was that pending in the various courts between the two street railway companies owning and operating lines in the city.
"The litigation involved the question how far the city could lawfully go in the direction of permitting the occupancy of streets, in which the tracks of one company were already laid, by

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another company, and particularly when the joint occupancy of the street by the new company involved the joint use of tracks, or, in other words, the condemnation of the tracks of one com pany to the use of another company.
"The city claimed that under a reservation of power, an nexed to the grants made for the use of the Atlanta Consolidated Company, approved May 20, 1891, it could authorize the con demnation of as much as five blocks of the tracks of any line or route of the Consolidated Company to the use of a new company if this was deemed necessary by the city to let the lines of the new company reach the central portion of the city, and that this was not limited to any one line of the new company. The Consoli dated company and the trustee for its bondholders contended on the other hand that this reservation only authorized the con demnation of its tracks to the extent of five blocks in the aggre gate, and that it could be done to this extent only once for all com panies, and then only when actually necessary--i. e., when there was no other way to reach the center of the city--and that if the company proposing to condemn was already in the central por tion of the city with one line of street railway, it could not be au thorized by the city to condemn to get in from other directions with other lines.
"The Federal Court of the Northern District of Georgia, through interlocutory orders, practically sustained the conten tions of the city so far as applicable to the facts of the cases then before it, except that, according to the views of Judge Newman, the right to condemn tracks was limited to tracks in the central portion of the city.
"The appeals filed by both sides from the various decisions were dismissed before being passed upon by the appellate courts in consequence of a settlement of the controversy between the two companies."
An important act effecting the municipal organization of Atlanta was passed by the state legislature, though not in ac cordance with the recommendations of the city officials to that body. The remedy proposed by the bill, as submitted by the mayor and general council, was to take away the casting vote of the mayor pro tern, in the board of aldermen, and to require

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Atlanta And Its Builders

him to vote as an alderman on all questions coming before that board for separate action, and to provide that a majority of a quorum of each body could pass matters requiring separate action. As finally passed the amending act covered all these features and gave the mayor a casting vote in case of a tie in the board of aldermen, while still continuing his veto power. The act was to go into effect on the coming in of the city government of 1901.
The act authorized an issue of bonds for water works exten sion and equipment, if voted by the people, and covered some other important changes.
The Supreme Court of Georgia decided against the validity of the ordinance requiring the use of the union label on all job printing done for the various departments of the city government.
The amount expended in building during 1900 was unprece dented. In his report the building inspector said:
"There has been issued from this office during the year 2,079 permits, the estimated cost of same being $1,983,144.00, this be ing $179,840.00 more than the amount expended in any previous year, and an increase over last year of 53 per cent.
Permits were classified as follows:
8 Frame stores, at a cost of ...............$ i,975 oo 13 Brick stores, at a cost of................ 45,215 oo 458 Frame dwellings, at a cost of............ 437,045 oo 5 Brick dwellings, at a cost of............ 28,200 oo 41 Public and business buildings, at a cost of.. 1,095,400 oo 1,316 Additions and alterations, at a cost of..... 343,088 oo 238 Miscellaneous, at a cost of.............. 32,221 oo

2,079

$1,983,144 oo

Among the most elegant and expensive buildings included in the foregoing list were the following:
The Empire office building, Carnegie library, Atlanta Rail way & Power Company plant, F. E. Block Co. factory, North Avenue Presbyterian church, Conklin Mfg. Co. building, Kontz building, Bell Street City school house, Spellman Seminary hos pital, dining hall, dormitory and residence, Rucker building and Jewish synagogue.

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201

The city comptroller furnished the following important sta tistical information for 1900:
FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF CITY OF ATLANTA
ASSETS.
22 public schools and lots ....................$ 684,000 oo 8 fire engine houses and lots. .................. 188,600 oo i police station............................. 125,000 oo Grady hospital............................. 100,000 oo Waterworks property:
Old works. ...............$ 250,000 oo New works............... 3,000,000 oo--3,250,000 oo Sanitary dumping grounds. 100 acres. ......... 100.000 oo Stockade farm, 96 acres. ...................... 100,000 oo Park property: L. P. Grant park, 144 acres. .............. 1,000,000 oo Springdale park, 5 acres................. 50,000 oo Vacant lots and improved property............. 39,000 oo Oakland cemetery lots and buildings. .......... 15,000 oo Personal property. ......................... 274,500 oo

$5,926,100 oo
LIABILITIES.
Water bonds, ist series. .....................$ 327,000 oo Water bonds, 2(1 series....................... 100,000 oo Water bonds, new works..................... 746.000 oo Georgia Western Railroad bonds.............. 300,000 oo Floating debt bonds. ........................ 100,000 oo Redemption bonds.......................... i ,249,000 oo Capitol bonds. ............................. 55.500 oo West End bonds............................ 50,000 oo

Total bonded debt. .................... .$2,927,500 oo Assets held by Sinking Fund Com
mission ...................... .$127,605 18 Additions to sinking fund in 1901. . . 35,659 83-- 163,355 O1

Net liabilities. ........................ .$2,764,144 89

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Atlanta And Its Builders

Assets ................................... $5,926,100 oo Liabilities ................................. 2,764,144 89

Value of assets over liabilities............... .$3,161,955 n

TOTAL EXPENDITURES FOR 1900.
1. Department of Mayor.....,............$ 3,761 80 2. Department of Council.................. 6,000 oo 3. Department of City Hall................ 8446 38 4. Department of Finance.................. 234,342 50 5. Department of Police. .................. 150,358 63 6. Department of Tax..................... 37,301 43 7. Department of Fire..................... 119,269 68
8. Department of Cemetery................ 12,103 95 9. Department of Sewers.................. 34,080 62 10. Department of Streets................... 111,173.91 11. Department of Engineer................. 6,468 15 12. Department of Commissioner Public Works 3493 95 13. Department of Waterworks.............. 128,907 95 14. Department of Street Lights............. 73790 84 15. Department of Fund Commission......... 39747 50 16. Department of Law.................... 18,872 03
17. Department of Parks...................
18. Department of Relief................... 50,249 80 19. Department of Public Schools........... 168,793 32 20. Department of City Comptroller.......... 5,072 86 21. Department of Bridges................. 4717 32 22. Department of Sanitary Affairs........... 110,100 04
23. Department of Contingent............... 21,413 94
Total ........................... .$1,363771 74

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203

STATEMENT SHOWING THE ASSESSED VALUATION, TAXES AS SESSED, AND RATE OF TAXATION FROM 1882 TO IQOO INCLUSIVE

YEAR Real Estate

Personal Property

Total Real and
Personal

Rate per Thousand

Total Taxes

1882.... $16,201,139 oo 1883.... 18,268,269 oo 1884.... 20,382,914 oo 1885.... 21,023,370 oo 1886.... 23,820,524 oo 1887.... 24,933,064 oo 1888.... 25,500,681 oo 1889.... 26,873,688 oo 1890. .. . 39,729,804 oo 1891.... 34,502,618 oo 1892. .. . 36,330,788 oo 1893.... 41,524,666 oo 1894.... 42,097,780 oo 1895.-.. 42,230,380 oo 1896.... 43,522,967 oo 1897..-. 43,476,868 oo 1898.... 41,906,514 oo 1899. ... 40,675,227 oo 1900. . . . 40,872,138 oo

$7,534,730 oo $ 3,730,869 oo | 8,194,475 oo 26,462,744 oo
8,138,186 oo 28,521,100 oo 7,889,269 oo 28,912,639 oo 7,679,489 oo 31,500,013 oo 7,304,703 oo 32,237,767 oo 9,003,517 oo 34,564,198 oo 10,222,447 oo 37,096,135 oo 11,906,605 oo 42,636,499 oo 14,205,332 oo 48,707,950 oo 13,297,849 oo 49,628,637 oo 13,075,443 00 54,600,109 oo 11,780,565 oo 53,878,345 oo 11,913,165 oo 54,143,545 oo 11,608,230 oo 55,131,197 00 11,092,444 oo 54,569,312 oo 10.614,568 oo 52,521,082 oo
11,564,831 oo 52,240,058 oo
12,305,579 oo 53,177,717 00

$15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo 15 oo
12 50
12 50
12 50
12 50

$356,038 03 396,941 65 427,816 50 533,689 58
472,500 20
483,566 51
518,462 97 556442 03
639,547 48 730,619 25
744,429 56 819,201 64 808,175 17 812,153 17 826,067 95 682,116 40 656,513 52 653,000 72 664,721 46

COST OF PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS SINCE l882

STREETS YEAR
Mis. Cost

SEWERS Mis. Cost

SIDEWALKS Mis. Cost

TOTAL

1882 ...... 1.28 $ 43,815 69

$......... 8.90 $33417 65

1883 ...... 3-92 130,009 53 2.50 23,633 70 14.08 54,483 09

1884 ...... 5.00 142,650 16 3-75 29,101 03 16.50 55,805 oo

1885 ...... 2.30 67,004 20 i.80 11,510 56 548 14,964 27

1886 ...... 1.94 56,578 02 1.18 10,629 34 7.16 25,239 77

1887 ...... 1.86

1888

6.35

5MT7 49 1-43 167,725 78 2.14

22,723 49 6.02 18,896 17
42,686 72 14.50 454H 59

1889 ...... 5-44 160,817 50 7.19 78,087 48 8.15 24,773 46

1890 ...... 4.80 149,254 74 5-37 88,092 19 14.27 45,520 45

1891 ...... 740 186,527 84 578 115,227 06 13-37 55,810 21

1892 ...... 9.60 298,379 6 1 9.00 101,136 70 26.33 82,302 51

1893 ...... 6.30 227,646 63 5.01 67,201 02 26.70 88,672 48

1894 ...... 3-6o 104,921 94 3-92 36,410 82 9.27 31,938 06

1895 ...... I.IO 42,899 08 3- 1 1 17,304 32 9.60 24,521 ii

1896 ...... 0.92 38,352 31 4-33 47,898 47 6.49 18,531 09

1897 ...... 1.14 39,601 66 6.73 35,975 35 4-31 26,681 21

1898 ...... 0.04 32,432 20 6.66 40,539 78 2,86 6,902 58

1809 ...... 0.07 1,554 93 5-27 25,426 74 5-64 18,171 52

1900 ...... 0.71 41,323 67 4.81 26,068 36 6.52 31,821 34

$ 77,233 34 208,216 32 227,556 19
94,199 03 92477 13 93,037 15 255,827 09 263,678 44 282,867 38
357,565 ii 481,818 82 383,520 13
173,270 82 84,724 51 104,781 87 102,258 32
79,874 56
45,153 19 99,213 27

Total ... 63.39 |$i,983,092 98 179.98($819,653 13 204.25 703,596 56 $3,507,241 67

Note--46-100 miles of paving completed in 1900 was re-paving, and is not included in total mileage of paved streets.

2O4

Atlanta And Its Builders

The receipts of the recorder's court have become quite an item in the revenues of Atlanta under the vigorous administration of Judge Broyles. His report for 1900 gave the following inter esting statistics:
Numher of cases tried.............................. 14,045 Number of cases tried in 1899........................ 13,203

Showing an increase of............................. 842 Cash collected from fines....................... .$37,766 20 Cash collected from fines in 1899.. ............... 25,550 23

Showing an increase of......................... .$12,215 97 Fines worked out on streets. ................... .$29,701 05 Fines worked out on streets in 1899. .............. 27,204 27

Showing an increase of .........................$ 2,496 78

SEX OF PERSONS TRIED
White males...................................... 4,023 White females..................................... 367 Negro males...................................... 6,977 Negro females..................................... 2,678

AGE OF PERSONS TJUED

Under 12 years--

White males...................................... 31

White females....................................

i

Negro males...................................... 152

Negro females.................................... 14

From 12 to 20 years--

White males...................................... 445

White females.................................... 72

Negro males...................................... i ,559

Negro females.................................... 758

Judge Broyles pleaded earnestly and with peculiar power for the establishment of a juvenile reformatory in Atlanta, as had been done by his predecessor, saying;

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205

"I have never sent young white boys or white girls to the stockade, as I have realized that would mean their complete ruin; yet many of them have been guilty of such serious offenses as to call for severe punishment, which, of course, should be corrective in its nature. The only recourse I have had, in such cases, where city ordinances only were violated, and when the youthful de fendants were unable to pay any fines, has been to have them locked up for a week or more in their cells in the police barracks. While undoubtedly this punishment has a deterrent effect upon them, and, to that extent, is corrective, it is nevertheless unsatis factory in many respects. In the first place, it is cruel to confine a child in a dark and narrow cell, away from the sunlight, the pure air, the trees and flowers that every child loves so well. There is no room for his active little body to exercise, no kind matron to talk or read to him--nothing but darkness and silence, unless, as is often the case, the silence is rudely broken by the blasphemous oaths and ribald songs of drunken and depraved wretches as they are dragged into their cells and locked up.
"If, instead of violating city ordinances only, they have also broken state laws, I bind them over to the state courts, hoping that they will be sent from there to the reformatory, which the people, nearly twelve months ago, decreed shouUV be established in Fulton county; but when their cases are reached in the state courts, there is no reformatory, and the kind-hearted judges, solicitors and juries, looking at the little fellows trembling before them, turn them loose (to travel along their old familiar path of crime--alas! too often the only path their little feet know), or convict them and send them to the penitentiary camps to live with thieves, rapists and murderers. A pleasant picture, forsooth, for the rising sun of the twentieth century to illumine!
"During the year which has just ended I have had the pain ful duty of binding over many little white boys from ten to fifteen years old, all of whom, under the law and by the vote of the people, should have been transferred from the state courts to the reformatory, but not a single one was so sent. Why? Simply because the county commissioners, whose duty it is to establish a reformatory, have not yet done so. They have appointed com mittees, it is true, to examine into the subject; they have, 1 think,

2O6

Atlanta And Its Builders

even gone so far as to buy a site for the buildings, and then turned

from the subject to discuss grave and important matters of vital

importance to all their constituents and which imperatively called

for immediate action--the wooden bridge over Goose creek need

ed repainting, the road to Potato "deestrict" needed working, and

Hon. John Wealthy's petition for the return of his taxes must

have immediate consideration. When these and endless other

important matters receive the careful consideration that they

merit, I have no doubt but that the reformatory will again be--

discussed, and will probably be erected when our new depot is

built. In the meantime, 'while Nero is fiddling, Rome is burn

ing.' Scores of our juvenile population are being sent to the

chaingang and to destruction. They are struggling in the deep

waters of sin and crime and calling piteously to us for help:

'Help us or we sink.' Instant help is what they need. Assist

ance a year hence may save others; it will be too late for these.

"I therefore earnestly recommend to the incoming mayor

and general council that immediate steps be taken to build a

reformatory by the city of Atlanta out of the fines paid in the

recorder's court. This can easily be done, and I think it appro

priate and just to make the law-breakers of our city pay for the

support of the institution."

The Bond and Sinking Fund Commission reported: "We beg

to report that the city comptroller has turned over to us $127,695.-

18 in cash, with which we have purchased thirty-six one thousand

'< \

dollars City of Atlanta waterworks bonds, bearing 4 1-2 per cent,

interest; twelve bearing 4 per cent, interest; twenty-nine bearing

7 per cent, interest; also, thirty-two redemption bonds, bearing 5

per cent, interest; making in all one hundred and nine $1,000.00

bonds, all of which have been registered as the law directs, and

deposited with your city treasurer for safe keeping. The average

rate of interest these bonds bear is 5.256 per cent., and will net in

interest for year 1901, $5,728.04. In order to purchase these

bonds we paid a premium $18,695.18 in the aggregate."

In his report, Chief Joyner, of the fire department, strongly

urged the laying of larger water mains to the center of the city

and the discontinuance of the purchase of small pipe. He said:

"It has been fully shown that entirely too many small water

mains have been laid in the city. In my opinion the city should

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207

not buy any more six-inch water pipes, for the amount of friction created by so many small pipes is becoming a very serious matter, and unless larger mains are laid through the business portion of the city we will be compelled to use steamers at every fire. As it is now, we have used them much oftener than in former years, and they are required to answer all alarms.
"Unless the large mains leading from the pumping station are carried through the center of the city, and larger pipes sub stituted for the smaller ones in the business portion of the city, it will only be a very short time until several more steamers will have to be purchased, and this would require a larger increase in the expenses of the department.
"We now have 1,143 hydrants." The amount of money appropriated to defray the expenses of the police department was $150,360.60. This department furnished some interesting statistics which showed a striking difference between the state and city courts in the proportion of cases tried and dismissed, as follows:
ARRESTS State cases ....................................... 1,587 City cases ....................................... 14,045

Total ....................................... 15,632
DISPOSITION OF STATE CASES
Prosecuted ....................................... 691 Dismissed ....................................... 636 Continued ....................................... 78 To other counties.................................. 182

Total ....................................... 1,587
DISPOSITION OF CITY CASES
Fined ........................................... 9,960 Dismissed ....................................... 3,136 Continued ....................................... 949

Total ....................................... 14,045

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Atlanta And Its Builders

In 1901 Livingston Mims was elected mayor of Atlanta, after a closely contested campaign between four strong candicandidates, the other three being Frank P. Rice, I. S. Mitchell and D. N. McCullough. The street railway imbroglio figured very prominently in this campaign, though sub rosa in some phases that most interested the voters. Mayor Mims was pledged to competition in all public utilities, and to getting from corpora tions enjoying valuable public franchises as much revenue as was justly possible. The council he was called upon to preside over was composed of Mayor pro tern. Harvey Johnson; aldermen, J. W. Kilpatrick, S. W. Day, Harvey Johnson, M. M. Welch, G. Y. Pierce, M. T. LaHatte; councilmen, ward i, C. A. Barrett, W. A. Fincher; ward 2, W. C. Rawson, W. B. Lewis; ward 3, A. C. Minhinnett, J. C. Reed; ward 4, W. M. Terry, H. F. Garrett; ward 5, A. Q. Adams, S. C. Glass; ward 6, H. W. Grady, E. C. Kontz; ward 7, T. D. Longino, Malvern Hill.
In his inaugural address Mayor Mims laid much stress upon better streets and sidewalks. He strongly urged the extension of the water mains to parts of the city as yet unsupplied with city water, favoring a bond issue at the earliest possible date to supply the revenue necessary for the purpose. On this head he said :
"To promote this desirable end, authority has been given by the legislature for an issue of bonds to the amount of $200,000, and, according to law, a majority of the registered voters of the city are required to vote its approval. I hope that this election will be provided for at the earliest day. Every one should favor it. It is only necessary that good and influential men in every ward see that the voters attend the election. This will be done, I am sure, if we all do our duty the day of election, for it is an elec tion immediately concerning the people. That the amount, if the election is carried, will be carefully and systematically expend ed, I verily believe. The board of commissioners will be rigid in its direction, so as to prevent the misuse of a single dollar. The city, even as an investment, could well afford to borrow money for this advisable expenditure. The waterworks already pay to the city over $130,000 annually. The proper employment of $200,000 should so promote the additional necessary mains and appliances as to give us increased revenue therefrom, to the

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209

amount of $40,000 or $50,000. Indeed, we would soon have, say in round numbers, $200,000 as the annual income from the waterworks, thus paying the city from ten to twenty per cent, interest on amount invested. Even with this income, I am told we furnish water cheaper than any other city. We must all see to it that the bonds are carried. Every good citizen must vote and go out and work all day in getting others to vote."
On the question of adequate public school facilities, Mayor Mims said:
"We must see to it that provision is made to seat every child that is entitled to admission to the schools, and provision for sufficient teachers to teach them. It is wrong, both to pupils and teachers, that one teacher is required to look after sixty pupils. Forty seems to me a large maximum, and besides the greatest possible care must be exercised in regard to the sanitation of the schools. I am glad to see that the school board recommended the restoration of the amount heretofore cut off from the salaries of the teachers. They should never have been reduced. If any one class deserve good pay it is the teachers of the public schools, and I hope to see them receive it.
"I find from statistics, that I consider reliable, that notwith standing the high standing and excellence of our public schools, the cost per capita is less than that of any other city in the United States of the size of Atlanta. The general average cost per pupil in the entire country is $25.75, while ours is only $15.44, while the cost in proportion to annual revenues is a much smaller per centage than any other city. I cannot too strongly express the interest that I feel in this subject. I hope that by an economical administration of our finances that we may be able to give needed assistance to the ends I have named; but if not, then some proper plan must be devised, for this is a necessity.
"Before leaving this subject I dare give my views in regard to public schools, state and municipal. I think the age for admis sion should be eight instead of six years. Such is the case with the majority of schools, I hear. Those under eight might be cared for in kindergartens. I think a good rudimentary educa tion only should be provided for at the public expense."
The great interest of the people of Atlanta in the street rail way franchise question, and the desirability of preserving to
14-2

2IO

Atlanta And Its Builders

future local history the facts connected with the controversy, makes proper the following liberal extract, apropos, from the mayor's first address:
"In so far as our public utilities are concerned, and referring more particularly to the recent and still existing contention be tween our rival street railroads, let me say that I should greatly prefer a competition prior to all others, in which Atlanta should be a party, having its valuable franchises to be competed for and sounding in present and continued moneyed contribution to this city from the best bidder, in the uses of which other competition would follow in benefits to the city, which benefits, though result ing from the franchises we have sold, would also be to the benefit of those who have bought them. The franchises we have too generously, and I believe unwisely, given away, as well in the past as the present, sound in vast sums of money to those so fortunate as to have procured them; they are far more valuable than all the remaining properties belonging to the city. They should now be paying it an annual income, and instead of being given away for still forty years or more, should be yielding the city an increased income, even as to those to whom they have been given.
"Atlanta is no longer a town. It is a city of over 100,000 inhabitants. Years ago when the idea of its increase did not enter the minds of our city legislators, there might have been some excuse for the length of franchises given, though I hold it a lack of sagacity then. Vast changes are now wrought, even in a decade, but how much more in each succeeding decade, until we stand amazed to see that franchises, running for fifty years, which were virtually given away, now leap into a value of millions of dollars, and are so estimated and traded for in the markets of the world. But poor Atlanta can only lament, like Old King Lear, her gross fatuity. Still those so unfortunate in profiting enormously from these conditions fixed by law and not to be un done, are not in any degree censurable, or to be prejudiced in their holdings, but deserve and should have from us all proper care and protection. They are of great concern and importance and value to us. I hold, though, that because of these grants in the past, there is no argument that, to secure competition, we should

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211

make similar grants to any corporation now. On the contrary, we should be admonished not to do so, but to be careful in the light of the past to hold fast to our properties, and to be sure not to part with them unless for their full value.
"I hold that there is inducement still in the franchises re maining, for competition amongst the roads, that can make profits with far less concessions than we have so ill-acjvisedly given in the past, and because we did a very unfortunate thing then, as seen now in the light of the present, is good and sufficient reason not to repeat it. I find that franchises to street railroads in most European cities are scarcely ever for a longer term than twentyone years, and then for a good percentage of gross receipts, a percentage also of one-fourth the amount over ten per cent, profit, and reversion of tracks to the city. In most Southern cities, as Baltimore, Richmond and others, a handsome percentage is received on the gross receipts of their street railroads.
"Twenty-one years is a long time; longer in the future than thrice that time in the past. Within that time Atlanta will, in all probability, be a city of 300,000 inhabitants. We can scarcely estimate now the improvement in trade, sciences, all appliances of public works, the great improvement in machinery, and the ines timable possibilities of electricity. We should not tolerate fran chises exceeding this time, and then with concessions to the city. Yea, very soon, ten years will be a long term. Those of our streets now sparsely settled will within that time be crowded with dwellings. The increase in population will be great. The fac tories of every character then abounding, and their teeming oper atives, the children of the schools, all suggest increased values, that admonish us not to be giving away for many lengthened years these valuable properties. I say let us cling to them, at least those that are left, and forever abandon the idea of fifty-year grants, and even couple with those of twenty-one years, annual contribution to the city. Already those granted are occasion in their great value of competition in trade and speculation in them in markets foreign to Atlanta. Poor Atlanta gets naught. 'She is not in it.' Each added franchise to either road at once in creases the value of their securities, while in great measure there is just that much taken from the city. I notice that New Orleans,

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Atlanta And Its Builders

in order to raise $12,000,000 for her drainage system, receives from street railway franchises $2,800,000.
"I would look to eventual municipal ownership of all public utilities, and all our contracts should tend to it. I would rather that the city should own the street railroads than that they should own the city.
"The value of the State road to Georgia and the waterworks to Atlanta are great object lessons on this question.
"In saying thus much I speak my honest convictions. I would grant nothing to one corporation that I would not give the other. I have no prejudice against either, and both are entitled to the same consideration. I would not apply a rule to the one that I would not to the other."
Mayor Minis thus referred to the matter of electric lighting: "I must not fail to congratulate the people on the prospect of such early competition in electric lighting as will redound to the great benefit of the entire city, and yet, at the same time, I express the hope that Atlanta will look carefully to the inducements to her own ownership of her leading public utilities, and save for herself the profits she is paying to others." Mayor Mims advocated many park improvements, the plant ing of shade trees by property-holders, and beautifying the city generally. He said the time had arrived when Atlanta should build a handsome city hall, and recommended the abolition of the office of collector of street improvement tax, and any superfluous clerkships, in the interest of retrenchment. He favored the crea tion of the office of inspector of public accounts. Referring to the appropriation by the legislature to complete the unfinished soldiers' home at Atlanta, Mayor Mims said: "Let us help in furnishing it and beautifying it. It is under our eye, and we must never fail in our interest in it.'* Mayor Mims closed his inaugural address with a peroration on the opening of the new century, which well deserves a place in this volume, as follows: "And now, gentlemen of the general council, in closing, allow me to remind you and myself, too, that we are not facing a new year, but a new century--a new era--an epoch. The last fifty years of the old century have flowered into stupendous and

Municipal History

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v

marvellous achievement. In the realms of science, electricity has been brought down from the clouds and held in useful servitude to man. The impossible has been made real. Transportation, light and space have yielded to the onward march of human dominion and victory, and we, in this coming century, are to see and reap the fruitage of this glorious advancement of the race. We dare not meet it with its own old and limited views of things, nor chain it with outgrown and obsolete methods.
"We need the, courage of true convictions, and honesty and fidelity to trusts imposed on us by our position that can bear any strain.
"We feel it in the very air. We read it in the wide-awake daily newspapers of our progressive city. We hear it in the sweet songs of our own and other poets. We recognize it in the silent hush of philanthropic desire, and work, and in the glad refrain of Christianity, the tones and notes of a grand influx of good, and prosperity, and bounty, and love, and good will to men, and we must meet this demand of the age with a large and broad and helpful hand, towards all that is grand and good and beauti ful. We must give the best of our time, and our talents, and our uprightness to build up in this city a constantly finer sense of political and business duties that appertain to every citizen. Let us create a constantly higher standard of civic honor and honesty; loyal to self, to fellow man and God, then we will have an admin istration worthy of the city and the incoming century. Let no selfish consideration color or discolor our clear sense of our duty to our city, or stain the white escutcheon of our dignified citizen ship and the trust reposed in us."
The other city officers of the Minis administration are: City attorney, J. L. Mayson; assistant city attorney, W. P. Hill; inves tigator, C. H. Heflin; building inspector, F. A. Pittman; assistant building inspector, F.' M. Aiken; city clerk, W. J. Campbell; deputies, J. P. Foster, C. E. Adams; city comptroller, J. H. Gold smith; bookkeeper, J. F. Kellam; bookkeeper, Paul Goldsmith; commissioner of public works, H. L. Collier; clerk, C. M. Hol land ; city marshal, R. E. Riley; deputy, William Strauss; city en gineer, R. M. Clayton; first assistant city engineer, W. T. B. Wilson; second assistant city engineer, W. T. Wilson; tax col-

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lector, E. T. Payne; deputy, W. H. Holcomb; recorder, N. R. Broyles; clerk recorder's court, C. E. Moore; city treasurer, T. J. Peeples; street improvement collector, W. D. Greene; city sexton, H. H. Barefield; chief fire department, W. R. Joyner; assistant chiefs, W. B. Cummings, Jacob Emmel, H. P. Haney; secretary, C. R. Setze; city electrician, T. J. Harper; license inspector, J.K. Hunter (since deceased); janitor, J. M. Donehoo. Tax assessors, J. L. Harrison, C. D. Meador, J. H. Ewing; clerks, J. N. Malone, G. B. Beauchamp, W. T. Winn; investigator, W. D. Greene. Public weighers, north side, H. A. Dennard; south side, W. R. Carpenter. Ward physi cians, first ward, A. S. Briclwell; second ward, E. Van Goidtsnoven; third ward, W. S. Wood; fourth ward, B. E. Pearce; fifth ward, H. R. Donaldson; sixth ward, J. W. Hurt; seventh ward, W. J. Bell. Trustees Grady hospital, Livingston Minis, mayor, ex-officio; T. F. Brewster, M. D., superintendent; Joseph Hirsch, chairman; J. W. English, Jr., H. L. Culberson, W. A. Hemphill, G. S. Lowndes, R. D. Spalding, R. J. Lowry, W. L. Moore, E. W. Martin. Board of health, W. C. Jarnagin, M. D., president; E. H. Richardson, M. D., secretary; B. W. Bizzell, M. D., Burton Smith, C. F. Benson, M. D.; Livingston Mims, mayor, ex-ofificio; G. Y. Pierce, M. D., chairman sanitary com mission, ex-officio; George M. Hope, chief inspector; John Jentzen, clerk. Board of police commissioners, W. H. Brotherton, chairman; W. O. Jones, secretary; J. W. English, W. H. Patterson, Amos Fox, G. E. Johnson, Livingston Mims, mayor, exofficio ; J. W. Ball, chief police; J. A. Patterson, clerk. Sinking fund commission, T. B. Neal, chairman (since deceased) ; J. K. Ottley, W. L. Peel, Livingston Minis, mayor, ex-officio; W. C. Rawson, (since deceased) chairman finance com mittee, ex-officio. Board of education, Hoke Smith, presi dent; Hamilton Douglas, vice-president; Livingston Mims, mayor, ex-officio; J. C. Reed, chairman committee on schools, exofficio; W. F. Slaton, superintendent; L. M. Landrum, assistant superintendent; W. M. Slaton, principal Boys' High school; Miss N. C. Sergeant, principal Girls' High school; Jos. T. Orme, treasurer; A. C. Turner, Oscar Pappenheimer, E. P. Burns, W. B. Miles, L. Z. Rosser. Board of lady visitors to schools, Mrs.

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Henry Kuhrt, Mrs. J. E. Somerfield, Mrs. J. C. Reed, Mrs. H. B. Wey, Mrs. W. W. Draper, Mrs. A. V. Gude, Mrs. J. M. Stephens. Water commissioners, George Hillyer, president; Litt Bloodworth, jr., vice-president; A. P. Woodward, superintend ent; W. R. Dimmock, secretary; H. C. Erwin, G. W. Harrison, E. C. Peters, S. W. Wilkes, J. H. Harwell, Livingston Mims, mayor, ex-officio; J. W. Kilpatrick, chairman waterworks com mittee, ex-officio. Trustees Carnegie library, W. M. Kelley, presi dent ; H. H. Cabaniss, vice-president; Thomas J. Day, secretary; Darwin G. Jones, treasurer; A. A. Meyer, F. J. Paxon, E. M. Mitchell, Julian Harris, J. R. Nutting, W. M. Slaton, W. S. Elkin, M. D., R. C. Alston.
At the beginning of 1902 the municipality made a splendid showing in all its departments. The year 1901 proved to be one of unexampled prosperity in Atlanta, and the revenues of the city were consequently much increased.
At the first meeting of council in the new year, held Monday evening, January 6th, 1902, ten new aldermen and councilmen were sworn in, viz.: Aldermen, W. M. Terry, James G. Wood ward and T. D. Longino, and councilmen John H. Harwell, Courtland Winn, James E. Warren, J. Frank Beck, I. F. Styron, James L. Key and Evan P. Howell.
The retiring members were Aldermen J. W. Kilpatrick and S. W. Day, and Councilmen Charles A. Barrett, William C. Rawson, A. C. Minhinnett, W. M. Terry, A. Q. Adams, Henry W. Grady and T. D. Longino.
A sad feature of the meeting was a beautiful reminder of the recent death of Councilman William C. Rawson, in the form of magnificent floral tributes upon the desk and chair formerly occu pied by the deceased.
Alderman Harvey Johnson was re-elected mayor pro tern. and the standing committees of 1902 were appointed as follows:
Bridges--Key, chairman; Garrett and Harwell. Cemetery--Harwell, chairman; Reed and Styron. Claims--Hill, chairman; Terry and Wynn. Electric and Other Railways--Reed, chairman; Woodward, Welch, Howell and Key. Electric Lights, Telegraphs, and Telephones--Woodward, chairman; Glass, Pierce, Wynn and Reed.

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Fire--Welch, chairman; Hill and Johnson. .Board of Fire Masters--Welch, chairman; Hill, Kontz,
Johnson and Pierce. Finance--Kontz, chairman; Welch, Terry, Howell, Reed,
Woodward and Pierce. Hospitals and Charities--Longino, chairman; Beck, Styron,
Warren, Pierce, Key and Lewis. Manufacturers, Statistics, Rates and Classifications--Beck,
chairman; Warren, Lewis, Harwell and Styron. Ordinances and Legislation--Warren, chairman; Wynn,
Johson, Hill and Key. Parks--Howell, chairman; Wynn and Pierce. Police--Johnson, chairman; Wynn and Hill. Printing--Fincher, chairman; LaHatte and Howell. Public Buildings and Grounds--Lewis, chairman; Reed and
Kontz. Prisons--Garrett, chairman; Styron and Longino. Public Improvements--Styron, chairman; Beck, Key, Glass,
Warren and Fincher. Salaries--Terry, chairman; Harwell and Glass. Sanitary Affairs--Pierce, chairman; Longino and Glass. Schools--Reed, chairman; Wynn and Garrett. Sewers and Drains--Wynn, chairman; Terry and LaHatte. Streets--Glass, chairman; Johnson, Longino, Lewis, Finch
er, Terry and Woodward. Tax--LaHatte, chairman; Reed, Wynn, Warren and Glass. Waterworks--Welch, chairman; Garrett and Key. Board of Electrical Control--Woodward, chairman; Reed,
city engineer and chief of fire department. Minutes--Warren, chairman; Garrett and Hill. Citizens on Park Commission--W. T. Moyers, Joel Hurt,
I. S. Mitchell and Walter Ormond. Mayor Mims's second address to council was a document of
extraordinary length and of proportional importance, dealing as it did with the public utility questions now pending before Atlan ta's law-making body, and other matters of vital import.
The mayor felicitated the people of Atlanta on the progress of the past year, and after expressing regret at parting with the

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outgoing members of council, spoke impressively of the grave responsibility which the suffrage of their fellow-citizens had placed upon the new members. Emphasizing the meaning of an oath of office, he said:
"Forever accursed should be the man who should forget the interests of those who elected him to represent them and who should fail in any sense to act as his oath requires, in promotion of the best interests of the city. An ever-haunting conscience should forever lash the recreant who could use his place for selfish and corrupt purposes, or who could be moved from high re solve and honest endeavor by unworthy motive or corrupting influence."
Mayor Mims enumerated the many improvements made in Atlanta during the first year of his administration, notably the great buildings in the center of the city, the Whitehall street via duct, the federal prison and Carnegie library. He praised For mer Mayor Woodward and the Atlanta Rapid Transit company for the large share they had contributed to the success of the new viaduct, and paid a tribute to the generosity of Andrew Carnegie. In his general resume of the prosperity of the city, the mayor spoke of the remarkably good health of its citizens during 1901.
Of the public school system and the work of Superintendent Slaton, Mayor Mims spoke with great satisfaction. He said that notwithstanding the shortage of funds necessary to place the city schools upon the most efficacious basis, they had continued to grow and were in a splendid condition. The generosity of Hon. Hoke Smith, president of the board of education, in advancing his own money to tide over the financial stringency, was highly com mended.
Referring to street improvements, Mayor Minis expressed regret that enough attention had not been paid to the central part of the city, saying in part:
"The commissioner of public works says that the street com mittee is to blame for not giving sufficient attention to pavement in the central portion of the city and that without their direction and apportionment of money he has not been able to repair the central streets. The chief of the sanitary department says that the streets are full of holes and so out of order he cannot use his

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sweepers on them. The fact remains that a year has passed and nothing done. I recommend that the finance committee make a special appropriation for the prompt repairing or replacement for such parts of all the pavement within a radius of one-fourth of a mile of the depot, the kind of pavement to be left to the committee in conjunction with the commissioner of public works and the city engineer."
Mayor Mims urged the proper replacing of pavement by corporations tearing it up for various purposes and a proper en forcement of the law requiring them to do so. He especially mentioned Peters street as badly in need of new pavement.
Mayor Mims approved of the work done by the sanitary de partment during the year, commending the efforts of Chief Hope to remove the city stables within the limits of the city. He con demned the present arrangement in this regard as wasteful in the extreme, saying: "The simple removal of the stables in this department within the city to some point more convenient to the crematory, whereby at least 6 miles of heavy daily transporta tion may be saved to each cart and driver, amounting to a saving of one-third the expense as now incurred in the employment of an aggregate of animals and teamsters.
"My predecessor called this matter to the attention of a pre vious council, in which he estimated a net saving of $25,000 each year; and yet for the past three years this actual throwing away of $25,000 of the city's money has been indulged. A request by the board of health to the last council to purchase a suitable Ipt of land for the removal of these stables was referred to the present council, and I trust will have their earliest attention."
Mayor Mims advocated labor-saving machines in the sani tary department and approved the work done in the inspection of milk.
In reviewing the work of the police department, the mayor expressed regret that the civil service rules had not been enforced, as he deemed the selection of officers through any other means detrimental on account of politics.
The importance of the water works department, and the bond election connected therewith, deserves more than passing reference, and what Mayor Mims said thereon is quoted as fol lows:

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"We may review with great satisfaction the successful elec

tion for the issuance of $200,000 of thirty-year 3^ per cent,

bonds for the special purpose of extending the water mains of

the water works and the prosecution of the work of laying them.

I wish to compliment every member of the water board for able

and unselfish discharge of duty. The chief superintendent has

been constantly mindful of the great responsibility resting upon

him and without being invidious as to the other members of the

board I doubt whether any member of like board in any other city

is equal in thorough fitness to the able president of the water

board. A man of great culture and learning--a scholar and a

gentleman--above all an honest man whom all the wealth of the

Indies cannot purchase, who, in the important matter of systems

and management of municipal water supply, has made it his study

for years and gives the city all that he has so well acquired by ex

tensive travel and observation of water departments in all the

leading cities of Europe and this country, for no other return to

himself than the happiness of doing a great and lasting good to

this city. Such men deserve to be treasured and the city that is

so fortunate as to have their services should feel especially blessed.

"The $200,000 resultant from the sale of bonds does not

meet the demands for further additions to this department and it

is a fact that every dollar expended in increasing the water sup

ply to the requirements of the people makes returns to the city of

an annual interest thereon of between 10 and 20 per cent, per

annum. Even now a greater part of the city is supplied with

water and the people thus unprovided have great cause of com

plaint for this serious deprivation so greatly concerning their

comfort and their health and which as taxpayers they have right

to demand. Let us hope for such financial provision as will in

crease the efficiency of this department that every section of the

city will be provided with good, pure, health-giving water.

"The necessity for an additional reservoir is leading and ap

parent and it must be provided without delay. The present one

has capacity for only eight to ten days' supply and any accident

or condition necessitating increase might be calamitous. Indeed,

the almost daily growth of the city but lessens the present supply.

This reservoir should be commenced immediately, sufficient land

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for its location must be procured and every effort made to prose cute the work. It is interesting to compare the receipts and ex- , penditures of this department for the year past with that of the year previous. The expense of water for the daily use of all the people, and such excellent water it is, is less by far than in any other city of like size. The importance of the new reservoir and indeed enough water mains to supply the entire city is apparent not only for domestic uses, but we must consider and provide for the large number of small manufacturing enterprises that now prevail and are being constantly added to. No more important matter can engage our attention than to consider how many of the second and third story buildings, being vacated by tenants moving to the large office buildings of our city, and which ere long will be filled with the machinery for these many utilities and manufacturing enterprises.
"I rejoice that we have a legislative amendment forever pre venting the sale of this valuable property and thus preserving it against the disgusting wiles of politics. Oh, that we could eliminate from all the departments of the city, political devilment. To this end let us work assiduously and be ever vigilant. Fast following this important municipal ownership must come the city electric light plant, we may well begin to make our figures and calculations to this end. We must begin to consider the supply of electricity and look to the fact that we must provide against monopoly."
The mayor repeated the words of his inaugural message in commending the splendid work of the fire department, which he declared to be "unsurpassed by any other in the whole country."
Mayor Mims made the following significant allusion to the recent sale of redemption bonds:
"We have just closed the sale of our only remaining unsold bonds, $418,000 of thirty-year 3^ per cent, at an average frac tion of a slight premium. These bonds you will happily remem ber are to redeem our issue of like amount of 8 per cent, bonds issued thirty years ago. What a story they do tell. Interest per annum in 1871 and succeeding years $33,440, in 1902 and succeeding years $15,130, a saving to the city in a year of $18,310 and in thirty years $549,030. And there is every reason why

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our credit should be equal to any other city; many reasons why vastly superior to others. To the credit of Atlanta be it spoken, these bonds and those of former issues were all taken in Atlanta, by Atlanta capitalists. God bless her capitalists who are always ready to come to the rescue of the city. Doubtless some com binations and syndicates, as riot uncommon on occasions of sales of large amounts of bonds, were formed to thwart the sale of these bonds, but, as it results, to no avail. Another important matter that well approves the sale of these bonds is that time for sale of such securities was most inopportune. Money in New York was higher than before known and really no demand for 3^ per cent, bonds. Still, we have succeeded, and succeeded at home.
"There is one matter that has given me great comfort in the satisfactory sale of these bonds, and that is the triumphant answer to insinuations that have been made on this floor. That failure to give to monopoly all its demands was affecting these sales and capital being alarmed, we should be swift to give corporations and monopolies anything they asked lest capital feel uncomfort able. Capital is cautious, but knows a good thing when it sees it, and these suggestions have in no sense alarmed it; it hasn't been affected save in its desire to come to us. It is coming now as it never did before--and rather than be discouraged by our non-yielding to the unreasonable offers of monopoly it is encour aged by the great prosperity of a great city and the almost united efforts of our people to require of all public utility corporations the same taxes on cash market values as all other citizens pay. Thus it is a fight in a great measure for justice and equality.
Mayor Minis hit the upper house of the legislature some sharp raps apropos of its action regarding certain Atlanta mat ters, as follows:
"I feel that the city is to be congratulated upon the commit tee of forty-nine leading citizens eminent for property, this being done at your instance, whose duty it shall be to revise the gen eral statutes of the city, say by the ist of July, when they shall prepare their full report for presentation to the next legislature.
"This committee will consider matters of interest submitted to each subcommittee and then uniting to consider all together.

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The citizens are generally invited to participate in both the special committee meetings and the general convention; thus will all be heard on all matters concerning the city generally, and I have no doubt they will be successful in obtaining for the city a splen did and satisfactory charter.
"And as we have learned from the last legislature how diffi cult it is to have certain amendments passed when committees of the council appear before the senate, we will devise some plans to amend the objectionable ways of the senate; we must not allow the present ways of the senate to stand against right, against principle. We must fight the influence of corporations. Yes, we must fight--to the knife, and from the knife to the hilt. We must not permit an improperly influenced senate to prevail against us. I consider this one of the most important and valuable bodies ever organized in Atlanta.
"Let me refer to the able services of our vigilant city attor neys. On all occasions when their services were required they have been present, prompt to give their interpretation of the laws involved. Indeed, great contests have been waged in our courts where the city was greatly involved, and, though opposed by the ablest attorneys, they have illustrated their ability and their fame to the city in the success they have achieved--whenever their valuable services were needed; whenever, indeed, the city's inter ests were concerned, they have been present battling for the right.
"We should have triumphed before the senate judiciary com mittee, as we did before the house of representatives, in the amendments we had asked, giving us the power to levy taxes on public utility corporations, notwithstanding the intense efforts of the leaders of the Rapid Transit company. But it was an open secret that the senate had been peculiarly influenced against the just measure for which we asked; and even now I catch with ac claim the notes of determined fight on the part of our able attor neys in the great battle to be waged in the impending contest threatened against the rights of the city."
The mayor referred with gratification to the parks of the city and the pleasure they afforded citizens of all classes, and com mended the management of the hospitals and charities and the noble work they were doing.

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In view of the great importance of the street railway fran chise question and its bearing on the future of Atlanta, no apology is due for inserting here, unabridged, Mayor Mims's emphatic re marks thereon. He said:
"Here from this stand a twelve month since I begged that the further giving away of valuable franchises of the city for naught be discontinued, and argued that no franchises should be granted for a time longer than twenty-one years, and that proper concessions also be made to the city of fair percentage on gross receipts.
"I felt it my duty to disapprove any franchise for any grant exceeding twenty years, and acting on this belief, and from this position so firmly held and announced by me, I vetoed every fran chise' that came to me that did not contain the restrictions I have named.
"I felt this but moderate return to this city for all they were granting. I might mention the reconsideration given the appli cation for Forest avenue owing to the peculiar exception claimed in its behalf. I might mention also that I vetoed amendments to bring applications made by the railway and power company to make certain improvements, within its present lines, under the ordinance of 1899, because I felt that such tax would prevent im provements being made to the benefit of the public, and yield nothing in revenue to the city. But I always declared that I would favor the amendment or tax proposed in event of any ex tension whatever of the present limits of the company's lines. >
"I declared in my inaugural that I would not exact of one of the contending corporations anything I would not demand of the other, and that I had no prejudice for or against either, and at any time had their positions been reversed my actions would have been unchanged.
"Indeed, as I said before and since, and ever to be repeated, my only platform was Atlanta, and that I should look always with an eye single to her best interests. However much this sentiment may have been derided by others, representing interests to which such a platform seems so adverse, I have nevertheless unfalter ingly proclaimed it. And acting in accordance with my platform and all I have before expressed, I do not hesitate to denounce any

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insinuation expressed to the contrary by whom or where uttered as utterly false. No prejudice on my part, no acting in behalf of either corporation, and base is the falsifier who dares to utter such a charge.
"That 'eye' is unimpaired and is perfect of vision. I glory in it the more because I know it can do that for the city what scores of other eyes with their peculiar interests can never do, and that is, look with that eye single to the best interests of the city.
"A little review of matters pertaining to franchises during the past year is not improper. Against the principle I have an nounced and my action was the argument that the granting of franchises asked for by Mr. Atkinson promoted competition and not only the fact of better cars and better tracks, was the prevalent 3-cent fares. Oh, happy 3-cent fares, so sweet, and yet so short lived. Very seductive all against the unsatisfactory condition of the power company. The argument led by the great reorganizer and followed by a band of able lawyers, for that darling doc trine of competition (to which as a principle and in proper appli cation I am as strongly attached as they), and in the recent elec tion was triumphant. The plea was most urgent that we needed more cars, more street railroads.
"Before this, however, there were some members of the council that thought seriously something ought to be done for the city, and that in all this proposed giving away of the city's valu able possession there ought somewhere, in some sort of way, be provided something for the city. It was argued that competi tion, and especially 3-cent fares might not continue if consolida tion of the companies would occur--really it was suggested by some that some provision be made whereby the city might get something in case of consolidation. There seemed, however, a consensus of opinion that this was happily provided for in the ordinance of 1899, providing in case of consolidation the com panies consolidating should pay the city 5 per cent, on the gross receipts. And here I think the council have rested well content that if competition was killed and monopoly followed, the city would receive 5 per cent, on all the gross receipts. But more, it was insisted and argued on all sides that the city must receive something at once from the street railroads. And so the Garrett-

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Pierce resolution asking for an amendment by the legislature to give us the power to tax corporations was unanimously adopted, without even the suggestion of a demurrer on the part of the great reorganizer and his band of attorneys.
"How sudden, though, was the change when in the midst of a fierce campaign for competition the consolidation of the com panies was announced, and the hydra-headed monster of mono poly, suddenly stared every one in the face. Hideous monster it is for any city to view. How quickly follows the abrogation of 3-cent fares. (Oh, those happy, happy things of the past!) How lessened the schedules of the power company, how much noisier than ever before were its cars, how freezing the condition in cold weather. And how high above the din of battle rang out the changed views of the great reorganizer. Then followed speeches and arguments, and earnest declaration that we had too many miles of street railroads, too many street cars and more tracks than necessary. It was suggested how nice it would be to take up Peachtree (a mere suggestion). We were invited at the time to look at the awful figures of the past year, when each was trying to bankrupt the other, when heavy lawyers' fees were paid, and large sums not yet made public, to understand what it cost to run a street railroad, and therefore urged as a matter of justice to make very easy the terms of consolidation. We were not permitted to dwell on the roseate future when in less than half the term asked the grand and overshadowing and allcontrolling monopoly would be reaping millions in its profits from the then large number that would constitute Atlanta's popu lation. Then followed speeches and arguments, propositions to exhibit the books, all to show that the power company was bank rupt and that it would cost $7,000,000 to put it in running order, etc., etc.
"Every argument possible was made to defeat the 5 per cent, tax, and any other, indeed, that demanded anything for consolida tion. It was asserted that those innocents who had bought the Railway and Power company had been overreached by Hurt and his company, and had bought a nuisance rather than a good thing.
"It was complained of myself that though T had patiently gone over all these books and accounts that I would not hear a
15-2

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proposition from Mr. Atkinson working to the consolidation of the companies. I told our mutual friends, Clark Howell and Thomas Eggleston, who called to see me, that it was a mistake in my refusing to hear a proposition from Mr. Atkinson, and charged them to return at once and assure him I would do so, and hoped he would make a clear-cut, succinct proposition at once. On their return I was astonished to hear them report he would make no proposition, but he proposed we submit the matter to two par ties, each to confer, and their conclusion to be tentative only.
"I accepted the proposition, though so different from what I expected, and without having had any conference with the dis tinguished gentlemen or knowing their views or knowing if they would accept I invited the Hon. Hoke Smith and Judge Hillyer to act for me, and urged immediate action.
"Mr. Atkinson named two of his attorneys, Messrs. Spalding and Brandon, and urged promptness. These parties, I think, had two sessions. While they were in the midst of their conference I was greatly surprised to hear a proposition made by Mr. Atkinson to the council, then in session, and such a proposi tion : to pay the city that for which they were liable, $50,000 for the Railway and Power company to cross the viaduct, and after a long term of five years they would pay % i per cent, on gross receipts.
"Meanwhile the hearing of the senate judiciary committee was held to consider the amendments asked by the council to give power to the city to tax the street railway companies, so that 'something might be had for the city.' And who more promi nent and leading to oppose it than Mr. Atkinson and his cohorts of attorneys, and did much, I am sure, to defeat it.
"I imagine that the members of the council who had so unanimously favored the Garrett-Pierce resolution, even the dis tinguished mover himself, should, on the very day it was to be argued before the senate judiciary committee, had signed a reso lution asking the committee not to do the very thing they had but a few hours before resolved should be done, yes more, and pledged themselves, one and all, to appear before the jijjicial committee of the legislature to urge its passage. Queer doings!
"Meanwhile the council resolved itself into a committee of the whole to consider the Atkinson proposition, to consolidate. A

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week was given to debate, both by Atkinson's attorneys and any one who might wish to appear for the city.
"I asked Messrs. Smith, Hillyer and O'Neill, whom I saw present, very much interested in the debates, to address the com mittee on behalf of the city, which they patriotically consented to do and without fee or reward, for which I thanked them. The session of the committee concluded, a motion was made to reject the proposition, which was carried promptly and unanimously. A motion was then made to appoint a committee to confer with Mr. Atkinson, looking to some agreement for consolidation. It seems this committee thought that they had arrived at a conclu sion with Mr. Atkinson, and council was called to hear it and indeed anxiously awaiting the report, the import of which became public in some manner.
"It is scarcely necessary to report what was done. The committee supposed they had an agreement with Mr. Atkinson and were about to make their report to the council when in haste the matter was all recalled on account of Atkinson's objection to it.
"The report, as the committee thought, was agreed to and it seemed from many points a good one for the city, at least, so many thought. Supposing that it would come before me for action I determined to withhold any opinion until I had studied it, but it seemed that, though they tried to have Mr. Atkinson re consider, they could not agree, though they sat up late and in every way endeavored to agree upon terms, after which Mr. At kinson bade them a merry Christmas.
"The strangest matter on record is that though no report was ever agreed to, nor report made council, Mr. Atkinson deter mined matters off and has had the unblushing temerity since to declare that it was in consequence of my opposition that it failed, also to save himself from defeating it, and as an introduction to the recent action taken by the monopoly. So far as I am con cerned, I have only to pronounce such charges as miserable and unblushing falsehoods.
"And now we come face to face with the present situation. Propositions made by the monopoly was $50,000, and then the poor little one per cent, after five years, which was promptly and

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unanimously rejected by the council, which was supposedly agreed to, but not agreed to, perhaps, agreeable to them, and more per haps not agreed to or be agreed to ever. And here we stand. We are not to be held in the position of obstructing or urging consolidation. Rather does the Atkinson combination ask and demand it. And now as to the present attitude of the monopo lies.
"The notice of application by H. M. Atkinson and others for incorporation as the Georgia Railway and Electric Company having been published, and this application boldly advertising the fact that said company proposes to purchase or construct lines of street railways upon certain streets in the city and operate same for one hundred and one years coming upon the heels of the with drawal of H. M. Atkinson from recent conferences looking to a proper adjustment of the relative rights of the city and utility corporations, it thus appears that the city is to be denied, her representatives ignored and conflict invited.
"While deeply deploring the necessity on the part of the city to enter into a bitter contest .with this monopoly, yet, representing the people, it seems to me that the supreme duty is now upon us to defend the rights and properties of the public from assault.
"The issue is clearly drawn. The city must either control this monopoly or be controlled by it. No good citizen or con scientious official can afford to further parley or truckle to it. 'He that is not with us is against us.' The time for negotiations has passed. The time for action is here.
"I recommend that a committee be appointed whose duty it shall be to protest against the grant of the charter. The secre tary of state stands in the place of the legislature. They could refuse a charter, so can he. Suppose he should refuse, and a mandamus should issue against him and he should reply I declined to grant this permission because, First, the city of Atlanta has not consented to the use of the streets as prayed; second, the term of years is ridiculous. The policy of the state fixes thirty years as the proper term of a grant. Third, it appears that said charter is desired to effect a consolidation whereby competition will be lessened. This is prohibited by the constitution of the state. It may be true that if the secretary desires to issue the charter the

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law would not restrain him, but I undertake to say that if he should refuse upon the grounds just stated no court would or could reverse him. Hence, I suggest that the secretary should be requested by proper memorial to reject this application. It can not be the law that greedy corporations can ask for the streets of Atlanta, without limit as to number, use or time, and the state is powerless to deny them. I recommend further that, should the honorable secretary of state see fit to ignore our protest and issue certificate of incorporation, and Mr. H. M. Atkinson and others attempt to consolidate the street railway and lighting com panies, that the committee just mentioned, or some similar one be directed to secure an order from his excellency, Governor Candler, directing the attorney-general to proceed in the name of the state of Georgia to enjoin the consolidation or forfeit the charter thus granted because of the monopoly thereby created.
"If these appeals to the honorable gentlemen occupying the high positions in state just named are not of sufficient force to secure their approval, then I further recommend that the city attorney file a petition in the superior court of Fulton county to enjoin the use of the streets by this new company for the reasons above set out.
"If this fails or is delayed, I recommend that the grants and permits heretofore granted to the Georgia Electric Light Com pany to occupy the streets for lighting purposes be revoked, by proper ordinance, because forfeited under the existing laws of the city against consolidation of electric light companies.
"In this connection I would recommend that an ordinance be passed requiring the Atlanta Rapid Transit Company and the Atlanta Railway and Power Company to pay into the treasury of the city annually a sum equal to 5 per cent, of the gross receipts of said company, and that this sum be made an annual charge on such receipts of this new company.
"I cannot too strongly urge these measures. I believe the absolute integrity of the city demands them. However, there is one power yet held by the city. It can refuse any, even the smallest, extension or alteration. It can demand the sum or dained to be paid if another company crosses the Whitehall street viaduct.

230

Atlanta And Its Builders

"In the first of the two powers just named you will find the key to the situation. If it also fails, that remains. It is with you whether or not you surrender. It is the last bulwark. Never give it up. Remember that H. M. Atkinson and others beat down with iron hand your appeals for additional charter amend ments, and finally insulted us by permitting God save the mark a little amendment to be passed which would have placed H. M. Atkinson and others about $100,000 away from paying any occu pation charge. Therefore, we must stand like Spartans on what little we have. He who dallies is a dastard, and he who doubts is damned/
"As we face the new year this year of unexampled growth and prosperity a retrospective glance fills us with gratitude and encouragement. The reports from all departments show a steady gain in every direction.
"In spite of many conflicts and struggles, we do know there is a divinity that shapes our ends, rough hew them as we may; and with the citys awakening sense of her vast privileges and posses sions, increasing sense of civic duties and responsibilities, and an unswerving faith in the final reign of right, we stand with brave hearts and steady hands and increasing purpose to stand for the citys best interests, regardless of every other consideration, while the bells of progress ring out the old and ring in the new, ring out the avarice, greed and monopoly of a modern Molock that would chain her sturdy limbs, ring in the new order of civic municipal progress untrammelled and unfettered by selfishness and personal ambition."
Following will be found the salient points in the re ports of the various committees and departments for the year 1901:

Values for municipal taxation were assessed and returned for the year ending December 31, 1901, as follows:

Real estate ........................ .$41,963,851 Personalty ........................ 13,199,504

Total

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231

$55 I 63,355 at i 1-4 per cent.................. .$689,541 94

Street tax ................................... 9,546 oo

Sanitary tax ................................ 55,291 74

Odd cents (city's gain)........................

19 91

$754,399 59
The city realized from this source as follows:
Discount .........................$ 520 35 First installment................... 173,758 92 Second installment................. 103,921 48 Third installment.................. 364,763 71 Fi. fas for marshal................. 111,435 *3
------------$754,399 59 Interest collected............................. 2,229 11 Interest on fi. fas. turned over for collection....... 958 47 Amount collected from railroads as per return to
comptroller general of state of Georgia. ...... 25,406 28

Total ..................................$783,063 45
The assessed value of real estate in 1901 was.. . .$41,963,851 oo The assessed value of real estate in 1900 was. . . . 41,456,943 oo

Increase of assessed value of real estate over 1900.$ 506,908 oo
Personal property returned in 1901 was. ...... .$13,199,504 oo Personal property returned in 1900 was. ....... 13,023,345 oo

Increase of personal property returned over 1900. .$ 176,159 oo
Sanitary tax for 1901 was. ....................$ 55,291 74 Sanitary tax for 1900 was..................... 53,865 04

Increase in sanitary tax over 1900 was. ..........$ 1,426 70

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Atlanta And Its Builders

THE CITY S LICENSE RECEIPTS
The city's receipts from licenses were as follows

MONTHS

General Hacks and Wholesale

Business

Drays

Liquors

Retail Liquors

Commis
sion Returns

January ...... February ..... March ....... April ......... May ......... June ......... July .......... August ....... September .... October ...... November .... December ....
Total, 1901 . . Total, 1900. .
Increase ....

$10,770 OS
804 73 912 95 16,250 67
0i't4v,1? -j*cO
32,*2*T.! yCJO
28,939 80
T1,r0v9w0tf 4A5
I,I2O 72
17,166 45 IJ43 63 1,322 35
$92,255 45 84,096 77
$ 8,158 68

*Decrease.

$ 1,389 40

4I 4i IS\j
65 10

1.252 25

f +S

*J

85*j /75*j

oo en

1,102 5O
I06 50
116 40 1,474 15
62 95 21 55

$ 6,433 20 5,291 35

$ 1,141 85

$ 475 oo $20,625 oo oicV\ 6VJ0U

4~7 5*** oo 5 75
200 oo 487 50
179 75 417 SO
15 55 $ 2,276 05
1,885 35

408 25
21,250 oo
2,695 85
18,069 60
62 50
127 II 20,625 oo
1,715258 8o5o $8855,,878876 4786

$ 300 70 *$ 100 72

$ 2,650 53 \3j5*j7f IO 26 10
1,26s 9S
16 60 3828 2,917 28
41 ii 2,872 67
17 19 1487
$12,217 76 10,517 58 $ 7,700 18

Other receipts through the city clerk's office were as follows

1900

Marshal's deeds redeemed ............ $ 2,858 45

Cemetery lot collections. ............. 2,/O*5J 4T 20

Public scales receipts. ...............

140 oo

Cyclorama receipts ................. 3,291. 50 \.f 1 .S vl *J Miscellaneous receipts ............... | 34,001 69

1901
$ 6,019 99
2,202 IO 117 7C
3,497 oo
737,280 29

Increase
$ 3,i6i 54 147 90 T A T l~\f\ 173 75 203 50
702,378 60

The marked increase in miscellaneous receipts is largely at tributable to the sale of $618,000 of bonds during the year.
The percentage of increase, amounting to over 100 per cent, in the receipts from collections from marshal's deeds, is highly creditable to the city clerk, to whose efforts this result is due.
The receipts of the city of Atlanta from all sources increased $80,226.22 over the receipts of the previous year.
For the sake of comparison both the receipts for 1901 and those for 1900 are given, allowing those who are interested in such matters to note at a glance where the increases in the city receipts have occurred.

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233

The comparative statement is as follows:
1901. General tax. ..................$ 777,080 10 Business licenses ............. 92,279 15 Dray and hack license......... 6,410 70 Wholesale liquor license........ 2,276 05 Insurance commission returns... 12,217 76 Water receipts ................ 141,867 09 Retail liquor license. .......... 85,786 76 Marshal deeds ............... 6,019 99 Street improvements--permanent 40,337 05 Sidewalks ................... 15,53981 Sewer connections............. 1,228 75 Sewer assessments............ 21,173 99 Paving repairs ............... 11,762 74 Interest ..................... 4,527 76 Cost and fees................ 14,290 39 Cemetery receipts ............ 2,592 50 Hospital receipts ............. 5,358 51 Recorder's court ............. 40,736 70 Meters ...................... 14,646 35 Schools ..................... 41,529 74 Park receipts ................ 4,057 oo Cemetery lots ................ 2,202 10 Sale of bonds................ 618,000 oo Miscellaneous receipts.......... 97,125 47

1900. $ 771,122 51
84,096 77 S^Q 1 35 1,885 33 I >5 1 7 5^
133,819 26 85,887 48
2,858 45 60 79
18,98717 1,142 10
20,681 29 3,188 66 6,188 49 14,442 88 3>2 5 oo 4,621 72
33,137 90 I3.47 1 7 39,864 70 3,783 50 2,054 20 .......... 100,421 41

Totals ................. .$2,059,046 46 $1,360,820 24
The report of the board of education, made through its president, Hon. Hoke Smith, is of unusual importance, and space is accorded a considerable part of it, as follows:
The public school system of the city of Atlanta embraces 24 schools--two high schools, sixteen grammar schools and one night school for white children and five grammar schools for the negroes.
During the past year 12,874 children were enrolled. Of these, 3,407 were negroes.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

The board of education expended $184,166.92 for the con duct of the schools. Of this amount $15,000 was appropriated by the council for the erection of a new grammar school. The board of education found that one new grammar school would do but little to relieve the pressure upon the schools, as it came from nearly every portion of the city. We, therefore, built no new school house, but added sixteen rooms, in the shape of annexes, to the existing white grammar schools, distributing them to the parts of the city where the pressure was greatest, and we added four new rooms at one of the negro schools.
In this way we increased the seating capacity of the white schools to the extent of between 600 and 700 seats, and we in creased the capacity in the negro schools to the extent of 200 seats. This made it possible to accommodate all of the white children, except in the Fair street district, where it became neces sary to rent an outside building to accommodate about forty chil dren, which was done.
The four additional grades were entirely inadequate to re lieve the pressure upon the negro schools. I believe it is safe to say at least 1,000 negro children desiring admission into the grammar schools failed to obtain seats on account of want of room.
Early in the year the board of education realized that it would be impossible to seat the girls who would apply for admis sion to the Girls' High school when the September term opened. Our apprehensions were realized, and at the beginning of the fall term between 75 and 100 young ladies were at the Girls' High school temporarily located in the halls and aisles, the board finding it impossible to furnish them seats in the regular class rooms. An additional story was added to the old portion of the Girls' High school. The addition was completed in November, and now room is provided in the Girls' High school which will be adequate for two or three years to come.
For the addition to the Girl's High school the city has paid the sum of $2,308.58.
The schools as a whole are doing excellent work. The ex periment in manual training, begun over twelve months ago, with the expenditure of less than $2,000 per year, has proven even

Girls' High School
t

236

Atlanta And Its Builders

more fruitful than we had hoped. In the grammar schools the children are being:taught to express thought by action; to appre ciate the importance of using their hands as their minds develop. With the beginning of September, sewing, simple knife work were added to shaping in clay, shaping in paper and drawing, in the grammar schools.
A .workshop was established early in the year at the Boys' High school. To this shop detachments of boys from the gram mar schools go during the afternoons, and the progress made even with a few lessons with the limited opportunities which exist, has been most remarkable. Indeed, the manual training, while it is improving a large majority of the children, is causing here and there in every school the manifestation of marked talent in girls and boys, which is likely to grow into distinguished leadership on their parts in industrial creation later on. While the introduction of manual training, with the use of but a single director for the entire schools and with the small expenditure of but $2,000 is still crude, I believe that it can be greatly developed at no great expense, and without in any way interfering with the general progress of students in their regular studies, until its effect upon the children of this city be beneficial to the greatest extent.
During the next year we will require for the payment of the salaries of the present teaching force $167,500. The natural growth of the schools will require an increase of teachers next September, and to meet the salaries of this increase we will need an additional $5,000. The incidental expense account which in cludes supplies for the schools, repairs for the interiors of the schools, coal for heating the schools, painting, plumbing, roofing and general repairs for the school buildings should be consider ably larger than heretofore.
There are three high school buildings, 22 grammar school buildings, four double grammar schools and 21 out-houses. For several years past the appropriations have been so small that the supplies in the school rooms have run down and the conditions of the buildings have become such that they are being seriously in jured for lack of attention. A carefully prepared table, estimated on the various items falling under this head, shows a total sum required of $19,000.

Municipal History

237

In three portions of the city there is a pressure by white chil dren upon the schools which must be provided for by new build ings. I refer to West End, the eastern part of the third ward, and North Atlanta. The probable extension of the city limits will also render it most important that provision be made for this increase without delay. I think that three lots, one in each local ity, could be purchased at this time for a total of about $10,000.
These lots should be sufficiently large to allow on each two buildings. The buildings immediately erected can be made large or small, as the demand for school room finally indicates our ac tual need for space. Twenty thousand dollars in addition to the cost of the lots should be provided for the immediate erection of buildings on these lots.
I have already referred to the condition of the negro schools. We need four new schools. We should purchase no less than two lots at this time, and erect upon each a four-room school house next year. This would involve an expenditure of $12,000.
It is also extremely important in the opinion of the principal of the Girls' High school that a department of cooking be added to that school, and we should double the amount now being ex pended upon manual training. For these two items, $4,000 is needed<^The total sum which I estimate for next year will be $237,500.
The appropriation by the state for the city is $42,362. To give us the necessary funds we therefore require an appropriation by the city of $195,138.
For a number of years prior to 1900 nothing was done toward increasing the school buildings. While the appropria tions to other departments were increased, the appropriation for the schools remained nearly stationary, and it is this fact which has caused much of the difficulty for the past few years in fur nishing sufficient accommodations. We look to see the city grow. That growth should not be checked by any just charge that parents who move here find no opportunity for the education of their children.
We are aware of the fact that it is necessary for the mayor and general council to limit appropriations to the city's actual revenue, but we do not feel that in the distribution the schools receive their just proportion.

238

Atlanta And Its Builders

Last year the city appropriated $175,000 to streets and $148,000 of the city's revenue to schools. The difficulty under which the schools labor is easily comprehended by a consideration of these two items. Pressure for school facilities comes to the board of education. Pressure for streets comes directly to the council. The demand for school facilities is distributed through out the entire population. The demand for the improvement of a particular street concentrates in a single locality. We urge upon, you the importance of leading the fight for liberal school appropriations of your own accord.
The following table of expenditures for school purposes by other cities would seem to sustain our claim that the schools of Atlanta do not receive a proportion of the city's income equal to that allowed by other cities:
Scranton, Pa., 36 per cent, of entire revenue. Cleveland, O., 33 per cent, of entire revenue. Cincinnati, O., 33 per cent, of entire revenue.
Kansas City, Mo., 33 per cent, of entire revenue. Oakland, Cal., 32.5 per cent, of entire revenue. Los Angeles, Cal., 32 per cent, of entire revenue. Indianapolis, Ind., 30 per cent, of entire revenue. Denver, Col., 28 per cent, of entire revenue. Chicago, 111., 23 per cent, of entire revenue.
Omaha, Neb., 23 per cent, of entire revenue. Baltimore, Md., 20 per cent, of entire revenue. If the city of Atlanta would give 20 per cent, of her revenue to the education of her children every child would be furnished a seat and the improvement in the conduct of your schools would be most marked. The amount for which we ask is the least sum with which we can maintain the schools fairly well. The board of lady visitors made an interesting report, which concluded with the following pointed questions and general re marks :
"i. To the community at large, the work of the grammar school is more satisfactory than that of the high schools. Why?
"2. Why is our Boys' High school not better patronized? Financially, it is the leak of the system.
"3. The board of education fails to secure funds to meet ordinary demands and pay its teachers. Why?

Municipal History

239

"These questions are pertinent and should be satisfactorily answered.
"We have frequently suggested the advisability of creating and arousing a stronger public sentiment in favor of our schools. It is one sure way of opening the eyes and hearts of the average councilman. Why not enlist the interest and co-operation of the lecture association, so that popular and valuable instruction might be given on modern education and what it must accomplish, if well sustained? Our schools should be showing the effect of these prosperous days, and now is the time to put forth your best efforts.
"Each year the new South takes a more definite shape and children must be trained to meet new conditions. The school official who is not at the same time a student of social conditions or who nurses prejudices fails to do his work and will be held ac countable therefor. The welfare of family and state centers in the welfare of the child. This has been accounted true since the days of Moses down through the centuries until the Great Teacher said when He spoke of the little ones: 'Woe to that man by whom the offense cometh.'
"Small men and corrupt administrations cannot destroy this basic principle of good government. The president of the board of education represents this principle in his own city. Will he lead you and us into a higher conception of our obligations ? He has the power and ability. He can have the moral support of all right-thinking people if he claims it."
The report of the water board makes a good financial show ing, as follows:
"We began the year with $20,836 of unpaid bills coming over from the previous year, contracted in the year 1900, and for which the board of 1901 was not responsible. The council of 1901 allowed us only $5,000 with which to meet the extraordinary de mands and left us to grapple with the difficulty the best way we could. They at the same time cut down our general apportion ment to the extent of $3,907.95, the apportionment being $128,907.95 for 1900, and only $125,000 in 1901, which latter included the above special item of $5,000. This deficiency of resources thus amounted at the beginning of the present year to the above

240

Atlanta And Its Builders

named sum'of $20,836.59 of unpaid bills of the year 1900, plus the sum of $3,907.95 reduction in yearly apportionment, making the sum of $24,744.54 extra burden thus laid upon the depart ment in 1901, as compared with 1900. We are here speaking of the usual annual apportionment exclusive of the bond election fund, which is separately treated of below.
"Doubtless the city council hardly expected that the board of 1901 would be able to retrieve the ground entirely, but that we would merely make some heavy reduction in the amount and carry over a part of the deficiency into the year 1902. It would have been considered entirely excusable had we done so. But such has been the caution, with firm and rigid economy, exercised by the board of 1901 during the year just closed, that I have the great pride and satisfaction of stating that we have in this one year retrieved the ground entirely, have paid every dollar of the old outstanding bills of the former year, have paid every dollar of the bills of 1901 and carry over into the new year a small but clear surplus of $36.88, so that the department will begin next year with an absolutely clean balance sheet."
The water board strongly recommended the immediate building of a new duplicate reservoir for increased storage capac ity, better sedimentation, and increased safety to the city. The danger to the city of a possible serious break in the present reser voir was pointed out as a warning. The sum of $15,000 was asked for the extension of the filter plant, the city having out grown the one in use.
The expenditures of the department during 1901 amounted to $264,375.8.3, distributed as follows:
Equipment account. ......................... .$149,412 71 Tapping .................................... 13,541 44 Meter sales. ................................ 14,799 13 Fuel ...................................... 18,024 60 Salaries and wages........................... 34,864 50 Equipment of shop........................... 2,659 7^ Foundations for the new pump....................2,932 59 Expense accounts ............................ 28,141 08
Total ..................................$264,375 83

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241

The amount left over after paying the necessary expenses

has nothing to do with the recent bond issue of $200,000, which

was for the sole purpose of extending mains and more completely

equipping the water works system.

During the past year the receipts from the sale of water to

city consumers amounted to $141,932.09, which is an increase of

$8,112.83 over the receipts for 1900. These figures are con

fined exclusively to water sales and meter sales and other receipts

are not included.

The following is a comparative statement showing the water

sales by months during 1900 and 1901:

1901.

1900.

January .......................$ 10,932 76 $ 10,304 58

February ...................... 10,967 61 10,489 83

March ......................... 11,614 63 10,782 73

April .......................... 11,138 39 10,399 87

May .......................... 11,425 42 io,8n 47

June .......................... u,599 32 10,873 73

July ........................... n,773 60 10,953 63

August ........................ 12,682 89 10,986 63

September ..................... 12,766 16 12,055 17

October ........................ 12,115 27 12,099 5

November ..................... 12,453 63 11,636 09

December ...................... _1_2,4_62

12,426 03

Totals .................... .$141,932 09 $133,819 26

*
The report of Colonel Park Woodward, superintendent of the city water works department, shows that during 1901 15 miles and 364 feet of water mains have been laid in Atlanta, and that all the new pipe is on the ground ready to be laid at once, except that on Woodward avenue and the Boulevard. The system now has 1657 new valves in operation, covering a territory of 124 miles. In all there are 1,251 fire hydrants in service.
Some interesting statistics of the Atlanta fire department for 1901 are given below:

NUMBER OF ALARMS.
The department answered during the year 582 alarms of fire, which is 150 more than last year. They were received as follows:
16-2

,.- -_/ .;-'"'.'M" * * "''. '"'. .'"' ' "

''1

242

Atlanta And Its Builders

Bell .............................................. 271 Telephone ......................................... 253 Verbal .......... r ................................"58528

WHERE FIRES OCCURRED.
Frame buildings.................................... 465 Brick buildings..................................... 107 Corrugated iron buildngs............................. i Freight cars....................................... I Rock buildings..................................... I
Total number of buildings........................ 575
DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.
Value of buildings where fire occurred............ .$2,909,445 Value of contents in buildings where fires occurred.. 2,633,282
Value of property at risk................... .$5,542,727 Insurance on buildings. ........................ .$2,140,819 Insurance on contents.......................... 1,871,188
Total insurance on property at risk. .......... .$4,012,007 Damage on buildings. ..........................$ 173,545 Damage on contents............................ 448,506
Total damage for the year ...................$ 622,051
FIRE LOSS EACH MONTH.
January .......................................$ 43*428 February ...................................... 396,371 March ........................................ 10,306 April ......................................... 25,795 May .......................................... 36,291 June .......................................... 4,062 July ............................ v ............ 2,284 August ....................................... 3,563 September ..................................... 2,943 October ....................................... 2,852 November ..................................... 44,157 December ..................................... 50,000
Total .....................................$622,052

Municipal History

243

PROPORTION OF LOSS.
Below $50......................................... 321 Between $50 and $100............................... 35 Between $100 and $500............................. 35 Between $500 and $1,000........................... 15 Between $1,000 and $3,000........................... 9 Between $3,000 and $5,000........................... 4
Above $5,000...................................... 8

Chief Joyner estimated that an appropriation of $120,000 would be required for the actual running expenses of the depart ment for the year 1902.
Referring to a matter of deep concern to the department, Chief Joyner said:
"It is with a sincere sense of relief and satisfaction that I am .able to say that larger water mains are now being laid and unless too many 6-inch pipes are used the system will be very much im proved. Already a marked improvement in the pressure and the adequacy of the supply has been noted."
Two new engines were bought and placed in active service during the year.
In the review of 1900 is a table showing the cost of perma nent street improvements in Atlanta since 1880. To bring this down to 1902, the cost of permanent improvements in Atlanta since 1880, according to City Engineer Clayton's annual report, has been $3,649,656.05. These improvements consist of sewers, streets paved and sidewalks and curbing laid.
The report contains the information that during 1901 ex actly 5.53 miles of sidewalks and curbing was laid in the city at a cost of $20,138.24, and that there is now in Atlanta 221.14 miles of sidewalks and curbing which cost $729,947.02.
During last year 1.28 miles of asphalt paving, at a cost of $76,668.51, was laid, and the permanent street paving, amounting to 63.39 miles, has cost $2,060,661.49.
The mileage of street paving last year did not increase be cause streets were repaved instead of having been improved for the first time.
In 1901 4.29 miles of sewers were laid at a cost of $20,-

244

Atlanta And Its Builders

482.75. The city now has 93.62 miles of sewers, which have
cost $859,047.54. In his annual report for 1901, H. L. Collier, the commis
sioner of public works, recommends that the sewers should all be cleaned out and that more attention should be directed to the con struction of "laterals" and the enlarging of main sewers. He urges that an appropriation of at least $10,000 be made to cover sewer repairs. Regarding the matter of bridges he recommends that the Magnolia street bridge be rebuilt; that the Edgewood avenue bridge be given special attention; that the Newport ave nue bridge be rebuilt and that other structures of like character be given a thorough overhauling. He thinks $4,060 would be a proper appropriation for bridge repairs.
The commissioner makes several suggestions regarding bet ter pavements, especially in the center of town, and recommends that a scale of charges be fixed to cover tearing up of pavements by various persons to whom permits have been issued. Mr. Col lier takes a strong stand in opposition to the general custom of letting annual contracts, and is of the opinion that considerable money would be saved to the city if material was bought only when needed and from firms submitting the lowest bids.
The reports of the board of health and sanitary department show that the number of houses in Atlanta have increased from 19,801 to 20,330 during the year. The number of loads of gar bage removed from the streets of the city increased from 134,233 during 1900 to 140,728 during 1901.
During 1901 there were 874 marriages reported at the sani tary office and of these 501 were between white persons, while 373 were between colored. During 1900 there were 906 mar riages, of which 518 were whites and 388 were colored.
During 1901 there were 921 births, of which 582 were white and 339 were colored. During 1900 there were 1,074 births, of which 643 were white and 431 colored.
During 1901 there were 2,141 deaths, of which 914 were white and 1,227 were colored. During 1900 there were 1,930 deaths, of which 916 were white and 1,014 were colored.
During 1901 the death rate has been 15.85 per thousand, and during 1900 it was 14.73 per thousand.

Municipal History

245

For the first time in many years the sanitary department commences a new year without owing a single bill, and $2.00 has been returned to the city to be placed in the treasury. During the year the department has turned over to the city treasurer

The report of Chief Hope, of the sanitary department, makes the following statement regarding the dairymen and the milk sup ply of Atlanta:
"Number of dairymen registered, 657. "Number of milk inspections, 1,559. "Number of samples that stood the test, 1,528. "Number of samples of milk condemned, 31.
907.""Number of rooms fumigated in city for contagious diseases, The following important recommendation is made by Chief Hope:
"I fully agree with our honorable president, that this depart ment ought to have a veterinarian as dairy inspector, the principal feature of such an inspection should be the determination of the health of the cattle which furnish our milk, each cow should be carefully tested for tuberculosis and should be proved to be per fectly healthy before its owner is permitted to send its milk to our market. The food of the cows ought to be controlled to a large extent by our department and by a systematic inspection. We would undoubtedly discover a large number of objectionable milk cows in and around our city, which furnish milk every day/'
Chief Hope also recommends that the stables of the depart ment be removed to a more convenient location within the city, and says cleaning will be greatly facilitated on the leading streets if the sidewalks are constructed of concrete tile instead of brick.
The report of the park commission for the year 1901 dis closes a satisfactory condition of the public parks of Atlanta. Ex tensive improvements have been made and the parks are more popular resorts than ever before. The commission was appropri ated $16,500. Of this sum $1,000 was used to pay on outstand ing debt; $15,313.66 used for expenses, and $186.34 returned to the city treasury.
Brief extracts from the report follow:

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1 'Although the expenses of our department were greatly in creased by the creation of the new park, and by the placing of the city's trees under our care, we have succeeded not only in meeting all necessary charges, but have put existing parks in better condi tion than ever before, and added more new improvements than were ever made in one year. There is a surplus of all supplies on hand, including sufficient lumber and brick for a new and much needed barn."
Of Grant Park the commission says: "When the new pub lic comfort building and an addition to the refreshment stand, or casino, and the new barn, shall have been erected, no additional structures in the park will ever be needed, in the judgment of the commission. The chief beauty of this park is natural beauty. The future work here may be confined to the care of that which nature has so lavishly given, and will consist mainly in the pres ervation of trees, flowers, springs and brooks and the improve ment of drives, walks and drains.
"The entire park should be inclosed for the protection of itself and the city's property within it. An iron fence, with con venient gateways, will enhance, rather than detract from its beauty, will prevent improper and general ingress and egress and permit its cultivation and preservation to the boundary lines. In deed, the inclosure of this park is desirable from the standpoint of economy and for many other reasons.
"The receipts from the cyclorama, which, of course, are con verted directly into the city treasury, amounted to $3,904, as re ported to us by the superintendent. This exceeds the receipts of any previous year. The office of lecturer was abolished by our board, the use of descriptive circulars having been found en tirely satisfactory, thus saving the city $500 per annum.
"The visitors to L. P. Grant park during 1901 numbered i, 170,000. So far as known not one crime was committed in its borders. The few offenses were trivial and the arrests necessary were so few as hardly to be noticed by the police department."
Of the Whitehall street viaduct, the most notable improve ment made in Atlanta's public service in many a year, the bridge committee of council said in its report: "The construction of the viaduct over the railroads at Whitehall street crossing, and

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the erection of new modern buildings incident thereto comprises important improvements, the character and extent of which have never before been approached in any immediate locality during any year within the history of Atlanta's marvelous growth.
"The completion of this enterprise marks a distinctive epoch in the history of Atlanta. In the very center of the city an un sightly and dangerous situation has been transformed into a scene of magnificent structures, an attractive business locality and a thoroughfare of convenience and safety, connecting together the north and south sides of Atlanta.
"The great importance of this work must impress itself upon any who will observe the constant volume of people passing over the viaduct from early morn until late in the night.
"The plans and specifications of the viaduct were prepared by Captain R. M. Clayton, city engineer, and the work of building has progressed under his immediate supervision and subject to his approval. The cash expenditures on account of the con struction of the viaduct have been as follows:
Grant Wilkins, contractor...................... $76,758 02 Coaldale Paving Brick Company for cancelling con
tract .................................... 350 oo Inspection of masonry. ........................ 234 oo Inspection of metal work at mill and shops......... 308 36 Advertisement for bids......................... 12 oo

Total cost. ............................... .$76,662 38
"Of the total cost, as shown above, the Atlanta Rapid Tran sit Company paid $50,000, the Western and Atlantic Railroad Company $15,800, leaving a balance of $10,862.38 to be paid from the city treasury."
The need of a city hall, so long recognized by Atlanta, was supplied by acquiring the equity interest of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce in the building occupied by it and the offices of the city government. In order that the terms on which this tran saction was made may be understood by the public, the following extract is made from the report of the public buildings and grounds committee:

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"The city hall building is now the property of the city, as the trade for the property has been closed with the Atlanta chamber of commerce, on the following terms: The city agrees to pay the Atlanta chamber of commerce $7,500 for their equity in the property, giving three notes for same, each note for $2,500, pay able, first one, December 31, 1901; the next, July i, 1902, and the last, December 31, 1902, without interest. The Travelers In surance Company, of Hartford, Conn., holds a mortgage on this property for $30,000, which matures April 19, 1904, drawing in terest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum. This mortgage has not been assumed by the city, but the interest will be paid, and it is presumed that the city will decide to pay the mortgage when it becomes due, though no contract has been made to that effect."
The committee recommended that the council chamber be moved to the top floor of the building, recently vacated by the Masonic fraternity, to provide improved office facilities.and also increased room for the council.
The most interesting thing about the report of the city elec trician is that the electric light department will return to the city this year $662.81 of its 1901 appropriation and will return $60.99 of its expense fund.
Following is the statement found in the report of the city electrician:
Appropriation, including money for paying bills of Decem ber, 1900, $80,707.99.
Cost of lights, including bills for December, 1901, $80,045.18.
Cash balance on hand, $662.81. Appropriation for expenses and salary, $1,800. Salary of electrician, $1,500; expenses, $239.01; total, $1,739.01. Cash balance on hand from expense fund, $60.99. The total number of arc lights now in the city is 740, and of these 25 were contracted for during 1901. The total number of incandescent lights in the city is now 445, which is 6 less than were in the city at the beginning of 1901. It has been the policy of City Electrician Harper to remove the incandescent lights and substitute arc lights wherever possible, and this accounts for the decreased number of incandescent lights.

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The report of Chief of Police Ball shows Atlanta to be a re markably law-abiding city, barring, of course, many petty offenses resultant from a large negro population. Said the chief:
"The peace, good order and morals of our city as compared to that of other cities of like population throughout the country is most excellent. Some public evils are prone to exist, no matter what amount of legislation is brought to bear to exterminate them. The lawless element are pretty well known to the mem bers of the force, and they are kept under strict police surveillance. We can boast of having no local professional crooks or other thieves. At several intervals during the year such professionals have visited our city, which was occasioned by large crowds, such as fairs, shows, etc. But they were immediately spotted, and there not being evidence to prosecute them in the proper courts, they were promptly driven out of the city. The city ordinances and state penal laws falling within the jurisdiction of the depart ment have so far as lay in our power been rigidly enforced. The commission of crime and breach of the peace have been well sup pressed."
In the report of the chief of police two important recom mendations are made, one for twenty-five more policemen and the other for two sub-police stations.
The report shows a large increase in the work done during the preceding year. The increase of arrests was 1,654; the in crease of fines by the recorder was $15,622; the increase of cash paid in fines was $8,477.25.
"The increase of arrests and fines," states the chief, "was not due to an increase of crime, but to the increase of population and the extra vigilance of the policemen."
In exhibits attached to his report, the chief shows there are exactly 200 men with the police department. The total number of arrests made during the year was 17,286. The number of plain drunks was 4,163, and the number of fights and rows was 8,466. The number of cases made against idlers and loiterers was 1,794. During the year there were 11,304 telephone calls for policemen and the wagons made 7,436 trips.
The following is extracted from the report of the records: Number of cases tried, 15,951; number of cases tried in 1900,

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14,045; showing increase of 1,906; cash from fines, $46,243.45; cash from fines 1900, $37,766.20; showing increase of $8,477.25; fines worked out, $35,893.15; fines worked out, 1900, $29,701.05; showing increase of $6,192.10. Persons tried were divided as to ages, sex and race as follows: White males, 4,964; negro males, 7>&39; white females, 373; negro females, 2,775; children, both sexes and races, 4,222; adults, over 19, 11,729.
"In addition to the fines and sentences imposed, many hun dreds of persons were bound over for trial in the state courts. Two years ago when I had the honor of submitting my first an nual report as recorder, I presented as strongly as I could to the then mayor and council the urgent and pressing need of a reform atory for the youthful criminals of our city. I saw that hun dreds of the children of Atlanta were slipping down into the quicksand of crime, and I cried aloud for help--and a reform atory--to save them. That cry was immediately answered, not by the city council, but by the noble women and ministers of the city. They enlisted the all-powerful press upon their side; they stormed and captured the grand jury and obtained from them a unanimous recommendation that the question of reformatory or no reformatory be submitted to the people. It was so submitted and the reformatory won by an overwhelming majority. And I understand that in a few weeks its doors will be open to receive its charges. This is now, however, a county, not a city, institution. It was so established because, under the law, it was much easier and took considerably less "red tape" to start it as a county than as a city reformatory. But from the very start the ideas and in tentions of its promoters were to have the city make some equita ble arrangement with the county whereby youthful offenders could be sent to it direct from the police court of the city. Unless this is done, the institution cannot accomplish what it was intend ed to do, and its usefulness will be comparatively limited. There fore, I respectfully but earnestly urge that the mayor and council take up this matter at once and arrange with the county authori ties to open the doors of the reformatory to all the unfortunate boys and girls of our city who may need the shelter of its pro tecting walls."
The report of the city attorney is of unusual importance, and liberal extracts are made from it. At the beginning of 1901 the

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finance committee appropriated to the legal department the sum of $i 1,000, divided as follows:
For settlement of suits, verdicts, etc .................$ 4,000 For settlement of claims........................... 3,800 For settlement of claims (brought over from 1900)..... 1,700 For expenses ..................................... 1,500

Total ......................................$11,000
The following is a table of expenditures made during the past year:
Verdicts, suits, etc,.............................. $4,222 oo Claims settled ................................. 587 83 Claims settled (for 1900)........................ 1,700 oo Expenses ...................................... 1,481 47

Total .................................... $7,991 30
Concerning the most important matters the city attorney said:
"A very important ruling was obtained in a case brought against the city by the board of trustees of the Gate City Guards, a military organization, claiming that certain real estate owned by them was exempt from taxation, by reason of the act of the legislature approved October 13, 1885, which act undertook to class the armories of such companies as 'public property,' and, therefore, not subject to tax. The case was first heard by Judge J. W. Fite, who promptly held the act unconstitutional, and this decision was afterward affirmed by our supreme court. See 113 Ga.., 883. I deem this case of vast importance to municipalities, because the scope of the decision is broad enough to cover much property usually claimed to be exempt.
"Early in the year the board of health, under its charter powers, undertook to abate the nuisance maintained at the union depot. The railroads applied for an injunction. After a patient hearing Judge J. H. Lumpkin held that this board was clothed with ample power to protect the health of the city, under the terms of the charter, and that when necessary it could act in a

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\

summary manner to compass this end. His decision is filled with the record of the case and is unquestionably one of the ablest ex positions of the law governing the police powers of municipalities ever rendered by any court, and no one can read it without being convinced of its absolute correctness. The supreme court, how ever, took a different view. Under their decision it is difficult to see how the vast work of keeping a great city clean and healthy can be executed, if the minor nuisances or threatened trouble must be dragged through a long drawn out prosecution before permis sion can be obtained to stamp them out. It is easy to see that if this power is to be denied municipalities a hot-bed of disease could be guarded by a law suit until a destructive scourge could dispose of the people, and thus the litigation. I sincerely trust that the earlier decisions will be soon reasserted and this power upheld.
"The present system of disposing of the excrement of the city by means of sewerage was threatened by several cases filed by people living along Entrenchment creek, near South river. However, by the valuable, ready and unflagging assistance ren dered by officials of the board of water commissioners, and the board of health, and with the aid of the expert knowledge of the city engineer, and his assistant, the city was able to present such a convincing array of facts that the jury had no difficulty in find ing that the city was not maintaining a nuisance, and thus a threatened disaster was averted. I say this for the reason that if one case had held a flood of similar suits would have followed and the work of protecting the health of the city seriously and con stantly threatened, and thus rendered ineffective.
"On the same line a case was recently filed to enjoin the present plan of cremating the night soil and garbage. The case made by the Lester Furnace Company, in reply to this application was a complete and interesting refutation of the charge that a nuisance is created by the incineration of these matters, and his honor, Judge J. H. Lumpkin, promptly denied the prayer. Thus again, the plans of the city for the preservation of the health of the citizens were not forbidden.
"It is needless to remark upon the far-reaching importance of these decisions, or to reflect upon the disastrous consequences of an opposite judgment. These are patent to all.

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"Very important amendments to the charter were drafted during the year past, by direction of the general council, looking to an increased revenue from taxation of franchises, and occupa tion charges upon public utility corporations. By some means the senate of the state was brought to see or to say they saw very obnoxious provisions in these amendments, and they denied them, with somewhat unnecessary alacrity and vehemence. It is to be hoped that a very near future will furnish a senate not so openeyed to such objections, especially when offered by interested parties.
"This same senate, on its own motion, struck out several amendments providing that the several administrative boards shall have a membership equal to the number of wards, except the amendment thus relating to the board of health, which it allowed to remain.
"The city, however, secured an amendment providing for seven aldermen, one to each ward and a restriction upon any proposition to sell or alien any of the property appertaining either to the new or old system of waterworks."
At the beginning of 1901 there were eighty-five actions pending against the city of Atlanta; at the beginning of 1902 but thirty-four.
During the year 1901 fifty-one one-hundredths miles of main sewers were built at a total cost of $6,005, an(l 3 78-100 miles of lateral sewers at a total cost of $16,220.47, making a total ex pended during the year for the construction of new sewers of $22,225.47; of this amount $18,101.95 was collected from the abutting property, leaving $4,123.52 as the amount contributed from the general tax on account of sewer construction.

CHAPTER VIII
EDUCATION
In the first volume of this work will be found a fragmentary history of the early educational institutions of Atlanta. Before taking up the subject of popular education in the city, under the excellent public school system at present existing, liberal extracts will be made from Wallace Putnam Reed's chapter devoted to the first private schools of Atlanta and the introduction of the public school system into the city.
One of the first, if not the first, private or select schools es tablished in Atlanta was that of Miss Martha Reed, who after ward became Mrs. George Robinson. Her school was located near the Georgia Railroad, and the first term was held in the fall of 1845. I*1 the spring of 1847 ^r- N. L. Angier came to At lanta and by fall of that year had completed the erection of a school house known by the pretentious name of "Angier's Academy." Mrs. Angier taught the school the first year, and the second it was taught by Prof. William N. White, of New York.
Professor W. M. Janes opened a school in the academy "for merly occupied by Mr. Adair, near the Protestant Church," which stood near the location of the present Jewish synagogue, and com menced teaching on the second Monday of January, 1851. His terms were as follows: For orthography, reading and writing, $4 per term; arithmetic, grammar and geography, $6; Latin, Greek and mathematics, $8. His second quarter commenced March 24, 1851.
Mrs. T. S. Ogilby opened a school early in 1851. Her school was located at the corner of Hunter and Pryor streets, where the Chamber of Commerce now stands. All the usual English branches were taught together with ornamental branches at the
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following rates: Orthography, reading, writing and arithmetic, $4 per term; geography, grammar, philosophy, botany, rhetoric, astronomy, geography of the heavens, ancient and modern his tory, moral and intellectual philosophy, $6; waxwork, fruit and flowers, $10; music and use of the piano, $12.50; painting and embroidery, $5.
On January 26, 1852, Mrs. Ogilby having discontinued her regular high school, opened a music school, which she continued to teach for two or three years, when she gave up teaching altogether. Mrs. R. C. Leyden, a sister of Mrs. Ogilby, also was one of the music teachers of that time, teaching a class during the year 1854, the latter in her residence on Marietta street, opposite the First Presbyterian Church.
On July 28, 1851, Miss Nevers, then recently from Mclntosh county, opened a school for the instruction of children of both sexes, in the house on J. W. Bridwell's lot on Marietta street.
Miss C. W. Dews opened a school for females August 4, 1851, in the academy on Marietta street, formerly occupied by Mr. Wingfield, who had been teaching in Atlanta some two or three years. Miss Sarah W. Peck was the teacher of music in this school. Miss Dews afterward became associated with Pro fessor W. M. Janes, taking charge of the female department of his school in the fall of 1851.
On August 22, 1851, Rev. T. O. Adair opened a literary school in his academy situated near the northeast corner of the Humphries lot. All those who were entitled to a participation in the poor school fund were credited with four cents per day for the time they were in attendance at this school. The tuition was payable at the expiration of the term; but if paid in advance there was a discount made of twenty per cent. This school continued for several years.
Some time in the spring of 1851 the Misses Bettison and Daniels opened a school, which was located near Walton Spring. The second term of this school commenced September i, 1851. When it opened on the first Monday in January, 1852, the teachers were the Misses Nichols and Daniels. The length of time this school was in existence was not learned.
The Atlanta Male Academy was opened in the spring of 1851. The principal of the school was J. T. McGinty, who also

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taught the school during the second term, commencing October, 1851. The course of study embraced all the branches usually taught in the best academies of the country. This school was near Walton Spring. Each quarter consisted of ten weeks. The trustees of this academy were Stephen Terry, Clark Howell, John F. Mims, William P. Orme, John Collier, A. F. Luckie and George Ginty. On January 20, 1852, this academy was incor porated by an act of the legislature, the above named trustees be ing the incorporators. A majority of the trustees were given power to select a principal, and the principal thus selected was granted power to appoint such assistants as might be necessary. This school under Mr. McGinty did not, however, last longer than during the year 1852.
Another school called the Atlanta Male Academy at first, was started by G. A. Austin, A. M. Mr. Austin taught one year, when Mr. Wilson went into the same building. Alexander N. Wilson, A. M., opened a classical and English school in Mr. Markham's building at the corner of Whitehall and Mitchell streets, on January 8, 1855. In January, 1856, Mr. Wilson moved into the building standing on the triangle surrounded by Peachtree, North Pryor and Houston streets. Here he remained en gaged in teaching until June 6, 1863, when he closed his school and went to Savannah, where he remained until the fall of 1888, when he returned to Atlanta and became principal of the Marietta street public school.
Atlanta Select School was opened January 8, 1855, by Miss E. S. Reid and Miss A. L. Wright, who had been successfully en gaged in teaching at the North. Their school was in the base ment of the First Presbyterian Church. It was designed for ladies and misses, but a few boys were admitted with their sisters for the accommodation of such parents as desired to send their children to school together in that way. The ladies taught three years, at the end of which time Miss Reid went to Alton, 111., and Miss Wright continued to teach one year more. She was then succeeded by Miss Camilla Wright, who taught the school until 1861, when she was married to a brother of Julius A. Hayden, and then gave up school teaching.
In 1858 a movement was made looking to the establishment of a system of free public schools in Georgia. The original

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mover in this direction was A. N. Wilson, principal of Wilson's Classical and English School. Mr. Wilson made a visit to Provi dence, R. I., for the purpose of looking into the public school sys tem of that city, and upon returning to Atlanta interested a num ber of other gentlemen in the movement. The result was that several meetings were held to consider the question. A number of gentlemen joined with those who were in favor of this move ment, and took part in their deliberations. By superior parlia mentary tactics these latter gentlemen took charge of the entire movement, directing it into an entirely different channel. They were not yet ready to have a system of public schools adopted in this State, indeed it may reasonably be doubted whether the pub lic mind was ready for such an innovation. The original movers, therefore, perceiving that they had lost control of the movement, quietly withdrew, and permitted the whole affair to fail.
Those who opposed the establishment of the public school system soon presented the project of a female institute, which was heartily favored by those who had made the attempt to establish a system of public schools.
The stockholders in this enterprise held a meeting at the city hall on Tuesday, July 19, 1859. Colonel A. W. Stone, Professor J. R. Mayson and others explained the object of the meeting, which was to raise the stock subscription to $10,000. That amount was subscribed at that meeting, leaving yet to be raised $5,000, $15,000 being the amount that was required to put the institution on a good footing. Some of those present were in favor of asking the city council to subscribe the required $5,000, and a report was drawn up for presentation to the council as a petition to that effect.
On the 12th of August an ordinance was introduced into the council providing that the council subscribe $4,000 to the stock of the enterprise, the subscription to be in bonds payable in ten years, with interest at seven per cent, per annum, payable semiannually. The lot known as the "Ivy Lot" was to be bought with these bonds, and the institute was to educate ten Atlanta girls, to be selected by the mayor and council. When this ordi nance was put to a vote it was voted down.
By the 3ist of August, however, the $15,000 was raised without assistance from council, and the college building was
17-2

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erected on the corner of Ellis and Courtland streets. William Gabbitt was the architect of the building and E. A. Alien the con tractor. It was completed in 1860, and was used for the female college, with Professor J. R. Mayson as principal, until it was needed as a hospital for the wounded soldiers of the Confederate army in July, 1863, when the school moved into the Neal build ing, and there remained until the spring of 1864. It was not re sumed in the fall of that year because of the siege and the occu pation of the city by Sherman's army.
On May 9, 1867, the city assessor reported to council that there were then in Atlanta twenty-three schools, four of which were for colored children. Brief mention is made of the more prominent of these that were sustained by the people previous to the establishment of the public school system.
The first school established after the war was a select school by Professor Wellborn M. Bray, June 26, 1865, on Garnett street. It was afterward moved to the junction of Whitehall and Forsyth streets, where it remained as long as it continued to exist. In this school all the usual branches of a common English education were taught, and also the higher English branches and the clas sics. The object of the school was to prepare young men for entrance into the University of Georgia. The number of stu dents was generally limited to twenty-five. Professor Bray was one of the earliest advocates of the establishment of the public schools of Georgia. He graduated at Oxford in 1855. ^n 1867 his school was thrown open to the public, and he engaged assist ant teachers. In the fall of 1870 it was divided into three de partments, primary, intermediate and classical. Mrs. M, E. Robinson, then late of the Americus Female College, took charge of the primary and musical departments. The intermediate de partment was for boys only, and the classical department was for young men. Professor W. A. Bass was associated with Profes sor Bray in this school about two years. This school was taught until the public schools went into operation, when Professor Bray became principal of the Ivy Street Grammar School, the first of the public schools to be opneed in Atlanta.
Another of the private schools, and also one of the most notable, was the Atlanta High School. The first term of this

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school commenced in September, 1866. It was established by

Professor W. M. Janes, his assistants being Professor W. R.

Jones and Professor J. A. Richardson. The latter gentleman

was a graduate of Mercer University before the war, and after

serving through that sanguinary struggle taught during 1866 in

an academy at Palmetto. Professor Jones was from South Caro

lina, and Professor Janes was a graduate of Mercer University.

The second term of this school opened on January 7, 1867. The

professors above named announced that they intended to furnish

the youth of Atlanta a first-class city high school. To this end

they had purchased the Atlanta Female Institute building, sup

plied it with excellent furniture, made preliminary arrangements

for securing a charter for the school, and also for the erection of

larger and more suitable buildings.

'

The Atlanta High School was continued until the fall of

1870, opening that term August 15. Its faculty at this time con

sisted of W. M. Janes, A. M., professor of English and Greek;

E. G. Moore, A. M., professor of Latin and Greek; J. A. Rich

ardson, A. M., professor of mathematics. Reference to the his

tory of the public schools will show that this school was absorbed

by them, and two of the professors became principals of grammar

schools.

Another school, established in 1866, was the West End

Academy. Its board of trustees was organized some time dur

ing the fall of that year, and on January n, 1867, they made the

announcement that they had secured a beautiful lot in the vicinity

of Payne's Chapel, upon which they were then having erected a

large and comfortable building for the academy. According to

the same announcement the academy was to be under the direc

tion of Major Thomas H. Bomar, a graduate of the Georgia Mili

tary Institute at Marietta. He was to be assisted by the Misses

Amalthea and Nannie Foster, both graduates of female colleges.

Hie first session of this institution began on January 21, 1867.

The trustees of this academy were J. G. W. Mills, J. C. Hendrix,

W. F. Harris, James L. Cogan, W. C. Moore, H. Marshall and

J. S. Peterson. On January 15, 1870, this institution closed a

prosperous term, the instructors having been the Messrs. John

son and Miss Carrie Palmer, the latter being the teacher in music.

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The school was finally discontinued about the time of the opening of the public schools.
An English-German academy was opened October i, 1869, by Rev. D. Burgheim, on the plan of Prussian schools of the same grade. Reading and writing in both English and German were taught, and also the grammar of both languages. Other branches in the course of study were history, geography, composition, natural science, philosophy and mathematics. In all of these branches thorough instruction was given. The school was also closed about the time of the opening of the public schools.
The Atlanta Female Institute and College of Music was started in 1865 by Mrs. J. W. Ballard, on Peachtree street, in the house afterward occupied by the Hon. B. H. Hill. Commencing with eight pupils the number soon increased to forty. In a few years the number so increased that larger and more commodious quarters had to be found, and the school was removed to the base ment of the First Presbyterian Church. Here Mrs. Ballard had for assistants Madame Van Den Corput, Mile. Van Den Corput and Miss Leila Cowart. When the public school system was es tablished in 1872 this private school was discontinued, as were most of the other private schools in the city, and Mrs. Ballard be came a teacher in the public schools, remaining thus engaged un til 1876, when she resumed her work as a private teacher of young ladies. Her school was opened now on Ivy street, near where the present Central Ivy Street hospital is located. At first in this location she had about thirty pupils, and was assisted by Mad ame Corput as before, who was the teacher in French and draw ing. In 1877 the school was removed to the corner of Forsyth and Church streets. In 1879 she removed her school to No. 173 Peachtree street. Here she remained until 1882, when she re moved to No. 143 Peachtree street, where an elegant brick building was erected by a stock company which had been organized a short time previously, and which in April, 1881, pur chased the lot upon which it stands. The building is a five-story brick, eighty-four feet in extreme width, and one hundred feet deep. It contains fifty-three rooms, and together with the lot upon which it stands cost $40,000.
At that time the corps of teachers was as follows: Literary department, Mrs. J. W. Ballard, Rev. J. J. Robinson, Miss Kate

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R. Hillyer, Miss L. E. Cowart and Miss Eva Prather ;and mod ern languages, Mile. Camille Joly and Miss Emily Barili; art department, Miss Kate R. Hillyer; music department, Professor Alfredo Barili, Mrs. Emily Barili; Miss Fannie Byrd teacher of elocution, and Miss Eva Prather calisthenics.
In 1882 a kindergarten was added to this institute, which was placed under the care of Miss Hattie Glover. It was for chil dren from four to seven years of age.
The Atlanta Literary Female Institute began its first term on the ist of July, 1871. The superintendent of the institute was Mr. Patillo, and Mrs. Patillo was the instructress in the art department. The term had opened with six pupils, hut during the term eighty-one had matriculated. The term closed July I, and during the succeeding summer Professor A. J. Haile and Mrs. Haile, of the Memphis Female Seminary, succeeded Mr. and Mrs. Patillo. Professor Haile changed the name of the institute to "The North Georgia Female College." This school was located on North Ivy street between Wheat and Line streets. It opened for the fall term on the 4th of September. During the summer previous Professor Haile expended about $1,800 in fitting up the school grounds, buildings and rooms, in order to have a com fortable and commodious school house. Professor Haile himself was the principal of this college, and his assistants were as fol lows : Mrs. Annie D. Haile and Mrs. C. J. Brown in the literary department; Miss Carrie Huiard in French, and Miss Ovie Verdery in music. On the 25th of September Jesse M. Goss became professor of Latin in this institution. This school, notwithstand ing the expense and labor put upon it by Professor Haile, had but a brief existence.
Other private schools in existence about the time of the open ing of the public schools were the following: Miss Fannie A. Holmes's school, which was taught in the basement of Trinity Church; Professor O. Rockwell's school on Pryor street near Wesley Chapel; Washington street female school, under the man agement of Miss Tallulah Ellis, then recently from South Caro lina. During a portion of the time she was assisted by Mrs. McCandless. Miss C. Taylor had been teaching a select school for young ladies for a long time when the public schools were

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opened. The eleventh session of this school commenced on the 28th of August, 1871. Instruction was given in all branches of a liberal education, and also in Latin and French.
The Storrs School for Colored Children.--Established in 1866 by the American Missionary Society, which also erected for the school a building which was completed in December, 1866. Soon after the close of the war the American Missionary Associa tion sent to Atlanta the Rev. E. M. Cravath, one of its field super intendents, to examine into the prospects for extending the work of the association among the colored people of Atlanta. He was well received by the blacks, and a school was at once organized at one of the colored M. E. churches. A temporary building was brought here soon afterward from Chattanooga and erected on Walton street. This building was used for some time for school purposes, and in these two buildings--the colored church above mentioned, and the building brought up from Chattanooga --under the direction of both male and female teachers supplied by the association, about one thousand colored children received their first lessons in education. The facilities of the system were eventually enlarged. The lot on which the building above de scribed as being finished in December, 1866, was erected, was pur chased with private funds, and the Freedmen's Bureau gave a building which was, at the time of the occupation of the new building, used as a chapel. At first it was the intention to make the new building given by the Freedmen's Bureau serve all the purposes of the school; but the Rev E. P. Smith, upon visiting this city, and witnessing the interest that had been awakened in the minds of the colored people on the subject of education, re turned to Cincinnati and made a statement of the entire matter to the church of the Rev. Dr. Storrs of that city, and asked for a contribution. The response was a subscription of $1,000. This determined the erection of a building in Atlanta, which was dedi cated December 8, 1866.
The Southern School of Elocution.--This school was started by Professor W. W. Lumpkin, in 1883, who that year resigned the professorship of English literature in the University of Geor gia, came to Atlanta, and began to teach elocution, his first class being in connection with Meuns's High School. At this time there

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were but few teachers of elocution in Atlanta. Professor Lumpkin, having studied many of the most approved and advanced systems of elocution under the most successful and renowned mas ters in the United States, determined to adopt the celebrated Delsarte system of expression. The success of Professor Lumpkin was great. From a very small beginning his classes grew to be very large. They included scholars and teachers from the vari ous schools of Atlanta as well as from institutions of other States.
Means's High School was established September 15, 1878, by T. A. Means, with eight pupils, in the Sunny South building, standing at the south end of Broad street bridge. The school remained in this building one month, when it was moved to the Angier building, where it remained the rest of the year. It was opened in the Davis building, at the corner of Church and Forsyth streets, in 1879. In 1880 Professor W. W. Lumpkin be came connected with the school as teacher of elocution, rhetoric and composition. In 1881 a military department was added, which was in charge successively of Professor A. D. Smith, C. L. Floyd, W. W. Lambdin, Captain T. R. Edwards, and Captain Angus E. Orr.
The primary department was established in the fall of 1887, and placed in charge of Mrs. B. M. Turner, a lady eminently qualified for the position. In 1887 Professor T. P. Cleveland was engaged to give instruction in Latin. The attendance of scholars steadily increased to one hundred and thirty-three during 1887-88.
West End Academy was established in 1884, a number of the citizens contributing to the erection of a two-story frame building on Lee street, near Glenn, and which cost about $10,000. The school opened in the fall, and was designed for the better accom modation of pupils living in the West End and vicinity. Its first board of trustees were T. H. Blacknall, A. B. Culberson, W. A. Culver, John N. Dnnn, E. P. Howell, G. A. Howell, W. G. McGaughey, Burgess Smith and W. L. Stanton. According to the by-laws at first adopted those trustees were elected for one year, but afterward the by-laws were so amended as to elect three of the trustees annually, who should serve three years. The officers of the board for the year 1884-5 were G. A. Howell, chairman,

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and Burgess Smith, secretary and treasurer. The faculty was composed of W. W. Lambdin, principal; and Miss Martha Brinkley, Miss Janie Wood and Miss Mamie Wood, assistants. Dur ing the first scholastic year, which closed June 24, 1885, the total enrollment of pupils was two hundred and three, of whom one hundred and thirty were residents of West End. The first elec tion for trustees under the amendment above mentioned resulted as follows: T. H. Blacknall, A. B. Culberson and W. A. Culver, whose terms expired in 1886; J. C. Harris, W. G. McGaughey and A. P. Morgan, whose terms expired in 1887; and G. A. Howell, Burgess Smith and W. L. Stanton, whose terms expired in 1888. The officers of the board for the year 1885-86 were G. A. Howell, chairman; Burgess Smith, treasurer; and W. W. Lambdin, secretary.
The Georgia Female College and Conservatory of Music was started in the fall of 1888 by George C. Looney, A. M., its first term commencing September 3rd. The school was located in the "Angier Terrace," near the capitol building, on Capitol avenue. The faculty at the beginning of the existence of this college was as follows: George C. Looney, A. M., presi dent, and teacher of Latin, Greek, mathematics and belles-lettres; Mrs. C. D. Crawley, M. A., associate and teacher of Latin, math ematics and English; Miss Josie Wilson, general assistant and teacher of the primary department; Miss lone Newman, teacher of elocution and calisthenics; Professor J. Colton Lynes, Ph. D., teacher of French, German and Spanish, and lecturer on physical science; William Lycett, teacher of art, oil painting, crayon draw ing, china painting, etc.; Professor E. A. Schultze, director of the musical department, and teacher of the violin, cornet, etc.; Madame E. Von der Hoya Schultze, teacher of the piano, organ, etc.; Aniadeo Von der Hoya, teacher of the violin; Mrs. Hugh Angier, teacher of voice culture.
In the college there were two departments, the regular liter ary department and the collegiate department. Three years were required to complete the literary course, and four years to com plete the collegiate course.
The Technological School. --In 1885 the legislature of Geor gia, appreciating the great value of manual training, took the

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initiatory steps for the establishment of this school. On the I3th of October of that year an act was approved by the governor which had absorbed a large share of the attention of the legisla ture for several months previously, and which had received the best thought of many of the leading members of that body during that time. This act is entitled "an act to establish a technological school, as a branch of the State university, to appropriate money for the same, and for other purposes."
This act was framed in accordance with the views and judg ment of commissioners who had been appointed by the governor of the state, and who had been to the North and East for the pur pose of familiarizing themselves with the organization, govern ment and working of manual training schools in those parts of the country. These commissioners were as follows: Hon. N. E. Harris, of Macon; E. R. Hodgson, of Athens; Columbus Heard, of Greensboro; O. L. Porter, of Covington, and S. M. Inman, of Atlanta. The Hon. N. E. Harris was chosen chair man of the commission, and E. R. Hodgson, secretary.
This commission held a meeting on April 5, 1886, at which they directed their secretary to notify communities in different portions of the state that they were ready to receive proposals for the location of the school. Any proposal to receive attention of the commission was required to reach them on or before October i, 1886. Bidding was quite spirited among the various cities of the state. Among those offering the greatest inducements were Athens, Macon, Penfield, Milledgeville and Atlanta. The city and citizens of Atlanta having made the largest offer in land and money, aggregating $130,000, secured the location of the school in Atlanta. This decision was reached and the grounds were selected in the autumn of 1886, and in the spring of 1887 work was begun upon the buildings. There was some little rivalry with reference to the different locations within the city of Atlanta for the school, but the selection finally made was of a tract of nine acres on North avenue, between Marietta and Peachtree streets. On this tract two buildings were erected, known respectively as the "main building," and "machinery building." The main building is one hundred and thirty feet front and one hundred and twenty feet in extreme depth. It is a three-story brick and stone

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building with a slate roof, and contains twenty class and lecture rooms and offices. There is a basement underneath the entire building, and the whole structure is admirably adapted to the uses for which it is designed. The cost of this building was about $48,000.
Machinery building has a front of about eighty feet and a depth of two hundred and fifty feet. A portion of it is two stories high, and the remainder one story. Like the main build ing, it is of brick and stone, and has a basement under the entire structure. Its cost was about $25,000. In this building is a department for woodworking, one for ironworking, a department for forging, a brass foundry, and an iron foundry, and rooms for offices and for mechanical drawing. There is also ample room for other departments as may be needed as the school grows. It is equipped with two first-class boilers, and a fine forty-horse power engine. The entire equipment of this building cost about $25,000, and the laboratory in the main building cost about $15,000. The design was to make the entire equipment of the school equal in completeness to any similar school in the country, and the success attained reflects great credit upon the commission having its establishment in charge. The total value of the prop erty including the ground, a portion of which was donated, is about $140,000.
The number of students in attendance on the first day of the first session, October 3, 1888, was eighty-four, about sixty of whom had been appointed by the counties, and the remainder were general applicants. The formal opening of the school oc curred in De Give's Opera House on Friday evening, October 5th, on which occasion Dr. Hopkins made a short address, and was followed by Hon. N. E. Harris, who gave a detailed history of the inception of the institution. The Hon. J. J. Gresham, president of the board of trustees of the University of Georgia, then made an address, formally receiving the school as a part of the State university. Governor John B. Gordon then delivered a speech and was followed by ex-Governor McDaniel and Professor H. G. White, and the first industrial school of Georgia was fully started upon its career of usefulness.
Since its foundation many improvements have been made in the "Tech" by act of the legislature. An appropriation was

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passed by the general assembly of 1897 to add a textile depart ment. A dormitory was built at a cost of $15,000, and an elec trical apparatus installed. The school is well equipped with scientific apparatus and has an especially strong department of electrical engineering. Adjacent to the academic structure is a well-appointed and well-equipped machine shop, in which wood working and up-to-date machine work in iron, brass and other metals is reguarly done by students, who divide their time be tween academic studies and work in the shop. The machine shop, in plant and equipment, was modeled after the Lowell Institute of Technology, and is one of the best of its kind. The standard in work and teaching is high, and graduates of this institution are at no disadvantage in competition with those of the best technical schools of the country. A large majority of them are filling important and remunerative positions in the line of their training.
The school is supported by the state and is a branch of the University of Georgia. It receives an ^annual appropriation of $22,500 from the state and $2,500 from the city of Atlanta, and has an attendance of over 500.
Oglethorpe College.--During the years 1869, 1870 and 1871 the citizens of Atlanta made persistent and commendable efforts to increase their educational facilities. They gave their attention to the establishment of private schools of various grades, as well as to the establishment of the public school system. Among the private schools for which they labored was the Oglethorpe Col lege, a brief history of which is here introduced. Previous to the war this college, which was owned by the Presbyterians, was second to none in the South. It had an average of 120 students, and an excellent faculty. During the war the college was disbanded and its wealth swept away. Noth ing was left but the building at Midway and a small amount of funds. Both Alabama and South Carolina had conferred endow ments on the college, but the South Carolina endowment was entirely lost and of the Alabama endowment only about one-third was saved. In 1865 the trustees began the attempt to resuscitate the college, but they had to encounter many difficulties. The synod of Georgia declared in favor of disbanding the institution and turning over the funds to Davidson College, North Carolina,

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but as the trustees would not consent to this arrangement the synod 'reconsidered its action and affirmed the decision of the trustees. Then the question of removal came up, and the Florida synod declared in favor of removal to Atlanta. The synods of Alabama and South Carolina referred the matter to the synod of Georgia, which body also decided in. favor of Atlanta. Thus practically the synods of all four states were unanimously in favor of Atlanta.
When this point had been reached all that was necessary to do was to ascertain the sentiments of the citizens of Atlanta with reference to the project. With this object in view a meeting was held on September 27, 1869, in the office of Hoyt & Collier, to take into consideration the steps necessary to secure the removal. The college asked Atlanta for $40,000 besides grounds and buildings. At this meeting the Rev. J. S. Wilson said that the three great needs of Atlanta at that time were (i) a good system of free schools, (2) good preparatory schools, and (3) a good college. On the 9th of December J. S. Marfut offered the insti tution fifteen acres of land on the Flat Shoal and McDonough roads, about two miles from Atlanta. On the 3d of February, 1870, at a meeting held at the city hall, the Rev. Dr. Cunningham, president of the college, delivered an address to about twenty persons assembled in the interest of removal. At the suggestion of Judge S. B. Hoyt a committee of citizens was appointed to present the matter to the people, the committee consisting of S. B. Hoyt, E. Y. Clarke, J. M. Ball, John H. James, L. Scofield, L. P. Grant, E. E. Rawson, W. G. Newman, W. A. Moore, William McNaught and G. W. Adair. From this committee a sub-com mittee to solicit subscriptions was appointed, consisting of L. P. Grant, J. M. Ball and E. Y. Clarke. After working somewhat more than a week they had succeeded in securing only about onefourth of the amount of subscriptions necessary to secure the college. On the T3th of March a last appeal was made. At this time it was stated that $30,000 had been subscribed, and on the 22d of March it was announced that the success of the movement to secure the college was assured. On the 1st of April the trus tees of the college held a meeting at Macon, and then definitely decided on the removal to Atlanta, but the erection of the build-

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ings would not be commenced until the entire amount of the $40,000 was raised.
Dr. Cunningham died about the 25th of February, 1870, and the Rev. David Wills, D. D., was elected his successor. On the 7th of May, 1870, a committee, consisting of Rev. Dr. Wills, the Hon. Clifford Anderson and John C. Whitner, met at Atlanta, empowered to complete arrangements for the erection of build ings for the college in this city, and in consultation with a com mittee of citizens, consisting of L. P. Grant, W. McNaught, J. M. Ball and E. Y. Clarke, a tender was made by H. C. Holcombe of ten acres of land as a site for the college. A building commit tee was then appointed, consisting of Rev. J. S. Wilson, D. D., John C. Whitner, J. M. Ball, John H. James, L. P. Grant, E. E. Rawson and E. Y. Clarke. E. Y. Clarke was then appointed to collect the subscriptions that had then been made. L. P. Grant was appointed temporary chairman of the board of trustees, and it was resolved that the $40,000 which had been subscribed should be used in the erection of buildings on the Holcombe site, which was situated south of the city, fronting on McDonough street. University street lay south of the lot, and the rear end of it was on the proposed extension of Washington street. A three-story building was decided upon, to be thirty-nine by seventy-nine feet in dimensions. However, when matters had progressed thus far, a sudden change took place in the programme, and the trustees decided to purchase the Lyons house, standing on the corner of Washington and Mitchell streets, the lot on which the house stands having a frontage of 200 feet on each street. The reason for this change was that it was thought that in this location the college would be more likely to receive a fair share of local pat ronage.
On the 25th of August the faculty of Oglethorpe college was announced as follows: The Rev. David Wills, D. D., president and professor of mental and moral science; S. W. Bates, professor of ancient languages; G. A. Orr, professor of mathematics and astronomy; B. Hunter, professor of physical science; W. LeConte Stevens, professor of modern languages.
On August 25th Rev. J. S. Wilson, D. D., John C. Whitner, L. P. Grant, John H. James, E. E. Rawson, T. Stobo Earrow, A.

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Leyden, J. R. Wallace and E. Y. Clarke were appointed a com mittee resident in Atlanta, to which should be referred all ques tions arising as to the selection of a permanent site for the college with power to purchase, or to accept one tendered as a donation, whenever in their judgment it should be for the best interests of the college. At a meeting of the trustees of the college held at Macon, September 17, 1870, steps were taken looking toward the restoration of the college to its former dignity as a university, and the Rev. R. C. Smith was elected to fill a new chair then created, that of mental and moral science and political economy. The Rev. Donald Frazer of Florida was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the declination of Professor Bates to serve.
When this institution opened its doors on October 4th, it was as Oglethorpe University. The college department opened in the medical college building, the commercial department opened in the James building, under charge of Professor B. F. Moore, late president of the Atlanta Business College; the preparatory department opened at the corner of Luckie and Spring streets, in charge of Professor W. M. Janes, T. J. Moore and J. A. Rich ardson. A law school was opened also, with the following corps of instructors: Richard H. Clark, professor of international and constitutional law; A. C. Garlington, professor of equity, jurisprudence, pleading and practice; L. E. Bleckley, S. B. Hoyt, N. J. Hammond, professors of common and statute law, the gen eral principles of pleading and practice, evidence and all special subjects.
On October 29, 1870, a new board of trustees was elected by the synod of Georgia as follows: Hon. Clifford Anderson, Hon. E. A. Nisbet and Mr. Gresham of Macon; Rev. Mr. Lane of Milledgeville, and Rev. J. S. Wilson, D. D., Rev. J. T. Leftwich, Colonel L. P. Grant, E. Y. Clarke, John H. James, J. C. Whitner, J. R. Wallace and T. Stobo Farrow of Atlanta.
The university lost another of its professors in January, 1872, Gustavus A. Orr, being at that time elected state school commissioner. Professor Orr was one of the most experienced teachers in Georgia. He had been for eighteen years professor of mathematics in Emory College, four years president of the Southern Female College at Covington, and eighteen months professor of mathematics in Oglethorpe College.

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The difficulties of maintaining the existence of this univer sity began about this time to give the authorities of the institution considerable anxiety and trouble. It was at length decided to ask the city of Atlanta to come to the pecuniary assistance of the university, and on June 3, 1872, a vote was taken on the propo sition to donate to the institution $50,000 in twenty year bonds of the city of Atlanta, on condition that all young men of Atlanta, who desired to be educated therein, should receive their education free. The result of the election was that the proposition was favored by 331 of the voters, and opposed by 1,470 of them, thus the proposition was overwhelmingly defeated.
The authorities of the university continued to struggle for the existence of the institution against many discouraging circum stances until 1874, when all hope of making it a success was abandoned. Toward the latter part of 1874 Mayor Spencer made a visit to the synod for the purpose of learning their designs as to the future of the institution. On the 2Oth of November, Mayor Spencer informed the city council that he had been in attendance upon the synod a short time previously, and had learned that the members of the synod were not well in formed as to the position of Atlanta with reference to the institu tion. They had felt disposed to criticise Atlanta because of alleged bad faith toward the institution, etc. But on the strength of representations made to them by him, the synod adopted a resolution convening the new board of trustees in Atlanta, Decem ber 8, 1874, and it was hoped that then the facts would be set forth, and Atlanta be set right.
It was, however, a long time before a settlement of the debts of the institution was reached. On the 29th of December, 1875, a proposition for a settlement of the claims of the city against the institution was made by the trustees of the college to the city council. The proposition was accepted, and its terms were as follows: That the Neal building be sold, and out of the proceeds of the sale the city be paid such a per cent, of the net proceeds as the amounts of money which went into the building out of the fund contributed to the city bore to the entire cost of the build ing, less the amount due by the city for the rent of the building, since December i, 1874. Upon computation it was found that

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the entire cost of the property was $22,885.47; that of this amount there was paid out of the investment fund of the college $5,473.88, leaving as the amount contributed by the city and the citizens $17,411.59. It was not possible to ascertain with certain ty the portion of this amount that was paid out of the funds con tributed by the city, but it was found that the board of trustees of the college received from the city $11,961.79, and from the citizens $9,475.45. The proportion which these amounts respec tively bore to the $17,411.59 was the proportion which the city and the citizens should receive respectively of this sum: the city's share being $9,715.51, and that of the citizens $7,696.08. It was also found by the committee having the matter in charge, that the city owed the board of trustees of the college for rent since De cember i, 1874, $100 per month. The committee therefore rec ommended that a settlement be made on the above basis. This recommendation was carried into execution, and the university ceased thereupon to exist.
The System of Public Schools.--Probably no event in the history of Atlanta has occurred since the war, or perhaps ever will occur in the future history of the city, of more pressing and per manent importance to the inhabitants than the establishment of the system of public schools in 1870. Previous to that time private schools had been the sole dependence of the people for the education of their children, and it was therefore not unreasonable to expect, and no one was surprised to find that a considerable number even of the best and most intelligent of the citizens were quite strongly, and some of these even quite bitterly, opposed to the innovation. It is, however, undoubtedly true that when in 1869 the initiatory steps were taken, looking to the establishment of the schools, the great majority of the people had, from obser vation and reflection, come to strongly favor such a method of education. The entire subject, both for and against it, had been thoroughly discussed in private conversation, in public meetings and in the columns of the newspapers. Any one who had a mite or a mine of information in its favor freely gave it to the public; and on the other hand any one who had an objection to the estab lishment Sf the system, small or great, as freely made that objec tion known. The same arguments were urged in favor of the
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system, and the same objections urged against it here as had been previously used in every state and city of the Union, when it was first seriously proposed to educate the youth of the land at the public expense.
The experience of such Southern cities as Louisville, Nash ville, Memphis, Natchez and New Orleans as well as that of many Northern cities, was cited, to prove that the free school system had many and great advantages over the paid school system. It was urged that in the free school the pupils would be subject to more rigid discipline, and would, from the necessities of the situa tion, receive superior instruction, as the teachers in the public schools would not feel as they did in the private schools the neces sity of yielding to the pleasures or to the whims of the pupils or even of their parents in order to retain patronage. Then, too, the standard of scholarship would be raised, because of the neces sity incumbent upon the teachers and managers of the public schools to deal out justice evenly between the children of the rich and of the poor; and also because of the fact that public criticism would be more apt to be discriminating and severe upon the man agement of the public school than upon the management of the private school. In fact, with reference to the management of the private school, the public had no concern, and as a natural consequence had neither right nor disposition to criticise. By some of the objectors the free school was looked upon as a North ern idea; but a certain Southern writer most earnestly declared that after a visit to the free schools in any city, North or South, where such schools were in operation, the visitor, if he could lay aside his prejudices and go with an honest desire to learn the comparative value of the free school and the paid school, he would be compelled to come away with the conviction of approval. The establishment of the public school system was. urged upon the people of Atlanta upon the general principle that its benefits would be inestimable, and also that an education of as high grade could be obtained in them, after they should be in successful operation, as could be obtained in any of the colleges then in existence in the South. The time had come for decision. The citizens of Atlan ta must in some way educate their children, and while it was admitted even by the strongest advocates of the public schools

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that the private schools had certain advantages, yet it was claimed that their disadvantages far outnumbered their advantages. Among these disadvantages were enumerated their uncertainty of continuance, their want of uniformity as to methods of disci pline, no less than as to methods of instruction and text-books, their great expense to those who patronize them, and besides all these things only the children of the wealthy could attend them at all, which left the greater proportion of the young to grow up without any education worthy of the name. This latter was con sidered a most serious objection to the private school as a sole reli ance for education, inasmuch as it resulted in an ignorant popu lace, which, as history abundantly proves, has always furnished the material ready made to the hand of the demagogue, out of which to raise parties and armies for the overthrow of the institu tions of their country.
As was before stated, the objections raised to the establish ment of a system of public schools in Atlanta were the same as those which have always and everywhere been used against it. They have always been the "stock in trade" of objectors to public education, or the support of public schools by a public tax. The proposition that "a man who has no property to be taxed gets, as he should, free education for his children/' was declared as be ing illogical and unjust. The question was asked: "What right has the poor man to demand of the rich man education for his children ?" It was asserted that under such a system the man of property was mulcted, and the salaried man and bondholder go free. However, it is altogether probable that the strongest objection any one in Atlanta had to the establishment of the free public school in the city was due to prejudice against the system as such. But by the fall of 1869, if those entertaining such a prejudice were ever in a majority, they had become the minority; and to no one then living in Atlanta is more credit due for the strong public sentiment which had been developed in their favor, and without which they could not have been established, or if es tablished, could not have been successfully conducted, than to Alderman D. C. O'Keefe; and for his labors in this direction he may be justly styled ''the father of the public schools of Atlanta." It was Alderman O'Keefe who, on September 24, 1860, intro duced the following resolution into the council proceedings:

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"WHEREAS, The success and perpetuity of free institutions depend upon the virtue and intelligence of the people; and,
"WHEREAS, The system of education known as the public school system, has been proved, by all experience, to be the best calculated to promote these objects; and,
"WHEREAS, The growth and prospective population of our city urgently demand the establishment of a cheap and efficient system of education; be it therefore
"Resolved, That his honor, the mayor, and two members of the council be appointed a committee to act in concert with seven citizens, friends of education, to be elected by said committee, to investigate the subject of public schools for the city of Atlanta, and obtain all necessary information on the subject, and report the result of their investigation to the council by the first of De cember next."
This resolution was adopted, and the committee to act under it was composed of the following gentlemen : Hon. W. H. Hulsey, mayor; Dr. D. C. O'Keefe and E. R. Carr, of the city coun cil ; and J. P. Logan, S. H. Stout, W. M. Janes, J. H. Flynn, David Mayer, E. E. Rawson and L. J. Gartrell, on the part of the citizens. On September 29, 1869, there was a meeting of this committee at the city hall, at which there were present Dr. D. C. O'Keefe, Dr. J. P. Logan, E. E. Rawson, Dr. S. H. Stout, W. M. Janes and David Mayer. Dr. Logan was made chairman of the meeting, and a sub-committee was appointed, composed as follows: S. H. .Stout, J. P. Logan, E. E. Rawson and David Mayer. The duty entrusted to this committee was the securing of statistical information in regard to public schools in other cities; the collection of facts with reference to their history, progress, expense of maintenance, plans of buildings, etc., etc., and to correspond with the Rev. B. Sears, agent of the Peabody Educational Fund at Staunton, Va., with reference to the terms upon which assistance could be secured from that fund. The Hon. W. H. Hulsey, L. J. Gartrell and Dr. O'Keefe were appointed a sub-committee to investigate the city charter and the laws of Georgia, with special reference to the power of the coun cil to establish and maintain a system of public schools by taxa tion, and to suggest what additional legislation, if any, was

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needed to enable the city to inaugurate a system of public schools. E. E. Rawson, John H. Flynn and David Mayer were appointed a sub-committee to investigate the subject of school-houses, their cost of erection, the expense of leasing buildings, and the outlay which would be necessary to render any public buildings belong ing to the city, and which could be spared for such purpose, suit able for occupation as school-houses.
During the fall of 1869 the question of the establishment of a system of public schools came before the people of Atlanta in such a manner as to obtain from them an authoritative expression of their views. It entered into the election of mayor and mem bers of the council, and was so decided as to leave no doubt of their preferences. No one was elected who was not known to be in favor of the system. However, this strong evidence of popular desire did not prevent those who were still opposed to the system from continuing to oppose it in every way that was honor able, and in which there appeared any possible chance of defeat ing the proposed innovation, which some went even so far as to denounce as a "nuisance." Petition after petition was sent to the council, and to the board of education, after that was formed, protesting strenuously against the proposed action. The first petition of this kind contained over eight hundred names, among them being the names of some of the leading citizens of the place. After the schools were established and in successful operation, petitions continued to be sent to the council and to the board con taining, however, a smaller number of names, and it was notice able that many of the names of those who had been the strongest opponents of the system were absent from the petitions. Each petition contained a smaller number of names than its immediate predecessor, and at length efforts in this direction entirely ceased.
Under date of October 23, 1869, the Rev. B. Sears, general agent for the Peabody Educational Fund, wrote a letter to Dr. S. H. Stout, with reference to contributing from that fund toward the establishment of the public school system in Atlanta. He said that if the city council would establish free schools for all children [white] within its borders, and maintain them through the ordinary school year, the trustees of the fund would contribute the sum of $2,000 toward the expense, payment to be made the

278

Atlanta And Its Builders

middle of the year, and to be renewed or not according to circum

stances.

The committee on school-houses made a partial report No

vember i, to the effect that the second market-house could be

made a good school-house capable of seating two hundred pupils,

and recommended that it be fitted up for school No. i. The

sub-committee to which was referred the question of the power

of the council to levy a tax for the support of schools reported

that they did not believe the city charter, as it then stood, con

ferred upon the council the power to levy a specific tax for the

support of public schools; and that the only tax that could be used

for educational purposes must be levied under the general tax law

of the state. The committee said that while it had doubts as

to whether any unappropriated fund could be devoted to school

purposes, yet it did not express the opinion that it could not be

so used. But in view of all the circumstances the committee

recommended that a sub-committee be appointed to so revise the

city charter that when amended power would be conferred upon

the council to levy such a tax as would be adequate for educational

purposes.

The committee appointed on September 29, to which was

referred the questions of statistical information, etc., about the

public schools of other cities, made a report to the council, No

vember 22, 1869. The first step recommended by them was that

there be appointed a good board of education to consist of twelve

members; four of whom should serve two years, four of them

four years, and the remaining four six years. The second step

was that a good superintendent be elected by the board of educa

I.

tion, who should be the executive officer of the board, and who should have general charge of the schools and teachers. The

graded system of schools was recommended, and that normal in

struction should be given in the High School. Good school

houses and good furniture were recommended, and also that the

city be divided into three school districts, the school-house in each

of which should be capable of seating five hundred pupils.

The committee recommended that the colored schools should

be under the control of the board of education. Yet, at that

time, through the aid of the Freedman's Bureau and voluntary

Education

279

contributions from various sources, the facilities for the gra tuitous education of colored children were more extensive than were those for the education of white children. Hence the necessities of white children were at that time more immediate and pressing. It was therefore recommended that the question of the education of the colored children could be for a time safely postponed. The committee, however, felt it permissible to say that many of the teachers in the colored schools in Charleston, Nashville and Memphis were Southern born ladies and gentle men, and that by becoming teachers in those colored schools they had not compromised their social position.
At a regular meeting of the mayor and council held Decem ber 10, 1869, the following board of education was elected: The Hon. Joseph E. Brown, Dr. Joseph P. Logan, E. E. Rawson and Logan E. Bleckley, for six years; John H. Flynn, L. P. Grant, David Mayer and H. T. Phillips for four years; and Dr. S. H. Stout, W. A. Hemphill, M. C. Blanchard and >r. D. C. O'Keefe, for two years. A committee on the organization of the board was appointed as follows: E. E. Rawson, M. C. Blanchard and L. E. Bleckley. This committee reported in favor of there being a president, a vice-president and a secretary, and that the Hon. Joseph E. Brown be the president, Joseph P. Logan, vice-presi dent, and Dr. S. H. Stout, secretary. Thus was elected and or ganized the first board of education in Atlanta.
After the appointment of the various committees, the board held no meeting nor transacted any busineses until the following October, for the reason that "It was necessary to await the amend ment of the city charter by the Legislature, to empower the mayor and city council to establish and maintain the proposed system of public schools." The necessary amendment was granted by the Legislature, and on September 30, 1870, this amendment was ap proved by Governor Rufus B. Bullock.
On October 27, 1870, the scholastic population of the city was reported to the board of education as being as follows:
First ward--Whites, males, 574; females, 608; colored, males, 313; females, 422.
Second ward--Whites, males, 161; females, 248; colored, males, 163; females, 200.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

Third ward Whites, males, 99; females, 128; colored, males, 245; females, 262.
Fourth ward Whites, males, 402; females, 438; colored, males, 301; females, 341.
Fifth ward Whites, males, 304; females, 383; colored, males, 389; females, 493.
Thus the total number of white children of school age, be tween six and eighteen, at that time was, males, 1,540; females, i ,805; and the total number of colored children of school age, males, 1,411; females, 1,718; total number of white children, 3,345; total number of colored children, 3,129; making a grand total of school children of 6,474.
With reference to the colored schools then in operation in the city the mayor and council resolved that if the trustees or managers of them would place their accommodations and endow ments at the disposition of the board of education, the said mayor and council would furnish them with the necessary corps of teachers for their instruction, and if at any time the said managers or trustees should think proper to withdraw their accommodations and endowments, they should have the right to do so.
On the 27th of May, at a called meeting of the board of edu cation, the committee on sites for school buildings reported that a lot on Crew street, known as the Spalding lot, could be purchased for $2,300, and recommended its purchase. The recommenda tion was adopted, and the committee was then authorized to pur chase two other lots for school-house sites, paying whatever in their judgment was right, without referring the matter to the board. Under this authority the committee purchased a lot on the corner of Hunter and Elliott streets for $4,000. The plans of Parkins & Alien for two school-houses were adopted, provided neither of the buildings should cost more than $10,000.
The Hon. Joseph K. Brown reported to the board that the authorities of the Storrs school property had offered to turn over
that property to the city of Atlanta, to be used for school purposes for the education of the colored children, on the condition that the said authorities should retain title to the property, and the privilege of holding religious services in the building at such times as not to interfere with the exercises of the school.

Education

281

On the same day on which the above action was taken, June 29, 1871, the following preamble and resolution were adopted:
WHEREAS, There are certain prejudices on the part of some of our citizens against the system of public schools about to be in augurated in this city, and in order to allay those prejudices it becomes imperatively necessary that said schools shall be inaugu rated upon such a basis and with such plans and details as to meet the wants of all the citizens of Atlanta, and for the better inform ation of this board, that its members may act intelligently at the outset of the introduction of said schools,
Resolved, That as M. C. Blanchard, a member of this board, is about to visit New York, and signifies his willingness to visit a number of the best public schools in that section of the country to learn the latest improvements in methods of instruction, man agement, etc., in those schools, without any reward for his time, we would recommend that your honorable body pay his expenses necessarily incurred in the accomplishment of the object above in dicated.
On September 2, 1871, the board of education resolved that the salary of the superintendent for the first year should be $2,000, and that Bernard Mallon, formerly superintendent of the public schools of Savannah, be elected superintendent, his labors to begin November 15th following. With reference to Mr. Mal lon, the first superintendent of the public schools of this city, and who served in that capacity until 1879, the present superintendent, Mr. W. F. Slaton, in a short history of the schools of Atlanta, says: "He brought to the aid of the cause a ripe experience, an energy which could overcome all obstacles, and a grace and sua vity of manner which at once multiplied his friends among the old and the young. Amid all the trials which the system experienced during1 his administration, the cause had no more true nor no more earnest advocate than Bernard Mallon. He resigned his posi tion as superintendent in the summer of 1879, and accepted a similar position in the Lone Star state, but died in a few months thereafter. His remains were brought back and interred by lov ing hands in Oakland Cemetery, where he now rests, beloved and honored by the rising generations of this city."
On November i8th the question arose in the board of having separate or mixed schools, After some discussion, in which the

282

Atlanta And Its Builders

opinion seemed to prevail that it would be best at first to mix the

primary grades, but to separate the sexes in the higher grades,

the entire subject of classification was left to the discretion of

the superintendent. The building committee was then instructed

to secure a suitable building for the High School. The salaries

of the teachers were then fixed as follows: For the principal of

the high school, $1,800; first assistant, $1,500; second assistant,

$1,000; principals of the grammar schools, $1,500 each; three as

sistants, male, $900 each; three assistants, female, $700 each;

three assistants, female, $600 each; three assistants, female, $550

each; three assistants, female, $500 each; six assistants, female,

$450 each.

Dr. D. C. O'Keefe, the father of the free school system, died

in 1871, when the following resolution was passed upon his death

and spread upon the minutes of the board:

"Whereas, death has taken from us one of the most active

and energetic members of this board, Dr. D. C. O'Keefe, depriv

ing us of his influence and his counsel, and inflicting upon us a

loss which may be truly designated as irreparable, one who neither

sought nor avoided honors, and who was a true man in all the

relations of life; therefore be it

"Resolved, That this board in giving expression to their

deep sorrow at the loss of one of their number, who was the first

to advocate the public school system for Atlanta, tender their sin

cere condolence to the family of the deceased.

"Resolved, That a page of the minutes of this board be dedi

cated to his memory, and that a copy of these resolutions be fur

nished to his family.

"W. A. HEMPHILL,

"H. T. PHILLIPS,

"E. E. RAWSON,

"Committee."

Following is a complete list of the first corps of teachers em

ployed in the Atlanta public schools:

High school--W. M. Janes, principal; E. G. Moore, first

assistant; and W. A. Bass, second assistant.

Grammar schools--O. Rockwell, John Isham and W. M.

Bray, principals.

First assistants, or teachers of the seventh grade--Miss

Education

283

Emma E. Latimer, Miss Jennie H. Clayton and Mrs. R. J. Mc-
Keon. Second assistants, or teachers of the sixth grade--Miss Eliza
A. Heath, Miss L. A. Field and Miss Hattie S. Young. Third assistants, or teachers of the fifth grade--Miss Mattie
F. Andrews, Miss Tallulah H. Ellis and Miss Ella W. Smillie. Fourth assistants, or teachers of the fourth grade--Miss M.
L. Wood, Miss Tilla W. Roberts and Mrs. H. H. Colquitt. Fifth assistants, or teachers of the third grade--Miss Ruth
M. Larabee, Mrs. Virginia F. Bessent and Mrs. C. J. Brown. Sixth assistants, or teachers of the second grade--Miss N. E.
V. Sallas, Miss Sallie F. Johnson and Mrs. Caroline P. Sams. Seventh assistants, or teachers of the first grade--Miss Mar
garet M. Duggan, Miss S. A. Williams and Miss Anna M.
Brown. The schools were organized as grammar and high schools.
The grammar schools comprised eight grades or classes, corre sponding to the first eight years of the child's school life, or from the age of six to that of fourteen. The high school comprised four grades or classes, corresponding to the next four years, or from fourteen to eighteen years of age. In the grammar schools were taught spelling, reading, writing, geography, mental and written arithmetic, natural history, the elements of the natural sciences, English grammar, vocal music, drawing, history and elocution. In the high schools, orthography, elocution, gram mar, physical geography, natural philosophy, Latin, Greek, alge bra, chemistry, composition, rhetoric, English literature, French, German, physiology and geometry. A review of the grammar school course was also required in the high school.
Oil January 4, 1872, the'city was divided into three school districts, as follows:
1. The Walker street district, comprising the First and Sixth wards, including that portion of the city west of Whitehall street and the Western and Atlantic railroad.
2. The Crew street school district, comprising the Second and Third wards, including that portion of the city lying east of Whitehall street and the Georgia railroad.
3. The Ivy street school district, comprising the Fourth, Fifth and Seventh wards, bounded by the Georgia railroad on the

284

Atlanta And Its Builders

south, and by the Western and Atlantic railroad on the west. A resolution was then adopted against the admission of non-resi dents into the schools.
The superintendent reported to the board, January 25, 1872, that the registration of pupils for admission into the public schools, was as follows: For the Walker street school, 597; for the Crew street school, 429; for the Ivy street school, 813 ; for the boys' high school, 98, and for the girls' high school, 153, a total registration of 2,090. It will be remembered that on the 29th of September, 1869, the committee on statistical information, etc., estimated that the scholastic population of the city was about 2,500, and that about 1,000 would have to be provided for. Yet now when the first registration of the children desiring admission into the schools was taken, there were found to be 2,090 instead of 1,000, seeking admission. And from that time to the present day an excess of school children as compared with the accommodations which the board of education has been able to supply, has been the greatest difficulty with which that board has had to contend. At the time now under consideration, January, 1872, the total number of children registered for admission into the three grammar schools was 1,839, and *ne total capacity of the three buildings prepared for their use was 1,200; thus leaving 639 children, or more than one-third of the whole number unprovided for. The duty, therefore, devolved upon the building committee to provide room for this excess.
However, the time had now come for the public school sys tem of Atlanta to go into operation. School-houses had been prepared, teachers engaged, and the pupils enrolled. Tuesday, January 30, 1872, was the day selected for the inauguration of the system. The Ivy street school opened on Wednesday, Janu ary 31, and the girls' high school on Thursday, February i. The superintendent reported that there were so many more applica tions than were expected for admission to the girls' high school, that it was imperatively necessary to engage two additional teachers for that school. The board, therefore, on January 30, decided to engage Mrs. Ballard and Miss Mary George, at $900 per year each. A second proposition from Dr. Rust, with refer-

Education

285

ence to the Summer Hill school-house, to the effect that the board of education should have the use of the school-house free of rent, provided they would educate the colored children free of tuition, was accepted by the board, they deciding to assume the support of the colored schools from the ist of February.
On February 17, the committee on buildings having provided school rooms for the excess of children, above referred to, the committee on teachers at this time reported the following teachers for the two additional schools: Principals, Professors H. H. Smith and Joel Mable; assistants, Mrs. R. F. Neely, Mrs. J. S. Prather, Mrs. V. A. Witcher, Mrs. H. L. Harvey, Miss Kate L. Winn and Miss Lizzie Echols. The salaries of the two prin cipals were $1,000 each per year; of the first two assistants, $600 each; of the second two, $550, and of the last two, $500 each.
February 29, 1872, two additional teachers were engaged, one for the Walker street school and one for the Luckie street school, these schools being too much crowded, while children were still applying for admission. Mrs. Mattie J. Brown was en gaged for the Luckie street school, and Miss Mary S. Frazer for the Walker street school. A lot was purchased on Marietta street, opposite Rock street, for $3,000, on wlwch to erect a school-house. Colonel Grant reported to the board on March 28, that the council had turned over to the board of education the entire management of the schools, and that they had appropriated $75,000 in cash, in lieu of the $100,000 in bonds authorized by the ordinance of 1869. The board then decided that the teachers of the colored schools, for the f time they had served since the board assumed control, and up to April i, should receive the same compensation as that previously paid by the American Missionary society, and that after the ist of April these schools be put upon an equal footing with the other public schools of the city as respects the qualifications and salaries of teachers, the teachers to be selected under the same rules and regulations by which the board was governed in the selection of teachers for the other schools. Following are the names of the teachers in the two colored schools then in operation in the city: In the Storrs school--Miss M. L. Far well, Miss A. Williams, Miss Stevenson, Miss Emma Barnard, Miss H. H. Grosvenor,

286

Atlanta And Its Builders

and Miss E. H. Walcott. In the Summer Hill school--Mr. Ichabod Marcy, Mrs. Oldfield, Mrs. Marcy, Miss Fuller.
The first examination in the public schools occurred during the last week in June, 1872, and on July 5th teachers were en gaged for the ensuing year. Following is a list of the teachers engaged for the two high schools, and the principals of the gram mar schools: For the boys' high school--W. M. Janes, E. G. Moore and W. A. Bass. For the girls' high school--Miss C. Taylor, Miss L. A. Haygood, Miss Jennie H. Clayton and Miss Emma E. Latimer. Principals of the grammar schools--The Ivy street school, W. M. Bray; the Walker street school, O. Rock well ; the Crew street school, John Isham; the Luckie street school, H. H. Smith; the Decatur street school, Joel Mable; the Storrs school, Miss A. Williams, and the Summer Hill school, Mrs. L. S. Oldfield.
On Janaury 24, 1873, Markham Street Baptist church, which had then recently been rented for school purposes, was or dered to be divided up into four school rooms, and on February 18, following, the question of leasing the Oglethorpe College building, having for some time been under consideration, the fol lowing proposition was received from the trustees of that institution: "The trustees will rent to the board of educa tion for three years, the Oglethorpe College building, at an annual rental of $1,200. They will deduct from such rent the first year, for the repairs which the board will make, $400; for the second year $100, and for the third year, $100, the board of education to keep the building insured." This proposition was accepted, and the board of education held their first meeting in the Oglethorpe College building, which stands on the corner of Washington and Mitchell streets, April 24, 1873. At this meeting Miss Mary Goulding was engaged as principal of the Haynes street school. And on June 26 the teachers then in the schools, as enumerated above, were re engaged for the year 1873-74.
One of the most interesting questions that has as yet come before the board of education of this or any other city, or even before the country, with reference to the common schools, is that of the division of the public funds in favor of the Roman Catholic

Education

287

members of the community, in order that there may .be public schools exclusively, for the children- of Roman Catholic parents. This question arose in Atlanta in 1873. On August 28, of that year, Mr. John H. Flynn, a member of the board, presented for its consideration a most important communication on this subject in the form of a petition. This petition was signed by Bishop Gross, of the Catholic Church of Savannah, by John H. Flynn, by Rev. John McCarty, and by 150 others. It was referred to a special committee, consisting of John H. Flynn, J. P. Logan, M. C. Blanchard, David Mayer and W. A. Hemphill.
On September 25 following, Mr. Flynn, as chairman of this committee, reported to the board of education as follows, with reference to separate Catholic schools: "We, the committee, after a due consideration of the respectful petition of a large number of our Catholic fellow citizens, beg leave to submit the following re port : 'In view of the eminent success of the public schools of the city of Atlanta, we deem it injudicious to make any change in the present policy of the board of education.' " This report was signed by J. P. Logan, David Mayer, W. A. Hemphill and M. C. Blanchard, and was adopted by the board.
Not satisfied, however, with the policy of the public schools in this respect, the Catholic patrons of them made another at tempt, in May, 1874, to have their children placed under the influ ence of Catholic teachers. On the 28th of this month another petition was presented to the board.
This petition was signed by T. Lynch, M. Mahoney, John Ryan, and 133 others, and \vas referred to a special committee of five, as follows: N. J. Hamnfiond, A. Austell, T. S. Powell, David Mayer and M. C. Blanchard. A majority of this commit tee reported on August 24, 1874, Substantially as follows : That while they entertained the disposition to accommodate so large and respectable a portion of their fellow citizens as has signed the petition, yet they were compelled,, to report adversely thereto. Their reasons were, however,, in A-part financial and temporary; but apart from such considerations, it was stated that the strength of the public school system lay iri the fact that it was built up and carried on by all the citizens in common. If a separate school should be established for the Catholics, consistency would require

288

Atlanta And Its Builders

that a separate school be established for every denomination that should ask it, or to extend the matter it would be necessary to es tablish a separate school for every man who holds such religious views as to make him unwilling that his children should attend a school in which those views may not be taught.
This report was signed by N. J. Hammond, David Mayer and M. C. Blanchard, and was adopted by the board. A minor ity report was presented, signed by the other two members of the committee, T. S. Powell and Alfred Austell. This report com bated all the positions taken by the majority. It laid particular stress on the fact that the Catholics only asked that moral and religious instruction be given to their children after school hours, when such children as were not Catholics had gone home, but this did not seem to have much weight with the board. No attempt has since been made to have separate schools for the Catholics, in any way. And the policy of the board has ever since been con sidered established, and is in accordance with settled American policy on this important subject.
At the beginning of this school year the Decatur street school was abolished, because the board found it necessary to economize. Another change made at this time looking toward economy, was that of the transfer of the boys' high school to the basement of the High School building, and still another change in the policy of the management was that of charging a tuition for all the children that might attend any of the schools. These changes were rendered necessary from the fact that by a change in the ci,ty charter the city government was unable to levy the taxes necessary to carry on the schools during the rest of the year 1876. Follow ing are the rates of tuition decided upon to carry on the schools up to January i, 1877: The high schools, all grades, $4 per month; grammar schools, first and second grades, $3 per month; third and fourth grades, $2.50 per month; fifth and sixth grades, $2 per month; seventh and eighth grades, $i per month, and in the colored schools, all grades, $1- per month.
On July 6, 1880, a committee of five was appointed to divide the city into rive grammar school districts, and upon the conclu sion of their labors they reported the following as the result:
Fair street school district.--Frazer street from the city limits to Butler street; Butler street to the Georgia railroad; the Geor-

Education

289

gia railroad to Collins street; Collins street to Foster street; and Foster street to the city limits.
Ivy street school district.--The southern line of this district was the northern line of the Fair street school district, the railroad from Collins street to Forsyth street; then on Forsyth to Church, on Church to West Cain, on West Cain to Williams, and on Williams to the city limits.
Marietta school district--Its west line was the Ivy street school district, and its southern line, Rhodes street from the rail road to the city limits.
Walker street school district.--Rhodes street on the north, Whitehall on the south, and the W. and A. railroad on the east.
Crew street school district.--Whitehall street on the west; the railroad on the north ; Butler and Frazer streets on the east.
As an illustration of the growth of the school population in excess of school facilities, the following statistics for September, 1880, may be given: The number of pupils admitted to the various schools was: Boys' high school, 97; Girls' high school, 194; Ivy street, 441 ; Crew street, 453; Walker street, 487; Mari etta street, 458 ; Fair street, 390 : Summer Hill, 240 : Haynes street, 243; Wheat street, 325 ; making a total of 3,328. Besides the above there were 300 pupils who held tickets of admission for whom there was no room--children between six and seven years of age. In order to make room for them the superintendent doubled the grades in the grammar schools in which the seats were not filled, and thus made room for the greater portion of the three hundred. A contract for the erection of a new school house was entered into in December, 1880, which was to be known as the Houston street school.
Calhoun street school was added in 1883, with Miss A. D. Fuller as principal, and K. P. Johnson became principal of the Mitchell street school.
On October i, 1884, the board decided to erect a temporary building for the Boys' High school on the high school lot. In February, 1885, the Crew street school house was burned down, and insurance was received on the building and furniture to the amount of $5,680.40. A contract was entered into with Fred S. Stewart, on March 31, 1885, for the erection of a new school
19-2

290

Atlanta And Its Builders

house of wood, to cost $5,400, and to be ready for occupancy by August 10, following. On May 13 plans were adopted for a new school house on Ira street, and the Ira street district was laid off with the following boundaries: From the city limits to Fair street, then west to the Central railroad, and then along the Central railroad to the city limits.
According to a report of J. C. Kimball to the board of educa tion, made November 26, 1885, the school property of the city of Atlanta at that time was as follows: Seven grammar schools for white children: Ivy street school, built in 1872, capacity 446; Crew street, built in 1872, capacity, 440; Walker street, built in 1872, capacity, 850; Marietta street, built in 1873, capacity, 440; Fair street, built in 1879, capacity, 440; Calhoun street, built in 1883, capacity, 440; Ira street, built in 1885, capacity, 240. The Calhoun street building was then considered the finest school building in Georgia. The Girls' High school building was bought in 1875, and remodeled. It had a capacity of 264. The boys' high school building was a temporary one, erected in 1884, an<J would seat 101. There were three schools for colored children: The Summer Hill school house, purchased from the Freedman's Aid Society in 1876, and which would seat 250. The Houston street school, built in 1880, capacity, 440; the Mitchell street school, built in 1883, capacity, 440. The total seating capacity of all the school houses in Atlanta was therefore 4,991.
By 1890 the public school system of Atlanta was an une quivocal success and fairly equal to the demands of the commu nity, although then, as now, the seating capacity of nearly every grammar school was insufficient. The following statistics for that year will be interesting in making comparisons with the conditions existing at present:

HIGH SCHOOLS

Number of teachers.........................

13

Male teachers.......................... 3

Female teachers........................ 10

Seating capacity............................

510

Hoys' High School..................... 131

Girls' High School...................... 379

Education

291

Enrollment for the year......................

638

Boys' High School...................... 173

Girls' High School...................... 465

GRAMMAR SCHOOLS

Number of teachers.........................

123

Male teachers.......................... 11

Female teachers........................ 99

Assistant teachers...................... 13

Seating capacity. ...........................

6,109

Ivy Street School....................... 450

Crew Street School..................... 450

Walker Street School................... 830

Marietta Street School.................. 450

Fair Street School...................... 450

Calhoun Street School................... 450

Ira Street School....................... 450

Davis Street School..................... 280

Boulevard School....................... 460

Colored Schools........................ 1,839

Enrollment for the year for the grammar schools.

7>77S

Ivy Street School....................... 613

Crew Street School..................... 595

Walker Street School................... i,018

Marietta Street School................. 550

Fair Street School...................... 558

Calhoun Street School................... 578

Ira Street School....................... 596

Davis Street School..................... 349

Boulevard School ....................... 545

Colored Schools........................ 2,373

Enrollment for the year in all schools. ..........

8,413

Transfers between city schools. ...............

172

Number of separate pupils enrolled. ...........

8,241

Average per cent, of attendance in all schools. . . .

94.8

Total seating capacity in all the schools. ........

>575

Cost of tuition per pupils. ...................

$ 16.67

Estimated value of public school property. ......$ 344,895.00

to VtQo

EXPENDITURES FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1890

1890.

*->

Salaries.

cr!

Supplies.

'rt

*s

Insurance. Printing.

Furniture.

-_bce

rt
4-1
cr.

C.

t3o



I"sc

January

........... I $

7,67000

$
T

February .......... 7,652 59

April .............. ! 77,,6637537778

7,68i 57

June ............... 7,691 50

July ............... 23000

August ............

September ......... 7,00650

October ............ 7,070 71 *7 Q*?f\ TT
November .......... 1 7,901 60 i

December .......... 9,809 30

II525 $ *J *J
22856 17373
8/04 40327 28356
3v1 1+5J 17900 48421 51026
1124;

9937 $ 17938 1,462 50

13\j5*j 27/ 28823

6725 '640

191 28 10630

i

41274 7t *5J ^9041
12346 ;
1 12 23

1,187 50 73600 615
3^o* 53 ^> 8300

Total ........... j$79,962 Q7!$2,78i 00^2407 3o!$3o84 33!

$

$

5*j 25*j

1470

$2,741 55 $ 6,89000 $6,40000 $ 23,916 17

4105 1950

9,58883

8,026 72

8,04905

1400 300
25370 7605 54 3O
58o

18000

49580 14620 242 25 4296

72490
1,645 90

55000
r,oio 81 4,06260
3,489 79 6,78946 8,916 87

8,29652 8,81436 1,271 96 6,41735 12,58475 12,932 50 15,79041
20,685 55

$426 8o|$i,i48 26j$5,i3i 85J$35,532 56|$64OO ooj $136,374 17

Amount charged to Public School Account by Council not Audited by the Board. ..................$ 1,15553 Total amount expended by the Public Schools in 1890 ......................................... 137,529 70

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The value of Atlanta's public school property in 1890 was reported to be:
Lots ..........'...............................$ 103,470 Buildings ..................................... 209,250 Furniture ..................................... 20,675 Apparatus .................................... 1,500

Total ....................................$ 334,895

Two large grammar schools--the State street school and the Fraser street school--with all modern improvements and furnish ings were completed during that year. The school population enumeration was returned as follows:

No. of Children between the ages of 6 and 18 yrs.

WARDS.
First ................... Second ................. Third .................. Fourth ................. Fifth .................. Sixth .................. " totals"".::..........

Whites.

t

(U

in

rt

*rt

6

^

fe

773 844 616 656
428 455 482 525
667 66 T 585 618
3.761

Colored.

B
VC/1 rt
6
UH

555 256 420 642 268 356
2.407

713 1OO
459
336 462 2.065

IS p
'rt
+-> 0
H
i,5i7
1,202 883
1,007 1,330
7.332

o

U

6

c
rt

2o^

.'<tui

o L)

X
*Z

"rt

' W----4

rt

O
H

O
H

1,268 556 879
i,337 604 818
5.462

2,885 1,848 1,762
2,344 1,934 2,O2 1
12.794

Two distinguished members of the board of education who died about this period were.Henry W. Grady (i88), and Joseph K. Brown (1894).
Two more grammar schools were completed and equipped in 1893, aml a "ig^t school was established as an experiment.
Atlanta's public schools have grown in capacity, efficiency and value in keeping with the city's advancement since 1890,

294

Atlanta And Its Builders

Many new school buildings have been erected since that time, among them the Boys' High school, the Edgewood avenue school, the Formwalt street school, the Williams street school and the Bell street school. The West End school has come under the control of the Atlanta school department. The Roach street school for negroes was erected in the last ten years.
Superintendent W. F. Slaton submits the following compari son between the years 1890 and 1900:

1890.

Buildings ........................

17

Seating capacity................... 6,575

Teachers .........................

136

Value of property. .................$ 334,895

1900. 24
io,399 230
$ 435,860

Besides the above number of regular teachers, there are three supervisors, or directors, and twenty-three supernumerary
teachers. The increase of buildings has been 7. The increase of seating capacity has been 3,824. The increase of the number of teachers is 94. The increase in the value of the property for the decade is
$100,965. The amendment to the city charter of December 10, 1897,
makes the mayor and the chairman of the public school committee of the city council ex-officio members of the board of education.
The organization of the Atlanta board of education for 1900 was: President, Hoke Smith; vice-president, Hamilton Doug las; secretary, L. M. Landrum; treasurer, Jos. T. Ornie; superin tendent, W. F. Slaton.
Members of the board of education, with time of expiration of office: A. C. Turner, first ward, May 28, 1904; Oscar Pappenheimer, second ward, May 28, 1904; E. P. Burns, third ward, May 28, 1905; Hamilton Douglas, fourth ward, May 28, 1905; W. B. Miles, fifth ward, May 28, 1901; Hoke Smith, sixth ward, May 28, 1901; Luther Z. Rosser, seventh ward, May 28, 1901; James G. Woodward, mayor, John S. Parks, chairman public school committee city council, ex-officio.

Education

295

Below will be found statistical information concerning the schools for the year 1900:

STATISTICS----JANUARY TO DECEMBER, IQOO, INCLUSIVE

Number Regular
Teachers

SCHOOLS



s<u

*rt .
<6u
iJn

Boys' High ...... 7

Girls' High ......

15

Ivv Street

9

Crew Street .....

16

Walker Street . . . i 15

Marietta Street. . .

9

Fair Street. ......

13

Calhoun .........

9

Ira Street. .......

9

Davis Street .....

7

Boulevard .......

10

State Strpet

ii

Fraser Street. ....

9

Edgewood Avenue *

9

Formwalt Street..

8

Williams Street.. .

9

West Fnd

10

Bell Street ......

7

Boys' Night.

3

Summer Hill.

i8

Houston Street... i 12

Mitchell Street...

9

Gray Street.

i8

Roach Street .....

_. 4

Total ....... 1 1 2IQ

EInnronloment cTlraundsfienrg
265 657 535
I,IO2 904 46l 809
555 528 356 533 546 487 550 456 525 555 150 198 780 1,290 746 750 503
14.241

NAuvmerbaegr e
Belonging
168.9 458.9 384.8 790.5 704.4 379-8 617.9 438.5 399-6 273.0 436.1 388.6 416.4 3857 375-8 371-0 428.8 332.3
I2O.2 649.5 9O8.2 564.3 5094 391-3
10.80^.9

Atendance
Average
161.4 434-3 367.0 724.6 655.8 364-3 579-9 409.3 372.2 250.1 410.1 356.0 391.0 356.4 355-0 338.7 402.0 297.6
73-6 608.2 861.9 5234 489.2 387.2 10.160.2

RTbraencsyf'edr Iinncnluodetd

PCoeenfrt, Atendance

Enrolment

<<_/>>
rt
V
CO

95-i 94-6 94-0 91.4 92.6
95-9 93-6
93-3 93-1 9i-5

125 146 106 80
99 63
79 39

482555071508 844436458551380008

94.0 87 492

91.7 43 519

94-3

98 450

92-3 38 460

94.1

80 387

91.2 82 460

93-8 48 501

89,S 222 355

78.6

52 140

93-9 . 39 470

94-7 37 670

97-4 5i 412

95-2 47 456

98.9

6 205

01. 1 i .670 11.260

Besides the above number of regular teachers, there are twenty-three supernumerary teachers and three directors, one of Music, one of Physical Culture and one of Drawing and Manual Training.
Cost per capita based on current expenses, and average number belonging ..................................................$ 13.694
Cost per capita based on total expenditures and average number belonging .................................................. 15-494
Amount appropriated by state for school purposes 1900. .......... 39,672.23

\

296

Atlanta And Its Builders

The following table shows the valuation of public school property in 1900:

SCHOOLS

Lot Size of Lot Building Furniture Total

Boys' High..... $ 10,000 oo Girls' High..... 10,000 oo Com. D. Girls' H. 12,500 oo Ivy Street. ..... 6,500 oo Crew Street ..... 6,000 oo Walker Street.. . 7,500 oo Marietta Street. . 10,000 oo Fair Street. ..... 6,000 oo Calhoun ....... 6,000 oo Ira Street...... 4,000 oo Davis Street. . . . 4,500 oo Boulevard ...... 10,000 oo State Street. .... 4,000 oo Fraser Street. . . . 5,000 oo Edgewood Ave. 8,000 oo Formwalt Street 5,000 oo Williams Street. 6,000 oo West End...... 5,000 oo Bell Street...... 4,000 oo Night School. .. . Summer Hill... . 3,000 oo Houston Street.. 3,000 oo Mitchell Street. . 3,000 oo Gray Street. .... 2,500 oo Roach Street. .. . 2,500 oo
Totals'7. . ". . $id4.ooo oo

I 00x200 $ 40,000 oo

IOOXIOO 25,000 oo

IOOXIOO 6,000 oo

100x250 7,000 oo

204x213 13,000 oo
155x247 8,000 oo 95x300 6,000 oo

180x2^7 11,000 oo

T COV2OO

8,000 oo

150x182 12,000 oo

151x240 4,000 oo

200x286 13,000 oo

150x250 12,000 oo

1 50x250 12,000 oo

140x400 16,000 oo

150x160 10,000 oo

1 50x200 13,000 oo
165x413 5,000 oo

100x215 13,000 oo

130^x218
18080xx113858
197x204 85^ x_243

5,000 oo 7,500 oo 5,000 oo
10,000 00
800 oo

i $262.100 oo

$ 750 oo 2,500 oo 750 oo 1,200 oo
I,2OO OO
2,750 oo
I,2OO OO
I,20O OO
I,2IO OO
T 22C OO
800 oo T ooe on
T 2OO OD
I,2OO OO
I,20O OO
800 oo 1,400 oo
fioo nn
T OOO OO
750 oo
I,2OO OO
1,500 oo 1,200 oo T 200 on
300 oo $2o.c;6o co

$ 50,750 oo 37,500 oo 19,250 oo 14,700 oo 20,200 oo 18,250 oo 17,200 oo 18,200 oo 15,210 oo
1*7 22C OO
9,300 oo 24,225 oo 17,200 oo 18,200 oo 25,200 oo 15,800 oo 20,400 oo 10,600 oo
18,000 oo 750 oo
9,200 oo 12,000 oo 9,200 oo 13,700 oo 3,600 oo
&nt;.86o oo

Value of lots estimated by Mr. Forrest Adair, Real Estate Agent.

About $40,000 was received from the state in 1901. During 1900 the city of Atlanta appropriated for the erection of new school houses and for the education of thirteen thousand children, the small sum of $128,928.62--less than ten per cent, of her total revenue.
THE SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEGE

The institutions for higher education for the white young men and women of the South are nearly all located in Atlanta's suburban villages. Prominent among these is the Southern Fe male College, located at College Park, an ideal residence and edu cational suburb founded ten years ago. This excellent institu tion is the nucleus around which the community grew up, and is among the most successful female colleges in the Southern States. It has a faculty of thirty teachers and there are three

W& P**t> ip r r- <*--*^*r*. fc r " i
Southern Female College, College Park

298

Atlanta And Its Builders

courses of study--a college of liberal arts, a school of fine arts, and a school of practical arts. The college of liberal arts em braces ten schools, including eight languages, and the various branches of natural science, with courses in literature and belleslettres. The schools of fine arts and practical arts embrace the subjects which their names indicate. In fine arts the institution is famous, especially for its musical department, which includes instruction in vocal music and on the piano, organ, harp, violin, violoncello and double bass, guitar, cornet, clarionet, flute, etc. With these come instruction in harmony, the theory and history of music, with elocution, penmanship, drawing and painting. A special feature of the musical department is a ladies' orchestra, consisting of thirty-two pieces. They render in artistic style difficult selections from the masters, and for twenty-five years have delighted critical audiences. Their Southern tours and later renditions at the Atlanta Exposition and elsewhere have at tracted wide attention.
The school of practical arts includes seven branches, such as dressmaking, cooking, bookkeeping, typewriting and stenog raphy.
In connection with this school there is normal instruction for pupils who desire to make teaching their profession.
The location is a commanding eminence on a thirty-acre cam pus, which has a frontage of one thousand feet on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad. The site of the college building is thir teen hundred feet above the sea level, two hundred feet higher than the highest portions of Atlanta.
The college building is the largest in Georgia, and one of the largest in the Southern States. It is a four-story structure of brick and stone, two hundred and forty feet long, one hundred feet wide at the ends and one hundred and forty feet wide at the center, with a dome rising above the fourth lloor. A passenger elevator gives quick and easy access to the upper stories, and the entire .building is equipped with water pipes and electric lights. There is a spacious chapel, a commodious library of five thousand volumes, a museum with eight thousand natural history speci mens, and well-equipped chemical and physical laboratories. The musical equipment includes a large pipe organ and forty-six pianos, and the art studios are furnished with statuary, casts and

Scene on the Campus of Southern Female College, College Park

300

Atlanta And Its Builders

models. This institution has its own waterworks, and its elec tric light and steam-heating plants, and the clock in the tower not only strikes the hours, but rings the changes for recitations on electric bells in the recitation rooms. The college is connected by telephone with Atlanta, and a convenient schedule gives oppor tunity for attendance upon the lectures of the Atlanta Lyceum Association and other events of educational value in the city.

THE AGNES SCOTT INSTITUTE
The Agnes Scott Institute is located at Decatur, one of th$ most charming of Atlanta's suburbs. The building is in the cen ter of a five-acre campus, in the midst of a grove of beautiful oaks. The structure is four stories high, of brick and marble, and well built throughout. It has telephonic connection with Atlanta, and is easily accessible by the Georgia Railroad and two electric lines from the city. The main building is 190x54 feet, and is heated by steam, furnished with electric lights, well ventilated and furnished with hot and cold water and all modern conveniences. The dormitory rooms are carpeted and finished in solid oak. The recitation rooms and chapel occupy the first floor and the upper stories constitute the dormitory. This institution was founded seven years ago by Colonel George W. Scott, of Atlanta, who named it in honor of his mother, Mrs. Agnes Scott. The build ings and grounds cost $120,000, and the institution is self-sustain ing. It draws its patronage of 230 students from the States of Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Illinois and Colorado, about one-fourth of them coming from States other than Georgia. The faculty is composed of seventeen teachers, and the curriculum compares favorably with that of similar insti tutions. The work done is thorough, and the reputation of the institution has steadily grown since its foundation.
THK WASHINGTON SEMINARY
This institution, which occupies a handsome building near the corner of North avenue and Peachtree streets, has in a com paratively few years attained an enviable prestige among the edu cational institutions of Atlanta. In 1901 there was an attend ance of over 200 students from Georgia and adjacent

V. i M-/ & -i
^\ I//-
The Agnes Scott Institute In the suburbs of Atlanta, Ga.

302

Atlanta And Its Builders

States. Several of the teachers are graduates of Vassar and Wellesley colleges, and others were educated in foreign schools of reputation. The course is divided into primary, intermediate and collegiate departments, with courses of study including schools of English, English literature, mathematics, ancient languages, modern languages, science, his tory, music, art and reading, oratory and physical culture. The principal, Mrs. W. T. Chandler, occupies the chair of French, mental and moral philosophy, history and art. Under her man agement the school has enjoyed wonderful prosperity and growth. Its attendance is composed of the daughters of the best families of Atlanta and other communities.

THE SOUTHERN MILITARY COLLEGE
The Southern Military College is located at College Park, within a short distance of the Southern Female College, and is intended to furnish for boys educational facilities similar to those afforded by the latter institution. The course includes the regu lar college curriculum, with a preparatory department and gram mar school in addition.
The departments are as follows: Collegiate, preparatory, grammar school, primary'school, military department, normal de partment, school of elocution and oratory, school of music, and commercial school. In the collegiate department there are clas sical, philosophical, scientific and literary courses. The faculty includes ten well-equipped teachers, and the total attendance is 129, principally from Georgia, with a few from Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, New Jersey and New York, and two from South America.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO
Atlanta is making the most of the negro, and not only pro vides rudimentary education for colored children in public schools, but has six institutions of higher education elaborately equipped and liberally endowed. These are the Atlanta University, Spehnan Seminary, Clark University, Gammon Theological Seminary, Morris Brown College and the Atlanta Baptist College. The Chancellor of the University of Georgia has repeatedly stated that in equipment and in faculty these institutions are fully equal, if

Education

303

not superior, to the University of Georgia and the other colleges for the education of white people. It is important to know that in two of these institutions the practical side of education receives much attention. At Clark University and at Spelman Seminary negro men are taught various trades and negro women are trained, not only in all kinds of domestic economy, but as nurses for hospitals, etc.
CLARK UNIVERSITY
Early in the year 1869 a primary school was opened in "Clark Chapel," on Fraser street, by Rev. James W. Lee and wife. The chapel, an ordinary wooden structure, has long since dis appeared, and the ground on which it stood is occupied by tene ment houses. The school thus started, proving a success, was adopted by the Freedmen's Aid Society, and has been supported by that society ever since. In the course of its development the institution changed site several times.
A charter was secured in 1877, when the institution was named Clark University, in honor of Bishop D. W. Clark, who visited this section of country shortly after the war and organized the Southern conferences. His extensive library is now a part of the library of the school.
On the loth of February, 1880, the corner-stone of "Chrisman Hall" was laid, and Bishop Matthew Simpson delivered the address. This building wras largely the gift of Mrs. Eliza Chrisman, of Topeka, Kan. "Warren Hall," the large dormi tory for girls, was named for Bishop Henry W. Warren, who was instrumental in raising a considerable part of the funds to erect it. The entire credit must also be given to Bishop Warren for the establishment of the industrial plant in connection with the university. Beginning in narrow quarters, the industrial de partment soon found another friend in the person of Mr. Stephen Ballard, of Brooklyn, New York, who erected its main building, known as "Ballard Hall." The property of the school is valued at $400,000. Instruction has been given to about 1,000 students. The large majority of the graduates are either teaching or preach ing, while those from the industrial department are following the trades for which they fitted themselves.

304

Atlanta And Its Builders

Clark University is located about two miles south of the At lanta, union depot. A more detailed history of the school is as follows: Early in 1869, Rev. J. W. Lee and his wife opened a primary school in Clark chapel, in this city, which, proving a suc cess, was adopted by the Freedmen's Aid Society. Rev. D. W. Hammond was appointed principal of the school, and Miss Leila Fuller and Miss Mary Dickinson, assistants. Later in the same year the Summer Hill school-house was purchased, and the school transferred to that building. Miss Lou Henly succeeded the Rev. Mr. Hammond, as principal, and her assistants were Miss Lizzie Henly and Miss Kittic Johnson. In the fall of 1870 Uriah Cleary became the principal, and his assistants were Miss Sallie Fichelberger and Mrs. Lee. In September, 1871, the Rev. I. Marcy took charge of the school, having as his assistants Mrs. Mary Oldfield and her daughter, Miss Olilfiekl. During the suc ceeding winter Rev. L. D. Barrows, 1). I)., taught a class in the ology in the basement of Loyd street church, and in the following spring property on Whitehall street was purchased, about one mile from the Union depot, and the school was located there until the erection of the magiiifificent college building known as the Chrisman building, named in honor of Mrs. FJiza Chrisman, who con tributed $10,000 toward its erection. The land upon which this building, with two others belonging to this university, stands, was purchased with money raised by the late Bishop Gilbert Haven, by personal solicitation all over the country, from Maine to Cali fornia, and from the (iulf of Mexico to the Northern lakes. The tract at first consisted of about four hundred and fifty acres, to which about nineteen acres have since been added. On this nine teen acres stands the (iammon School of Theology, the history of which is given in subsequent pages. Chrisman Hall cost about $30,000, the other $20,000, added to the $10,000 given by Mrs. Chrisman, being raised by Bishop Haven and Dr. Rust, the lat ter working in behalf of the Frcedmen's Aid Society.
The courses of study in this university are as follows: Col lege course of four years, college preparatory course of three, years, and a business course of three years. The industrial de partment embraces the following schools: Of carpentry, of agri culture, of printing, of iron working, and of domestic economy,

Education

305

of wood-working; of trimming, of painting, and of harness-mak ing. A nurse training department was added in the fall of 1887. In the business course the following subjects are taught: Book keeping, actual business, banking, commercial calculations, com mercial law, telegraphy and phonography. There is also a de partment of music, in which instruction is given on the piano and organ. The piano course embraces four years study, as also does the organ course, though the two courses are the same for the first two years. In the organ course the third and fourth years are devoted exclusively to the organ.
Chrisman Hall, the main edifice, is a large, commodious building heated by steam, and well adapted to school work. The two lower stories are devoted to recitation rooms, waiting rooms, etc.; the two upper, to professors' rooms, young men's dormi tory and chapel.
The chapel occupies the third floor of the south wing, and will accommodate an audience of six hundred. The dormitory accommodates one hundred students.
Warren Hall contains the boarding department and young women's dormitory. The dining hall is large enough to seat comfortably two hundred students; the dormitory accommodates ninety. The building is well equipped with kitchen, laundry, store room, cold storage, etc.
Thayer Home, as its name indicates, is modeled after a real home, and is furnished with all modern improvements. It ac commodates about thirty young women, who are taught cooking and housekeeping as practiced in a well ordered household.
Ballard Hall is a brick structure, the gift of Stephen Ballard of Brooklyn, N. Y. The first floor is occupied by the Indus trial Department. Large, well equipped Chemical and Bio logical laboratories and lecture room occupy t'.ie second floor.
The Ironworking Department occupies a one-story brick building.
In addition to these buildings are five cottages used as teachers' residences.
The new century opened with bright prospects for Clark University. The attendance is large and interest in the work of the school growing. The present faculty is as follows: Rev.
20-2

306

Atlanta And Its Builders

Charles Manly Melden, Ph. D., president, mental, moral and political science; William Henry Grogman, A. Mi, Latin and Greek languages and literature; Charles Henry Turner, M. S., biology; Arthur Willis Rowell, pedagogy, principal Normal School; Carrie Maria Clement, A. B., mathematics and German; Ella Maria Stanley, Ph. B., French, English and history; Flora Mitchell, domestic economy, superintendent Thayer Home; Kittie Warner Griggs, preceptress, teacher seventh and eighth grades; Sibyl Eliza Abbott, A. M., fifth and sixth grades; Josie Emma Holmes, fourth grade; Marie Isabel Hardwick, first, second and thirci grades; Jennie Blanche Haverly, B. Mus., instru mental and vocal music; Addie Louise Melden, matron; War ren Hall, registrar.
ATLANTA UNIVERSITY
The Atlanta University was incorporated in 1867 and opened in 1869. It is a Christian institution, unsectarian in its manage ment, and wholly controlled by an independent board of trustees. It owns four large brick buildings, on sixty-five acres of land, one mile from the center of the city. It has a library of ten thou sand volumes, apparatus and other equipment, the total value of the whole property being perhaps $250,000. The endowment is only about $33,000, most of which is for the purpose of aiding needy students. The attendance is about 300, air in the upper departments, as the lower departments were dropped in 1894. The number of graduates is 317. These, with hundreds of past under graduates, are engaged in teaching, in preaching, in business, and in other useful work in Georgia and surrounding States.
This institution is located in the western part of the city of Atlanta, at the west end of West Mitchell street. Here the trus tees own a fine body of land, upon which are a group of handsome university buildings, viz.: two dormitories, the "North Hall," the "South Hall," "Stone Hall," and the "Knowlcs Industrial Build ing." This institution is one of the results of the general move ment for the education of the newly enfranchised and densely ignorant colored race, which was started by Northern philan thropists immediately after the close of the civil war, by the Freedrnen's and numerous other Northern aid societies. The most

Education

307

prominent of these societies was the American Missionary Asso ciation, which for several years supported nearly one hundred teachers in Georgia. These teachers and the officers of the Freedmen's Bureau and of the American Missionary Association soon both saw and felt the necessity for higher education for the blacks, and Atlanta, on account of its central and healthful loca tion, was selected as the best place for such a school. In order to crystalize this sentiment into a fact, a board of trustees was or ganized in October, 1867, and a charter was granted by the Su perior Court of the county. This board of trustees was as fol lows: E. A. Ware, A. M., William Jennings, James M. Willis, James Atkins, A. M., Rev. Joseph Wood, J. B. Fuller, Charles H. Morgan and Rev. C. W. Francis, A. M., all of Atlanta; and Rev. George Whipple, D. D., and Rev. E. P. Smith, A. M., of New York city, and John A. Rockwell of Macon. Money was secured from the Freedmen's Bureau and from other sources, and the present site of nearly sixty acres of land beautifully situated in the western part of the city was purchased.
The petition for the incorporation of the Atlanta University was presented to the Fulton County Superior Court on the I5th of October, 1867, and was signed by George Whipple, Edward P. Smith, E. M. Cravath, James Atkins, J. B. Fuller, William Jen nings, John A. Rockwell, Joseph Wood, Edmund A. Ware, James S. Dunning and Frederick Ayer. A majority of these petitioners resided in Fulton county. The order of the court, in response to their petition, was granted on the same day the petition was presented to the court. It was to the effect that they, having petitioned to be incorporated and made a body politic, under the name of "the trustees of the Atlanta University/' and publica tion having been made as by law required, and there appearing no objection thereto, it was ordered and adjudged by the court that said parties together with such other persons as now are or may hereafter be associated with them be, and they are hereby incor porated, and to be located in or near Atlanta.
North Hall was erected in i86g, the corner-stone being laid in June, the building being erected in the summer, and being occu pied by the school in October. It is a plain, four-story brick build ing, containing as first erected, sleeping rooms for about forty

3 o8

Atlanta And Its Builders

pupils, and also a parlor, dining-room, kitchen, etc. It was de signed as a dormitory for girls, but during the first year it fur nished accommodations for the entire school. Great incon venience resulted from this arrangement, and another building, "South Hall," was erected in 1870, being completed in August of that year. This building is considerably larger than the former one, containing sleeping rooms for about sixty boys, besides study halls and recitation rooms for the grammar school students. There is also in the first story of this building a reading-room and a bookstore for the sale of text books, stationery, etc.
Stone Hall was erected in 1882 by means of funds received as a gift from Mrs. Valeria G. Stone, of Maiden, Mass. It stands between North Hall and South Hall, and contains the chapel and librarv* ,? school-room,* recitation rooms and lecture rooms for the more advanced pupils, the philosophical and chemical laboratory, etc.
The Knowles Industrial building was erected in 1884, fr the use of the mechanical department. It is a memorial of the late L. J. Knowles, of Worcester, Mass., his widow having appropri ated from his estate $6,000 for its erection. The building is of brick, 100 by 44 feet, and three stories high. One room in this building is furnished with thirty carpenters' benches, each thor oughly fitted up with tools. In another room are twelve woodturning lathes, run by steam. A large forge room has been added recently, and twelve forges and anvils have been in use during the year 1887-88. A large room has also been fitted up for mechan ical drawing, and has been in use since January, 1888.
The history of this institution is of great interest and value, furnishing, as it does, a partial solution of the question of the pos sibility of the education of the colored race. It has been demon strated by the experience of this university that some individuals of that race can attain to a certain elevation; whether they can reach the great elevations attained by the greatest minds of the Grecian, the Roman, the English or the American nations, can only be solved by generations far distant in the future. Each generation, as it comes upon the stage of action, can only perform its small proportion of duty. As will be seen later in this sketch, the professors who have had the responsibilities resting upon

Education

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them, and the students who have attended here, have performed their several parts to the best of their ability. The reports of the various State boards of examiners are relied upon to sustain this statement.
The school opened in October, 1869, with the following fac ulty: E. A. Ware, A. JVL, Thomas N. Chase, A. M., Mrs. Thomas N. Chase, Mrs. Lucy E. Case, Miss Fannie Gleason, Miss Carrie Gordon and Miss Lucia A. Kingman. The number of students that attended the first year was sixty-two males and twenty-seven females, fifty-six of whom were boarders and thirtythree day scholars. The departments which were in operation that year were the preparatory and normal, and a beginning was made in the agricultural department. About five acres of land were put under cultivation. The Normal School afforded an op portunity to gain practice in teaching, which was one of the main objects of the university.
The theological class was opened in October, 1870, but in this department, so far as the institution itself was concerned, great care was taken to avoid sectarian bias, though different de nominations were offered the privilege of appointing lecturers to present their views on controverted topics.
The legislature of the State at its session of 1874 almost unanimously passed an act making an annual appropriation of $8,000 to the institution, on the condition that the board of vis itors from the State university should also visit this school, that the money should not be paid until three commissioners (who the first year were Chancellor A. A. Lipscomb, D. D., Professor Wil liam Le Roy Broun, A. M., and Professor William L. Mitchell, A. M.), members of the faculty of the University of Georgia, had approved the plan of the trustees of the university for the expendi ture of the money, and that the institution should educate, free of tuition, one pupil for each member of the House of Represent atives; these pupils to be nominated by the members themselves. This year tuition in music was fixed at $2 per month, and $i per month was charged for the use of the instrument one hour per day.
In 1874 the board of trustees was reduced to ten, and con sisted of the following members: K. A. Ware, A. M., Rev.

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Joseph Wood, J. B. Fuller, Rev. C. W. Francis, A. M., Charles H. Morgan and Thomas N. Chase, A. M., all of Atlanta, the Rev. George Whipple, A. M., and Rev. E. M. Cravath, A. M., both of New York city, James Atkins, A. M., of Savannah, and Rev. Wil liam J. White, of Augusta. The officers of the board were the same, except that Thomas N. Chase was the treasurer. The fac ulty was largely increased, and was as follows: Edmund A. Ware, A. M., president, and professor of history; Thomas N. Chase, A. M., professor of Greek; Rev. George W. Walker, A. M., profes sor of mathematics; Rev. Cyrus W. Francis, A. M., professor of ethics and Christian evidences; Rev. John E. Smith, A. M,, pro fessor of Latin; Josq)h B. Holt, teacher of gardening and farm ing; Mrs. Thomas N. Chase, teacher of reading; Miss Emma C. Ware, teacher of history and Latin; Mrs. George W. Walker, teacher of algebra and grammar; Miss Mattie A. Gerrish, pre ceptress and teacher of music; and Mrs. Lucy E. Case, Miss Fan nie F. Ford, Miss Amanda C. Scammel and Mrs. Joseph B. Holt, teachers of English branches. Mrs. Mary L. Santley was the matron.
The commissioners to approve the plan of the trustees for the expenditure of the State appropriation were Chancellor H. H. Tucker, D. D., Professor William Le Roy Broun, A. M., and Professor William L. Mitchell, A. M., members of the faculty of the State university.
For the year 1875-76 the trustees remained the same as for the previous year. To the faculty the following additions were made: A. A. Murch, A. B., instructor in mathematics; and Rev. Horace Bumstead, A. M., instructor in natural science.
The first permanent fund established in connection with this university was the Plainfield scholarship fund, of $300, estab lished in 1872. The Graves library fund of $5,000 was estab lished in 1872, by R. R. Graves, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Tuthill King, of Chicago, in 1882, established the King scholarship fund of $5,000. Mr. J. H. Cassedy, of New York, in the same year, established the Cassedy scholarship fund of $5,000. The Hon. William E. Dodge, in his will, founded the Dodge scholarship fund of $5,000. "A friend," in 1883, founded the Hastings scholarship fund of $1,000. The Garfield scholarship fund was

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started in 1883, and is being raised in the South by private sub scription. It is the design to make this a fund of $1,000. Mrs. Sarah C. Boyd, of Bradford, Mass., previous to her death, found ed the Malcolm Boyd scholarship fund of $500. In addition to these, the trustees of the Slater fund, in 1883-84, made an appro priation of $2,000, and in 1884-85, a like amount; since which time they have annually made an appropriation of $1,400.
It is probable that the work of no school in this or any other country has been subject to the rigid scrutiny which has been brought to bear upon this one. This work has been critically examined every year since 1871.
From the first annual report of a committee, of which exGovernor Joseph E. Brown was chairman, the following extract is taken:
"The Atlanta University was incorporated in the year 1867, and has now been in active operation about two years. Designed to afford opportunity for thorough education to members of a race only recently elevated to citizenship, and much of its pre scribed curriculum of studies being of a higher grade than that of other institutions'of the South, whose doors are open to pupils of color, it is, in our section of the country, a novel enterprise, concerning the success and usefulness of which much interest is felt all over the Union.
"Many of the pupils exhibited a degree of mental culture, which, considering the length of time their minds have been in training, would do credit to members of any race."
The regular course of study in the Atlanta University con templates a period of fifteen years from the beginning of instruc tion in books to the consummation of the degree of B. A. This period is divided into four grades, as follows: First, a period of three years, known as the primary school; second, a period of five years, known as the grammar school; third, a period of three years, known as the college preparatory course; fourth, a period of four years, known as the college course.
One feature of the work of this university merits special at tention, and that is the influence it is constantly exerting upon the
African race at largo through the numerous teachers it is putting into the educational field. Of the large number of graduates,

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about two-thirds are engaged in teaching schools attended by pupils of their own color, many of them being principals of city schools. Of those who have not been able to take more than a partial course in this university, a large number, probably a thou sand, are likewise engaged in teaching school, so that the influ ence of the university in elevating the colored race is constant ly and powerfully felt throughout Georgia and other Southern
States. During the year 1887-88 special efforts were made by the
university to secure from its friends the funds necessary to make up the amount of the discontinued State appropriation. Several months were spent by Professor Bumstead in a canvass at the North with this object in view, and his efforts and ap peal were widely endorsed by the public press and by promi nent individuals without regard to sect or party. As a result of all the efforts made the university received in cash donations about $17,600, a sum amply sufficient, with the usual income from other sources, to meet all the current expenses for the year.
During the same year the enrollment of students exceeded by about twenty-five per cent, that of any previous year. Work in all the departments has proceeded with the usual success, especially in the industrial department, in which important additions in equipment and instruction have been made. The outlook of the university for prosperity and usefulness was perhaps never better than at the present time.
ATLANTA BAPTIST COLLEGE
Atlanta Baptist College, is a Christian school, operated by the American Baptist Home Mission Society, for the education of negro young men and boys. Its campus occupies the block bounded by Chestnut, Fair, Ashby streets and Columbus avenue.
Atlanta Baptist College is the outgrowth of a movement which was begun in 1867 in the city of Augusta, Ga., for provid ing educational facilities for the Baptist youth of the state. A school was started in Augusta in that year and was called the "Augusta Institute." In 1869, the Home Mission Society began to render assistance and in 1871 Rev. Jos. T. Robert, LL. D., a southern man, was appointed president, a position which he held until his death in 1884. Dr. Robert thus wrote of the work as it was when he became connected with it:

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"The entire enterprise was then looked upon with extreme disfavor by most of the whites in the community. By many, indeed, intense odium was associated with its assumed manage ment. The buildings were dilapidated and needed repairs every where. There was not an article of any kind in them belonging to the Institute. A few nails in the walls and a few books on a bench constituted its entire equipment."
Augusta is situated on the extreme eastern edge of the state. In 1879 it was decided to remove the work to Atlanta. A lot was secured, a substantial two-story building was erected and the name of the institution was changed to "Atlanta Baptist Sem inary."
After the death of Dr. Robert, Rev. Samuel Graves was ap pointed president, holding the position tiH 1890. The surround ings of the school had in the meantime grown so unfavorable that a change of location was decided upon. The new site on the outskirts of the city in close proximity to the grounds of Spelman Seminary, comprised one and a half acres of land in an elevated position. A building was erected at a cost of $27,000 and was opened to students for the first time in 1890. In the old building there was no provision for a boarding department. In the new building there were dormitories, dining-room, kitchen, etc., and a boarding department was established.
The opening of this building and the gathering of the students within its walls was the beginning of a new life for the school. From that time there has been steady growth in the equipment, the buildings, in the strengthening and perfecting of the courses and in the character of the students, and it can now be said that the school ranks with the best schools in the South. In 1897, m accordance with the development that had taken place in the school, the name was changed to "Atlanta Baptist College."
In 1878 the first catalogue of the school was issued, in which the names of all the students who had been connected with it up to that time, so far as the record showed, appeared. In the list are the names of many who afterwards became prominent in the denomination in the state. Of those still living may be men tion Dr. W. J. White, editor of the Georgia Baptist, one of the ablest colored papers in the South; Dr. C. T. Walker, now pastor

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of Mount Olivet Baptist church, New York city; Rev. G. A. Goodwin, professor in the theological department of the college. Besides these the names of Judson W. Lyons, now register of the U. S. Treasury, appears, and also Rev. H. L. Holsey, now bishop of the C. M. E. church. Among later graduates are to be found the president of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia, president of the Georgia Baptist Education Society, president of the Sunday School Workers of the State, besides pastors of most of the leading churches.
The school did not begin regularly to graduate its students until 1884. Since that time, 125 have been graduated from its various courses, theological, collegiate, normal and academic. Of these, ten have died, twenty-five are pursuing higher courses of study, eight are practising physicians, five are in business, twentyfive are teachers, fourteen are principals of schools, thirty-three are pastors or missionaries, five are not reported. Thus twenty per cent, of our graduates are pursuing higher courses and of the remainder seventy-two per cent, are either teachers or ministers. Besides these a host of men have achieved success both as teachers and preachers who were students for a longer or shorter period but did not finish any of the courses. Many of these men have homes of their own and work gardens or small farms and thus set the example of thrift and economy to their people.
The campus contains about twelve and one-half acres. It is 350 feet wide by 1,400 long. It is on a hill and overlooks the city and surrounding country. The situation is a most desirable one. The grounds have been greatly improved, about five acres are cultivated as a school garden with good results. The front of the campus has been graded, terraced and ornamented with shrubs and ilowers. About 200 trees have been planted and walks and drives have been made. Adjoining the premises is a fine piece of vacant ground that could be secured for an enlargement of the campus.
The buildings are as follows :
i. Graves Hall, named by the trustees in honor of Dr. Sam uel Graves, under whose administration it was built, was erected in 1890. This is a beautiful and substantial building of brick, 150x50 feet, four stories and basement. It contains chapel,

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library, dining-room and kitchen, five class-rooms, president's and teachers' apartments and students' dormitories. The 'furnishings of the chapel and class-rooms are good; that of the dormitories is old and shows signs of wear; that of the dining-room is most inadequate, as indeed is the dining-room and kitchen accommoda tion.
2. Quarles Memorial Hall, named for one of the oldest negro Baptist pastors in the state, was built in 1898. This build ing is also of brick, 40x60 feet, three stories above basement. It contains six large class-rooms, three laboratories and science lec ture room, four teachers' rooms, besides a commodious basement in which are cloak and toilet rooms. The furniture in this build ing is all new and modern. The laboratories are well arranged, with drainage, water and gas in every room. The gas is gene rated by a gas machine on the grounds. About $1,500 worth of well selected apparatus forms the laboratory equipment.
Quarles Hall was built largely from the material of the old Seminary building which was abandoned in 1890. It was erected at a cost of $7,400. It could not be built to-day for less than $12,000. After nearly three years' use it has been found to be a satisfactory building, well adapted to its purpose. It provides class-room accommodation for the theological, collegiate and academic courses.
3. A laundry building of wood, 30x60, two stories, a good building with brick foundation. It has stationary tubs, water heaters and drainage, but the equipment is primitive and should he replaced by more modern apparatus.
4. A barn of wood, 38x40 feet, two stories, with stables under one end. We have a horse and two cows, wagon, buggy, implements, barrows, shovels, etc., for work on grounds.
These buildings are all substantial, well built and in a good state of repair.
. By arrangement with Spelman Seminary the work of the collegiate department for both schools is done in Quarles Hall. Thus the assistance of Spelman teachers is had in the work of that department, five classes having.been taught by them during the present year. Students of the college have access to the teachers' professional department of Spelman Seminary.

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SPELMAN SEMINARY
This school as established in 1881 as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary. The first term opened with eleven pupils April n, 1881, in the basement of the Friend ship Baptist Church. The teachers were at that time Miss S. B. Packard and Miss H. E. Giles. These two ladies have always been the principals of the school,, but from time to time as the ne cessity has arisen, other teachers have been added, until now the school is thoroughly supplied with an excellent corps of instruc tors in all of its departments. At first the majority of the stu dents were full grown women, some of them married. Their numbers increased so rapidly that the basement of Friendship Church soon became too small, and when the United States sol diers were removed from the old barracks, the northeastern por tion of the site was purchased, to the extent of about ten acres. In the early part of 1883 the school was opened in the barracks hos pital building, afterward known as "Union Hall." Four build ings formerly used as barracks by the soldiers are now used as dormitories by the students of this seminary.
The courses of study laid down at the beginning were three: Preparatory, normal and academic. The preparatory course was of two years, the normal of three and the academic of four. The highest studies in the academic course, those for the third term of the fourth year, were'botany, civil government, or Latin and French, mental science, and oral lessons, and the practice of do mestic economy and aesthetics. .
This school has ever since its establishment been conducted under the auspices of the American Baptist Home Mission So ciety of New York, and it has been supported by the Woman's American Home Mission Society of Boston,' Mass.
The name of the school was changed to the "Spelman Baptist Seminary" in 1883. This name was conferred on the seminary because of the large donation made to it by the Hon. John D. Rockefeller, toward the payment for the property. This dona tion insured the institution to be kept as a sch<x)l for girls and women, in honor of the father of the wife of Mr. Rocke feller, Mr. Spelman. Mr. Spelman had for more than forty

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years been a firm friend of the colored race, and al a time when it cost much to defend the enslaved. Mr. Spelman was a native of Ohio, and lived there most of his life, but died in New York, at the age of seventy, in 1881.
Union Hall, mentioned above as at one time the barracks building, was accidentally destroyed by fire in 1886. The chief buildings now occupied by the seminary are "Rockefeller Hall" and "Packard Hall." Rockefeller Hall was so named in honor of John D. Rockefeller, of New York, who contributed largely toward its erection. The entire length of this building is 135 feet, the main building being 49 by 74, and three stories high above the basement, and the wings being 44 by 43 feet, and also three stories high. The entire building is finished in Georgia pine and is heated by steam and lighted by gas. The cost of this building was about $40,000. Packard Hall is also a brick struc ture, two stories high above a basement, and is designed for din ing-room, kitchen, dormitories and study halls. It is named in honor of Miss Packard, the principal of the seminary, and cost together with a large kitchen in the rear, $17,000, and the furnish ing cost $5,000.
The site of this seminary is one of the most eligible and beautiful about Atlanta. From the cupola of Rockefeller Hall is obtained a view of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the peaks of Kenesaw and Lost Mountain being very prominent objects. Stone Mountain is also in full view, and many points of historic interest connected with the late war.
Miss Harriet E. Giles, the founder, is still at the head of Spel man Seminary as its president. Lucy H. Upton is the dean.
The average enrollment of this institution from 1883 to 1902 has been 618, there being at present 669 students and 42 teachers. Under the presidency of Miss Harriet E. Giles, Spelman has ob tained a high degree of efficiency. Tt has graduated a number of young women who are earning lucrative salaries as trained nurses, and good wages in industrial pursuits. The school for the training of nurses is one of the most important in this section. Tt is under the direction of graduates of the Nurses' Training School of Illinois, and the Cook County Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago. The industrial department includes training in the

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best domestic work; cooking, housekeeping and sewing, and in printing and dressmaking. Training on these practical lines is accompanied by instruction in English studies and by normal training for those who desire to become teachers. There are the usual academic and college courses, with an especial training course for missionaries. The institution has 248 graduates in the different departments.
Spelman Seminary is a school for negro girls. It aims to lay a foundation of Christian character, to train in womanly in dustries and to give a literary education that will prepare for a useful life, Mr. Rockefeller having been the largest donor to the school, having given over a quarter of a million dollars, designated for buildings and permanent improvements.
The school year consists of thirty-two consecutive weeks, from the first of October until the middle of May. The vital part of the school instruction is in its Bible study, its Christian Endeavor, Christian Association and Missionary societies, its daily devotions, its Sunday school and Sunday afternoon preach ing services and its prayer meetings. All the domestic work of the institution is done by the students, each of whom must work an hour every day. Some pay their entire way by their labor.
The campus contains twenty acres, and is completely sur rounded bv./ a beautiful iron fence. The walks and drives are of crushed stone. The Walker street electric cars pass the main entrance.
The buildings are: Reynolds Cottage, the president's resi dence; Rockefeller Hall, contains Howe Memorial chapel, the offices, public reception rooms, recitation rooms and dormi tories; Packard Hall, contains Quarles Library, music rooms, the printing office, dressmaking room, domestic science rooms, study hall and dormitories; Giles Hall, contains assembly and recitation rooms for the teachers' professional work and dormitories; Mor gan Hall, contains dining rooms and kitchens, and study halls and dormitories; Morehotise Hall, contains study halls and dormi tories; MacVicar Hospital, contains administration rooms, pri vate rooms and two wards--one for students and one for outside surgical patients--with thirty-five beds and a modern operating room; the laundry, contains a washing room with eighty-three

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porcelain tubs, a drying room and an ironing room. A steam plant furnishes steam heat, electric lighting and hot water for all the buildings.
The courses of instruction are: Literary--English prepara tory, nine years, leading to High School courses; academic (Eng lish high), four years, leading to a diploma; college preparatory (classical high), four years, leading to a diploma; Christian workers', two years, leading to a diploma; teachers' professional, open to High School graduates, one to three years, leading to a diploma; college, four years, leading to the degree of bachelor of arts. Industrial--Nurse training, three years, leading to a di ploma ; printing, two or three years, leading to a certificate; sew ing, seven years, leading to a certificate; dressmaking, three years, leading to a certificate; cooking and domestic arts, three years, leading to a certificate; laundry work, leading to a certifi cate. Musical--Vocal music, instrumental music (piano and organ).
GAMMON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
Gammon Theological Seminary was founded in 1883, with Rev. W. P. Thirkield, A. M., D. U., at its head. This institu tion, which is designed to educate young colored men for the min istry under the charge of the Methodist Episcopal church, has had a remarkable growth and is one of the strongest and best endowed institutions of its kind in the country. Its grounds and build ings are valued at $100,000, and the library building contains over 11,000 volumes, constituting the finest theological library in the South. The endowment of the institution is fully $600,000, and its work is entirely theological. Its graduates hold prominent positions in the leading towns and cities of the South. A score 'of states and foreign countries are represented in the alumni.
In 1882, when Bishop Warren made Atlanta his place of residence and the center of his labors, the prospect was that a separate school of theology could find enough to do, in case it could be established. Here the Freedmen's Aid Society, with the co-operation of Bishop Gilbert Haven, had laid the foundation for a great institution of learning by the purchase of about 450 acres of land one-half mile south of the southern limits of the city of At-

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lanta. Clark University was moved to this location in 1881, and the work of establishing a school of theology in connection there with was entered upon with the concurrence of Dr. Rust and the Freedmen's Aid Society. Two-thirds of the sum of $25,000 was raised from various sources, and the other third was given by the Rev. E. H. Gammon of Batavia, 111., who had become interest ed in the enterprise. A beautiful site of about nineteen acres of land adjoining the grounds of Clark University, comprising some of the highest land in the vicinity of Atlanta, was purchased, upon which a substantial and handsome building, four stories high, with stone trimmings, was erected, at a cost of $25,000. The granite for the foundations was quarried on the grounds. This new building, which was christened "Gammon Hall," in honor of the Rev. E. H. Gammon, who had contributed so liberally toward its erection, was immediately commenced, the corner-stone being laid May 12, 1883. The building itself was dedicated on the 18th of the following December, on which occasion the principal addresses were made by Bishop Warren and Dr. R. S. Rust.
The first step in the organization of the school was taken in June, 1883, by the election of a dean by the unanimous action of the board of trustees of Clark University and the executive com mittee of the Freedmen's Aid Society. The dean thus elected en tered upon the work of organization and instruction October 3, 1883. A full, thorough and comprehensive course of theological study, covering three years, and adapted to the special needs of the work, was projected. This course was successfully completed by the first class, and has been substantially followed ever since.
The school opened with two students, and closed its first year with nineteen. The next year there were twenty-nine ministers and candidates enrolled. During the third year there were fortyeight in attendance, and the fourth there were fifty-six. There are at the present nearly 100 students enrolled, representing 15 states and 3 foreign countries and also representing twenty-four institutions of learning. This consideration shows the wide in fluence already attained by the school, as well as the wisdom of the selection of Atlanta for its home.
An endowment of $20,000 was given by the Rev. Mr. Gam mon, immediately upon the opening of the school. Two years
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afterward, after careful observation of the growth of the institu tion and of its wide field of influence, together with the immediate necessity of enlargement, Mr. Gammon privately indicated his plan of an endowment which should be adequate to place this school on a permanent basis for the future. In accordance with this plan of Mr. Gammon's the school opened its third year with the chair of exegesis filled by an additional professor. The next year, the work having steadily increased, another professor was added, and the chair of systematic theology filled by him.
The only condition placed by Mr. Gammon upon his proposed munificent endowment of this school was that it be exclusively a theological school and independent of any other institution in its organization and government. His desire was that it should sus tain the same relation to each school of the entire system of edu cational institutions of the Freedmen's Aid Society and of the church throughput the South. In accordance with this desire of Mr. Gammon, the official connection of the Gammon School of Theology with Clark University was dissolved in April, 1887, and it was placed upon an independent basis by the action of the board of managers of the Freedmen's Aid Society. A new board of trustees was elected, the dean of the school was elected presi dent, and an application was made for a new charter. In Janu ary, 1888, Mr. Gammon legally turned over property to the amount of $200,000 to the board of trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in trust, for the benefit of the Gammon School of Theology. The income of this endowment fund was to be administered by Mr. Gammon during his lifetime for the purpose of further accumulation, and for the erection of additional build ings for the complete and permanent equipment of the institu tion.
The petition for the new charter was presented to the Fulton superior court on February 23, 1888, and the charter was granted on March 24th, 1888.
Suitable houses for the professors, an elegant fireproof library building, and other pretentious structures have been added to the plant of the Gammon School of Theology, and it is now one of the best-equipped and most successful schools of its kind in the country.

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MORRIS BROWN COLLEGE
Morris Brown College was founded in 1880 by ministers of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and is the property of that denomination. In 1881 the first building was begun, and within a year was completed. Ten years later another building was erected and the institution has attained a high degree of use fulness, with an extensive patronage. The attendance is 422 students, of whom 167 are male and 255 are female.
The courses of instruction include theology and law, in addi tion to the usual academic studies. The cost of the build ing and grounds was about $30,000, and for a period of twenty years the institution has been maintained without an endowment.
The work is divided into theological, law, collegiate, scien tific, academic, normal, missionary, English, music and industrial departments. The faculty is composed of fourteen professors and teachers. The institution is controlled by a board of trustees elected by the three Georgia conferences of the African Method ist Episcopal Church.
The idea of the establishment of Morris Brown College was conceived in 1880 by the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Georgia, the object being to prepare colored young men and women for all forms of Christian and industrial work. The site at the corner of Boulevard and Houston streets was purchased in 1881 for $3,500. The north wing of the college was erected in 1884 at a cost of $9,000. In 1891 the south wing was erected at a cost of $10,000. The central or main building uniting these two wings was completed November ist, 1901, at a cost of $18,000. With the appreciation in value of this realty and the improvements, furniture and apparatus, the property is now val ued at $100,000.
Morris Brown College has a faculty of eighteen members and a curriculum of twelve departments. The current expenses are only about $10,000 annually. This amount is raised chiefly by members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Geor gia, supplemented by the contributions of friends of negro educa tion the country over.
This school is doing a good work, with a steady enlargement of its powers, and is laboring zealously to develop a higher intel-

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lectual, moral and industrial standard among the negroes of the South, and particularly of North Georgia. The capable presi dent is Rev. James M. Henderson, A. M., D. D.
OTHER SCHOOLS
There are a number of other schools in Atlanta and suburbs, details concerning which were not at hand for the use of the edi tor. These will be mentioned briefly.
Atlanta has several well-equipped business or commercial colleges--Sullivan, Crichton & Smith's Business College and School of Shorthand, in the Kiser Building; Southern Shorthand and Business University, 50 Edgewood avenue; Draughon's Business College; Massey's School of Shorthand and Touch Typewriting, Prudential Building, and the H. M. Ashe School of Shorthand, 73 North Pryor street.
There are several Catholic schools of a high order. The Marist Fathers recently founded a college in connection with the Church of the Sacred Heart, which promises to become one of Atlanta's leading educational institutions. It is not a sectarian school, but open to young people of any religious belief. In con nection there is a first-class conservatory of music. The Academy of the Immaculate Conception, at 86 Central avenue, is a wellknown educational institution, an adjunct of the church of that name. The Loretto Convent is located at 273 South Pryor street.
Bishop Elliott's School, Sister Mary Frances, principal, is located at the rear of 16 Washington street.
Among exclusive dental schools are Turner & McElroy's Dental Laboratory and Post-Graduate School, Prudential Build ing, and the Atlanta Dental College, 38^ Marietta street.
Atlanta Conservatory of Music, 216 Peachtree street, and Klindworth Conservatory of Music, 20 Church street.
Southern Telegraph College, R, G. Joyner, superintendent, 117^ Whitehall street.
International Correspondence School, 616 Austell Building. Thornbury English and French School, 428 Peachtree street. Atlanta Kindergarten Normal and Elementary School, 639 Peachtree street.

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Atlanta Preparatory School, 265 Whitehall street. DeKalb County Academy, Decatur. Anna Dill Institute, Oakland City. Donald Fraser School for Boys, Decatur. Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, Tanner street, near Edgewood avenue. Hunter's School for Boys, 70^2 North Broad. Kellam & Moore's College of Optics, Prudential Building. Peacock's School for Boys, 223 Peachtree street. Prather's Home School, 251 West Peachtree street. Price's W. R. Sanitorium and School of Psychology, 309 Peachtree street.
Miss M. E. Alien's school, 670 North Boulevard. Miss M. Bigham's school, 260 North Jackson. Miss B. H. Hanna's school, 15 E. Cain. Miss J. Harden, 52 West End avenue. Miss Hillyer's Home school, Decatur. Misses Perry & Davis's school, 72 Walton. Mrs. M. Steele's school, 137 Simpson. Miss M. A. Waller's school, 171 Woodward avenue. Storr's school (colored), no Houston.

CHAPTER IX
BENCH AND BAR
The bench and bar of Atlanta have always reflected the pre eminence and strength of the city. While Atlanta was yet a straggling county-seat village in a newly organized county, her lawyers were distinguished for their legal acumen and broad mental attainments. Many of them not only ornamented their profession, but served with credit on the tented field and in the halls of state. After the war, when the metropolitan proportions which Atlanta was so fast assuming attracted large men for large enterprises, the bar, no less than the commercial arena, received accessions of men of a fine type. There were giants in the bar in those days--men of the Ben Hill stamp--and quite naturally some of them cast their fortunes with the young city of destiny. They were men of superior mentality, standing for the best that the "Old South" stood for, and revering the traditions and ethics of the old school. While those men lived the bar could not be wholly commercialized.
But the bar of latter-day Atlanta will not suffer by comparison with the past to any appreciable degree. The new times have imposed new methods, and the progressive lawyers of the Gate City have well preserved the reputation of the Atlanta bar for high professional qualities. Of recent years Atlanta's bar has given to the nation a member of the presidential cabinet, and numbers among its members some of the most luminous "legal lights" of the south. The present bar is unusually strong in rising young men.
The court jurisdictions having their seats in Atlanta are the Superior court of the Atlanta circuit, presided over by Judge Joseph Henry Lumpkin; the criminal branch of the Superior court, presided over by Judge John S. Gaudier; the Federal Dis-
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trict court, Hon. William T. Newman, judge; the Federal Circuit court, Hon. Don A. Pardee, judge; the State Supreme bench, Chief Justice Simmons, Presiding Justice Lumpkin, Justices Fish, Cobb, Lewis and Little; the City Court of Atlanta, presided over by Judge H. M. Reid; the Criminal Court of Atlanta, presided over by Judge Andrew E. Calhoun; and the Recorder's Court, Judge Nash R. Broyles presiding. The judicial organization of the county includes a court of ordinary, presided over by John R. Wilkinson, and six justice of {he peace courts.
In the old days and in fact in recent years some of the ablest jurists Georgia has produced sat on the bench of what is now the Atlanta circuit. Men noted for their wit and learning and sagac ity give up lucrative practices to fill a position which had little to offer in the way of emolument. The judges who have presided over the superior court of the circuit since 1860 and down to the present time are Orville A. Bull, B. H. Bingham, who presided during the greater part of the war period; Hiram Warner, John Collier, John D. Pope, John L. Hopkins, Cincinnatus Peeples, George Hillyer, W. R. Hammond, Marshall J. Clarke and Joseph Henry Lumpkin.
Colonel B. F. Abbott of the Atlanta bar has in his possession a full list of the lawyers who were practicing in Atlanta in 1860, at the outbreak of the civil war. This list recalls men who have added lustre to the profession and still others who gave up their chosen work and went out in the cause of the south, to fall among the first in line of battle. Many of them returned and by their persistent efforts gave to the community the name it has since held as the seat of legal learning in Georgia.
The full list of Atlanta's lawyers in 1860 includes William Kzzard, John Collier, L. J. Glenn, L. J. Gartrell, T. W. J. Hill, J. I. Whitaker, R. W. Sims, L. C. Simpson, Green B. Haygood, Amos W. Hammond, James M. Calhoun, J. M. C. Hulsey, James K George, J. R. Randall, M. J. Ivy, C. C. Howell, M. C. Blanchard, J. A. Puckett, Jethro W. Manning, George W. Johnson, James Neal, Daniel Pittman, E. P. Watkins, W. A. Lewis, John M. Clark, Boiling Baker, N. J. Hammond, George S. Thomas, W. L. Calhoun, Augustus O. Bacon, Logan E. Bleckley, B. F. Abbott and Gustavus A. Bates.

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The Atlanta Bar Association, as it exists to-day, was organ ized in 1890. An organization somewhat similar existed just after the war, but it continued for only a short period. The At lanta Bar Association is a society and it has no charter. All lawyers at the local bar, in good standing, are entitled to mem bership. The association takes cognizance of all matters touch ing its welfare, but since it has no charter it is without authority although its recommendations carry great weight with the pre siding judge. The association is chiefly known as a memorial body.
Officers are elected annually. The present officers of the association are Judge John L. Hopkins, president; Colonel B. F. Abbott, vice7president; and William P. Hill, secretary.
The following lawyers, constituting practically the entire list of those practicing in Atlanta, are members of the bar association:
Abbott & Goree, Percy H. Adams, W. J. Albert, Henry A. Alexander, Alexander & Powers, F. Roland Alston, Anderson, Anderson & Thomas, W. P. Andrews, Angier & Graham, Arnold & Arnold, Frank A. Arnold, Spencer R. Atkinson, Edward R. Austin, L. B. Austin, Robert Lee A vary, A. H. Bancker, J. J. Barge, J. Barnes, Samuel Barnett, V. A. Batchelor, J. N. Bateman, T. C. Battle, A. H. Behling, George L. Bell, T. L. Bishop, Black & Jackson, R. B. Blackburn, J. C. Bond, E. Winn Born, Frank M. Boston, Albert Boyleston, J. A. Boykin, J. A. Branch, W. W. Braswell, W. M. Bray, Brandon & Arkwright, P. H. Brewster, jr., Clyde L. Brooks, George W. Brooks, Lawrence R. Brooks, Julius L. Brown, Walter R. Brown, Brown & Randolph, Nash R. Broyles, A. R. Bryan, Shepard Bryan, Fred W. Burruss, E. G. Cabaniss, jr., F. E. Calloway, Lowndes Calhoun, W. L. Calhoun, Charles D. Camp, Felix Camp, Candler & Thomson, George A. Carter, J. F. A. Chambers, Judson C. Chapman, E. F. Childress, J. C. Clarke, Brutus J. Clay, J. L. Cobb, Fulton Colvilie, Walter T. Colquitt, S. N. Connally, B. J. Conyers, Thomas F. Corrigan, W. C. Cousins, A. H. Cox, D. S. Craig, S. C. Crane, Culberson, Willingham & Johnson, A. M. Cunningham, J. H. Curry, W. R. Daley, J. F. Daniel, A. H. Davis, W. P. Davis, H. W. Dent, R. E. Dinsmore, Dodd, Newnian & Dodd, Hugh M. Dorsey, Dorsey, Brewster & Howell, Hamilton Douglas, David Eichberg, Ellis,

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Wimbish & Ellis, H. C. Erwin, H. A, Etheridge, P. S. Etheridge, W. M. Everett, Evins & Spence, Felder & Rountree, Alonzo Field, Thomas Finley, Blanton E. Forston, M. Foote, Eraser & Hynds, Fuller & Nealon, William G. Futrell, W. W. Gaines, Jo C. Garner, John O. Gartre^l, H. W. Gilbert, J. H. Gilbert, John Gilmore, Charles L. Glessner, J. F. Golightly, Goodwin, Anderson & Hallman, T. H. Goodwin, George Gordon, John M. Graham, Robert Ware Grasty, Green & McKinney, E. A. Green, C. J. Haden, W. W. Haden, S. J. Hall, J. W. Hamilton, Hammond & Skeen, R. J. Hancock, F. L. Harralson, Harrison & Bryan, Jack Hastings, Harvey Hatcher, jr., T. O. Hathcock, W. M. Hawkes, Arthur Heyman, Harvey Hill, B. H. & C. D. Hill, Malvern Hill, J. K. Hines, C. M. Hitch, J. T. Holleman, John L. Hopkins & Sons, O. E. & M. C. Horton, W. C. Howard, Wm. Schley How ard, F. M. Hughes, Henry Hull, W. H. Hulsey, J. A. Hunt, J. W. and J. D. Humphries, John B. Hutcheson, S. E. ladenslaben, W. M. Jackson, J. C. Jenkins, Ligon Johnson, G. R. Johnson, Mal colm Johnston, Paul E. Johnson, S. D. Johnson, D. K. Johnston, Virgil Jones, Lee M. Jordan, R. J. Jordan, W. L. Kemp, James L. Key, David H. Keefer, Kilpatrick & McClelland, Geeorge M. King, King & Spalding, Kontz & Austin, Lee J. Langley, Latham & Crawford, J. H. Leavitt, Ulysses Lewis, J. H. Longino, R. O. Lovett, Donald A. Loyless, E. S. Lumpkin, Wood ford Mabry, M. Macks, C. D. Maddox, A. A. Manning, Edmund W. Martin, W. L. Massey, Mayson, Hill & McGill, R. L. D. McAllister, J. M. McAfee, A. J. McBride, jr., Sanders McDaniel, McElreath & McElreath, Thomas H. Meacham, John F. Methvin, Alex A. Meyer, Edw. L. Meyer, E. M. & G. F. Mitchell, C. J. Moore, Moore & Pomeroy, J. W. Moore, J. P. Mott, W. T. Moyers, W. C. Munday, Guy A. Myers, Napier & Cox, F. L. Neufville, J. A. Noyes, F. M. O'Bryan, R. I. O'Kelly, J. F. O'Neill, Walter E. Ormond, A. J. Ornie, George T. Osborn, H. E. W. Palmer, Oscar Parker, Parry & McCord, H. M. Patty, Payne & Tye, J. T. Pendleton, D. P. Phillips, J. H. Pitman, J. H. Porter, J. R. Pottle, E. Purrington, F. A. Quillan, L. D. T. Quinby, Lavender R. Ray, Charles A. Read, J. C. Reed, C. B. Reynolds, T. J. Ripley, George P. Roberts, Robert L. Rodgers, Rosser & Carter, F. M. Scott, jr., Robert L. Sibley, Simmnns & Pcttigrcw, J. M. Siilionton, Walter

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A. Sims, William A. Sims, R. R. Shropshire, Slaton & Phillips, Smith, Hammond & Smith, Burton Smith, Charles W. Smith, W. M. Smith, Cuyler Smith, Hoke Smith & H. C. Peeples, Jos. H. Smith, P. F. Smith, John Clay Smith, Claude C. Smith, W. J. Speairs, Alex W. Stephens, George W. Stevens, W. B. Stuart, J. B. Stewart, W. B. Stovall, John B. Suttles, W. E. Suttles, W. E. Talley, S. C. Tapp, J. M. Terrell (attorney-general), W. H. Terrell, E. D. Thomas, W. D. Thomas, W. R. Tichenor, G. Y. Tigner, W. J. Tilson, McLane Tilton, jr., Tompkins & Alston, J. L. Travis, Ebb P. Upshaw, Howard VanEpps, J. E. VanValkenburg, Howard VanWyck, Walter W. Visanska, D. P. Waites, F. R. Walker, John G. Walker, Walker & Abbott, James E. War ren, H. Weber, Westmorland Bros., John Ford White, Eb. T. Williams, W. O. Wilson, Courtland S. Winn, W. H. Withers, L. I. Woolf, Vasser Woolley, Arminius Wright, R. E. Wright, James T. Wright, Zahner, Slicer & Logan.
Following will be found terse biographical sketches of the best known lawyers of earlier Atlanta, most of whom have passed away. We are indebted to Judge Howard Van Epps of Atlanta for the same. The chapter concludes with a cause celebrc of the war period.
DeKalb county was organized in 1822 and Fulton county was cut off from DeKalb in 1853. Previous to the organization of Fulton county all the business of the Circuit Court, of the County Court and of the Court of Ordinary was transacted at Decatur. Both counties, De Kalb and Fulton, belonged to the Coweta Circuit.
Hon. Hiram Warner was elected judge of this circuit in 1832. It is said that he was the youngest judge that ever presided in a superior court in Georgia. He was eminently of a judicial mind. In a case before him he knew no individual, but dealt out even-handed justice without fear, favor, passion or prejudice. He was all lawyer. When the legislature organized the Supreme Court in 1845, ne was elected one of its justices. His associate justices were Joseph Henry Lumpkin and E. A. Nisbet. No state ever had an abler Supreme Court bench than Georgia had when these three presided, and all Georgians admit that since that time the Supreme Court of this state has not been presided over by so

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able a bench. After holding this position about six years he resigned. In 1855 he was elected to congress, having defeated the Hon. Ben H. Hill. He refused a re-election. After the war he was again appointed, by Governor Jenkins, judge of the Coweta Circuit. Under this appointment he served about one year, when he was again elected one of the justices of the Supreme Court, and soon afterward he was elected chief justice. He held this position until a short time before his death. He died in Atlanta some years ago, at the house of his granddaughter, Mrs. E. A. Martin, although his residence was with his only child, Mrs. Hill, of Meriwether county.
Hon. William Ezzard was elected judge of this circuit in 1840, and served four years. At that time he resided in Decatur. He moved to Atlanta about 1850, and was the senior member of the firm of Ezzard & Collier. He was twice elected mayor of Atlanta, and, besides this, held other offices of honor and trust. He died in Atlanta, leaving a son and a daughter, who, with their children, are his only living descendants, all of whom reside in this city. No purer or better man ever lived here, and he had not an enemy on earth when he died.
Hon. Edward Yancey Hill became judge of this circuit in 1844. He resided in LaGrange, Troup county, and was a very remarkable man. He was a brainy man and a sound lawyer. He was, at the same time, a brilliant man, and had unequaled social qualities. Everybody loved him. He ran once as the Whig candidate for governor, and was defeated. But he gained some little consolation in the fact that he ran ahead of his ticket. He died and was buried in La Grange many years ago. His widow was for several years principal of the Orphans' Free School in Atlanta. Judge Hill was succeeded by Hon. Obadiah Warner, who went on the bench in 1853, and held the first Superior Court in Fulton county in April, 1854. This court was held in what was then called "Davis's hall," on the corner of Whitehall and Mitchell streets. After being on the bench about a year he re signed and moved to Meriwether county.
Hon. O. A. Bull succee'ded Judge Warner about the year 1855. He was also from La Grange. He was a scholarly gen tleman, a sound lawyer, and one of the most conscientious judges

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that ever sat upon the bench in Georgia. He died many years ago.
Hon. B. H. Bigham, of La Grange, became judge about 1861, and served until a short time after the war. He was an excellent judge and one of the honored citizens of La Grange. He repre sented Troup county several times in the legislature, and was long chairman of the executive committee of the Democratic party. After the war Hon. Hiram Warner was judge for about a year, as was stated in his sketch.
In 1867 Governor Jenkins appointed Hon. John Collier of Atlanta, judge of the circuit. He very reluctantly consented to accept the appointment, as the salary was less than he received from his practice. After serving about a year he was removed by General Pope during the reconstruction era. The circuit never had an abler or more honest judge. Few men deserve more credit for their success in life than Judge Collier. Reared on a farm in this county, a few miles from Atlanta, with scarcely any ad vantages of education, his unconquerable tenacity and persistency of purpose made him one of the best lawyers in the state. He achieved fame and fortune in spite of adverse circumstances, and in the evening of his life, passed down the stream of time honored and respected by all, and surrounded by sons and daughters, of whom he had a right to be proud.
In 1868 Hon. John D. Pope, of this city, was appointed by Governor Bullock judge of the circuit. He served about two years and resigned, moving to St. Louis, Mo. He was succeeded by Hon. John L. Hopkins, of this city, in 1870. Judge Hopkins did more to restore the reign of law and order than any other official in the state. As a judge he was eminently successful, as he had previously been as a lawyer. The law creating the Atlanta Circuit was passed in 1869, so that Judge Hopkins was judge of that circuit, composed of Fulton, De Kalb and Clayton counties. Douglass county was later added to the Atlanta Circuit. Judge Hopkins resigned and was succeeded by Hon. C. Peeples, one of the lovable characters of the Georgia bar. He was a good law yer, and when he died here, some years since, he left not an enemy behind him.
After the death of Judge Peeples, George Hillyer was ap pointed judge of the circuit. He came of a family distinguished

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for their mental ability as well as their sterling honesty, and most nobly did he sustain the reputation of his family while on the bench. He is now recognized as one of the soundest lawyers in the state. He served out his term, but declined to be a candidate for re-election.
Hon. W. R. Hammond was elected by the legislature of 1882 to succeed Judge Hillyer. Besides being a first-class lawyer, he was one of the most accomplished scholars in the state. After serving a short time he resigned. The three last named judges all re signed because they could not afford to remain on the bench, on account of the miserable pittance which the state allows her judges.
Hon. Marshall J. Clarke succeeded Judge Hammond. If ever a man was born for a judge, that man was Judge Clarke. Modest, quiet, sensible and patient, he was, at the same time, firm as a rock in the discharge of his duties.
The seven judges last named were all citizens of Atlanta. And taking it altogether, it is doubtful whether any circuit in the state can show as able and distinguished a body of judges as can the Atlanta Circuit. Not the slightest stain ever marred their characters or their records.
The City Court of Atlanta was first established in 1855, and S. B. Hoyt was its only judge. It was abolished and the present City Court of Atlanta was established in 1871. The first judge was R. J. Cowart, who was well known all over the state. He was an old line Democrat, and stood high in the counsels of the party. He was one of the shrewdest manipulators in its ranks. After serving four years he retired, and died soon afterward. He was suceeded by Judge R. H. Clark, who was one of the lawyers appointed by the legislature to compile the first code of the state. His associate compilers were T. R. R. Cobb and Judge David Irwin. The admirable code compiled by these three gentlemen reflected great credit upon its compilers. Judge Clark was suc ceeded in 1882 by Hon. Rufus T. Dorsey, who came to Atlanta from Fayette county. Judge Dorsey soon resigned, and was succeeded by the Hon. Marshall J. Clarke, later judge of the Atlanta Circuit. The City Court has jurisdiction over all civil cases, except land suits, equity cases, and divorce cases; and in

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criminal cases, under the grade of felony. Its jurisdiction is co extensive with Fulton county.
The bar of the Southern States before the war was a grand and noble body of men. In their training for the bar the first principle inculcated into them was that a lawyer should be the very soul of honor. They shunned a "shyster" as they would a leper. With here and there an exception they were all high-toned, highstrung, honorable and honest gentlemen. Many of them, it is true, used their profession as a stepping stone to office, but these did not often condescend to tricks and low methods even in poli tics. The Southern States and the entire Union were indebted to the bar for such statesmen as Calhoun, Clay, Crittenden, Marshall, McDuffie, Jackson, Polk, Grundy, Yancey, Campbell, Prentiss, Mason, the Tuckers, the Randolphs; and in Georgia, Berrien, the Cobbs, the Hills, Dawson, the Colquitts, Toombs, Stephens, Brown, Johnson, the Jacksons, the Lamars, and many others.
In this sketch of the bar of Atlanta it is not proposed to go farther back than 1852, just previous to the cutting off of Fulton county from DeKalb. At that time the bar of DeKalb was com posed of Charles Murphy, William Fzzard, John N. Ballinger, James M. Calhoun, William H. Dabney, John Collier, L. C. Simpson, George K. Smith, John L. Harris, Benjamin F. Harris, Fred H. West, J. W. Manning, Hezekiah Weeks, Marcus A. Bell, T. W. J. Hill, John T. Wilson, S. B. Hoyt, Nat. Mangum, Samuel C. Flam, A. W. Jones, West Harris, Richard Orme, and a few others.
Charles Murphy was a very able man and a successful lawyer, and his abilities enabled him to accumulate a very handsome for tune. His only child married M. A. Candler. Mr. Murphy served one term in congress. His son-in-law served two terms in the same distinguished body since the war. His grandson, Murphy Candler, was a member of the Georgia legislature.
Judges Fzzard and Collier have been mentioned among the judges, and it is only necessary to add, in this connection, that each represented Atlanta in the legislature! To Judge Collier is due the credit for the establishment of the county of Fulton. John N. Ballinger married a sister of Judge Collier, and many of his descendants reside in this city. Mr. Ballinger served for a long time as judge of the Inferior Court.

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James M. Calhoun was not only a good lawyer, but he was a remarkably popular man. He served in both houses of the legislature, and was defeated for congress because his party, the Whig party, was in the minority. He was four times elected mayor of Atlanta, and performed the mournful duty of surrender ing the city to General Sherman. He married a sister of Colonel William H. Dabney, and himself and Colonel Dabney were for a long time law partners. His son was long ordinary of Fulton county. As such W. L. Calhoun was regarded as one of the ablest ordinaries or probate judges in the state.
Hon. William H. Dabney married a daughter of Ammi Will iams, of Decatur, and a sister of the first wife of Colonel L. P. Grant. Mr. Dabney was a splendid lawyer. He ran against Dr. W. H. Felton for congress, and was defeated by only a few votes. He moved to Rome, Ga.
L. C. Simpson was born and reared in Decatur. In 1852 he was a partner of John L. Harris, who was one of the most brilliant men of Georgia. He was a born orator, and represented his county in the legislature before the war. Afterward he moved to Brunswick, Ga., where he became judge of the Brunswick circuit. He died some years ago. His brother, B. F. Harris, married a sister of Mrs. Judge Collier. He also moved to Brunswick.
Fred H. West was for a time a partner of John L. Harris. He moved to Lee county before the war, and died there.
Judge J. W. Manning was one of the judges of the Inferior Court for many years. He was afterward school commissioner for the county. He married the daughter of the late Edwin Payne. His son, A. A. Manning, was one of the justices of the peace of the city.
Everyone in the city knew the late lamented Marcus A. Bell. T. W. J. Hill was a partner of General Gartrell for a long time, and afterward of Milton A. Candler. He had his faults, but he was a man of "infinite jest," and withal a good lawyer. A more whole-souled, genial, kind-hearted fellow never lived. He died as he lived, a bachelor.
Between 1852 and the war quite a number of lawyers settled in Atlanta. They were B. H. Overby, Logan E. Bleckley, John B. Gordon, A. W. Hammond and his son, N. J. Hammond, L. J.

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Glenn, L. J. Gartrell, Thomas L. Cooper, Greene B. Haygood, John Erskine, J. A. Puckett, C. C. Howell, Thomas N. Cox, Jared I. Whitaker, R. W. Simms, V. A. Gaskell, A. W. Stone, Judge William H. Underwood, B. R. Daniel, Thomas S. Daniel, Henry D. Beman, Mark R. Johnson, R. J. Cowart and George S. Thomas.
Messrs. Overby, Bleckley and Gordon married three sisters, daughters of Hon. Hugh A. Haralson, of La Grange, Ga. They were law partners for some time, when John B. Gordon retired from the practice, the style of the firm then becoming Overby & Bleckley. Mr. Overby was one of the brainiest men and one of the best lawyers, especially as an advocate, in Georgia. Judge Bleckley commenced his career here as a bookkeeper for the West ern and Atlanta Railroad Company, and a most excellent one he was. As an intellectual giant, a profound thinker and an incom parable lawyer and judge, he had no equal in the state. He be came the honored chief justice of the state.
General John B. Gordon, governor and senator of Georgia, achieved a high military reputation during the war. His superb career as a soldier has overshadowed his career in other walks in life to such an extent as to cause the public to underestimate his ability as an orator, scholar and statesman. He is a born orator, and was so regarded when he graduated from the University of Georgia. Had he devoted himself to this line his silver-tongued oratory would have been almost as much admired as was that of Henry Clay. The practice of law has never had any charm for him.
N. J. Hammond was a born lawyer. He had an incisive mind that went to the core of any legal question or case which he had in hand. His mind, too, acted with wonderful quickness, and Judge Warner had been heard to say that Mr. Hammond was the only match in this particular for Ben II. Hill. As attorney-gen eral of the state, as member of the Constitutional convention, and of the legislature, as a three-times elected member of congress, he won the admiration of the people.
Luther J. Glenn came from Henry county to Atlanta. He married the sister of Generals Howell and T. R. R. Cobb. He formed a partnership with General L. J. Gartrell, It is a little
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singular that both of them were aspirants for the Democratic nomination for Congress in 1857. General Gartrell secured the nomination. Colonel Glenn was a man of very decided ability, but had too little confidence in himself. Had it not been for this he could have had any office in the State that was in the gift of the people. As a member of the Legislature, and as mayor of Atlanta and in other positions of honor he always sustained himself well.
General Lucius J. Gartrell came from Wilkes county, Ga., to Atlanta, and at once took a high stand at the bar. As an advo cate in criminal cases he was the peer of any lawyer in the State. Although he had been here but a short time he was elected a Buchanan elector in 1856. In 1857 he was elected to Congress from this district, and re-elected in 1859; but he resigned this position and went into the army as colonel of the Seventh Georgia Regiment. He was at the first battle of Manassas, where he lost his only son, fighting under his father. He was afterward pro moted to brigadier-general. After the war he worked hard at his profession. He was a candidate for governor in 1882, but was defeated by Alexander H. Stephens.
Thomas L. Cooper was the son of Hon. Mark A. Cooper. He ranked high in the profession from the start, and had he lived he would undoubtedly have become the equal of any lawyer in Geor gia. He was a partner of L. J. Glenn. He built and lived in the house in which Hon. Ben H. Hill lived and died, on Peachtree street.
Greene B. Haygood came from Watkinsville, Ga., to Atlanta. He was decidedly a self-made man, and labored hard at his pro fession, as well as at anything he undertook. He did more than any one else in the city to build up Trinity Methodist Church. In point of fact he has always been regarded as its founder. He was the embodiment of old-fashioned honesty and was very successful in his profession. He died before the war, leaving two sons and two daughters.
Col. B. F. Abbott, one of Atlanta's oldest and most success ful lawyers, was born in Cherokee county in 1839. His father was Noah Abbott, a pioneer settler in North Georgia and a man of sterling qualities. Colonel Abbott, as a boy, received an

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academic education in one of the schools of North Georgia and later read law under Greene B. Haygood. After the war he en gaged in mercantile business for a few years and then resumed his profession. Colonel Abbott was a member of the committee of forty-nine and of the sub-committee of seven which compiled the city charter of Atlanta. This instrument has remained in use for a long number of years. He was a member of the execu tive committee of the Cotton Exposition of 1881 and a member of the general assembly of Georgia in 1884-5. While in the legislature he contributed largely to securing appropriation for the new capitol building in Atlanta.
Judge John Erskine came here from Newnan, Ga. He was in fine practice before the war, a learned lawyer and a scholarly gentleman. In 1865 he was appointed judge of the United States District Court for Georgia. His kind and sympathetic heart felt for the distressed condition of the people, and he did all for them that lay in his power consistent with his duties as a judge. Georgia and her people owe him an everlasting debt of gratitude for the many kindnesses he showed them while they were attempting to rebuild their wasted fortunes.
What shall be said of the inimitable Judge William H. Un derwood ? His character and career have always been suggestive of the old-fashioned English lawyers. He devoted himself almost entirely to his profession, and it is probable that he was the best read lawyer of his day. He was very successful and made money, but he cared so little for money that he saved but very little of it. He was unequalled as a vrit, and anecdotes illustrating his wit have been published all over the United States. He resided in Atlanta only a few years during the latter part of his life, and died in 1859 in Marietta, and was buried in Rome, Ga., where he had lived so long.
S. B. Hoyt was born in Blount county, Term., February 10, 1828. His father, Rev. Daniel Hoyt, was a Presbyterian clergy man of renown and a distinguished college professor. Young S. B. Hoyt was educated at Maryvillc College, Tennessee, in which institution his father was a professor. Tn 1852 he was admitted to the bar, and came to Atlanta about that time. For nearly twenty years he was one of the leading members of the Atlanta

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bar, retiring from active practice in 1872. After retiring from the practice of the law he was engaged for about eight years in the banking business, in the prosecution of which he was very success ful. Judge Hoyt cared but little for political office, but served his country faithfully in those to which he was appointed or elected. He was justice of the peace from 1853 to I ^55- ^e was the only judge of the old City Court. During the war he was commissioner of the Confederate States, a part of the time on the staff of Governor Brown. In 1866-67 he was city attorney. He was a director of the Air Line Railroad Company, and he served as State Senator from the thirty-fifth district from 1882 to 1884. As a lawyer Judge Hoyt's forte lay in the preparation of his cases. He was a good pleader at the bar and before a jury, but as a court lawyer his main strength consisted in the thorough preparation he always made of his case before coming into court. He always took a great deal of interest in public affairs, and to him Atlanta is in a great measure indebted for her present excel lent charter, under which she has prospered since 1874.
One of the first murders committed in Atlanta was the kill ing of Nat. Hilburn by Elijah Bird, December i, 1851. The provocation was the fact that Elijah Bird's father owed Hilburn some money, which Hilburn wanted paid, and about which Elijah Bird thought the two were quarreling. Bird struck Hilburn on the neck with a knife, and from the effects of the blow Hilburn died in about three minutes. Bird was tried and convicted of murder, and carried his case to the supreme court. The first ex ception in the bill of exceptions, was that no venire facias had been issued to the sheriff to summon the grand jury to bring in a bill, nor to summon the petit jury to try the case. The exceptions were, however, all overruled by the Supreme Court. With refer ence to the above-mentioned exception the Supreme Court said that the course taken by the Superior Court, presided over then by Judge E. Y. Hill, was calculated to secure an impartial jury; that it was far letter that a citizen should be tried by a jury selected from men brought from their homes; honest, uncommitted, unbought, unmerchantable men, than by the professional juryman, who was frequently hanging about the court-house, ready to be purchased for either side of a case. It concerned the policy of

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criminal administration that the judges of the Superior Court be sustained in just such a course as that taken by Judge Hill, in the case then before the Supreme Court. The judgment of the Su perior Court was therefore affirmed.
The Supreme Court having failed to grant the relief desired, application was made to the Legislature, and a bill granting the pardon, which had been under consideration some time, passed the Senate on the I3th of December, 1853. The vote on the passage of the bill stood forty-one in favor to forty against it. John D. Stell, president of the Senate, voted in favor of the bill, and de clared it passed. John Collier, member of the Senate from DeKalb county, voted against granting the pardon.
The condition upon which the pardon was granted was that Bird should leave the State, and accordingly he went to Louisiana. Here he married a young woman, and carried on a plantation for some years. But on account of some little trouble which oc curred there, his hired man, following him out into the field one day after dinner, picked up a cane hoe and struck him on the top of the head, and split it down to the ears, and left him lying as he fell, with the hoe in the wound. Death was, of course, as in stantaneous as it was unexpected, and the slayer of Elijah Bird was never discovered.
In April, 1855, tne mst remarkable murder was perpetrated that ever occurred in Fulton county. The facts, as given in the confession of Crockett, one of the murderers, and other testimony introduced on the trial of John Cobb, jr., are nearly, if not pre cisely, as follows: Sam Landrum, a countryman from Carroll county, came to Atlanta to sell his cotton. He sold what he brought for the snug sum of $600, and in the afternoon started home. Three young men, who were hardly of age, had been watching him through the day, and when he left, they supposed he had the money on his person. His route home was by the McDonough road, and about a mile from town he was overtaken by John Cobb, jr., Gabriel Jones and Radford J. Crockett. Two of them got into his buggy with him and rode a short distance, when suddenly one of them struck him on the back of the head with a slung shot. They took him out of the buggy and carried him a short distance from the road, beat his head almost into a

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jelly, and robbed him of the pitiful sum of a dollar and a half, in stead of the $600 which they expected to find. It was some time before they were suspected of the crime. Crockett struck out for his father's house in Carroll county, whence he went to Ala bama, and was there captured by a policeman from Atlanta. Crockett at once told the policeman that he was on his way backto Atlanta, and made a full confession of the whole affair. He stated that he was induced to return because he could get no rest for his conscience, and was satisfied that his sins would never be forgiven unless he was hung for his crime. * His father was a most excellent man, a plain farmer residing in Carroll county, having moved there from De Kalb. Both his father and mother were religious people, and had taken a great deal of pains with their children. After he was put in jail he was brought before the court, and was assigned the Hon. Charles Murphy, of Decatur, as his counsel. Colonel Murphy took him into a private room, and when he returned to the court-room, his eyes were wet with tears as he announced himself ready for trial. The solicitor-gen eral read the bill of indictment and asked young Crockett the usual question, "are you guilty or not guilty?" Immediately, contrary to the expectation of everybody, young Crockett replied in a firm voice, "Guilty, sir." Colonel Murphy then stated to the court that he had done his best to induce his client to plead "not guilty," but that he steadfastly refused to do so, and said that he had committed crime enough without adding the sin of lying to all that he had done. Such a scene was never witnessed in the Atlanta court-house either before or since, nor in the State of Georgia. Colonel Murphy also stated that Crockett had ex pressed himself as believing that the only way in which he could get pardon for his horrible crime, was by being hung for it. The court sentenced him to be hung, and soon after, in June, 1858, the sentence was carried out. He made a written confession which was published before his death. He also wrote a letter to John Cobb, jr., who with Jones was captured soon after, urging him to plead guilty for the sake of his soul, which letter is a singular document, and can be found on page 672 of the Twenty-seventh Georgia Report. At the next term of the court the case was taken up against Cobb.

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Cobb was tried and convicted on circumstantial evidence, but it was thought by many of the lawyers that he would, in all prob ability, never have been convicted had it not been for the fact that it was impossible to keep away from the minds of the jury the knowledge of the facts narrated in Crockett's confession. When the jury brought in their verdict, although Cobb could not have been without hope, his eagle eye never quailed, and there was not a tremor in his muscles when the verdict of ''guilty" was read. He carried his case to the Supreme Court, but was refused another hearing. He was hung July 8, 1859, in the McDonough road, at the same place where Crockett had been hung, which was not far from where the murder had been committed. After the trial,of Cobb, Gabriel Jones's case was taken up, and under the ad vice of friends and council, and with the understanding with the court that he was to be sentenced to the penitentiary for life, he pleaded "guilty" and was so sentenced. Shortly after he was placed in the penitentiary Sherman made his celebrated march to the sea. Just before he reached Milledgeville the convicts were turned loose and enlisted in a company by themselves for service. Jones and quite a number of other convicts fought bravely in a small skirmish with the Northern soldiers, down on the Central Railroad, but the Federals dispersed them,
Previous to the murder of Landrum there had been commit ted quite a number of highway robberies in Atlanta, in which the slungshot had figured. John Cobb confessed, just before he was hung, that he had started to organize a band of robbers, and that he had been induced to do so from reading the life of John A. Murrill. John Cobb's parents were very poor, but they were re spectable people. His mother was a member of the church, and according to the best information he could npt have been more than about nineteen years of age. Had he lived to take part in the war he would most certainly have distinguished himself, for it is highly probable that no one ever lived who had more nerve. Jones's father was a good man, known to everybody in Atlanta. He was honest and upright, and could always command employ ment up to the time of his death. Tlie hanging of Cobb was the last in Atlanta before the war.
But if this was the last hanging it was not because there wore no more murders committed. On December 31, 1858, William A.

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Choice shot and killed Calvin Webb. The provocation was that Webb, who was a bailiff, had arrested Choice on a bail warrant for a debt of ten dollars, imprisonment for debt being then in ac cordance with the law in Georgia. Choice, however, secured bail, and need not have had any further trouble about the debt. It was supposed that there the matter would end. This trouble oc curred on the 3oth of December, and on the next morning Choice met Webb on the street, near the Trout House, and shot at him twice with a pistol, one shot taking effect in his breast, from the effects of which he died in a few minutes. The murder created great excitement, and Choice was saved from lynching only by the prompt action of Mr. Fitch, who took him immediately to the calaboose.
On January 2, 1859, Choice was tried before a magistrate's court and committed to jail, whence, on the succeeding Sunday night, he was taken to Milledgeville. While in the penitentiary at Milledgeville he said that the indulgence in intoxicat ing drinks had brought him to the condition in which he was. It was the almost universal opinion that the killing of Webb was an outrageous case of murder. On his trial Choice was defended by the Hon. B. H. Hill and other able counsel; but, notwithstanding this, he was convicted of murder and sentenced to be hanged. His defense was that he was insane, the insanity being caused originally by being seriously injured about the head in 1850, from the effects of which he had never recovered, and which insanity was intensified by whisky. The plea, however, was of no avail. The case was taken to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the decision of the court below. Hon. B. H. Hill, who fully believed in the insanity of his client, made application to the Legislature for a pardon, which, through his great influence, granted the petition. Upon the granting of the pardon, Choice, for the sake of consistency, was taken to the asylum for the insane, and after remaining there a short time, was set at liberty. Upon the breaking out of the war, Choice entered the Confederate army as a sharp-shooter, and made a brave soldier. After serving through the war, he, a few years after the close of the war, died near Rome, Ga.

CHAPTER X
MEDICAL PROFESSION
Since the organization of the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1898, Atlanta has been the center and seat of medical science in the Southern States. Even before that time students came from as far north as Virginia and Maryland and from all surrounding states to attend the Atlanta Medical College and the Southern Medical College, the two institutions which, in 1898, were merged into one. The factional fight between these two institutions was at times bitter,, and when the two were finally consolidated and the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons grew out of the union, the birth of the new institution was hailed with pleasure and pride not only by the medical fraternity of the city, but by physicians all over the South, for Atlanta was regard ed, and is so held at the present time, as the center of medical learning in the south.
Early in her history a medical college was established, largely as a result of the public spirit of her citizens, and about this school clustered the best talent of the Esculapian art. The old time physicians of Atlanta were nearly all in the front of the profes sion, and numbers of them enjoyed wider than local reputation.
To-day the medical fraternity is fully abreast with the pro gress of medical science and Atlanta numbers among its practi tioners some of the ablest specialists in the country. Many of them enjoy handsome practices, and some have grown wealthy. A number of well known local specialists have established sani tariums which are well patronized.
In the possession of one institution, which has a reputation in every part of the country, Atlanta is unique. The only Pas teur institute in the South is located in this city and its record has been an astonishingly successful one. Persons suffering from
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rabies have been brought to Atlanta from Texas, Louisiana, Ten nessee, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Arkansas and Indian Ter ritory, and in every instance their cure has been effected. Dur ing 1901, over twenty cases of rabies were brought to the Georgia Pasteur Institute and not one of them proved fatal. Dr. Henry Slack of LaGrange, who spends a considerable part of his time in Atlanta, is president of the institute. In the treatment of such cases as are sent to the institute, he is surrounded by a set of young physicians who have devoted a great part of their time to such study as fits them for this work.
The representative medical body of the city is the Atlanta Society of Medicine, which was established in 1885. Its first president was Dr. J. D. Wilson, a man whose learning and exten sive practice gave him a reputation all over the State. At pres ent the society numbers among its members over 100 physicians I/whose standing in the community is of the highest character. The present officers of the society are: Dr. Bernard Wolff, presi dent; Dr. L. P. Stephens, vice-president; Dr. E. Van Goidtsnoven, treasurer; Dr. Walter B. Emery, secretary, and Dr. M. Hoke, librarian.
The society does not include all the physicians in good stand ing in Atlanta, for a number of them have never connected them selves with the organization. The purpose of the society is that of holding the profession up to the high standard it has held in the past and for the mutual benefit, improvement and enjoyment of its members. Papers read at the regular meetings are at times of such merit as to demand far greater publicity than they are at first intended for. The library of the society, in charge of Dr. M. Hoke, is one of its chief adjuncts, and the organization expects soon to secure quarters commensurate with the size of its library and worthy of its own standing in the community.
The members of the Atlanta Society of Medicine are: Drs. L. Amster, Arch. Avary, J. C. Avary, E. L. Awtry, J. B. Baird, C. F. Benson, P. M. Butler, W. Jay Bell, S. T. Barnett, A. W. Oilhoun, J. L. Campbell, W. G. Campbell, W. E. Cajnpbell, W. L. Champion, J. A. Childs, L. B. Clarke, K. R. Collins, H. P. Cooper, E. C. Crichton, J. M. Craw ford, W. A. Crowe, J. W. Dnncan, H. R. Donaldson, A. R. Dan forth, J. G. Earnest, W. S.

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Elkin, James N. Ellis, Walter B. Emery, J. McF. Gaston, C. G, Giddings, W. L. Gilbert, W. S. Goldsmith, T. H. Hancock, V. O. Hardin, A. G. Hobbs, M. Hoke, J. B. S. Holmes, J. W. Hood, T. V. Hubbard, C. D. Hurt, J. W. Hurt, M. B. Hutchins, W. C. Jarnagin, J. C. Johnson, W. K. Johnson, L. H. Jones, W. S. Kendrick, J. P. Kennedy, R. R. Kime, Oscar Lyndon, J. L. McDaniel, F. W. McRae, C. E. Murphy, J. C. Olmsted, William Owens, W. B. Parks, S. G. C. Pinckney, R. B. Ridley, W. C. Robinson, G. P. Robinson, K. L, Reid, W. Monroe Smith, C. E. J. Smith, Claude A. Smith, J. E. Summerfield, L. P. Stephens, A. E. Stirling, C. C. Stockard, F. H. Sims, C. W. Strickler, J. S. Todd, S. A. Visanska, E. Van Goidtsnoven, W. F. Westmorland, Theo. Toepel, W. T. Brown, W. T. Asher, J. N. Brawner, J. J. Foster, B. E. Pearce, Bernard Wolff, G. H. Noble, W. B. Armstrong, H. F. Harris, A. E. Wheeler, L. C. Fischer, A. L. Baskin, Hansell Crenshaw, C. E. Boynton, E. Bates Block, J. R. Garner, J. C. King, W. A. Jackson, J. C. White, A. Sawyer, E. G. Jones, T. C. Avery, F. S. Bourns, R. T. Dorsey, L. A. Felder, J. McF. Gaston sr., C. C. Green, A. F. Griggs, C. C. Geer, H. F. Scott, Graham Street.
A history of the medical profession of Atlanta would lack completeness without a representative list of the men who were here at the close of the civil war and to whose ability and learning is largely due the fact that Atlanta is now the center of medical science in the South. Such a list would include' Dr. Joshua Gilbert, Dr. N. D'Alvigny^ Dr. D. C. O'Keefe, Dr. Willis Westmoreland, Dr. Chapman Powell, Dr. S. T. Biggers, Dr. J. T. Logan, Dr. J. L. Durham, Dr. W. R. D. Thompson, Dr. S. H. Stout and others whose names could be added to the list. These pio neers, many of them, were men who had just passed through the civil war as army surgeons and this experience had fitted them for able and skillful practice.
For much of the earlier history that follows we are indebted to one of Atlanta's pioneer physicians, now retired.
The first movement to establish the Atlanta Medical College was made in 1845, but the first course of lectures did not begin until May, 1855. At this early stage of the history of the college efforts were made to secure a site and to erect the necessary college buildings.

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The first faculty was as follows: M. G. Slaughter, M. D., professor of anatomy; J. W. Jones, M. D., professor of the prin ciples and practice of medicine; Jesse Boring, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; W. F. Westmoreland, M. D., professor of the principles and practice of surgery; J. E. Dubose, M. D., professor of physiology; G. T. Wilburn, M. D., professor of surgical and pathological anatomy; J. J. Roberts, M. D., professor of chemistry and medical jurisprudence; J. G. Westmoreland, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeu tics, and dean of the faculty.
The first commencement of the college was held on Saturday, the ist of September, 1855, at tne c^y na^ where the lectures had been delivered through the course. After,the conferring of the degrees, an address was delivered to the graduating class by Dr. W. W. Flewellyn, of Columbus, Ga., after which the ad eundem degree was conferred upon Dr. W. P. Parker, M. D., and M. H. Oliver, M. D., both of Atlanta.
The act incorporating the Atlanta Medical College provided that L. C. Simpson, Jared I. Whitaker, John Collier, -------- Hubbard, Daniel Hook, John L. Harris, William Herring, Greene B. Haygood and James L. Calhoun, trustees, and their successors in office, should constitute a body politic and corporate under the name and style of the Trustees of the Atlanta Medical College, etc. These trustees were empowered to elect such officers as might be necessary, and they were to make such by-laws as might be necessary to carry into effect the principles of their association.
The Legislature, on December 21, 1857, passed an act by which the Atlanta Medical College was endowed in the sum of $15,000 for the purpose of enabling the board of trustees to meet the liabilities incurred by them on the college building, also to furnish said institution with a museum and library, and for such other purposes as the trustees might deem necessary and beneficial to the college. This same act also provided that one student from each Congressional district of the State should be entitled to re ceive instruction during each course of lectures of said college, free of charge, the representative from said Congressional districts to elect the student.
The sixth course of lectures commenced on the first Monday in May, 1860, the faculty at that time being as follows: Alex-

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ander Means, M. D., professor of chemistry and pharmacy ; H. W. Brown, M. D., professor of anatomy; W. K Westmorland, M. D., professor of principles and practice of medicine; Thomas S. Powell, M. D., professor of obstetrics; Joseph P. Logan, M. D., professor of physiology and diseases of women and children; J. G. Westmorland, M. D., professor of materia medica; and N. D'Alvigny, curator of museum.
In November, 1860, the officers of the board of trustees were as follows: President, Dr. D. O. C. Heery; first vice-president, W. C. Moore; second vice-president, H. L. Wilson; secretary and treasurer, H. D. Capers.
When the war was brought to the doors of this city, there were a large number of buildings necessarily used for hospital pur poses. Among these was the Atlanta Medical College building, and when General Sherman ordered the destruction of Atlanta, it was of course expected that this building would be destroyed with the remainder of the city. The fact that it was not destroyed is remarkable, and the story of its preservation from the flames is worthy of perpetuation. The credit for saving it from destruc tion belongs to Dr. D'Alvigny, one of its professors. The doctor had been an old soldier of France. On the morning of the evacu ation of the city by the Confederate forces he was left behind, and was placed in charge of some wounded soldiers at the college building. When it was at last definitely announced that the city must be burned, the doctor set his wits to work to save the build ing from going with the rest, if such a thing were possible. His first step was to gain the assistance of the hospital attendants, and in order to accomplish this purpose whisky was distributed among them without stint. When the fatal night came for the destruction of the building, the doctor, upon coming to the build ing, found that the cots and beds had been cut and broken to pieces for kindling, and that the straw had been scattered upon the floor. The time had come for action, and approaching the officers in charge, the doctor was informed that the place had to be burned that night. He stated in reply that he had been in three armies, and that that was the first time he had ever seen sick and wounded men burned without giving them, at least, a chance for removal. The officer in charge denied that there were any sick or wounded

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men in the building. He said they had all been carefully removed by military authority. The doctor then threw open the doors where his hospital attendants had been placed, and who had been carefully instructed in the parts they were to perform, and imme diately the department resounded with distressing groans and ap peals for attention. The officer, after witnessing this unexpected sight, gave the doctor until daylight to have the men removed. But when daylight came the danger was past. Sherman's army had commenced its southward march, and thus, by a ruse, was the valuable building of the Atlanta Medical College saved, to be again used for the noble purpose for which it was first erected.
After the war the first graduating exercises were held August 31, 1866, at which time there were twenty-eight graduates. The alumni valedictory was delivered by M. D. Sterrett, M. U.; the address to the graduates was delivered by Captain Henry Jackson, and a poem was read by Dr. Means.
The graduating exercises of 1869 occurred on the 28th of August, at which time Colonel VV. L. Mitchell, in a few well chosen remarks, presented the diplomas to the twenty-three gradu ates. There was one honorary graduate, Dr. William B. Miller, and three ad cnndcm degrees conferred, the recipients being M. J. Daniel, R. A. T. Ridley and J. K. Ford.
This college always maintained a high standard of excellence among its professors; always had at its command ample resources, the best of talent and the most approved facilities for teaching the science and art of healing.
Following is a table of the number of graduates from this college for the years given: For 1855, 32; 1856, 40; 1858, 39; 1859, S 6 ; 1860, 60; 1866, 35; 1867, 18; 1868, 13; 1869, ii; 1870, 8; 1873, 7; 1878, 24. 1879, 35; 1883, 39; 1884, 48; 1885, 38; 1886, 38; 1887, 45; 1888 54.
The old Southern Medical College was established in 1879 by Dr. T. S. Powell, who, in connection with Dr. Robert C. Wood and Dr. W. T. Goldsmith, decided upon its establishment, not withstanding they had no capital with which to carry out the idea. They were, however, so strongly of the opinion that a new med ical college was a necessity in the Southern States, that they bravely went forward with the work and have been eminently

Dr. G. G. Roy

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successful. These gentlemen selected a board of trustees as fol lows: T. S. Powell, M. D., R. C. Word, M. D., W. T. Gold smith, M. D., A. H. Stephens, Judge S. B. Hoyt, G. T. Dodd, C. M. Irwin, D. W. Lewis, A. F. Hurt, Rev. A. J. Battle, Rev. H. H. Parks, Rev. H. C. Hornady, George M. McDowell, M. D., W. W. McAfee and Rev. J. J. Toon.
The first meeting of the board after the granting of the char ter was held February 21, 1879, at which time an organization was effected by the election of Dr. T. S. Powell, president; Rev. J. J. Toon, vice-president; and Dr. R. C. Word, secretary. A building committee was appointed, consisting of T. S. Powell, S. B. Hoyt, G. T. Dodd, W. W. McAfee and W. T. Goldsmith, who were charged with the duty of selecting a lot and making an esti mate of the cost of the needed college building. A lot was pur chased on Porter street, and the procurement of the means with which to erect the building was intrusted to Dr. T. S. Powell, who proceeded to raise a joint stock company. On June 25, 1879, the following faculty was elected: A. S. Payne, M. D., professor of theory and practice of medicine; William Rawlings, M. D., professor of the principles and practice of sur gery; T. S. Powell, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases of women, and lecturer on medical ethics; R. C. Word, M. D., professor of physiology, and lecturer, on medical literature; G. M. McDowell, M. D., pro fessor of materia medica and therapeutics; William Perrin Nicholson, M. D., professor of general and pathological anatomy; W. T. Goldsmith, M. D., professor of diseases of children, and lec turer on clinical gynecology; H. F. Scott, M. D., professor of medical and surgical diseases of the eye, ear and throat; G. G. Crawford, M. D., professor of operative and clinical surgery; Lindsay Johnson, M. D., demonstrator of anatomy. Auxiliary professors: J. F. Alexander, M. D., auxiliary professor of practice of medicine, and lecturer on clinical medicine; W. G. Owen, M. D., auxiliary professor of physiology, and lecturer on diseases of the nervous system; G. G. Roy, M. D., auxiliary professor of ma teria medica, and lecturer on toxicology and medical jurispru dence; H. B. Lee, M. D., auxiliary professor of obstetrics and dis eases of women; J. C. Olmstead, M. D., lecturer on the genito-

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urinary organs and venereal diseases; Lindsay Johnson, M. D., auxiliary professor of surgery, lecturer on minor surgery, and in structor on splints and bandages; A. J. Pinson, M. D., assistant to the lecturer on minor surgery.
By November i, 1879, the building was completed, and the school opened with sixty-four matriculates. The college has con tinued to enjoy increasing prosperity until the present day.
In October, 1882, having in view the enlargement of the fa cilities of the college, Dr. Powell decided to erect and conduct a hospital in connection therewith. At his suggestion the ladies organized the Ladies' Hospital Association, and held a fair for the purpose of raising means to establish the hospital, which was to be connected with the college. The fair proving a success, a lot and building were pur chased for hospital purposes. Afterward the Central Hotel on Ivy street was purchased and improved to the extent of $2,000, and opened for patients. For some time the city patients were cared for at the hospital, which, together with other assistance se cured through the efforts of Dr. Powell, was self-supporting. In July, 1888, the city patients were withdrawn; but, notwithstand ing this, the faculty greatly improved the building and refur nished it, and supplied it with every comfort and convenience.
In furtherance of the original design of the founders of this institution, which was to make the Southern Medical College sec ond to none in any respect, Dr. Powell, in the spring of 1887, procured an amendment to the charter authorizing the establish ment of a dental department.
During the summer of 1898 the faculties and trustees of the Atlanta Medical College decided that greater good could be ac complished through the union of the two institutions than through the two institutions remaining separate and distinct. Previous to this time the greatest degree of rivalry existed, and at com mencement time each college tried to make the better showing, both in the number of graduating classes and in outward appear ance. The result of this rivalry, instead of fostering the progress of medical science, tended to retard it and it was rightly predicted that the proposed consolidation would result in an institution far superior in equipment to either of the old colleges. The ablest

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men in the two old faculties were chosen for the staff of the new college; the equipment was thoroughly modernized and doubled and the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons entered in the fall of 1898 upon a period of prosperity which every succeed ing year has increased.
To the poorer classes of the city the college has opened its doors for treatment offered them gratuitously in clinics. In this way clinical as well as didactic instruction is offered students and the gain is both theirs and that of the poorer classes of Atlanta.
To illustrate the wide reputation of the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons it might be stated in this connection that in the graduating class of 1901 diplomas were given to students from Mexico, Ohio, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Arkansas and Texas. Schools of pharmacy and dentistry are operated in connection with the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons and these branch institutions are yearly becoming more popular.
To those desirous of securing a medical education the advan tages offered by the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons are unequaled in the South. This statement is justified by the following considerations: Atlanta is the greatest medical center south of Baltimore, and attracts annually from Georgia and the surrounding states hundreds of patients, a large portion of whom are legitimate subjects for clinical teaching. Eleven railroads centering here, and the numerous manufacturing establishments in and about the city furnish a constant and ample supply of sur gical cases. 'The poorer classes, necessarily large in a city of 100,000 inhabitants, have learned to avail themselves of the gra tuitous treatment offered them in college clinics. The well-known reputation of the members of the Faculty places them in a position to utilize this abundance of clinical material to the fullest possible extent, and the clinical advantages thus afforded are equal to any in this coutnry. It is the aim of the Faculty to combine clinical with didactic teaching in such a manner as to impart to each stu dent a thorough and practical knowledge of diseases and their treatment.
The departments of the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons are: Diseases of the eye, car, throat and nose, A. W.

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Calhoun, M. D., LL. D.; anatomy and clinical surgery, William Perrin Nicholson, M. D., and Hunter D. Cooper, M. D.; materia medica and therapeutics, J. S. Todd, M. D.; obstetrics and gynecology, Virgil O. Hardon, M. D.; operative and clinical surgery, W. S. Elkin, A. B., M. D.; chemistry and medical jurisprudence, L. H. Jones, M. D.; principles and practice of surgery and clinical surgery, W. F. Westmorland, M. D.; principles and practice of medicine and clinical medicine, W. S. Kendrick, M. D.; gastro intestinal, rectal and clinical surgery, Floyd Wilcox McRae, M. D.; physiology, J. C. Johnson, M. D.; clinical diseases of eye, ear, nose and throat, Dunbar Roy, A. B., M. D.; clinical gynecology, J. G. Earnest, M. D.; prescriptive writing and weights and meas ures, George F. Payne, Ph. G., M. D., lecturer; skin diseases, Dr. Bernard Wolff, lecturer; diseases of children, Dr. Gilman P. Rob inson, lecturer. The microscopical department is very complete, with a laboratory equal to any in the United States.
For clinics, as has been stated, the city of Atlanta affords a rich harvest, and the college authorities have, by unceasing efforts, made it available. Realizing that most medical colleges in the South have been at some disadvantage from the lack of material for treatment and demonstration, the faculty has, for several years, fostered these clinics with special care, since they confessed ly furnish the essential groundwork of a thorough and practical medical education. In order to add to their excellence, the daily clinics have been carefully continued throughout the summer, the free dispensary being also kept open.
The Grady Hospital, located opposite the college building, is one of the most elegant in the South. This is the general hospi tal of the city of Atlanta, and by its close proximity to the school constitutes a valuable aid to the large clinics that are daily held in the college building. It contains a commodious amphitheatre, and furnishes an ample supply of clinical material in all depart ments to the students attending this college. All clinics are free to the graduating class.
The majority of the faculty of the college are members of the visiting staff of the hospital, and lecture in its amphitheatre.
The course is graded as follows: First Year--Students do work in anatomy, physiology, in organic chemistry, histology, chemical laboratory and dissecting.

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At the end of this year examinations upon all the above subjects, so far as they have been pursued, will be held, and those upon inorganic chemistry and histology will be final.
Second Year--Students do work in anatomy, physiology, materia medica, organic chemistry, physiological chemistry, bac teriology and dissecting. The examinations on these subjects will be final.
Third Year--Students do work in therapeutics, pathology, principles of, surgery, obstetrics, clinical microscopy, physical diagnosis, general medicine, regional anatomy and hygiene. Ex aminations on medicine and surgery, so far as the subjects have been pursued, will be held. The other examinations will be final.
Fourth Year--Students do work in principles and practice in surgery, operative surgery, abdominal surgery, principles and practice of medicine, gynecology, ophthalmology, otology, rhinology, laryngology, genitourinary diseases, skin diseases and diseases of children.
Third and fourth year men are expected to attend the daily clinics from 12 to 2. Fourth year students also have access to the Grady Hospital clinics.
Recent improvements have been made, and the college build ings are commodious enough to accommodate very large classes. Each of the large lecture-rooms has a seating capacity of 200 or more. Under the graded course the whole student body will not be brought together except at clinics, and these lecture-rooms are, therefore, amply large.
The chemical, pathological and physiological laboratories are roomy, well lighted, and furnished with a good supply of the latest apparatus, making them among the best.
This year the college has continued its policy of steadily in creasing its scientific equipment, in the shape of a new practical anatomy building. Tt is situated between the Administrative and Anatomical buildings, and is easily accessible from l)oth. Tt is a handsome, two-story brick building, the plans of which represent the result of a careful comparative study of dissecting rooms in the leading medical institutions of this country and Europe, and the college congratulates itself on having acquired the finest structure of its kind in the South. The freezing apparatus, the

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facilities for light, both natural and artificial, and the hygienic arrangements cannot be improved upon.
The buildings are heated by steam throughout. These and other improvements of like nature give the Atlan ta College of Physicians and Surgeons one of the most convenient and well-equipped college buildings in the country. The Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery was established originally in Forsyth, Ga., in 1839. It was afterward removed to Macon, Ga., where it was endowed by the legislature in the sum of $10,000. The college remained at Macon until 1883, having, during its existence there, an average attendance of about one hundred students. While the college was at Macon some of the professors were Judge O. A. Lochrane, A. Oslin, L. Bankston, M. S. Thompson, Professor Cox and Professor Loomis. In 1883 Dr. Stephen T. Biggers secured a charter for the college under its present name at Atlanta, and it was removed to this city. Here it has been in successful operation ever since. The doors of this college are open to women as well as men, and the first lady graduate was Miss Rosa Freudenthal, who grad uated March 3, 1883. Below will be found paragraph sketches of the leading pioneer Atlanta physicians: The first physician to practice in this city was Dr. Joshua Gilbert. He graduated at the Augusta Medical College in 1845, and came here early in that year. He monopolized the practice of medicine in "Marthasville" and vicinity, until December, 1845, when Dr. Stephen T. Biggers arrived upon the scene, and then the two divided the practice between them for a considerable period. The next physician of note to arrive in Atlanta was Dr. James F. Alexander, of whom a full biographical sketch may be found in the biographical department of this work. Dr. Hayden Coe was another of Atlanta's early physicians, having come to this city in 1850. Dr. Cqe was a physician of high attainments, and was one of Atlanta's best ante bclliim practitioners. Ho died here about the time of the breaking out of hostilities. Dr. T. C. H. Wilson came to this city in 1849, having previously practiced in Decatur, Ga. He also was an excellent physician, and had an extensive practice. He died in Atlanta during the war.

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Dr. John W. Jones was born in Alabama. He was a man of line attainments, and at one time represented the state of Ala bama in the congress of the United States. He settled in Atlanta in 1855, an(l was fr some time a professor in the Atlanta Medi cal college. He secured a large practice in this city, and removed to Madison, Ga., after the war. He finally settled in Decatur, where he resided until the time of his death.
Dr. D. C. O'Keefe was born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1828. He came to America in 1846, and settled in Augusta, Ga., where he began the study of medicine, graduating from the Augusta Medical College. He commenced the practice of medicine at Pennfield, Ga., moved subsequently to Greensboro, and settled in Atlanta, in 1860. During the war he served as a surgeon at Richmond, and at various other places, and finally had charge of the hospital at Atlanta. After the war he again entered the reg ular practice in this city. He became a member of the council, was dean of the Atlanta Medical College, and was so prominently connected with the establishment of the public school system in this city, as to earn the proud title of "Father of the Public Schools of Atlanta." He was a physician of high standing, and excelled as a surgeon. He was a genial, whole-souled man, and much more than ordinarily popular. He died at Gainesville, Ga., in 1871.
Dr. W. H. Brown was a native of Georgia, and began the practice of medicine at Griffin. In 1857 he removed to Atlanta, and was soon afterward appointed professor of anatomy in the Atlanta Medical College. During the war he served as surgeon in the Confederate army. In 1865 he moved to Dallas, Texas, where he still resides, and where he is engaged in the practice of his profession.
Dr. H. V. M. Miller was born in Pendleton county, S. C., April 29, 1814. He removed with his parents to Rabun county, Ga., where he received his education. He graduated at a medical college in South Carolina in 1835, and completed his medical edu cation in Paris, France. He settled at Cassville, Ga., where he became a member of the Methodist church, and was licensed to preach. He participated in the presidential campaigns of 1840 and 1844, ni which his eloquence gained for him the title of the

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"Demosthenes of the Mountains." In 1846-48 he was a profes sor in a medical college in Memphis,. Tenn., and from 1849 to. 1865 he occupied a similar position in the Augusta Medical Col lege. During the war he served as a surgeon in the Confederate army, and subsequently he served as inspector of the medical de partment of Georgia. He was an active member of the constitu tional convention under the reconstruction acts. In 1868 he was elected to the United States senate. In 1869 he was elected pro fessor of the principles and practice of medicine in the Atlanta Medical College, and later became an editor of the Atlanta Medi cal and Surgical Journal, and was for thirty years a trustee of the University of Georgia.
Dr. Robert C. Wood, professor of physiology in the South ern Medical College, was born in South Carolina in 1825. He came to Georgia when five years old, and was educated in the High School of Rev. James H. George. He attended a course of medical lectures at the Augusta Medical College in 1844-45, and graduated in 1846, from the medical department of the Univer sity of New York. He practiced his profession in Rome, Ga., with eminent success until the breaking out of the war, during which he served in the Confederate army as surgeon, and later had charge of the receiving and distributing hospital at Griffin, Ga., at Macon and at Eufala, Ga. After the close of the war he settled in Atlanta, where he engaged in the practice of his profes sion, and in 1878 became professor of physiology in the Southern Medical College.
William D. Bizzell, M. D., was born in Green county, Ala., May 31, 1850, and spent his youth on the plantation. He began the study of medicine in 1870 under his maternal uncle, Dr. D. H. Williams, of Gains ville, Ala., and graduated with first honors at the medical college of Alabama, at Mobile, in 1873. He served as demonstrator of anatomy from 1874 to 1878, and then as professor of chemistry until 1881, when he resigned and came to Atlanta, where he was elected professor of chemistry in the South ern Medical College, which chair he continued to nil until 1884, when he was elected to the chair of the principles and practice of medicine.
Thomas S. Powell, M. D., was born in Brunswick county, Va., of Welsh descent. His collegiate education was obtained at

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Oakland Academy, in Brunswick county, under that able director, Professor J. P. Adkinson, and it was completed, with distin guished honors, at Lawrenceville Male Institute, then in charge of the celebrated Professor Brown, of William and Mary College. Dr. Powell was the founder of the Southern,Medical Journal, established in 1870. His connection with the Atlanta Medical College terminated in 1866, and his friends almost immediately suggested the establishment of a new medical college. In 1870, in connection with some of his friends, he determined upon carry ing out the suggestions, and the result was the founding of the Southern Medical College. After this institution had become firmly established, Dr. Powell became one of the founders of the Ivy Street Hospital.
Dr. John Thaddeus Johnson was born in Morgan county, Ga., June 25, 1845. ^e graduated from the medical department of the University of Georgia in 1868, and immediately thereafter entered upon the practice of his profession at Atlanta. While engaged in general professional labors, he paid special attention to diseases of the genito-urinary system. He was professor in the Atlanta Medical College, and also dean of that institution.
Dr. William Abram Love was born in Camden, S. C, May 16, 1824. He was educated in the schools of Camden and Rus sell Place Academy. His medical education was received at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which institution he graduated in 1846. He began the practice of medicine in Taliaferro county, Ga., where he remained until 1850, when he located in Cave Spring, Floyd county. In 1858 he settled in Albany county, Ga. During the war he served on the medical staff of the Confederate army, first in the field and later in the hospital. In 1870 he removed to Atlanta, where he engaged in practice; diseases of'women being his specialty. In 1871 he was elected to the chair of physiology in the Atlanta Medical College, and later was professor of physiology and pathology in that institution.
Dr. Valentine H. Taliaferro was born in Ogtethorpe county, Ga., September 24, 1831. Ho was educated in the University of New York, graduating from the medical department of that in stitution in 1852. He settled first in Coweta county, Ga., and

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successively in Palmetto, Atlanta, Columbus and finally again in Atlanta. In 1872 he was called to the chair of diseases of wo men in the Atlanta Medical College, and in 1875 was elected professor of the diseases of women and children. In 1876 he was made dean of the faculty, and in 1877 a member of the board of trustees. Upon the organization of the board of health of the state of Georgia he was elected its secretary and executive officer, which positions he continued to fill for several years. During the civil war he was surgeon in the Confederate army; also lieu tenant-colonel; colonel of cavalry, and brevet brigadier-general. Dr. Taliaferro died in 1887.
Dr. John Milton Johnson was born in Centreville, Livingston county, Ky., January 15, 1812. He graduated at the Ken tucky School of Medicine, and the Atlanta Medical College. He settled first at Ramsey, Ky., in 1833, where he began the practice of medicine; removed to Fredonia, Ky., in 1844; to Marion, Ky., in 1848; to Southland, Ky., in 1853; to Paducah, Ky., in 1856; and to Atlanta in 1862. His contributions to medical literature were numerous and covered a wide range of subjects. From 1868 to 1872 he taught physiology and pathological anatomy in the Atlanta Medical College. He was a surgeon for three years in the Confederate army, and served for four years in the State Senate of Kentucky. He died in 1886. Dr. Johnson was a man of varied learning, and stood deservedly high in his profession.
Dr. K. C. Divine was born in Jefferson county, Miss., in 1833, aml graduated in 1856 from the University of New York. After graduation he served a year in the Flatbush Hospital in Kings county, N. Y. He commenced practice in Sharon county, Miss., where he remained until the beginning of the war, when he became a surgeon in the Confederate army, and served until the war closed. He then located in Canton, Miss., where he re mained until 1872, when he removed to Newnan, Ga. In 1882 he settled in Atlanta, where he engaged in the general practice, but largely confined his work to surgery. He died in 1899.
Dr. T. M. Darnall was a native of Virginia, and located in Atlanta in 1855. He was connected with the faculty of Atlanta Medical College. After the war he moved to Griffin, Ga., where he died in 1886.

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Dr. S. H. Stout settled in Atlanta, in 1866, and soon after took a prominent part in the organization of the Atlanta public schools. He left Atlanta about fifteen years ago, and moved to Texas.
Dr. N. D'Alvigny came to Atlanta from Charleston, S. C, in 1850. He was a popular physician and surgeon, and was connected with the faculty of the Atlanta Medical College. ,He was a surgeon in the Confederate army. He died in this city.
The first homeopathic physician to come to Atlanta was Dr. Charles A. Geiger, A. M., in April, 1855. He was a graduate of the University of Virginia, and also of the Homeopathic Med ical College of Pennsylvania. He remained in Atlanta but a short time, and is now deceased. The next physician to come to Atlanta was Dr. Barrington King, who practiced here only a few months, when he entered the Confederate army as captain, and never returned to this city as a physician.
The next homeopathic physician to come to Atlanta, and the first to settle here permanently, was F. H. Orme, M. D., in 1861. Dr. Orme commenced the study of medicine with Dr. J. B. Gil bert, of Savannah, Ga., who had been a student of Dr. John F. Gray, of New York, one of the first to learn homeopathy from Dr. Gram, the first physician in America to practice according to homeopathic principles. Dr. Gilbert settled in Savannah in 1842, and was the pioneer of homeopathy in Georgia. Dr. Orme graduated from the University Medical College of New York, in the spring of 1854, and at once formed a partnership with Dr. William H. Banks, the successor of his preceptor in Savannah. Dr. Orme became a member of the American Institute of Homeo-
*
pathy in 1859, and has been a member ever since. He was elect ed president of the institute in 1886, and presided at the session of the institute held at Saratoga Springs, from June 27 to July I, 1887. He has contributed largely to the literature of homeopathy, and being situated at the capital of the state, was enabled to ac complish much for the benefit of the homeopathic system of prac tice. Although there were one or two physicians in Georgia who adopted the system of homeopathy prior to the date of Dr. Orme's commencing to practice, yet it is believed that he was the oldest continuous practitioner of homeopathy in the State of Georgia.

Medical Profession To-day Atlanta numbers among its physicians some of the best known homeopaths in the south. The homeopaths of the city are Dr. F. H. Orme, Dr. Mary Hicks, Dr. Elizabeth Smith, Dr. H. M. Paine, Dr. C. M. Paine, Dr. J. Z. Lawshe, Dr. Lucien D. Morse, Dr. E. H. Hinman, Dr. M. W. Manahan, Dr. Gerhart and Dr. Lukers. The homeopaths of Atlanta work together in perfect har mony with the allopaths, and consultations between members of the two branches of medical science are not infrequent.
Hospital for Incurables
In the branch of dentistry the professional men of Atlanta are as well known as in the different branches of medicine. At the present time there is no regular organization among them similar to the Atlanta Society of Medicine. The Atlanta Odontological Society was formed in 1893 with twenty members, but was soon abandoned. This organization, while intact, held meet ings monthly and new officers were elected at each of these meet ings.

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Since 1893 the number of dentists in Atlanta has almost doubled and an effort is now on foot to establish a permanent dental society. Although until recently the number of dentists was small, Atlanta before and immediately after the war boasted of dentists who took rank among the first in their profession. Dr. Bean, one of the best known of these pioneers, invented, during the war, an interdental splint which was used with much success and which proved a decided acquisition to the list of dental in struments. This splint is even now authorized by dental text books.
Two dental colleges of the highest standing are among the institutions of the city and students come from every portion of the United States to matriculate and take advantage of the able instruction offered in these schools. The members of the dental fraternity of Atlanta are: Drs. R. B. Adair, W. W. Alien, L. P. Anthony, D. S. Arnold, C. M. Barnwell, P. Boyd, T. O. Bramlett, C. T. Brockett, J. Broughton, W. G. Browne, W. P. Burt, J. A. Carlton, L. D. Carpenter, W. J. Carter, J. A. Chappie, T. B. Collins, W. S. Conway, William Crenshaw, Thomas Crenshaw, J. D. Crenshaw, M. Z. Crist, P. T. Dashwood, M. A. Davis, J. P. Day, H. L. Flynt, M. F. Foster, S. W. Foster, K. A. Frieseke, F. P. Gale, J. O. Gilbert, T. P. Hinman, J. H. Holsey, J. B. Hopkins, J. P. Huntley, R. F. Ingram, H. R. Jewett, O. G. Kelly, W. E. Lambright, J. A. Link, O. H. McDonald, J. B. Moncrief, E. T. Morgan, J. R. Por ter, H. J. Pratt, J. O. Seamans, R. H. Shields, D. B. Smith, F. P. Smith, F. E. Spencer, G. M. Terry, E. G. Thomas, J. S. Thomp son, C. S. Tignor, Frank Holland, S. G. Holland, Turner and McElroy, C. P. Ward, W. P. White, B. Wiklauer, W. M. Zirkle.
The Atlanta Dental College, which has had its doors open for years, is recognized, the South over, as one of the best institutions of its kind to be found south of the Mason-Dixon line. An able corps of teachers, assigned to every branch essential to a thorough knowledge of dentistry, is employed.
Each succeeding year since the organization of this college the authorities have found it necessary to provide greater space for the constantly increasing number of students and for the ac commodation of apparatus necessary to proper instruction. The faculty of the Atlanta Dental College is composed of the following

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well known instructors: William Crenshaw, D. D. S., professor of operative dentistry, dental pathology and orthodontia; Edgar Eberhart, A. M., Ph. D., professor of chemistry and bacteriol ogy > J- A. Chappie, D. D. S., professor of oral surgery, hygiene and general pathology; R. E. Hinman, M. D., professor of anatomy and physiology; H. R. Jewett, A. B., D. D. S., dean of the faculty, professor of prosthetic dentistry and metallurgy; Thomas Crenshaw, D. D. S., professor of dental therapeutics and materia medica; P. T. Dashwood, D. D. S., professor of dental histology and crown and bridge work; J. A. Chappie, D. D. S., Harry L. Flyiit, D. D. S., demonstrators in charge; P. T. Dashwood, D. D. S., demonstrator of prosthetic department, crown and bridge work; Edgar Eberhart, M. D., Ph. D., demonstrator of laboratory chemistry and bacteriology; R. E. Hinman, M. D. demonstrator of anatomy; J. D. Crenshaw, D. D. S., instructor and demonstrator of operative and prosthetic technics.
In addition to the schools of medicine and pharmacy of the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons, there is a school of dentistry, the Southern Dental College. This dental school aver ages an annual attendance of 100 students, and by reason of the scope of the institution offers unusual advantages to such. The faculty of the dental school of the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons is composed of the follownig well known precep tors: William Perrin Nicolson, M. D., professor of anatomy; Frank Holland, M. D., professor of operative dentistry and dental hygiene; William S. Elkin, M. D., professor of operative and clinical surgery; Sheppard W. Foster, D. D. S., dean, professor of materia medica, pathology and therapeutics; Richard C. Young, D. D. S., professor of orthodontia and oral surgery; Claud A. Smith, M. D., professor of practical histology, pathology and bac teriology; H. Herbert Johnson, D. D. S., professor of prosthetic dentistry and metallurgy; Louis H. Jones, M. D., professor of dental chemistry; Edward G. Jones, M. D., professor of physiol ogy and histology; W. M. Zirkle, D. D. S., demonstrator of pros thetic dentistry; L. P. Anthony, D. D. S., demonstrator of crown and bridge work; J. L. Campbell, M. D., demonstrator of anatomy; Geo. F. Payne, Ph. G., M. D., demonstrator in chem ical laboratory.

CHAPTER XI
THE PRESS
Atlanta has often been called the graveyard of newspapers. Certain it is that the great majority of papers which have bloomed and withered in the Gate City since she doffed her swaddling clothes and donned her seven league boots, have not had the three essentials to the successful life of a public journal.
Those essentials are capital, a sufficiency of talent, and judicious business management. The story of the press in Atlanta bristles with interest, but the limits of this chapter will not admit of its full development.
It is enough to say, in the outset, that the history of the At lanta press, like the marvellous progress of this city in all other lines, furnishes still another illustration of the survival of the fit test. In outlining this history, it is interesting to note that when Atlanta was hardly more than a hamlet she had two newspapers, both daily, which in equipment and enterprise are not surpassed by the papers in any city of like size in the country.
The many newspaper failures in Atlanta during the past fifty years must be ascribed either to the lack of capital, to the want of talent, or to the absence of judicious business management. Many of them were due to the absence of the trio of essentials to the permanent establishment of a newspaper, essentials, the pos session of which have developed the Atlanta Constitution and the Atlanta Journal, both distinct newspaper successes, into paying and prosperous properties.
It was in 1845 when Atlanta, then called Marthasville, had about one hundred people, that the first newspaper appeared. It was called the Luminary, and the shining weekly sheet was edited by the Rev. Joseph Baker. Its career was very brief. Follow ing swift upon this failure were several other newspaper ven-
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tures, which soon petered out--and then several pioneers solemnly decided that a young town so full of promise should have a jour nal on a more lasting basis. And so Jonathan Norcross, I. O. McDaniel, Z. A. Rice and B. F. Bomar bought a press and issued the Intelligencer. Out of this ambitious weekly afterward grew the Daily Intelligencer, which will be glanced at later on.
The first daily paper, however, which shed light upon the growing town, was called the Examiner. It was published in 1853 kv Kay & Ramsey, and was a five-column folio. At first this paper was printed on a hand press, but, in a short time, it was published from a power press which its enterprising proprietors purchased in Knoxville. The Examiner soon gave up the ghost.
In the early fifties the Intelligencer passed into the hands of Judge Jared I. Whitaker. He changed it to a daily. It was as the editor of this sheet that Major John H. Steele won his spurs as the great journalist of the early years of growing and am bitious Atlanta. This man was a distinct force in Georgia jour nalism from the early fifties to 1871. He was a scholar. He was thoroughly familiar with the public men and politics of the day. He made the Intelligencer the leading Democratic organ of North Georgia. It rendered valuable aid to the party during the war period. It supported the four administrations of the late Governor Joseph E. Brown, the famous war governor of the Em pire State. Major Steele wielded a direct and dignified pen. He eschewed the flippant style. He was a past master in the political discussions of those times. His far-reaching influence did not end with the war, but for six years after the conflict closed the Intelligencer WHS a helpful power in the work of rehabilitation.
Atlanta's first literary weekly was the Southern Miscellany. Col. C. N. Hanleiter started it at Madison, Ga., but in 1846 it was removed to Marthasvillc. It was an artistic success, but a finan cial failure, and died soon after the removal. Major W. T. Thompson, then a young man, was the editor. He afterwards won fame as the author of "Major Jones's Courtship" and other fascinating stories. He wrote, also, "The Live Indian," a bril liant farce, out of which John E. Owens, then a rising comedian, made a fortune--and the author made nothing. After this Major Tlionipson confined himself to journalistic work. He be-

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came the editor-in-chief of the Savannah Morning News, and to his distinguished ability that paper was indebted for its great suc cess. He died in 1882.
It was in 1858 that Col. John H. Seals started The Southern Temperance Crusader, a weekly literary journal. It was on this paper that Mrs. Mary E. Bryan, the authoress of "Manche" and other successful stories, did her first work. The Crusader bid fair to make a permanent success, but its suspension was forced by the breaking out of the war two years after the first issue. In 1875 Col. Seals began the publication of The Sunny South. Mrs. Mary E. Bryan was made editress. Public favor smiled upon the enterprise. In a few years the paper won the largest circula tion ever attained by a literary weekly in the Southern States. At the end of ten years Col. Seals sold the Sunny South to James R. Holliday, Clark Howell and C. C. Nicholls, who still run it suc cessfully in connection with the Sunday Constitution.
Atlanta's first tri-weekly deserves mention. The editor was Col. J. S. Peterson, and his paper, The National American, was ably edited during the year immediately preceding the war. Col. Peterson was such a devoted student of southern statistics that he was recognized as an authority on that subject.
The Southern Confederacy, too, is worthy of mention, be cause of its unique and sulphurous career. It was issued by Dr. James B. Hambleton as a weekly in 1859. Within a few weeks it became the most rabid secession paper in the Southern States. It was intensely bitter, violently uncompromising. It capped the climax of its extreme utterances by printing a black list of North ern Republican merchants. The editor wrote a flaming editorial, calling on all Southern people to boycott the merchants whose names appeared in his long list. Just how many Southerners took this advice will never be known. The short and fiery career of The Southern Confederacy created a sensation in Atlanta which rippled over the State.
The war saw several little dailies rise and fall in Atlanta. Among them were the Gate City Guardian, the Reveille, and the Southern Confederacy. The Knoxville Register and the Mem phis Appeal were printed in Atlanta for a time, during that stormy period. Major John C. Whitner and L. J. Dupre were

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the editors of the Register. It had as editorial contributors such able and distinguished men as L. Q. C. Lamar, afterward United States Senator from Mississippi, cabinet member, and justice of the United States Supreme Court--and General Howell Cobb, speaker of the House of Representatives, and secretary of the treasury before the war.
The Southern Confederacy, a live and vigorously edited war daily, was owned by Col. George W. Adair and J. Henly Smith. Henry Watterson, then cutting his teeth as an incisive and bril liant editorial writer, was on the staff, as were also A. R. Watson, a poet of no mean merit, and J. N. Cordoza, a writer on economics and statistics.
There was no trouble in getting newspaper workers in At lanta during the war. Editors, reporters, compositors were all exempt from conscription. But the newspapers had a hard time in getting their supplies, particularly paper. They made a cour ageous fight, under all sorts of disadvantages, however, and toward the close of the struggle, there were times when whole edi tions were printed on brown wrapping paper and wall paper.
When General Sherman laid siege to Atlanta, several news papers collapsed--but The Memphis Appeal and The Intelligen cer escaped by flying southward. The Intelligencer returned after the evacuation in 1864. During Sherman's two months' stay in the city, no newspaper was started. So out of joint were the times that nobody had the nerve, to say nothing of confidence in the situation, to launch a journal.
But when peace was declared a few weeks later, The Intel ligencer, the only Atlanta newspaper which had survived the wreck of war, was confronted by a competitor in the form of the Daily New Era. It was a neat and intelligently conducted Dem ocratic paper, published under the management of Col. John S. Prather.
A year after its appearance, the New Era was sold to Dr. Samuel Bard, who at once converted it into a Republican paper. Within three years, a stock company purchased the paper, and Hon. William L. Scruggs was made managing editor. For a time the New Era flourished under the able direction of Mr. Scruggs, but when reconstruction came with all its chaos, the
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venture proved unprofitable, and the paper suspended. President Grant made Mr. Scruggs minister of the United States to Colum bia. He served afterward as consul to Canton, China, and min ister to Venezuela.
In 1871, the Intelligencer gave up the ghost, and within a few years there were plenty of newcomers; those worthy of men tion being The Sun and The True Georgian. The latter was a red-hot Republican daily, edited by Dr. Samuel Bard. This paper supported the reconstruction measures and President Grant with great vigor, but as Dr. Bar,d was a better editor than finan cier, it died after a brief and somewhat tempestuous career. President Grant rewarded Dr. Bard's warm efforts in behalf of the party by making him governor of Idaho. He resigned the office in a short time, and during Grant's second term, became postmaster at Chattanooga.
The Atlanta Sun was, in some respects, a remarkable daily. It arose in 1870, and set forever in 1874. It was Democratic to the core. The Hon. Cincinnatus Peeples, a prominent lawyer and polititian, and perhaps the most original stump orator whom Georgia ever produced, was its first editor. Afterward the paper was bought and edited by Alexander H. Stephens. Great states men rarely make good editors, and, as a rule, are not astute finan ciers. This fact was picturesquely illustrated by Mr. Stephens in his conduct of the Sun. He edited the paper from Liberty Hall, his famous home in Crawfordville, 150 miles from Atlanta. His "leaders" were not editorials, but political essays. They were sometimes five or six columns long. He was a stranger to the light journalistic touch which composes pungent paragraphs, and bright, ringing, graphic and timely editorials. His daily contributions were masterly in logic, and full of research--and exceedingly weighty. The Sun, from the profound essay stand point, was a success--but, of course, scored a heavy financial failure, Mr. Stephens sinking a largo sum in the venture.
The Constitution was started in the summer of 1868 by Carey W. Styles, J. H. Anderson and W. A. Hemphill. Mr. Styles, its first editor, made it a fiery anti-reconstruction paper. W. A. Hemphill was the business manager. In a short time it became the leading organ of the Democratic party in Georgia.

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372

Atlanta And Its Builders

Within a few months Mr. Styles retired, and the paper was con ducted by W. A. Hemphill & Co. J. R. Barrick, a Kentuckian of good literary ability, was made editor and continued in that position until his death in 1869.
Then Col. I. W. Avery, a writer of grace and force, took editorial charge. He did excellent work, and upon his retiring after a few months, Col. E. Y. Clarke succeeded him and, for six years, was the able managing editor. In 1876, Col. Clarke sold his interest to Captain Evan P. Howell, and retired. Captain Howell became the editor-in-chief. N. P. T. Finch bought an inter est about this time, and was made associate editor. A little later, Joel Chandler Harris went on the paper as editorial writer and paragrapher, and in 1880, Henry W. Grady, who, with Sam W. Small had been for some time brilliant space writers on the paper, bought a one-fourth interest, and became managing editor. On the death of Grady in 1889, Clark Howell was made managing editor, and still holds that position. In 1888, Mr. Finch sold his interest to S. M. Innian, and retired. A few years later, Captain Howell sold his interest to Hugh T. Innian, and retired. Later the Inman interest passed to the Bannigan estate, and on January ist, 1902, W. A. Hemphill sold his interest, and retired from the business management. He was succeeded by Roby Robinson, the representative of the Bannigan interest. Clark Howell ably presides over the editorial department, and Roby Robinson has charge of the business management. Under this able and wise guidance, the Constitution still flourishes as the leading Demo cratic daily of the South, having lost none of that power and pres tige which was imparted to it by the political acumen of Capt. E. P. Howell, the genius of Henry W. Grady, and the financial ability of W. A. Hemphill.
Grady went to the Constitution after the suspension of the Atlanta Herald, which, in partnership with A. Sinclair Abrams, and Robert A. Alston, he printed in the seventies. It was a dashing and most brilliant daily, and proved a very formidable competitor to the Constitution. It is pretty well settled that up to the time of its collapse, The Herald was the best morning paper ever published in Atlanta. It gave the Constitution a hard fight, and, but for want of capital, would have forced it to the wall.

The Press

373

Indeed the Constitution was on its last legs when the Herald went down.
The Herald was indebted to General Robert Toombs in a large sum. Observing that the paper was run in an extravagant manner, made necessary by its battle royal with the Constitution, General Toombs became alarmed and demanded his money. He was paid. The next day Grady's famous editorial appeared in which occurred the time-honored epigram:
"General Toombs loaned like a Prince, and collected like a Shylock."
That settled the fate of the Herald. Deprived of funds in the hour of its greatest need, in a short time it succumbed to the inevitable and the Constitution came off the victor.
The seventies were strewn with little dead dailies, or rather with minor sheets which never took hold on life.
There were The Opinion, Times, Tribune, Transcript, Nickel, Commonwealth and so on. But the Post-Appeal issued in October, 1878, by Col. E. Y. Clarke as an afternoon paper, came very near making a success. It was sold in 1880 to David E. Caldwell and for a time paid. Within a year Mr. Caldwell sold it at a high figure to Col. Marcellus E. Thornton, who as pired to run a morning daily. He changed it to a morning paper, and after losing heavily, the paper suspended. In 1878, Henry W. Grady, while working on the Constitution, started a weekly called the Atlanta Gazette, a sparkling sheet devoted to letters, gossip and literary features, which in a few months he sold to Williams & Palmer. It suspended soon after. A little later W. H. Christopher started The Phonograph, a literary weekly, announcing that his only object was to make a living. It did well for a few months, and then succumbed for lack of capital. The Phonograph was a smart paper, and, for a time, paid.
It was not until 1883 that the second successful newspaper which Atlanta can boast, was launched. In that year, Col. E. F. Hoge started The Atlanta Journal. He ran it successfully for a few years, when the Constitution issued an afternoon paper in opposition. Col. Hoge's health failed in a few months and he sold the paper to John Paul Jones, of Toledo, Ohio. Mr.

374

Atlanta And Its Builders

Jones was a capable business man. He ran the paper with vary ing success, and, after the death of Col. Hoge, its founder and very able editor, which occurred two years later, sold out for about $12,000 to a stock company composed of Hoke Smith, H. H. Cabaniss, Charles A. Collier, Jacob Haas, and others. This company had ample capital and proceeded to make the Journal a great success. Hoke Smith was the chief owner, and shaped the policy of the paper, which was Democratic from its origin. Josiah Carter was the managing editor, and a very capable one he made. After a time he resigned, and started the Evening Herald in opposition. This paper was ably edited, but soon went down for want of capital. Mr. Carter secured a position on the New York Advertiser, but after a year or so, returned to his old position as managing editor of the Journal. His partner in the Herald, B. M. Blackburn, started the Atlanta Commercial about 1893, without a dollar. It was a bold, independent paper, full of grit and sparkle. It ran with success until 1897, an<^ then sus pended. It gave the Journal a warm fight while it lasted. A The Evening Capitol, started in the late eighties by Charles S. Atwood, also gave the Journal a hot battle. Col. I. W. Avery was the editor. For a time the Capitol paid well, but, after a brave struggle, it went down for want of funds. It was not until 1897 that the Journal had another competitor. In that year the Evening Constitution appeared. It scored a distinct success for a time, but was finally forced out of the field by reason of the fact that the Journal was master of the situation as regarded the press dispatches.
In 1900 the Journal, which had achieved remarkable success, was sold to H. M. Atkinson, Morris Brandon and James R. Gray, each buying a one-third interest. The price paid was large. Hoke Smith and 11. H. Cabaniss, the business manager, retired, but E. H. Richardson, who had been the able and brilliant editor throughout the administration of Mr. Smith, was retained, as were also Josiah Carter, the managing editor, and the entire local force. Mr. Dickinson, of Boston, was made business manager.
In October, 1900, Josiah Carter, Morton Smith, the city editor, and Walter (i. Cooper, editor of the semi-weekly, together with almost the entire loeal force, seceded from the Journal, and,

The Press

375

in conjunction with Walter Howard, established the Atlanta Daily News, an up-to-date afternoon paper. Mr. Richardson remained with the Journal, as did also Walter Taylor, who be came city editor. The News was a wonderfully enterprising paper. It was the first Atlanta paper to print colored cuts, and was patterned after the style of the New York Journal. It ran two Hoe presses, one of which was visible from the street. This new departure attracted great attention. The growth of the News was amazing. In less than one year, it secured 15,000 subscribers, and had a splendid line of advertisements. The pub lic thought that the paper was a financial success, and great was the sensation when, after running about a year, this magnificent afternoon daily was forced to suspend through lack of sufficient capital to meet its indebtedness. The News was a bold and bril liant newspaper, metropolitan in appearance and make-up, and its suspension was regretted by thousands who thought that, at last, Atlanta had healthy newspaper competition. The News trav elled too swift a pace for its financial resources. Had it been content to run a year or so longer at a slower gait, its many tri umphs would have been crowned with lasting success of the high est order. It had the strongest force of writers and the best equipment, in a mechanical way, ever enjoyed by an afternoon paper in the South. No paper printed in the South ever scored such a dazzling record in so short a time.
Too impatient of eclipsing the Journal, it fell by the way side, leaving after all these years, the Journal complete master of the afternoon, the Constitution of the morning field, in Atlanta.
Another newspaper adopting the name of the Atlanta News has just stepped into the local journalistic arena as this work goes to press, the first issue appearing August 4th ; and despite the fail ure of many similar attempts to establish an afternoon paper in competition with the Journal, it bids fair to meet with brilliant success. It is an up to date penny paper, handling the news of the day with great satisfaction to the public, and enriched with excellent telegraphic, editorial and literary attractions. John Temple Graves is editor-in-chief, Charles Daniel managing editor and Shirley V. Brooks city editor. The officers of the Atlanta News Publishing Co. are: Walter P. Andrews, president; L.

37

Atlanta And Its Builders

J. Daniel, vice-president; J. Frank Beck, treasurer, and Charles Daniel, secretary. The directors are: Walter P. Andrews, L. J. Daniel, John Temple Graves, J. Frank Beck, Charles Daniel, John S. Owens, and John W. Zuber. The paper is printed on a three-deck Goss straight line printing press which has a capacity of 25,000 papers an hour. In every respect the equipment is fully up to date and the outlook for this breezy new addition to the journalistic circle is exceedingly bright.
It only remains to mention, briefly, the Peoples Party Paper which, starting in 1891, as a weekly, built up a wonderful circu lation under the able guidance of Thomas E. Watson, whose gift ed pen proved a revelation in editorial leaders, and paragraphs that fairly glittered. That paper was a power in the land.
In 1894 when Hines opposed Atkinson for the governorship, the paper was changed to a daily The Press. After an heroic struggle came defeat, followed by disaster, and in 1895, both Press and Populists "went upward with the flood."

CHAPTER XII
MANUFACTURING
Remarkable strides in manufacturing industries have been made in Atlanta in the last ten years. Her public spirited citi zens have an abiding faith in the manufacturing future ahead of her and hold to the belief that Atlanta will one day take her place among the manufacturing centers of the union.
Reference to the list of enterprises and industries in Atlanta, contained in the chapter "Modern Atlanta," shows to what ex tent manufactures have grown here. Many enterprises of this character enjoy peculiar advantages by choosing Atlanta as a loca tion, and are in a most flourishing condition!
The.wonders wrought in the last decade puts Atlanta not only far ahead of any other Georgia city, but in point of growth gives her a place in advance of any other Southern city. The construc tion of cotton, woolen and hosiery mills has followed naturally, stimulated as such industries are by the presence of abundant raw material. Manufactures of every character are being stimu lated by municipal encouragement and exemption from excessive taxation. During the ten years from 1890 to 1900 the value of manufactured products in Atlanta increased from $-13,074,037 to $16,721,899--an increase of 27.9 per cent. The average num ber of wage earners increased from 7,957 to 9,368--an increase of 17.7 per cent. The number of establishments in operation dur ing that period fell from 410 to 395. This decrease does not represent the withdrawal of so much capital, but is rather the re sult of consolidation and the evolution of manufacturing concerns, many of which lacked stability and enterprise, into stable, wide awake industries.
The most complete table of the manufacturing enterprises of Atlanta is that contained in the United States Census Bulletin issued December loth, 1901, and in which several revisions have been made:
377

oNumfber Establishments
MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES

I All industries ....... .................... 395

.
2 Ripvpl** onrl tt"if*vr*1^ r^r^a irino^

8

3 Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting. ...... 25

4 Boots and shoes, custom work and re pairing ...............................

48

5 Boxes, fancy and paper. .................. 3 6 Bread and other bakery products. .......... 13

7 fa rr^ntfrincr 8 Carriages and wagons ....................

10
6

9 Clothing, men's, custom work and repairing ii

10 Clothing, men's, factory product. ......... 7

ii Confectionery ........................... 6

12 Cotton goods ............................ 3

13 l~)vfiinor anH plpatiinff

6

14 Electrical construction and repairs ........ 4

15 Fertilizers

..

........ 3

1i"6

Foundry and machine shop products. ..... Furniture, cabinetmaking, repairing, and

17

upholstering ........................... 3

18 Furniture, factory product. ............... 5

19 Tr*o o T~finf*i 3 1

4

20 Lock and gun smithing. ................. 7

H 0r+ L
$16,085,114
6,020
20,855
5,893 72,017 79,900 71,843 52,525 17410 226,105 334,250 346i,373 7,720 42,000 672482 1,193,756
5,075 781,685 227,238
7,165

VJ
SALARIED OF AVERAGE NUMBER 00

FICIALS, CLERKS, OF WAGE-EARNERS

Paronpridetors FMeimrbmers

ETC.

AND TOTAL WAGES

Total

N'umber

Salaries

Average Number

ccou

brte



k

ts.

391 78o $851,801 9,368 $3,106,039

86 3i

49

4 12 13 9 16

77 18 3 16 ii

9 38

* *

33

7

2

7

14

10 59

4 i 3i

*

8

8

3,886
13,576 9,554
4,000 4,200 12,790 34,123 61,105
7,300 30402 73450
45460 10,100

18 57
38 123 96 317 82 51 801 259 1,776
22
49 145 602
5 533 32
4

5,132 21,936
12,591 29,125 28,711 121,604 3i,300
I 30416
156,398
63,502 2
417,246 6420 21,190 38,721
285,832
3,216 173,550 14.946
2.o=;o

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES

*~^M C
C oc
H ~ J2
z -55 w

21 Lumber and timber products. ............. 5

22 Lumber, planing mill products, including

sash, doors and blinds ................. 6

23 Millinery and lace goods .................

7

24 Millinery, custom work. ................. 6

?5*x Mineral and soda waters. ................ 4

?6 Monuments and tombstones. ............. 2 -/? Painting, house, sign, etc. ................

7 6

?8 Paints .................................. 5

29 Paper hanging .......................... 4

30 Patent medicines and compounds. ........ 10

*7j i Photography ............................

7
\J

72 Plumbing and gas and steam fitting. ...... 14

33 Printing and publishing, book and job. . . . 17

34 Printing and publishing, newspapers and
periodicals ............................ 16

3oo^ Saddlerv and harness .................... 9 36 Tinsmithing. coppersmithing, and sheet-

iron working .......................... 8 3--/ Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes. ........... 10

38 Typewriter repairing .................... 3

7Q Watch, clock, and jewelry repairing. ......

9

40 All other industries1 ...................... 61 1 !

Total

C en
3 J

Ow
'C S-S
Ou
O [T,

SALARIED OF AVERAGE NUMBER

FICIALS, CLERKS, OF WAGE-EARNERS

ETC.

AND TOTAL WAGES

en

Total

Xf

"C

CJ U



rt

en

2

rt

be

^

CO

4; fc

R5

>3



39,958 5

12

1,070

397,700

7

414TM

56,140

521

18,200 4 16

8,090

62

22,281

4U

4,500

4~5-*

52,175

i

18

10,000

13

24r,"7/ 5*J0

6

i

I,2OO

73

9,265

7

9

101,300

7

12

9,170

23

21.575 420,975
* *r^^%J*J

5

6

4,640

17

8

27

25,343

128

5,O75
*J~ f *J
53,180 365,085

7

15

8

19^S
3i

6,2OO 28,l60

9 135 409

186^00 20,388 13,171 3.47O 31,728 12,540
9,844 6,200
o72^.o77/ u6
2,T!/7.2
49,320 150,562

93814,,864750 !

II
10

68

87,165

160 23

T1O24A ,/9**0Q0/^ 10,778

o7T1 Tl ,-2^80y

8 27

1

*^ *7 "* ^ 7,7o3

12

4

31,163

I

7

vJ

2T GOT)
21,,*34* 0105-*

17329o8 H

4.270 II

4

=5.878.777 ! 1 S2 267 27J..OA2 2..1&1

41,549 13,946

9,930

2,2OO

OJ

OIO.527

38o

Atlanta And Its Builders

No better idea of the growth of manufactures in Atlanta can be gained than by a close study of the foregoing table. In 1890 the total amount of capital invested in 156 establishments which represented practically all the manufacturing enterprises, was $9>343>ooo. To-day the industries of the city represent an in vested capital of $16,085,114, or nearly twice the amount ten years ago. Atlanta's location with reference to the coal and iron cen ters of Alabama and Tennessee is regarded as one of her chief as sets, from a commercial standpoint. With no such big iron plants as are to be found in Birmingham, Bessemer, Chattanooga and other cities of the Southeast, Atlanta can boast of enterprises which in their variety and development represent a greater outlay of wealth. In relation to the coal field of Tennessee and Alabama Atlanta has been compared to Philadelphia, from which point the great iron cities of Pennsylvania have always received the bulk of their supplies. In a review of this subject too much impor tance can hardly be attached to the first cotton exposition, held in Atlanta in 1881. A great impetus was given to manufactures by this industrial display, which was the second of the kind to be held in the United States. The eyes of the North were for the first time attracted to the South through this exposition, which repre sented, though on a restricted scale, the value of the state's raw material. Subsequent fairs and expositions have served to attract wider attention and interest. Further impetus has been given in the increasing interest in manual training and technical education. The Georgia Institute of Technology, opened in 1887, has every year sent out young men skilled in every branch of science to in fuse new life into manufacturing enterprises. In this connection it should be noted that while the increase in the employment of women and children under the age of 16 has been enormous, the mill men of Georgia, in the absence of legislation regulating child labor, have signed an agreement to exclude from their employment all children under the age of 10 as well as those under the age of 12 who cannot show a certificate of four months' attendance at school.
The manufactures of Atlanta enjoy exceptional facilities for the distribution of their products, and as a result of the city's proximity to Southern coal fields, have an abundant and cheap

Manufacturing

381

supply of fuel. The ten lines of railway radiating from Atlanta give quick access to all parts of the territory supplied by the city and economical facilities for loading and shipping are offered by the many miles of sidings connected directly with the factories. The average price of steam coal, which varies little at different seasons, is about $1.75 a ton delivered at Atlanta.
Among the first of the manufacturing enterprises started in Atlanta was that of cotton milling. In 1882, just at the close of the Cotton Exposition, the Exposition Cotton Mills was organized and located in the main exposition building. The factory met with success from the beginning, and now has a capital stock of $500,000. The plant is provided with 50,000 spindles and 1,500 looms, which with a force of 1,000 hands, the average number, gives it a capacity of 28,000,000 yards a year. The factory turns out sheeting, shirting and drills. The officers of the Exposition Cotton Mills are Dr. J. D. Turner, president; Dr. R. D. Spalding, vice-president; Charles D. Tuller, secretary. By excellent busi ness method the company has established a large trade, extending all over the Southern States. Every year a large quantity of cot ton goods from this factory enters China through the port of Shanghai, and in the last few years this foreign trade has greatly increased.
The Atlanta Cotton Factory was established in 1883 with a capital of $300,000. This conjcern passed through numerous vicissitudes, but managed to weather them all and now is in a highly prosperous condition. The officers of the company are R. B. Smith of New York, president; H. E. Fisher, vice-presi dent ; Samuel Stocking, treasurer; E. S. Clarke, secretary, and E. B. Fisher, superintendent. The plant consists of 18,000 spindles and 550 looms and turns out sheetings, shirting and drills to the amount of 10,000,000 yards a year.
The Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill, operating 26,500 spindles and 1,000 looms; the Whittier Cotton Mill, located near Atlanta on the Chattahoochee river, with 10,000 spindles and 100 braiders, are both in excellent financial standing. The combined capital of Atlanta's cotton mills is $3,461,373. An average of 1,776 wage earners are given employment and receive an aggregate pay of $417,246.

3 82

Atlanta And Its Builders

Atlanta has six fertilizer factories, representing a total invest ment of $672,482 and giving employment to 145 wage earners who receive an aggregate of $38,721. This field has been one of the most active not only in Atlanta, hut throughout the South. The Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., the largest fertilizer concern in the country, has only recently hought up all available plants, while several of the big packing houses of the west are making ex tensive preparations to enter the field as competitors.
The Furman Farm Improvement Co., one of the best known of Atlanta's fertilizer concerns, was established in 1884 and has a capital of $130,000. The officers of the company are A. D. Adair, president; George W. McCarty, secretary and treasurer. An average of 60 hands are employed and the company does an extensive business in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama and the Carolinas. The plant is capable of producing 14,000 tons of fertil izers a year, and in order to supply the demand which is con stantly on the increase, the factory is kept running at full force. This is not only true of the Furman Farm Improvement Co., but of every other fertilizer concern in Atlanta.
The year 1900 marked the establishment in Atlanta of a new manufacturing enterprise. The Atlanta Milling Co. began opera tion in that year with a capital stock of $180,000. This is the only flour mill in Atlanta, but the remarkable success which it has met with will result in the establishment, in the near future, of mills of like character. The officers of the Atlanta Milling Co. are J. B. Whitman, president and general manager; W. C. Mans field, vice-president, secretary and treasurer. The mill has a capacity of 1,500 barrels of flour a day and 5,000 bushels of meal. An extensive trade has been built up in the states of Florida. Georgia, Alabama and North and South Carolina, together with a creditable local trade in Atlanta. The flour from this mill takes rank along with the best products of western factories.
Three of the largest plants for the manufacture of brick to bo found in the South are located in Atlanta and the product from these kilns is shipped to every part of the United States. The Chattahoochee Brick Co. was formed in 1883 and has a capital stock of $200,000. Its officers arc J. W. English, president; J. W. English, jr., vice-president, and Harry L. English, general

Manufacturing

383

manager. The company gives employment to 250 men and has a daily capacity of 200,000 brick. The best grade brick is turned out by the Chattahoochee Brick Co., the Collins Brick Co., and the Palmer Brick Co. All three concerns have established a profit able trade and have been actively in the field for years.
In the manufacture of candy and bakery products Atlanta has nineteen concerns in operation. Six factories with a com bined capital of $334,250 turn out in great quantities all grades of confectioneries. In former reviews the importance of this manufacturing branch has often been overlooked, and it would be hard to find one more representative of Atlanta's pluck and industry than this branch.
The Frank E. Block Candy Factory was the first established and this concern is now one of the largest in the Southern States. The plant began operation on a small scale in 1870. At the present time it employs 250 hands and has a capacity of 20,000 pounds of crackers a day and 40,000 pounds of candy. The F. E. Block Co. occupies a four-story building, 250 by 160 feet.
The H. L. Schlesinger Co., the Wilder and Buchanan Co., the Atlanta Steam Candy Co. and half a dozen other concerns en gaged in the same business, are all in highly prosperous condition.
In no branch of industry is Atlanta better known to the out side world than in the manufacture of machinery and mills. In turning out the latter the DeLoach Mill Manufacturing Co., located near the city limits, is known not only in the United States, but over several European countries. The DeLoach Mill Manufacturing Co. has a capital of $100,000 and employs on an average of 135 men. These skilled workmen produce saw mills, lath mills, shingle mills, corn mills and planers. The company was established in 1880 and was incorporated in 1892 at which time the following officers were elected: A. A. De Loach, presi dent; W. E. Swanger, vice-president; J. Cunningham, jr., treas urer. Extensive shipments of the product of this factory go into Europe, South America and China.
The Atlanta factories engaged in the production of agricul tural machinery stand for a growth of more than 20 years, and as a consequence are in good business condition. The WalkerSims Plow Co., with a capital of $15,000, is one of the new-

384

Atlanta And Its Builders

comers in the field of agricultural implements. This company was established in 1900 and its monthly output in all classes of farm machinery is estimated at $60,000. The plant gives em ployment to 25 regular hands. The officers of the company are T. F. Walker, president; George H. Sims, vice-president; F. L. Malone, secretary. The trade of the company is located in the State of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Florida, Mississippi and the Carolinas.
The Atlanta Machine Works reorganized in 1888 with a capital of $75,000, which has since been increased to $125,000. The officers are M. Benjamin, president, and F. Frank, secretary and treasurer. The Atlanta Machine Works turns out largely agricultural machinery, mining machinery and mills of various character. The Fulton Foundry and Machine Works and the Perkins Machine Co. are two of the best known concerns of this kind in the city.
Atlanta-made carriages and wagons are well known and sought after all over the Southern States. In this industry six factories are engaged, having a combined capital of $52,525 and giving employment to between 80 and 100 men. The N. C. Spence Carriage Co., established in 1876, operates with a force of 25 hands and has a capacity of 400 carriages a year. The offi cers of the company are N. C. Spence, president, and S. W. Bear, secretary and treasurer. The company has established a trade extending all over the Southern States. In the manufacture of carriages the John M. Smith Co. is one of the best known con cerns. The White Hickory Wagon Co., which was first organied in 1878, turns out a wagon known throughout the rural dis tricts of the South. The company employs 125 men and the plant has a capacity of 8,000 wagons a year. Drays, spring de livery wagons and log wagons are made by the White Hickory Wagon Co. The officers of the company are B. M. Blount, president; W. B. Waddell, secretary; E. R. DeBose, treasurer.
Seven factories, with an aggregate capital of $226,105, are engaged in the manufacture of men's clothing. The seven fac tories together give employment, on an average, to 801 persons who receive an average of $156,398 for their labor. The Tnman Smith Co., one of the largest and best known clothing fac-

Manufacturing

385

tories, was organized in 1896 and started with 35 machines. The company now operates 225 machines and gives employment to 300 hands in -this department. The clothing plant has a capac ity of 1,000 pairs of pants a day. The company expects to en large this department of its business at once. The men largely interested in the concern are H. T. Inman, John A. Smith, H. C. Leonard, Hugh Richardson and Edward Inman. The Everett, Ridley Ragan Co., A. M. Robinson Co., Standard Mfg. Co. and Nunnally Bros., are all among the best business concerns of the city.
The manufacture of coffins is an important industry in At lanta, as the territory of Georgia, Alabama, Elorida, South Caro lina, North Carolina and Tennessee is supplied to a large extent from this center. The L. H. Hall Coffin Co. and the A. M. Ste phens Coffin Co. both have extensive trade relations in the terri tory named. The Gate City Coffin Co. was established in 1887 and employs a force of 80 hands. The factory has an output of 20,000 coffins a year. It is capitalized at $100,000. The offi cers of the Gate City Coffin Co. are E. C. Stewart, president; C. L. Elyea, secretary and treasurer.
Atlanta has three factories which turn out an immense quan tity of paper boxes of every description. The three concerns combined have a capital of $72,017* and have in their employ some 123 wage earners. The Atlanta Box Factory, one of the best known of the three, employs 60 hands and has a capacity of 100,000 boxes of the cheaper variety a day. Of the better class of boxes the plant is capable of 15,000. The corporation was organized in 1897 with the following officers: Louis Wellhouse, president; Eli Gutman of Cincinnati, vice-president, and P. A. Clement, secretary and treasurer.
In the manufacture of ice Atlanta comes among the first of Southern cities. Eight companies are engaged in the production of this commodity, but only four of them make ice in immense quantities. These four companies have a combined capital of $227,238. and give employment on an average to 32 hands. The People's Tee Co. is one of the largest of the four and the Standard Ice Co. ships to every part of Georgia. The Atlanta Brewing and Ice Co. is the oldest in Atlanta, and the officers of this con-
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Allanta And Its Builders
cern are Albert Steiner, president; E. S. McCandless, vice-presi dent, and I. K. Steiner, secretary and treasurer. Among the recently established industries in Atlanta none are more important or more interesting than the manufacture of steel hoops. The Atlanta Steel Hoop Co. has been organized with a capital of $50,ooo and is now in full operation. S. T. Weyman is president of the company and G. \V. Connors, secretary and treasurer. The plant gives employment to 120 hands and has a daily capacity of 2,300 bundles of cotton ties. This number of cotton ties is suffi cient to wrap 11,000 bales of cotton. The plant disposes of 50 tons of steel a day. Although one of the city's infant industries, a good business has already been established through the state of Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina.
The manufacture of woolen goods is also an innovation in the list of Atlanta's varied industries. The Colcord Woolen Mills is one of the best known factories of this character in the country. The Atlanta Woolen Mills has a capital of $350,000 and does a business amounting to $500,000 a year. The plant also contains a cotton mill. Employment is given to 450 hands. The products of the Atlanta Woolen Mills consists mainly of all wool cashmere, Kentucky jeans, cotton warp and hosiery yarns. The officers of the company are W. M. Nixon, president; H. T. Inman, vice-president; J. D. Turner, secretary. The concern was established in 1896 and the plant has been twice increased since that time.
Atlanta also conies among the first of the Southern cities in the manufacture of proprietary medicines. Ten manufacturing houses are employing between 130 and 140 hands in this work and the combined capital of the ten concerns amounts to $429,935. The Swift Specific Co. was organized twenty years ago, and the specific manufactured by this' company goes into every state of the Union. One hundred employes are kept at work in the fac tory six months in the year. The other six months no manufac turing is done. The officers of the Swift Specific Co. arc: W. D. Lamar, president; H. J. Lamar, vice-president; L. S. HuntIcy, treasurer; V. L. Rankin, secretary, and J. G. Percklian.lt, gen eral manager.
J. B. Daniel, one of the oldest and best known manufacturers of Atlanta, employs a large number of hands in the preparation

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of Cheney's Expectorant alone. This house does a big general business. J. W. Blosser & Sons, the Blood Balm Co. and the Bradfield Regulator Co., together with others equally well known, have built up good trades.
A large business is being done in the manufacture of spring beds. The Atlanta Spring Bed Co., with a capital of $40,000, has a plant with a daily capacity of 75 springs and 50 mattresses. The company employs 35 hands. The Atlanta Spring Bed Co. was organized in 1900. It has built up a trade of some di mensions in Georgia, Alabama and the Carolinas.
Three big trunk factories are now in operation in Atlanta, the Foote Trunk Factory, L. Lieberman & Co., and the Pinnacle Mfg. Co. The Foote Trunk Factory has been in business eight years and has a capital of $10,000. The officers of the company are J. J. Foote, president; J. M. Maffett, vice-president and R. M. Foote, secretary and treasurer. The factory turns out on an average of 1,300 dozen trunks a year. Twenty-five hands are employed.
Atlanta has six factories engaged in turning out planing mill products, the six concerns having an aggregate capital of $397,700, and giving work to 521 hands. Of the six the Woodward Lumber Co. is one of the best known. This concern does a busi ness of over $500,000 a year. Its plant produces sashes, doors, mantles and hard wood interior finish. Four thousand mantles are turned out every year from this mill. D. Woodward, an enterprising and wide-awake business man, is president of the company and its controlling spirit.
A new departure in the manufacturing field is noted in the organization of the Robinson Neckwear Co. This company was organized in 1901 and is now operating 14 machines and employ ing 60 hands in the manufacture of neckwear and garters. The plant is capable of 190 dozen ties a day. The company has a capital of $20,000 and the following officers: K. Hoykin Robin son, president; A. M. Robinson, vice-president, and M. L. Minor, jr., manager.
At the present time Atlanta has but one stove factory, the Atlanta Stove works. This company has a plant of 40 molders and employs 60 workmen. The capacity of the factory is 20,000

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stoves a year. A considerable business has been established in South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina.
The officers of the Atlanta Stove Works are Sam D. Jones, president; B. H. Jones, vice-president, and J. R. Dickey, secretary and treasurer. The company is doing business on a capital of $100,000.
One of the first terra cotta works established in the South ern States was the Southern Terra Cotta Works of Atlanta, or ganized in 1870. This concern was one of the pioneers in the manufacturing field, but while it has met with vicissitudes in the past, all of these were overcome and the company, at present cap italized at $50,000, is one of the most substantial of its kind to be found in the South. The Southern Terra Cotta \Vorks produces large quantities of lire brick, flower pots, architectural terra cotta and other material of like character. The plant gives employ ment to 30 hands. The officers of the company are Samuel Young, president; E. C. Young, treasurer, and H. T. Trowbridge secretary.
Prominent among the men identified with the manufactur ing interests of Atlanta are the following: A. A. De Loach, De Loach Manufacturing Co.; Charles D. Tuller, secretary Ex. Cot ton Mills; R. B. Toy, secretary-treasurer Phillips & Crew Co.; Chas. W. Gale, manufacturer office furniture; C. A. Peek, secre tary Atlanta Supply Co.; Albert A. Wood, manufacturers steel tools; Chas. P. Byrd, pres. Byrd Pt. Co.; T. M. Horner, manager Emerson Drug Co.; C. E. Buchanan, manufacturer candies; W. A. Hates, manufacturer spring beds; Asa G. Candler, president Coco-Cola Co.; J. C. Greenfield, manufacturer; J. R. McKeldin, broker and manufacturer; Jesse L. McGarity, manufacturer; G. L. Kamper, president Grocery Co.; K. M. Turner, president Dixie Del. Co.; E. I. Stone, manufacturer cotton goods; Chas. A. Sisson, manager Piedmont Hat Mfg. Co.; Geo. Dowman, presi dent Dowman Mfg. Co.; Thomas J. A very, William M. Francis, manufacturers; Isaac H. Haas, manufacturer, So. Spg. Bed Co.; Louis Gholstin, Gate City Spring Bed Co.; S. A. Magill, Atlanta Hosiery Mills; R. M. Wiley, candy manufacturer; Oscar Peppenheimer, E. L. Rhodes, manufacturers; Hugh Richardson, Ininan Smith & Co., J. N. Goddard, R. H. Bewick, manufacturers; W.

Manufacturing
C. Rawson, Gate City Coffin Co.; Joseph Hirsch, M. R. Emmons, manufacturers; E. Van Winkle, gin manufacturer; W. B. Thomas, C. R. Winship, Jno. A. Brenner, S. Pappenheimer, H. D. Terrell, T. J. Hightower, A. L. Colcord, T. S. Lewis, L. J. Trounstein, Otto Schwab, R. H. Jones, Mell R. Wilkinson, James L. Dickey, B. M. Blount, manufacturers; G. W. Brine, Georgia Electric Light Co.; W. T. Ash ford, manufacturer; Sig. Montag, manufacturer of paper; J. R. Hopkins, John Oliver, John M. Smith, V. H. Kriegshaber, M. A. Fall, manufacturers; Jno. V. Whitman, Atlanta Milling Co., president; Jas. W. English, jr., Chattahoochee Brick Co.; W. R. Ware, furniture manufacturer.
An interesting view of the crude manufactures of old At lanta is given by Wallace P. Reed in an article on this subject. The following is an extract from this article:
"The first manufacturing establishment in Atlanta was a sawmill erected in 1844 by Jonathan Norcross. It was located between the present sites of the Atlantic and West Point depot and the Air Line depot. It was propelled by horse-power, the power having been an invention of Mr. Norcross; but the inven tion having been previously made and patented, as Mr. Norcross learned upon himself making application for a patent at Washing ton, he could not secure a patent for his invention. This power consisted of a circular wheel, forty feet in diameter, and adjusted in nearly a lioriontal position. From three to four horses were placed on one edge of this wheel at a time and harnessed to a frame, and as they walked forward apparently to themselves, they in reality stood still, the immense wheel rotating under them and propelling the saw, which played vertically up and down. One set of horses was kept upon the wheel from three to four hours, when another set was put in their places. With this vertical saw Mr. Norcross was able to saw about one thousand feet of lum ber per day. The lumber sawed was mostly for the Georgia rail road, which was then being built toward Atlanta, and which had agreed to take what lumber Mr. Norcross could have ready for its use, by the time it could approach sufficiently near Atlanta to use the lumber. The lumber was sawed out in the shape of "mud sills," cross-tics, and "stringers." The "mudsills" were really three-inch plank, about twelve inches wide, and wore laid down

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lengthwise of the railroad as a base for the cross-ties, which lay across the mudsills, and at a distance apart of from four'to five feet. The "stringers" were then laid longitudinally on top of the cross-ties, and on the "stringers'' were laid the flat iron rails, or strap rails. In manufacturing these various kind of railroad timbers, Mr. Norcross's mill was kept employed about two years, and during that time made considerable money for its owner. Its operations were then discontinued. It was on this Georgia rail road that the first locomotive that came into Atlanta by self-pro
pulsion reached this city September 15, 1845. "One of the largest flouring mills in the Southern States be
fore the war was one erected where the Georgia railroad depot now is, by Richard Peters, L. P. Grant, W. G. Peters and J. F. Minis. The capital invested was $50,000. The building was a three-story frame, and was well built and well supplied with good machinery. It was erected in 1848, and was run by Richard Peters until the breaking out of the war. Mr. Peters attempted to conduct a merchant flouring-mill business, but from various causes was not so successful in the business as would have been gratifying to his tastes. The principal reason for this was that some of his principal competitors persistently undersold him with out any regard to profit. When the war broke out Mr. Peters sold the engines to the government, who took them to Augusta and they were used throughout the war in the manufacture of powder for the Confederate armies. The building was then converted into a pistol factory and was thus used until the city was destroyed by order of General Sherman. The five acres of land on which it stood cost Mr. Peters originally $600, and he sold it for $20,000.
"The first foundry and machine shop erected in Atlanta that took in regular custom work was erected by A. Leyden, formerly from Pennsylvania, and in later years the inventor of the lock that has been used on the bags containing the registered mail of the United States. The foundry and machine shop referred to were erected in November, 1848, and the business was conducted under the firm name of A. Leyden & Co. Mr. Leyden's part ner being Robert Finley of Macon, Ga. The foundry was located where the Porter & Butler foundry now is, and was in fact the

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original of which the latter is the successor. It was on the Geor gia railroad, opposite the Richmond and Danville railroad freight depot. In 1853 Mr. Leyden became the sole proprietor of the establishment, but in 1856 took in as partners E. W. Holland, James L. Dunning, and John McDonough, and the partnership resulting was also known as A. Leyden & Co. In 1857, Mr. McDonough sold his interest in the business to William Rushton, and in 1858 Mr. Leyden himself sold his interest. The name of the company was then changed to the Atlanta Machine Works, and continued to run under that name until the war, when being requested to cast shells for the Confederate government, and refusing, the property was seized by the government and used by them for the manufacture of shells until the city was captured by General Sherman, when the works were destroyed. After the war they were resurrected by Mr. Butler, later of Gainesville, Ga. After several changes in the firm J. H. Porter became interested in the establishment, hence the name Porter & Butler, and these two gentlemen ran it for several years. About 1882 Mr. McCombs became interested in the business, and in later years Mr. George Taylor, and the name of the firm was changed to McCombs, Taylor & Co.
"The Atlanta Mining and Rolling Mill Company was incor porated March 9, 1866, the incorporators being John D. Gray, Alien Kennedy, Aaron Alexander, William C. Gray, and their associates and successors, and the authorized capital stock of the company was $200,000. The privilege was granted of increas ing it to $500,000. This was in fact the continuance of the business carried on by Lewis Schofield before the war, and dur ing the war by Schofield & Markham. The location of the works was about two hundred yards west of the present site of the Fulton Cotton Spinning Mills. These works were, like most of the other works of the kind, destroyed by the war. After the war the Atlanta Rolling Mills were erected nearly opposite the present site of the Atlanta Bridge and Axle Works on Marietta street, and were run until 1877, when the business failed and the property went into the hand of a receiver. The receiver con ducted the business about a year, when the property was sold and an attempt made to start again. The result was another failure

Atlanta And Its Builders
and another receiver in the person of Grant Wilkins, who ran the business for about eight years, when an accidental fire destroyed the combustible part of the buildings. The property was pur chased by the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, and later by the Georgia Pacific Railroad Company.
"It is now the design to present a brief resume of the manu facturing that was carried on in the city during the war. In 1860, there were here four large machine shops, two planingmills, three tanneries, two shoe factories, a soap factory, and clothing manufactories employing seventy-five hands. The most important establishment in the place was the Scofield & Markham Rolling Mills for the manufacture of railroad iron, and capable of turning out thirty tons per day.
"The opening of hostilities caused the blockade of all South ern ports, and cut off communication with the outside world. The South had large armies to be equipped, and the people at home required various articles of utility and comfort. The demand had in some way to be supplied, and hence, in a short time, At lanta became a veritable hive of industry. Shops and factories were soon in full operation, manufacturing almost every article that could be of use in warfare, from field ordnance down to a navy revolver. Immense quantities of shells and percussion caps were turned out every day, and shipped to the front. Some of the lighter military equipments, requiring considerable skill and ingenuity, were also manufactured here, such as brass but tons, canteens, bowie knives, envelopes, paper boxes, coffins, etc. The bakers did a tremendous business supplying the army with hard-tack. Mr. Carl F. Earth started a drum factory and turned out bass and kettle drums by the hundred. There were scores of clothing, shoe, hat and candle factories. Mr. Thomas W. Chandler manufactured fine swords for officers. These were of well-tempered steel and were serviceable weapons. James McPherson built a match factory at great expense, and his matches were sold all along the line from Richmond to Mobile. Dr. Samuel Rape came home after a year's service in the field, author ized by the government to manufacture false teeth, gold leaf and the silver wire used for surgical purposes. He sent through the lines for machinery and a gold beater, and himself made a trip to

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Europe to secure other needed material. In order to reach Europe he had to run the blockade, and as he was the bearer of dispatches from the Confederate government to its minister in France, he ran not a little risk. He made his industry in At lanta very successful and was of material aid to the government and the people.
"But most of the ingenuity of the Southern people was at that time turned into warlike channels. It was expended upon cannon, bombsi powder, pistols, sabers, guns, and similar articles, in preference to the things required by a peaceful community. Still what was achieved in Atlanta under such adverse circum stances, when the raw material was almost entirely lacking, shows that with favorable opportunities they had the resources, the in ventive ability, and the skill to provide almost anything that was absolutely necessary. The two evacuations, by the Confederates and Federals, with the consequent destruction of eleven-twelfths of the city, swept away every vestige of these manufactures, and it was not until the city had been rebuilt that its industrial era was really inaugurated.
"The Winship Machine Company was established in 1853, by Joseph Winship, who, though originally from Massachu setts, had then been a citizen of Georgia twenty-three years. He located where the works are now, at the intersection of Foundry street and the Western and Atlantic Railroad. Here he erected a foundry and machine shop, and commenced business in 1854. Soon afterward he took into partnership his brother, Isaac Winship, and his two sons, Robert and George, the firm name becom ing Joseph Winship & Co. The buildings which had been erect ed and the business which had been built up were destroyed by the war, but as soon afterward as possible work was commenced again. In 1866 Isaac R. Winship left Atlanta, and the business was continued by Joseph Winship and his two sons until January, 1869, when Joseph Winship retired from the firm. The busi ness was then conducted by the two brothers, Robert and George Winship, under the firm name of Winship Brothers until Janu ary, 1885, when the Winship Machine Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $200,000."

CHAPTER XIII
BANKING AND INSURANCE
The banks of Atlanta are among the most solid and influen tial financial institutions of the Southern States. They are man aged by able and experienced financiers, whose ability is evi denced by the fact that several of the Atlanta banks have accumu lated surpluses so large as to attract the attention of bankers throughout the United States.
The character of Atlanta's banking business is different from that of other Southern centers. Atlanta is the clearing-house for most of the State of Georgia, and checks are sent here for collec tion from the great cities of the Eastern, the Middle and the Western States.
The bank clearings, to some extent, reflect the business of Atlanta; but it should be borne in mind that certain classes of business do not appear in this statement. For instance, in the wholesale grocery trade about half of the business is done by direct shipment from the place of production to the consumer, and much of it does not pass through Atlanta. The wholesale grocers, as a rule, are paid for these goods in New York exchange which is frequently deposited in New York, and, therefore, does not appear in the local clearings. A careful estimate by a leading wholesale grocer, who served a term as president of the chamber of commerce, puts the amount of business done by Atlanta houses which does not appear in the clearings at $10,000,000.
The clearings of Atlanta represent a great deal more business than the same figures would at other cities where cotton enters largely into the volume of exchanges. On cotton the margin is very close, and a vast amount of business in dollars and cents will pass through the banks without doing the community a great deal of good. Thus at some of the coast cities comparatively few
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firms, without a large number of employees, will do a cotton business amounting to many millions of dollars. In Atlanta, the cotton business, while respectable, is not an overshadowing item. Atlanta's clearings are far more uniform than those of cotton markets, whose banking business runs up during the cotton season and falls to a low ebb at other times. The great commer cial and manufacturing interests of this city continue with com paratively little decrease in the volume of their business during the year. .
The banks of Atlanta showed their strength and gave great relief to the surrounding country in August, 1893, when, by request of the chamber of commerce, reflecting the wishes of commercial and manufacturing interests, they issued $90,000 of clearing-house certificates. Within the next sixty days they issued $37,000 more, making a total of $127,000. These obliga tions were accepted by the merchants and the public and circulated through the surrounding country until November 6th, 1893, when they were called in by the clearing-house. At the time when these certificates were issued, the cotton season was about to open and the dearth of currency made it almost impossible to move the crop. Had the harvesting of cotton and the resulting payments been long delayed, great disaster would have been pre cipitated. The issuance of clearing-house certificates gave imme diate relief, restored confidence, and prevented the embarrassment which had threatened the cotton movement.
The first meeting of banks for the purpose of organizing a clearing-house occurred on the 15th of September, 1891, and arti cles of agreement for the establishment of the clearing-house were entered into on September 22, 1891. The first book records of the business began on April 7, 1892, and the clearings the first six days of that record were $1,368,637.09. There are no records of the clearings previous to that date. The banks officiated as managers alternately for two weeks at a time until August, 1893, when the present manager was elected, and rooms were provided for the clearing-house.
Atlanta's bank clearings wore over $15,000,000 larger in 1901 than in 1900.
The story of the business done by the banks of a city for a given time tells the story of the progress of the city. Therefore

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no history of the development of Atlanta for the past ten years would be complete without including in it a statement showing the growth of the city's great banking institutions.
There are seven banks in Atlanta that belong to the clearing house. Of these five are national and two are state banks. Of the seven, six were in existence in 1890 and one, a national bank, has been established since that year. Of the six doing business in 1890, all were then operating under the state laws except one. Three of the six have since been converted into national banks.
What business these banks did in 1890 and what they are doing now can be told in cold figures so that no mistake can be made about it.
In 1890 the deposits of the Atlanta banks were $5,335,555.85. In 1900 these deposits were $11,242,477.04.
In 1890 the loans and discounts of the Atlanta banks were $5,158,396.52. In 1900 their loans and discounts were $8,671,193-30-
These figures show an increase in deposits for the ten years of over 100 per cent., and an increase in loans and discounts of over 68 per cent.
These figures tell their own story. How these banks have grown individually is shown by their published statements.
The Clearing House association was established in 1892 and its records show that the clearings in 1893 were $60,753,911.13, while the clearings in 1900 were $97,646,251.04, an in crease for eight years of more than 61 per cent.
This marvelous increase has not taken place by fits and starts, but on the contrary it has been gradual and steady, indicat ing solidity and substantial basis.
The clearings from year to year will show this. In 1894 the clearings were $56,589,228.04, showing a decrease from the year before, as a result of universal adverse conditions, but in 1895 they were $65,318,254.71, regaining the step backward for 1894 and even advancing beyond what the clearings were in 1893. In 1896 the clearings were $69,026,033.17. In 1897 they were $72,005,161.52, while in 1898 they were $71,964,809.03, show ing again a slight decrease from the previous year. Hut in 1809 a big step forward was taken and the clearings were $83,058,-

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397.11, and in the last year of the century the clearings reached the enormous total of $97,946,251.04.
If the clearings could be obtained for 1890 it would doubt less be found that they increased 100 per cent, for the ten years.
Only one of these banks had deposits amounting to $1,000,ooo in 1890, and now the deposits of none of them fall below $1,000,000.
The bank clearings increased in eight years $41,357,023, or over 61 per cent.
The loans and discounts increased in ten years $3,512,796.78 or over 68 per cent.
The deposits increased $5,906,921.19, or over 100 per cent. It is but simple justice to say that much of Atlanta's growth, her present strength and the security of her future is due to the intelligence, enterprise and liberality of Atlanta's banks. The banks of this city are conducted on as true business principles as those of any other financial center, and, of course, they are managed with due regard to the interests of their stock holders, but it has been their own good fortune and that of the community as well, that they have held, both when the financial skies were fair and threatening, an unshaken faith in the future of Atlanta, in its permanency and its commercial honor. Many a time have they come to the aid of an incipient or a struggling enterprise which was in the hands of practical and honest men. They have always encouraged business efforts and stood by honest endeavor in every line of industry. The manu facturing progress of Atlanta is due to her banks more than any other influence. Atlanta's banks have been quick to perceive and ready to aid all enterprises that looked to the building up of the city as a strong and permanent industrial center. There are in Atlanta to-day many prosperous manufacturing establishments which either could never have been originated or would have gone down in occasional storms which assailed their undeveloped strength but for the timely and liberal aid of Atlan ta's bankers. It is in the power of men who control the money supply of a city to do very much, either for the advancement or the deter-

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ranee of its commercial growth. Atlanta has been very fortu nate in having at the fountains of her financial strength and refreshment, broad-minded men who always comprehend her needs and appreciate her inherent power. This strong confidence
id the readiness to sustain honest and well-directed endeavor in Atlanta has been aspired and nourished in the bankers of this city by the consistently correct conduct of her representative business men, the promptness in meeting their obligations and their appre ciation of their mutual interests with those of their bankers. But with a less andv less comprehensive set of banks Atlanta would have had her possibilities restricted, her growth hampered and her achievements held down to a measure far below the point to which they have attained.
The literal record of Atlanta's growth and commercial ad vancement, as set forth in this volume, is ample proof of the policy which her bankers have pursued. And it is gratifying to know that the bankers have reaped their share of the profits of a busi ness policy which has been of incalculable value to every line of business and to every interest in this community.
Below will be found a brief history of the many banks that have been established in Atlanta, and which, with very few excep tions, have long since passed out of existence:
Atlanta Bank--The movement for the establishment of this bank, the first in Atlanta, commenced in 1851. The Intelligencer of September 11 of that year, said that in a city of the business and population of Atlanta, an institution affording money facili ties was greatly needed, and almost indispensable to the continued prosperity of the city. Much inconvenience had been felt by the merchants for want of a bank, and the Intelligencer said that steps had been taken looking to the establishment of such an institution.
On the 27th of January, 1852, a charter was secured, the incorporators being John F, Minis, Williahi L. Kzzard, K. W. Holland, I. O. McDaniel, Clark Howell, J. Norcross, B. O. Jones, J. A. Hayden, Richard Peters, William M. Butt, L. P. Grant, Kzekiel Mason, James A. Collins, Joseph Winship, Barrington King, Willis P. Menifee, C. W. Arnold, John 1). Still, T. M. Jones, N. L. Angier, James T. Humphries, Stephen Terry, Joseph

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Thompson and J. F. Loyd. By this act of the legislature the capital stpck of the bank was fixed at $300,000.
Soon after the granting of the charter, an advertisement appeared in the public prints, saying that the incorporators named in the charter had ordered subscription books to be opened by E. W. Holland of Atlanta; Hon. William Ezzard of Decatur; Clark Howell of Lawrenceville; Barrington King of Roswell, Cobb county; and Charles W. Arnold of Coweta county. This advertisement was signed by a majority of the incorporators and Jonathan Norcross, acting secretary.
Subscription books were opened at the several places named above, and were kept open for eight months, but not a share of stock was subscribed. However, in March, 1853, George Smith, of Chicago, paid a visit to Atlanta, and upon learning of the fail ure of the incorporators to secure any subscriptions to the capital stock, he called upon the incorporators and informed them that he was willing to take the entire capital stock himself. He there fore subscribed for 2,995 shares, 2,991 in his own name, and one each in the name of Patrick Strachan, W. D. Scott, George Menzie and Alexander Mitchell, all non-residents of the state. Two days afterward the remaining shares were taken by Joseph Thompson, J. A. Hayden, Joseph Winship, Jonathan Norcross and N. L. Angler, citizens of Atlanta.
On April 3, 1853, George Menzie resigned his position as a director and S. G. Higginson was elected to the vacancy and also to the presidency of the bank, and S. C. Valentine was elected cashier. In October, 1853, at a meeting of the stockholders, George Smith, Patrick Strachan, S. C. Higginson, J. H. Valen tine and J. A. Hayden were elected directors.
Not long after organization of this bank, a warfare was be gun upon it with a view of breaking it down. The reasons for this seem at this time hard to rind, but distrust in its methods of doing business and in those who had control of its management appear to have become general. The movement found its way into the legislature, and on the 17th of February, 1854, a resolu tion was approved requesting the solicitor-general of the Coweta district to inquire into the circumstances attending the organiza tion of the bank, and also as to its mode of doing business.

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Mr. Bleckley, the solicitor-general, after most diligent in quiry submitted a report in which he says he found no violation of the charter. Previous to this time the warfare on the bank had become general, and was not confined to the state of Georgia. The New York Journal of Commerce had this to say regarding the banks in Georgia: "We have reason to know that our warn ing in regard to the banks whose failure to redeem here has been already noticed, kept many of our readers from serious loss, and we have felt it our duty to say that there are other banks which have a wide ciculation whose issues are not entitled to currency so far from home. Among these are the Merchants' Bank of Macon, the Bank of Atlanta, the Bank of Milledgeville, and the Merchants and Mechanics' Bank of Columbus, all of Georgia. But all of these, with the possible exception of the last, are en gaged in furnishing circulation for Illinois and Wisconsin. We know nothing against these institutions, so far as they do a regular banking business at home, but they were not created to furnish a currency for poor laborers and farmers one thousand miles from home. Their issue ought not to be received at this distance from the point of redemption. The moment the agent in Wall street stops redeeming them the bank is broken for all practical pur poses to the poor bill holder who can not send it to Georgia, but must sell it at fifty or seventy-five cents on the dollar. The entire system is one which ought not to be tolerated."
To this attack on the banks of Georgia, the Examiner of September 7, 1854, made the following response: "We are not advocates of the paper money system; but we are at a loss to know the reasons for this crusade against the Bank of Atlanta. The bank here redeems its issues with a promptitude not sur passed by any bank in the state, and we see no reason why the Atlanta bank is not as sound an institution as any of a similar kind, so long as it pays specie for its notes. If its notes circulate further off than any other bank notes, it is the good fortune of the bank to secure such a good circulation, and it should not be attributed to an ulterior design until there is good cause for sus picion."
About the first of January, 1855, Thompson's Bank Note Reporter quoted the Atlanta Bank and the Merchants' Bank of

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/ Macon at i 1-2 per cent, discount, while all the other Georgia banks were quoted at five per cent, discount. It was argued that this disparity in the rate of discount should not be taken as cast ing discredit on the latter banks. It arose from the fact that they had made no arrangements to redeem their issues in New York, while the Atlanta Bank and the Merchants' Bank had from the time of their organization regularly redeemed their notes in the Northern metropolis at such rates of discounts as to allow the brokers to make a profit by taking them at i 1-4 to i 1-2 per cent, discount. Merchants, and other business men from this section of the country who might have occasion to visit New York could therefore readily see what advantages were to be derived from

taking with them the bills of the Atlanta Bank in preference to those of other Georgia banks, or even to the best bills of South Carolina banks. It should be a matter of supreme satisfaction to the business men of this community and to the friends of the Atlanta Bank, that notwithstanding the assaults made upon it by the press, that the bank kept on in the even tenor of its way, and that it met all of its obligations in full.
In 1854 there was another run on the bank. One gentleman from the West presented in one day $60,000 of Atlanta Bank bills, for redemption, and was somewhat surprised to receive the full amount in coin. The next day another gentleman appeared with $17,000 in bills and he also received the specie.
Toward the latter part of December of this year, Mr. Cooper, superintendent of the state road, issued an order that no agent of the road should take the bills of any banks not payable in Savan nah, Augusta or Charleston. This order was looked upon by the friends of the Atlanta Bank as prostituting the state road for the purposes of favoritism toward certain banks to the injury of other banks which were at least as worthy of confidence as the favored ones. In excluding the bills of the Atlanta Bank, the conduct of the superintendent seemed singularly unjust, when it was remem bered that the bank had never failed its bills, and that the bank was so near the principal offices of the company, rendering it easy to find out in a very short time whether the bills were or were not good. The protests made against the course of the superintend ent had the effect of securing the revocation of the order so far as it related to the Atlanta Bank.
26-2

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Atlanta And Its Builders

In October, 1855, there was a run on this bank, but the re sults might have been foreseen had it been known from the state ments made by the New York papers, that the Atlanta Bank had transferred from New York vaults to its own vaults in Atlanta about $1,000,000. The Intelligencer said that over $800,000 of its bills had been presented at its counter for redemption, all of which had been promptly redeemed. Thus was conclusively shown the unusual strength of this bank, the reason of which was that it had immense resources at its command over and above its chartered capital. But notwithstanding this strength some of its bills had been protested. This occurred under the following circumstances: A Mr. Washburne from the West, called at the bank with about $35,000 worth of its bills for redemption, about 10 a. m., on September 15, accompanied by a lawyer and a notary public. Previous to this time the bank on similar occasions had received from parties wishing bills redeemed, the bills in pack ages which were labeled, and the amounts paid in bulk, the priv ilege of counting the packages being waived. But upon exam ining them it had been found that some of the packages had con tained bills of other banks, sometimes half bills, and even raised bills. On the occasion of Mr. Washburne's appearance, there fore, it was determined to count the bills in the several packages. The counting was therefore commenced, and continued until 4.15 p. m., when only $30,000 had been counted out. Mr. Wash burne was thereupon requested to call next morning and the rest of the specie would be counted out to him. This, however, was not satisfactory, and Mr. Washburne proceeded at once to pass through the form of protesting the bills of the bank, and the rumor at once gained circulation that the Atlanta Bank was un able to redeem its issues. Of course the mistake was soon dis covered by the public, and the bank continued on with its regular business for some time afterward; but Mr. Smith, becoming tired of a constant warfare made upon his bank without any just rea son, wound up the affairs of his bank toward the latter part of 1855, and retired from the field.
The Bank of Fulton was the second bank established in Atlanta. It was incorporated March 6, 1856, the incorporators being William Ezzard, A. W. Stone, John T. Harris, John Col-

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Her, J. Norcross, G. B. Haygood, A. W. Hammond, T. L. Thomas, Joseph Thompson, J. I. Whitaker, Robert M. Clarke, Clark Howell, and Singleton G. Howell. The capital stock of the bank was fixed at $300,000. The first officers were: E. W. Holland, president; Alfred Austell, cashier; these two with J. I. Whitaker, were the directors. This bank was located on Ala bama street, between Whitehall and Pryor streets, and did a prosperous business until the city was captured by the Federal forces, when it suspended business and was never reorganized.
A branch of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company Agency was established in Atlanta in 1856. An office was opened on the corner of Whitehall street adjoining the railroad. Perino Brown was the first agent at Atlanta. He was succeeded by W. W. Clayton, who remained until business was suspended by the arrival of General Sherman's forces in the city in 1864. After the war Perino Brown was again placed in charge and remained until 1873, when he was succeeded by S. B. Hoyt. Mr. Hoyt continued to conduct the company's business until May, 1875, when the Atlanta Savings Bank was established and ab sorbed its business.
A private banking house was opened in Atlanta in October, 1866, by Brown & Wildman, at the corner of Broad and Marietta streets. These gentlemen conducted a general exchange and banking business, but their venture was short lived. The senior member of the firm was Perino Brown, who before the war and during later years was prominently connected with the banking business in Atlanta.
Atlanta National Bank.--This is the oldest national bank in Georgia and in the Cotton States. It was organized by General Alfred Austell, George S. Cameron, R. H. Richards, W. H. Tuller, Paul Romare, and others, on September 2, 1865, and com menced business on December 19, 1865, with a capital of $100,ooo, under the management of the following officers: Alfred Austell, president; W. H. Tuller, cashier. From the day this bank was opened until the present it has enjoyed the fullest confi dence of the people of Atlanta and vicinity. Wise management carried it safely through the financial panics which have marked the period of its existence, and to-day it is regarded as one of the

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Atlanta And Its Builders

most reliable banking institutions in the state. General Austell remained president of the bank until his death in 1881, and its success was largely due to his sagacious business ability and honorable business methods. James Swann succeeded General Austell as president.
The Georgia National Bank was commissioned by the Unit ed States government in the fall of 1865. The officers at that time were John Rice, president; E. L. Jones, cashier; E. E. Rawson, W. W. Clayton, S. A. Durand and John Collier, directors. The capital stock was $100,000, divided into 1,000 shares, a majority of which was held by John Rice. The stock remained in the hands of the same parties until 1870 when H. I. Kimball purchased 800 shares. This bank was the depository of the state of Georgia 'during Governor Bullock's administration. On Feb ruary 6, 1872, a suit was brought against the bank to recover the money which it was claimed belonged to the state and was un lawfully held. At the time of bringing this suit the bank stock was held by S. A. Lapham, who held one-half of the stock, Mrs. Byron Kelbourn, E. L. Jones, A. S. Whiton, John Harris, L. Scofield, H. T. Phillips, Daniel Pittman, D. A. Cook, D. A. Walker, John Rice and J. Caldwell. The legal fight to regain possession of the state funds held by this bank was carried to the United States Supreme Court, and forms one of the most interest ing cases in the legal history of the city. The attorneys who appeared in the case were Judge L. E. Bleckley, General Ko1>ert Toombs, ex-Attorney General Ackerman, P. L. Mynatt, John Collier and John T. Glenn. As a consequence of this controversy the bank was forced to suspend operations, and never resumed business.
The Freeman's National Savings Bank was chartered by the government of the United States, and opened for business in Atlanta in March, 1865, at the corner of Broad and Alabama streets. Philip D. Cory was its cashier. This institution did not have a prosperous career, and like similar banking houses which sprang up all over the South for the ostensible purpose of encouraging the colored people to save their money, it collapsed, leaving its depositors unpaid. Within the last few years, how ever, the government has repaid nearly in full all holding proper

Alfred H. Colcjuitt

406

Atlanta And Its Builders

evidences as to the amount of their deposits, but a comparatively small amount of this money reached the original depositors as they had in most cases sold their claims to speculators.
J. H. and A. L. James, private bankers, formerly at the cor ner of Whitehall and Alabama streets, have been engaged in the banking business for many years. The senior member of the firm, J. H. James, commenced business in 1860, and from that time, with the exception of a brief period during the war, has been principally engaged in banking.
The Georgia Banking and Trust Company was organized January 6, 1871, having previously been known as the Georgia Loan and Trust Company. The officers elected were M. G. Dobbins, president; Jerry W. Goldsmith, cashier; John H. Gold smith, bookkeeper; M. G. Dobbins, V. R. Tommey, J. M. Ball, J. T. Meador, George E. Smith, A. K. Seago and J. M. Harwell, directors. V. R. Tommey succeeded Mr. Dobbins as president, but the remaining officers remained unchanged until the suspen sion of the company, about twenty years ago.
The Citizens' Bank of Georgia was organized November 8, 1872, and at a meeting of the stockholders held on that day the following directors were elected: Governor Joseph E. Brown, Colonel John T. Grant, William Goodnow, Judge J. A. Hayden, Colonel W. C. Morrell, W. A. Rawson, John H. Flynn, J. W. Seaver and W. L. Walters. Colonel John T. Grant was elected president and Perino Brown, cashier. The bank began business on January 5, 1873, and on that day received in deposits $133,ooo. W. C. Morrell succeeded Colonel Grant as president, and held this position when the bank suspended operations in 1881. The failure of this .bank occasioned severe loss to its depositors, its liabilities exceeding its assets by more than $350,000.
The Merchants' Bank of Atlanta was the successor of the State National Bank of Georgia, which was organized in the fall of 1872, with a capital of $100,000, and the following directors: General John B. Gordon, James M. Ball, J. R. Wallace, William A. Moore, B. K. Crane, A. H. Colquitt, Edwin Platt, James H. Porter and James R. Wylie. The officers were James M. Ball, president, and W. W. Clayton, cashier. In 1876 a new charter was obtained and the bank was reorganized with a capital of

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$200,000, under the State banking laws as the Merchants' Bank of Atlanta. Campbell Wallace was elected president and W. W. Clayton, cashier. J. H. Porter succeeded Mr. Wallace as presi dent in 1883, and held the position until the bank went out of business. C. W. Henderson, J. H. Porter, W. D. Luckie and R. M. Farrar at different times were cashiers. The bank conducted business from 1872 to 1876 on the corner of Wall and Pryor streets, but later removed to No. n Alabama street.
The Bank of the State of Georgia was organized April i, i873, with a capital of $100,000. The original directors were F. M. Coker, L. P. Grant, A. C. Wyly, E. W. Marsh, T. G. Healey, R. F. Maddox, John Jones, J. H. Callaway and W. W. Bell. Business was commenced with F. M. Coker as president and W. W. Bell cashier.
The Atlanta Savings Bank was organized under a state charter in May, 1875, its capital fixed at $500,000. The officers were S. B. Hoyt, president; R. H. Richards, cashier; S. B. Hoyt, R. H. Richards, A. Austell, John Neal, Anthony Murphy, Charles Beerman and W. P. Orme, directors. After a prosperous career this institution was changed to the Gate City National Bank.
The Gate City National Bank, as previously stated, was the successor of the Atlanta Savings Bank. It was organized in May, 1879, with a capital of $100,000. In May, 1880, its capi tal was increased to $155,000, and in July, 1881, to $250,000. Business was continued in the old Kimball House until its de struction by lire in August, 1883. Temporary quarters were then secured and work was immediately begun on the Gate City building, since known as the Gate City Bank Building, on the corner of Alabama and Pryor streets. The structure, the finest bank building in the city, at the time, was completed in January, 1884, at a cost of $145,000. The iirst officers of this bank were L. M. Hill, president; L. J. Hill, vice-president; and K. S. McCandless, cashier. This bank went out of business in 1893.
The firm of Maddox, Rucker & Co., private bankers, was established in July, 1880, with a capital of $100,000, composed of R. K Maddox, J. VV. Ruckcr and W. L. Peel. After 1886 G. A. Nicholson and B. L. Willingliain had a working interest in the company.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

The Capital City Bank is the successor of the Capital City Land Improvement Company, organized in 1883. Business un der its bank charter was commenced in October, 1887, with a capital of $400,000, and a surplus of $52,000. The original directors were Jacob Elsas, president; J. W. English, vice-presi dent; John A. Calvin, W. A. Hemphill, D. Mayer, Aaron Haas, A. Rosenfeld, J. H. Ketner and Dr. J. W. Rankin.
The Atlanta Banking Company was organized in February, 1886, under a State charter which provided that the capital stock of $200,000 shall be paid in by monthly installments within a period of forty months from the date of granting the charter.
Neal Loan and Banking Company was organized under a state charter January 4, 1887, with a paid up capital of $100,000. The first officers of the bank were: T. B. Neal, president; John Keely, vice-president; and E. H. Thornton, cashier. Mr. Keely
died in July, 1888. The Traders' Bank of Atlanta was organized and commenced
business November i, 1888, with a capital of $100,000. The directors were W. A. Moore, Hugh T. Inman, P. H. Harralson, W. J. Van Dyke, Q C. McGehee, E. F. Gould and Clifford L. Anderson. Officers: C. C. McGehee, president; W. J. Van Dyke, vice-president; and Edward S Pratt, cashier.
The Lowry Banking Company was established by Robert J. Lowry in 1861. In 1865 the institution underwent a change and became known as W. M. and R. J. Lowry, bankers. The author ized stock was $600,000, of which $300,000 was paid in. The iirst officers of the bank were Ro1>ert J. Lowry, president; Thomas D. Meador, vice-president; Joseph T. Orme, cashier. Directors, J. H. Porter, R. C. Clarke, T. D. Meador, Robert J. Lowry and Joel Hurt. On the death of W. M. Lowry in 1887 the bank took a state charter and in 1900 it became a national bank.
From the foregoing it will be seen that little over a decade ago the following present day Atlanta banks were in existence: Atlanta National Bank, Lowry National Bank, Maddox-Rucker Banking Company, and Neal Loan and Banking Company.
Since then have been established in Atlanta the Third Na tional Bank, the Fourth National Bank, the Capital City National Bank, the Fanners' and Traders' Bank, The Georgia Savings

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Atlanta And Its Builders

Bank and Trust Company, The Trust Company of Georgia, and a number of other institutions of the kind that partake more of the nature of loan agencies.
The banks of Atlanta are exceptionally strong, as will be seen by the following statistics and the personnel of the banking business.
The capital of the Atlanta National Bank is $150,000, with a surplus and undivided profits amounting to $594,000. The officers are: James Swann, president; P. Romare, vice-presi dent; C. E. Currier, cashier'; H. R. Bloodworth, assistant cashier. Directors: James Swann, P. Romare, S. M. Inman, A. E. Thornton, F. E. Block, H. T. Inman and C. E. Currier. The published statement of the condition of this bank, February 25th, 1902, follows:
RESOURCES
Loans and discounts. ....................... .$1,776,577 53 U. S. Bonds............................... 300,000 oo Other bonds and stocks...................... 362,648 80 Banking house and other real estate. ........... 88,012 78 Due from banks............................ 1,205,991 03 Cash ...................................... 411,894 27

$4,145,124 41
LIABILITIES
Capital Stock ..............................$ 150,000 oo Surplus and undivided profits (net) ............ 594,168 36 Circulation ................................ 150,000 oo
Deposits-- Individual .................... .$2,692,738 31 Banks ........................ 47337 78 United States .................. 150,879 96--3,250,956 05

$4,145,124 41
The capital of the Maddox-Ruckcr Banking Company is $200,000, with a surplus of $74,000. The officers are : William L. Peel, president; Robert F. Maddox, vice-president; Thomas j. Peoples, cashier; George A. Nicolson, assistant cashier. The

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directory consists of the foregoing names, with the single addi tion of B. L. Willingham. The statement made by this bank January 2, 1902, follows:

RESOURCES

Loans and discounts ........................ .^ 874,888 27

Real estate ................................ 20,275 71

Stocks, bonds, etc........................... 77,200 oo

Expense ..................................

1*677 04

Cash--in vault .................$ 163,037 74

With banks ............... 688,396 06-- 851,433 80

$1,825,474 82
LIABILITIES
Capital ...................................$ 200,000 oo Surplus ................................... 50,000 oo Undivided profits ........................... 24,796 60 Due depositors ............................. 1,550,678 22

$1,825,474 82

The Lowry National Bank has a capital of $300,000, with surplus and profits amounting to $146,000. It nationalized in 1900. The officers are: Robert J. Lowry, president; Thomas 1). Meador, vice-president; Joseph T. Orme, cashier. The direc tors are: Thomas Egleston, Samuel M. Inman, Robert J. Lowry, Thomas D. Meador, John Oliver, Joseph T. Orme and William G. Raoul. This bank's statement made at the close of business, December loth, 1901, follows:

RESOURCES

Loans and discounts. ....................... .$1,399,701 23

United States bonds......................... 421,450 oo

Real estate ................................. 79,499 49

Overdrafts ................................

5,885 12

Due from United States Treasurer. ............ 10,000 oo

Cash on hand and due from banks............. 683,752 53

Total ................................. $2,600,288 37

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Atlanta And Its Builders

LIABILITIES
Capital stock ..............-.................$ 300,000 oo Surplus and undivided profits, net. ............. 146,348 69 National bank notes.......................... 200,000 oo
Deposits-- United States ...................$ 200,039 59 Banks and bankers.............. 509,021 31 Individuals .................... 1,244,878 78 1,953,939 68

Total :............................... .$2,600,288 37

The Fourth National Bank is capitalized at $400,000, with surplus and profits aggregating $127,000. Captain J. W. Eng lish is president; W. P. Inman, vice-president; John K. Ottley, cashier; Charles I. Ryan, assistant cashier. Directors: W. P. Inman, George W. Blabon, James W. English, H. C. Stockdell, J. R. Gray, Joseph Hirsch, E. C. Peters, J. D. Turner, John A. Miller. The Fourth National's statement made February 25th, 1902, shows:
ASSETS Loans and discounts........................ .$1,561,909 83

Overdrafts ................................ U. S. bonds................................. Premium on U. S. bonds. .................... Furniture and fixtures. ...................... Due from U. S. Treasurer. ...................
Cash--

20,860 33 647,000 oo
14,665 oo 4,109 20 15,000 oo

Duo from banks. ............ ...S 734,499 90 In vault ......................... 226,411 78 960,911 68

$3,251,456 04
LIABILITIES
Capital stock ...............................$ 400,000 (X) Surplus and undivided profits. ................ 134,635 16 Circulation ................................ 300,000 oo Deposits .................................. 2,416,820 88

$3,251,456 04

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The capital stock of the Third National Bank is $200,000; surplus, $123,190.10. The officers are: Frank Hawkins, presi dent; H. M. Atkinson, vice-president; Joseph A. McCord, cash ier; Thomas C. Erwin, assistant cashier. Directors: H. M. Atkinson, Dr. A. W. Calhoun, John W. Grant, Frank Hawkins, H. Y. McCord, J. Carrol 1 Payne and E. B. Rosser. The condi tion of this bank at the close of business March 12, 1902, was as follows:
RESOURCES
Loans and discounts. ....................... .$1,142,289 54 Furniture and fixtures........................ 2,755 10 Stocks and bunds........................... 192,173 54 U. S. bonds................................ 400,000 oo Premium on U. S. bonds..................... 14,824 41 Redemption fund ........................... 10,000 oo Cash on hand and in banks.................... 731,917 92

$2,493,965 51

LIABILITIES

Capital .................................. .$ 200,000 oo

Surplus ................................... 100,000 oo

Net profits ................................ 23,190 10

Dividends unpaid ...........................

56 oo

Circulation ................................ 200,000 oo

Deposits .................................. i ,970,719 41

$2,493,965 51
The capital of the Capital City National Bank is $250,000; surplus and undivided profits, $78,260.05. This bank was na tionalized in July, 1900. The officers are: George A. Speer, president; Isaac Liebmann, vice-president; A. L. Kontz, cashier; George R. Donovan, assistant cashier. Directors: George A. Speer, George W. Parrott, John C. Hallman, Isaac Liebmann, David Woodward, J. K. Maddox, L. 1L Beck, Hoke Smith, B. J. Kiseman, Isaac G. Haas and S. F. Parrott. The statement made by this bank December 3ist, 1901, follows:

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Atlanta And Its Builders

RESOURCES Loans and discounts. ... v. .................... $1,018,484 75 Overdrafts ................. ............. 40,790 67 U. S. bonds to secure circulation ............. 50,000 oo Premium on U. S. bonds...... ............. ,, i,600 oo Furniture and fixtures........ ............. 2,642 05 Due by U. S. Treasurer....... ............. 2,500 oo Cash on hand and in banks. .................. 408,765 16

$1,524,782 63
LIABILITIES
Capital ...................................$ 250,000 oo Surplus and undivided profits. ................ 78,260 05 Circulation ................................ 50,000 oo Deposits ................................... 1,146,522 58

$1,524,782 63

The officers of the Neal Loan and Banking Company are: T. B. Neal, president; K. H. Thornton, cashier; W. F. Manry, assistant cashier. The statement of this bank made at the close of business, February 25th, 1902, follows:

RESOURCES

Loans and discounts. ....................... .$1,285,594 47

Overdrafts ................................ 15,764 77

Bonds and stocks owned by the bank. ........... 6,300 oo

Furniture and fixtures. ......................

1,800 oo

Real estate ................................ 175,191 16

Due from banks and bankers in the state. ....... 27,614 82

Due from banks and bankers in other states. ..... 149,019 25

Currency .................................. 5392

Gold .....................................

7,350 oo

Silver, nickels and pennies.................... 18,640 98

Checks and cash items....................... 11,130 15

Exchanges for the clearing house.............. 41,062 73

Interest paid ...............................

i ,090 80

Total ................................ .$1,790,951 13

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LIABILITIES
Capital stock paid in .........-.................$ 100,000 oo Surplus fund .............................. 150,000 oo Undivided profits, less current expenses and taxes
paid .................................. 67,364 28 Due to banks and bankers in this state. ......... 28,191 07
Due to banks and bankers in other states. ....... 7> 2 i4 83 Individual deposits subject to check. ........... 806,352 51 Demand certificates ......................... 56,376 72 Time certificates and savings department........ 575,451 92
Total ................................ .$1,790,951 13 \
The Trust Company of Georgia was established in Novem ber, 1893. The directors of the company are George Winship, Joel Hurt, C. L. Anderson, K. Woodruff, H. B. Tompkins, T. K. Glenn, D. O. Dougherty, H. E. W. Palmer, J. C. Johnson, Dar win G. Jones, W. S. McCamie, Joseph Hirsch and J. Carroll Payne. The company is authorized by its charter to act as ad ministrator, guardian, agent for the management of real estate, assignee and receiver of insolvent estates, registrar and transfer agent of corporations.
The statement of the Trust Company of Georgia, made on January 31, 1902, is as follows:

RESOURCES

Stocks and bonds ...........................$ 324,600 oo

Loans ..........

49,100 oo

Sundry accounts .

1,258 92

Accrued interest . .

202 56

Vaults and fixtures

14,812 70

Real estate .......

Cash on hand....

8,640 40

$ 399.945 69

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Atlanta And Its Builders

LIABILITIES

Capital stock .............. ...................$ 250,000 oo

Surplus ........... ...................... 50,000 oo

Undivided profits . . . ...................... 48,378 05

Certificates of deposit, .:.................... 39,980 oo

Unpaid dividends .. , ......................

9 oo

Sundry credits ...... ...................... 2,740 90

Rent collections

...................... 8,837 74

$ 399>945
INSURANCE
Atlanta is the third largest insurance center in the United States, only ranked by New York and Chicago. This city is headquarters for the Southern or state agencies of sixteen of the largest fire and twenty of the most important life insurance com panies. The deposits of premiums in Atlanta banks exceed $6,000,000.
More than 200 men are employed by the insurance agencies in Atlanta. In fire insurance there are 115 clerks, besides fortysix general or special agents, who travel throughout the Soutlvern States, making Atlanta their headquarters. The number of local agents of fire insurance companies reporting to Atlanta agencies from points throughout the Southern States is 3,531. The life insurance agencies of Atlanta employ seventy-five clerks and thirty traveling agents, and receive reports from 637 agents in this state.
Atlanta is headquarters for the Southeastern Tariff Associa tion, which makes rates for the states of Virginia, North Caro lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida.
Insurance money has built many of the handsomest business structures in Atlanta, and two of the principal office buildings bear the names of prominent companies. Several million dollars of insurance funds have been invested in Georgia and Atlanta bonds and in Atlanta real estate.
The growth of the fire, life, accidental and guarantee insur ance business of Atlanta since 1890 has been enormous.

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Jn some lines of insurance the development and increase of the business is surprising. This is especially true in the lire, life, accident and guarantee business.
A careful compilation made from the annual reports of the insurance companies of all classes doing business in Atlanta, which reports are filed with the comptroller-general, shows the following important and interesting facts:
From 1890 to 1900 the life insurance risks on policies issued in Atlanta increased $5,013,153.
The fire insurance risks for the same period increased $10,676,955-
The accident and surety line shows the enormous increase of
$36,049,95 . These figures are the first of the kind that have ever been
compiled showing the Atlanta business, and they will be examined by the insurance men of the country with great interest, as they show that the insurance business of Atlanta is far greater than even the experts in this line of business dreamed.
It was the general impression among insurance men that the fire risks on new business written in Atlanta last year would amount to from $20,000,000 to $25,000,000. A consolidation of the reports in the comptroller's office shows as a matter of fact that in the year 1900 a total of $36,817,273 in new policies were written last year.
In 1890 $26,138,723 were written. The life insurance risks on new business written in Atlanta in 1900 amounted to $15,697,334. In 1890 the business amounted to $10,684,181. The following tables show correctly the amount of risks, premiums and losses on life, fire, accident and surety business of Atlanta in the years of 1890 and 1900, showing the increase in each line of business.

RISKS 1900. . . .$36,817,273 1890. . . . 26,138,723

KIRK INSURANCE PREMIUMS
H)00.. ..$454,033 1890. . . . 366,854

LOSSES H)00. . . .$127,371 1 890 .... 96,1 26

Inc.. . . . .$10,678,550 Inc.. . . ..$ 87,179 Inc.. .. . .$ 31,245
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Atlanta And Its Builders

RISKS 1900. . . .$15,697,334 1890.. . . 10,684,181

LIFE INSURANCE
PREMIUMS 1900. . . .$486,897 1890. . . . 222,742

LOSSES I9OO. . . .$726,144 1890. . . . 189,803

Inc......$ 5,013,153 Inc.. .. ..$264,155

$536,341

ACCIDENT, SURETY, ETC.

RISKS I9OO. . . .$41,201,256 1890.... 5,151,301

PREMIUMS 1900. . . .$132,725 1890.... 30,214

LOSSES I9OO. . . .$ 60,508 1890.... 3,859

Inc...... $36,049,955 Inc....... $102,511 Inc.

$ 56,694

The increase in premiums on fire insurance from 1890 to 1900 is not in proportion to the increase in the volume of business done in 1900, for the reason that insurance rates have been re duced very materially since 1890.
In 1890 there were only 42 insurance agents in Atlanta. In 1900 there were 119, an increase of 77.
Ten years ago eight accident insurance companies were represented here. The number has increased to n.
In 1890 there were 57 fire insurance companies represented in Atlanta. In 1900 there were 74.
Three guarantee and surety companies had agencies in At lanta in 1890 and in 1900 ten were represented here.
In 1890, 18 life insurance companies had offices in Atlanta, and there are now 34 life insurance companies here.
Three plate glass insurance companies had agencies in At lanta in 1890, and there are now 10 of these companies.
There were no elevator insurance companies represented in Atlanta in 1890, while there are 9 of them doing business here.

CHAPTER XIV
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
Atlanta, occupying as it does a commanding position as the gateway of the Southeast, enjoys transportation facilities equaled at few other centers in the South. Many years ago, when rail road building was in its infancy, far-seeing men predicted that Atlanta would be a great center, standing as it does at a point where railroads coming down the Atlantic coast would intersect with others from the West, Southwest and Southeast. These predictions have been fulfilled. The city has ten radiating lines, including five divisions of the Southern Railway and five independent lines, giving ample facilities for reaching any section of the United States. The time from New York is twenty-four hours, and from Chicago twenty-eight. Through sleepers come and go from each of these cities. A solid vestibuled train runs between Atlanta and New York and Atlanta and New Orleans, and there is a through sleeping-car service between Atlanta and Cincinnati, Atlanta and Jacksonville, and Atlanta and other Southern cities.
The railroads are kept in fine physical condition and are in strong hands. Within the past year most of those which were in the hands of receivers have emerged from their difficulties, passing through the period of reorganization, and are now oper ated by concerns free from debt. At present only two per cent, of the railroads in Georgia are in the hands of receivers. This is a record hardly equaled by any State since the great panic of 1893, when a large proportion of the railroads in most of the States were in the hands of receivers.
The people of Atlanta and surrounding towns enjoy a fine local service with very low commutation rates on monthly and quarterly tickets. The liberal policy of the roads into Atlanta
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has built up a series of flourishing suburban towns, which cluster about this city for a distance of ten or twenty miles. Among these are such charming suburbs as College Park, Decatur, Hapeville, Oakland, East Point, Edgewood, Kirkwood and Clarkston. These places are built up by people who do business in Atlanta and return every evening to their suburban homes. They use railroad tickets which amount to about the same as street-car fare, so that really the population of Atlanta is perhaps thirty per cent, greater than the official count. There are about 120,000 people who make their living here. These commutation tickets extend a distance of thirty to forty miles on several of the roads, and pro fessional men who have offices in Atlanta and spend their work ing hours here reside in such flourishing towns as Newnan, Marietta, Palmetto and Fairburn.
The terminal facilities of the railroads at Atlanta, so far as freight is concerned, are first-class. The new depot and freight warehouse occupied by the Seaboard Air Line and the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railways is one of the finest struc tures of its kind in the United States. The warehouse covers several acres and has a cement and concrete floor and a metal roof, supported by steel pedestals and heavy steel girders. The length is such that thirty-two drays can load at the same time on the street side, while a large number of cars are discharging or taking freight at the tracks on the rail road side. The metal walls next to the siding are portable and suspended on rollers, so that sections can be moved from one place to another, and leave an opening at any point where a freight car may be stopped. This affords unusual facilities for loading or unloading entire trains.
The Southern Railway at its Peters street depot has ample warehouse and office room, and the Central and Atlanta and West Point freight depot on Mitchell street is both spacious and convenient. The Georgia Railroad freight depot is located on Loyd street, very near the heart of the city, and is easily accessible from the business center.
A belt line partly encircles the city, extending from the Western and Atlantic Railway on the Northwest to the Southern Railwav on the northeast. Another connects the Western and

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Atlantic Railroad with the Seaboard Air Line, and the Central of Georgia Railway has under construction a belt line from East Point to the Western and Atlantic Railroad and the Seaboard Air Line.
The Union Passenger Depot is located in the heart of the city, within a few minutes' walk of the principal hotels, banks and business houses, and is easily accessible from any part of the city. The present station is not a pretentious structure, but plans are under consideration for a Union Passenger Depot of a size and character in keeping with Atlanta's importance. Atlanta has for years been heartily ashamed of the antiquated "car-shed" that answered well the purposes of a union depot a score of years ago, and with a determination characteristic of her, has tirelessly agitated the matter of a fine depot worthy of the city's size and enterprise. Though often rebuffed and disappointed in her plans to this end, her pertinacious push is about to be rewarded. The legislature of 1901-2 passed a "depot bill" after a warm fight and previous defeats, and the depot commission of the State is at this writing engaged in endeavoring to come to an agreement with the railroads interested. The State owns the dqiot prop erty. The depot commission is composed of Governor Candler, who is ex-officio chairman; Senators J. Ferris Cann, of the first, and John N. Holder, of the thirty-third district, and Hon. G. V. Gress, of Wilcox; Hon. Byron B. Bower, jr., of Decatur; Hon. Thomas Eggleston, of Fulton, and W. A. Knowles, of Floyd.
Atlanta is a natural railroad center for the Southeast, and as such is headquarters for the Southeastern Freight Association and Southeastern Passenger Association, of which most of the roads in the States of Georgia, the Carolinas, Alabama and Flor ida are members. Among these are included such great systems as the Southern Railway, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the Plant System, the Florida Central and Peninsular Railway, the Central of Georgia, the Georgia and Alabama, the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern, and the Georgia Southern and Florida. These associations meet monthly for the transaction of regular business, and important conferences for the settlement of differ ences between the railroads of the Southeast are held here.
Another important auxiliary to the railroad service at At lanta is the Southeastern Car Service Association, which has

r
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Atlanta And Its Builders

headquarters in this city. Through this organization an accu rate account of the cars unloaded in the territory of Georgia, Florida, Alabama and South Carolina is kept, and the rules and regulations affecting car .service, demurrage, etc., are here made and promulgated.
The central position of Atlanta, and the fact that the district railroad organizations are located here, gives this city quite an ad vantage in the matter of rates and facilities. The Southern Rail way, for example, occupies elaborate offices in the Equitable building, and an assistant general superintendent, an assistant general freight agent and an assistant general passenger agent of the system make this city their headquarters.
The following concise historical sketches of the several rail roads entering Atlanta are taken from Wallace P. Reed's history of Atlanta, issued in 1889, and furnish an interesting glance at the early railroad history of the city. Some important changes have taken place since that date, notably the great factor the Southern Railway has become in Atlanta's transportation facili ties, and the advent of the Seaboard Air Line.
CENTRAL RAILROAD.--The Central Railroad proper was the first road built in Georgia, and one of its leased lines, the Georgia Railroad, was the first completed road con necting Atlanta with the outside world. In 1872 the Central Railroad Company was formed by the consoli dation of the Central Railroad, chartered in 1835 and completed in 1846. The Milledgeville branch, origin ally the Milledgeville and Gordon Railroad, was chartered in 1837 and opened in 1852. Of this system the line first built was from Savannah to Macon, a distance of one hundred and ninetyone miles. Colonel Cruger made the experimental survey as far back as 1834, the expense being borne by the city of Savannah. The company was organized in 1835 and the work actively began in 1836. At this time the railroad excitement in Macon and Savannah as at fever heat. In a short time over one million dollars were subscribed in Savannah to the line between that city and Macon, and Macon took several hundred shares. The line from Macon to Forsyth, known as the Monroe Railroad, also claimed its share of public attention, and in a few days a subscrip-

Transportation Facilities

423

tion was raised in Macon to the amount of $200,000. The Monroe line, under the management of President L. L. Griffin, was rapidly pushed forward and its charter was amended so as to ex tend it to the banks of the Chattahoochee River. The first train on this road ran from Macon to Forsyth on the loth of December, 1838. The enthusiasm aroused by the completion of this line was so great that contracts were soon made for its extension to "Terminus," or Atlanta.
On the ist of August, 1843, the first passenger train from Savannah reached Macon, stopping at McCall's mill, two and onehalf miles from the city. The Central was then famous, and was known for years afterwards as the longest railroad in the world built and owned by a single company. Honors were heaped upon the surviving originators of the project, and the mas ter spirit of the enterprise, Mr. William W. .Gordon, was hailed as the greatest public benefactor of his generation. In 1845 tne bankruptcy of the Monroe road, then completed from Macon to Jonesboro, necessitated its sale. It was purchased by Mr. Jere. Cowles, representing a Northern party, for a sum, which, when certain liens were paid off, enabled the creditors to realize $205,100 for a property costing over $2,000,000. In October, 1846, the road was completed to Atlanta, where the event was celebrated by a big mass meeting.
The Central has always been exceptionally fortunate in its managers. Looming up all through its history like a statue of granite, stands General William M. Wadley, a veritable railroad Bismarck. The total Central system proper is 1,402 miles long. The lines owned by the company comprise 350*4 miles; main line, Savannah to Atlanta, 294 miles; Gordon to Milledgeville, 17 miles; East Alabama Railway, 39 miles. The leased lines con stitute 492^4 miles, and include the Augusta and Savannah Rail road, the Eatonton branch, the Southwestern Railroad and branches, and the Mobile and Girard Railroad. The lines are operated by separate companies, but the net results due the Cen tral are the Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad, the Columbus and Western Railroad, and the Kufaula and Clayton.
In October, 1888, the Richmond Terminal Company pur chased the Georgia Central for the sum of $12,000,000. This

424

Atlanta And Its Builders

purchase increased the mileage of the Terminal Company from five to eight thousand miles. This important railroad deal was effected mainly through the efforts of John H. Inman, president of the Terminal Company, and Patrick Calhoun, of Atlanta. Mr. Inman, now deceased, was a brother of Samuel M. Inman, of At lanta, and was in direct control of the Richmond and Danville system, the East Tennessee system and the Georgia Central sys tem. Atlanta is the geographical center of these vast systems of roads, and it is believed the absorption under one company will be of great benefit to the city. Maj. J. F. Hanson of Macon is now the president of the Central Railway, having recently succeeded Mr. Jno. M. Egan of Savannah in this position. Maj. Hanson is one of the most successful financiers in the South, and under his efficient administration the interests of the system will be ably served.
THE GEORGIA RAILROAD AND BANKING COMPANY.--The Georgia railroad was the second road constructed in the State, and the first to reach Atlanta. The first through train from Au gusta to Atlanta, which had then outgrown the name of "Terminus," and blossomed into Marthasville, arrived on September 15, 1845. It carried among other nota bles, Judge John V. King, the president of the road. The town was convulsed with excitement. The few people who lived here, probably not more than two hundred, welcomed the iron horse with hearty enthusiasm. At this time the Western and Atlantic was under way, and the Monroe road was approaching. Under the circumstances the completion of the line from Augusta to Atlanta was justly regarded as the pre cursor of still greater things.
The charter of the Georgia road was granted in 1833, but its name was changed to the present title of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company in 1835. For several years the question of building railroads had been discussed in Georgia, but it was difficult to win public opinion over to the new methods of trans portation. The activity of Charleston in pushing a railroad to Hamburg stirred the Georgia people to action. The work com menced in earnest in 1836, and in nine years the main line and branches were completed. The mileage is as follows: Augusta to Atlanta, 171 miles; Camak to Central railroad junction, 74

Transportation Facilities

425

miles; Union Point to Athens, 40 miles; Barnett to Washington, 17 miles. The system has been under splendid management from the first. The great abilities of John P. King as a financier, executive officer, and man of affairs, made the road a success from the beginning. The first c)iief engineer of the road was J. Ed gar Thompson, who first suggested the name of Atlanta for the village of Marthasville. Richard Peters was also connected with the engineer corps. Colonel L. P. Grant, for several years president of the Atlanta and West Point road, was for a time locating engineer under Mr. Thompson, and Colonel George W. Adair was also identified with the road in the earlier days. The latter was conductor of the first train that made a trip into At lanta, while Colonel W. P. Orme was the conductor of the first passenger train. These few names indicate the brainy charac ter of the men who had charge of the road in its earliest days. The conservatism of public opinion caused the line of the road to be located at a convenient distance from Covington, Decatur, and other promising villages. In those days many people regarded a railroad as a public nuisance. Atlanta, however, regarded the screech of a locomotive as the prettiest music in the world.
The Macon and Augusta passed into the hands of Georgia about 30 years ago. The road also owns a half interest in the Western Railway of Alabama, five-eighths of the road from Kingston to Rome, one-fifth of the Port Royal and Augusta Railroad, and thirty-five one-hundredths of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad. On April i, 1881, the Georgia was leased for ninety-nine years to General William M. Wadley and his associates at an annual rental of $600,000. During that year the lessees ac quired a controlling interest in the Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern railroad, from Gainesville, on the Richmond and Dan ville Air Line, to a connection with the Walton Railroad at Monroe, with a branch from Florence to Jefferson. A majority of the stock of the Walton Railroad from Social Circle to Monroe was also acquired. The two roads were consolidated, and the line from Social Circle to Gainesville opened March IT, 1884.
WESTERN AND ATLANTIC RAILROAD.--During the first year of the railroad excitement in Georgia a convention of seven States

426

Atlanta And Its Builders

was held in Knoxville, Term. The convention met on July 4, 1836. After due consideration, resolutions were passed in favor of building roads to Knoxville by Cincinnati and other Western cities to connect with a road from Macon via Forsyth, and another from Augusta via Atlanta. When the Georgia delegates returned home they held a convention of thirty-seven counties. In ac cordance with the recommendation of this body, the Legislature extended several existing charters and passed a bill to build the State road as a main trunk between the Chattahoochee and Ten nessee Rivers. This line was designed to connect the Atlantic Ocean with the great waterways of the West, and was therefore called the Western and Atlantic Railroad. The chief engineer of the road was Mr. Stephen H. Long. This officer < and his associates were not long in deciding that the proper place for the eastern terminus of the road was not the bank of the Chattahoo chee, but the spot on which Atlanta now stands. The construc tion of the Western and Atlantic as a very difficult task at a time when there were no other roads in existence to carry iron and ma chinery. The building of bridges took a great deal of time. The excavations and fills seemed to promise endless work. In the winter of 1842 the road reached Marietta, and the first locomotive was dragged by sixteen mules from Madison, which was then the terminus of the Georgia Railroad to Atlanta. The Atlantese, almost to the last man and boy, congregated at Decatur to meet the monster, and accompanied it to this city. On September 24 it made the trip to Marietta. But the road was not completed to Chattanooga until December, 1849. The following year it was regularly thrown open.
LTnder the control of the State the Western and Atlantic did not prove a profitable movement. It was at its best during the administration of Governor Brown. By bringing it down to a strictly business basis, Governor Brown made it pay into the State treasury one year $200,000, the next $300,000, and after that $400,000. The war period wore the rolling stock and the track to a "frazzle," as it were, and Sherman's troopers destroyed it entirelyv During the reconstruction era immense sums were ex pended upon it, but much of it was misapplied.
Under an act of the Legislature passed October 24, 1870, the Western Atlantic Railroad was leased for twenty years to a com-

Tra nsportation Fa cilities

427

pany of capitalists, at an annual rental of $300,000. At the ex piration of this term of years it was leased to the Louisville and Nashville Railway Company for 20 years at the increased rental of $400,000 per annum.
The Western and Atlantic is one hundred and thirty-eight miles long. At Marietta it connects with the Marietta and North Georgia Railroad, the East and West Railroad of Ala bama, at Cartersville; at Roger's Station with the Roger's Rail road of the Dade Coal Company, the Rome Railroad at Kingston, the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, at Dalton, and the Cincinnati Southern at Boyce's.
ATLANTA AND WEST POINT RAILROAD.--The road from Atlanta to West Point, eighty-seven miles in length, was char tered in 1847 ancl completed in 1857. It operates and controls the road between West Point and Montgomery, and the Western Railroad from Opelika, Ala., to La Fayette, Ala. This is one of the most substantial roads connected with Atlanta. Several prominent citizens of Atlanta have been closely connected with the road for a long term of years, among them being Colonel L. P. Grant, for several years its president, Colonel W. P. Orme, and A. J. Orme. In April, 1881, a controlling interest in this road was purchased by the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia.
RICHMOND AND DANVILLE RAILROAD SYSTEM, now in cluded in the Southern.--This is the old Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line, which has become a part of the Richmond and Danville system by purchase. Originally it ran from Atlanta to Charlotte, a distance of 268 miles, but its present terminus is at Richmond, making a total mileage in lines owned and leased, of 853 miles, not counting branches, leased lines and other roads virtually under its ownership and control, aggregating in all 2,286 miles.
Some three years before the war enterprising business men saw the necessity of building a railroad by way of Charlotte into Virginia. The matter was agitated for some time without any definite result. Several old citizens, among them Mr. Jonathan Norcross, Colonel James M. Callioun, and General L. J. Gartrell, took great interest in the project and endeavored to push it through. Mr. Norcross was made president of the road and ob-

428

Atlanta And Its Builders

tainecl several thousand dollars in subscriptions along the line. The city of Atlanta subscribed $300,000. Contracts were let for grading, and the work commenced in 1860, only to be sus pended, however, by the war between the States, which for a time claimed all the surplus energy and capital of the people. When peace came a mass meeting was held in Atlanta, and the enterprise was again heartily endorsed. Active work began in 1869, and in August, 1873, the road was completed. The line cost $7,950,ooo. This successful revival of the project was under the ad ministration of President Bit ford. The road has always had good managers. Such eminent railroad men as Colonel G. J. Foreacre and Major John B. Peck have been its general managers. Until this line was built the population of Northeast Georgia was decreasing, but after its completion, in fourteen counties there was an increase of $15,000,000 in property, and 14,000 in popula tion.
The Richmond and Danville system, through its own and leased lines, controls the following: Richmond to Danville, 140 miles ; Belle Isle and Coalfield, 11 miles; Piedmont Railroad, Dan ville to Greenboro, 8 miles; N. W. North Carolina Railroad, Greensboro to Salem, 25 miles; Richmond Y. R. and Chesapeake Railroad, West Point to Richmond, 38 miles; Milton and Sutherliu Railroad, 7 miles; North Carolina Railroad, Goldsboro to Charlotte, 223 miles; States University railroad, 13 miles; At lanta and Charlotte Air Line, 268 miles, and 80 miles of branches. The system also controls through the Richmond and West Point Terminal Railway and Warehouse Company the following lines: Virginia Midland, 413 miles; Western North Carolina, from Salisbury to Point Rock, 290 miles; Charlotte, Columbia and Au gusta, 373 miles; Atlantic, Columbia and Greenville and branches, 296 miles; Western North Carolina, 290 miles; and the North eastern of Georgia, 61 miles.
GEORGIA PACIFIC RAILROAD, now included in the South ern.--More than a dozen years ago a number of venturous spirits in Atlanta conceived the idea of a western line running through the gold, copper, magnetic iron, asbestos, mica and corundum, of West Georgia, the coal and iron fields of Alabama, and the cotton belt of Mississippi. When the project took shape the pro-

Transportation Facilities

429

posed road was called the Georgia Western. Meetings of busi ness men were held in Atlanta and the advantages of the new route were thoroughly discussed. Colonel George W. Adair and Major Campbell Wallace made speeches in favor of the enter prise, demonstrating its effect upon the commerce and industrial interests of Atlanta. But hard times came, and the Georgia Western languished. Finally Governor Gordon and his brothers and Governor Colquitt organized the Georgia Pacific syndicate, and the Richmond and Danville built the road. The Georgia Pacific now runs from Atlanta to Columbus, Miss., 291 miles. Branches connecting this road with Birmingham, Coalburg, Henry Ellen, Patton mines and Cane Creek, Ala., aggregating some fifty-two miles of track, have been built, and the total length of lines now in operation is 356 miles.
EAST TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA AND GEORGIA RAILROAD, now included in the Southern.--A few years ago, when Colonel E. W. Cole's gigantic combinations were defeated by the purchase of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, this great railway king in his efforts to retrieve himself, purchased the Macon and Bruns wick Railroad, and made it the corner stone of a new combina tion known as the Cole-Seney Syndicate. Scattered links were consolidated, and the Selma, Rome and Dalton, and the East Ten nessee and Virginia were purchased, the Memphis and Charles ton was leased, and the men were set to work building the line from Macon to Rome through Atlanta. Connections were se cured with Norfolk, and in Kentucky, through Knoxville, and with the Carolina roads through Morristown. This vast com bination now owns all of its lines south of Bristol, with the ex ception of .Memphis and Charleston, which it controls under a lease.
On May 25, 1886, the East Tenessee, Virginia, and Georgia was sold under foreclosure, and was purchased by the present company. This company now owns a majority of the stock of the Mobile and Birmingham Railway Company, under whose charter it has built a line from Selma to Mobile, 150 miles. In 1887 the Walden's Ridge Railroad, extending from Clinton on the Knoxville and Ohio Railroad to Emory Gap on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, having a total length including its coal

430

Atlanta And Its Builders

branches of about 50 miles. The main lines of the road are as follows: East Tennessee division, Bristol, Tenn., and Chatta nooga, Tenn., 242 miles; Walden's Ridge, Emory Gap to Clinton, 45 miles; North Carolina Branch, Morristown to Paint Rock, Tenn., 43^ miles; Ootewah cut-off, Ootewah to Cohutta, n*/2 miles; Alabama division, Cleveland, Tenn., to Selma, Ala., 264 miles; Meridian subdivision, Selma, Ala., to Meridian, Miss., 113 miles; Atlanta division, Rome, Ga., to Macon, Ga., 158^2 miles; Brunswick division, Macon, Ga., to Brunswick, Ga., 190 miles; Hawkinsville branch, Cochran, Ga., to Hawkinsville, Ga., 10 miles, making i,077*4 miles. The lines controlled by ownership of stock are: The Memphis and Charleston, 330 miles; Knoxville and Ohio, 66^2 miles, and the Birmingham Railway, 150 miles, giving a total of 1,624 miles directly under the control of this company.
MARIETTA AND NORTH GEORGIA RAILWAY, now included in the Southern.--This company was organized under special acts of the Legislatures of North Carolina and Georgia. Road was completed to Canton, twenty-four miles, May i, 1879, to Marble Cliff, thirty-six miles, in 1883, to Ellijay, sixty-six miles, in 1884, and to Murphy in 1887. The existing corporation is a consolidation, in 1887, of the Marietta and North Georgia Rail road and the Georgia and North Carolina Railroad Company. Branches are projected from Ball Ground, Georgia, to the North Carolina line; from the main line on the Blue Ridge in Fannin County and Ducktown, East Tennessee, and from Marietta to Austell, where connection is made with the East Tennessee, Vir ginia and Georgia system and Georgia Pacific Railway, both of which are now included in the Southern.

CHAPTER XV
COMMERCE
Atlanta's commerce has the distinguishing features of an inland city, with a remarkably uniform state of business, changing less at different seasons than that of the great cotton ports like New Orleans and Savannah, where the volume of exchanges and shipments is immense at certain seasons of the year and very low in proportion at other times. Atlanta is at a point where there is a remarkable confluence of Eastern and Western business. A vast volume of traffic pouring down between the different ranges of the Apalachian chain converges at Atlanta and is met by a vastly greater volume of business from the West. This will be illustrated by the tonnage figures, from which it will be seen that the freight from the East for the past five years, amounting to 500,000,000 pounds, was met by Western business of 1,100,000,-, ooo pounds. The miscellaneous business from the East is some what greater than that from the West, which amounts to nearly 500,000,000 pounds. The vast bulk of Western business consists of breadstuffs, packing-house products, agricultural implements, hardware, iron and steel, railroad iron, structural iron, etc.
The volume of business from the West is about two and a half times that from the East, but it should be stated that the Eastern traffic is made up of a high class of manufactured articles which pay the railroads the highest rates of freight, while the Western traffic consists largely of carloads of corn, meat, iron and machinery, on which the charges are very low.
The gradual amalgamation of railroad lines from the Ohio and Mississippi river to the Southeast has a tendency to stimulate the competition of Atlantic ports with the gulf ports for Western products, and the volume of Western business passing through Atlanta is steadily increasing, with conditions calculated to accel-

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Atlanta And Its Builders

erate the increase in the near future. Atlanta is the gateway between the ports of Charleston, Port Royal, Savannah and Brunswick, and the great Western lines of the continent. The granary of the west is from two to three hundred miles nearer the South Atlantic ports than it is to New York hy the great trunk lines. With the solidification of the Southern lines, and rates of freight over them hardening by competition with the gulf ports, the tendency should be to increase business through Atlanta to Atlantic ports at the expense of the ports in the Northeast. For this reason the volume of Western business through Atlanta must steadily increase.
* Atlanta's wholesale trade is the growth of thirty years, and more particularly of the last two decades. Within ten years the jobbing trade of the Southeastern States has been centered in this city, and smaller jobbing centers have from time to time contrib uted capital, and have contributed men as well, who are among the active factors in pushing Atlanta's trade. The business of this city reaches from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi river, and in some lines to Texas and Mexico. On the north Atlanta meets Baltimore half way and divides the distance with Cincin nati. In several specialties the trade of Atlanta extends through out the United States. This is particularly true of cotton and paper bags, furniture and proprietary medicines.
Time was when groceries were shipped from New Orleans to Atlanta, but such a thing is almost unheard of now, and this mar ket receives from that city nothing but articles produced in the state of Louisiana.
The domination of New York over the interior trade is a thing of the past. Fifteen or twenty years ago the merchants of Atlanta and vicinity bought comparatively few goods of the jobbing merchants here, but by degrees it became apparent that there was no sense in paying freight on goods for eight hundred miles, while the same articles could be had at the same prices in this city. The same principle which is applied to all interior job bing centers all over the United States has operated in Atlanta's favor, and the growth of the wholesale trade here has kept pace with its increase in the commercial centers of the Western and Middle States.

Commerce

433

Atlanta jobbers are patriotic as well as enterprising, and make it a rule to encourage home industry. Cotton goods which, twenty years ago, were bought of commission houses in New York, are purchased direct from Southern factories, and the products of mills making jeans, hosiery, overalls, clothing, shoes and many other staples are taken by jobbing houses and distrib uted from Atlanta. The anomalous condition which fifteen or twenty years ago caused cotton goods and other staples to be shipped from Georgia, the Carolinas and Alabama to New York for distribution has been largely overcome by the upbuilding of Atlanta as a jobbing center. The same has been going on in other parts of the South, and has inured largely to the benefit of South ern mills, which thereby avoid the expense of transportation on their goods to a distant market. This disposition of the jobbers has acted as a stimulus to home industries, and each year the pro portion of the goods bought at the South grows larger. This tendency of the wholesale dealers to develop local manufacturing industries is directly evidenced by the fact that several wholesale dry goods and notion houses have established, in connection with their mercantile business, factories for the manufacture of pants, overalls, clothing and many other articles. In the meantime sev eral such factories have been established in different parts of the State.
Naturally the two largest items in Atlanta's wholesale trade are groceries and dry goods. The sales of groceries amounted to some $12,000,000, and those of dry goods to over $10,000,000 during the year igoi. Under the head of dry goods shoes and hats are included. These goods are sold from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi river and from the gulf half way to Cincinnati. Atlanta houses carry immense stocks of goods, and their system of stock keeping and supply is probably the best in the South. Hardly any city in the South carries an assortment equal to that kept in Atlanta.
The hardware business of Atlanta employs more than $3,000,000 capital. There are a number of houses which have for years done a prosperous business, and the volume of trade in this line is.steadily increasing. To-day there is no market south of Louisville which does a hardware business comparable with
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Atlanta And Its Guilders

that of Atlanta. It has become necessary for firms in this line to lease warehouses in other cities in order to accommodate their expanding business.
In the grocery business Atlanta controls an extensive terri tory. It has not been many years since the Southeastern States were supplied in this line by dealers of Baltimore and New Or leans. The upbuilding of Atlanta has changed this. Extensive dealers in this city supply the needs of the territory. Many of the large wholesale houses of Atlanta maintain branch establish ments in other cities, thus supplementing the shipments made from the home establishments.
Atlanta has a number of strong drug houses and dealers in paints, oils, etc. This business covers a wide territory, includ ing several States, and some of these firms keep stocks of goods in other cities in the South for shipment on orders sent to Atlanta. The proprietary goods which enter into every drug stock include several important compounds put up in Atlanta, and the business in this line is very great, reaching to almost every State in the Union.
Atlanta's wholesale trade is remarkable for the solid charac ter and high reputation of the firms controlling it. There have been very few failures during the last thirty years, and many of the houses are from twenty to thirty years old.
Atlanta's retail trade is one of the most interesting features of its business. The principal retail streets are thronged with hurrying crowds almost every day in the year, and present scenes of life and activity suggestive of the busiest thoroughfares in the great metropolitan cities. Enterprising concerns have made stock-keeping a specialty, and in the character and variety of goods their efforts are not surpassed at any other interior city. Win dow dressing is a fine art here, and the scenes daily presented be hind plate-glass would do credit, not only to a metropolitan city, but to an artist's studio. The advertisements of Atlanta's re tailers arc equally striking, and their displays are often among the most interesting features in the daily papers. The systems iti operation in the leading retail establishments are the same in vogue in the great metropolitan stores, and the delivery service is quick and efficient. The dry goods trade has been enlivened

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by the efforts of an unusually enterprising and talented set of merchants, and failures have been rare. ^ The retail clothing busi ness in Atlanta is immense and the stocks among the largest in the country. The displays of furniture, in extent and variety and in the good taste exercised in the selection of patterns, are not equaled elsewhere in the Southern States. The retail markets have advanced wonderfully within the past ten years, and Atlanta has a set of caterers that cannot be surpassed at any inland city. Every kind of fish and game may be had in season, and fresh vegetables from the time they ripen in Florida until the last crop of the truckmen surrounding Atlanta has been marketed. The supply of poultry is particularly fine. East Tennessee pours down her wealth of turkeys and chickens, and the whole of North (ieorgia contributes to Atlanta's market supply. South Georgia furnishes an abundance of spring lambs, which arc of such line quality that large shipments have been made to Cincinnati and the West. Tn fresh meats Atlanta has the best of Western beef, stallfed cattle from Tennessee and hog products from the West.
.Atlanta is the second largest market in the United States for mules and horses. She is only surpassed by St. Louis, and not very much surpassed there. The annual sale amounts to over sixty thousand animals, valued at between four and five million dollars. This is partly retail and partly wholesale trade. Twothirds of the stock is reshipped from Atlanta as a distributing point into (ieorgia, South Carolina, Florida and Alabama. The remaining one-third is sold here, principally at auction, during the winter months. The facilities for the handling of this busi ness are unusual. Immense stables have been erected especially for the accommodation of drovers, and hundreds of animals are accommodated at one time. The annual horse and mule trade of Atlanta amounts to over $5,000,000, involving some seventy thousand animals.
Atlanta's trade in coal, coke and wood is very large. This city is at the point where coal from Alabama comes in direct com petition with coal from Tennessee, and competing lines from the two States keep freights at a low figure.
Atlanta is Southern headquarters for nearly all the great manufacturing concerns of the North and East who maintain

Atlanta And Its Builders v
branch houses south of the Ohio river. The principal makers of railroad and structural steel, engines and boilers, iron and wood working machinery, hydraulic machinery, ice and refrigerating machinery, electrical apparatus, elevators, rubber and leather belt ing, oil, explosives, packing-house products, spool cotton, musical instruments, and many other important articles, are represented by regularly established branch houses, many of them carrying large stocks and employing a very considerable number of sales men and office men. There are forty-three branch houses of this character in Atlanta, their annual sales aggregating over $3,000,000.
Manufacturers have located their Southern branches in At lanta because the city offers many substantial advantages for handling Southern trade. Its geographical position is first among these advantages. This advantage is strongly supple mented by splendid transportation facilities. Modern office and storage accommodations have also been important factors.
The cotton business of Atlanta has been a considerable item for many years, and now averages about 175,000 bales per annum. This represents the number passing through the compresses and reshipped from Atlanta by local firms. As Atlanta is some dis tance from the coast, its receipts cannot be compared to those of New Orleans or Savannah, but the business done here represents the crop of the territory surrounding the city.

CHAPTER XVI
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS
At a very early period of her history Atlanta recognized the importance of concerted action on the part of her most enterpris ing and pnhlic-spirited citizens in encouraging and fostering such enterprises, industries and institutions as make for the solid uphuilding and prosperity of a community, and to this end organ ized a hoard of trade. This ante-helium organization did good work, considering the time and circumscrihed opportunities, hut the chaos and havoc of war completely destroyed Atlanta's first hoard of trade. In the preceding volume will he found a hrief ac count of the organization of the Atlanta Mercantile Association, the chief design of which was to protect the local merchants from unjust discrimination against certain Northern wholesalers who were regarded as hostile, politically, to Southern interests.
The Mercantile Association was soon merged into the At lanta Chamher of Commerce. The organization meeting of the latter institution was held on March 6th, 1860, with a large at tendance of representative husiness men present, and a constitu tion and hy-laws were adopted. William McNaught was elect ed president, John B. Peck secretary and W. M. Williams treas urer. For the first few months of its existence the question of freight rate discriminations occupied most of the attention of the lx)dy, hut no practical method of righting the matter was de vised. " As an example of the injustice complained of, the freight rate via the Macon and Western Railroad from New York city to Atlanta was for first-class freight $1.59 per hundred pounds; second-class, $1.14; third-class, g6 cents; fourth-class, 86 cents. From Charleston to Savannah the rate on first-class goods was 98 cents; second-class, 70 cents; third-class, 60 cents; fourth-
50 cents. From the latter points, Nashville was at the
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Atlanta And Its Builders

same time paying for first-class goods, 52 cents; second-class, 47 cents; third-class, 40 cents, and fourth-class, 32 cents. It was suggested as a remedy that three of the four railroads entering Atlanta be boycotted, the freight business, in so far as possible, being given to one road, in the hope that the monopoly would be broken.
At a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce held May 29, 1861, C. G. Baylor made an address in which he urged the cot ton planters of the South to sell their cotton for the notes to be issued by the Confederate States treasury, and to accept those notes in the settlement of balances between themselves. He did not think there was any hope of the South borrowing money from the moneyed institutions of Europe, but her only recourse was to buy European goods.
Sidney Root became secretary of the Chamber of Com merce and interested himself very enthusiastically in a direct trade with Europe scheme. At a meeting of the body held in June, 1861, Mr. Root called attention to the desirability of dis tributing a circular in Europe, prepared by himself, which he thought would answer the requirements of the situation. Mr. Root made quite a lengthy speech in which he said that he had been instructed to correspond with bodies in Europe similar to the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, with the view of opening a regular correspondence with them, and transmitting such statis tics and other information as would be interesting and valuable. The war had made it necessary to secure commercial as well as political independence. Very nearly the entire vast trade of the Confederate States had previously been transacted through the port of New York City; but the course of that city in the pending difficulty, the operation of the tariff, navigation and other laws would make that impracticable hereafter. While he ad mitted that great power, wealth and influence were incidental to manufacturing countries, he still considered it equally dignified, and to the South quite as remunerative, to grow and ship the raw material, as it was to manufacture it. Hence the value of our large production of cotton, tobacco, rice, naval stores, etc., and having no manufactures to foster there was no necessity for pro hibitory or oven of protective tariffs. The interests of the

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\

South were and had ever been to sell and buy in the best markets, and to have the freest possible trade with all the world. He said that previous to the breaking out of the war the political connec tion of the South with the North had prevented a choice of mar kets, for the North being essentially a manufacturing and com mercial people, had always succeeded in enforcing upon the for eign trade of the United States a restrictive and prohibitive pol icy with the view of building up its own trade and manufactures. The North demands protection while the South demands free trade. This antagonism of interest between the two sections had been long a cause of trouble, and was one element of the pres ent difficulty. The commercial policies of the two sections were well illustrated by the fact that upon the withdrawal of the South ern delegates from the Congress of the United States, by the se cession of their respective States from the Union, the United States customs duties were increased over fifty per cent., while the new Congress of the Confederate States, freed from the in fluence of Northern monopolists, opened their coasting trade to the commerce of the world.
The circular which was prepared to send out to the Cham bers of Commerce of European cities was as follows:

"With the rapid concentration of capital at this point, the

advantages of climate and location, and the vast impetus which

commerce must receive, now that it is emancipated from restric

tions formerly imposed, we may with confidence look for a rapid

and immense increase in all descriptions of trade, not only in our

city, but throughout the entire Confederacy. The Atlanta

Chamber of Commerce would be glad to open correspondence

with your body, and with this in view, we hope this paper may

receive your respectful consideration.

[Signed]

"SIDNEY ROOT,

"For the Committee."

About a year after "the surrender" the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce was revived. A meeting having that end in view was held over the store of (i. W. Jack, on Whitehallstreet, April i, 1866, at which a largo number of business men were present. R, M. Clarke was made chairman of the meeting, and J. S. Peter-

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son, secretary. The following preamble and resolution was of fered by B. F. Moore:
"WHEREAS, The great and constantly increasing commerce of the city of Atlanta in the opinion of this meeting requires the organization of a board of trade for the purpose of establishing uniformity of action in the promotion of its mercantile interests, therefore,
"Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to draw up a code of regulations for the government of such a body, and submit the same to an adjourned meeting to be held at this place on the nth inst., at 4 p. m."
The resolutions were unanimously adopted, and the commit tee selected consisted of B. F. Moore, R. J. Lo,wry, A. K. Seago, C. I. Brown and R. M. McPherson.
On the nth of April a constitution for the board of trade was adopted, and the names of the following individuals and firms were enrolled: R. M. Clarke, R. J. Lowry & Co., J. M. Ball, C. I. Brown, P. P. Pease & Co., Garrett & Bro., R. M. Mc Pherson, Langston, Crane & Co., Clarke & Hester, George H. Parrott, Morrison, Nalle & Hanson, Pratte, Edwards & Co., J. L. & G. A. Zachry, Orme & Farrer, A. K. Seago, M. R. Bell & Co., Meader & Bro., and J. S. Peterson. A committee was then appointed to solicit the co-operation of the business men of At lanta, also one to nominate officers for the permanent organiza tion of the board, and one to select a suitable hall in which to hold the meetings of the board. On the next day forty-nine additional names had been secured to the roll of members, and an organization was effected by the election of the following officers: President, W. W. Clayton; vice-presidents, J. M. Ball, W. M. Lowry, R. M. McPherson and Joseph Winship; secretary, J. S. Peterson, and treasurer, Perino Brown.
W. M. Lowry soon succeeded to the presidency, and under his efficient management the board of trade held daily meetings for several years during which time its membership was very largely increased. Mr. Lowry resigned the presidency in 1871, and about this time the business men of the young city, appreciat ing her importance, determined upon a reorganization of the board of trade on a basis more in harmony with the rapidly de-

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veloping surroundings and demands. Accordingly a call was made through the daily papers and a meeting of citizens held February 13, 1871, at which it was resolved as follows:
"We, the undersigned, merchants, millers, and business men of Atlanta, believing it a subject of vital importance tc the com mercial prosperity of our city, to enter at once upon the organiza tion of a Chamber of Commerce, or Board of Trade, and in view of the increase of mercantile and business facilities of the city, solicit and invite all business men having the welfare of Atlanta at heart to unite with us in a meeting looking to the organization of such a board on next Sunday evening, the 29th inst, at 8*/2
o'clock, in Skating Rink Hall." This invitation was extended to all resident merchants,
bankers, manufacturers and other business men generally, de sirous of extending and enlarging the commercial influence and growth of the city. It was signed by Alfred Austell, John H. James, Chapman, Rucker & Co., Garrett & Bro., Phillips & Crew, Stephens & Flynn, J. H. Ketner, Moore, Marsh & Co., Pemberton, Taylor & Co., M. C. & J. F. Kiser, A. Leyden, W. M. & R. J. Lowry, P. & G. T. Dodd & Co., McNaught, Ormond & Co., Meador & Bro., A. C. & B. F. Wyly, Williams, Langston & Crane, W. R. Phillips and about fifty other prominent business
men of the city. At a meeting which occurred on the 29th of July there was
present a large number of business men. Mr. Cooper stated that all previous efforts to establish a Chamber of Commerce had either failed or been but partially successful, but that an organ ization of that character, where successfully established and con ducted, was of incalculable benefit to a city. As cases in point, he cited Savannah, Louisville, Cincinnati and St. Louis. He said that Atlanta was sore beset with trouble from the railroads. Aside from the ruinous freight rates, delays in settling charges, etc., were of almost daily occurrence. If a business man went to a railway company's office he was apt to be treated with indiffer ence, whereas a representative of a board of trade would be treated with respect. A board of trade, he said, would tend to regulate the inequalities between the wholesale and retail trade, and a score of equally important things might properly come un
der its supervision.

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After Mr. Cooper had concluded his remarks, the following resolutions were adopted:
"WHEREAS, It is the belief of those present that the pros perity of our city requires the permanent organization of a Cham ber of Commerce, therefore,
''Resolved, That all the merchants, manufacturers, bankers and other business men of Atlanta be declared members of the Chamber of Commerce of Atlanta, upon the issuance of certifi cates of membership by the president, after the constitution and by-laws have been reported by a committee to be appointed to night."
Jonathan Norcross made some appropriate remarks, declar ing that in his opinion Atlanta was big enough to speak to the railroads and other corporations whose interests were affected by the city's prosperity, and that the way to make herself heard and felt was through a Chamber of Commerce.
A committee on constitution and by-laws was appointed, consisting of M. E. Cooper, R. M. Rose, A. K. Seago, S. S. Langston, J. S. Oliver, A. Leyden, Colonel Pitts and Colonel Lqwry.
At an adjourned meeting held on the 7th of August, 1871, this committee submitted its report. The constitution and by-laws thus formulated were adopted with slight amendment. By their provision the organization was to be known as "The Atlanta Chamber of Commerce." The objects of the body were declared to be to collect and to record statistical information relating to the manufactures, commerce and finances of Atlanta, and to develop and foster her interests. The officers were to be a president, six vice-presidents, a secretary and treasurer, who were to be elected annually and who would constitute the board of directors.
The first officers chosen were Benjamin K. Crane, presi dent; \V. J. (larrett, John II. James, A. Leyden, W. A. Moore, J. J. Meador, and C. A. Pitts, vice-presidents; M. K. Cooper, secretary; \V. II. Tnller, treasurer.
Standing committees were appointed on internal improve ments, transportation, manufactures, taxes and finance, insur ance, Atlanta Industrial Association, legislation, real estate, mar ket reports and statistics.

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Daily meetings were held for several years at n o'clock a. m., for the quotation of prices of the staple articles of trade, and for the consideration of such general matters as might be brought before the body. On the 12th of October, 1871, the committee on statistics reported that they had collected $400 for sending circulars to different points, and that through this chan nel the trade of Atlanta had been greatly increased. ' The sub ject of transportation was discussed at this meeting. It will be seen that the Chamber of Commerce of Atlanta had the same difficulties to contend with and to correct that most other similar organizations have had to struggle with. It would seem that the railroads discriminate against every city into which they bring freight. The Chamber of Commerce of Atlanta discovered that the rates on fifth-class freight from New York to Forsyth, Barnesville, Newnan, Rome, Athens and Atlanta were the same, viz.: One dollar per one hundred pounds; to Cave Spring, Jack sonville and Selma, ninety-five cents per hundred pounds. The discrimination against Atlanta coufd be clearly seen by the follow ing statement:

Rates on first class freight to Nashville........$ .65; to Atlanta........$1.98

"

second " "

" ........ .62; " " ........ 1.68

third " "

" ........ .60; " " ........ 1.30

fourth " "

" ........ .55; " " ........ 1.15

fifth

.50;

i.oo

President Crane said that he was shipping goods via Buffalo, Krie, Cleveland and Dayton, a distance of 1,400 miles, at a cost of less than eighty cents per one hundred pounds, and he could ship Hour from St. Louis to Milledgeville thirty-live cents per barrel cheaper than he could to Atlanta. Other instances of in consistencies in freight charges were cited, and it was decided by the Chamber of Commerce to attempt to make a contract for three months with the road that would agree to transfer gcxxls at the lowest rates, and when the contract was ratified to urge all merchants belonging to the Chamber of Commerce to ship over that road.
One of the subjects engaging the attention of the Chamber of Commerce during the early part of its reorganized existence was the construction of the "Atlantic and (ireat Western Canal,"

IV

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Atlanta And Its Builders

and while the canal never was constructed, yet, as a part of the history of the Chamber of Commerce, it is deemed proper to de vote brief space to what was then considered a very important project. At a special meeting held to consider the project, Colonel Frobell awakened a great deal of interest on this subject by a recital of the history of the New York and Erie Canal, and by a comprehensive resume of what was being accomplished in various directions to improve internal navigation; especially by the proposed improvements of the Tennessee River, by the con struction of a canal around the Mussel Shoals. At the conclu sion of his remarks a resolution was adopted in favor of the "con struction of the "Atlantic and Great Western Canal," which was regarded as of vital importance to the State of Georgia, and to the city of Atlanta in particular. A committee was appointed to memorialize the legislature and request that body to lay the matter before congress in a proper way. The committee was composed of W. H. Weems, Dr. C L. Redwine, C. A. Pitts, J. Norcross and A. J. West. The subject received further atten tion subsequently.
The matter of erecting a federal court building, custom house and postoffice engrossed much of the attention of the Cham ber of Commerce at this time. On the 17th of November, 1871, the chamber passed resolutions to the effect that Atlanta was en titled to be a port of entry, and as such, the business of the city would require the erection of a custom house, a court house and a postoffice by the United States. A committee of five was ap pointed to memorialize congress on the subject.
In order to encourage manufactures, the city council was petitioned by resolution of the Chamber of Commerce to remove the, special or occupation tax upon such industries.
Colonel McFarland, United States engineer in charge of the preliminary survey for the Atlantic and Great Western canal, met the Chamber of Commerce in special conference on November 29. The Colonel spoke encouragingly of the project and said Atlanta would be greatly benefited by it. He was furnished with facts and figures relative to the commerce of the city.
The committee on transportation having in charge the mat ter of attempting to secure more favorable freight rates from the

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railroad companies, reported on December I5th that the Geor gia Railroad and the Western and Atlantic had expressed a will ingness to co-operate fully with the Chamber of Commerce. Sen ator Hillyer, who had been specially appointed to investigate the question of incorporating the Chamber of Commerce, stated that the Superior Court had the authority to incorporate the chamber, but not the legislature.
On April 7th, 1872, the committee on transportation report ed a resolution which Jonathan Norcross had submitted some time previously, to the effect that as a condition precedent to the mayor and council holding stock in the Georgia Western Rail road, or paying money or bonds to that company, all freights passing over the road to or from any point within two hundred miles of Atlanta, the rates of freight thereon should be no more than the rates on the same articles on other roads, and that a per petual covenant embracing this condition should be entered for Atlanta, signed and sealed and made a part of the records of Ful ton county. A supplementary resolution was also adopted that before further payments be made, an agreement be made with the Georgia Railroad that no preferred stock be issued over the stock held by Atlanta, and that all stock be held equally.
Difficulty still continued to be experienced with the railroads on the subject of freight rates, and on June 4, 1872, the following was passed: That the committee on transportation be instructed to inquire into the abuses practiced by the railroad companies en gaged in carrying freight to this city, and to devise remedies for the same.
The project of the construction of the Atlantic and Great Western Canal continued to occupy the attention of this body for a considerable time. The subject was taken into consideration at a meeting held on the 22d of October, 1872, at which a large number of citizens was present. Colonel Frobell made some interesting statements in reference to the great advantages the canal would confer upon Atlanta in case it should be constructed. The propriety of calling a convention of governors of the States interested in the project was considered, and on the next day Governor James M. Smith expressed his entire confidence in the feasibility of the project and promised to call a convention of gov ernors at an early day.

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Atlanta*And Its Builders

At a meeting held on the 4th of February, 1873, an impor

tant matter came up for consideration, viz., the advanced rates of

insurance that were then prevailing. A committee consisting

of W. P. Patillo and H. A. Fuller, which for some time had had

the subject under consideration, made a report on this day to the

M.I

effect that the principle which was at the base of insurance was

the distribution of the burden of loss, and whenever losses in

creased greatly, the burdens of insurance in the shape of pre

miums, must necessarily increase. Fires, they said, had of re

cent years become more frequent and destructive, and that as a

consequence it had become necessary to change the basis which

had previously lain at the bottom of premium rates. Besides

this, in Atlanta, there were local causes for this increase of pre

mium rates, in the total inadequacy of the means so far provided

for the extinguishment of fires. The remedy suggested was

that more water be brought into the city in such a way that it

might be available in the mercantile portion of the city for the

more speedy and effectual extinguishment of fires. The state

ment was made by this committee that at that time there was a

capacity of only 350,000 gallons of water in the various cisterns

in the city, a large portion of which could not be utilized in case

of fire, and what could be utilized could easily be exhausted in

about an hour, if all the engines were playing at the same time,

and many a destructive (ire lasted longer than that.

For some years following the above proceedings daily meet

ings continued to be held, but although great good was being ac

complished, the members were impressed with the fact that the

basis upon which the Chamber of Commerce was organized was

not well adapted to the objects which the organization had in

view. Resides this the annual dues, even if promptly paid, were

inadequate for the regular demands for rent and incidental ex

penses.

There was a general demand for a reorganization of the

board. On May 14, 1883, a meeting was held to devise means

for the extension of the usefulness of the organization. A com

mittee composed of Aaron Haas, IT. Boylston, L. Gholstin, J. G.

Oglesby and W. H. Venable was appointed by the chairman of

the meeting to solicit membership, and the initiation fee was

placed at fifty dollars.

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447

The Chamber of Commerce was infused with new life, and in token of its rehabilitation, it was voted to erect its own build ing. A committee composed of E. P. Chamberlin, G. T. Dodd, J. G. Oglesby, D. M. Bain and J. W. English was appointed to select a suitable lot for the erection of the Chamber of Commerce building, which it was intended to make an imposing structure. On the i6th of June this committee reported the selection of two lots on the northeast corner of Pryor and Hunter streets, and on July 2d the purchase of the two lots were authorized by the Chamber, the consideration being $13,340.
Under the reorganization, the following committee on con stitution and by-laws was appointed May 28: H. Boylston, John N. Dunn, Charles E. Currier, John Stephens, F. E. Block, R. D. Spalding. Aaron Haas, S. M. Tnman and Louis Gholstin. On July 3d the new constitution was adopted and the following offi cers elected: President, Benjamin E. Crane: vice-presdients, A. C. Wyly, Dr. R. D. Spalding, J. G. Oglesby; treasurer, Robert J. Lowry; directors, Aaron Haas, Julius Dreyfus, E. P. Cham berlin, James R. Wylie, H. Boylston and J. W. English A char ter of incorporation was granted the Chamber of Commerce by the Superior Court of Eulton county, October 5th, 1883. The building committee, charged with the supervision of the erection of the Chamber of Commerce building, was composed of J. W. English, J. H. Mecaslin, Jacob Haas, Jacob Elsas, and G. T. Dodd. The committee awarded the contract to Fay & Eichberg, at an estimated cost, of $36,000. The issue of $40,000 worth of bonds was authorized on October gth, and after they had been floated, the work of excavating for the foundation of the new building was begun on November I2th. The building was to be five stories, including a light, well-finished basement. It was completed according to contract and stands to-day a monu ment to the enterprise of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce.
The following historical synopsis of the Chamber of Com merce is taken from its annual report for the year 1885 :

ORIGINAL BOARD OF TRADE ORGANIZED
During the year 1866 (the exact date not obtainable), while yet in comparative infancy, and soon after the close

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Atlanta And Its Builders

of the late war, which left her a mass of smoking ruins, the mer chants of Atlanta resolved to organize a Board of Trade. About a score of the most sagacious and enterprising--among them R. M. Clarke, Glenn, Wright & Carr, Bell, Moore & Co,, Zimmerman & Verdery, Pratte, Edwards & Co., A. K. Seago, W. R. Phillips & Co., Henderson, Chisholm & Co., R. M. McPherson, W. M. & R. J. Lowry, W. J. Garrett, A. C. & B. F. Wyly, Langston, Crane & Hammock, and J. R. Wylie--met in Mr. R. M. Clarke's office, then on Whitehall street, and organized by electing Mr. Clarke president, J. S. Peterson, secretary, and Perino Brown, treasurer. As will be observed, not many of the original founders are among the members of the organization to day. Many have retired from business or removed; some have died.
Mr. Clarke soon retired and was succeeded by Hon. W. M. Lowry, of the present banking house of W. M. & R. J. Lowry (a firm quite as enthusiastic now in behalf of the Chamber as it was then, Capt Robert J. Lowry, the junior member, being at this time the honored president of the re-organized Atlanta Chamber of Commerce). Under the able and efficient presi dency of Mr. Lowry, the Board of Trade held daily meetings for several years, during which its membership numbered about forty or fifty persons.
During the year 1871 Mr. Lowry resigned the presidency of the Board of Trade.
Appreciating the importance of the step at this period, and believing the time had arrived in the growth and prosperity of the young city, for a reorganization on a basis more adapted to the rapidly developed demands and surroundings, a call was made through the daily papers of the city for a general convention of all classes of business men, and in response thereto, representative citizens assembled in the Bell-Johnson building, on the corner of Broad and Alabama streets, on the 22d of July, 1871. Hon. W. M. Lowry was made chairman, and Mr. M. E. Cooper was chosen secretary. After mature deliberation, it was unani mously agreed to go forward with the enterprise.
A committee consisting of Wni. M. Williams, T. L. Lang ston and O. F. Simpson, was appointed to prepare and submit to

Commercial And Industrial Organizations

449

a future meeting a form of Constitution and By-laws. Ad journed to August 7th.
August ?th, 1871.--The Convention met pursuant to ad journment. The Committee on Constitution reported, and after sundry amendments a constitution was adopted.
As required by the constitution, the following officers were elected: Maj. Benjamin E. Crane, president, and M. E. Cooper, secretary.
As contemplated by the organization, daily meetings at eleven o'clock a. m. were held for several years for the quotation of prices of the staple articles of trade, and the consideration of such interests and enterprises as might from time to time be brought before the body.
The fact pressed itself upon the attention of the membership during its early history, that although great good was being ac complished, the basis of organization was insufficient for its pro gressive service; that the annual dues, if all promptly paid, were inadequate to the demand for rent and incidental expenses.

MEMORANDUM OF RE-ORGANIZATION
May I4th, 1883.--A general meeting of merchants, citizens and business men was held in the room of the Chamber of Com merce, on Alabama street, for the purpose of taking into consid eration and devising some means for extending the usefulness of the organization.
At this meeting, which was largely attended, Mr. Henry Boylston called the attention of those present to the insufficiency of the quarters then occupied, and their unsatisfactory condition, and strenuously urged the great importance of the revival of the interest and reorganization of the Chamber and acquirement of more commodious quarters, in better keeping with the dignity and acknowledged commercial importance of the organization.
Mr. E. P. Chamberlin endorsed the views of Mr. Boylston, and declared his willingness to unite in organizing a Chamber of Commerce on a proper basis.
Maj. B. E. Crane, president of the Chamber of Commerce, in remarks of some length, presented convincing arguments in support of the reorganization on a strong basis, and concluding with a strong appeal in behalf of immediate action.
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At this juncture a motion prevailed and the chair was re quested to appoint a committee of five to solicit membership, the initiation fee being fixed at $50 each.
Committee.--Aaron Haas, H. Boylston, L. Gholstin, J. G. Oglesby and W. H. Venable.
May i$th, 1883.--The following committee was appointed to select a lot for the erection of a suitable building:
Committee.--E. ?'. Chamberlin, G. T. Dodd, J. G. Oglesby, D. M. Bain and J. W. English.
May 28th, 1883.--The following committee of nine was ap pointed to draft a suitable constitution and by-laws: Messrs. Henry Boylston, John N. Dunn, Chas. E. Currier, John Stephens, F. E. Block, R. D. Spalding, Aaron Haas, S. M. Inman and Louis Gholstin.
June 16th, 1883.--The Committee on Location reported having selected two lots--28 by 125 and 24^/2 by 125--situated in the northeast corner of Pryor and Hunter streets, as being the best and about the only available lots for a building. This com mittee was then authorized to purchase said property when $10,ooo cash was on hand.
July 2nd, 1883. --T ne Committee on Membership and Fees reported that the roll contained two hundred and six names, and that $10,300 was deposited in bank; whereupon the Chamber authorized the Committee on Location to purchase the two lots above described for $9,000 and $4,340--a total for the two lots of $13,340.
The Committee on Constitution and By-laws reported what they had framed, which, after discussion and some amendments, was adopted, and which remained in force until the present amended constitution and by-laws were substituted.
July $rd, 1883.--Pursuant to adjournment, an election was held this date, resulting in the election of the following officers: President, Maj. Benjamin E. Crane; first vice-president, Mr. A. C. W'yly; second vice-president, Dr. R. D. Spalding; third vicepresident, Mr. ]. G. Oglesby; treasurer, Capt. Robert J. Lowry; directors, Messrs. Aaron Haas, Julius Dreyfus, F. P. Chamber lin, James R. Wylie, H. Boylston and Capt. J. W. English, who composed the first board of directors of the present organization.

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August 22, 1883,--The Building Committee, which con sisted of the following members: J. W. English, J. H. Mecaslin, Jacob Haas, Jacob Elsas and G. T. Dodd, was authorized by the Chamber to procure plans and specifications for the building.
September 1st, 1883.--Through their attorney, Mr. W. T. Newman, the following members this day filed application for charter with'the Clerk of the Superior Court of Fulton County: Benjamin E. Crane, A. C. Wyly, E. P. Chamberlin, R. D. Spalding, J. G. Oglesby, Aaron Haas, J. Dreyfus, Jas. R. Wyly, Henry Boylston and Jas. W. English.
October $th, 1883.--The petition for charter was this day granted by Judge W. R. Hammond, acting judge of the Superior Court of Fulton County*< .
October 6th, 1883.--The committee, in joint session with the directors, accepted plans, and awarded the supervision of the erection of the building to Messrs. Fay & Fichberg, architects, for a five story building, including basement. At this meeting the architects' estimate for the cost of the building was $36,500.
October pth, 1883.--The committee was authorized, by a meeting of the Chamber, to issue $40,000 worth of bonds.
October 25th, 1883.--At a joint meeting of the Directors and Building Committee, resolutions were adopted appointing W. T. Newman as a committee of one to prepare a suitable bond for the Chamber, and named Paul Romare, L. J. Hill and W. D. Luckie as Trustees in the mortgage deed to secure the bonds.
November $th, 1883.--The contract for excavating the baseinent was let.
November I2th, 1883.--Work was begun, and first dirt re moved, in excavating, at 7 o'clock a. m.
December nth, 1884.--First meeting held in new building was a called meeting of the Board of Directors held in the secre tary's office at 3 130 p. rn. this date.
January i6th, 1885. --The first meeting of the Chamber of Commerce held in the Chamber hall of the new building was held on this elate at 10:30 a. m.
This brings the organization up to a period of its existence too recent to render it necessary to record any further events in this brief recital of its history.

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It, however, brings the organization to a melancholy event, without allusion to which it would be improper to terminate these closing paragraphs.
The meeting above referred to was called for the purpose of honoring the memory of that distinguished citizen and efficient president of this organization, the lamented Benjamin Elliott Crane.
At this meeting the following resolutions were reported by the Committee on Resolutions, and were adopted:
"Major Benjamin Elliott Crane, so long president of this Chamber of Commerce, is dead.
"On the morning of Thursday, the I5th day of January, 1885, J ust as tne day had won its struggle with the night, the Master called him, for his task was done; and from the toil, the perplexity and anxiety of his too busy life he has gone to rest-- eternal rest.
"It is befitting that we who knew him best, and therefore loved him most, should make some record of our appreciation of him, and therefore
"Resolved, That while we meekly bow before this decree of the Judge of all the earth, we accept it as a sore affliction and in deepest grief.
Resolved, That for eighteen years, Major Crane has been one of the busiest in this busy city. As a merchant he was closely attentive, sagacious, prompt to act and always just, and to no one is more due Atlanta's commercial prosperity and re nown.
"As a man he loved justice and despised indirect or doubtful methods. He always walked boldly and straightly to his own high purpose, and could not brook time-serving or deceit.
"He extended a willing and liberal hand to deserving need and was easily moved by the call of chanty.
"As a citizen he was keenly alive to the advancement of the interests of this city and the welfare of the State; and he has been promptly helpful to every public enterprise that promised a sub stantial benefit to either.
"Resolved, That to those who arc Ixnind to him by the closest tics that earth can know, we tender our sinccrest and deep-

Commercial And Industrial Organizations 453

est sympathies, and that a copy of these resolutions be forwarded

to the family of the deceased, and spread upon the minutes of this

body.

ROBERT J. LOWRY,

Chairman.

HENRY BOYLSTON,

JAMES W. ENGLISH,

R. D. SPALDING,

S. M. INMAN,

Committee."

Major Crane was president of the Atlanta Chamber of Com merce continuously from the date of its first reorganization, Au gust 7, 1871, until removed by death.
M. M. WELCH, Secretary. Atlanta, Ga., January i, 1886.

Though handsomely equipped for good work, somehow the Chamber of Commerce did not exhibit that degree of push and public spirit which would be expected to characterize the builders of Atlanta. It was tlumght that a reduction of the annual dues might tend to put new life into the body, and they were accord ingly reduced to $20, and again, in 1888, to $10.
Major Crane was succeeded as president by Captain R. J. Lowry, president of the Lowry Banking Company, during whose term Mr. M. M. Welch was secretary. Captain Lowry was succeeded by Mr. J. G. Oglesby, during whose administration the chamber was especially active in promoting the interests of the city. He declined re-election at the expiration of his term and in July, 1892, ex-Governor' R. B. Bullock was elected president of the Chamber. He remained in office during the two years including the great panic of 1893 and declined re-election at the end of the second term.
Governor Bullock was succeeded by Mr. Stevvart K Woodson, who was president of the chamber during the Cotton States and International Exposition. During that period the Chamber of Commerce was a host to the score or more of visiting commer cial bodies that came to Atlanta during the fair. On the occa sion of the reception of the Liberty bell, the Chamber of Com merce joined the city of Atlanta in preparations for the event.

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In 1896 Mr. Woodson declined re-election and Mr. T. B.



Neal, president of the Neal Loan and Banking Co., was made

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president of the Chamber of Commerce. It was determined to

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start a new movement for the promotion of Atlanta's business in

terests, and preliminary steps were taken to organize a merchants'

and manufacturers' association. After joint consideration of

those in and outside the chamber, it was decided best to make the

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move within the organization of the Chamber of Commerce, and

to enlarge and popularize the organization by temporarily reduc

ing the initiation fee to a nominal amount. This was done until

January ist, 1898, and the list of members grew to 300.

Coincident with this change in the Chamber of Commerce,

designed to bring in new blood, came the inauguration of a series

of dinner discussions for the consideration of important public

questions. These dinners occurred bi-monthly and the discus

sions following have been notable events, attracting the attention

of business men in all parts of the country.

Hie latter years of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce

have been beneficial to the city in no small degree. The mem

bership has continued large and enthusiastic for the city's well-

being. At the dawn of the new century an important event in

the history of the chamber was its absorption of the Atlantic

Business Men's League, or, rather, the consolidation of the two

bodies under the name and organization of the Atlanta Chamber

of Commerce. This brought to the chamber the united energy

of Atlanta's most active business men, and gave it as secretary the

services of Mr. T. 11. Martin, who had done so much to make

the league a powerful factor in Atlanta's upbuilding. The pres

ent officers of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce are J. K. Orr,

president; A. L. Kontz, treasurer, and Frank Weldon, secretary.

A short time since the city of Atlanta, which for some years had

rented the entire Chamber building, with the exception of the

rooms necessary for the use of the organization, purchased the

building for a city hall, the occupancy of the Chamber of Com

merce rooms being reserved to that body rent-free. This trans

fer relieved the Chamber of Commerce of an onerous bonded in

debtedness and left it in excellent financial condition to continue

the work for which it was organized. In November, 1901, Sec-

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455

retary Martin resigned, owing to the demands upon his time by personal interests, his resignation to take effect January i, 1902.
THE ATLANTA MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION.--Toward the latter part of 1872 it was thought that the interests of manu facturers would be enhanced by the formation of an association whose special duty it should be to look after these interests. Ac cordingly, about January 10, 1873, a committee was appointed to consider the question of organizing such an association. A majority of the committee held a meeting on the i/th of January, which majority reported in favor of the proposed organization. Jn order to effect this organization, a large meeting was held in Manufacturers' Hall on the 22nd of the month. J. J. Toon, from the committee on organization, reported in favor of there being the following officers: A president, two vice-presidents, a recording secretary, a corresponding secretary, and a treasurer; and also that there be appropriate standing committees. The organization of the association was effected January 28, 1873, bv the election of the following officers: J. C. Peck, president; S. C. Hitchcock and James Orniond, vice-presidents; G. W. D. Cook, recording secretary; J. S. Peterson, corresponding secre tary, and J. M. Willis, treasurer. The executive committee was composed of B. F. Longley, R. Winship, Jacob Elsas, A. T. Finney, and G. W. Hall. A committee on constitution was ap pointed, consisting of \Y. Goodnow, J. J. Ford, H. Lewis, and J. S. Peterson. All manufacturers and all persons interested or engaged in manufactures or in the mechanic arts, and all in terested directly or indirectly in the promotion of these interests were invited to join the association.
.At the same meeting at which the organization was effected, the following remarks in substance were made by one of the pro gressive spirits present: Manufactures are not established in any city merely to benefit that city. The city of Atlanta was not offering sufficient inducements to manufacturers to influence them to come here. Without water power, and with coal at the price it was then commanding, from twenty-five to thirty-five cents per bushel, it was impossible for Atlanta to become a manu facturing city. Water power could not be hail; that was out of the question; It would cost more than it would be worth. The

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only hope for Atlanta to become a manufacturing city, therefore, was the securing of cheap coal. Without cheap coal the idea of making Atlanta a manufacturing city might as well be aban doned. The first and greatest effort, therefore, of Atlanta, should be to obtain cheap coal. This could be done by building the Georgia Western Railroad to the coal fields of Alabama, and the speaker urged upon Atlanta the importance of seeing that this enterprise was carried to a successful conclusion. It was estimated that with this road completed, coal could be brought to Atlanta and sold at from twelve and a half cents to fifteen cents per bushel. And at these prices for coal, and with exemp tion from taxation for a term of years, manufacturing in Atlanta was possible.
About the same time these remarks were made to the Manu facturers' Association, the following suggestions were made to the city council by G. W. Adair: He said that up to that time manufacturing had received but little encouragement in Atlanta. All admitted its necessity in order that the city's prosperity might be assured, but few sustained their opinion by any practical steps. The moneyed men were for the most part brokers, and preferred to use their money at a high rate of interest. Adventurers were always ready to borrow money at a high rate of interest, and capitalists, instead of fostering public enterprises and assisting meritorious projects at a moderate rate of interest, preferred the high rates, and thus drove these commendable enterprises away. For this reason and others which were considered equally valid, the city council was earnestly advised to grant immunity from taxation to any bona fide manufacturer that was then in the city or who might afterward be induced to establish himself in the city, for a period of twenty years. There was, he said, plenty of capital in Atlanta, plenty of operatives, and coal was cheap. In his opinion there were manufacturing enterprises that might be established here in which from twenty per cent, to thirty per cent, could be readily made on the capital invested. In order to prove the correctness of his views, and at the same time to give encouragement to any one having money which he might pos sibly be induced to invest in some kind of manufacturing busi ness, he gave an account of the success a friend of his had met

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with in such an enterprise. This acquaintance, in trying in vain to dispose of a valuable water power, at length determined to utilize it himself. He therefore put up a cheap building, bought a set of second-hand machinery from a firm in Paterson, N. J., on credit, and commenced the business of manufacturing cotton yarns. The entire outlay for his building and machinery was only about twenty dollars, and at the time of the relation of the circumstance, the individual referred to was clearing about $1,200 per month. In his opinion cotton factories could be run cheaper in Atlanta by steam than by water power, and he advo cated the building of three such factories here. He said that one great trouble with the Southern people was that every man who put his money into such an enterprise wanted to be president or secretary or some other officer of the company, and draw a big salary for his services. His plan was for a number of moneyed men to subscribe to the stock of the company, and then put one competent man at the head of the business, and thus have but one salaried man about the institution, and then there would be a chance of a dividend being paid to the stockholders. This was the plan followed in the North, he said, and usually with suc cess.
New members were added to the association with discourag ing slowness, for some reason. At a meeting held on the nth of February, 1873, the question of the possible success of home manufactures was earnestly discussed. The opinion seemed to be generally entertained that if home manufacturers could make and sell articles as cheaply as Northern manufacturers could make and ship their articles to the Southern trade, the people of the South would certainly patronize home manufactures in prefer ence to those of distant states. The question seemed to l)e: "How could the people be induced to take an interest in home manufactures?" As a proposed solution to this important queston, L. L. Parkham offered the following resolutions ;
"WHEREAS, There is not as yet that interest manifested in the Manufacturers' Association of Atlanta, so desirable to the manufacturers of the city, and
"WHEREAS, There is a misunderstanding witli some of them as to the real objects of the association, therefore,

Atlanta And Its Builders
"Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed by the chair to prepare an address to the manufacturers of Atlanta, set ting forth the objects to be attained by this association, and such other matters as they may deem politic, and that said address be reported at the next meeting of this association."
Mr. McBride thought it practicable to prepare an address to the legislature, then in session, on the subject of extending aid and sympathy to the manufacturers of Georgia, and on his mo tion, a committee consisting of McBride, Ashley, Hitchcock and Peterson was appointed to prepare an address to the general as sembly on the subject. This association adopted a constitution on the 17th of the month.
At its meeting on March 3<1 the association adopted a memo rial to the city council, asking that the manufacturers of Atlanta be exempted from taxation, and requesting the Chaml)er of Com merce to co-operate in accomplishing that end. Colonel W. C. \Vebb, in speaking of the value of manufacturing establishments to Atlanta, said that pig iron could be made in Atlanta cheaper than in the mountains, and J. M. Willis said that hickory poles were being cut and shipped North over the Air Line Railroad, there manufactured into ax helves, and then reshipped back to Atlanta, and here sold. It would therefore seem that it ought to be possible to manufacture ax helves in Atlanta, from the same hickory poles, and sell them here cheaper than they were being sold, for thus the freight would be saved both ways.
In this way the association did what it could to advance the manufacturing interests of the city. It kept up its meetingsi until some time in 1875, but they became less and less frequent anil less interesting, until at last they were entirely abandoned. There was then no organization of the kind until August, 1887, when the association was reorganized under its old name. Its affairs were placed in the hands of Colonel Edward Hulbert, a historic character in Georgia, and an able financier and statis tician. Of this association most of the leading merchants, bankers and manufacturers of the city were members. The existence of this association continued until the death of Colonel Hulbert, when it was permitted to lapse. A brief account of its work is introduced below.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

The Manufacturers Association was again reorganized in December, 1888. A meeting was held December nth, at the rooms of the Young Mens Christian Association for that pur pose. Colonel D. N. Speer was made chairman of the meeting, and M. F. Amorous secretary. S. M. Innian, president of the previous organization, made a short speech, in which he said that during one year of that associations work, from October, 1886, to November, 1887, it established and built up one excelsior fac tory, one glass factory, one spice-mill, one furniture factory, one bridge and axle works, one manufacturers investment and land company, and one cotton seed oil works. The old association had died a natural death from want of support, having been, however, first sadly crippled by the ill-health of its secretary. Colonel Hulbert, H. W. Grady, John T. Glenn, E. P. Howell, H. I. Kimball and G. W. Adair made speeches in favor of the proposed reorganization, and a committee was appointed con sisting of H. W. Grady, A. F. Buck, S. M. Inman, John T. Glenn and J. W. Rankin, whose duty it was to report a board of twenty directors for the new association. This committee reported the following names: D. N. Speer, J. C. Peck, R. B. Bullock, W. W. Boyd, E. P. Howell, M. C. Kiser, C. W. Hunnicutt, George Winship, T. W. Baxter, H. I. Kimball, M. F. Amorous, W. B. Miles, E. P. Chamberlin, L. J. Hill, R. J. Lowry, Elias Haiman, J. R. Wylie, Hoke Smith, J. W. Rankin and S. M. Inman. This re port was unanimously adopted.
These gentlemen met at the office of the Constitution on De cember 13th, and organized by the election of E. P. Howell, president, and J. W. Rankin, D. N. Speer, C. A. Collier, W. B. Miles and L. J. Hill, vice-presidents. On the i8th of December James R. Wylie was elected secretary and treasurer. Three separate departments were adopted the Manufacturers Loan Association, the Real Estate Bureau, and the Advertising Depart ment. The initiation fee was fixed at ten dollars, and annual dues five dollars. The selection of the location for the exhibi tion room was entrusted to President Howell, Secretary Wylie and C. W. Hunnicutt.

CHAPTER XVII
ATLANTA'S GREAT FAIRS
No Southern city has attracted more attention to its enter prise by means of expositions of an inter-state character than Atlanta.
The first of these important events in the history of Atlanta was the International Cotton Exhibition of 1881. The idea of holding such an exhibition in the South was first suggested by Edward Atkinson, of Boston, Mass. In August, 1880, Mr. Atkinson wrote a letter to a New York journal, in which he dis cussed the great waste incident to the methods then in use in the gathering and handling of the cotton crop, and advised the gath ering together of those interested in the production of this great Southern staple at some point in the South for the purpose of devising some means to remedy this evil. The Atlanta Constitu tion republished the letter and urged the importance of some action in regard thereto. A few weeks after the pub lication of this letter it was announced that Mr. Atkin son was about to make a Southern trip for the pur pose of putting the suggestion in form. Mr. H. I. Kimball being impressed with the importance of the enter prise, and personally acquainted with Mr. Atkinson, invited him to Atlanta to address the people on the subject. This invitation Mr. Atkinson accepted, and at the solicitation of many prominent citizens of Atlanta he delivered, on October 28, 1880, an address in the senate chamber, in which he advocated Atlanta as the proper place in which to hold a cotton exhibition, such as would result in devising improved methods in the cultivation of the cotton as well as to be a stimulus to the entire industrial develop ment of this section. Early in December following James W. Nagle and J. W. Ryckman came to Atlanta to ascertain what
461

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Atlanta And Its Builders

action the citizens proposed to take in the matter. At their sug gestion several preliminary meetings were held. A committee consisting of Governor A. H. Colquitt, Mayor W. L. Calhotm, ex-Governor R. B. Bullock and J. W. Ryckman was appointed to prepare a plan for preliminary organization, which resulted in the formation of such an organization and the election of Senator Joseph E. Brown, president; S. M. Inman, treasurer, and J. W. Ryckman, secretary.
In February, 1881, the matter was again agitated, and after holding a few informal meetings at the chamber of commerce, sufficient interest was manifested by the citizens of Atlanta to determine them to effect a permanent organization. A corpora tion was organized under the general law, and a charter was obtained from the court. The Atlanta incorporators were: Sen ator Joseph E. Brown, Samuel M. Inman, H. I. Kimball, R. F. Maddox, Benjamin E. Crane, Evan P. Howell, M. C. Riser, Robert J. Lowry, Sidney Root, Campbell Wallace, J. F. Cummings, W. P. Inman, J. C. Peck, L. P. Grant, W. A. Moore, G. J. Foreacre, Richard Peters and E. P. Chamberlin. Asso ciated with them were citizens of several other counties in Geor gia, and of the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, Massachu setts, New York, Maine, Rhode Island, and of London, England. Thus equipped the new enterprise commenced active operations.
At first it was only contemplated that the exposition should bo confined to cotton and all pertaining thereto, in its culture, transportation, manufacture, etc. The capital stock of the cor poration was originally fixed at $100,000 in shares of $100. As the work advanced, however, and as the country became interest ed in the subject, it was decided to open its doors for the admis sion of all products from every section, and the capital stock was therefore increased $200,000.
The management of the business and affairs of the corpora tion according to its charter was originally confined to an execu tive committee composed of twenty-five members. The follow ing named gentlemen were elected members of this committee: 1L 1. Kimball, B. F, Crane, R. F. Maddox, W. A. Moore, M. C. Kiscr, L. P. Grant, John A. Fittcn, G. J. Foreacre, Richard

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Peters, E. P. Howell, Sidney Root, B. F. Abbott, T. G. Healy, W. C. Neff, John L. Hopkins, John T. Henderson, J. F. Cummings, F. P. Rice, J. C. Peck and E. P. Chamberlin, all of At lanta, and Edward Atkinson, Boston, Mass.; Cyrus Bussey, New Orleans, La.; Richard Garsed, Philadelphia, Pa.; John H. Inman, New York; and J. W. Paramore, of St. Louis, Mo. This committee selected as officers of the exposi tion Senator Joseph E. Brown, president (subsequently resigned, and was succeeded by Governor Alfred H. Colquitt); Samuel M. Inman, treasurer; J. W. Ryckman, secretary; and R. J. Lowry, chairman of the finance com mittee. Subsequently Messrs. Rice and Foreacre resigned from the executive committee, and J. R. Wylie and R. D. Spalding were elected. H. I. Kimball was elected chairman of the com mittee.
To secure the necessary funds to carry on the exposition was the first duty* of the executive committee. It was believed that if Atlanta subscribed one-third the amount required, other cities interested in the success of the enterprise would contribute the balance. A canvass of the city was made, and in one day the amount proportioned to Atlanta was secured. Atlanta's prompt and decided action in this respect gave a most wonderful impetus to the enterprise. Mr. Kimball was authorized to visit Northern cities and endeavor to interest them in the undertaking. He visited New York and secured subscriptions to two hundred and fifty-three shares of stock; Boston'took sixty shares; Baltimore, forty-eight; Norfolk, Va., buying twenty-five; Philadelphia, forty-three; Cincinnati, seventy-nine. The gratifying result of Mr. Kimball's work in the North and the apparent interest manifested by the whole country caused the executive committee to take immediate steps to put the whole work of organizing and con ducting the enterprise in hand.
For the more efficient conduct and management of the expo sition the executive committee created the office of director-gen eral and chief executive, to whom was given the supervision and control of the operations and affairs of the exposition. To this important trust the committee wisely selected Mr. 11. 1. Kimball, who, from the first intimation of the exposition, had taken a deep interest in its success.

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Oglethorpe Park was selected as the site of the exposition. It belonged to the city and was located two and onehalf miles northwest from the railroad depot, and on the line of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. This park was originally laid out and improved under the direction of Mr. Kimball, in 1870, for the use of agricultural fairs, but the work of adapting the grounds and erecting the necessary buildings for the exposition was not an easy task. The work was begun under Mr. Kimball's direction, and rapidly pushed to completion and made ready for exhibitors in ample time for the opening of the exposition.
The main building was constructed after a general model of a cotton factory, as suggested by Mr. Atkinson, of Boston, the form being a Greek cross, the transept nearly half the length, the agricultural and carriage annexes extending along the southern side, and the mineral and woods department forming an annex at the extreme western end of the building. Its extreme length was seven hundred and twenty feet, the length of the transept four hundred feet, and the width of the arms ninety-six feet. The dimensions of the remaining principal buildings were as follows: Railroad building, 200x100 feet; railroad annexes, 40x60 and 40 xioo feet; agricultural implement building, 96x288 feet; carriage annex, 96x212 feet; art and industry building, 520x60 feet; judge's hall, 90x120 feet; horticultural hall, 40x80 feet; restau rant, 100x200 feet. There were several other buildings, as the Florida building, press pavilion, police headquarters, etc., all built by the exposition, while in addition to the alxjve quite a number of individuals or collective exhibitors erected buildings for themselves.
The exposition was opened on October 5, 1881, and the occasion formed a memorable day in the history of Atlanta. The civic and military parade, held in honor x)f the event, was under the direction of Captain Henry Jackson, chief marshal of the day, and consisted of the Fifth Artillery Hand, Gate City Guards, Gov ernor Colquitt, president of the exposition, Director-General H. 1. Kimball and the executive committee in carriages; Fifth Artil lery ; orators of the day, bishops, United States judges, United States senators, members of congress, governors of states and

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other guests; Fifth Artillery Company; Supreme Court of Geor gia, ex-governors of Georgia, state officers, president of the sen ate and speaker of the house of representatives of Georgia, mayor, council and city officers of Atlanta, commissioners of Fulton county, mayors of other cities, citizens' exposition committee, representatives from the press, vice-presidents, shareholders, and other invited guests.
At the exposition grounds addresses were made hy DirectorGeneral H. I. Kimball, Governor Colquitt, Senator Z. B. Vance, Senator D. W. Voorhees, and an exposition ode, written by Mr. Paul H. Hayne, of Georgia, was read hy Hon. N. J. Hammond, of Atlanta.
The exposition was a success in every way. The entire number of exhibits was 1,113, f which the Southern States con tributed more than one-half, New England and Middle States, 341 ; Western States, 138; foreign, 7. The gross receipts of the exposition were $262,513, and the total disbursements $258,475. The average daily attendance was 3,816 for the seventy-six days the exposition was open. The largest number of admissions on any one day occurred on Decemlxir 7th, Planters' Day, when there were 10,293.
The exposition closed on December 31, 1881, with appro priate ceremonies. It had been a financial as well as an artistic and industrial success. During its progress it had been visited by thousands of strangers from all parts of the country. Novel and valuable agricultural processes, side by side with weighty, economic theories, were demonstrated, and through the agency of the press spread broadcast. Its potent effect for good had been felt throughout the South, and from it has sprung the most im portant factors in the wonderful material development of Atlanta within the last decade. The men who had control of it were nearly all citizens of Atlanta, and although they were aided and assisted by residents of other cities and States throughout the country, it was in reality almost entirely an Atlanta enterprise, and its success demonstrated their public spirit, energy and farseeing business sagacity. Upon 11. T. Kimball rested most of the responsibility besides the entire management of this novel enter prise in the South, and to his perfect adaptability to the great task
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Birdseye View of Southern Inter-State Fair Grounds Photograph from balloon, 1901

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must always be given the largest share of individual credit for the result attained.
Piedmont Exposition--The exhibit at the Atlanta Interna tional Exposition in 1881, of the mineral, woods and agricultural resources of this section, was a revolution to the people and natur ally stimulated the desire for a similar exhibition. In obedience to this desire the Piedmont Exposition Company was formed in July, 1887, with the following officers: C. A. Collier, president; H. W. Grady, vice-president; R. J. Lowry, treasurer; and W. H. Smyth, secretary. The directors were, J. T. Cooper, D. M. Bain, E. P. Chamberlin, M. C. Kiser, J. W. English, T. D. Meador, John A. Fitten, G. W. Adair, C. D. Horn, J. Kingsbury, J. R. Wylie, S. H. Phelan, W. L. Peel, W. W. Boyd, T. L. Langston, E. Rich, P. H. Snook, R. B. Bullock and S. M. Inman. An executive committee, composed of the following gentlemen, was appointed: J. T. Cooper, J. R. Wylie, S. H. Phelan, C. D. Horn, D. M. Bain, E. P. Chamberlin and R. B. Bullock.
The object of the exposition was to collect together the evi dences of the resources of the Piedmont region of the Southern States, including Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee, to show their great increase over 1881, both from subsequent discovery and actual workings; to exhibit the progress and improvement of this section in its machinery, manufactures, its flocks and herds, and its methods and results of agriculture, and to gather from every source within or without its territory, for comparison and instruction, all the best and most recent labor-saving devices and machinery for tilling its soil, reaping its harvests and changing its crude products into useful and beautiful fabrics.
On-October n, 1887, within one hundred and four days after the inception of the enterprise, the necessary buildings had been erected, and the exposition was opened. Governor Gordon and Hon. Samul J. Randall, of Pennsylvania, delivered addresses. The most important event during the exposition was the visit of President Cleveland and party, which occurred on October igth. The exposition closed on October 22d, and it was estimated that over 200,000 persons hail visited the grounds. It was a success in every way and reflected the highest credit upon all connected with its management.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

The Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 attracted the attention of the whole country, and visitors could hardly believe that a city of 100,000 people could carry so great an undertaking to success. It is a common remark that the Atlanta Exposition would have been creditable to a city of half a million people, and for Atlanta it was an amazing achievement.
The first movement for this Exposition originated at the close of 1894, when the entire country was in the depths of depression following the great panic of 1893. So profound was this depression that the first suggestion for an Exposition was met with derision, and for some time it was difficult for other cities to take Atlanta seriously. Nothing daunted, the publicspirited citizens proceeded with the organization and in a few months raised by popular and public subscription a capital of $200,000. This was supplemented by the county authorities with the excavation work to the amount of $150,000, and with the proceeds of bonds and loans to the amount of $225,000, a total capital of more than half a million dollars was raised. The work of building the Exposition was accomplished in less than a year. Work began in October, 1894, soon after congress passed the ap propriation bill, including, $200,000 for a government exhibit at Atlanta. The government appropriation was not available to the fair itself, but was expended in the government building and exhibits. Atlanta, therefore, had to rely entirely upon herself for the building of the fair and, indeed, went further and assisted the State in the erection of a building for the Georgia exhibit.
It was the general verdict that the money expended on this Exposition was made to go further and do more than any other fund ever expended for such a purpose. In addition to the funds above referred to, the Exposition received $126,000 from conces sions, $380,000 in gate receipts, and $79,000 from the sale of space, with miscellaneous receipts, making a total of $1,100,000 expended by the Exposition company. The expenditures by exhibitors and concessionaires were very great. Much of the work in the power plant was paid for by exhibitors of steam and electrical machinery, pumps, etc.
The appropriations by States, foreign governments and rail
roads of exhibits amounted to $300,000, and it is estimated that

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the total expenditures by the Exposition company, exhibitors and concessionaires at this Exposition were between $2,000,000 and $2,500,000. All this started from a capital of $200,000, which, by loans and the labor contributed by the county of Fulton, was augmented to $550,000. The financial results achieved with the resources at hand are remarkable when compared with those of other Expositions. With a total capital of $550,000, Atlanta produced an Exposition, the cost of which was $2,500,000. Chi cago, with a capital of $10,000,000, produced a fair that cost $27,000,000. Atlanta's capital was made to produce a fund five times as great. In Chicago the capital subscribed by the city was more than one-third of the total cost of the Exposition.
The Exposition was a remarkable success from almost every standpoint. As an epitome of the industrial life of the Cotton States it was an impressive and inspiring spectacle. Considered in a general sense as an exploitation of the region tributary to Atlanta and an advertisement of the enterprise of the people of this city, it has hardly a parallel. The attendance from a distance was remarkable. Almost every state in the Union had some rep resentatives among the visitors to the Exposition, and the extent to which the country was interested appears from the fact that the press associations of twenty-five states, numbering in all 3,500 people, visited the Exposition during the months of Sep tember, October and November. The daily records of the adver tising department show 25,000 newspaper clippings from all parts of this country and many from Europe, and it is estimated that these do not exceed one-fifth of the total number of publica tions concerning Atlanta and the Exposition. Within the year during which the Exposition was under construction, the exploi tation of the enterprise extended all over Europe and South and Central America. Exhibits came from 37 states and 13 foreign countries. The aggregate, covering more than 6,000 separate entries, many of which were collective exhibits, represented very handsomely the trade and industry of the United States and South America, with considerable representation from England, Erance, Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. There were col lective exhibits from Mexico, Venezuela, and Chili, and state exhibits were made by Georgia, Pennsylvania, New York, Massa-

Stock Exhibition, Southern Inter-State Fair, 1900

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chusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, North Carolina, South Carolina, and besides these were exhibits by cities and individuals in most of the other states. A notable exhibit was that made by the Georgia Association of Manufacturers, including the displays of seventy-odd concerns, showing an astonishing variety of products.
The results of this Exposition have been all that could be desired. Instead of the depression that usually follows great expositions, Atlanta experienced a steady growth, indicated by the increase in bank clearings, tonnage, postoffice receipts and imports. Hon. Chas. A. Collier was president of the Cotton States and International Exposition, and the success of the enter prise was due in large measure to his able management.

SOUTHERN INTER-STATE FAIR
In 1900 and 1901 a number of the most public-spirited citi zens of Atlanta who had organized the Southern Inter-State Fair Association held a fair in Atlanta which was of the character indicated by the title, although largely devoted to local exhibits. These fairs were entirely representative of the city and state, attracting thousands of visitors and proving in every sense cred itable attractions. In addition to very excellent racing features, a poultry show and live stock exhibition second to none ever seen in the South, new and greatly enjoyed features were a horse show and bench show. Both of these latter attractions gave the fair widespread celebrity, the entries coming from many cities, North as well as South. The inevitable "Midway" was not the least of the attractions of the Southern Inter-state Fair. Mr. T. H. Mar tin, secretary of the Atlanta Business Men's League, and later of the Chamber of Commerce, was general manager of both fairs and chief promoter of the enterprise, which he conducted most successfully.

CHAPTER XVIII
HOTEL FACILITIES
Atlanta has several first-class hotels, chief among which are the Kimball House, Hotel Aragon, and the.Majestic. The Pied mont, a hostelry that will be in this class, is Hearing completion at the corner of Peachtree and Luckie streets.
For years the Kimball House, built by and named for H. I. Kimball, has been regarded as the leading hotel of the Southern States, and with the pressure of competition it has held its re markable prestige to the present time. The original Kimball House was built thirty-odd years ago, and in the preceding pages narrating the story of early Atlanta, frequent reference is made to it. Fire completely destroyed the house in the summer of 1883, but with characteristic pluck and business judgment, Mr. Kimball lost no time in making a contract for the erection of a more palatial hotel than the one lost. The present Kimball House, covering almost an entire block, is eight stories high, in cluding the basement, and has 440 rooms. This hotel has long been political headquarters for Georgia and is the favorite ren dezvous for all sorts of gatherings of a public nature. Many im portant enterprises have been initiated at meetings held in its par lors. President Cleveland was entertained there on his first visit to Atlanta in 1887, and many distinguished guests from all over the world have honored the Kimball with their sojourns.
The Hotel Aragon was completed in 1894. It is a strik ingly beautiful structure architecturally, six stories high and of extensive dimensions, and is a good deal to Atlanta what the \Valdorf-Astoria is to New York. This hotel is a favorite with the wealthy tourists, many of them making long stays there while en route north from Florida in the early spring. In 1895 Presi dent Cleveland and many distinguished guests of the city and
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New Piedmont Hotel, cor. Peachtree and Luckey Sis. Photo by Edwards & Son, March 10, 1908

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Atlanta And Its Builders

the exposition were entertained at the Aragon. The hotel is ad mirably located just above the Grand Opera House, on Peachtree street. It has 360 rooms elegantly furnished. The cuisine is equal to that of the best hotels of this country, and the service is kept up to a high standard.
The Hotel Majestic is of the sky-scraper type architectur ally, constructed of gray granite, with a handsome colonial por tico extending its width in front. This popular family hotel is situated but a few steps above the Aragon, on Peachtree street, just out of the dust and bustle of the business center. Its in terior is in keeping with the massive beauty of the exterior, and the numerous rooms are splendidly arranged and appointed. It sets back a few yards from the street, allowing space for a pretty greensward and shade in front. Of recent years this hotel has enjoyed a good patronage.
The Piedmont is being built at the corner of Luckie street, on Peachtree, nearer down town than the Aragon and Majestic. Its builders are among Atlanta's most prominent and successful citizens. The plans show a superb ten-story structure of cream pressed brick and granite, to represent an investment of upward of half a million dollars. The hotel will have three fronts--on Peachtree, Luckie and North Forsyth streets. It will be thor oughly modern in every respect, with its own heating and light ing plant.
The Hotel Marion, a little further down town, on North Pryor street, is a smaller but very attractive new hotel, and popu lar with a large number of travellers. It has recently been con siderably enlarged and otherwise improved.
In addition to these there are six or eight smaller hotels, well kept and at moderate rates, where visitors may be accommodated at prices within the reach of almost any purse. They are located within two to five minutes' walk of the Union Passenger Depot, and are conveniently near the business center.
Atlanta is well supplied with high-class boarding-houses, located, as a rule, within five minutes' walk of the business center. Here accommodations may be had according to the taste and purse of almost any one.
The Sweetwater Park Hotel, located at Lithia Springs, some twenty miles from Atlanta, is one of the most famous resorts in

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the Southern States. It has become popular, not only with the people of Atlanta and Georgia, but is growing in favor as a resort for both winter and summer. Like the leading hotels of Atlanta, it is a stopping place, going and coming, for tourists bound for Florida. The grounds are large and beautifully improved, and the hotel is one of the picturesque inn type. The illustration shows the beauty of the situation. One attraction of the place is the lithia water of the famous Bowden Spring, the curative prop erties of which are known throughout the United States. The water is shipped in all directions and is sold in bottles and casks. The hotel is, to some extent, a sanitarium, and invalids go there to rest. The hotel is elegant in all its appointments and the ser vice is kept up to a high standard.
The Atlanta City Directory shows thirty-five hotels, exclu sive of a host of boarding-houses.

PARKS AND CEMETERIES
The first park in Atlanta was known as the "City Park." It was bounded by Pryor, Loyd, Decatur and Alabama streets. The ground was given to the city about 1850 by Mr. Mitchell for rail road purposes. It was laid out by William Gabbitt, and named by him. During the war it was freely occupied by Confederate soldiers, and for some time after the destruction of Atlanta there remained but little sign of its ever having been a park. Soon after the completion of the Kimball House in 1870, by an arrange ment with the Mitchell heirs, it was subdivided and sold for busi ness purposes, and at the present time it is covered by some of the finest business buildings in Atlanta.
In 1854 the city bought the block bounded by Hunter, Mitchell, McDonough and Collins (now Washington) streets, containing about five acres of land. Upon this block the old city hall and court house were built, and the block itself was called the "City Hall Park.'' After the war the ground was nicely graded and planted with shade trees through the influence of Daniel Pittman. It was for a number of years a beautiful and popular place of resort, but it was at length given by the city to the State of Georgia for a location for the new capitol building, which now occupies it, and which is nearly ready for occupancy by the Legislature and various State officers.

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Atlanta And Its Builders

Some years after the war, through the influence of Hon. B. C. Yancey and others, the State Agricultural Fair was located in Atlanta, and in order to accommodate this fair the city purchased some fifty acres of land lying on the Western and Atlantic Rail road, ahout one mile beyond the city limits. This piece of ground was named Oglethorpe Park, and under the auspices of H. I. Kimball it was carefully graded and suitable buildings erected upon it. State fairs were held here and at Macon alternately until 1881, in which year the great International Cotton Exposi tion was held in this park. At the close of the exposition the land and buildings were sold to the Exposition Cotton Mills Company, and Oglethorpe Park is now occupied by an extensive cotton factory.
Various efforts have been subsequently made to secure for Atlanta a public park, but all were unavailing until 1882, when Colonel L. P. Grant proposed to donate one hundred acres of land to the city for that purpose. In 1883 the general council author ized the appointment of a park commission by the mayor, to con sist of six persons, three of whom were to be members of the council and the other three citizens of Atlanta. A deed of the land was made by Colonel Grant to the city upon the condition that the land should always be used for park purposes, a violation of the condition to result in the forfeiture of the title. In honor of the donor this park was named the "L. P. Grant Park." In May, 1883, an accurate topographical map of the ground was made by Charles Roesch, an accomplished civil engineer, and the work of improving the park was commenced. More than $15,ooo was at first expended in the improvement of the grounds, and the arrangement and grading of its avenues, drives and walks, construction of pavilion, rustic bridges, etc., was all in excellent taste and tended to render the park one of the most pleasant re sorts to be found anywhere.
Grant Park is within two and a half miles of the Union pas senger depot and accessible by four street car lines. The park has been judiciously improved, without harshly disturbing the face of nature. The spot is naturally quite a picturesque one, and the quiet beauty of the scenery has been embellished by the construction of a lake, and walks and roads wind throughout the

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grounds at convenient places. Much labor has been expended
on the drives, gutters having been put down at the sides after the fashion of street drains, and the surface of the roads macadam ized. Two charming islands add to the beauty of "Lake Abana," and a poetic brook babbles through the length of the grounds. The several buildings are highly artistic in design, and the park is adorned with-, statuary, flower urns and fountains. There are
several springs of mineral water, and in connection with the lake

Scene in Grant Park
there is a swimming pool. The lake furnishes boating for pleas ure parties in summer, and the abundant shade gives a pleasant rendezvous for picnics. Crowning the highest hill in the park is Fort Walker, a grim reminder of the battles around Atlanta on the jist and 22(\ of July, 1864. The pavilions, buildings of comfort and ample seats have been placed at convenient places, and the street car lines reach the park from both sides, giving con venient access from any part of the grounds.

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Some years ago Mr. G. V. Gress, of the city, founded a menagerie, known as the Gress Zoo, to which various parties have contributed birds and animals from time to time during the past seven years. The city has also made purchases, and the zoo now contains the following animals: One elephant, one elk, two African lions, three Mexican lions, three large black bears, five Chinese pheasants, one African jaguar, on black wolf, one gray wolf, one Kansas coyote, two dingoes, two coons, one badger, two wildcats, eight deer, one Mexican hog, five monkeys, twenty prairie dogs, four alligators, eight peacocks, one hundred and ten pigeons, seven owls, two hawks, fifteen ring-doves, twelve gophers, two pelicans, three buzzards, three eagles, sixty-nine rabbits, fifty-nine guinea pigs, one large ant-eater and two loons.
Piedmont Park is the property of a private corporation, and was improved first by the Piedmont Exposition Company and more elaborately in 1894 and 1895 by tne Cotton States and International Exposition Company, which expended about $500,000 on the grounds and buildings. The grounds were decidedly picturesque, and were embellished by the addition of a lake covering thirteen acres. They were pronounced by gentlemen who had seen all the great expositions of this country and the Paris Exposi tion in 1889 to be the most attractive and picturesque they had ever seen. The arrangement is suggestive of an amphitheater with a grand plaza in the center, surrounded by a sixty-foot walk, which was originally a half-mile track. Rising in grand terraces on the north, the hill is surmounted by what was the United States Government building. Close beside it are the Fine Arts building, the New York and Pennsylvania buildings, etc. On other sides of the plaza are the various exposition buildings, four teen in number, with many smaller structures erected for various purposes. Around the plazas and the walks, which cover a dis tance of five miles, shade trees have been planted. The grounds cover one hundred and eighty-nine acres, with hills to the north and south and the lake in the center. Near the plaza is an audi torium capable of seating three thousand people, and not far off is the agricultural building, which could be made to accommodate ten thousand people. Here it has been proposed to hold conven-

Lake Clara Meer, Southern Inter-State Fair Grounds

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Atlanta And Its Builders

tions of the Grand Army of the Republic and national political conventions, if they should ever be held in the Southern States. In what was the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, cover ing several acres of space, one of the finest bicycle tracks in the South has been constructed, and an immense seating capacity is provided.
The park is reached by three electric lines, and during the exposition it was connected with all parts of the city by direct cars. The main street car terminus is among the finest in the country. On the opposite side the Southern railway has two tracks, upon which it operated a train service similar to that put on at the World's Fair by the Illinois Central Railroad.
During the Exposition the crowds on the grounds reached as many as sixty thousand people, and on several days ranged from twenty thousand to thirty thousand. The park is within two and a half miles of the city. At present it is controlled by the Expostion Park Company, which leased it for five years from 1896 for amusement purposes. The park is open to the public, and there is no admission fee except for entrance to the Coliseum.
Since Piedmont Park passed into the hands of the Southern Interstate Fair Association, two years ago, it has been further improved, particularly in the matter of race track facilities. The track is one of the finest in the South and is much used for derbys and by driving clubs.
Lakewood Park is located four miles south of the city, and covers an area of three hundred and sixty-three acres, fifty of which are covered by water, making the largest lake in North Georgia. The lake is surrounded on all sides by large hills covered with natural forest. As the dam that crosses the stream between two largo hills is covered with trees and does not appear at all artificial, the lake appears to be the work of nature. Lakewood is the site of the former city waterworks, and the lake now used for purposes of pleasure, such as bathing, swimming, row ing, sailing and shooting the chutes, was formerly known as the "reservoir." From it for twenty years the temperance people of the city quenched their thirst. The clear water of South river flowed into and was pumped out of it. There are many springs around the lake, making ideal spots for picnic parties.

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481

When the city advertised for bidders for a lease of the prop erty, the Lakewood Park Company was organized for the pur pose of converting this picturesque place into a pleasure resort, and since August, 1895, the place has been kept open as a park, but only white persons are allowed upon the grounds.
To the natural attractions of the place many improvements have been added. An electric car line was built there, and since August, 1895, cars have run every day from the postoffice direct to Lakewood. During the summer, at times, a car run every ten minutes would not accommodate the visitors. The improve ments at the park consist in part of a life-saving station, a large pavilion, a shooting gallery, ten-pin alleys, a club-house, tennis courts, a bath-house, a bathing beach, shooting the chutes, trapshooting house and grounds, the long-distance rifle range of the Fifth regiment, row and sail boats, steamer, swings, merry-gorounds, etc. Lakewood has been well patronized from the open ing day, by ladies and children during the day, and the young people at night. The buildings and grounds are brilliantly light ed with electricity made by the park plant, using South river as a water-power. A fall of nearly fifty feet develops more than fifty horse-power.
The park is opened during the summer season every night until midnight. The average number of fares over the street railway to Lakewood during the summer season is two thousand per day.

FORT MC PHERSON
Fort McPherson is one of the best equipped military posts in the United States. It was constructed at great expense on a reservation of forty acres, occupying a commanding eminence four miles from the center of the city, and easily accessible by the trains of the Central and Atlanta and West Point Railways and electric cars of the Atlanta Traction Company. The post has barracks for the accommodation of one thousand enlisted men and non-commissioned officers, besides the post headquarters. There is a storehouse and well-equipped hospital. An elaborate system of waterworks and sewerage brings the sanitary condi tions up to the standard for well-regulated communities. The
31-2

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Atlanta And Its Builders

water supply^ is abundant and pure and the rolling character of the ground is such as to make drainage perfect. The parade ground is one of the finest in the United States, and the regimental drills and dress parades are frequently attended on pleasant afternoons by the elite of the city.
In addition to the facilities for access to the post by steam and electric cars, the finest ten-mile drive in the Southern States reaches from the heart of Atlanta to the Clayton county line, pass ing directly in front of the reservation. Two miles of this were built first as a military road, by the Federal authorities, from the corporate limits of the city to the reservation. Later the author ities of Fulton county constructed a chert road from the city limits to the Clayton county line. Within a mile of the city limits thence to the heart of Atlanta has been covered with vitri fied brick. There is thus a smooth, hard road from the Atlanta postorfice all the way to the Clayton county line, passing directly in front of Fort McPherson. This is perhaps the finest roadway of equal length reaching out of any Southern city.
The Federal government maintains at Fort McPherson a regiment of ten companies, and, with the skeleton organization customary in the United States in time of peace, there are six hundred enlisted men, with a full complement of officers. This number would be quickly increased to one thousand in case of emergency requiring the full strength of the companies. During the late war with Spain Fort McPherson was an important point for the mobilization and encampment of large bodies of troops preparatory to the invasion of Cuba.
The regiments stationed at Fort McPherson have figured prominently on almost all great occasions attended by civic and military pageants. This was notably true during the Exposition of 1895, when the president of the United States and the gov ernors of the various states visited Atlanta.

CEMETERIES
The first cemetery owned by the city was oil Peachtree street, near the present residence of Hon. N. J. Hammond. It was used as a burial place until 1850, when Oakland Cemetery was secured as a permanent resting place for Atlanta's dead by act of

Hotel Facilities
the city council. The tract consisted of some eighty-five acres of land, situated on the east side of the city at the head of Hunter street. To this burial place were removed the remains of the pioneer Atlantans who died prior to 1850, and after the war the bodies of thousands of Confederate soldiers who fell in the battles and skirmishes around Atlanta were collected with great care and interred in Oakland. This patriotic work was largely done by the Ladies' Memorial Association, organized May 7th, 1868. Its primary object was the collection and proper re-interment of the remains of the heroes of the "Lost Cause," and the erection of a suitable monument to their memory. In 1869 the officers were: Mrs. John B. Gordon, president; Mrs. John Gannon and Mrs. John M. Johnson, vice-presidents; Mrs. W. W. Clayton, treas urer; Mrs. W. S. Walker, corresponding secretary; and Miss Cordele Meredith, recording secretary. During the first few years of its existence the members of this association exhumed and reinterred the remains of some three thousand Confederate dead. The association has had the portion of the cemetery allotted to the de parted soldiers graded and beautified, and a graceful and sub stantial monument has been erected out of Stone Mountain gran ite to commemorate their glorious valor. Oakland is the Mecca of thousands of Atlanta's inhabitants on "Memorial Day," when the graves of the Confederate dead are handsomely decorated. The cemetery is nearly full, after all these years, and many of the city's interments are made elsewhere. Oakland is still the prop erty of the city, and has yielded a large revenue from the sale of lots. The grounds have been tastefully plotted and many costly monuments and burial vaults have been built.
West View, the modern cemetery of Atlanta, is located about four miles from the city, on the Green's Ferry road. It is con trolled by a joint stock company organized in 1884. The site is a beautiful one for the purpose, and the grounds have been highly improved and are admirably cared for. Here, also, is a soldiers' monument, and there are many artistic and expensive memorial stones. Some distinguished sons of Atlanta are buried in West View, notably Henry W. Grady and Lieutenant Brumby, whose resting places arc objects of reverent interest to visitors.

CHAPTER XIX
STREET RAILWAYS
In view of the recent revolutionary changes in Atlanta's street car service, the history of the street railways as given in Wallace P. Reed's history of Atlanta, published in 1889, is doubly interesting. But little more than a decade has elapsed since what is quoted below was written, but it is hard to believe that so short a time ago the few miles of street car track in opera tion in Atlanta employed mules instead of electricity as a motive force, and that as crude a thing as a dummy engine was regarded as a most progressive step in street railway improve ment.
The development of Atlanta's street car service within the past five years, even, has been revolutionary. During this short period of time the mileage has practically doubled under the stimulus of the keenest competition, and the city is a veritable network of street railway tracks, extending far into the suburbs on every side. Few cities of Atlanta's size have a more complete and even elaborate street car system. The service rendered is excellent, though, since the war between the rival companies has been declared off, the nickel fare of mule tramway days still obtains.
The history of the latter period referred to is as follows: The idea of introducing street railways in Atlanta took shape in 1871. During that year the Atlanta Street Railway Company was organized. The most prominent men in the movement were Colonel G. W. Adair, Richard Peters, John H. James, and Major Benjamin E. Crane. The first officers of the company were Richard Peters, president; Colonel G. W. Adair, secretary and treasurer; J. H. James, J. R. Wylie, Benjamin E. Crane, and W. M. Middlebrook, directors.
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Street Railways

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The first line built was completed in September, 1871, and was known as the West End Line. Starting at the railroad cross ing on Whitehall street, it extended out Peters street and termin ated at Camp's Spring. Owing to the increasing number of steam railroad tracks at Peters street crossing the tracks on Peters street were taken up in 1882, and connection was made with the White hall Street line by passing through a tunnel built under 'the Cen tral railroad. This line is three miles in length.
The Marietta street line was first operated January, 1872. It first ran from the junction of Marietta and Peachtree street and extended out Marietta, terminating at Rolling Mills. In 1880 it was extended to the Cotton Exposition grounds, and in 1888 a branch track was built to Peachtree street, passing the Technologi cal School. The length of this line is two and one-half miles.
The Decatur street line was built from the junction of Mari etta and Peachtree streets, out Decatur street to Oakland ceme tery, and first used in May, 1872. It was extended to the boule vard in 1884, and now represents two miles of track.
The Peachtree line was first operated in August, 1872. It then extended from the railroad crossing on Whitehall, out Peachtree street to Ponce de Leon Circle. It was extended to Georgia avenue in 1888, and is now two miles long.
The Capital Avenue line originally extended from the corner of Whitehall and Alabama streets, out Alabama and Washington street and Capital avenue. It was extended to Georgia avenue in 1888, and is now two miles long.
The Whitehall line was first operated in February, 1874. It then extended out Whitehall street to McDaniel. Connection was made with the West End line in 1882, and is now three miles in length.
The Gate City Street Railroad Company was organized in 1881. In 1884 L. DeGive, L. B. Nelson, A. M. Reinhardt and John Stephens built a line, which, starting in front of the Kimball House, on Pryor street, passed through Pryor, Wheat and Jack son streets to Ponce de Leon Springs. The line was operated by the original builders until January, 1887, when it was purchased by J. W. Culpepper and E. C. Peters, and by them leased to the Atlanta Street Railway Company. In October, 1887, the direc-

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Atlanta And Its Builders

tion of the road was changed so as to run out Jackson street to Ponce de Leon avenue and then to the Springs. A branch was also built to Piedmont Park. This line is three miles in length.
The Atlanta Street Railway Company was managed and controlled by the original officers and directors until 1878, when Col. Adair's interest in the company was purchased by Richard Peters, who acquired about four-fifths of the entire capital stock of $300,000. From 1878-1888 the officers of the company were Richard Peters, president; J. W. Culpepper, secretary and treas urer, and E. C. Peters, superintendent, and the company in 1888 owned eighteen miles of track, and fifty cars, two hundred and fifty horses and mules, and gave employment to about one hun dred men.
The Metropolitan Street Railway Company was organized in 1882. The officers were J. W. Rankin, president; W. L. Ab bott, vice-president; W. A. Haygood, secretary. Directors: Jacob Haas, L. P. Grant, W. A. Haygood, W. L. Abbott and J. W. Rankin. This company operated two lines, one named the Proyor street line, which commences on Pryor street at the Union depot, runs on Pryor to Fair, on Fair to Pulliam, thence to Clarke on Washington, thence to Georgia avenue, on Georgia avenue to Grant Park. It also operated a branch from Georgia avenue and Washington, thence by Ormond and Pryor to Clarke University. The other line is known as the Park line. It branches off from Pryor at Hunter, and extends on Hunter to Frazer, thence to Fair, passing the cemetery and terminating at Grant Park.
In June, 1888, a new company, of which Aaron Haas was president and W. H. Patterson secretary and treasurer, purchased this road. They subsequently laid new rails along the entire route, and employed dummy engines in propelling their cars.
The West End and Atlanta Street Railroad Company was incorporated in 1883. This company put cars in operation on the following routes: From Marietta on Broad, south to Mitchell, thence to Thompson, thence to Nelson, thence to Walker, thence to Peters, through Jamestown to West End and West View ceme tery. The officers of the company were: T. G. Healey, presi dent; T. J. Hightower, vice-president; J. A. Scott, secretary and treasurer; and R. F. Curtis, superintendent.

Street Railways

48;

There were in Atlanta in 1890 only two electric lines of street railroad. One was the old Edgewood avenue line running to Inman Park and the other was the old Fulton county line which operated what was known as the nine mile circle route. These two lines together operated only about ten or twelve miles of track. Practically all of Atlanta's electric lines have therefore been constructed since 1890.
In 1890 Atlanta had about 45 miles of street railway in operation, including electric, dummy and horse car lines.
In 1900 the total mileage of electric street railways had in creased to 132 miles, all lines having been converted into the over head electric system.
The Atlanta Railway and Power company system was origi nally formed in 1891 as the Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway company, the latter company absorbing several horse-car lines then in existence, and converting the whole in 1891 and subse quent years into electric lines.
The Atlanta Rapid Transit company, formerly the Chattahoochee Railway company, and subsequently the Collins Park and Belt Railroad company, was organized in October, 1900, by Mr. Jerome Simmons. The first survey of this line was made March 28, 1891, and the first work of grading was started July 18, 1891.
The first car on the river line was run on May 8, 1891, and the receipts of the day for the two cars, it is said, were only $33.60.
The Atlanta Rapid Transit system handled about 1,100,000 people during the year 1900, though only one of its lines, the one to the river, was in operation during the whole of 1900.
The Atlanta Railway and Power company in 1892 (then the Consolidated) hauled about 7,020,000 people, while in the year 1900 it handled about 12,800,000.
The total number of people hauled by all the lines of street railroad in the city in 1890 was about 5,000,000, while in the year 1900 the total number hauled reached 13,900,000, an increase of nearly 178 per cent. During 1901 something over 15,000,000 people were hauled by the two trolley companies that control the streets of Atlanta.

488

Atlanta And Its Builders

In 1897 the Consolidated Street Railway Company had six ty-six miles, of track and one hundred cars, fifty of which were operated regularly daily, furnishing employment to between four and five, hundred men. The annual pay roll amounted to about $130,000. The company was capitalized at $2,000,000, with a bonded debt of $2,250,000 of first mortgage consolidated bonds. The number of miles made by the cars each day was about six thousand.
At the same time the Atlanta Railway Company had lines from the center of the city to Fort McPherson, Grant Park, Decatur and Lakewood Park--in all about twenty miles of track. The road was exceptionally well equipped for that time, in winter using cars heated by electricity, with glass fenders, for the pro tection of motormen.
The Collins Park and Belt Railway Company was a new Richmond in the street railway field, with plenty of Northern capital and unlimited ambitions behind it. In 1897 this com pany operated a continuous line from the center of the city on Walton street, one block from the postoffice, to the Chattahoochee river, a distance of eight miles, on a half-hour schedule.
The Consolidated and the Atlanta Railway Company were united as one corporation under the title of the Atlanta Railway and Power Company, and a battle royal began in the city council between the two remaining rival railways. The above-named corporation controlled practically all the street franchises, and its game was to shut its rival out from similar privileges. The Col lins Park and Belt line scored some important concessions early in the fight and changed its name to the Atlanta Rapid Transit Company. The city council was favorable to competition in street railway service and allowed the latter corporation to vir tually parallel its rival's tracks in certain directions, and even conferred the power of condemnation of the same, under certain conditions, which involved the joint use of the tracks for short distances along certain streets. The right to do this was contest ed in the courts, and as a last resort an injunction was prayed for in the federal court. The legal battles were many and long, but the Rapid Transit gained point by point, all the time extending its line along the routes covered by its newly-issued franchises. The

Street Railways

489

Rapid Transit Company contributed $50,000 toward the building of the Whitehall street viaduct, for the privilege of crossing the railroad tracks over it. At times the wishes of the latter corpora tion were thwarted or delayed of execution in council and for several years the citizens of Atlanta have witnessed something very like a Kilkenny cat fight over the franchise spoils of the municipality. The word is used advisedly. In the fall of 1901

Laying Street Railway
Broad and Marietta !Sts.
the Atlanta Railway and Power Company was sold to a syndicate of Boston capitalists known to be friendly and in close touch with the Atlanta Rapid Transit Company. The public was prepared for a cessation of hostilities, but hardly for the prompt steps taken by the whilom rivals toward the consolidation, which was soon after consummated.

CHAPTER XX
WATERWORKS
Until the establishment of her first system of waterworks, Atlanta was dependent upon wells and cisterns for her water sup ply. The inadequacy of this source became plainly manifest soon after the rapid habitation of the city which followed the close of the war, and the subject of better supply became a question which was thoroughly discussed. The well and mineral waters of At lanta, even at this period, were amply sufficient for all drinking purposes, but the supply for sanitary purposes, fire protection and extensive building operation was wholly inadequate. In case of fire the fire cisterns seldom furnished an amount of water to extinguish it, and a few minutes' vigorous working of the fire en gines was sufficient to exhaust them. Among the first to take active steps in the direction of supplying the city with water was Anthony Murphy, who in 1866, while chairman of the city coun cil committee of pumps, wells and cisterns, made an examination of the different streams and springs in or near the city, to ascer tain if through any of them the city could be supplied with water at a reasonable cost. .. After careful examination he recommend ed that the stream which ran near the western boundary of the city could be utilized for this purpose. This stream he claimed furnished 200,000 gallons per minute, and was uniform in the quantity of water it afforded. Mr. Murphy claimed the cos,t of utilizing this stream, including dam, engine house, engine and' boiler, piping, and all necessary labor would be about $100,000. Nothing, however, was done to carry out his recommendations.
The next move which for a time seemed destined to attain the desired end was the incorporation of a company on March 7, 1866, known as the Atlanta Canal and Waterworks Company, for the purpose, us specified in its article of incorporation, of se-
490

Watenvorks

491

curing for the city a "constant and plentiful supply of water." The incorporators were William W. Boyd, Hammond Marshall, David E. Butler, Samuel A. Marshall, Thomas W. Chandler and Francis T. Willes. Power and authority were given this com pany to cut and construct a canal or aqueduct, commencing at any point in the Chattahoochee River, either in De Kalb, Fulton, or any of the adjoining counties, according to its own judgment, and through said counties to the city of Atlanta, and, with the consent of the corporate authorities of the city, to continue the same through the city, along any street to the South River or some of its tributaries, or into the Chattahoochee River. From the main trunk of this canal or aqueduct, the company was author ized to construct viaducts along any of the streets of the city and through any lands lying contiguous thereto. Nothing, however, was done by this company to carry out the avowed objects speci fied in its articles of incorporation, and it had an existence only in name.
On March 16, 1869, another company was incorporated un der the title of Atlanta Canal and Water Company, with H. I. Kimball, Edward N. Kimball, John Rice, John C. Peck and James A. Burns as incorporators. The capital stock of the company was fixed at $100,000, with the privilege of increasing it to $1,000,000. Power and authority were given the company to use the water of Peachtree Creek or any other stream of water, for the purpose of conveying it into the corporate limits of the city of Atlanta.
From this time on the subject of waterworks agitated the people of Atlanta and the city council. On the first of July, 1870, a scheme was presented to the general council by the Atlanta Canal and Water Company, of which J. G. Westmorland was president and James Atkins secretary. The proposition was to construct waterworks with a reservoir capacity of 4,000,000 gal lons, with sufficient elevation to raise water at the Central Depot, a height of sixty to eighty feet above the railroad tracks. The site of the proposed works was on Utoy Creek. The cost of the entire property was estimated as follows: Construction of cis terns, $9,000; three miles of pipe from source of supply to reser voir, and laying the same, $27,795; site of reservoir on Walker

Atlanta And Its Builders
street, grading the same, etc., $13,000; one mile of cast iron pipe from reservoir to the center of the city, and laying the same, $16,380; one mile of ten-inch cast iron pipe for distributing mains, $10,990; aggregate, $77,560. In addition to the above it was estimated that the small water pipes, plugs, etc., would cost about $15,000 more. The above was the first estimate with respect to waterworks made for the city. Two or three more proposi tions were suggested, and the council, it was claimed, entered into a contract with this company to construct waterworks, and the failure to carry out this contract resulted in litigation which lasted for some years thereafter.
In 1870 Mr. Anthony Murphy, being again a member of the general council, offered a resolution to investigate the subject of water supply, and was authorized to go North and examine the various systems in operation. Principally through his unremit ting labors an act was passed by the General Assembly, entitled, "An act to authorize the mayor and council of the city of Atlanta to provide for the introduction of waterworks in said city and for other purposes/' This act provided for the creation of a board of water commissioners, to consist of one commissioner from each ward, to be elected by the people. By a subsequent act the number was reduced to three, and they were to be elected by the general council. In 1887 the act was again changed, and the general council was required to elect one member from each ward. The mayor has always been an ex-oflicio member of the board.
Mr. Murphy was elected a member of the first board of water commissioners, and was also made president of it. The progress of the water board was somewhat delayed by legal difficulties. They were enjoined from issuing bonds to construct waterworks on the ground that the act of the Legislature empowering them to do so was unconstitutional and void, because it deprived citi zens of property without due process of law and trial by jury. As soon as this question was settled in favor of the constitutional ity of the act the board proceeded to issue bonds to the extent of $440,000, and on May 29, 1871, made a contract with the Holley Waterworks Company to construct the necessary machinery. By the terms of this contract the Holley Company was to furnish two Holley double-cylinder, quarter-crank, condensing and low

Waterworks

493

pressure steam engines, properly erected; two Holley improved gauge cistern pumps, each with four or more cylinders, steam pipes, etc.; and Holley's patent hydrostatic pressure-gauge for controlling the pressure of water in the street mains and pipes. The Holley Company agreed to have the machinery ready for de livery on or before January 15, 1872. The capacity of the works was to be 3,000,000 gallons of water in twenty-four hours. They were to be located on Peachtree creek, near the Atlanta and Richmond Air Line Railroad. The highest point of distribution was not to exceed 350 feet above the pumps. It was stipulated that the machinery was to have power to throw six fire streams, one inch in diameter, directly through hydrants and one section of hose, seventy-five feet high; or four streams one hundred feet; or two inch streams, through five hundred feet of hose, one hun dred feet high. For all of this work the commissioners agreed to pay $130,000.
The original act, authorizing the construction of water works, empowered the city to issue $500,000 in seven per cent, bonds, but after bonds to the extent of $440,000 were sold, an act of the Legislature was passed to stop the further issue of bonds. It is unnecessary to go into detail as to causes of delay, legal or otherwise, which prevented the immediate construction of water works in Atlanta after the original act of 1870 was passed. It was not until the latter part of 1873 that a plan was finally adopted by the water commissioners, and contracts made for their con struction. The works were completed in 1875, at a cost of $226,ooo, and at that time the plant consisted of 318 acres of land, two miles from the city, eight miles of cast iron pipe, a two-million gallon pumping engine, and three boilers. The water was taken from an impounding reservoir, the inflowing stream being the head-water of South river. The water in the reservoir, natur ally muddy, was passed through a Hyatt filter, and reached the city in a clear and pure state. Since 1875 the works had been enlarged and improved from year to year, and the plant in 1880, consisted of 368 acres of land, having upon it a reservoir cover ing fifty-two acres, and containing two hundred and fifty million gallons of water, a filter having a capacity of filtering from three to four million gallons of water daily, two Holley quadruplex

494

Atlanta And Its Builders

pumping engines whose combined capacity is six million gallons daily, six boilers, and a clear water basin holding three hundred and sixty thousand gallons, from which the water was taken by the pumps after being filtered, and pumped to the city. The dis tribution consisted of thirty-two miles (including the pumping main) of cast iron pipe, from six to sixteen inches in diameter, upon which there were three hundred and eighty-four doublenozzle fire hydrants. The pumps were much below the level of the city, consequently a heavy pressure had to be maintained at all times for domestic purposes, and during a fire the pressure at the pumps was 220 pounds per square inch. This gave a very satisfactory pressure directly on the hydrants, so that unless a fire was a long distance from a hydrant a steam engine was never used.
In the chapter devoted to municipal history the necessity that led to the establishment of a new system of waterworks is described. By 1890 the city had outgrown the comparatively primitive South River system, and there was a determined agita tion for a modern waterworks plant to supply the rapidly growing city from the Chattahoochee river. Atlanta's water supply for the past nine years has come from the latter stream, whose pure spring sources are in the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge mountains. The Chattahoochee flows through a sparsely settled country to Atlanta, and there is little to contaminate it before reaching the pumping station from which the city is supplied. Like the water of streams flowing through a red clay region, that of the Chatta hoochee is discolored, but the particles of clay are easily precipi tated, and this is done by means of a settling basin, from which clear water is pumped into the city. In this way a supply of pure water, clear as crystal, is furnished all the year round, regardless of the weather, and the small amount of discoloring matter re maining after the settling process is removed by mechanical filtration at the pumping station.
The waterworks plant is one of the finest in the country and has a pumping capacity of ten million gallons per day. As a precautionary measure, however, the pumping machinery and the principal mains are duplicated. Thus, in case of accident, the duplicate plant may be put in operation, or, in the event of extra ordinary necessity, both plants may be put in operation at the

Waterworks

495

same time, thus making the total pumping capacity twenty mil lion gallons per clay. The pumping station is located on the river eight miles from Atlanta, above Peachtree creek, which is the only source of contamination in the vicinity of Atlanta.
The water is'pumped from the river station to the settling basin, which is located on the outskirts of the city, about two miles from the business center. This receptacle is a reservoir covering two acres of ground, with a capacity of thirty days' supply. The city is on an elevation above the pumping station at the river, and the lift is five hundred feet. Most of this is covered between the river and the settling basin. By the pumps, located at the settling basin and filters, the direct pressure for the service pipes of the city and the fire pressure is applied.
The plant includes ninety-eight miles of mains, varying in diameter from three inches to forty-eight inches, and reaching over the most important streets of the city. The universal meter system is in use, and there are 7,176 meters. The meter system has greatly reduced the waste of water and the economy so effected, together with the facilities given by the new plant erected in 1893, has enabled the city to supply water at remark ably low rates. For domestic use the charge is sixty cents for six thousand gallons, or ten cents per thousand gallons. Consid ering the expensive character of pumpage, to overcome five hun dred feet elevation, and the careful filtration, this cost is lower than in most other cities, and this retail price will be seen to be ex tremely reasonable. For manufacturers using water in great volume the rates are still lower, and a large cotton factory has found it practicable to use city water for bleaching purposes. All the water for manufacturing purposes is supplied by the city at greatly reduced rates.
From a financial standpoint the Atlanta water works are a decided success. Besides supplying water for public buildings, lire department, flushing sewers and other purposes of public in terest in a quantity estimated at a fair valuation to be worth $100,000 per annum, the plant supplies to private consumers water the receipts for which amount to about $150,000.
The growth of the city, including both the increasing popu lation and the development of manufacturing interests, is indi cated by the steady increase in the consumption of water, which

496

Atlanta And Its Builders

has been as follows for the past twenty-five years: 1876, $5,700.15; 1877, $10,217.55; 1878, $17,638.84; 1879, x$2i,258.76; 1880, $24,636.47; 1881, $27,333.68; 1882, $27,414.98; 1883, $31,010.26; 1884, $35,763.95: 1885, $39293-33; 1886, $32,745.48; 1887, $38,066.95; 1888, $38,286.35; 1889, $56,369.50; 1890, $63,438.97; 1891, $74,431.90; 1892, $79,695.61; 1893, $81,822.71; l894, 65,452.61; 1895, $73,562.83; 1896, $83,339-39; 1897, $92,484.92; 1898, $103,774.54; 1899, $116,302.66; 1900, $133,819.26; total, $1,373,857-03- (See munici pal history for receipts for 1901.)
In addition to the private service the public service includes 1,047 fire hydrants, seventy-five flush tanks for sewers, auto matic sprinklers in- thirty-one manufacturing establishments, water service in twenty-one public schools and a number of drink ing hydrants scattered throughout the city, besides concessions to the churches and the Young Men's Christian Association, the county barracks, the police barracks, the Grady Hospital, the pub lic parks, the county jail and several orphan asylums and other charitable institutions, to say nothing of the court-house, cemetery and street sprinkling.
A great advantage of the water works system in Atlanta is the free connection with automatic sprinklers, in factories and business houses. By this system the insurance rate has been reduced forty per cent, without cost to the concerns using the sprinklers beyond the expense of putting in the pipes and equip ment. The city pressure is always on the pipes of these auto matic sprinklers, and the fusible valves insure a flood of water in case of fire. The efficiency of this protection has been thor oughly demonstrated by recent instances in this city, justifying the forty per cent, reduction by the insurance companies.
Following are some statistics of the work done at the two water stations:
TOTAL PUMP AGE

1899.
Pumpage No. i Station. .. 2,228,920,600 gals. Pumpage No. 2 Station... 1,996,908,200 gals.

I9OO. 2,604,471,700 2,146,635,750

Excess over 1899 \ -vrce <" \icnv T Q/~\ri

525,278,650 t"** r* TrQ Ar*r\ gorailles.

4,751,107,450 gals.

Waterworks

497

COAL CONSUMED AT BOTH STATIONS

1899.

I9OO.

Coal consumed at No. i Station 6,374,000 tbs. 6,893,500 Ibs.

Coal consumed at No. 2 Station 6,098,100 Ibs. 6,741,300 Ibs.

12,472,100 Ibs. 13,634,800 Ibs. Excess over 1899. ........... 1,162,700 Ibs.

13,634,800

Coal for 1899 averaged $1.87^/2 per ton and for 1900 $2.25 per ton. Cost of coal consumed at both Stations at $2.25 per
ton, 6,817 2-5 tons. ...................... .$15,339 15

Average number of gallons pumped to 100 tbs. coal at No. i Station. ....................... .37,781 gals.
Average number gallons pumped to 100 tbs. coal at No. 2 Station. .......................... .35,217 gals.
Steam pressure at Station No. i................ 80 Ibs. Steam pressure at Station No. 2................ 80 tbs.

Water pressure at Station No. i.................. 113 tbs. Water pressure at Station No. 2 (domestic) ........ 120 tbs.
A new 15,000,000 gallon pump was installed at Hemphill station during 1901, reducing to a minimum any likelihood of a water famine in the city on account of breakage in machinery.
COST OF WORKS TO CITY
Atlanta Water Works in account with City of Atlanta:
To balance net cost December 31, 1899. ........ .$659,089 12 To operating expenses December 31, 1900. ....... 61,082 54 To new mains, tapping and improvements. ....... 52,951 71 To interest on bonded debt. ................... 62,230 oo To depreciation on cost of machinery and buildings,
$3<)2<5567 l ............................ 11,776 70 $847,130 07
J2-2

IJPV

Atlanta And Its Builders

CR.
Water receipts for 1900. ........ .$133,819 26 Water for public service, Dr....... 140,585 oo--$274,404 26

Net cost of works to December 31, 1900. ....... $572,725 81
Net cost to December 31, 1899,.... 659,089 12 Net cost to December 31, 1900..... 572,725 81

Net profit over all expenses and de preciation ..................$ 86,363 31

Cost to deliver 1,000,000 gallons of filtered water to consumers (this includes operating expenses and interest on bonded debt) ..............
Cost to deliver 1,000 gallons to city. .............

$57 45 5-74

Quantity of alum used--grains of alum used per gallon. 1-3 grain Average consumption of water per day. ........ 5,881,192 gals.

The daily per capita consumption of water used, based on an average of 75,000 people using it, would be about 78 gallons.

BONDS ISSUED ON OLD AND NEW WATERWORKS

Issue

Amount Int.

Due

Interest

$ 299,000 oo Tan 1T , 'l7A4. .......

7

J o fl T 1904........ $ 20,930 oo

J o 1 IT , '-77A4. .......

28,000 oo 7

Jan. T 1907........

1,960 oo

J O f-l IT , 'T7A4. .......

100,000 oo 7

J Q T T 1904. .......

7,000 oo

J o tl Ti , 'O\J24 ........

46,000 oo 4

J O fl T 1902. .......

1,840 oo

Jan. it , 'ry2t ........

18,000 oo 4

Jan. T 1907........

720 oo

Jan. iT , Yy^l?j ........ 500,000 oo 4J4 Jan. I 1922. .......

22,i5^j00 oo

Tan. I. '01........ 182.000 oo A.

Tan. T IO21. .......

7.280 oo

$1,173,000.00 Bonds, and Interest $62,230.00.

As per the above showing, the Atlanta Waterworks has cost the city net to December 31, 1900, $572,651.23, and is worth, as per inventory, $3,280,000.00, paying net above all cost of opera tion and depreciation for 1900, $89,437.87.
An unfortunate break in the machinery at the pumping sta tion nearly caused a water famine in the city in the summer of 1900, and the citizens were greatly exercised over alleged defects

Waterworks

499

in the water works. Mass meetings were held and a citizens' committee appointed, with Mr. H. H. Cabaniss as chairman. This committee heard expert testimony at executive sessions, relying mainly upon the investigations of Peter Milne, a well-known New York civil engineer. Mr. Milne made a thorough examination of the plant to discover the cause and extent of the friction in the water mains, occasioning a very decided loss of head. Mr. Milne made an exhaustive and very technical report, at the con clusion of which he made the following recommendations:
"i. Immediate reinforcement of the system of distribution by 3O-inch water mains leading into the heart of the city, supple mented by 24-inch, 2O-inch and 16-inch pipe, as determined by map on file in Water Department, at a cost of $173,425.00.
"2. The construction and installation of a 15,000,000 gal lon pumping engine at Station No. 2, $100,000.00.
"3. Boiler capacity for said engine, $6,150.00. "4- For engine house for said engine, $10,000.00.
"5- Additional filter plant 4,000,000 capacity, $30,000.00. "6. Fire wall engine room, $850.00.
"7- Intake pipe, $15,000.00. "Ten per cent, contingency of laying water main $173,425.00, $17,342.00. "Total amount, $352,767.00. r< While there is no immediate necessity for an additional storage reservoir, it is desirable to consider it for the reason that the condition of turbidity of the river water naturally will increase and more time and space is required for additional water to be treated by subsidence method. The more thorough the principle of subsidence may ensue the better for the process of filtration, and the greater the efficiency of the process the less the cost per million gallons for complete treatment." The Board of Water Commissioners took hold of the matter in earnest and made recommendations involving large expendi tures by the next council. In their report they said: "During the year we had several very unfortunate breaks in our pumping machinery. Upon a thorough investigation into the causes of these breaks, no blame was attached to the manage ment ; but on the contrary it developed that the city had outgrown

500

Atlanta And Its Builders

its works, and the demand upon our machinery and pipes at times was far in excess of the ordinary or normal guaranteed capacity. As a result of this unusual strain on our machinery these breaks occurred.
"We cannot too urgently call your attention to the recom mendations made by the Superintendent for the necessary im provements in the system, and we recommend that the Council of 1901, as far as possible, carry out these suggestions. The suc cess of our water works system, as well as the safety of the works and of the city, depend, largely upon what the council of 1901 see proper to do."
The trouble above referred to had the effect of arousing the people of Atlanta to the vital importance of voting the longdeferred water bonds in 1901, and the happy results of their action are seen in the satisfactory condition of the waterworks to-day. The details of the bond issue will be found in the review of the water works department in the chapter on municipal history.
President Hillyer, of the water board, referring to the ex penditure of the $207,011.67 for which the bonds sold, says in his report for 1901 :
"Most of the expenditure has thus far, and naturally, been devoted to the larger mains, and they are drawing well nigh toward completion when the year ends. It is the small mains yet to be laid that will in the largest degree reach the people and give them water for their homes. The increase of revenue from the extent of distribution has in this way not shown itself so much as would otherwise have been the case. There are about 15 miles principally in residence streets of smaller pipe yet to be laid. We predict a very material marked increase of revenue next year and the year after from this cause.
"The beneficial effect of these improvements is well illus trated in the fact that whereas before we began work, it required 125 pounds to the square inch at No. 2 pumping station to give adequate pressure in the city, we have already been enabled to reduce that pressure at the pumping station 15- pounds, and we expect that when the connections are all made in the center of the city, a still further reduction of 10 pounds can safely be made, yet give just as good domestic pressure and service in the city as

Waterworks
was the case before this general improvement was begun. This means a large saving in coal bills.
"The superintendent's report will show how much of this subject of equipment fund remained unexpended at the close of the year, and we will submit at the proper time an accurate esti mate showing how much is needed to put the finished work on the streets as scheduled and laid before the people before they voted the bonds.
"It is apparent, however, that it will be impossible to make first payment on the new engine out of the bond election fund, and it would be wrong in principle to do so. The necessity of the situation imperatively requires that the engine be paid for under regular annual apportionment by the city.
"The new engine at No. 2 station is now well under way and nearing completion. It was delayed for many months during the year by the strike in the shops of the Holly Manufacturing Company. It will be finished and put in operation, as we esti mate, about the ist of March.
"The first payment on it, amounting to the sum of $24,569.25, will be due and should be promptly met as soon as the January apportionment is made up.
"The new battery of boilers at No. 2 station is now placed and paid for. The steam connections for the same have been contracted for and will be in shape for service for the new eiv gine.
"These boilers are the best of their kind. The new pump ing engine is a magnificent piece of machinery, of which the city may well be proud, and with these additions, as far as human foresight can state, the city will be safe from any breakdown or accident likely to happen at that point."

CHAPTER XX!
FIRE AND POLICE DEPARTMENTS
When the city contained but a few hundred persons, and was merely a flourishing village, a volunteer fire company was organized for the purpose of protecting the property of the citi zens. This company was composed of many of the leading men of the city, and was known as Atlanta Fire Company No. i. It was organized March 24, 1851, and incorporated April 4th fol lowing. It was re-incorporated in January, 1854, the incorporators at that time being W. A. Baldwin, W. Barnes, C. C. Rodes, G. R. Frazer, H. Muhlenbrink, B. S. Lamb, R. Gardner, S. Frankford, H. M. Mitchell, W. J. Houston, P. J. Emmel, L. J. Parr, E. W. Hunnicutt, J. F. Reynolds, C. A. Whaley, John Kershaw. A. C. Pulliam and J. S. Malone.
The first officers of this company were Terence Doonan, president; C. A. Harallson, secretary, and H. Muhlenbrink, treas urer. The second president was J. A. Hayden. For several years J. H. Mecaslin was secretary, and in 1860 he was elected president. In 1868 he was again chosen president, and has been annually elected every year since. Since the inauguration of a paid department this company has not been in active existence, but has been maintained as a social organization. It has twentyfour members, all of whom have served as firemen.
Mechanics' Fire Company No. 2, was organized December 10, 1856, and was one of the most efficient companies in the city. Among its most prominent members were J. F. Gullatt, J. M. Toy, C. B. Crenshaw, W. 1). Luckie, J. M. Buice, B. F. Mwrc, C. C. Rodes, Edward Foreshaw and 11. Karwisch.
Tullulah Fire Company No. 3 was organized February 22, 1859. Well remembered among the members of this company were W. R. Diggers, G. W. Jack, C. P. Steadman, J. M. Willes,
502

Fire And Police Departments

503

J. S. Boyd, W. H. Patterson, H. H. McWhorton, W. R. Tidwell and Andrew Boos.
Atlanta Hook and Ladder Company was incorporated No vember 28, 1859, the charter members being Frank M. Johnson, George Hathaway, Noah R. Fowler, William D. Bard, Moses Cole, Neal P. Kellen, John C. Peck, J. M. C. Hulsey. Among the active members of this company, whose services in fighting the flames were especially valuable were R, J. Lowry, B. Blalock, E. S. McCandless, J. H. Sterchi, W. R. Jqyner, I. S. Mitchell, J. W. Thomas, F. B. Wadsworth and S. S. Waldo.
Until the year 1860 the fire companies in Atlanta worked en tirely independently of each other. In the year named represent atives of the various companies met together and elected a chief and two assistants, to whom was given the general charge and direction of the fire companies. The first chief was W. W. Barnes, and associated with him were S. B. Sherwood, first as sistant, and R. V. Maddox second assistant. Chief Barnes was succeeded by S. B. Sherwood. The third chief was J. H. Mecaslin, who was followed by Thomas G. Haney, the latter serving until the close of the war.
<x'
During the progress of the war the Atlanta fire companies not only protected the city from destruction by fire, but also served as home militia companies. The four companies named constituted the entire force of the fire department until several years after the war. Sixty men constituted a steamer company, fifty a hook and ladder company, and forty a hose company. The first fire engines were hand engines, and companies one, two and three each possessed one.
The first steam fire engine purchased by the city was an Amoskeag Manufacturing Company's engine, of 3,700 pounds weight, and cost $5,000. A trial was made by this engine in At lanta October 16, 1866, when it made steam and got ready for action in seven minutes. The performance was witnessed by a large multitude. Through a fifty-foot hose and one-inch nozzle it threw a stream 225 feet, and through 500 feet of hose and seven-eighth inch nozzle it threw a stream 204 feet. The press spoke highly of the trial, and a fooling of greater security against fire than could bo afforded with hand engines took possession of

5^4

Atlanta And Its Builders

the people. The engine was consigned to Mechanics' Fire .Com pany No. 2, and to celebrate the inauguration of this new means for fighting fire, this company, on October 24, 1866, got up a parade and gave a dinner to the fire department. The banquet was held in the court room of the city hall, and addresses were made by Mayor Williams, J. E. Gallutt, John Flynn, Thomas Haney, Major John H. Steele, and ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown.
Willis R. Biggers was the first chief of the Atlanta fire de partment after the war. He was followed by John Berkele, and the latter was succeeded by Thomas G. Haney. Chief Haney in his report for the year ending June 28, 1868, estimates the entire loss of property by fire at $61,540, which was covered by insur ance to the amount of $42,500. Most of the goods destroyed were in frame shanties, and as a consequence the loss was much greater than would have otherwise been the case. Chief Haney said the great want of the city was an ample supply of water and a proper system of fire alarms. The officers of the fire depart ment at this time consisted of Thomas G. Haney, chief; Elisha Buice. first assistant; Jesse Smith, second assistant; B. F..Moore, secretary; and J. E. Gullatt, treasurer.
R. E. Lee Fire Company No. 4 was organized April 3, 1871. Its first officers were S. D. Haslett, president; J. A. Anderson, secretary; W. J. Lumpkin, vice-president, and E. F. Couch, fore man. Among the others who served as president at different times were W. J. Stevens, Max J. Baer and R. H. Knapp.
Gate City Fire Company No. 5 was organized October 2, 1871, with A. A. Manning president and J. W. Jackson, secretary. Prominently connected with this company during its active exist ence were L. S. Morris, John Lee, B. C. Medlin, W. A. Fuller, J. R. Simmons, D. A. McDuffie. F. Mills and J. T. Motes.
In 1871 fire companies Nos. i, 2 and 3 had steam engines, and companies 4 and 5 had hand engines. At this time the fire department was well organized, and was in an efficient and ser viceable condition. Following is a list of the officers of the de partment from 1871 to the organization of the paid service: 1871, John Berkele, chief; George Wallace, first assistant; Joel Kelsey, second assistant; B. V. Moore, secretary; B. B. Crew, treasurer. 1872, W. R. Biggers, chief; W. D. Luckie, first as-

Fire And Police Departments

505

sistant; D. B. Loveman, second assistant; B. F. Moore, secretary; B. B. Crew, treasurer. 1873, Jacob Emmel, chief; James E. Gullatt, first assistant; Frank Doonan, second assistant; James E. Mann, secretary; B. B. Crew, treasurer. 1874, W. R. Biggers, chief; A. Boos, first assistant; M. R. Berry, second assist ant; J. H. Sterchi, secretary; B. B. Crew, treasurer. 1875, Jacob Emmel, chief; E. M. Berry, first assistant; Jerry Lynch, second assistant; James E. Mann, secretary; B. B. Crew, treasurer. 1876^ Jacob Emmel, chief; James E. Gullatt, first assistant; Frank Doo nan, second assistant. 1877, W. R. Joyner, chief; John Rauschenburg, first assistant; Henry Gullatt, second assistant. 1878 and 1879, W. R. Joyner, chief; E. A. Baldwin, first assistant; L. S. Morris, second assistant. 1880, George W. Haney, chief; Julius Stroup, first assistant; W. C. Reynolds, second assistant; J. E. Mann, secretary, and B. B. Crew, treasurer. 1881, George W. Haney, chief; Julius Stroup, first assistant; W. C. Reynolds, sec ond assistant: David Gann, third assistant; J. G. Mann, secre tary, and B. B. Crew, treasurer. The last chief of the old volun teer fire department was Henry Karwisch, who served only a few months in 1882.
From the report of W. R. Joyner, chief of the fire depart ment, for the year ending January i, 1879, we take the follow ing facts. The value of the department property was given as follows:
Company No. i ................................. .$10,825 Company No. 2 .................................. 11,460 Company No. 3.................................. 14,190 Company No. 4.................................. 2,650 Company No. 5 .................................. 3.500 Hook and Ladder Company. ....................... 10,100

Total ........................................$52,725
There were forty-six fire alarms, and thirty-two fires oc curred. The value of property destroyed, including buildings and stock, was $205,700, upon which was an insurance of $132.ooo. At this time the water works system had been built, and 204 double hydrants were in use. The fire cisterns were kept

506

Atlanta And Its Builders

filled with water in case the waterworks supply should prove in sufficient.
The report of the chief for the year 1880, shows the follow ing facts: The department was composed of six companies-- three steamers, two hose reels, and one hook and ladder company. The Atlanta Hook and Ladder Company, No. i, located at 2& Broad street, was equipped with one truck, buckets, axes, hooks and ladders, and two horses. Atlanta Steam Fire Engine Com pany No. i, at 25 Broad street: one second-class Amoskeag en gine, one two-horse hose reel, one one-horse hose-reel, i ,200 feet of rubber hose, two mules and one horse. Mechanics' Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 2, on Washington street; one sec ond-class rotary engine, one one-horse hose reel, 800 feet of rubber hose, three horses. Tallulah Fire Engine Company, No. 3, on Broad street: one second-class Gould engine, one onehorse hose-reel, one hand hose-reel, 900 feet rubber hose, three horses. R. E. Lee Hose-Reel Company No. 4, on Fair street. All the property of this company was sold under mortgage in 1880, and the chief advised the general council to give the com pany additional assistance, as it was composed of good firemen whose services this city could ill dispose of. Gate City HoseReel Company No. 5, on Foundry street, was reported to have one one-horse hose-reel, 400 feet of rubber hose and one horse. At this date the city had 221 fire hydrants and thirty cisterns.
The membership of the various fire companies in 1881, as taken from the annual report of the chief, was as follows : Atlanta Hook and Ladder Company No. i, 35; Atlanta Steam Fire Com pany No. i, 43; Mechanics' Steam Fire Company No. 2, 26; Company No. 3, 20; Company No. 4, 37; Company No. 5, 36.
In his report for this year the chief of the department advo cated the establishment of a paid lire service. The rapid growth of the city had made the duties devolving upon the firemen greater than could reasonably be expected from them without compensa tion, and the welfare and safety of the city demanded a more effi cient service. In accordance with this recommendation the charter of the city was amended, under the provision of which a paid department was created.
The paid department was organized July i, 1882, with a chief and thirty-seven men, three steamers, four hose-reels, one

Fire And Police Departments

507

hook and ladder company, fifteen horses and 4,000 feet of hose. It was placed under the supervision of a board of fire masters, composed of the mayor, chief of fire department and the fire com mittee of the council. The first board of fire masters was com posed of Z. W. Adamson, chairman; Alderman J. H. Mecaslin; councilmen, W. H. Brotherton, J. A. Gray, the mayor cx-ofhdo, and the chief.
The equipment of the fire department, as first organized, was purchased from the volunteer firemen at a cost of $12,110. The first chief was Matt Ryan, who was appointed to serve until July i, 1883, when he was reappointed for a term of two years. In his annual report for the year ending January i, 1883 (Chief Ryan), we take the following facts: The entire force in the de partment consisted of twenty-six men, divided as follows: One chief, three foremen, two engineers, two engine drivers, one hook and ladder driver, two reel drivers, fourteen runners and one line man. The total expense of the department was $26,815.64. There were 129 fires, and the total damage to buildings, stock and furniture was $551,403. During this year the Kimball House was destroyed, which gave an occasion where the depart ment was put to a severe test. Although the hotel was destroyed, entailing a loss of several hundred thousand dollars, the fire was not permitted to spread, even into the adjoining property on the same block, and not a single life was lost. The committee on the fire department, in their annual report, bore the following testi mony to the efficiency of the force for 1883: "Too much credit could not be accorded Matt. Ryan, the splendid chief of this de partment, for his promptness, energy and thorough acquaintance with the workings and necessities of this service, and in our praise of him we would not omit to give honorable mention of his subordinates, who are always faithful and true."
During 1884 the force was increased from twenty-six to thirty-eight men, and the total expense of the department was $33,900. The total number of fires and alarms was ninety-two; total damage to buildings, $250,590.
July i, 1885, W. R. Joyner was elected chief of the fire de partment, and under his able management the most gratifying progress has been made. His report for the year ending January

508

Atlanta And Its Builders

i, 1886, showed the cost of maintaining the department was $35,389; number of fires, eighty; value of buildings, stock, etc., de stroyed, $147,053; insurance paid, $130,359.
The cost of maintaining the department for the year 1886 was $34,764.89. The total damage by fire to buildings and con tents was $33,123, upon which was paid an insurance of $29,328.
In equipment the Atlanta Fire Department is hardly sur passed by that of any city of like size, and in efficiency it has no superior. It is the one department of the municipal government kept free from "offensive partisanship," and the men holding places in it are there for personal fitness and not because of some "pull," political or otherwise. For almost a score of years Cap tain W. R. Joyner has been the efficient chief, and his popularity and splendid ability in the office have increased with the years.
The following facts, taken from the 1900 report of the chief, will give the reader a fair idea of what Atlanta's fire department is and what it is doing to-day:

ALARMS ANSWERED EACH MONTH.
January ........................................... 59 February .......................................... 56 March ............................................ 40 April ............................................. 36 May .............................................. 35 June .............................................. 6 July .............................................. 20 August ............................................ 29 September ......................................... 33 October ........................................... 16 November ......................................... 49 December .......................................... 53
Total ......................................... 432

CLASS OF BUILDINGS WHERE EIRES OCCURRED.
Frame ............................................ 329 Brick ............................................. 46 Corrugated iron..................................... i Freight cars ........................................ i
Total number of buildings......................... 377

Fire And Police Departments

509

\

VALUE, INSURANCE AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY
Value of buildings where fires occurred. ......... .$2,628,160 Value of contents in buildings where fires occurred. . 1,580,140
Total value of property at risk. ............. .$4,208,300 Insurance on buildings. ........................ .$1,342,837 Insurance on contents. ......................... 1,056,650
Total insurance on property at risk ........... .$2,399,487 Damage on buildings. .........................$ 44,132 Damage on contents. .......................... 31.744
Total damage for the year. .................$ 75,876

The percentage of fire loss during the year to the amount of property at risk was less than two per cent.

AMOUNT OF FIRE LOSS EACH MONTH.

Buildings.
January ...................$ 2,422 February .................. 1,868 March .................... 3,189 April ..................... 2,945 May ..................... 7,571 June ...................... 64 July ...................... 5,855 August ................... 7,956 September ................. 5,336 October ................... 3,714 November ................. 1,772 December ................. 1,440

Contents.
$ 1,049 928
2,097 705
6,293 21
922 8,863 2,288 2,083 1*255 5< 27

Total .................$44:132 $31,744

Total.
$ 3471 2,796 5,286 3,650 13,864 85 6,777 16,819 7,624 5,797 2 '997 6,710
$75

PROPORTION OF BUILDINGS BURNED.
Below $50. ........................................ 255 Between $50 and $100. .............................. 26 Between $100 and $500. ............................. 50 Between $500 and $1,000. ........................... 15 Between $1,000 and $3,000 ........................... 5 Between $3,000 and $5,000 ........................... 2 Above $5,000 ...................................... o

I

10

Atlanta And Its Builders

Chief Joyner took charge of the department July, 1885. The tire loss and number of fires since that time are as fol\lows:

No. of fires.

Loss.

1885 (six months) .................... 56 $ 21,542

1886 ............................... 142

33,123

1887 ............................... 161

511619

1888 ............................... 157

84,341

1889 ............................... i79

97,400

1890 ............................... 225

109,755

1891 ............................... 185

46,940

1892 ................................ 253

98,442

1893 ............................... 289

96.234

1894 .......... \ .................... 282

242,101

1895 ............................... 353

210,085

1896 ............................... 401

203,792

1897 ............................... 401

952I 7

1898 ............................... 438

89,153

1899 ............................... 384

66,762

1900 ............................... 432

75.876

Total for 15^ years. ............. .4,338 $1,622,382

EXPENSES FOR THE YEAR.
Appropriated for general expenses. ............. .$i 16,749 68 January .....,..................$ 9,483 60 February ....................... 9,154 75 March .......................... 9,093 92 April ........................... 8,858 33 May ........................... 8,990 96 June ........................... 15,834 96 July ........................... 8,876 88 August ......................... 8,664 96 September ...................... 8,642 94 October ........................ 9,278 89 November ...................... 9,181 56 December ....................... 10,687 93--$116,749 68

l

Fire And Police Departments

511

VALUE OF PROPERTY USED BY THE DEPARTMENT.
Headquarters, Alabama street. ................. .$70,000 oo Station No. 2, Washington street. ............... 8,000 oo Station No. 3, Marietta street. ................. 8,000 oo Station No. 4, N. Pryor street.................. 20,000 oo Station No. 5, Peters street. .................... 12,000 oo Station No. 6, Boulevard...................... 9,000 oo Station No. 7, West End...................... 9,000 oo Station No. 8, Church street.................... 10,000 oo Lot, corner Richardson and Fraser streets. ....... 1,10000
Total value of real estate. ................. .$147,100 oo
Apparatus .........................,........$ 28,400 oo Hose ...................................... 12,000 oo Horses ...................................... 6,000 oo Harness .................................... i ,200 oo Furniture, etc............................... 5,000 oo
Grand Total............................ .$199,700 oo

OFFICERS OF FIRE DEPARTMENT.
W. R. Joyner, chief; W. B. Cummings, first assistant chief; Jacob Emmel, assistant chief; H. P. Haney, assistant chief; R. H. Pressly, foreman Hook and Ladder Co. No. i ; J. O. Hall, assist ant foreman Hook and Ladder Co. No. i ; K. J. Setze, jr., fore man Hook and Ladder Co. No. 2; W. B. Cody, foreman Hook and Ladder Co. No. 3; G. C. Courtney, foreman Chemical and Hose Co. No. i; W. F. Coley, assistant foreman Chemical and Hose Co. No. i; S. B. Chapman, foreman Hose Co. No. 2; J. C. Watters, foreman Hose Co. No. 3; J. C. Fincher, foreman Engine Co. No. 4; W. H. Clowe, foreman Engine Co. No. 5; John Terrell, foreman Hose Co. No. 6; E. R. Anderson, foreman Hose Co. No. 7; William Butler, foreman Chemical Co. No. 2 and Hose Co. No. 8; W. B. Walker, superintendent Fire Alarm; C. R. Setze, secretary; Macon C. Sharp, fire inspector.

512

Atlanta And Its Builders

POLICE DEPARTMENT
Atlanta has a remarkably efficient Police Department. The men are selected with a view to physical fitness, as well as intelli gence and moral worth, and are regularly drilled by an officer of the State military organization. The detective service is well manned and efficient.
The Police Department is controlled by a Board of Police Commissioners, consisting of six members, who are elected by the mayor and general council, with the mayor as an ex-ofhcio mem ber, making seven in all. The force is disciplined by rules and regulations adopted by the Board and approved by the general council.
The police force is divided into three reliefs of eight hours each, as follows:
First or morning watch: One captain, two patrol sergeants, forty patrolmen.
Second or day watch: One captain, one patrol sergeant, eighteen patrolmen, one mounted sergeant, twelve mounted men.
Third or evening watch : One captain, two patrol sergeants, forty-four patrolmen, six bicycle men.
The following officers are required to do duty twelve hours: One captain of detectives, one detective sergeant, seven de tectives, two desk sergeants, six wagon men, two call men on horses, one call man on bicycle, two turnkeys, two Oakland ceme tery guards, one officer Grant park, one officer Piedmont park, one court bailiff, one custodian. The central station was completed in March, 1893, since which time it has been occupied, and has every modern prison convenience. There are forty-three cells, which accommodate about one hundred and fifty prisoners. The armory is equipped with one hundred and twenty-five 44-calibre Winchester rifles, and with these almost any riot that may occur can be soon quelled. There are twenty-four horses and six patrol wagons--four single and two double. The police signal system was compiled in the early part of 1901, and has given general satisfaction. It enables the officers on their beats to get the patrol wagon much more quickly than by private telephone, which allows them to give more attention to

Fire And Police Departments

513

their beats. The patrolmen are required to report through signal boxes to the central station once each hour, so that any informa tion deemed necessary for the welfare of their beats or the city at large may be communicated to and from them. This system has added much to the efficiency of the department.
The value of the property of the police department was in 1900 $145,531.50.

Report signals received during the year. ............ .361,622 Wagon calls sent in............................... 6,704 Telephone calls sent in............................. 7,944
Total ...................................... 376,270

Number of days' work done by regulars........55,730 Number of days' work done by supernumeraries. 3,801 Number of days' work saved................. 737--60,268

Amount of stolen goods recovered, turned over to lawful owners and receipted for, $9,668.87.
Lodgers allowed to sleep in Police Barracks at night during the year, 1,260.

SEX OF PERSONS ARRESTED
White males...................................... 4,963 White females .................................... 467 Colored males.................................... 7,416 Colored females................................... 2,786
Total .......................................15,362

AGE OF PERSONS ARRESTED

Under 12 ............. Between 12 and 15...... Between 15 and 20. ..... Between 20 and 30. ..... Between 30 and 40...... Between 40 and 50. ..... Over 50. ...............

White White Colored Colored

Males. Females. Males. Females. Total.

41

I . 201 21 264

165

i 580 86 2,832

380 81 i,479 772 2,712

1,811 189 3,238 1,388 6,626

1,461 117 1,230 373 3,181

601 55 428 103 1,187

498 3 2 59 43 83

Total ..................................... .-.15,632

CHAPTER XXII
BOARD OF HEALTH
Atlanta has a well organized sanitary department, supervised by a board of health, composed of four leading physicians, two citizens and the mayor, under whose direction a force of 240 men and 185 horses and mules is constantly employed. The work of the department includes, besides the usual scavenger service, street cleaning, garbage removal, etc., the close inspection of fruit, vege tables, meats and milk, and strict supervision of all plumbing con struction. In case of epidemic the board of health has ample power to use such measures as may be necessary for the isolation or quarantine of contagious or infectious diseases. The efficiency of the board has been tested recently by the yellow fever, when, with hundreds of people passing through Atlanta from the low countries along the gulf coast, not a single case developed in any resident of the city. The system, while not unnecessarily dras tic, is efficient and satisfactory.
The organization of the sanitary department is as follows: One chief sanitary inspector, 6 district sanitary inspectors, i milk and market inspector, I plumbing inspector, 2 sewer and hydrant inspectors, i bookkeeper, stenographer and registrar of vital sta tistics, i chemist, i superintendent of farm, stables and grounds, i foreman of night sweepers, i foreman of crematory, i foreman of shops, i foreman of stables, 2 road watchmen, i stable night watchman, i fireman of crematory, i woodworkman, 3 black smiths, 2 drivers of street sprinklers, 6 drivers of sweeping ma chines, 6 helpers on sweeping machines, 6 drivers of two-horse wagons with sweeping machines/) helpers on wagons with sweep ing machines, one driver of infectious wagon, i helper on infec tious wagon, i driver of ambulance, 31 garbage or gut ter sweepers, 21 drivers of night-soil wagons, 21 helpers on night-soil wagons, 29 garbage wagon drivers, 29 helpers on garbage wagons, 4 drivers of dump wagons,
514

Board Of Health

515

55 drivers of dump carts, 4 laborers at the crematory, 12 laborers on the dump and pits, 3 laborers in stables, 6 laborers with sewer inspectors, and i laborer (stable man) in the city, making in all 270 men.
The department is serving about 20,000 premises, which cover the entire city. Every house not exempted is assessed a sanitary tax of $3.00 annually, the aggregate of which amounts to about $50,000. The exempted houses are churches, schoolhouses, fire department houses and all, houses belonging to the city, State and United States governments.
It is worthy of notice that during the last two visitations of cholera to this country, persons came here from infected districts outside of the State, sick with this disease, and in no instance was it communicated to our people. The same may be said of yellow fever patients, who have often come here sick with this disease from points where it was epidemic. This exemption of our popu lation after such exposure is no doubt due to our elevation, ab sence of the agencies which result in the formation of malaria, good sanitation, and to the purity of our bracing mountain air.
If to our natural advantages of location--elevation, pure air and water--thorough cleansing of the lots and streets is kept up in the future, no matter how large the city may become, At lanta will continue to be one of the healthiest and most desirable places for living in the United States.
Indeed, our winters are generally so inviting that many tour ists on their way to Florida spend a part of their time here, and on the other hand the summer months have their temperature so much lessened by our altitude above the sea, and the cool breezes from the Blue Ridge mountains, that many living in less favored places spend their summers here.
The following statistics are taken from the mortuary report for 1900:

The total number of deaths from diseases for the year 1900 ......................................
The total number of deaths from diseases for the year 1899 ......................................
The total number of deaths from diseases for the year 1898 ......................................

1,618 i ,998 1,650

516

Atlanta And Its Builders

The total number of deaths from diseases for the year 1897 ......................................
The total number of deaths from diseases for the year 1896 ......................................
The total number of deaths from diseases for the year 1895 .......................................
The total number of deaths from diseases for the year 1894 ......................................

1,605 1,861 1,673 1,370

Classified by months; the deaths from diseases for 1900 were distributed as follows:

Months.

Whites.

January .......................... 88

February .......................... 65

March ........................... 65

April ............................. *59

May ............................. 54

June ............................. 67

July ............................. 59

August ........................... 76

September ......................... 71

October ........................... 59

November ......................... 66

December ......................... 59 '

Colored.
75 54 73 66 84 79 73 77 64 59 64 62

Total.
163 119 138 125 138 146 132 153 135 i18 130 121

Total ......................... 788 830 1,618
Of the 569 deaths in May, June, July and August, 222, or 39.01 per cent., were among children under five years of age. Of the 222 deaths. 90 were whites and 132 were colored.
The total annual death rate was about 14.73 Per thousand, our population consisting of 79,000 white and 52,000 colored.
Of the total number of deaths, there were 916 whites and 1,014 colored. The annual rate or mortality among the whites was 11.59 Per thousand; among the blacks, 19.50 per thousand. The number of deaths among persons over five years of age was 1,059;; white, 530, colored, 559. The deaths among children under five years of age were 559; white 258, colored 301. Of these, 375 were under one year old; white, 181, colored, 194.
"Chinese, i.

GRAND MORTUARY TABLE

1900

Under One Year

Under Five
Years and more than One Year

Over Five Years

Total each month and grand total for year from
diseases

Still Born

Accident
or Violence

meaoncth acnaudses ftyoaelrar

2 ~ *0J

1|| W C Total W C Total W C Total W C Total W C T't'l W C T't'l

January . . 28

February . j 13

March . . . ii

April ..... 16

May .

ii

June ..... 16

July ...... 16

August . . .) 20

September 19

October . . 15

November 9

December . 7

17 16 14 14 17
22
22
18
14
9 17
H

45 4 6 29 4 8 25 5 6 30 4 4 28 2 10
38 8 8 38 7 16 38 10 19 33 12 8 24 6 7 26 7 12 21 8 3

JO
12
ii 8
12
16
23 29
20
13 19
II

56 48

3520

3499*

53 48

41 57

43 49 36 35 46 40

40 42

38 43 50 35

44 45

108 88 75

78 65 54

1 02 87

5695*

73 66

98 54 84

92 67 79

71 59 73

86 76 77 82 71 64

81 59 59

85 66 64

89 59 62

163 6* 5 ii 2 3 5

119 6 7 13 2 8 10

138 7 12 19 5 5 10

125 3 4 7 6 12 18

138 i 6 7 4 6 10

146 2 13 15 25 5 30

132 3 15 18 9 6 15

153 i 135 7

10
10

ii 17

4
6

6 9

1105

118 3 130 2
121 2

6 9 8 4 12

8 8

10
10

7 7

9 7

1164

179 142 167 150 155 191 165 174 167 139 156 145

s.

Total ..(181 | 194 I 375 I 77 \TM7 \ 184 I 536 | 529 M.Q59 1788 [830 |i,6i8 [43 | 104 (147 [85 |8o (165 (1,930

*Chinese, I. White, 916 deaths--population estimated, 79,000. Colored, 1,014 deaths--population estimated, 52,000. Total deaths (white and colored), 1,930.

CHAPTER XXIII
CLIMATE AND RESIDENTIAL ADVANTAGES
The advantages of residence in Atlanta include many things which have attracted people from all parts of the United States, and these subjects are appropriately treated at length in other chapters. Among them are the climatic advantages, the bracing air, the unusual elevation, the undulating character of the coun try affording easy drainage, the fine sanitary system which sup plements natural advantages, police and fire departments of un usual efficiency, a waterworks system hardly equalled elsewhere in the South, superior educational facilities, strong fraternal, re ligious and social organizations, fine public libraries, magnificent theaters, in which the best artists regularly appear, the Lyceum Bureau Courses and other lectures, enterprising daily newspapers which stand first in the Southern States, rapid transit affording easy and quick access to the business center, the churches and the theaters from all parts of the city, a community of high-class mer chants whose enterprise affords extraordinary facilities for shop ping, and markets unsurpassed in the South, at which the best of vegetables, meats, fish and game are regularly supplied at reason able prices.
With all these advantages is the distinctive spirit of the peo ple, an orderly, home-owning, hospitable people, inspired with an incomparable public spirit, which balks at no enterprise and wel comes every honest man, rich or poor, who comes to add his ef forts to the energetic life of the community.
Atlanta is a cosmopolitan city, more so than any other in the Southern States. Almost every State in the North and West and every country of Europe is represented among the residents, and people from a distance find congenial companionship, no mat ter whence they come. The colored population comprises about
518

Climate And Residential Advantages

519

40 per cent, of the whole, and consists almost entirely of work ing people. A few are preachers, teachers and professional men, with a sprinkling of lawyers and politicians. The negroes, as a rule, do the domestic servce, but within the past few years the number of white servants has largely increased, and it is not diffi cult to get efficient white help when this is desired.
While the presence of a large body of negroes renders the per capita wealth of a community somewhat smaller than it would be in a city occupied wholly by white people, it is a notable fact that beggars in Atlanta are very rare, more so than in cities of the same size in other States, where there is more wealth and a population almost entirely white. While the scale of wages is somewhat lower, there are comparatively few unemployed, and as the ex pense of living is considerably less than in colder States, there are few families without an abundance of the necessaries and a moiety of the comforts of life.
The people are thrifty and have a habit of living within their incomes. The bulk of the white population is composed of ele ments which have come from Georgia and surrounding States during the past thirty years. Very few adult citizens of Atlanta were born here and the population represents largely the enter prising elements of other communities which have come to Atlanta for a larger field for effort. Blended with these sturdy contribu tions of the Southern States are others from every section of the country, and in almost every business or social gathering of any extent half the States in the Union are represented.
These diverse elements, composed of the best and most enter prising people from all parts of this and other countries, give to Atlanta that life and vigor which always result from the union of different strong individuals, classes or races. Instead of pro ducing friction and continual jar, as some might suppose, the very diversity of these elements gives the city that vigorous and pro gressive spirit which makes it easily first of all Southern com munities in the race of progress.
Atlanta is an orderly city and scenes of mob violence have never occurred here. There has never been a lynching or a forc ible rescue of prisoners, and the bloody scenes which have sad dened the history of other communities are wholly absent from the

520

v

Atlanta And Its Builders

records of Atlanta's life. The public order is to some extent due to the solution of the problem of regulating the liquor traffic. After several hard fought contests on this subject the citizens have, by common consent, settled upon a system of control by high license, with limited hours of sale, and the prohibition of all screens in front of saloons. The license in Atlanta is fixed at $1,000 per year, and this brings the sale of liquor into the hands of responsible parties. They are by law prohibited from selling liquor after 10 o'clock p. m., and on election days and legal holi days. The presence of a minor in a saloon is prima facie evidence of the sale of liquor to him, and this rule is effective in preventing the sale of liquor to minors. Drunkenness on the street is not common, and though considerable liquor is sold here, it is under as effective control as seems to be compatible with an amicable ad justment of this difficult question.
Among other residential advantages the substantial character of public improvements and the well paved and well kept streets cut no small figure and add much to the health and comfort of the people. Atlanta's fine air and elevation, and the excellent hotels, fine hospitals, sanatoriums and infirmaries have gone far to make this citv* a health resort in the summer and winter. The ternperature at Atlanta in summer is almost always lower than in the cities of the Middle States. For example, there are few days during the heated term when it is not cooler in Atlanta than at Columbus, Ohio, and the summer temperature is far below that of St. Louis and Cincinnati. The cool, bracing air, coming from the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge, has an invigorating effect on the people, and goes far to give them that bodily vigor and mental alertness so distinctive in Atlantians. Winter tourists often stop at Atlanta on their way to Florida, and frequently spend some time here in the spring on the return trip. The excellent service at the hotels and the fine facilities for medical treatment at the sanatoriums and hospitals, not equalled this side of Baltimore, make this a very comfortable stopping place for invalids.
The situation of Atlanta on the ridge which divides the watershed of the Atlantic ocean from that of the Gulf of Mexico, by its elevation, gives the climate a breezy and bracing freshness that has much to do with the health and vigor of the people. The

Climate And Residential Advantages

521

altitude at the Union Passenger Depot is 1,052 feet above sea level, and oh many of the residence streets it exceeds 1,100 feet. The surrounding country is rolling and easily drains itself, leav ing the air free from malaria. So pronounced is the difference between the atmosphere here and at points of lower altitude that it has given rise to the belief that Atlanta enjoys immunity from epidemics to which the coast regions are subject. Though phy sicians differ on this question, it is a fact that for a number of years the city has left its gates open to yellow fever refugees, and though thousands of them passed through Atlanta, hundreds stop ping here, not a single case of fever has ever developed in a resi dent of this city. The altitude and topographical position of At lanta account for the fact that the summer temperature here is lower than in most cities of the middle States.
The United States Weather Office was opened in Atlanta October ist, 1878, eight years after the first organization of the National Weather Service. The importance of the Atlanta office has increased year by year until now it ranks as the most im portant station in the South, and is fully equipped with all the latest and most approved instruments for obtaining the various atmospheric phenomena. Atlanta is the headquarters of the Georgia Section of the National Climate and Crop Service and has under its supervision nearly one hundred observers scattered over the State. It is the Section Center of the River Service of Georgia and issues forecasts of approaching floods to towns along the river courses. These warnings have proved of much benefit and have been the means of saving thousands of dollars' worth of property to persons in the river sections of Georgia. Atlanta is the distributing point for the daily forecasts, not only for this State, but also for Alabama and South Carolina. Over one hun dred telegrams are sent daily from the local office to points in the three States above named, besides nearly four hundred cards con taining the weather probabilities for the ensuing thirty-six hours, sent out each morning.
The following tables, showing the average monthly tempera ture, and the rainfall for a series of years, were compiled by the United States Weather Bureau's Atlanta office:

Cn
to

AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AT ATLANTA

Jan.

Feb. Mar. April May June

July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.

Dec.

For the Year

1879.........
1880.........

4I4T
54

41 4T
5_/ 2

58 *5j 6

i 60 70 62 7i

75 76

80 79

74
77

u60y u6y0

U6j4. 61

5J4^
47

*5-*2 42

62 62

1881......... 40 47 49 59*j:? 7i 78 81 79 75 67 53 50 62

1882 ......... 49 52 5+j7t 64 66 76 76 76 7i 66 5i 4i 62 1883......... 41 5_/0 *5j0 61 67 76 80 76 7i 66 5*J4~ 48 62 1884......... 36 52 5J4~ 58 71 7i 78 75 75 68 51 45 61

a S-s
Q

1885......... 40 1886......... 36

19 42

47 Si

61 60

67 69

76 72

79 77

77 77

70
71

57 63

50 5J1

41 40

+5J9^ 59%J .7

1887......... 40 53 5_/1 63 72 76 78 76 72 5+J9^ 52 42 61

1888. ........ 45*j 49 51 64 69 75 79 78 67 58 52 44 60

1889......... 4~4T 4A2*) 52 62 68 71 78 74 70 60 5^2 57 61

1890.... .... . *5J1 55 50 62 69 79 78 75 72 60 58 4T 63 1891.. ....... 42 50 47 63 67 78 75 77 72 59 49 47 61

bo

1892......... 38 48 48 59 u6y0 76 76 76 70 63 So 42 60

1893......... 36 46 +5j1 64 67 74 81 77 71 62 5i 47 61

1894.-.....-. 47 45o-f 57 62 u6y0 76 76 76 71 62 50 46 62

189*?5w/ ......... 40 14 5i 60 67 77 77 77 76 60 52 4T4 60

1896......... 42

4=5 r _/

49

66

/ fc/

75 78

80

75

61

56

44

62

1897.-......- 19 48 55 60 68 79 78 76 74 66 Cl 45 62

1898......... 47 1899......... 42 1900.. ....... 43

4~t1_J 40
41

58
SI 50

6360v5/6

71
74 70

79 80 74

78
79 79

77 80
81

74 72 76

60 64 67

49
55 o

4~ 4T
42
46

62 62 62

1901 ......... 44
Avge. 23 yrs.. 43

4461 52 52

55 61

u6y0
69

77 76

80 78

76
77

70 72

62 62

47 52

40
45

59
6r

RAINFALL BY MONTHS AND YEARS

Jan.

Feb. Mar. April May

June

July Aug. Sept. Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total for Year

1879...... 4-29
1880...... 2.86

3.0u0y ! 2.49 3-H 11.87

1881...... 8-3*j5\j 10.41 10.98

1882... ... 6.40 10.29 4.16

3j -ry& 7.07
4A -5eS
5-21

4.16
1.27 451* 2vj
3-02

3-20
*3J . 5J 7/ 2.46

* 37-7o3.16 0.56

3-22 6.61

4.76 3-6i
4 TO
5-86

I A4o1
6.21 3-76 3*J.5-*1

5 /M
** ^ T
2.81
"1-44
1.*3J*5J

3t -Q0Q0
8.21
4-30 4.2O2O

7.O00f. 5-70 7.C-J
4."?7

50.^ 62.70 61.74 58-22

1883...... 15/ .82 3-22 7.77 8.20 2.OO 2.31 i.06 2-73 T1.3l80 1-52 4*772O 4.84 51-53

1884...... 5.20 1885...... 8-44 1886...... 7.7-1
1887...... 3*J-5+J2 1888...... 3*j-89.? 1889...... 6.39 1890... .. . 2-95

0--8o^4 9-70 4.14 4.26 1-53 n. 16
3\J 7/ 4~ 1.99 5-91 8.16 5.28 2 44 f9\ \3J.3O6 3-13

5C-o9Oft i-3i 2.5fc/ 2 T1.3?80 1.\3J4~ 2.5t*J 4T
2.04

1.o7o7 6.12

10-73 4^ -831

2.42 4.02

6.21 8.68 2.08

1.76 2.82 14.11

6.86 4.71 1.85

3-i6 6.32

5.03
+s _/
1. 12

8.83 3-37 F* > T

2662337/ .-....75938n9*j13f6290)

60.o0- 8iT
0.5*s3*J
4-2O
14.26 6-32
5^y .3-*6

0.70
3-94
\J -^T
0.03 3-28
3-99
2.21
4.89

2.84 3 r9Si
5^ .3v 2 0.30
470
5.17
v*
0.18

6.09 2.64
7 .Ol
5+J-1797 5.42
*J T
O.6O
3.89

5ro2 - Q85e 5%-j7* .11 50.78 50.40 64-08
^4-7^ 42.60

1891..... . 6-73 8.5*j0 10.16 T1.5eS8 2.17 471 5-38 J*vJ*^ 2-59 I.I9 0.02 3-26 -568 49-97

1892..... . 8.93
1893...... 2.O2 1894...... 5+J.09^ 1895..-..- 5-47

3 \<\ 5*j.7i 1

5-45 J ^T +J
4.98

2 A4o1
2 nyoy

2.OI 7-55

4T 7/ 5*J 2.48
3-06
5 ^jj-\ .20

1-37 4.46 1.49
3-99 %-* ~?;7

4-65
4-65 I 2/OQ/"\
4, .0Q7-

\3J -/77/
2.13
5-55 2.75
/ Vy<

6.66 4.07 370
8-5*j 5**j

2.70
35p -.0u-776u8
O.2I

0-59 0-39 2.62 1-30

4.41 i. n 0.92 1.04

3-89 3-18
"V45 2.98

49.87 36.43 40.92
4^5j .9^2

s-a
<>!
^^
kI-

1896......

3-12

3 f\ A .04

3-29

0.58

1-95 *r +J

266

7 F" --
O3

1.97

1.36

1.28

+5J -9~7O

I .4j 2/~*

34- 12 O A T 'O

1897.-..-. 348 1898...... 20y0y

4-^9 0.62

5*j 7t 4~ 4.09

5.06
^
5*J .15\J

O*.O^*Tl
If*3o*

2.07 47//4i
0.89 10.22

6.or 6.66

0.14 6-33

1. 80 5*J -06

2.29 1.76

3 no 3-84

39.26 50.56

1899..-.-. 3-69 1900. ..... 2.32 1901. ..... 5\j-9^5*j

6.62 9.58 4.04

5J*.*3J8V-/ 5*j .69^ 571

I.7I 6.27 5-27

1. 21

2 f9v 4j

7-
/

5-*=*_1/

81..0466
3.10

6.42
4-51 TO
o-37 (-- -> *7

3-15 1.79 90^3

2.27 3.62 3-76

371
2-79 0.5*j 9-^

2.65
3.62
0-99

4-15 6.74 7-61

4A 2^.4A 2O
5c8-oS-3j
*"J5:79i77/

Avg 23 yrs 5-49 4-75 5.78 379 3-28 4.00 4-97 4.76 3-69 2.32 3-41 4-44 51-13

Cn
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CHAPTER XXIV
CHURCHES
No one can be found who is able to state with certainty at what time and by whom the first religious services were held in Atlanta. However, it is stated on the authority of C. M. Payne, that there was preaching in a stone building which stood in the rear of the two-story frame building then used for a railroad of fice, and standing just north of the present Union depot, or "carshed," as it was called, in the winter of 1844-45. The preacher who conducted the services was the Rev. Osborne Smith, an itin erant minister, who afterward became president of Emory Col lege. Some time during the summer of 1845 there was a pro tracted meeting on Wheat street in a cotton warehouse standingabout one hundred and fifty yards east of North Pryor street, at which Bishop Andrew, Rev. George W. Lane, of Emory College, and others preached. This warehouse was owned by A. W. Wheat. The meeting lasted several days and was the first pro tracted meeting ever held in the place.
METHODIST First Methodist Church.--The following quotation is from a history of the First Methodist Episcopal Church, written by the Rev. W. F. Glenn, D. I)., which is mainly relied upon for the en tire history of the church as it appears in this volume: "There is, perhaps, no city known to history where the church of God has a more potent and acknowledged influence upon the population than in this, and where, in fact, the church is made so prominently the first and foremost of all institutions. Remark able as the history of the city is, the history of the church has been no less remarkable. She has not numbered all of the inhabitants .as members of her body, and all of the homes as Christian homes,
524
tfer

First Methodist Episcopal Church (South)

Atlanta And Its Builders
and yet her plastic hand has been on all of these, and her influence has been upon the lives and enterprises of the city to such an ex tent as to win for Atlanta the reputation abroad of being a 'Chris tian city.'
"Among the first and always prominent Christian forces in the city was the Methodist Church. Long before Atlanta was known as even Marthasville, or the cross-roads town had even a local habitation or a name, the proverbial Methodist preacher was roving the country round. Wherever the people were he , was to be found in their midst, helping to open up roads, establish communities, and to build schools and churches. He has been an integral and organic factor in the life of Georgia and Atlanta."
Colonel E. Y. Clarke, in his Illustrated Atlanta, says that three very noted events occurred in 1845. The first of these was the appearance of The Luminary, the first newspaper in the city; the second event was the arrival of the first train of cars, Septem ber 15, coming from Augusta; and the third event was the erec tion of the first building for church and school purposes. This was a small one-story frame building set up on posts, and having a chimney at each end, ontside of the building, in the prevailing Southern style of architecture for such buildings. It stood in the angle between Pryor and Houston streets, northeast from the present First Methodist Church. During the week it was used as a school-house and on Sunday as a church. In it all the various denominations worshiped until their own church buildings were erected.
The first Sunday school in Atlanta was organized in this building on the second Sunday in June, 1847. Children from all denominations belonged to this Sunday school; hence it was known as the "Atlanta Union Sunday school." Oswald Hous ton and James A. Collins shared the first stiperintendency of this school. Robert M. Clarke was the first secretary and treasurer, and R. M. Brown librarian. Edwin Payne, A. F. Luckie and A. E. Johnson were made a committee to solicit subscriptions to keep up the library. This committee secured the names of a large number of the leading citizens who assisted in this work. The next year a still larger subscription list was obtained.
For some time services of the Methodists were held in the Western and Atlantic depot, but in 1847 Wesley Chapel was or-

Churches

527

ganized and became a regular appointment in Decatur circuit. Anderson Ray and E. W. Speer were the preachers in charge. Soon afterward the members of the church determined to build a church edifice, and through the efforts of Edwin Payne and others a subscription of $700 was raised for that purpose, and the work of building begun. Before the house was completed the money was exhausted and no more could be had. It was, how ever, used and services held within it. Some slabs were obtained from Jonathan Norcross's saw-mill, in which holes were bored into which pegs were driven for legs, and thus rude seats pro vided. A rough platform and a small table constituted the pul pit, a home-made tin chandelier, swung near the center of the house, held the candles that furnished the light for the worshipers. Thus equipped the Methodists held their services and were the first to hold services in their own house. Altogether this rude house of worship would have given great joy to Peter Cartwright, who was so much opposed to everything that exhibited anything like elegance or even comfort and convenience in a house of wor ship, could he have worshiped within its sacred precincts. The lot on which this primitive house of worship stood was procured for the church, without cost to the organization, through the ef forts of Edwin Payne.
J. W. Yarbrough and J. W. Hinton served the church in 1848, and during this year the first Methodist Sunday school was organized under the stiperintendency of Lewis Lawshe. In 1849 the church was furnished with comfortable pews, and there was a great revival, resulting in the accession of considerable numbers to the membership. J. W. Yarbrough and A. M. Wynn were the preachers this year. In 1850 the church was separated from the Decatur circuit and made a station, and Silas Cooper was the first pastor. J. L. Pierce succeeded Mr. Cooper, and during this year George F. Pierce, then president of Emory College and after ward bishop of the M. E. Church South, preached in Atlanta the sermons which gave him a national reputation. In 1851 C. W. Thomas was the preacher; in 1852-53, W. H. Evans; in 1854, J. P. Duncan and J. W. Austin; in 1855, S. Anthony and Jesse Bor ing; in 1856, C. R. Jewitt; in 1857-58, C. W. Key; in 1859-60,* J. B. Payne; in 1861-62, W. J. Scott; in 1863, J. W. Hinton; in 1864, L. D. Houston; in 1865, A. M. Thigpen.

528

Atlanta And Its Builders

During the civil war the membership of the church was scattered in all directions and the services interrupted. But no sooner was the city again in peace than the membership began to return and to push forward their religious work. It was not long after this before Wesley Chapel became too small for the membership, and the congregation determined to have a larger church edifice, one which should be more in harmony with the architecture of other buildings. Dr. W. P. Harrison was pas tor in 1866-67, an(l under him a committee was appointed to take the matter in charge. Rev. F. A. Kimball was pastor in 186869, and during his pastorate the first parsonage aid society was organized, with Mrs. F. A. Kimball, president. Dr. Harrison again became pastor, the foundation of the new house was begun, and on September ist the corner stone was laid. The decision to erect the new building was arrived at on the nth of June, 1870, the location being at the junction of Peachtree and Pryor streets, fronting north on Houston street. The dimensions of the lot are as follows : On Houston street, 69^/2 feet; on Pryor street, 256 feet; and on Peachtree street, 286 feet. The new building when erected was of the Gothic style of architecture. In the center of the front is a tower surmounted by a spire, and on each of the two front corners is a pinnacle. The height of the spire is 180 feet, and the pinnacles are each 95 feet high. The seating capacity of the auditorium is one thousand, and is 96x62 feet. At the lay ing of the corner stone the Grand Lodge of Masons of Georgia was present, and the Knights Templar turned out in full force. Samuel Lawrence, grand master of the State, delivered an ad dress, and the Rev. Dr. Harrison, pastor of the church, preached a sermon. The new church building was so far completed in 1871 that the congergation worshiped in the basement. The lots on which Wesley Chapel stood were sold February 16, 1871, for $8,000, the chapel for $200, and the bell for $14. On the 19111 of February, this year, Rev. Arminius Wriglit became pastor. March 12th Rev. Dr. Lovick Pierce preached a memorial sermon in honor of Bishop James Osgood Andrew, then recently deceased, and on the same day similar memorial services were held in each of the M. K. churches in Atlanta. On the 14th of June, 1871, the name of the church was changed from Wesley Chapel to the

Churches

529

First Methodist Church South, of Atlanta, and the new building was pushed rapidly to completion. On the i6th of December, 1871, Rev. Dr. Harrison again became pastor of this church. In 1878 the auditorium was so far completed as to be used by the congregation. The pastor at this time was the Rev. H. H. Parks, and during the session of the general conference of the church, held that year, the Woman's Mission Society of the M. E. Church South was organized. At the close of a four years' pastorate of Rev. C. A. Evans the debt incurred in the erection of the church was paid. During this latter year the Ladies' Aid Society of the First Church was organized, and it has been the means of accomplishing a great amount of good. But we cannot pursue the history in detail. Rev. Charles W. Byrd, D. D., is the pastor at the present writing. Within the past few weeks the church property on the old historic site at the junction of Peachtree and North Pryor has been sold for $100,000, and the congregation will shortly put up an elegant structure further out on Peachtree near the head of Forest avenue.
Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church (South) was started in the spring of 1853, by Greene B. Haygood, as a mission Sunday school, in a little house on McDonough street. Mr. Haygood was assisted in this work by his wife, Mrs. Martha A. Haygood, Willis Peck, and his son, Atticus G. Haygood, a mere lad, who acted as librarian of the Sunday school. Mr. Haygood contin ued the class-meeting in this room once a week for some time. About the close of the summer of 1853 the corner stone of the church building was laid, and in the spring of 1854 the Sunday school and class meeting moved to the basement of the building, which stood on Mitchell street, immediately south of the new capitol. The preachers for the year were Rev. John P. Duncan and Rev. James M. Austin. The church building was completed in September, 1854, and was dedicated by Bishop James O. An drew, D. D. In 1855 Wesley Chapel and Trinity Church were served jointly by Rev. Samuel Anthony and Rev. Jesse Boring, M. D., D. D. In 1856 Trinity was set off as a separate charge, and Rev. Lewis J. Davis appointed as the first regular pastor. In 1857 the pastor was Rev. Habersham J. Adams; in 1858 and 1859, Rev. Robert B. Lester; in 1860, Rev. W. M. Crumley; in
34-2

Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church (South)

Churches

531

1861, Rev. John C. Simmons; in 1862, Rev. George B. N. Mc Donald; in 1863 and 1864, Rev. H. H. Parks. In July of the latter year Sherman's army was approaching the city, and for two Sundays the church was closed, and the pastor and his family were fugitives. In August Rev. Atticus G. Haygood held ser vices twice on each Sunday. Trinity was the only Protestant church that remained open during the siege. When Sherman sent the people away the church was used as a storehouse for fur niture, and in January, 1865, when the Rev. Atticus G. Haygood became pastor, he found the church full of furniture. Services were held in the church for the first time after the exile on the first Sunday in February, 1865, the congregation consisting of eleven persons, and the text being "Trials of Faith." On the next Sun day the Sunday school was reorganized, with F. M. Richardson as superintendent. On September 17, 1865, instrumental music was introduced into the church. Rev. Mr. Haygood came back to the church in 1866, and the first "church meeting" under the law passed by the general conference in the preceding April was held in May following. Rev. W. M. Crumley became pastor in 1867. Between the years 1853 anc^ l &&7 the presiding elders of the Atlanta circuit had been John C. Simmons, Walter R. Branham (two years), John W. Yarbrough, James B. Payne and Habersham J. Adams. Rev. W. M. Crumley remained pastor of the church until 1871, when he was succeeded by the Rev. C. A. Evans, formerly General Evans of the Confederate army. Rev. W. J. Scott succeeded Rev. Mr. Evans in 1875, and remained one year. Rev. W. F. Cook was pastor one year, and was fol lowed by Rev. J. E. Evans, who remained two years, 1877 anc^ 1878.
The old church building, which stood on Mitchell street, be tween Washington and McDonough streets, was sold in 1874, when the basement of the present building was ready for occu pancy. The building is of brick and stands at the corner of Whitehall and Trinity avenjue. It was commenced in 1872, and the original church was completed in 1877, the basement having been used for church purposes three years. It was 55x90 feet in size, and cost about $50,000. Since the erection of the first part of the building an extension has been added, which is twenty-

532

Atlanta And Its Builders

five feet long, and sixteen feet wider than the original church. This extension cost about $20,000. The spire to this church is about 150 feet high. In 1880 an organ was erected in the church, the original cost of which was $7,000. It is one of the best of Hastings's make, and cost Trinity Church, with a new case and complete renovating, $3,500. It is the largest pipe organ in Atlanta. Rev. S. H. Bradley, D. D., is the present pastor.
St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church (South) is located at No. 247 East Hunter street. The first movement resulting in the organization of this church was made April 21, 1867, on which day F. M. Richardson organized a Sunday school in a room in the City Hospital building, on the old fair grounds, with thirty-nine children. The next Sunday there were forty-four children pres ent, and on the third Sunday there were so many, both young and old, who desired to attend, that the room was too small for their accommodation. They therefore adjourned to the grove at the corner of Fair and Hill streets, where the school grew up to 175 in regular attendance. In the fall the school moved to the hos pital building, which had in the meantime been vacated, and here it remained until January, 1870, when the building was blown down by a severe storm. The school was then without shelter, until a lady of Atlanta erected a house which she permitted it to occupy. Their occupancy of this house began on the 7th of May, 1870, and in the following fall preaching was begun in the same house. The church grew rapidly, and in January, 1872, had about two hundred members. Some time previously, in Septem ber, 1871, the members determined upon the erection of a church building of their own. Colonel L. P. Grant donated to the church a lot on Hunter street, Isaac Tuttle gave them $100 in ma terials and labor, E. E. Butler gave $50 in cash, and others don ated smaller amounts. J. A. Tuttle commenced work on the building on the 24th of September, 1871, and the building was opened for religious services on the 29th of October following. By January, 1872, it was completely enclosed, and the Rev. G. H. Patillo, the pastor, asked the public to contribute towards its completion $1,000. This was done and the church was dedicated on the 22d of May, 1872. In the morning of that day Bishop George F. Pierce preached in the grove, and in the afternoon Rev. Lovick Pierce preached in the church. After the formal dedi-

Churches

533

cation, Bishop Pierce officiating, a popular subscription was taken Up of $440, by which the building was entirely freed from debt.
Merritts Avenue M. E. Church, South.--Organized in 1873 out of the old St. John's and Peachtree missions. A church building was erected during 1873 between Peachtree and Courtland streets, a frame building 36x54 feet, with front vestibule 12 feet wide, seating capacity of about 300. Rev. David L. Anderson, the second pastor (1875), has since become distinguished in

St. Mark Methodist Episcopal Church Peachtree St.
the China mission field. Rev. \V. A. Candler, the next pastor, is a leading bishop in the denomination. Rev. W. F. Robison became pastor in 1879. ^ev> Howard L. Crumley was pastor for next three years, and was succeeded by Rev. Miles H. Dillard, now deceased. Rev. R. J. Bigham served the church four years. Dr. Isaac S. Hopkins, then president of Georgia School of Technology, became pastor, being aided by an assistant during the summer months. Gen. Clement A. Evans was associated with him, and afterwards Rev. Peter A. Heard. Mr. Heard
.*..* .> -..

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Atlanta And Its Builders

alone was pastor for four years. Rev. R. W. Bigham was pas tor for 1898, the last year of his active ministry, covering over 50 years' constant service. Rev. R. F. Eakes was pastor for the next three years, closing the history of the church, which had been known as Sixth Methodist, and since 1886 as Merritts Ave nue Church.
St. Mark M. E. Church, South--This organization succeeded Merritts Avenue Church, being rather a change of name and a continuation of the church that was merged into the movement. For many years the problem of a church of sufficient size and strength for the residence section of North Atlanta had been un der discussion. This culminated in the purchase of a lot 100x200 feet at the corner of Peachtree and Fifth streets, for which $15,000 was paid, being raised about one-third by Merritts Avenue, the remainder by prominent Methodists living near the church and mainly members of First Methodist Church. In 1901 Merritts Avenue Church was sold and all the proceeds applied towards the purchase of the new lot. The congregation will occupy for services North Avenue Presbyterian Church. This beautiful courtesy is but the return of a similar one shown the Presbyterians while they were organizing and erecting their splendid church during 1899 and 1900. Early in 1902 a sub scription of some $32,000 was raised, mainly at a single service, for the erection of St. Mark Church at the new location
Grace M. E. Church (South) was established in 1883, with the Rev. W. A. Dodge as missionary. He was with the church one year, and was succeeded by the Rev. Miles H. Dillard, who also remained one year, and was succeeded by the Rev. T. J. Christian, who remained ten years. The Rev. George E. Bonner came to the church in January, 1888. The church building is situated on the Boulevard, between Houston and Cain streets. The auditorium will seat about four hundred and fifty people. The membership of the church is now about seven hundred. Rev. James K. Dickey is the pastor at the present time; but he has just been called to the presidency of Emory College, and will enter upon his new labors in September, 1902. The congregation is preparing to put up an elegant building at the corner of the Boule vard and Highland avenue, where an excellent lot has recently been purchased for the purpose.

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Paync's Chapel was organized and was in\a flourishing con dition before the war, but the building was destroyed by order of General Sherman, with the rest of the city, and the church was disbanded. In 1869 a reorganization was effected and the Rev. W. G. Dunlap, who had returned from Texas to the Georgia Con ference, became the missionary on the north side of Atlanta* The reorganization was effected in the North End Academy, near the site of the old church. In July, 1869, the church had a member ship of one hundred and forty-six, and the Sunday school had one hundred and forty scholars. Edwin Payne gave the church a deed to the lot and upon it a church was erected, 36x50 feet in size, on the corner of Hunnicutt and Luckie streets. This build ing was dedicated by Bishop George F. Pierce on the ist of May, 1870. Its seating capacity is about four hundred. The Rev. D. D. Cox was pastor two years after Rev. Mr. Dunlap retired, and then followed Rev. P. M. Rybtim, one year; Rev. Alien G. Thomas, one year; Rev. T. H. Timmons, two years; Rev. J. A. Reynolds, one year; Rev. W. F. Quillin, three years; Rev. John M. Bowden, four years:
Evans Chapel was established in 1851 by the Rev. William H. Evans, the location being just across the street from where the church building now stands. It was erected by the Rev. J. C. Oliver at a cost of about $1,800. This building was used until it was destroyed during the war with the rest of the city. The first building after the war was erected at the corner of Chapel and Stonewall streets, in 1866, and was used until 1888, when the present building was erected at the junction of Walker and Nelson streets at a cost of $12,000, and with a seating capacity of
45- -1 Marietta Street Methodist Episcopal Church (South) was
established in the summer of 1885, as Bishop Hendrix Mission, near the old exposition grounds, under the control of Rev. John M. Bowden. It was really the outgrowth of a series of prayer meetings held on the approaching death of Benjamin Fagan. Then a small house was rented near the corner of Marietta and Ponders streets, in which the numbers grew so rapidly that on May 6, 1888, the mission as above named was organized by the Rev. H. L. Crumley, with forty-three members. The work was

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Atlanta And Its Builders

continued under the charge of Rev. C. C. Davis until December I, 1888. On November 25 the mission was organized into a church with the name at the beginning of this paragraph, which was ratified on the 27th of the same month by the quarterly con ference.
Marietta Street Methodist Episcopal Church was started in 1867 as the Loyd Street Methodist Episcopal Church. The Rev. Wesley Prettyman, of Indiana, was pastor one year, during which time the services were held in Scofield's Hall on Whitehall street. Toward the latter part of the year Rev. J. Spillman, also from Indiana, became pastor, and remained about a year. During his pastorate the church building standing at the corner of Loyd and Hunter streets, was commenced and so far completed as to permit of the occupation of the basement. In October, 1868, Rev. J. W. Lee, of Illinois, became pastor, remaining one year, and being succeeded 111,1869 by the Rev. Wesley Prettyman, who remained part of a year and was followed by the Rev. J. H. Knowles, of Newark, N. J., who remained two years, and under whom the church building was completed and dedicated by Dr. John Reid. Rev. Mr. Isett was pastor a short time, and was followed in 1875 by the Rev. W. B. Osborne, and after him the Rev. Isaac J. Lansing was pastor about a year. During 1876 the church building was turned over to the colored Methodists, and the present Marietta street organization effected. The first pastor of this organization was the Rev. John A. Thurman of Atlanta, who re mained about two years. During his pastorate the church build ing on Marietta street was completed at a total cost, including the ground, of about $6,000. In 1878 the Rev. S. A. Winsor became pastor. He was succedeed in 1880 by the Rev. R. J. Cooke, and he by the Rev. Dr. E. O. Fuller, who died at the end of his first year's service. Rev. John A. Thurman again succeed ed to the pastorate, remaining until the fall of 1885, when the present pastor. Rev. A. F. Ellington, took charge of the church. The membership of the church was very large during 1889 and 1890, at the time numbering 215. During the 1890 the organ ization of Wesley Chapel, near the water works, reduced the mem bership to 155.
In 1889 the sum of $2,500 was raised for the erection of a parsonage. The present value of the church property is $15,000.

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The membership to date is 125, with 60 children enrolled in the Sunday school.
BAPTIST First Baptist Church.--The earliest effort toward organizing a Baptist Church in Atlanta was taken in January, 1847, when Rev. D. G. Daniel, a missionary of Georgia Baptist convention, under the direction, of that body, began his labors in this city. Having procured $350 from the citizens, and $100 from the con vention, he purchased for $130 the lot on which the First Baptist Church now stands, and at once proceeded to erect a house of wor ship on the lot. In January, 1848, a presbytery composed of the Revs. B. M. Sanders, John L. Dagg and Parker M. Rice con stituted the First Baptist Church, of Atlanta. Following are the names of the seventeen original members: Rev. D. G. Daniel, Benjamin F. Bomar, John L. Jones, W. C. Hughes, John N. Jones, Mary J. Daniel, E. C. Daniel, Mary Bozeman, Mary S. Rhodes, Martha J. Davis, Malinda Rape, Flizabeth Moody, Mar tha Jones, Elizabeth Sherburne, Susanna White, Mary Hughes, and Lydia C. Clarke. The house of worship, a plain structure of wood, was ready for use in a few months, and was dedicated on July 5, 1848, on which day it was occupied for the first time for religious services. Under the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Dan iel, the church soon became self-supporting, and ready to help others. The first pastor was succeeded by the Rev. A. M. Spalding, who remained with the church about a year and a half, and was himself succeeded by the Rev. W. H. Robert, who continued as pastor until October, 1854. In August preceding his retirement, letters were granted to nineteen persons, who formed the Second Baptist Church, of Atlanta. The First Church made steady progress, and its membership rapidly increased. In cases of absence from public worship, as well as from the business meet ings of the members, careful inquiry was made, and thus a high state of discipline maintained. Attend ance upon balls, dancing, and failure to pay just debts, were legitimate subjects of inquiry by the church, and sometimes made the cause of the exclusion of members. The pastors of the early times received but meager salaries, and many ways were resorted to to raise the small salaries that were promised to them.

First Baptist Church

Churches

539

The Rev. Mr. Holmes, who was the next pastor after Rev. W. H. Robert, was succeeded by the Rev. T. U. Wilkes, and he by the Rev. H. C. Hornady, under whose pastorate the proposi tion was first made to erect a new house of worship. This proposition was entertained on account of the increase in the mem bership as well as because of the increase in their ability to have a church building more in accordance with their tastes. A com mittee to raise funds for the purpose was appointed, but before much progress was made the city was besieged by the Federal army, was taken, and a large portion of it burned to the ground. Nothing was therefore done toward the erection of a church building until August, 1865, when the proposition to build was renewed. The work of collecting funds was vigorously carried forward through several agencies, and in the early part of 1868 the foundations of the new house were laid. In the meantime a substantial parsonage was built on the lot adjoining the church. In February, 1868, the Rev. R. W. Fuller succeeded the Rev. Mr. Hornady, who had resigned in 1867, and at once entered into the work before him continuously until December, 1870.
Work on the new church building was pushed forward as rapidly as possible until the fall of 1869, when for a time there seemed to be danger of its being left in an unfinished condition on account of the lack of funds. Appeals were therefore made to the public spirited citizens of Atlanta to subscribe money toward its completion. In urging this matter upon them, it was stated that "every resident of Atlanta was more interested in its churches than in any other of its institutions, more even than in its banks, its hotels, its fire companies, or even its schools." The city was canvassed for subscriptions by Miss (jay and other ladies, and their efforts in this direction were so successful that the church was completed, and was dedicated on the 7th day of November, 1869, the sermon being preached by the Rev. Dr. Fuller, of Bal timore. The entire cost of this house of worship involved the expenditure of about $30,000, and rendered necessary the sale of the parsonage and the incurring of a considerable debt, all of which, however, was paid off by 1876.
Rev. J. B. Hawthorne, D. 1)., now of Richmond, Va., one of the most eloquent divines in the South, was for many years the

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Atlanta And Its Builders

pastor of this church. Rev. W. W. Landrum, D. D., now ably fills the pulpit.
The Second Baptist Church was organized by nineteen mem bers of the First Baptist Church, who obtained letters of dismis sal from their church in order to form this new organization. Following are the names of these nineteen members, who became the first members of of the new church : B. F. Bomar, Ira O. McDaniel, P. E. McDaniel, J. M. Myers, T. B. Vesey, James Oglesby, W. Richardson, F. H. Coleman, Frances Lipham, Sarah E. L. Bomar, N. B. McDaniel, R. Myers, A. Wells, R. J. McDaniel, M. Oglesby, C. I. McDaniel, E. Sherburn and E. Richardson.
Having agreed upon their articles of faith they were recog nized as the Second Baptist Church of Atlanta, by a council con vened for the purpose of considering their request. The first church conference was held immediately after organization. Of this conference the Rev. Jesse H. Campbell acted as moderator, and Dr. B. F. Bomar as clerk. Delegates were sent to the Rock Mountain Association, and membership sought with that body.
Measures were soon taken to secure a lot on which to erect a church building. The number of members was small, and none of them possessed any considerable wealth, only two of them in fact were in even comfortable circumstances; yet in order to raise the funds necessary to erect the desired new church edifice they taxed themselves to the utmost, and at the same time appealed to Baptists in different parts of the State to assist them in the, to them, all important enterprise in which they were engaged. The result was that a substantial brick edifice was erected at a cost of about $14,000. Of this amount more than half was contributed by the nineteen original members themselves. Among those who made the greatest sacrifices, and without whose assistance the church could not have been erected, were I. O. McDaniel, P. E. McDaniel, Dr. B. F. Bomar, and Mrs. F. A. Lipham.
The first pastor of the new church was the Rev. Charles M. Irwin, who was elected to the position on August 25, 1855. Rev. Mr. Irwin remained in the pastorate only a short time, and was succeeded by the Rev. T. U. Wilkes, who was called December 21, 1856, and remained with the church until August 7, 1858. Mr. Wilkes was a plain, earnest, evangelical minister, and died in Ar kansas in 1866. During the latter part of the year 1855 the base-

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Second Baptist Church
Washington and Mitchell Sts.

i (. ( jl
t' \.
,! 'I , ,i ; li '' >j ,i J
t

542

Atlanta And Its Builders

ment of the church building was so far completed as to be used for religious worship, and by the summer of 1858 it was completed and dedicated, the Rev. N. M. Crawford preaching the dedicatory sermon. On November 4, 1858, the Rev. John T. Clarke became pastor of the church and remained in the office for three years. In September, 1860, the annual letter of the church to the Stone Mountain Association, formerly the Rock Mountain Association, showed a membership of ninety-three. During this year the church withdrew from the Stone Mountain Association, and resolved that for the future they would send their contributions for missions directly to the Georgia Baptist State Convention.
At a meeting of the church held on December n, 1861, the Rev. W. T. Brantly, D. D., was unanimously elected pastor, and in October, 1862, he was elected permanent pastor. In November of this year there was a revival of religion through which thirty-nine persons united with the church. In August, 1863, the church was received into membership by the Central Association.
In the fall of 1864 the membership of this church was dis persed by the evacuation of the city, which was ordered by the Federal general in command. On April 16, 1865, a conference was called at which the names of thirty-five members who had re turned to their homes were enrolled. In September of this year Dr. Brantly resigned the pastorship of the church, and for some time thereafter the Rev. H. C. Hornady, pastor of the First Bap tist Church, preached alternately for the two churches. In Janu ary, 1866, a large number of the original members of the church having returned to the city, and now feeling themselves able to support a minister, they invited their late minister, the Rev. Dr. Brantly, to resume his labors among them. The invitation was accepted, he, however, being allowed to finish his engagement at Augusta. During this time the pulpit was supplied by the Rev. II. H. Tucker, D. D.
In August, 1869, the church withdrew from the Central As sociation, and reunited with the Stone Mountain Association. In 1870 the church building was enlarged by the addition of about twenty-five feet, and it was otherwise improved, so that when these improvements were completed the church was considered one of the most attractive in the city. The cost of these improve-

L

Churches

543

ments was about $20,000. On June 9, 1871, Rev. Dr. Brantly tendered his resignation to take effect on the ist of the following September. Rev. Henry McDonald, D. D., occupied the pulpit of the church for seventeen years, and was succeeded in 1901 by the present pastor, Rev. John E. White, D. D. The Second Bap tist Church is housed in one of the handsomest buildings in the city and the cost of the structure was in the neighborhood of $75,000.
Jones Ave. (formerly Third) Baptist Church.--Prior to 1869, a mission was established near the site of the present church, and though an arm of the First Baptist Church, it also received some aid from the Second Baptist Church. On July the i8th, 1869, a church was organized with 89 members and called the Third Baptist Church of Atlanta. Rev. J. T. Buchanan was the first pastor and he was called to serve the church in this capacity on the 26th of September, 1869, and served two years. The second pastor, Rev. G. R. Moore, served three years. Rev. W. J. Spears was pastor four years, Rev. H. C. Hornady was pas tor five years. It was during Dr. Hornady's pastorate that the present building was erected. Rev. H. D. D. Stratton was called next and served the church one year. After his pastorate came that of Rev. W. C. McCall, which continued for three years. Rev. A. H. Mitchell was then called and served the church for three years and five months. In March of 1893 Rev. J. D. Winchester was called, and served the church for nearly five years. During these twenty-nine years the church enjoyed prosperity under the faith ful preaching and untiring labors of these men of God. From 1869 to 1898 there were eight pastors, of whom only two survive --Rev. W. J. Spears of Atlanta and Rev. J. D. Winchester of Cordeale, Ga. On the first Sunday in March, 1898, Rev. I.. G. Broughton was called to the pastorate and soon thereafter en tered upon his work. He was on the field only a short time when he set in motion a project to build a cheap house near the center of the city to be known as the Tabernacle, for the purpose of holding such special meetings as might require a larger room than the auditorium of the church. As soon as this movement was endorsed by the church, and the building under headway, it was hinted and finally stated by the pastor that the church would

544

Atlanta And Its Builders

move in a body to the Tabernacle and that the building of the Third Baptist Church would be sold and abandoned. This move ment met strong opposition by those who were the charter mem bers of the Third Baptist Church and who had sacrificed much to erect the present building. At this time there were 762 members, many of whom were not residents of Atlanta; so a majority vote was obtained in favor of moving the church bodily to the Taber nacle, but 220 of the old "stand-bys" who had really built the house and stood by it from the first, called for letters of dismis sion, and on the second Sunday in March, 1899, organized the Jones Avenue Baptist Church, and at the same time organized a Sunday School with 331 pupils and with James H. Harwell as superintendent, who had served the Third Baptist Church in the same capacity as well as in the capacity of deacon. The Jones Avenue Church bought the Tabernacle Baptist Churchs interest in the building of the Third Baptist Church, in which they now worship. They began with 220 members, and a short, time after wards the church called Rev. C. W. Burden, who resigned in less than a year. The church was then without a pastor for some months. Rev. William J. Holtzclaw, of Louisville, Ky., was called and entered upon his work as pastor on the first Sunday in March, 1901. He has been on the field but nine months and there have been added to the church nearly one hundred members. The outlook is most hopeful. Under Dr. Holtzclaws leadership, active city missionary work has been inaugurated, and a flourish ing mission and Sunday School established at Twelfth and West Peachtree streets. During the past year the church has raised and expended about $3,500. Prior to the separation, stated above, the average annual expenditures were about $1,500. The pres ent buildings and improvements of the Jones Avenue Baptist Church originally cost from $35,000 to $40,000. Much of this was donated by other churches and friends, the First Baptist Church being in the lead. Recently, when the managers of the Georgia Baptist Orphans Home, at Hopeville, Ga., were trying to get churches to furnish certain rooms, the first to respond was the Jones Avenue Baptist Church, which furnished the sewing room of the girls building in first-class style. The church was also one of the first to respond to the needs of the Jacksonville

Churches

545

t

(Fla.) sufferers after the great fire. The Jones Avenue Baptist

Church has grown from 220 memhers to nearly 400 members since

March, 1899--IGSS than two years.

The Tabernacle Baptist Church, under the wideawake and

progressive pastorate of Rev. Len G. Broughton, D. D., assisted

by Rev. Julian S. Rodgers, is one of the largest church organiza

tions in Atlanta. Recently the tabernacle on the corner of Luckie

and Harris streets has been considerably enlarged and improved.

No pastor in Atlanta has greater congregations than Dr. Brough

ton, and the church is thoroughly infused with the spirit of mis

sions. Several branch organizations in various parts of the city

are conducted under the direction of the mother church. Every

year a Bible Conference is held at the church, and leading scholars

and divines from all parts of the world are annually brought to

this conference for the purpose of instructing the vast crowds in

attendance. The Tabernacle Baptist Church is engaged in many

helpful side lines of work and is doing much to improve public

morals.

Woodward Avenue (formerly the Fifth Baptist) Church was

organized in 1870, the first services being held in a small store on

Decatur street, between Bell and Fort streets. The first pastor

was Rev. James F. Fdens, who was followed by Rev. W. J.

Speers. Rev. V. C. Norcross became the pastor in January,

1875, antl occupied the pulpit for nineteen years. Recently the

church property was sold and the proceeds reinvested in the pres

ent handsome place of worship on Woodward avenue. When

the transfer was made the name of the church was changed. Rev.

J. C. Solomon is the pastor.

The Sixth Baptist Church was organized in 1872, as a mis

sion of the Second Baptist. The first pastor was the Rev. Mr.

Higdon, who was succeeded by the Rev. W. H. Dorsey, and he

in turn was succeeded by Rev. J. H. Weaver in 1883. At this

writing Rev. A. C. Ward is the pastor of the church, which is

housed in an elegant building on West Hunter street.

Central Baptist Church was organized originally at the West

Fnd as the Fourth Baptist Church, or as it was sometimes called,

James' Chapel, September 3, 1871. A church building was

erected at the junction of Whitehall and Railroad streets, which

r
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Tabernacle Baptist Church Luckie and Harris Sts.

Churches

547

was used by the church about four years, when a consolidation was effected between the Fourth and Sixth Baptist churches, the con solidated church being named the Central Baptist Church, on ac count of its more central position, at the corner of West Peters and West Fair streets. The church at this location is a frame building which cost about $1,000. The first pastor was the Rev. F. M. Daniel, who remained until 1883, in the fall of which year he was succeeded by the Rev. E. E. Z. Goldin. He was followed by the Rev. H. D. D. Stratton, who remained until December, 1887, and he was succeeded by Rev. W. H. Strickland. The membership of the church is now about four hundred.

PRESBYTERIAN
The First Presbyterian Church was organized January 8, 1848, by the Rev. John S. Wilson, D. D., in the little log building known as the male academy, standing at the junction of Peachtree and Pryor streets, which was used by all denominations for a church at that time. Following are the names of those sign ing the agreement to be members of this church, which was named by them "the Presbyterian Church of Atlanta:" Joel Kelsey, Minerva Kelsey, Kesiah Boyd, Margaret Boyd, Oswald Houston, Annie L. Houston, Jane Gill, Mary A. Thompson, C. J. Caldwell, Mary J. Thompson, Joseph Thompson, Henry Brockman, Ruth A. Brockman, James Davis, Jane Davis, H. A. Fraser, Julia M. L. Fraser, Lucinda Cone and Harriet Norcross.
The first three ruling elders were Joel Kelsey, Oswald Hous ton and James Davis. The following trustees were appointed January 28, 1850: John Glenn, G. T. McGinley, Oswald Hous ton, J. A. Haytlen, James Davis, Reuben Cone and Joseph Pitts.
A lot was purchased on Marietta street for $300 from Reuben Cone, upon which a brick church edifice was erected during the years 1850, 1851 and 1852, at a cost of about $4,200. It was 70x40 feet in size, and had a basement for Sunday school pur poses. Over the vestibule was a gallery for organ and choir. The building was surmounted only by a belfry in which no bell was ever placed. The church was dedicated July 4, 1852. This church was incorporated in February, 1854, John Glenn, Oswald Houston, Julius A. Hayden, James Davis, Joel Kelsey, George

First,, Presbyterian Church Marietta St.

Churches

549

Robinson and William Markham being the incorporators. The name under which it was incorporated was the "First Presbyterian Church of Atlanta," and it was then the only Presbyterian Church in the city. Rev. John S. Wilson was stated supply from Janu ary i, 1848, for nearly five years. He was followed by Rev. J. L. King, who was stated supply about ten months. Rev. J. E. DuBoise was stated supply during 1854, at the end of which time he was installed pastor and remained with the church about three
years. * In February, 1858, owing to dissensions in the church, the
Flint River Presbytery, at a called meeting held in Atlanta, de creed that the church should be divided, and on February 21, one portion of the membership, embracing fifty-seven persons, formed themselves into a separate church, retaining the name of the "First Presbyterian Church," which shortly afterward chose Rev. John S. Wilson as its pastor, and he remained in that capacity until his death in 1873, in all a period of nearly fifteen years. During the summer following Dr. Wilson's death Rev. E. H. Barnett of Aldington, Va.. was chosen pastor, but declined the call. In Sep tember following Rev. Joseph H. Martin was chosen pastor, and began his ministry on November i, and was installed on the i6th of the same month. A great revival occurred in February and March, 1874, as the result of which eighty persons were convert ed, and of these about fifty united with this church.
In the latter part of 1876 and the first part of 1877, measures were adopted for the erection of a new house of worship on the same lot upon which the old building stood. This building was completed about November i, 1878, and cost about $36,000.
The Sunday school was organized in '1853, and William Markham was its superintendent for eight years. Alexander N. Wilson was then superintendent until he left the city in 1863. Rev. E. H. Barnett, D. D., one of the saintliest of men, served the church as pastor until his death in 1898. Shortly afterwards Rev. C. P. Bridewell, the present incumbent, was called to the
pastorate. 77k' Central Presbyterian Church of Atlanta was constituted
February 11, 1858, by the Flint River Presbytery, in response to a memorial from thirty-nine members of the Atlanta Presbyterian

55

Atlanta And Its Builders

Church, and it was organized three days afterward by the elec tion of Drs. J. P. Logan and John Q. Rea as ruling elders. During most of that year the pulpit was filled by the Rev. John W. Baker; but in the fall the Rev. J. L. Rogers was elected pastor, and was installed on the i6th of January, 1859, the Rev. Messrs. Patterson, Marks and Mickle officiating.
On May 20, 1858, a lot was purchased, and during the sum mer following the erection of a church edifice was commenced. The church was completed in February, 1860, and was first used March 4 of that year, when it was dedicated by Rev. J. C. Stiles, D. D. The Rev. J. L. Rogers continued pastor of the church until February, 1863, when he resigned. He was succeeded by the Rev. Robert Q. Mallard, who was elected May 24, 1863. The Rev. Mr. Mallard took charge of the church early in the follow ing fall, and was installed soon after the fall meeting of the pres bytery. He resigned the pastoral charge of the church July 22, 1866, and the relation was dissolved on the 27th of September following. The successor of the Rev. Mr. Mallard was the Rev. Rufus K. Porter, who was chosen pastor January 6, 1867. He took charge of the church soon after, and was installed early in the following May. The Rev. Mr. Porter remained pastor of the church until his death, which occurred July 14, 1869. A called meeting of the church was held August i, to take action with reference to his death. At this meeting a series of resolutions was passed highly commending his past life both as a minister of the gospel and as a man. Resolution fifth of this series was that a marble slab with an appropriate inscription to the memory of the Rev. Rufus K. Porter be placed in the wall of the church on the right of the pulpit.
The Rev. D. G. Phillips became pastor of the church after the death of Mr. Porter, but served only for a short time and was suc ceeded by the Rev. J. T. Leftwich, of Alexandria, Va., who was installed in May, 1870, and continued to serve as pastor of the church until January i, 1879, having a short time previously ten dered his resignation.
In the spring of 1871, the ladies of this church erected in the cemetery a beautiful monument to the memory of the Rev. Rufus K. Porter. On the front of the pedestal of this monument are

Central Presbyterian Church

55 2

Atlanta And Its Builders

the words, "To the memory of the Rev. Rufus K. Porter, pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church of Atlanta, who departed this life July 14, 1869, in the forty-third year of his age." In the church a tablet, in the form of a Greek scroll, was erected to his memory, of pure white marble with a blue background. This was presented to the church by Mrs. Porter.
The lot upon which the first, as well as the present church building stood, was purchased by W. P. Robertson and L. P. Grant. The first building stood about twenty feet back from the street. There was a porch in front, the roof over which was supported by four large fluted columns. There were two doors leading into the church, and a gallery over the vestibule. The audience room was 60x70 feet, and two aisles extended down through it, each aisle being one-fourth of the width of the room from the side. The height of the ceiling was about twenty-five feet and the spire of the church was about seventy-five feet high. The original lot was 70x110 feet in size. Afterward an addition of seventy-six feet was bought on one side from which seventy feet was sold, and the new church described below was erected on the lot.
At a meeting of this church held on Wednesday evening, March 28, 1860, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted:
WHEREAS, Messrs. Claflin, Mellen & Co., J. R. Jaffrey & Sons, Phelps, Bliss & Co., Arnold, Constable & Co., Alien, McClean & Buckley, Eno, Butler & Valentine, Cameron, Edwards & Co., B. M. E. A. Whitlock & Co., Paton & Co., A. Bragg & Warren, Roberts, Rhodes & Co., W. H. Lee & Co., H. Tole, Cook, Dowd & Baker, Tracy, Irwin & Co., and George E. L. Hyatt, gentlemen of New York City, in a spirit of Christian re gard and enlarged benevolence have presented to the Central Pres byterian Church of Atlanta, Ga., an elegant organ, therefore,
Resolved, That this munificent liberality is highly appre ciated by those upon whom it has been bestowed, and will con tinue to be cherished and held in grateful recollection.
The organ arrived in due time, and was used by the church as it was when first presented until enlarged to better meet the wants of the congregation.

Churches

553

A new building was erected on the site of the old one in 1885. The architecture of this church is of the early English Gothic style. The front and about eighteen feet of the sides are of Ken tucky oolitic limestone. The remainder of the walls are of brick with stone dressings. The roof is of wood covered with slate. There are three entrances on Washington street, one in front and one by the alley on either side. The first story contains a lecture room 63x41 feet, and there are two spacious infant-rooms sep arated from the lecture room by movable glass partitions. There are also on the first floor a parlor, reception room, library room, retiring rooms, etc. The audience room is in the second story, and is 61x71 feet. It is thirty-four feet high, and the floor in clines toward the pulpit three feet in the length of the room. It is beautifully furnished with mahogany pews, which alone cost $13,000, and afford seats for about 700 persons. A gallery runs along the two sides and across the east end, and will seat about 500 persons. The room is lighted by stained glass win dows by day and by beautiful gasoliers at night. The building is heated throughout by hot air, and special attention has been given to the ventilation, which is on a novel, but effective plan. The architect who designed this church edifice is Mr. E. G. Lind. The total cost of the church was about $50,000. The building committee, superintending its construc tion, was composed of J. W. Rankin, chairman; Colonel P. L. Mynatt, D. A. Beatie, T. M. Clarke, J. L. Pinson, F. E. Block, J. C. Kirkpatrick, William R. Hoyt and John A. Barry. This building was dedicated on Sunday, October 4, .1885, the sermon being preached by the Rev. William Adams, 1). D., of the First Presbyterian Church of Augusta, Ga. Rev. G. B. Strickler, D. 1)., now professor of theology in the Union Theological Seminary at Richmond, Va., was the pastor of the church from 1883 to 1896. Rev. Theron H. Rice, 1). D., is the pastor at the present
time. Moore Memorial Church (formerly the Third Presbyterian
Church) was organized March 4, 1874, mainly by members dis missed from the First Presbyterian Church. It was the result of a mission Sunday school established in 1871, for which a building was erected on Jones avenue. In 1876, the location being deemed

554

Atlanta And Its Builders

undesirable, the building was removed to its present location on Baker street. The church had for a preacher V. C. Norcross, a theological student of Dr. Wilson for some time, and then a young minister from Virginia for a time, under whose influence the removal of the church building took place. He was followed by Rev. Mr. Britt, and he by the Rev. R. C. Ketchum, who was succeeded in the fall of 1879 by the Rev. N. Keff Smith, who re mained until 1881, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Julian. He remained only a short time and was followed by the Rev. N. Keff Smith, who remained pastor this vtime until December i, 1888. Under his ministry the membership increased from about fifty to two hundred and fifty. The Sunday school has about one hundred and fifty scholars. In 1890 the present pastor, Rev. A. R. Holderby, D. D., was called to the church. In 1891 a new and handsome church building was erected on the present site. Through the beneficence of the late W. A. Moore the lot was given to the congregation and the church building largely paid for. The congregation itself contributed liberally, as did also several wealthy friends of the other churches. The membership and congregations of the church have steadily increased for the past ten years. The membership is about 400. There is one mission under the care of the church and a free medical dispensary under the care of Dr. Holderby, the pastor. The Sunday school and other departments of the church work are flourishing.
The Fourth Presbyterian Church was organized June 24, 1883, with thirty-eight members. Dr. J. H. Logan, Dr. J. C. Allins worth, Joseph A. Rollings worth and B. F. Longley were chosen ruling elders; and Edwin Kingsbury, J. T. Collier and A. H. Hollingsworth were elected deacons. Rev. N. Bachman served the church as pastor from its organization until October i, 1883, when Rev. Z. B. Graves took charge. He was installed November 4, 1883, alu^ remained with the church until March 26, 1885. Rev. T. P. Cleveland, D. D., assumed the pastorate May i, 1885, was installed September 13, 1888. Subsequently his son. Rev. T. C. Cleveland, became pastor. Rev. W. W. Brimm, D. D., is now serving the church as stated supply.
West End Presbyterian Church.--Grew out of Union Sun day school organized by Fulton County Sunday School Associa tion, 1884. In April, 1887, a petition signed by 36 persons was pre-

Churches
sented to the Presbytery of Atlanta asking for the organization of the West End Presbyterian Church. The petition was granted. Revs. E. H. Barnett, G. B. Strickler, J. H. Alexander, together with Elders G. B. McGaughey and Major Campbell Wallace, were appointed to organize said church. The committee met in Culberson's Hall May ist. After a sermon by Dr. Barnett the church was constituted with 36 members. May 15, 1887, the following officers were installed : Ruling elders, B. J. Wilson, D. W. McGregor, G. B. McGaughey; deacons, G. J. Dallas, W. G. McGaughey. Shortly after this Dunn's Chapel was secured as a home for the organization.
The church has had but two pastors. Rev. N. B. Mathes was called February 17, 1889. Under his consecrated ministry the church grew and the present elegant brick and stone church was begun.
Rev. G. W. Bull, the present pastor, was called March 7, 1896. Under his ministry the building has been completed, 189 added to the membership, and the Sunday school has grown until a large annex was found necessary. The property adjoining the church has been purchased and an elegant two-story manse erected. The matter of again enlarging the church will be before us in the near future.
Beautiful for situation, attractive in appearance and earnest in its efforts is this church. The elevation of the lot and height of the building gives it an imposing appearance. It is as pretty and artistic as any of our city churches.
Inman Park Presbyterian.--Mrs. R. A. Anderson's class of young men in the Central Presbyterian Sabbath School, desiring to do some special work, began a mission Sabbath school in Edgewood in 1890, with nineteen members, meeting in a vacant store house facing the Georgia railroad between Lee and Pearl streets. Mr. Robert E. Rushton was for four years its earnest and active superintendent. The growth of the school made necessary an other room for the Bible class, then another for the infant class, and then the enlargement of the main room. The school contin ued to grow until the average attendance was nearly 200. Then a lot was bought on Decatur street in Inman Park on which a church building was erected and sufficiently furnished for services to be held therein on the first Sunday in August, 1894.

556

Atlanta And Its Builders

In July, 1896, the way began to open for the organization of a church. In answer to a request therefor, Atlanta Presbytery, at an adjourned meeting held in Athens during the sessions of synod, appointed a commission consisting of J. B. Mack, D. D., A. R. Holderby, D. D., E. H. Barnett, D. D., Major J. C. Whit man and Col. M. A. Candler, to organize a church if the way was clear. The commission met on Sunday afternoon, June I3th, 1896, and organized a church of fifty members. After services the church held a meeting and selected Inman Park for its name. M. A. Hale, George E. King and J. B. Brooks were chosen elders and Charles Runette, E. O. Foster, J. C. Dayton and C. S. Rob erts were elected deacons. All of these officers-elect were in stalled at the evening service. On March I4th, 1897, at a con gregational meeting over which Dr. J. N. Craig presided, a call was extended to Rev. D. G. Armstrong offering him a salary of $800 per year. Mr. Armstrong accepted this call and became the first pastor, and was installed June 2ist, 1897. ^e remained pastor until his death, August 23(1, 1901. Mr. Richard V. Powel of Eatonton. a student in Columbia Theological Seminary, is now serving the church as stated supply during the summer months.
The North Avenue Presbyterian Church is situated at the juncture of Peachtree and North avenue, two of the most beauti ful boulevards of the city. The Presbyterians residing in this section had for some years considered the necessity of erecting a church building in their midst, and the time being propitious the organization was effected at the close of 1898 in the Merritts Avenue Methodist Church. The charter membership showed a roll of 116 who came chiefly from the Eirst and Central churches. In a brief time a lot was purchased for $18,000.00, and a hand some stone building immediately begun. This splendid edifice, containing parlors, library, kitchen, two large auditoriums, one of the finest organs in the South, and all other modern improve ments, and capable of seating about seven hundred worshippers, was entered November, 1900, less than two years from the organ ization, and the dedicatory sermon was preached June 23, 1901, by the lamented Dr. B. M. Palmer of New Orleans.
A notable feature connected with this church's history is that the corner stone was laid in May, 1900, with great solemnity by

Churches

557

the moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly, which was then in session in the city, this being the only church that has en joyed this distinction, and the honor of having Dr. Palmer to dedicate it was a further distinction, he being the Moderator who presided at the organization of the first Southern General Assem bly.
The following are the officers: Rev. Richard Orme Flinn, pastor. The session : Mr. James P. Field, clerk; Dr. Marion McH. Hull, Mr. K. G. Matheson, Mr. R. H. Brown, Mr. J. Calhoun Clark,' Mr. A. M. Hoke, and Hon. Hoke S^mith.
The Sunday school is under the superintendence of Hon. Hoke Smith.
The membership has grown from 116 to about 450, and its continued rapid increase indicates an early necessity for enlarge ment or colonization. The church has already been notably lib eral to all religious and charitable causes, and its members have shown a marked degree of devotion in their response to the needs of their own organization.
Westminster Presbyterian Church.--This vigorous young organization, which is now engaged in erecting an elegant house of worship at the corner of Forest avenue and the Boulevard, is less than twelve months old at the time of this writing, but unless all signs fail it will soon be one of the strongest churches of the Presbyterian denomination in Atlanta. This prediction is based in part upon the character of the field which the church has under taken to occupy and in part upon the results which have already been accomplished since the date of organization. Being im pressed with the outlook which this wide awake section of the city presented, many resident Presbyterians who found it difficult to attend divine services at the up-town churches conceived the idea of starting an organization in northeast Atlanta. But no active steps were taken in this direction until some fifty-two members of the Fourth Presbyterian Church, becoming dissatisfied with the refusal of the church to move into this new unoccupied territory, asked for letters of dismissal. This contingent swelled the ranks of the new movement, and in due course of time a petition bearing the names of seventy-six signers was presented to the Presbytery of Atlanta asking that the petitioners bo organized into a church to be known as the Westminster Presbyterian Church of

558

Atlanta And Its Builders

Atlanta. This petition was granted, and on June 3Oth, 1901, the new church was organized in the Jackson Hill Baptist Church, which had been kindly offered for the purpose. On account of the failure of some of the petitioners to secure letters in time for enrollment at the start, the new church was organized with only sixty-six members, but they were true and tried workers and they

Westminster Presbyterian Church
applied themselves to the task in hand with heroic zeal, fully con scious of the difficulties involved, but enthused over the possibili ties of the outlook. At the time of organization Messrs. W. M. Kverett, U._K. Adams, and L. L. Knight were elected ruling elders. But subsequent changes were made in the board due to the withdrawal of Mr. W. M. Kverett and the election of Messrs. W. H. George and K. D. Davis. On August i8th the congrega-

Churches

559

tion extended a call to Rev. Charles R. Nisbet, pastor of the Kirkwood Presbyterian Church, and the call being accepted, Mr. Nis bet was duly installed as pastor on September 8th. Shortly after wards Messrs. J. W. Stephens, S. L. Rhorer and Dr. C. J. Vaughan were elected deacons and the board was still further strengthened later on by the addition of Mr. J. M. Johnson. Under the successful pastorate of Mr. Nisbet the membership of the church has more than doubled since the date of organization, the 'present enrollment being 144 members. Work on the new church building at the corner of Forest avenue and the Boulevard is progressing rapidly and the congregation expects to enter the new structure before the year expires. The building com mittee of the church is composed of the following members : E. D. Davis, chairman; J. W. Hoyt, W. H. George, J. W. Stephens, Dr. C. J. Vaughan, R. E. Adams and L. L. Knight.

EPISCOPALIAN
St. Philip's Episcopal Church was started in 1847. The lot upon which the church stood was donated to the church by Sam uel Mitchell, and an addition was soon afterward secured to it by Richard Peters and Samuel Jones, two earnest churchmen who were desirous of establishing in what was then Marthasville, a parish of the Episcopal Church. The location of the church was and is at the northeast corner of Hunter and Washington streets. A small church building was erected at /irst, in which the first re ligious services were conducted by Rev. John Hunt, of Philadel phia. He was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Zummer, and he by the Rev. Richard Johnson, who was pastor at the outbreak of the war, who, during the war, was chaplain of the famous Wade Hampton Legion, and who died in Atlanta. The Rev. Andrew Freeman was the next pastor, and he remained with the church until the occupation of the city by the Federal army, when he re turned to his home in Kentucky. When the city was burned by order of General Sherman this church building was destroyed.
As soon as practicable after the war the church was reorgan ized by the bishop, with C. W. Thomas, rector in charge. Under his administration the church grew so rapidly in numbers that the building first erected for the accommodation of the returning

St. Philip's Episcopal Church Washington and Hunter Sts.
I

Churches

561

members soon became too small, and two H's were added to it, a handsome stained chancel window was put in, and through the efforts of General Meade, then in command of this military dis trict, a fine pipe organ was purchased and placed in the church, General Meade raising $5,000 for the purpose in Philadelphia. Under Rev. C. W. Thomas the membership grew rapidly from about fifty to three hundred and fifty at the time of his retirement, which was caused by failing health. His successor was Rev. Robert Elliott, brother of Bishop Elliott. Under his administra tion two other wings were added to the church, and the member ship rose to about six hundred and fifty. He was assisted by Rev. Alexander Drisdell, afterward bishop of Easton, Md. Dr. Rob ert Elliott was succeeded by Rev. R. C. Foute. During his rec torship a new church building was commenced, and up to this time it has cost about $35,000, and to complete it requires the transept and the tower.
In 1892 Bishop C. K. Nelson, D. D., was called to the bishop ric of the Diocese of Georgia and St. Philip's Church was shortly afterwards made the cathedral. Rev. Albion W. Knight, D. D., is the dean.
St. Luke's Episcopal Church dates its beginning back to the Civil War, when the Confederate forces, under command of General Joseph E. Johnston, were encamped in and around Atlanta. Rev. Dr. Charles Todd Quintard, then a chaplain in "the Army of the Tennessee," afterwards bishop of Tennessee, secured the use of the Methodist church building, which then stood on the corner of Garnett and Forsyth streets, assembled a congregation, held service, and thus instituted a work which has resulted in the es tablishment of this parish. A suitable lot was soon obtained, and with the help of men detailed from the army, a building was speedily erected, wherein services were regularly held. Within the portals of this modest little building, devout worshippers were delighted to turn aside from the bloody strife of war and bow themselves before the Throne of Grace. During the war the church was active in good works, aiding in the establishment of numerous works of charity for the benefit of the soldiers, and for other purposes. After the struggle it was reorganized, Bishop
36-2

562

Atlanta And Its Builders

John W. Beckwith offering $500 out of the funds at his disposal when $500 had been collected to support the minister. On June 18, 1870, a meeting of those favoring the reorganization of the church was held at the Orphan school house at the corner of Forsyth and Walton streets, at which time the 2ist of the month was fixed upon as the time for the reorganization. The following persons were among the members at this time: Joseph H. Smith, Holmes Sells, S. B. Oatman, T. S. Wood, W. W. Grant, W. S. Walker, William Powers, George W. Price, J. M. Johnson, C. L. Green, Richard Clark and E. Withers. Rev. W. S. Hunt was especially requested to be present at the organization, which was effected by the election of Dr. J. M. Johnson, senior warden; Beverly W. Wren, junior warden; Dr. Holmes Sells, William S. Walker, Joseph H. Smith, William Powers, T. S. Wood and James Williams, vestrymen. The church, as thus organized, was named St. Stephen's Church, which continued to be the name until January 8, 1872, on which day the vestry was reorganized by the election of Dr. J. M. Johnson, senior warden; Judge Sam uel Lawrence, junior warden; John H. Glover, secretary and treasurer; General W. S. Walker, Colonel E. N. Broyles, L. P. King, John Henderson and J. H. Glover, vestrymen. The name of the church was at this time changed back to what it was orig inally--St. Luke's, by an unanimous vote. For a time the ser vices were held over the orphans' free school, at the corner of Walton and North Forsyth streets. A festival was commenced at the same place on September 25, 1872, for the purpose of rais ing money to rebuild the church. In November following a new building was commenced on a lot at the corner of Walton and Spring streets. The church was eighty-five feet square and the tower fourteen feet square, and ninety-five feet high. The audi torium would would seat 450 people. B. W. Frobel was the architect of this building. The erection of this building involved the congregation in debt, which it continued to feel as a burden until 1882, when, at the request of the vestry of the church, the bishop made it his cathedral, which being done, the vestry at once determined to change the location of the church and to rebuild in a more eligible location. A lot was thereupon secured at the corner of Houston and North Pryor streets, where a church build-

Churches

563

ing was commenced in 1883. The edifice is 50x100 feet in size, is a brick building with slate roof, and about the time of the com pletion of this building, as originally planned, a lot was purchased in the rear of the church, on Houston street to the eastward, and the building extended in that direction. By the addition of this

extension the building has a seating capacity of 750 persons. The present number of communicants is 867. Rev. C. P. Wilmer, D. D. is the present rector.
At a meeting of the Board of Cathedral Missions held No vember 2d, 1900, it was decided that St. Luke's should assume re

sponsibility for the church of the Good Shepherd, Plum street, the North Atlanta Mission, and the Church of the Epiphany, Edge-

wood.

,

CONGREGATIONAL

Central Congregational Church (formerly The Church of the Redeemer) was organized August 4, 1882. The name assumed at that time was the Piedmont Congregational Church. Rev. J. H. Parker was the pastor, and he remained with the church in that capacity until October 15, 1884. On his retirement the Rev. Zachary Eddy, D. D., of Detroit, Midi., became pastor, and an

entirely new organization was effected. At this time the name Church of the Redeemer was adopted. Up to this time the ser vices were held in Tallulah Hall on Broad street. Within two months after Dr. Eddy's connection with the church the beautiful lot on the corner of Church and Ellis streets was purchased, the funds being raised by subscription. Early in 1885 plans for the building of this chapel were adopted, Kimball, .Wheeler & Co. be ing the architects. The work of collecting funds was pushed forward rapidly, and on May 21, 1885, the corner-stone of the building was laid. The first service in the chapel was held Octo
25,1886. ber 25th following, and the building was formally dedicated April

Rev. Frank Jenkins is the present pastor. Plans have been drawn for another handsome church building which will soon be erected.

Hercan Congregational Church was organized July 24, 1884, by the Rev. H. J. Parker. Following are the names of the orig inal members of this church: Mrs. M. E. Snider, Mrs. Fannie Perkins, Mrs. L. Busendine, O. F. Snider, Rilcy Moat and L.

/ ^

Central Congregational Church

<

Church St.

Churches

565

Busencline. The first trustees of the church were J. F. Robie, W. Watkins and Riley Moat. In July, 1884, a frame church building was erected at a cost of $1,000, to which a large frame addition was made in May, 1887, at a cost of $1,200. The church stands at the corner of Borne and Tennels streets, and was dedi cated on the i6th of November, 1887, by the Rev. S. F. Gale, of Jacksonville, Fla. The pastors of this church, with the dates of the commencements of their pastorates, have been as follows: Rev. H. J. Parker, July 18, 1884; Rev. William Shaw, Novem ber 21, 1884, and Rev. S. C. McDaniel, July i, 1888. The mem bership of the church at the present time is about one hundred and fifty. A Sunday school was organized in September, 1883, which, at the present time, has about two hundred members.
The First Congregational Church (colored).--The First Congregational Church, situated at the corner of Courtland ave nue and Houston street, was organized in 1867. It has one of the most beautiful church sites in the city, and the building, which is of brick, was constructed entirely by colored men. It is a beautiful piece of architecture, from within as well as without.
From the first its pastors have been men of culture and piety. The present pastor, Rev. H. H. Proctpr, has served this church in that capacity since June, 1894. He is a graduate of the Theolog ical Department of Yale University. With his coming the church which had before been assisted by the American Mission ary Association, assumed self support. Though some doubted the wisdom of the step, the experiment has been more than justi fied. Becoming a benefactor where before it was a beneficiary, it has paid all its expenses and is to-day one of the few churches free from debt, and has more than doubled its membership. Hav ing nearly 500 members, it is the largest Congregational church in the South and the largest colored Congregational church in the countrv.
V
Congregationalism has the characteristic of developing a sub stantial and intelligent class of laymen. This is peculiarly true in this instance. The membership of this church includes many of the most substantial and useful of our colored citizens, such as business men, letter carriers, school teachers, clerks, and the like.
The church is well organized. In addition to the Sunday School Endeavor Society, Men's League and Women's Missionary

566

Atlanta And Its Builders

Society, it is divided into circles of help consisting of ten each. It

is the object of the circles to help one another, the church and the

!'

community. Each circle is organized so that each member has

,j (

a special work to do.

The Men's Circles are organized into the Men's League. This

league prints weekly a calendar of the services, announcements

;'

and notices of the church. It also meets once a month to discuss

;

the current questions of the day. The women's circles are to be

similarly organized.

This church also manifests the missionary spirit characteris-

;

tic of its denomination. A flourishing mission is sustained at

,

the corner of Johnson's Row and Cain street. Some of the best

workers of the church meet there Sunday afternoons to help those

t

who have not been reached by the regular churches.

This church also manifests great interest in the life of the

1

city. Meetings of vital interest to all the people are often held

here. During the visit of the Ogden party to the South to inves

tigate Southern educational conditions this church was their head

quarters, and during the Sabbath they were here many distin

guished men spoke there, including Dr. C. H. Parkhurst, Booker

Washington, D. H. Baldwin and others. The occasion was the

;i

sensation of the city, and so great were the crowds that it was evi

dent a larger church building was needed. Booker Washington

subscribed the first hundred dollars, and the erection of a more

commodious structure is confidently looked forward to.

This church stands definitely for an intelligent ministry, a

high standard of living among its members, prompt and orderly

services, practical works of beneficence and a broad and fraternal

spirit toward other churches. A cordial welcome is extended to

all irrespective of creed, condition or color.

HEBREW
The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation was established in 1866. Its meetings were held in different halls until 1875, when the present synagogue was erected at a cost of $20,000. It is a brick structure and stands at the corner of Forsyth and Garnett streets. On Friday evening, November 26, 1869, an interesting ceremony occurred in this congregation. M. Saloshin, of New-

Synagogue
Pry or and Richardson Sts.

568

Atlanta And Its Builders

nan, Ga., on that occasion presented to the congregation a copy of the scroll of the law--the five books of Moses, written in He brew on parchment. Nearly all the Jews of the city were present. A hymn was sung suitable to the occasion, after which the formal presentation of the scroll was made to the trustees. David Mayer then on behalf of the donor made the following remarks: "To the most holy and supreme Grand Architect of the universe let all glory and honor be ascribed. Amen. Mr. President and members of the congregation, ladies and gentlemen, upon me de volves the pleasant duty of presenting to you this valuable gift, this Holy Thara, donated by our worthy brother, M. Saloshin, as a token of devotion to our holy religion, and of his high esteem for this congregation, and he hopes that this holy Scripture would re main with this congregation as long as it exists." I. Steinheimer responded on the part of the congregation to Mr. Mayer, tender ing the thanks of the congregation to the donor for the manu script, and promising to cling to the holy Scripture as to the rock of life. After this the minister, Mr. Burgheim, delivered an ora tion in German.
In January, 1871, the congregation assembled regularly in the second story of a building at the corner of Broad and Alabama streets. Rev. Mr. Burgheim was the minister. The question of erecting a synagogue was decided in favor of the erection of such a building, and it was erected as stated above. About this time the Rev. Mr. Bonheim became the minister and remained until 1873. Rev. H. Gersoni then succeeded and remained until 1876, and was followed by Rev. E. B. M. Brown, who remained until 1881. Rev. Jacob Jacobson then became minister and remained until 1887, when he was succeeded by Rev. M. Reich, who com menced his labors August I, 1888. Rabbi David Marx is the present popular pastor, and a new synagogue has just been com pleted, one of the finest in the South. The building and fur nishings represent an investment of $60,000.
Congregation Aharath Achim.--The orthodox Jew of At lanta is represented by the Congregation Aharath Achim (or brethren in love) and like all institutions it has had its days of prosperity and adversity, but its advance has been linn and sure until now it is at the height of its influence and importance, be-

Churches

569

cause all the members of this Congregation are harmonized and united with the sole object to strive and endeavor to enlighten and culture the old generation, also to implant and inspire in their posterity ideas of progress, enlightenment and intellectual ad vancement.
Congregation Aharath Achim was organized in 1887, fif teen years ago. The founders were Louis Eplan, Joulis Joffee, A. Posner, B. Wolvberg, F. Rabinovitz and Leon Fresh. Mr. L. Eplan was elected first president, and Mr. F. Rabinovitz secretary. Rev. A. Joffee. a man of nobility, was engaged as Chazon, or Can tor and Shocheth for the Congregation. While the expenses were comparatively small, it was yet a struggle to maintain the little congregation. It owed its life, in those precarious years of its infancy, to the zeal of its promoters. Mr. L. Eplan, who was for years the president of the Congregation, devoted much time and attention to the synagogue and interested in it many new resi dents, and in the meantime, through the energy of the officers, a cemetery had been purchased, because the first attempt on the part of the early orthodox Jews to gather for religious worship was about the same time as the acquisition of the cemetery. Services for Rosh-Hashanah, Yom-Kippur and Sabbath were first held in the house of Mr. Snittman on Courtland street. Mr. F. Rabin ovitz and Mr. Nathan Caplan worked hard for the elevation of the Congregation. Mr. Leo Fresh also gave his services and was always active and a vigorous worker, in many ways.
As Atlanta became more populated the membership grew, and then a lot for building a new synagogue was bought on the corner of (liliner and Piedmont avenue. Mr. Joffee was succeeded by Rev. J. J. Simanohoff, and in 1896 he became the Cantor and held that office till August, 1901, when Rev. J. M. Lubel, formerly Chazon of a large congregation in New York, succeeded him. Rev. Lubel is a highly qualified Chazon, has a musical voice, a perfect gentleman and very faithful to his work, and in the short time residing here he gained the love and esteem of all the members of the Congregation.
In 1895 Mr Joel Dorfan became the president of the Con gregation. He infused new life into the Congregation, and through his intelligent abilities, endowed with the spirit of man-

570

Atlanta And Its Builders

hood, willing to exercise the faculties of heart and mind in behalf of his religion and under his energetic leadership. The Congre gation is composed of the prominent Jews of Atlanta. Its mem bership increased to 150 members, and in March, 1891, the new synagogue, which is a splendid structure, and built in a most sub stantial manner, was dedicated. The Atlanta Synagogue is con sidered one of the largest and handsomest orthodox houses of wor ship in the Southern States. The officers of the Congregation at present are as follows: I. -Dorfan, president; I. Hirshberg, vice-president; K. Koplan, treasurer; M. Ney, secretary; N. A. Kaplan, M. Klein, A. Tanenbouin, L. J. Levin, H. Mendel, I. Shein and M. Lichtenstein, trustees; Rev. Dr. B. Mayerovitz, rabbi; Rev. T. M. Lubel, Cantor, and S. Feen shamos, or sexton. In 1901 a Hebrew daily and Sabbath school was organized, where Hebrew and Jewish history is instructed. Rabbi M. Mayorovitz, rabbi of the Congregation, is also the principal of the insti tution, assisted by Mr. A. Jacobs, M. Lichtenstein and Miss Bes sie Ney. The Board of Education consists of 13 prominent men. In this connection the Congregation is much indebted to Mr. J. Dorfan for his faithful work to support this educational institu tion. There is also connected with the Congregation a Montefiore Relief Society and a Ladies' Benevolent Society which has done a great deal of good in Atlanta in succoring their less for tunate brothers and sisters. The officers are Mr. J. Dorfan, president; D. Saul, treasurer; B. Firkse, secretary, and Mrs. Shein president; Mrs. M. M. Cohen, vice-president; Mrs. J. Hirshovitz, treasurer. In November, 1901, Rev. Dr. B. Mayer ovitz of Toledo, Ohio, became the rabbi and spiritual adviser of the Congregation Aharath Achim. Rabbi Mayerovitz is a great Talmudical and Rabbinical scholar, a fluently English, German and Hebrew lecturer. He is the author of the well known book, "The Shield of the Fathers," a philosophical commentary on the Talmud, and a very able pulpit orator. He is the first preacher in this congregation delivering lectures in English.

ROMAN CATHOLIC
The Church of the Immaculate Conception (Roman Cath olic) was established and the first church building erected in 1851.

Churches

57 1

The edifice was a frame one, standing where the present large brick church stands, on the corner of Loyd and Hunter streets. It was dedicated by the Right Rev. Bishop Reynolds, of the dio cese of South Carolina and Georgia. The first pastor was Rev. J. F. O'Niell, who remained with the church until 1860. He was succeeded by the Rev. James Hassan, who remained one year, and was succeeded by the Rev. Thomas O'Reilly, who was pastor until 1872, when he died and was buried under the altar of the church. He laid the foundation of the present church building in 1869, and in February, 1870,, the work of laying the walls was commenced, and the church was opened in 1873 by Bishop Gross. In 1872 the Rev. Mr. Cullinan became pastor of the church, and was succeeded in 1874 by the Rev. M. Reilly, who remained until 1876, and was then succeeded by the Rev. F. Reibman, who remained until 1878. The Rev. James O'Brien, at present the head of the orphan asylum at Washington, Ga., then became pastor, and remained until 1881. Under him the church was completed, altars erected, steps laid and the basement fitted up for use.
Sis. Peter and Paul Catholic Church was started February 28, 1880, by the purchase of property at the corner of Marietta and Alexander streets. When the church was first established there were fifty families connected with it, which number soon grew to one hundred and thirty families) or about six hundred population, comprising almost all nationalities, Attached to the church were parochial schools for both boys and girls, under the charge of Sisters of Mercy, and having an attendance of one hun dred and twenty-five scholars. There was also a Convent of the Sacred Heart, under the care of six Sisters of Mercy from the mother house in Savannah, the whole in charge of Sister Mary Veronica. There were also a Sodality of the Blessed Virgin, a Sodality of the Holy Angels, a Sodality of the Sacred Name, and the Emerald Beneficiary Association, the latter presided over by George E. Doyle. This society was a literary and beneficiary institution, and had for its object the promotion of the intellec tual interests of its members, the diffusion of sound and Cath olic literature throughout the parish, and the relief of the necessi ties of its members in times of distress.

572

Atlanta And Its Builders

The Church of the Sacred Heart was organized about three years ago. .Property was purchased on Ivy street near the junc tion of Peachtree, and the present handsome double-tower brick structure erected thereon. The church was organized to meet the demand of the large number of Catholics living on the North Side. Father J. E. Gunn is the rector in charge, with Father John Guinan vice-rector. In conjunction with the church is the Marist College, which is presided over by the following strong faculty: Father G. Rapier, S. M.; Father L. Fahy, S. M.; Father G. Duclos, S. M.; Father E. Weber, S. M.; W. H. Ryan.

CHRISTIAN
The Church of Christ was organized in 1850 by Dr. Daniel Hook. A few of the original members were: Daniel Hook and wife, E. B. Reynolds and wife (parents of Mrs. Dr. A. G. Thomas), F. P. Perdue and wife, Stephen J. Shackelford and Mrs. Mary Evans. Soon afterward Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Owens joined the church. The first property owned by the or ganization was a lot on what is now known as Capital Place, donated by Samuel Mitchell. This lot was exchanged for one at the corner of Pryor and Mitchell streets, and upon which was built the first church house of this congregation in 1853. This church was used for about a year, when it was exchanged for property on Decatur street, near Ivy street. The building located here was destroyed jjy General Sherman during the war.
Dr. A. G. Thomas succeeded Dr. Hook as pastor of this church in 1854, and remained until March, 1857. Dr. Hook then again took charge and remained until 1859. Dr. Thomas then returned to the church and remained until 1861, when he went to Virginia as chaplain of the Seventh Georgia Regiment. From this time on different pastors served the church through the war, among them Dr. Hook, C. K. Marshall, F. P. Perdue and W. H. Goodloe. In 1869 the present church building was erect ed on Hunter street, and it was dedicated January 16, 1870, by Elder J. S. Lamar, of Augusta. The cost of the building orig inally was about $15,000, and later $6,000 worth of work was done upon the building. Rev. Sherman B. Moore is the present pastor, having recently succeeded Rev. C. P. Williamson, D. D.

The Church of the Sacred Heart Peachtree and Ivy Streets

574

Atlanta And Its Builders

The Central Christian Church was organized in July, 1886, with thirty-eight members. Services were at first held in a hall on North Broad street, between Marietta and Walton streets. Elder J. S. Lamar was the first pastor, remaining there until April, 1887, when Elder W. J. Cicke, from Virginia, became pas tor, and remained until January, 1888, when he retired. S. M. Inman built a house of worship for this congregation on West Peters street, between Whitehall and Forsyth streets. This house was leased from Mr. Inman by the church, and occupied by them with Dr. A. G. Thomas as pastor after Elder Cicke's re tirement until December, 1888, when the two Christian churches were reunited, it being found too great a burden to sustain two separate organizations.
West End Christian.--This wideawake little church is about five years old and is rapidly growing under the earnest pastorate of Rev. J. J. White, who took charge in the spring of this year. Recently an elegant brick structure has been erected and is now occupied by the congregation.

LUTHERAN
The German Lutheran Church was established in 1875, and was located at the junction of Whitehall and Forsyth streets. Fol lowing are the names of the early pastors of the church: Rev. Gustavus Schramm, in 1878; Rev. J. G. Reitz, 1879; Rev. A. F. F. Kerstan, 1882 to 1886; and Rev. J. H. Klerner, 1887. In 1887 tne church was at the corner of Forsyth and Garnett streets, its present location. It is a two-story brick building, the base ment of which is used as a school-room.

UNITARIAN
First Unitarian Church of Atlanta (The Church of Our Father, Unitarian) was organized in the spring of 1883 in an upper nx)in of the old Kimball House by Rev. George Leonard Chancy and ten others. Mr. Chancy had held services during the spring and fall of the preceding year, in the Senate Chamber, the United States Court room, and Concordia Hall, and from the two or three families at first interested in this movement were .added a sufficient number of interested persons to justify the or-

Churches

575

ganization of a local church. Soon after the formation of the church, the property at the corner of North Forsyth and Church streets was purchased and a suitable chapel was erected on the Church street end of the property. The chapel was built and occupied by the church on Christmas of the year of its organiza tion, but the building was not formally dedicated until April 23, 1884. The architect of this building was Mr. G. L. Norrman, and it was pronounced by so competent a judge as Bishop Beckwith "a perfect gem. 1 '
Rev. George Leonard Chancy continued in the office of min ister for eight years, and during the period of his residence in At lanta was directly responsible for the organization of many good works not connected with the church, notably, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology. He resigned to become the superintendent of the American Unitarian Association for the Southern States.
He was succeeded in 1892 by Rev. W. R. Cole, who came directly from the Divinity School of Harvard University. After four years of efficient service Mr. Cole resigned to accept a call from the First Parish of Cohasset, Mass. Rev. W. R. Cole was followed by Rev. W. S. Vail, who came to Atlanta from Wichita, Kansas, but had previously been affiliated with the Universalists in Minneapolis. Dn Vail spent four or five useful years in the community, resigning his charge in November of 1889 to accept a call from the Unitarian Church of Sioux City, Iowa.
The church was without a minister until April, 1900, when Rev. C. A. Langston, the present minister, came from Boston to assume the pastorate of the Atlanta church. Mr. Langston upon graduation from the Divinity School of Harvard University entered city missionary work in Boston, which, after four years of service, he resigned to accept the call from the Atlanta church.
A few months previous to his coming the church accepted an offer, the tender of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Library for the purchase of the property, at the corner of North Forsyth and Church streets. With the proceeds of that sale a suitable lot was purchased at the present site of the chinch (cor ner of Spring and Cain streets), upon which the present church

- 7- ..'*..-. .-, - , . -X/I " .. /' j.-;-'"--*>.
Universalist Church Baker St.

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577

building was erected. The dedication exercises were held on November n, 1900, and were participated in by Rev. Samuel A. Eliot, D. D., president of the American Unitarian Association, Boston, and Rev. Marion F. Ham, Chattanooga, Term. On the following Monday evening Rev. C. A. Langston was installed as the permanent minister.
The new church has every convenience for the work of a modern parish and is held entirely free of debt.
During the sixteen years of Unitarian work in Atlanta many families and individuals have been associated with it, but owing to the transient population the church has never at any time had a large membership. The present membership is about one hun dred. But despite the small membership, which is a serious handicap in city church work, the Church of Our Father has co operated in all the good movements for the betterment of social and educational life. The church library was maintained for several years and the public was allowed to withdraw books free. The Saturday Night club was organized in the church by a mem ber and its meetings were held therein for three or four years.
The Covenant of the church, the acceptance of which is the sole condition of membership, is as follows: We accept the re ligion of Jesus, believing with Him that practical religion is summed up in love to God and love to man, and in the spirit of Jesus we unite for the worship of God and the service of man.
f
UNI VERBALIST
The Universalist Church.--Universalism was preached in Atlanta in the early '8o's by Rev. D. B. Clayton, D. D., Rev. J. C. Burriss, D. D., and others, but no permanent organization was ef fected until the advent of the general missionary of the denomina tion, Rev. Q. H. Shinn, D. D., early in the year 1895. He preached in the basement of the Court House and, after a series of meetings, secured the names of 23 persons who were interested in Universalism. From this nucleus the church was organized, and in October of the same year Dr. W. H. McGlauflin, of the State of Maine, who had been engaged for some years in the Uni versalist Church extension work in the South, began supplying for the newly formed congregation two Sundays out of each

Atlanta And Its Builders
month. This continued until the first Sunday in May, 1896, when he permanently settled in Atlanta and still remains in charge of the work. His services were first held in the Knights of Pythias Hall at the corner of Alabama and Forsyth streets, then the Phillips & Crew Music Hall on Peachtree street was used for a year, then the church arranged with the Good Templars for the finishing off of a room in the block at 72^ North Broad street, and this hall was occupied more than three years. During this time funds were raised for the purchase of a suitable lot of ground on Harris street a little East of Peachtree street, whereon a beautiful edifice has been erected, the total'cost of the property being nearly $13,000. The auxiliary bodies essential to the effi ciency of the modern church, such as a Woman's Mission Circle, Sunday School, Young Peoples' Union and various committees on benevolent and philanthropic affairs are a part of the regular machinery by which the church does its work in the community.
In government the church is congregational. Its articles of faith, conditions of fellowship and covenant are as follows:
Articles of Faith
I. We believe that the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments contain a revelation of the character of God and of the duty, interest and final destination of mankind.
II. We believe there is one God whose nature is Love, re vealed in one Lord Jesus Christ by one Holy Spirit of Grace who will finally restore the whole family of mankind to holiness and happiness.
III. We believe that holiness and true happiness are in separably connected and that believers ought to be careful to main tain order and to practice good works for these things are good and profitable unto man.
Conditions of Fellowship
The acceptance of: 1. The Universal Fatherhood of God. 2. The spiritual authority and leadership of his Son Jesus Christ.
3. The trustworthiness of the Bible as containing a revela tion from God.

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579

4. The certainty of just retribution from sin. 5. The final harmony of all souls with God.
The Covenant
"Cherishing these truths we covenant and promise that we will, by study of God's Word, written in nature, in human na ture, and in the sacred scriptures, by the habits of prayerfulness and regularity' in attending public worship, and by other available helps to Christian culture, earnestly endeavor to grow in grace and in the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, walk ing with the church in love and helpfulness."
During Dr. McGlauflin's pastorate more than 150 members have united with the church and the present official board con sists of Mr. R. M. Crone, president; Mr. J. C Bond, secretary; Mr. F. M. Marsh, treasurer; C. W. Hubner, W. C. Gill, James Harvey and Harry Blake. The deacons are: Mr. J. T. Miller, Mr. H. C. Morley, Mr. William Powell and Mr. Alexander Beck.
CHURCH OF THE NEW JERUSALEM
The Church of the New Jerusalem.--The history of the New Church in Atlanta begins with the coming of the late John M. Burkert and family from Savannah in the year 1888. Mr. Burkert established and conducted for many years a library of New Church books, as well the collateral, works of the church as the theological writings of Swedenborg.
About the beginning of the current year (1902), the Rev. R. H. Keep, a clergyman of the General Church of the New Jerusalem, removed from Philadelphia to this city, and inaugu rated regular Sunday and mid-week meetings for instruction and worship.
As the New Church is theologically and radically distinct from all other churches or denominations on the earth, it may be of interest to know the fundamental and distinguishing tenets of its faith. The following summary, while on account of its brev ity, needs to be elucidated, still is all that can be inserted in the space at command:
First--That the Lord has made His second coming by re vealing the internal sense of the Word.

5 8o

Atlanta And Its Builders

Second--That the Theological Writings given through Emanuel Swedenborg are that revelation.
Third--That this revelation teaches the sole divinity of the Lord Jesus Christ, thus that He alone is God, that the Father is in Him as the soul is in the body of man and that the Holy Spirit proceeds from Him as operation proceeds from man. That the word or Sacred Scriptures are Divine and Holy in every particu lar. That man must live in obedience thereto.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

The Young Men's Christian Association was organized be

fore the war, in 1857 or 1858. Its first president was B. H.

Overby, and its first secretary and treasurer N. J. Hammond.

Afterward N. J. Hammond was president, A. S. Tally secretary,

and Moses Cole treasurer. The association had rooms in a build

ing on Whitehall street just below Alabama street, and when at

the height of its prosperity had about two hundred members.

Toward the beginning of the war, however, the attendance was

so irregular that the association was disbanded, most of the young

men going to the war. A. S. Tally took charge of the books,

which were, however, burned in his room in Beech & Root's

building when the city was destroyed.

In 1873 the present organization was effected by A. C. Bris-

coe, Charles Eckford, Walter R. Brown, Joseph M. Brown, C. B.

Gaskill and others, to the number of about twenty. Walter R.

Brown was elected president. Rooms were secured over Cham

berlain & Johnson's store, and the Atlanta Association put them

selves in connection with the National Young Men's Christian

Association. The usual committees were appointed, and the

regular Young Men's Christian Association work performed

through a number of years with unusual success. At length

rooms were taken at the corner of North Forsyth and Walton

streets, where it continued its work, sometimes enjoying pros

perity, sometimes the reverse. In 1882 J. W. Harle was elected

president, and has served in that capacity until the present time.

In 1885 the International Convention met in Atlanta, and through

it great interest was awakened in the work of the Young Men's

Christian Association.

Tmmcdiatelv *

after

its

adjournment J

it

Young Men's Christian Association

Atlanta And Its Builders
was determined to erect a building for the use of the association, and the citizens at once subscribed $75,000 for that purpose. Since then a fine, large four-story brick building has been erected at the corner of North Pryor and Wheat streets, which cost about $100,000. This building was erected by an incorporated body known as "The Trustees of the Young Men's Christian Associa tion." It was incorporated July 29, 1885. The names of the incorporators were as follows: E. P. Howell, H. W. Grady, J. W. Harle, W. Woods White, S. M. Inman, H. A. Fuller, C. A. Collier, William T. Newman, Frank P. Rice, A. D. Adair, J. W. Rankin, Henry Hillyer, M. C. Kiser, W. L. Peale, Allison L. Green, W. A. Haygood, J. W. English, B. H. Hill, Paul Romare and E. P. Chamberlin.
The Railroad Branch of the Young Men's Christian Associa tion is an important branch of the religious working forces of At lanta. It was organized in 1885, and for some time had its head quarters at 19*^2 South Forsyth street, and later moved to 6oJ^ South Broad street. At present the headquarters of the railroad branch are on East Alabama street.
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE
Christian Science Church.--Atlanta is the seat of one of the few Christian Science churches in the South, and that sect is quite strong in the city, the congregation of the First Church of Christ, Scientist, numbering over two hundred. Christian Science was introduced to Atlanta by Miss Julia S. Bartlett, while on a visit to this city. The following outline of the facts connected with the growth of the sect is quoted from a brochure issued by the local Christian Scientists, giving a history of the building and dedication of their beautiful church structure located at No. 17 West Baker street:
"At that time (of Miss Bartlett's visit) Mrs. Minis was healed of an invalidism of fifteen years' standing, and thoroughly imbued with the glory of the truth which had wrought so wonder ful a cure, the deeper spiritual significance of which she instantly perceived and accepted, she gathered about her one or two thoughtful women, to pursue further the study of its teachings. * * * The little circle increased until, from meeting in the

Christian Science Church

Atlanta And Its Builders
spacious library of Mrs. Mims's home, they began to assemble at the residences of the different students. So steady was the growth that in a few months it was considered advisable to rent a room in a down-town building and hold regular Sunday services. A tiny room in a building on Peachtree street was secured, but this was soon outgrown, and a larger one on Broad street, which was occupied during the week by a secret lodge, was taken. It was during the occupancy of this hall that the charter was secured, the charter members numbering thirty-two. This room was also soon found inadequate, and a move was made to a room across the hall in the same building, where services were held until Janu ary, 1896, when Divine Love led to the rental of a beautiful sunny hall in the Grand Opera House Building, then just completed, this hall having a seating capacity of some 250.
"A church edifice had from the first been held lovingly in thought, but the first step that was taken to this end was on April 4th, 1896, when, at a meeting of the trustees of the church, it was resolved that a building fund be started. * * * On April 2, 1897, a meeting was held for the purpose of making the first move toward procuring a church lot. * * The architectural design of Mr. G. L. Norrman was accepted, and the contract for the building was let to Broxton & George, an able firm of contractors. Ground was broken for the foundation of the church on October 12th, 1898, and despite the interferences of error, proceeded smoothly. On January 3Oth the building was ready for the corner-stone, and on Sunday, the day previous, after the evening service, an informal but impressive little ceremony was held over the sealing of the box to be placed in the stone, which was laid the following day, in the presence of only one or two of the trus tees. * * Lovingly watched and protected, the little church rose to completion, and on Wednesday night, March I5th, our last testimonial meeting was held in the rooms at the Grand. * * The following Sunday found us in the basement of the new church, where services were held for two Sundays prior to our occupancy of the auditorium on Easter Sunday. The large reading room was packed, and the voices of the readers rang exultantly. * * * After the service, a short business meet ing was held, and though, to sense, heavy drains had been made

Hebrew Orphans' Home

586

Atlanta And Its Builders

upon each purse, the remaining $400 necessary to fully complete the building was speedily raised. The request for subscriptions to the amount of $3,500 to release the mortgage at maturity was as quickly responded to, leaving the church absolutely and fully free from debt."
At the dedicatory services a message was read to the congre gation from Rev. Mary Baker' Eddy, the discoverer and founder of Christian Science.
The Christian Science Church is a beautiful white structure in the classic architecture of a Grecian temple, surmounted by a graceful dome. The interior is most attractively, though quietly, finished, the walls being tinted sea-green and cream.
The foregoing short historical sketches of Atlanta churches would have been more complete and brought down to date in more instances had more of the pastors responded to the editor's request for information concerning their respective churches. About one in five responded.
Within the past decade a number of churches have been built, some of them handsome structures. The North Avenue Presbyterian Church, an offshoot of the First Presbyterian Church, is a splendid stone structure, with a large and wealthy congregation, under the pastoral charge of Rev. Richard Orme Flynn. The Westminster Presbyterian Church, on the corner of Forest avenue and the Boulevard, is another of the recent new houses of worship.
Mention should be made, in this connection, of the new Jew ish synagogue now in course of erection, which will be one of the finest in the South. It will probably be ready for occupancy about the first of September, and when completed and furnished will represent an investment of $60,000. There are probably 2,500 Jewish souls in the city of Atlanta. Their various char itable societies are in good condition and doing much commend able work. The Hebrew Orphans' Home, on Washington street, takes care of the needy orphans of Jewish birth, and is one of At lanta's greatest charities, occupying a handsome building of its own.

CHAPTER XXV
THE GRADY HOSPITAL
Atlanta is well supplied with hospitals, infirmaries and sani tariums. The Grady Hospital, established in 1891-2, and main tained by the city of Atlanta, the St. Joseph's Infirmary and the Sanatoriums of Doctors Elkin and Cooper and Dr. J. B. Holmes afford every facility for taking care of the sick. It is doubtful whether any city south of Baltimore, or any institution nearer than the Johns Hopkins Hospital has facilities comparable with those of the above institutions.
The Grady Hospital was erected as a monument to the mem ory of Henry W. Grady, and the money for the purpose was raised by popular subscription. When the building and equpiment were completed in 1892, they were turned over to the city of Atlanta upon condition that the hospital should be maintained by the municipal government.
The hospital was built on the pavilion plan and has one hun dred beds for charity patients and ten rooms for private or pay patients. These beds are distributed as follows: White male ward, 22; white female ward, 22; children's ward, 20; colored male ward, 16; colored female ward, 16, and isolation ward, 4.
The management is controlled by a board of trustees consist ing of ten citizens chosen by tfie city council, and the medical and surgical affairs are directed by a board of thirteen prominent physicians, under whom is the superintendent. The House Staff consists of four physicians, whose term of service is two years. They are appointed upon competitive examination. In addition there is one pharmacist. The attendants include a head nurse and matron, four graduate nurses and sixteen undergraduate nurses. The ambulance service extends to every part of the city.
The following facts of a statistical nature will be interesting in connection with a description of Grady Hospital (year 1900) :
587

The Grady Hospital Butler St.

The Grady Hospital

PAY PATIENTS
White, males...................................... 106 White, females..................................... 103 Colored, males..................................... 14 Colored, females.................................... 8 Children, males.................................... 3 Children, females................................... o

Total pay patients.............................. 234
CHARITY PATIENTS
White, males. ...................'.................. 488 White, females................................... 445 Colored, males..................................... 527 Colored, females.................................... 475 Children, males.................................... 123 Children, females................................... 78

Total charity patients. ..........................2,136

Total pay and charity patients.............. Daily average during the year, 79. Ambulance runs made during the year, 2,140.

2,370

EXPENSES
For employes. ............................... .$10,681 36 For subsistence. .............!................. 9,607 06 For medicine and surgical supplies. ............... 3,843 38 For miscellaneous supplies. ..................... 6,856 78 For fuel (coal, wood and coke) .................. 1,976 82

Total ................................... $32,965 40 Amount paid into City Treasury from pay patients. . . 4,589 52

Total cost to the City. ..................... .$28,375 88 Daily cost per patient, $1.13.
A training school for nurses is operated in connection with the hospital. From the second annual report of the lady super intendent the following facts concerning the school are taken:

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Atlanta And Its Builders

"The first class since the organization of the Training School graduated in May. Six nurses received diplomas and pins.
The present staff and nurses consists of: Graduates ........................................... 4 Pupils .............................................. 19

Total ........................................... 23 The number of applications during the year was 175. Received on probation, 12. Retained as pupil nurses, 6. We are still looking forward with much interest towards a new home for the nurses. Through the courtesy of the Visiting Staff the nurses receive an obstetrical training outside of the Hospital. A new feature is a diet kitchen which has just been completed. A nurse has been placed in charge who prepares all special diet. The object of the kitchen is, that foods not on the regular diet list may be prepared for the patients requiring special nourishment, and also to give the nurses a course of instruction in invalid cook ing. The regular course of sixty lectures has been given by the doctors, and class held twice a week by the Superintendent of Nurses.''
NATIONALITY, CONJUGAL CONDITION, SEX AND AGE OF PATIENTS
Nationality of Patients--American, 737; Arab, i; Canadian, 2 ; Chinese, i; Danish, i; English, 4; German, 26; Greek, 9; Irish, 8; Italian, i; negro, 658; Pole, 3 ; Russian, 21; Scotch, 2; Swede, 4; Swiss, i; Syrian, 2; Welsh, i; total, 1,482.
Conjugal Condition of Patients--Married, 499; single, 797; Widowed, 186; total, 1,482.
Sexes of Patients--Male, 812; female, 670; total, 1,482. Ages of Patients--Infants under i year, 26; i to 10 years, 90; 10 to 20 years, 275; 20 to 30 years, 520; 30 to 40 years, 294; 40 to 50 years, 140; 50 to 60 years, 92; 60 to 70 years, 34; 70 tot 80 years, 10; 80 to 90 years, i; total, 1,482; average age of patients, 27.1 years; youngest patient, 4 hours; oldest patient, 83 years.

\

The Grady Hospital

591

Occupation of Patients--Actors, i; actresses, i; agents, 4; architects, i; auctioneers, i; baby boys, 29; baby girls, 20; baggagemaster, i; bakers, 6; barbers, 4; bartenders, 8; blacksmiths, 5 ; boilermakers, 2; bookkeepers, 11; bootblacks, 3; brakeman, i; brokers, 3; butchers, 8; butlers, 9; cabman, i; cabinetmakers, 7; candymakers, 5 ; carpenters, 16; chambermaids, 44; clergymen, 5 ; -clerks, 18; clowns (circus), 2; coachmen, 6; collectors, 3 ; conduc tors, 6; cooks, 108; jeweler, i; jockeys, 2; journalist, i; junk dealer, i; laborers, 218; laundresses, 64; lawyers, 2; legislator, i; linotypers, 2; machinists, 9; manufacturers, 2; masons, 3; magi cians, 2; mechanics, 8; merchants, 7; messengers, 6; millers, 2; milliners, 4; millwright, i; miners, 3; motormen, 2; moulders, 3; musicians, 3; news agents, 5; newsboy, i; no occupation, 3; nurses, 14; nursemaids, 15; office boy, I; orderly, i; painters, 12; peddlers, 11; physicians, 5; plasterer, i; plumbers, 3; porters, i z; dairymen, 2; detective, T ; dressmakers, 18; drivers, 14; draymen, 9; druggists, 2 ; electricians, 7; elevator boys, 3 ; engineers, 6; evangelists, 2; factory hands, 30; farmers, 34; firemen, 13; flag men, 2; foremen, 4; fruit venders, 7; gardeners, 3; glazier, i; grocers, 2; harnessmaker, i; hostlers, 7; hotelkeepers, 2; house keepers, 18; housewives, 108; houseworkers, 69; inspector, i; in surance agents, 7; janitors, 6; printers, 3 ; prostitutes, 24; re porter, i; sailors, 2 ; salesladies, 5 ; salesmen, 14; lawyer, i; school boys, 85; schoolgirls, 45; seamstresses, 33; servant, i; shoe makers, 3; soldier, i; solicitors, 2; steelsmith, i; stenographers, 3; stonecutters, 6; students, 8; switchmen, 4; tailors, 13; teachers, 7; teamsters, 2; telegrapher, i; telephone girl, i; tin smiths, 4; traders, 2 ; tramps, 2; trunkmakers, 2 ; upholsterers, 4; waiters, 7; washerwomen, 36; watchman, i; weavers, 10; well-
rs, 3; total, 1,482.

CHAPTER XXVI
SECRET ORDERS, SOCIETIES, MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS, ETC.
The several labor and secret fraternal organizations of At lanta have made great progress in the past ten years. All have greatly increased their membership and improved their financial condition.
Atlanta is now classed as the best organized labor city in the South and several thousand workingmen are represented in the different lodges and divisions of the class organizations.
The secret and fraternal societies, such as the Masons, Knights of Pythias and Odd Fellows, Red Men and others, have grown rapidly in ten years.
To illustrate it may be stated that in 1890 there were three lodges of the Knights of -Pythias in Atlanta with a membership of 438.
In 1900 there were seven lodges, with a membership of 804. The increase in membership nearly doubled in the ten years and the increase in the number of lodges more than doubled. The Independent order of Odd Fellows' lodges in Atlanta in 1890 had 1,054 members. In 1900 there were 1,241 members and at the present time there are about 1,500 members. The Red Men, Masons, and other benevolent and fraternal orders report proportionate growth and increase, and the two illus trations are fair indications of the prosperity of all the lodges. The Red Men's lodges of Atlanta have gained 2,000 members in the last ten years. In 1890 the lodges had 500 members and last year they had 2,500. The progress and growth of the labor organizations has been very marked. In 1890 there were only eleven labor organizations or lodges in Atlanta, with a membership of about 600. Now there are forty-four, with a membership of about 4,000.

Societies, Military Organizations, Etc.

593

In the ten years the Atlanta Federation of Trades has been organized and it represents a large number of trades unions and protective organizations.
The railroad labor orders have prospered here. They are the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, the Order of Railway Conductors, the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen and the Order of Railroad Telegraphers. The trackmen and switchmen and section men also have unions. The labor organizations are secret in character and do not give out membership, but it is known that all of the or ders have grown rapidly and have increased their power.
In the Atlanta Federation of Trades the labor men engaged in the following trades are represented: Stonecutters, printing tradesmen, typographical men, boilermakers and iron ship builders, brewers, carpenters and joiners, cigarmakers, draymen, garment workers, granite cutters, iron moulders, printing press men, plumbers, stage employees, stereotypers, tailors, trunk and bag workers, mail carriers, street railway employees, and others.
Prior to and during the war between the States it was a diffi cult matter to obtain much information relative to the social, liter ary and benevolent associations which existed in Atlanta. The exciting events from 1861 to 1865 destroyed all inclination to even maintain the societies which then had an existence, and in the general demoralization of social and business affairs attendant upon war they were almost completely lost sight of. But from the close of the war to the present so numerous has been the or ganization of societies that it might be appropriately termed an era of associations. Outside of purely educational and religious institutions and the more utilitarian partnerships, combinations and corporations for business ends, great activity has manifested itself in the establishment of societies and organizations for liter ary, social and benevolent purposes.
Masonic Order.--Some branch of this great order has sprung up wherever civilization has obtained a permanent foothold, and as soon as Atlanta, or Marthasville as it was then called, contained a few hundred inhabitants, efforts were put forth to establish a lodge of Freemasonry. This was accomplished on October 26, 1847, when Atlanta Lodge No. 59 was chartered. It was in-

594

Atlanta And Its Builders

corporated January 22, 1852, the worshipful master, senior warden and junior warden in office being made a body politic and corporate.
Masonic interest seems to have become thoroughly awakened at even this early date in Atlanta, and one month after the charter was' granted to the Atlanta Lodge, Mount Zion Royal Chapter No. 16 as chartered. These two branches have continued to exist ever since, but for several years after they were established there was very little activity among the craft. In 1855, however, Jason Burr Council was organized; Fulton Lodge No. 216 in October, 1857, and in May, 1859, the Cceur cle Lion Commandery was chartered. All of these branches of the order since their establishment have had an uninterrupted existence.
The fraternity had grown to such proportions in Atlanta the latter part of the fifties that a Masonic Hall building grew to be a necessity. To supply this want the Masonic Hall Company was incorporated December 19, 1859, with David Mayer, president; Luther J. Glenn, J. A. Hayden, B. M. Smith, W. T. C. Campbell, directors. S. B. Hoyt was secretary of the company. Previous to the organization of this company, however, considerable prog ress had been made toward the erection of the building. A site on Decatur street had been secured. Work had already been commenced. The corner-stone of this building was laid August n, 1859, the ceremonies being conducted by II. W. Williams, grand master, assisted by David E. Butler, deputy grand master, Samuel Lawrence, deputy grand master, and John Harris, deputy grand master, Joseph E. Wells, Simri Rose and officers of the grand lodge.
The Masonic Hall was dedicated June 19, 1860, the commit tee taking part in the ceremonies was composed of John W. Leon ard, Thomas L. Cooper, Lewis Lavvshe, C. R. Hanleiter, William Mackie, S. S. Wing, W. P. Harden, L. J. Glenn, J. I. Whittaker, David Mayer, William Barnes, M. L. Lichenstadt, T. M. Davis and John Boring. An oration was delivered by A. M. Wood.
On the destruction of the city by the Federal army in 1864, Masonic Hall was preserved from the flames by Masonic brethren of the Union army, but on the first day of May, 1866, it was de stroyed by accidental fire. The site of the present Masonic Hall,

Societies, Military Organizations, Etc.

595

corner of Broad and Marietta streets, was then purchased. The erection of the building was immediately begun from designs pre pared by Fay & Corput of Atlanta. The corner-stone was laid on September 25, 1870, by John Harris, grand master of Georgia, but the building was not completed until February 22, 1871, when the dedication services were held, the address upon this occasion being delivered by Samuel Lawrence, M. W. G. M.
Georgia Lodge No. 98 as chartered in 1869, an(l st^l main tains an active existence.
The system of Freemasonry known as the Ancient and Ac cepted Scottish Rite, which is by far the most widely disseminated over the globe of all systems or rites of Freemasonry, received no notice from the fraternity here until within a comparatively recent date. Hermes Lodge of Perfection No. 4, however, is now strongly established.
The Masons of Atlanta have made great progress in the last two decades and their lodges are now more numerous than those of any other secret society in the city. The following list will be found to be complete:
All the Masonic bodies of Atlanta hold their meetings in the Masonic Temple, corner of Mitchdl and Forsyth streets, except the W. D. Luckie Lodge, which meets at their own hall in West Knd. The office of District Deputy was abolished by the Grand Lodge of Georgia at its last session in October, 1901, and five lec turers from each Masonic district are now named by the grand master. James L. May son of Atlanta is the appointee for this city.
The Masonic Board of Relief, as at present constituted, con sists of the following members: From Gate City Lodge No. 2 for 1902, John D. Simmons, V. M.; Atlanta Lodge No. 59, L. D. Carpenter, P. M.; W. D. Luckie Lodge No. 89, J. D. Frazier, P. M; Georgia Lodge No. 96, Amos Fox; Fulton Lodge No. 216, Ernest F. Clarke; Mt. Zion R. A. Chapter No. 16, James L. Mayson; Jason Burr Council No. 13, A. P. Wood, P. M.; Gimr DC Leon Commandery, K. T., No. 4, Jas. L. Mayson, P. E. C.; At lanta Commandery, K. T., No. 9, M. B. Torbcrt. Officers of the Masonic Board of Relief: L. D. Carpenter, president; Amos Fox, vice-president; E. V. Clarke, treasurer.

596

Atlanta And Its Builders

The officers of the Masonic Temple Company -. are Hoke Smith, president, and John R. Wilkinson, secretary.
Atlanta Lodge No. 59--Meets second and fourth Thursdays each month. W. O. Stamps, W. M., and Z. B. Moon, secretary.
Fulton Lodge, No. 216--Meets first and third Thursdays each month. R M. Hubbard, W. M., and W. M. Mayo, secre tary.
Georgia Lodge, No. 96--Meets first and third Tuesdays each month. S. R. Johnston, W. M., and M. Z. Crist, secretary.
Gate City Lodge, No. 2--Meets second and fourth Tuesdays each month. S. E. Smith, W. M.
W. D. Luckie Lodge No. 89--Meets first and third Fridays each month. C. R. Normandy, W. M., and C. M. Goodman, secretary.
Piedmont Lodge, U. D.--Meets second and fourth Fridays each month. H. M. Wood, W. M., and Fred Painter, secretary.
Mt. Zion, R. A. Chapter, No. 16--Meets second and fourth Mondays each month. W. M. Slaton, H. P.
Jason Burr Council--Meets second Wednesday each month. O. H. Hall, T. I. M., and J. H. Le Seuer, recorder.
Coeur de Lion Commandery, K. T. No. 4--Meets first Mon day. A. H. Van Dyke, E. C., and W. O. Stamps, recorder.
Atlanta Commandery No. 9, K. T.--Meets second Monday. W. M. Slaton, E. C.

A. & A. SCOTTISH RITE
Hermes Lodge of Perfection No. 4--Meets fourth Wednes day. E. S. McCandless, V. M., and S. P. Burkert, secretary.
White Eagle Chapter Rose Croix--Meets third Wednesday. E. S. McCandless, W. M., and John R. Wilkinson, secretary.
Only two 33rds in Atlanta, H. C. Stockdell and John R. Wilkinson.
YAARAB TEMPLE
Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine-- Conferred only on worthy Knights Templars or 32d degree A. and A. Scottish Rite. Forrcst Adair, potentate. E. S. McCandless, recorder.

Societies, Military Organizations, Etc.

597

I. O. G. T.----GRAND LODGE
Office Atlanta, Ga. John M. Miller, G. C T.; R. W. Thrower, grand sec.; J. J. Keith, supt, Atlanta, Ga.
Fulton Lodge No. 140--Good Templar's Hall, 72^ North Broad street, every Monday night. Trustees to whom all com munications should he addressed: J. W. Greger, chairman; J. G. Thrower, G. T. Meets every Monday at 7130 p. m.
Juvenile Templars--Meets 2130 p. m. Sundays at 72*^ North Broad. J. S. Thrower, superintendent.
Annie Thrower Temple--Meets 2 130 p. m. Sundays at 72^/2 North Broad. Mrs. Yarbrough, superintendent.
Firemen's Benevolent Association--W. R. Joyner, president; Jacob Emmel, secretary and treasurer, 44 West Alabama.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
This was one of the earliest secret societies organized in At lanta. Central Lodge No. 28, I. O. O. F., was organized Octo ber 7, 1848, and is still in active existence. Empire Encampment was organized in 1860, but was disbanded during the war. A lodge bearing that name is now in existence. Capital Lodge was chartered in 1870 and is one of the strongest lodges in the South. The lodges of this well known order in Atlanta are as follows:
Grand Lodge--Annual session 10,01, Waycross, Ga., May 23; T. S. Mell. Athens, Ga., G. M.; J. L. Bass, Rome, Ga., D. G. M.; H. McAlphin, Savannah, Ga., G. W.; T. A. Cheatham, Macon, Ga., G. T.; J. S. Tyson, Savannah, Ga., Grand Sec.
Atlanta Lodge No. 14--Meets every Monday night corner Marietta and Boss avenue, B. D. Haygood, N. G.; 1). H. Ham, financial and recording secretary.
Capital Lodge No. 60--Meets every Tuesday night Odd Fel low's Hall, J. T. Blackstock, N. G.; J. W. Rice, rec. sec.
Central Lodge No. 28--Meets every Monday night Odd Fellow's Hall. R. S. Robertson, N. G.; G. W. Hall, recording secretary; Amos Baker, financial secretary.
Schiller Lodge No. 71--Meets every Wednesday night at Odd Fellow's Hall; L. B. Clark, N. G.; Alex Dittler, secretary.
Empire Encampment No. 12--Meets first and third Thurs-

m? !

598

Atlanta And Its Builders

day nights Odd Fellow's Hall; V. T. Barnwell, C. P.; G. W. Hall,
scribe. Barnes Lodge No. 55--Meets every Friday night Odd Fel-
low's Hall; E. G. Kruger, N. G.; T. J. Buchanan, Sec. and Syn dic.
Fulton Lodge No. 32--Meets at 292^/2 Decatur every Friday night at 7 130; C. J. Bowen, N. G.; Charles E. Pearce, secretary; C. C. Houston, trustee.
Canton Atlanta No. 2, Patriarchs Militant--Meets second and fourth Thursday nights Odd Fellows' Hall; J. A. Cooksey, captain; T. J. Martin, lieutenant; M. B. Gross, secretary.
Clara Rebekah No. 22--Meets every Friday night corner Boss avenue and Marietta. Mrs. Serena Hunter, N. G.; R. D. Haygood, secretary.
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS
The K.'s of P. are strong in Atlanta and their lodges in a flourishing condition. The order was only founded in 1864, but within a few years from that elate it had obtained a strong foot hold in the South, and was represented in Atlanta by a strong4 lodge. Atlanta Lodge No. 20 was the first to organize; Capital City Lodge No. 33, the next, and Red Cross Lodge No. 34, next. After the creation of the Uniform Rank in 1878, two divisions of that branch of the order were speedily organized in Atlanta-- the Calantha Division No. 2, and Capital City Division No. 5. The K. of P. lodges of the city are at present as follows:
Grand Lodge Officers--M. E. Smith, grand chancellor, Macon, Ga.; F. B. Cooper, grand vice-chancellor, Americus, Ga.; W. T. Leopold, grand K. of R. and S., Savannah, Ga.
Atlanta Lodge No. 20--Meets every Monday night at 24^2 Whitehall street; T. H. Hancock, C. C.; F. W. Burris, K. of R. and S.
Capital City Lodge No. 33--Meets second and fourth nights in K. of P. Hall, Kiser building; T. F. Day, C. C.; H. Cronheim, K. of R. and S.
Empire Lodge No. 47--Meets first and third Thursday nights of each month in K. of P. Hall, Kiser building. T. P. Hanburv, K. of R. and S.

Societies, Military Organizations, Etc.

599

Adolph Branch Lodge No. 53--Mee.ts first and third Monday nights in K. of P. Hall, Kiser building; Alexander Dittler, K. of R. and S.
Gate City Lodge No. 74--Meets every Friday night in Kiser building. C. R. Normandy, K. of R. and S.
Delphi Lodge No. 68--Meets every Tuesday at 435/^2 Mari etta street; G. C. Neely, C. C.; W. T. Henry, K. of R. and S.
St. Elmo Lodge No. 40--T. W. Crews, C. C T. H. Nickerson, K. of R. and S. .

ROYAL ARCANUM
Atlanta Council No. 160--Meets in K. of P. Hall, Kiser building, second and fourth Thursdays of each month at 7 130 p. m.; J. S. Panchen, regent; August Denck, secretary; Amos Fox, treasurer; A. Rosenfield, collector, Equitable building.
Youah Council No. 1581--Meets K. of P. Hall, Kiser build ing, second and fourth Thursday nights of each month; J. G. Alexander, secretary.

IMPROVED ORDER RED MEN
Great Council of Georgia
W. H. Beck, Griffin, Ga., great sachem; J. T. Abney, office Columbus, Ga., great chief of records; G. E. Johnson of Atlanta, great keeper of wampum.
Cherokee Tribe No. i--Meets every Tuesday night corner Whitehall and Alabama. J. Kellam, C. of R.
Mohawk Tribe No. 5--Meets every Friday night corner Forsyth and Alabama. G. F. Barrett, C. of R.
Comanche Tribe No. 6--Meets corner of Alabama and Broad every Thursday night. C. C. Gillett, C. of R.
Powhattan Tribe No. 8--Meets 702 T/2 Marietta every Tues day night. D. H. Ham, C. of R.. Exposition Mills.
Appalachee Tribe No. 31--Meets corner Alexander and Marietta every Thursday night. W. F. Griffin, C. of R.
Degree of Pocahontas Wanneta Council No. i--Meets cor ner Alabama and Broad every Monday night. J. R. McMichael, C. of R.

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600

Atlanta And Its Builders

GEORGIA FRATERNAL CONGRESS
Auxiliary to the National Fraternal Congress, organized December 13, 1900. H. H. Cabaniss, president; Steve R. Johnston, vice-president; Newman Laser, secretary and treasurer; office 816 Austell building. The following organizations are members of this congress: Royal Arcanum, Fraternal Union of America, Fraternal Mystic Circle, National Union, Woodmen of the World, Knights of the Maccabees, Fraternities Accident Order, American Guild, Knights of Honor, Ancient Order of United Workmen.

ATLANTA EQUAL SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION
Meets second and last Wednesdays at Unitarian Church at 3 p. m. Mrs. M. L. McLendon, president.
MAIL CARRIERS' ASSOCIATION Meets in P. O. building second Sunday in each month at 10:30 a. m. G. C. Nealy, president; J. B. Leamon, corresponding secretary.
AMERICAN LEGION OF HONOR
Kennesaw Council No. 215--Meets 20}/2 East Alabama street, second and fourth Tuesday of each month.
NATIONAL UNION
Piedmont Council No. 283--Meets in K. of P. Hall, Kiser building, on first and third Tuesdays of each month at 7 p. m. W. H. Kean, president; G. S. Prior, secretary; R. A. Monteith, treasurer.
FRATERNAL MYSTIC CIRCLE
Meets second and fourth Thursday night at 2O/l 2 East Ala bama street. W. H. Morehead, worthy ruler; J. F. Robie, secre tary and treasurer.
B. P. O. ELKS
Atlanta Lodge No. 78--Meets every Thursday at 28^/2 Peachtree street. E. J. Walker, E. R.; J. V. Robie, secretary and treasurer; E. C. Suthman, E. L. K.; B. B. Smith, L. K.; Theo dore Mast, secretary.

Societies, Military Organisations, Etc.

601

FRATERNAL UNION OF AMERICA
Southern office Atlanta, Ga., 816 Austell building. Newman Laser, deputy supreme president.
Atlanta Lodge No. 34--Shepard Bryan, fraternal master; Newman Laser, secretary. Meets first and third Tuesday at 72}^ North Broad street.
Southern Lodge No. 400--Wallace F. Maxwell, fraternal master; J. H. Adams, secretary; S. S. Heard, treasurer; office, 15 South Broad street. Meets every second Wednesday at 72^2 North Broad street.
Georgia Lodge No. 438--J. E. Haley, fraternal master; Charles T. Cash, secretary; J. K. Christian, treasurer; office, 823 Austell building. Meets every fourth Wednesday night at 72^ North Broad street.
A. o. u. w.
Atlanta Lodge No. 34--Meets first and third Tuesday nights, corner Broad and Alabama. C. F. Dernell, financier.

U. S. R. M. S. MUTUAL BENEFIT ASSOCIATION
H. E. First, Cincinnati, O., president; C. E. Thwaite, Macon, Ga., vice-president; W. S. Corning, Chicago, secretary and treas urer ; J. F. Blodgett, local secretary.
ANCIENT ORDER OF HIBERNIANS
Meets first and second Tuesday of each month at Hibernian Hall, 271/2 East Hunter street. James Gillespie, county presi dent ; Rev. Father Guinan, county chaplain.
Division No. i--V.. S. Murphy, president; H. G. Keeney, vice-president; P. O. Hegarty, financial secretary; Daniel Gavaghan, recording secretary; H. T. Connally, treasurer.
Division No. 2--J. B. Harvey, president; Daniel Sullivan, vice-president; J. J. Kiley, financial secretary; James Sullivan, recording secretary; \V. B. Manning, treasurer.
GRAND ARMY OF REPUBLIC
C). M. Mitchell Post No. i. Department of Alabama and Georgia. C. T. Watson, past commander; J. P. Averill, adjutant;

602

Atlanta And Its Builders

Alex Matteson, quartermaster. Meetings third Tuesday even ings of each month at Good Templar Hall, North Broad street.

SONS OF VETERANS OF U. S. A.
Meets third Thursday in each month in Good Templar Hall,. North Broad street.
CONFEDERATE VETERANS
Atlanta Camp No. 159, United Confederate Veterans--Meets third Monday night in each month at 8 o'clock, at State capitol. Charles S. Arnoll, commander; W. H. Harrison, adjutant.
Camp W. H. T. Walker No. 925--Meets at 43^2 Decatur street, monthly. \ R. S. Ozburn, commander; J. S. Alford, ad jutant.
CATHOLIC KNIGHTS OF AMERICA
Branch No. 20--Meets Loyd, corner Hunter, first and third Sundays of each month, at 3 p. m.; W. B. Manning, president; J. J. Doonan, vice-president; J. O. Doherty, recording secretary; F. Gillespie, financial secretary; Rev. Father Schadwell, spiritual" director.
KNIGHTS OF DAMON
Atlanta Conclave, No. 40--Meets 205 Kiser building, first Tuesday night in each month, at 8 o'clock. W. H. Harrison,. commander; John Cooper, secretary and collector; Lavender R. Ray, treasurer; George W. Findlay, organizer.

HOME FORUM BENEFIT ORDER
A. C. Woodley, secretary; A. K. Schulhafer, treasurer, 33 West Alabama street.
KNIGHTS OF HONOR
Georgia Lodge No. 127--Meets in K. of P. Hall, Kiser building, second and fourth Friday nights of each month. C. B. Crenshaw, reporter.
Gate City Lodge No. 346--Meets in K. of P. Hall, North Broad, second and fourth Fridays of each month. J. Oraknow, reporter.

Societies, Military Organizations, Etc.

603.

LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Of late years labor unions have grown to important propor tions in Atlanta, and the condition of the workingman has im proved to a very appreciable degree, the standard of wages hav ing advanced and a better class of labor being the result. As a rule, the relation of capital and labor in Atlanta is harmonious. Following is a list of the various unions:
Georgia Federation of Labor--H. F. Garrett, president, 310 Highland avenue; C. C. Houston, secretary and treasurer, P. O. box 266, Atlanta, Ga.
Atlanta Federation of Trades--Meets second and fourth Wednesday nights of each month, 14^ Forsyth street. J. W. Bridwell, president; E. B. Hanson, recording secretary; William Strauss, financial secretary; T. H. J. Miller, treasurer.
Atlanta Branch Journeyman Stone Cutter's Association--J. W. Bridwell, 13 Lucy street.
Atlanta Lodge No. I, Brotherhood of Blacksmiths--Meets second and fourth Monday nights, 14^2 North Forsyth. C. M. Kiser, secretary, 150 Glynwood avenue.
Allied Printing Trades Council--Meets first and third Mon day. Dennis Lindsey, secretary, 14^/2 North Forsyth.
Atlanta Typographical Union No. 48--Meets first Sunday of each month, 141/2 North Forsyth street. Dan W. Green, president; C. C. Houston, secretary and treasurer, 14^/2 North Forsyth.
Boilermakers and Ironship Builders--Meet first and third Tuesdays, 14^ North Forsyth. Thomas Gowan, president; Joe Traylor, secretary, 383 Auburn avenue.
Brewer's Union No. 108--Phil Dietz, secretary; 217 Pied mont avenue.
Brotherhood Engineers, 368 Division--Meets every Sunday Kiser building. W. L. Simmons, secretary.
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 207--Meets every Saturday night corner Broad and Alabama streets. Charles E. Adams, secretary, Chamber Commerce.
Brotherhood Railway Trainmen--Atlanta Lodge No. 302, meets every Sunday at o, a. m., 241/2 Whitehall. E. A. Under-

604

Atlanta And Its Builders

wood, master; Claude Cook, secretary; J. L. Duke, financial secretary; W. L. Alcutt, Journal agent, P. O. Box 636.
Carpenters and Joiners of America, Local 317--Meets every Friday, 14^ North Forsyth. C. M. Hudson, financial secretary.
Carpenters and Joiners of America, Local 329--Meets every Saturday, 141/2 North Forsyth. Thomas J. Black, financial secretary.
Carpenters and Joiners of America, Local 439--Meets every Thursday, 2^/2 North Broad. J. W. Cross, financial secretary, 6 Loyd.
Cigar Makers' Union No. 344--Meets first and third Mon days in each month, 14^ North Forsyth. T. J. Wilmott, corre sponding and recording secretary, 42 South Pryor.
Draymen's Union--Meets every Wednesday night in Tappan's Hall. Iverson Smith, president; Charles Hill, secretary; C. Spivey, treasurer.
Federal Labor Union--Meets first and third Thursday, 14^ North Forsyth. D. O. Smith, secretary, Journal of Labor.
Federal Labor Union--Meets first and third Wednesday night at 14^ North Forsyth.
Garment Workers, Local No. 29--Meets first and third Sat urdays in each month, 141/2 North Forsyth. Eugenia Bostick, secretary, 317 Fast Georgia avenue.
Granite Cutters---Meets first Friday after i8th at 141/2 North Forsyth.
International Association of Machinists No. i--Meets second and fourth Thursday nights. J. C. Wilson, R. S., 186 Nelson street.
Iron Holders' Union No. 273--Meets every first and third Wednesday nights, 14^2 North Forsyth. E. W. Treadwell, president; C. T. Meriwether, financial secretary, 330 Cooper street.
International Printing Pressmen's Union, Local No. 8-- Meets first Saturday night at 14^/2 North Forsyth street. James A. Alleyn, secretary.
Kenncsaw Lodge No. 247, B, L. V.--Meets every Sunday at \4}/2 South Broad. G. E. Horton, secretary.
Order of Railway Conductors--Meets every Sunday at Whitehall street. G. \V. Evans, secretary, 322 Whitehall.

Societies, Military Organizations, Etc.

605

Order Railway Telegraphers, Division No. 70--Meets first and third Sundays at 14^ South Broad. O. L. Rudisall, secre tary, 131 Hill street.
Plumbers' Union--Meets every Friday in Federation Hall. W. E. Campbell, secretary, 79 North Pryor.
Southern Co-operative Association--Board of directors meet second and fourth Monday. A. E. Seddon, secretary, 408 Kiser building.
Stage Employes--Meets every Sunday at 143/2 North Forsyth street. W. P. Lother, Jr., secretary, 508 Woodward ave nue.
Stereotypers and Electrotypers Union No. 42--Meets fourth Tuesday at 14^ North Forsyth street. R. S. Thixton, secre tary, 12 Temple Court.
Tailors' Union--Meets first and third Monday at 14^2 North Forsyth street. William Strauss, secretary.
Union Label League--Meets every second and fourth Tues day night at 14^ North Forsyth street. F. A. Want, secretary and treasurer, 6 South Pryor street.
Trunk and Bag Workers' International Union, Local No. 6 --Meets second and fourth Tuesday nights in each month. R. F. Phibbs, secretary, 43 McDaniel.
T. p. A.
Georgia Division--E. E. Smith, state president, Chicago; D. P. O'Connor, secretary and treasurer, Augusta, Ga.
Post B--J. E. Macldox, president; J. H. Andrews, secretary. Post V--G. E. Johnson, president; C. H. Burge, secretary.

RELIEF, HUMANE AND BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS
Atlanta Humane Society--J. T. Barclay, president; O. H. Hall, secretary, 715 English-American building.
Hibernian Benevolent Association--Meets annually March 17th at Hibernian Hall. S. T. Grady, president; H. Karwisch, vice-president; H. G. Keeney, secretary; James Walsh, treasurer.
Home for the Friendless--Corner Highland avenue and Randolph street. Mrs. D. B. Harris, president; Mrs. E. P. McBurney, treasurer; Miss Annie L. Hill, secretary; Mrs. Mitchell

6o6

Atlanta And Its Builders

Smith, assistant secretary; Mrs. Robert Clayton, corresponding secretary; Mrs. M. L. Santley, matron.
Georgia Baptist Orphans' Home--Hapeville, Ga. Rev. J. 13. Taylor, superintendent; Mrs. A. J. Chapman, matron.
Central Rescue Mission--3 East Wall street. J. L. Turner, superintendent.
Leonard Street Orphans' Home--Mrs. M. L. Lawson, mat ron, 75-77 Leonard.
Hebrew Orphans' Home--Washington, corner Little. R. Sonn, superintendent.
Tabernacle Home--For the destitute and forsaken, on the McDonough road.
Home for Incurables--Carnegie Way. Salvation Army Rescue Mission--Decatur street. Methodist Orphans' Home--Decatur, Ga. Rev. Howard Crumley, superintendent.

HOSPITALS AND INFIRMARIES

Grady Hospital--101 North Butler.

Georgia Pasteur Institute and Laboratory--34 Auburn ave

nue.

Halvcon Retreat--17 West Cain.

V

/

King's Daughters Hospital--46 Carnegie Way.

National Surgical Institute--72 South Pryor.

Noble G. H.--131 S. Pryor.

Presbyterian Hospital--100 Central Place.

Robertson U. O.--172 Capitol avenue.

St. Joseph's Infirmary--294 Courtland.

M1 LITARY ORGANIZAT1ONS
Atlanta has a number of fine military organizations, as be comes the capital of the Empire State of the South. Some of them have made history in two wars--the civil struggle of the sixties and the recent war with Spain. The oldest military or ganization in the city is the Gate City Guards, organized in 1855, with George Harvey Thompson, captain ; W. L. Kzzard, first lieu tenant; J. 11. Lovejoy, second lieutenant; C. R. Hanleiter, third lieutenant. The membership included the best young men in the city, among them being George and Robert Winship, W. L. Ez-

Societies, Military Organisations, Etc.

607

zard, J. H, Lovejoy, G. H. and Joe Thompson, W. L. Ballard, Ed Holland, N. A. McLenden, J, H. Neal, E. Holcomb, P. M. Sitton and S. M. Jones. The company soon became noted for proficiency in the manual of arms and company movements. The annual parades, balls, etc., were the only excitement until the fall and winter of 1860-1, hwen the political horizon began to darken with the clouds of war. When the first drum tapped the tattoo of the terrible conflict between the States the guards, eighty-four strong, under the command of Captain Thompson, stepped to the front and volunteered in the service of their native State, and was attached to the First Regiment of Georgia Volunteers. The officers at the time of enlistment were George H. Thompson, cap tain ; W. L. Ezzard, first lieutenant; H. M. Wylie, second lieuten ant ; C. A. Stone, third lieutenant; A. Leyclen, ensign; T. C. Jack son, orderly sergeant.
In Florida under'General Bragg, and afterwards in Virginia under General Garnett, the guard did gallant service. In the memorable retreat from Laurel Hill they formed the rear guard, and at Carrick Ford received the first shock of the Federal army. Not long after the death of General Garnett, the term of enlist ment of the company expired, and it became merged into the gen eral army of the Confederacy. During its period of enlistment the guard left thirty-two of its numbers dead upon the battle field, while a far larger number brought back the scars of honorable and most active service.
When discharged, almost without exception, the members of the company returned to the ranks and fought until the war closed. After the war several attempts were made to re organize the company, but every effort failed until July 25, 1876, when the guard was reorganized, and the following officers chosen : A. Leyden, captain ; J. T. Dabney, first lieutenant; Pink West, second lieutenant, and John W. Butler, third lieutenant. Since then their progress has been marked by unprecedented suc cess. Their proficiency in drill has become proverbial, but their soldierly bearing, military courtesy and patriotic course has won for them an even greater reputation.
Captain Leyden did not long remain in command, but re signed, and Captain Joseph V. Burke was elected to succeed him. Under Captain Burke, an officer of unusual ability, the guard rap-

608

Atlanta And Its Builders

idly advanced in proficiency, and when he retired from command in 1882, no company in the State or the entire South stood higher as a military organization. In 1878 the guard made a tour through South Carolina, and everywhere they were the recipients of the warmest welcome, while their soldierly bearing and discipline re ceived the highest praise.
In October, 1879, occurred a trip by the guards to several Northern cities, which aside from its pleasures was of national benefit. The officers of the company at this time were: J. F. Burke, captain; W. C. Sparks, lieutenant; E. W. Rhinehardt, J. H. McGahee, E. W. Hewitt, W. M. Camp, sergeants; C. E. Sciple, J. H. Hollingsworth, S. A. Swearinger and J. S. Jackson, cor porals. The cities of Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Poughkeepsie, Hartford and Lawrence were visited, and in each the citizens and soldiers received them with a warm hearted welcome. Their journey was a series of ovations; the press of the North printed extended notices of their move ments, and everywhere their advent was hailed as the harbinger of good feeling between the extreme sections of the country. Upon their return home, after three weeks' absence, the Constitution said: "In the story of their triumphal march and the conquest of the good opinion and confidence of our fellow citizens of the North our people find nothing out of accord with the popular feel ing here at home. There was not a word spoken to them and not a response made by them that does not invite the heartiest amens from every man in Georgia and the South. They have truly and magnificently represented their section, and in their in tercourse with the patriots of the other section have clone a marvelous work in restoring mutual respect, confidence and amity. They have sown the seeds of brotherly love in fallow places, and years will come and go before men will cease to date their re newed faith in the safety and perpetuity of the union of the States from the visit of the Gate City Guards of Georgia."
The handsome armory occupied by the Gate City Guards was erected in 1881, and was an ornament to the State until aban doned in the Spring of 1902. Here every arrangement for the comfort and convenience of the company was provided. A large drill room, which was used for public meetings and other gatherings, afforded an excellent place for social meetings.

Societies, Military Organizations, Etc.

609

Atlanta Greys.--This company was organized in 1859, with Alex. M. Wallace, captain; George H. Daniel, first lieutenant; Berkley M. Smith, second lieutenant; George S. Thomas, first sergeant; L. H. Clarke, second sergeant. In 1861 Captain Wal lace resigned to accept a captaincy in the First Georgia Regulars, and Captain Thomas Cooper took command of the Greys. In 1861 the Greys joined the Eighth Georgia Regiment, commanded by Colonel Bartow, who fell, at the first battle of Manassas. The company lost nearly all of its officers during the war. In partici pated in all the general battles fought in Virginia under General Lee to the surrender at Appomattox Court House. After the war but few of the original company remained, and for several years no organization was maintained. The company was re organized in 1879, and in 1880 was made Company A of the At lanta Grey Battalion. The officers at this time were Joseph Smith, captain; W. M. Mickelberry, first lieutenant; L. S. Mor ris, second lieutenant; W. F. Bass, first sergeant; H. M. Clarke, second sergeant; Max Marcus, third sergeant; W. D. Webb, fourth sergeant. Company B of this battalion was composed of forty-seven men, and officered as follows: J. M. Hunnicut, cap tain ; H. T. Gatchell, first lieutenant; M. M. Turner, second lieu tenant; C. G. Loefler, first sergeant; R. L. Griffin, second ser geant; C. O. Bradbury, third sergeant; John Holbrook, fourth sergeant.
PRESENT MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS
Fifth Infantry--Headquarters and two battalions at Atlanta; strength of regiment, 803; colonel, Park Woodward, Atlanta; lieutenant-colonel, William S. Obear, Atlanta; major, J. Van Holt Nash, Jr., Atlanta; major, W. W. Barker, Atlanta; major, Wil liam A. Patton, Rome.
Staff Officers--Captains H. M. Course, commissary; How ard Anderson, quartermaster; F. M. Myers, inspector rifle prac tice; Rev. C. P. Williamson, chaplain; F. C. Davis, surgeon; Lieutenants J. D. Cromer, assistant surgeon; W. H. Moncrief, assistant surgeon; A. D'Antignac, adjutant 1st battalion; C. E. Harpe, adjutant 3rd battalion.
Co. A (Atlanta Zouaves)--Captain K. E. Eldred, armory, ioJ/2 North Forsyth.

j. J..V ,,-.. -.-

6io

Atlanta And Its Builders

Co. B (Capital City Guard)--Captain Harry W. Anderson, armory 128^ Whitehall.
Co. C (Hibernian Rifles)--Captain M. A. Erskine, armory, Coker building, East Hunter street.
Co. D (Atlanta Rifles)--Captain Henry L. Harrison, arm ory, 12&J/2 Whitehall.
'Co. E (LaGrange Light Guards)--Captain C. L. Smith, LaGrange.
Co. F (Bartow Guards)--Capt. T. H. Milner, Cartersville. Co. G (Newnan Guards)--Lieut H. T. Lewis, Newnan. Co. H (Rome Light Guards)--Captain Carter Hamilton, Rome. Co. I (Hill City Cadets)--Captain R. L. Williamson, Rome. Co. K (Atlanta Greys)--Captain S. H. Howell, armory, cor ner Pryor and Garnett streets. Co. L (Gate City Guards)--Captain James O'Neill. Co. M. (Machine Gun Battery)--Captain V. H. Shearer, armory corner Pryor and Garnett streets. Governor's Horse Guards (Co. L ist Cavalry), 60 Men, Captain George M. Hope; ist lieutenant, A. G. Candler; 2d lieu tenant, W. T. B. Wilson; armory, Austell building. Atlanta Artillery--60 men, Lieutenant A. C. Morris, arm ory State capitol.
CLUBS AND SOCIETIES
Atlanta Athletic Club, 56 Edgewood avenue. Burton Smith, president; B. S. Dunlap, secretary and treasurer.
Atlanta Gun Club--Shooting grounds Lakewood Park; S. A. Ryan, president; Charles Healey, secretary and treasurer; di rectors, 11. C. Beerman, S. G. Holland, W. Z. McElroy; man agers, W. O. Conway, H. K. Dunning.
Atlanta Turn-Verein--Meets first Sunday in every month, 3 ]/2 Whitehall. G. 11. Ruhman, president; William Dismar, sec retary.
The Hebrew Association--V. H. Kreigshaber, president; Simon Ereitag, secretary; L. J. Haas, treasurer.
Atlanta Woman's Club--516-517 Grand building; Mrs. E. G. McCabe, president.

4V.X .;,:
1 '
Piedmont Club

6l2

Atlanta And Its Builders

Capitol City Club-- 186 Peachtree; L. Minis, president; E. R. Austin, secretary and treasurer.
Colonial Club--275 Peachtree. N. R. Broyles, president; D. H. Kirkland, vice-president; L. G. Mitchell, secretary and treasurer.
Georgia Scotch Irish Society--John C. Kirkpatrick, secre tary and treasurer.
Piedmont Driving Club--E. C. Peters, president ; J. R. McKeldin, vice-president; Frank Orme, secretary and treasurer. Club house, Exposition grounds.
Canadian Society of Georgia--321 Prudential building. J. S. Cameron, president; H. M. Ashe, secretary; A. Maddison, treasurer.
The Georgia Club--I. E. Alien, president; G. H. Holliday, Jr., vice-president; H. B. Kennedy, 2(1 vice-president; S. G. Turner, secretary and treasurer, 123 North Pryor.
Woman's Co-operative Association--Mrs. Porter King, president; Mrs. H. E. W. Palmer, ist vice-president; Mrs. R. T. Dorsey, 2d vice-president; Mrs. Robert Zahner, recording secre tary ; Mrs. J. W. Hurt, assistant recording secretary ; Mrs. Joseph S. Raine, corresponding secretary; Mrs. S. W. Wilkes, treasurer; Mrs. Joseph Morgan, auditor.
Emmet Club--S. T. Grady, president ; E. C. O'Donald, vicepresident ; H. G. Keeney, secretary. Meets first and third Sun day in each month at Hibernian Hall, East Hunter street.
Atlanta Kennel Club-- no Peachtree. Joseph Thompson, president ; S. E. Taylor. secretary and treasurer.
Atlanta Society of Medicine--T. V. Hubbard, president; Claud Smith, secretary; 1001 English-American building.
Northern Society of Georgia--W. M. Scott, president ; W. C. Warner, secretary.
Gate City Guard Club-- 120^ Peachtree. Kreundschaftsbund German Benevolent Society-- North Forsyth street. Carl Brenner, president; Philip Schwa.rtz, treasurer.
Saturday Night Clul)--Meets Carnegie Hall every Saturday night.
Yong Yee Tong (Chinese)--41 West Mitchell.

Piedmont Driving Club Annex, Piedmont Park

Mi-

in

CHAPTER XXVII

THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY

Atlanta, thanks to the public literary and educational spirit

of a number of her most valuable citizens and the generosity of

Andrew Carnegie, can boast one of the finest public libraries and

i-

library homes in the South. The Carnegie Library, a massive,

beautiful marble structure in the classic style of architecture be

coming an institution of its character, is located at the corner of

Forsyth and Church (since changed to Carnegie Way) streets. The building has but lately been opened to the people of Atlanta,

with thousands of volumes added to the very creditable library

which had previously served the purposes of the public in the

Young Men's Library building on Marietta street. The city has

made quite liberal appropriations to meet the conditions of Mr.

Carnegie's liberal benefactions, and a second time the open-handed iron master has shown a pecuniary interest in the library's suc cess. Before describing the new library and the regulations con

trolling it a history of the Young Men's Library Association, which has been merged into the Carnegie Library, will be given,

A more reliable or fuller account of the first years of this praise

worthy association cannot be given than that of Colonel E. Y.

Clarke, himself one of the early presidents, directors, and active founders of the organization.

"In 1.867 the Young Men's Library Association began its existence. Several attempts had been made, in previous years,

to establish a library, but had failed. This effort originated with

D. G. Jones, then teller of the Georgia National Rank. He laid

the subject before the author of this book (Col. Clarke), who be

came heartily interested. A young lawyer--Henry Jackson-- was next consulted, and the three agreed upon the call of a meet ing. This occurred in the room of Architect Parkins, over the

Georgia National Bank, on the night of July 3Oth. There wore

014

The Carnegie Library

615

present at this first meeting Albert Hape, J. R. Barrick, D. G. Jones, C. P. Freeman, E. Y. Clarke, A. R. Watson, John R. Kendrick, W. H. Parkins, Henry Jackson, Ed H. Jones, W. D. Luckie, and C. H. Davidge. A temporary organization was ef fected by the election of J. R. Barrick, chairman, and A. R. Wat son, secretary. It was unanimously resolved to form a library association, and D. G. Jones, Henry Jackson and E. Y. Clarke were appointed a committee to draft a constitution. On the fol lowing Monday night (August 5th) this committee reported the constitution, which was discussed but not acted upon. The ques tion of rooms was considered, with the conclusion to continue, for the present, in the room of Mr. Parkins--returning thanks to Henry Jackson for the proffer of his office. By resolution of E. Y. Clarke, Rev. R. A. Holland was invited to lecture for the association. At the third meeting, on Monday night, August 12th, A. R. Watson in the chair pro tern.,, and W. D. Luckie, sec retary pro tern., the constitution, as reported, was adopted."
The preamble to this constitution was as follows: "We, the subscribers, young men, residents of the City of Atlanta, in order to adopt the most efficient means to facilitate mutual intercourse, extend our information upon subjects of gen eral utility, promote a spirit of useful inquiry, and qualify our selves to discharge properly the duties incumbent upon us in our various professions and pursuits have associated ourselves for the purpose of collecting a library, establishing a reading room, and organizing a system of instruction by lectures, together with such other means of mutual improvement as may be found advan tageous."
"At the next meeting, the constitution was signed by fortyseven members. The following board of directors, for the first year, was then elected: Henry Jackson, president; Darwin G. Jones, vice-president; C. P. Freeman, secretary; W. D. Luckie, treasurer; E. Y. Clarke, A. R, Watson, H. T. Phillips, E. B. Pond, Albert Hape, F. O. Rudy, W. M. Williams, J. R. Barrick and L. H. Orme, directors. The board held its first meeting Au gust 2oth and appointed its committees. On September 2d the board met for the first time in the rented library room, which was retained until 1877, when the new rooms were occupied. The library committee reported that the room rent was three dollars

616

Atlanta And Its Builders

per month, and that the necessary shelving would cost over fifteen dollars--quite a contrast to the rent and furniture cost of its pres ent magnificent quarters.
"The first recorded donation is of Appleton's Cyclopedia, by Colonel L. P. Grant, and others--a gentleman distinguished for warm friendship and continuous liberality to the Association, and who was justly its first elected honorary member. For a year the struggle for existence was a hard one, and taxed the utmost effort and ingenuity of the managers. A concert was given dur ing the first year, which netted several hundred dollars. The Lec ture Committee inaugurated a system of lectures and furnished a regular course, placing upon the stage such men as Rev. R. A. Holland, Admiral Semmes, Gen. D. H. Hill and Rev. J. S. Lamar; but they could do no more than make the course self-sus taining--the receipts exceeding expenses some $50. To sustain the institution, resort was had to many and various expedients. It grew gradually, however, into popular favor, the membership con tinued to increase, and, finally, each successive year showed con tinued progress, till, in 1878--the end of the period now under review--our public library is established beyond question.
"Among the officers and directors who labored earnestly and successfully, in its early days, toward the accomplishment of this result, are D. G. Jones; John H. Flynn, three times president; Charlie Herbst, librarian; L. H. Gholstin, D. M. Bain, Albert Hape, H. T. Phillips, B. Mallon, and many others, both officers and members, might be honorably mentioned. A life membership, conferring all rights and privileges, except those of voting and holding office, costs twenty-five dollars; dues may be commuted for life for fifty dollars. If our citizens generally would take life memberships, the association could soon have its own building."
In 1880 it seems that enough life memberships were taken and donations made to enable the Young Men's Library Associa tion to build a handsome three-story brick building on Decatur street, between Pryor and Loyd. In its day this building was one of the handsomest in Atlanta, but to-day it has degenerated into the location of a saloon, a justice's court, and stores of the kind that predominate on the Bowery of Atlanta. The locality was once the most respectable business quarter.

Opened to the public March, 5, 1902

Carnegie Library

618

Atlanta And Its Builders

Miss Helen Fields, who was librarian in 1884, said of the library in a pamphlet issued in its interest that year:
"The library contains about 10,000 volumes, which have been classified according to subject, and author, and carefully ar ranged upon the shelves in fourteen alcoves. These books are principally standard works of science, history, biography, travel, fiction and poetry, besides a miscellaneous collection and some valuable books of reference. The periodicals, quarterlies and monthlies number sixteen; weeklies, sixteen, and newspapers, one hundred and two.
"They have life-size oil portraits of Judge Jos. H. Lumpkin, Senators Benjamin H. Hill and Joseph E. Brown, Generals Rob ert Toombs, Francis S. Bartow, Kirby Smith, Joseph E. Johnson, Breckenridge, Polk, Buckner, Braxton Bragg, Judge Hiram War ner, Judge O. A. Lochrane, Hon. John H. Flynn, Hon. Mark A. Cooper, and crayon portraits of Gov. Alexander H. Stephens, Gov. Chas. A. Jenkins ,and Dr. A. A. Lipscomb.
"The library building is brick, 75x100 feet, and three stories. It was built in 1880, at a cost of about $30,000.
"There are at present 1,150 members of the association. The annual dues are $4.00, payable semi-annually in advance. The officers the second year, 1868-9--E. Y. Clarke, president; Dar win G. Jones, vice-president; A. L. Grant, secretary; W. D. Luckie, jr., treasurer.
Officers third year, 1869-70--Darwin G. Jones, president; William T. Newman, vice-president; Charles H. Davidge, secre tary; C. Herbst, treasurer and librarian.
The fourth year, 1870-71--M. Henry Sisson. president; Albert Hape, vice-president; George H. Hammond, secretary; S. A. Echols, treasurer.
Sixth year, 1872-73--John H. Flynn, president; E. Y. Clarke, vice-president; Geo. H. Hammond, secretary; John M. Harwell, treasurer.
Seventh year, 1873-74--John H. Flynn, president; E. Y. Clarke, vice-president; J. W. Chester, secretary; John M. Har well, treasurer.
Eighth year, 1874-75--John H. Flynn, president; E. Y. Clarke, vice-president; J. W. Chester, secretary; John M. Har well, treasurer.

The Carnegie Library

619

Ninth year, 1875-76--B. Mallon, president; Henry Hillyer, vice-president; W. H. Patterson, secretary; John M. Harwell, treasurer.
Tenth year, 1876-77--Henry Hillyer, president; B. H. Hill, vice-president; Walter R. Brown, secretary; John M. Harwell, treasurer.
Eleventh year, 1877-78--B. B. Hill, jr., president; D. H. Bain, vice-president; W. R. Nutting, secretary; John M. Har well, treasurer.
Twelfth year, 1878-79--D. M. Bain, president; Julius L. Brown, vice-president; William H. Nutting, secretary; Louis Gholstin, treasurer.
Thirteenth year', 1880--Julius L. Brown, president; Louis Gholstin, vice-president; W. H. Nutting, secretary; L. C. Jones, treasurer.
Fourteenth year, 1881--Julius L. Brown, president; Louis Gholstin, vice-president; C. T. Watson, secretary; William H. Patterson, treasurer.
Fifteenth year, 1882--Louis Gholstin, president; R. J. Lowry, vice-president; C. T. Watson, secretary; A. C. King, treasurer.
Sixteenth year, 1883--Hoke Smith, president; S. M. Hartman, vice-president; A. C. King, secretary; C. T. Watson, treas urer.
Seventeenth year, 1883-84--Chas. E. Harman, president; N. P. T. Finch, vice-president; Joseph T. Orme, secretary; Alex. W. Smith, treasurer.
Messrs. Herbst, Chamber, Harman and Billips have acted as librarians at different perinds.
In 1889 the membership of the Young Men's Library Asso ciation was 600, and there were 12,000 books on its shelves. The officers of that year were : Howard Van Epps, president; A. H. Cox, vice-president; George B. Fortes, secretary; B. M. Fowler, assistant secretary; W. T. Turnbull, treasurer, and Miss L. A. Field, librarian.
The Young Men's Library grew during the last decade of the old century, and was moved to a well-arranged mansion on Marietta street, a short distance west of the postoffice. When

62O

Atlanta And Its Builders

Mr. Carnegie's princely gift of $100,000 as received with the dy ing century, it goes without saying that the library was infused with new life. The city of Atlanta made the institution an ob ject of its care, and, in a sense, a department of the municipality. Mr. Carnegie was "met half way" by the city in the matter of the necessary appropriations to make his gift available, and to make the foundation of the free library doubly secure, he promptly added $25,000 to his original gift. In his annual address at the close of 1899, Mayor Woodward said of the Carnegie Library:
"A kind and all wise Providence aided an industrious and energetic people in directing that public benefactor, Andrew Car negie, in his noble gift to the city, whiclrhas been the cause of the establishment of a free circulating library, such as should cause a throb of joy to every heart in Atlanta. That it is one of the city's most valuable possessions there is no doubt, for it is one of the blessings in which all may participate and receive benefit. It may be enjoyed alike by millionaire and pauper, and with profit to both. The cheapest and one of the best investments to be made of the public funds is the education of the masses; the upbuilding and strengthening of the minds of the whole people; the placing of the means for gaining knowledge within the grasp of all who are thirsting for it. This is probably better done through a free library than by any other method. When all de tails have been completed, Atlanta will have a public library sec ond to none in the country, except in the number of volumes upon its shelves. So carefully has every item been attended to, inci dent to its opening, that the attention of Mr. Carnegie has been again attracted and he has added $25,000 to his original gift of Si 00,000."
The reorganized library association started under most favorable auspices. The first appropriation from the city for library purposes was made in July, 1899. The first board of trustees of the new Carnegie Library was as follows:

OFFICERS
President, W. M. Kclley; vice-president, 11. H. Cabaniss; secretary, T. J. Day; treasurer, Darwin G. Jones.

The Carnegie Library

621

TRUSTEES
W. M. Kelley, 1905; H. H. Cabaniss, 1904; T. J. Day, 1902; D. G. Jones, 1901; W. M. Slaton, 1905; J. R. Nutting, 1904; E. M. Mitchell, 1903; Julian Harris, 1903; F. J. Paxon, 1902; A. A. Meyer, 1901; T. H. Martin, 1900; Dr. W. S. Elkin, 1900.
STANDING COMMITTEES
On administration, Paxon, Jones, Day, Kelley; rules and regulations, Nutting, Elkin, Mitchell, Kelley; finance, Mitchell, Meyer, Harris, Kelley; building and grounds, Martin, Nutting, Cabaniss, Kelley; books and periodicals, Slaton, Harris, Paxon, Kelley.
The library staff is composed as follows: Anne Wallace, librarian; Julia Toombs Rankin, assistant librarian; Charles W. Hubner, chief of circulating department; Mrs. T. R. R. Cobb, Rose Standish Davis, Madge Flynn, Katharine Hinton Wootten, Elfrida Everhart; janitor, William Patman.
The trustees and leading spirits of the association set actively to work and a snug sum was subscribed toward the purchase of a site for the proposed new building. The Young Men's Library Association building was sold for $22,600, and a lot purchased at the corner of North Eorsyth and Church streets for $35,000. The following statement of the treasurer, covering the six months between July i, 1899, and January i, 1900, will show the pecun iary phase of the early work accomplished:

RECEIPTS

From City of Atlanta. .........................$ 2,500 oo

Fines and dues................................ 266 25 Balance, Y. M. L. A. ......................... 183 72 Notes and interest, Y. M. L. A.................. 9,131 89

Sale of building, Y. M. L. A. ................... 22,600 oo Subscriptions to new lot. ....................... 1,125 Carnegie building fund. ........................ 5,000 oo

Insurance rebate. .............................

19 70

Total ................................... $40,826 56

622

Atlanta And Its Builders

EXPENDITURES

Hooks ..,...................................$ 226 77

Periodicals .................................. 4i 15

Printing, stationery and supplies................. 632 35

Fuel ........................................ 77 50
Light ....................................... 25 90

Insurance ................................... 160 oo

Furniture ................................... 192 oo

Building grounds (cost of new site, $35,000, of which

$1,225 donated by citizens)................. 35,311 58

Incidentals .................................. 95 86

Salaries ..................................... 1,341 50

Rent

375 oo

Balance

$38,479 61 2,346 95

$40,826 56
Miss Anne Wallace, the librarian, made a very interesting report to the city council giving a brief history of the reorganiza tion and a description of the new library building, from which the following excerpts are made:
"It may be necessary here to give the history of the move ment which led to the combining of the property of the Young Men's Library Association, the $125,000 bequest of Mr, Andrew Carnegie, and the annual appropriation of $5,000 of the City Council, for the support and maintenance of a free public library.
The Young Men's Library Association, which was organized in 1867, had for thirty years struggled to maintain a public library for the city. Without endowment and without municipal aid, the association was crippled in its endeavors; yet, by the indi vidual effort of its directors and members, property to the amount of $100,000 had been accumulated. Realizing that the day of the subscription library was over, the directors tried to devise some plan to make the library free to the citizens of Atlanta. About this time, Mr. Walter M. Kelley, who was an active mem ber of the directory, succeeded in interesting Mr. Andrew Car-

The Carnegie Library

623

negie in the efforts of the directors to make the library free. Mr. Carnegie, with characteristic generosity, offered to give the city .$100,000 to build a new library, if the city would furnish a site and guarantee $5,000 a year for its support. Later Mr. Carner,egie gave $25,000 additional to the building fund. The direc tors of the library and the members took this opportunity of offer ing to the city the entire property of the association, and to fur nish a site for the new library. This happy combination was consummated in due course of time, and was characterized by freedom from political intrigue, and the new organization was dulty effected May 6, 1899, just three months after Mr. Carne gie's offer."

"The Building Committee having secured a central and beau tiful located lot, on the corner of Church and Forsyth streets, im mediately set to work to secure plans for the building. The plans for the building were chosen in competition, limited to nine in vited architects, to whom tentative plans were furnished. The terms of this competition will be found in Appendix "C," of this report. Eight plans were submitted, and on December 2ist the Special Jury of Award, consisting of the president, W. M. Kelley, the librarian, Miss Wallace, and the supervising architect, Mr. J. H. Dinwiddie, selected the designs of Ackerman & Ross of New York.
The successful plans, reproduced elsewhere, call for a build ing similar in style to that designed by the same architects for the Free Library at Washington, being of the conventionalized Ionic order, with classic ornamentation. The general effect, though simple, is very pleasing. The material used will be either Geor gia marble or granite. The total cost will be about $125,000. The main entrance, on Church street, is reached by a short stair way, with recumbent lions on each side, and guarded by massive iron gates, within which are heavy oak doors. Through these is reached the vestibule, 18x20 feet, which leads to the large main hall, giving access to all rooms on the main iloor, save the stackroom, and containing the handsome central staircase, which is the chief architectural feature of the interior. The first iloor pro-

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Atlanta And Its Builders

vides for a delivery room, and a large open-shelf room, which connects with the stack-room. The open-shelf room, which will be quite a modern feature, will be ample, its dimensions being 36x70 feet. Opposite the delivery room will be the periodical reference-room. This room will be of noble proportions, lighted on three sides. Here will be housed the bound volumes of the magazines and current files of all the weekly, daily and monthly periodicals. The room will be presided over by an able reference

Entrance Carnegie Library
librarian, whose duty it will be to serve the public in this room. On the second floor is a large memorial hall, with an ornamental dome. To the left of this hall will be found the reference read ing room, which also connects with the stack-room, and the cataloguer's room. This reference reading room will be equipped with the best modern appliances. With its small tables, good lights, etc., it will afford the student a quiet study room, sur rounded by all the tools necessary for his work. Opposite to the

The Carnegie Library

625

reference reading room will be a well lighted lecture room, with a seating capacity of about 200. Eventually this will become the main reading room of the library, with shelving capacity for 5,000 volumes of special collections. On the east side will be found the administrative offices.
"The librarian will be provided with a private and a public office, which connect with the cataloguer's room on the right, and the trustee's room on the left. In the basement, on the west side, which is twelve feet above the ground, will be found an ideal children's room, well lighted, and the cosiest corner in the library. The furniture for this room will be specially designed for the little folk, and tables and chairs of varying sizes will be provided for them. Juvenile books will be housed here on open shelves, and the room will be decorated in the most artistic manner."
By the conditions of the competitive system of selecting the plans for the new building, referred to by Miss Wallace, the win ner was appointed architect for the building, the author of the second best design received $500.00, and the author of the third best design, $300.
There are now in the Library, classified and catalogued, and in good condition, 12,650 volumes.
In her report covering the year 1900, Miss Wallace says:
"As per agreement, the old Library building has been rented until the new building is finished, and the circulating department has been kept open for the use of the life members, and other members desiring to keep up membership by the payment of dues. The membership is as follows:
Life members ...............................157 Honorary members........................... 3 Pay members................................ 397

Total ..... ...............................557

The number of volumes circulated for home use was 13,921.

1*

*P

*TT

"An interesting feature, in connection with reference work,

was undertaken by this Library some four years ago, and has 40-2

626

Atlanta And Its'Builders

been very satisfactory. Once a week a lecture is given at the Library on the subject to be debated at the Boys' High School the following Friday. The lectures are given by young lawyers, who have volunteered their services, and take the form of informal table talks. Bulletins and special lists are prepared in advance by the assistants, and all books, maps, etc., bearing upon the subject to be discussed, are placed on a convenient open shelf. The boys group themselves about the table with pencils and notebooks, and so freely is the spirit of discussion aroused that there is no feeling of restraint between the lecturer and his audience. The pupils are encouraged to ask questions. There are present between fifty and seventy-five boys every Tuesday afternoon. In order to accommodate this small number in our lecture room, the boys on the affirmative side of the debate come at 4.00 p. m., and those on the negative at 4.30 p. rn.
"This supplementary course has become as important as the prescribed curriculum of the school, and embraces the discussion of many sociological problems. Books particularly useful in this work are briefs for debate, by Brookings and Ringwalt, and ref erences for literary workers, by Matson, and Lalor's Cyclopedia of political economy. The current numbers of the Congressional record, the Poole sets, and, in fact, the whole Library, is ran sacked for material for these faithful patrons.
"We have had to confine this work to a limited number, on account of our small space, and the Boys' High School was given preference, as the age of the pupils and the size of the school afforded better scope for the experiment.
"Incidentally these boys will be voters in five or six years in a community needing ardent library supporters, and we feel as sured of the sympathy of the boys we thus help to educate. Nor is our confidence misplaced. We are told that the underclassmen of the three leading colleges of the state, who come from Atlanta, have lenrned to use a library intelligently, and Income warm advo cates of their college libraries. We hope to continue the work on an enlarged scale in our new Library."

Biographical
COL. GEORGE W. AD AIR. On the first train entering Atlanta over the Georgia Railroad in 1845 the conductor who pulled the bell rope was none other than Col. George W. Adair, whose name in the near future was destined to be linked with many of the public enterprises of the young metropolis. Col. Adair came of Scotch-Irish parentage and was born in Morgan county, Ga., March ist, 1823. John F. Adair, his father, was a wheelwright by trade, and shortly after the birth of the subject of this sketch he moved to De Kalb county, settling about five miles from Decatur. Young George remained here, enjoying such meagre educational advantages as the sparsely settled country district afforded, until 1835, when his mother died and his father sent him to Decatur to enter the employ of G. B. Butler. Being possessed of more than usual brightness of intellect, he speedily acquired an intimate knowledge of the business and also gained the good opinion of his employer because of his industrious habits and his proven fidelity to the inter ests of the establishment. But this wonderful aptitude was likewise apparent to others. Such men as James M. Calhoun, William H. Dabney, Charles Murphy and Dr. Ephraim M. Poole became interested in the youthful clerk, and together they furnished him with the means for pursuing a course of study at the Decatur Academy. On leaving this institution he immediately took up the study of law in the office of Judge John J. Floyd and Gen. J. N. Williamson of Covington, Ga., and after devoting two years of faithful study to his preparations he was admitted to the bar. But finding his professional revenues too meagre to satisfy the demands of his restless spirit, and being encumbered with debts which he was anxious to liquidate, he accepted a posi tion as conductor on the Georgia Railroad, the place being tendered him by J. Edgar Thompson, chief engineer of the line, and in this capacity he made his first appearance upon the local stage in the early pioneer days of Atlanta. Since then there have been comparatively few real estate transactions of any consequence with which the name of Col. George W. Adair has not been associated, and few enterprises for the upbuilding of the city in which he has not taken an active and important part, and he lived to see Atlanta grow from an obscure village of less than 2,000 souls into an enterprising metrop olis whose wideawake population is numbered with six figures. After giv ing up his place with the Georgia Railroad Col. Adair spent some time at Covington, going from there to Charleston, but being attracted by the grow ing fame of the future Gate City of the South, he came to Atlanta in 1854 and here established his permanent home. Under the firm name of Adair and Ezzard he embarked in the mercantile business, but after an experience of two years, in which he was not entirely successful, he launched into the general trading and real estate business, which continued to engross his activi ties throughout the remainder of his career. On account of the rapid growth of the city, Col. Adair reaped handsome profits from his business, and at the
627

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Biographical

outbreak of the war was beginning to accumulate an independent fortune. Though bitterly opposed to secession, Col. Adair loyally espoused the cause of his State when the ordinance of secession was adopted, and throughout the war was an ardent supporter and champion of the Confederate cause, As the editor of the Southern Confederacy, which he established with the assistance of J. Henley Smith in 1860, he participated in all of the live discussions evoked by the turbulent era of hostilities, and undertook to give accurate news from the front as the war advanced. Finally the paper went under, but not until the section was literally overrun with the hordes of the enemy and fur ther publication became impossible. During the last year of the war Col. Adair became an aid on the staff of Gen. N. B. Forrest, serving the cause of the South in this capacity until the close of hostilities in 1865. Returning to Atlanta while the ashes were still smouldering, Col. Adair applied himself with renewed zeal to his old business, and though real estate transactions were few and far between at first, they soon became more numerous as the city began to pick up and the signs of prosperity commenced to appear. But while his chief interests were centered in the real state business, he found time to devote himself to other interests as well. He felt that the public was entitled to some of his time and he never hesitated to honor the demands which the public made upon him, serving at different times in the city coun cil, on the board of water commissioners and on the board of commissioners of roads and revenues. In the first constitutional convention which met after the war he was an active and influential figure. In association with Mr. Richard Peters he took an active part in the organization of the Atlanta street railway in 1870. When the panic came on in 1873 he was compelled to make an assignment of all his property, but he faced the situation with character istic fortitude and bravely made the surrender. Starting up again, he soon made it apparent that his spirits were not subdued, and as an evidence of his enterprising activity, it is only necessary to say that he has been connected with the Atlanta Cotton Factory, the Atlanta Cotton Exposition, director of the Kimball House Company, president of the Georgia Western Railway, and director of the Piedmont Exposition, besides being active in many other capac ities. Col. Adair died on September 2o,th, 1899, leaving a wife, whose maiden name was Mary Jane Perry, and six children: Jack, Forrest, George W., Sallie, Annie and Mary. Genial as the sunshine and always full of sparkling reminiscences, Col. Adair was one of the most delightful as well as one of the most useful of men, and his place in the community will be hard to fill.
DR. JAMES F. ALEXANDER. One of Atlanta's most successful pioneer physicians was Dr. James F. Alexander, who, casting his lot in this community during the decade which immediately preceded the war, became prominent at once in local affairs, lending the full weight of his force ful personality to .the progressive movements of the city and showing that in politics as well as in medicine he was ready for any emergency which might arise. Dr. Alexander was born in Greenville district, S. C., May 28th, 1824. Spending his boyhood days on the plantation which belonged to his father. Dr. Thomas W. Alexander, he strengthened by outdoor life the inherited vigor of a constitution naturally strong and robust. While still a lad he moved with his parents to Lawrcnceville, Ga., where he received the principal part of his elementary education at a school taught by Rev. James Patterson,. and after leaving this school he spent two years at Oglethorpc University, near Milledgeville. Subsequently, in pursuance of his father's wishes as well as in obedience to his own predilections, he took up the study of medicine, and entering the State Medical College at Augusta, he graduated from this insti tution in 1841). While pursuing his medical studies his father died and he was obliged to discontinue his course until he could wind up the estate; but

Biographical

629

this sacred duty being discharged, he returned to his unfinished work, which
he eventually completed with distinction. Dr. Alexander came to Atlanta under peculiar circumstances, an account of which is given in "Memoirs of Georgia" as follows: "In April, 1849, a man was attacked with smallpox
and Dr. Alexander, though he had just graduated, thought he saw an oppor tunity to establish himself in Atlanta. He immediately went there, thinking
that it was no worse to run the risk of catching smallpox than to have no
practice. Arriving in Atlanta, he met Dr. E. C. Calhoun, of Decatur, Ga., an old classmate, who had come on the same errand and who had secured the
refusal of the only room to be had for office purposes. But Dr. Calhoun de cided that the rent of $6 asked for the little office was too much, and Dr.
Alexander at once secured it. The smallpox patient was lying ill at the old
Thompson House, which stood where the old Kimball house now stands, and
was conducted by Dr. Joseph Thompson, who erected a board structure out side of the city limits, to which the patient was removed with several others. There Dr. Alexander took charge of them, and under his efficient care and
treatment they all recovered." This professional stroke on the part of the young physician was heroic as well as enterprising, and it served to lay well
and deep the foundations of his future success. Dr. Alexander took an active part in local affairs during the stormy days of the fifties, and there
was hardly a mass meeting or a gathering of any kind for the discussion of
public issues at which he was not present. On account of his strong political
convictions he was chosen as a member of the famous Secession Convention
which carried Georgia out of the Union, and he was one of the warmest sup porters of the ordinance. At the outbreak of the war Dr. Alexander entered
the Confederate army as surgeon in the Seventh Georgia regiment, command
ed by Gen. L. J. Gartrell, but after serving for six months in the field he re turned to Atlanta, where he was detailed on hospital duty until the close of
hostilities. During the years which followed the war Dr. Alexander not
only succeeded in building up an immense practice which partook of the con stantly widening dimensions of the rehabilitated metropolis, but he was called
upon to serve the city in many important connections. For many years prior
to his death he was president of the Board of Health, and at one time he served with distinction in the city council. He was the recipient of numer
ous honors at the hands of his professional brethren, having been at different times president, vice-president, treasurer and censor of the State Medical
Association. Dr. Alexander was first married in 1855 to Miss Georgia
Orme, daughter of Richard Orme, editor and proprietor of the Southern Re
corder at Milledgcville. She died in 1876, leaving an only daughter, Jean-
nie, who became the wife of Mr. J. P. Stcvens. Two years later he married Miss Ada Reynolds, daughter of Col. Panncdus Reynolds, of Covington, Ga.,
from which union two children have sprung, James F., jr., and Ada. Dr. Alexander was of Scotch-Irish extraction, his grandfather, John R. Alex
ander, having emigrated to this country and settled in South Carolina in time
to take an active part in the revolution. The family in all of its generations has been noted for its sturdy characteristics and for its social and profes sional prominence, many of its members achieving marked individual dis
tinction. Dr. Alexander was an active member of the First Methodist Church of Atlanta, exemplifying his creed in his daily walk and conversa
tion as well as in his Sabbath attendance upon the exercises of divine wor
ship. Much of the lofty tone which characterizes the medical profession in
Atlanta has been caught from the unblemished record which he steadily maintained throughout his long career of practice, extending over more than fifty years. Dr. Alexander died peacefully at his home in Atlanta on No
vember I4th. 1901, bequeathing the legacy of an honored name to his family
and to his fellow-citizens. The following editorial tribute appeared in the

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Biographical

Constitution on the morning of November isth, and it voiced the sentiment of the entire community in the eulogium whidj it pronounced upon this up right and useful citizen:
"In the passing away of Dr. James F. Alexander, whose death occurred at his home in this city yesterday afternoon, Atlanta has lost one of her old est landmarks and one of her most distinguished and useful citizens. Com ing to Atlanta in the flush of his young manhood, Dr. Alexander devoted more than fifty years of his life to the best interests of this community, and whether in ministering at the bedside of the suffering patient or in discharging the difficult duties of public office, he was always the same ardent and generous friend of his fellow men, never shrinking from any call which his profession made upon him and ever ready to devote to the community as much of his time as he could well afford to spare from his busy professional activities. On account of his marked individuality of character, Dr. Alexander became an influential factor in Atlanta's civic life long before the outbreak of the civil war, and throughout his entire career he continued to be an active force in the community.
"Though death came to him at the ripe old age of 77 years, it found him in the' full possession of his mental faculties, enjoying the esteem and the confidence of his fellow-citizens."
GENERAL ALFRED AUSTELL stands deservedly in the forefront of Atlanta's great financiers, not only as the founder of the Atlanta National Bank, which was the first national banking institution ever organized in the South, but equally for the reason that Atlanta's financial credit, even at the present day, rests largely upon the thorough ground work laid under the sagacious leadership of this far-sighted pioneer. But while Gen. Austell's activities were absorbed mainly in banking interests, he made his influence as an organizer potentially felt in other directions, and it shows the wide extent of his usefulness as well as the broad field of his operations that every enterprise inaugurated by him was designed for the building up of this entire section of the country no less than for the development of the commonwealth in which he lived. With William H. Inman he organized the New York cotton commission house of Austell and Inman, which has since grown into the great firm of Inman, Swann & Co., and through the agency of this commercial establishment he opened the markets of the world to the South's prime agricultural product. Impressed with the need of more extended railway facilities throughout this section, he became an important factor in railway construction and was instrumental in building the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway, the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway and the Spartanburg and Ashevillc Railway, all of which have played an important part in developing the untold material resources of the Piedmont region. Gen. Austell was born in Jefferson county, Tenn., on January I4th, 1814, in the heart of one of the most picturesque portions of the State; and throughout his long career the sturdy integrity of his character bore close re semblance to the rugged mountains within whose shadows he spent his boy hood days. William Austell, his father, was an enterprising planter who stood well in the community and who admonished his children by example as well as by precept to walk unfalteringly in the path of rectitude. Jane Wilkins, his mother, was an excellent woman, whose character for Christian piety and for unselfish devotion to her household cares closely conformed to the scriptural pattern. Through both parents young Alfred traced his lineage back to worthy ancestors, whose blood was clouded by no suspicion of dis honor, and from both of them he inherited sturdy characteristics. Spending his early years on the farm, he strengthened by hardy outdoor exercises an inherently vigorous constitution and acquired the capacity for great physical

Biographical

631

endurance, without which he could never have achieved the success which was vouchsafed to him in after life. Though his educational advantages were only moderate, they were sufficient to awaken within him the fires of ambition, and feeling that his mission in life lay along the thoroughfares of commerce
rather than between the furrows, he quit the farm and turned his feet toward the marts of trade. First he went to Dandridge, Tenn., but finding that clerks were not in demand at this place he next went to Spartanburg, S. C, where his brother William was in business, and securing an opening with him, he applied himself to work with an earnestness of pur pose which was plainly prophetic of rich results. But his brother shortly afterwards retired from business, and finding it necessary to look elsewhere for employment, he came to Campbellton, Ga. This removal took place in 1836. From the start he found himself on the road to fortune. He soon became the principal merchant of the village, and whatever he man aged to save out of his business each year he wisely invested in farming lands, which enabled him to augment his profits considerably by raising large crops of cotton. Even at this early period of his career, Gen. Austell .gave proof of the unerring quality of judgment which distinguished him in after
years and made him successful in whatever he undertook. More than twenty years of his life were spent at Campbellton, and while residing at this place he was elected militia-general of his district. In 1858 Gen. Austell came to Atlanta, having previously acquired some property in this thriving young
metropolis, and believing that the day was not far distant when Atlanta was sure to become the great commercial center of this section. Here he exempli fied the same qualities of leadership which characterized him at Campbellton, and he was not long in coming to the front as one of the most enterprising spirits of his adopted township. When Gen. Austell came to Atlanta public opinion was rapidly crystallizing upon the issue of secession, and events were slowly but surely betokening the approach of war. Being an ardent union man, Gen. Austell stoutly opposed the policy of secession and urged the adop tion of more pacific measures of dealing with the general government, but the current of popular sentiment was too strong to be reversed by such concilia tory counsel, and the result of the agitation was the final passage of the ordi nance of secession by the State Convention. When this action was taken Gen. Austell promptly cast his lot for weal or woe with the fortunes of Geor gia ; and though he took no part in the military movements of the war, he ren dered the Confederacy important service along financial and commercial lines. He remained in Atlanta until the evacuation. Returning at the close of the war with his property considerably curtailed, he went to work industriously amid the desolation which marked the city's former market places, and soon began to retrieve his shattered fortunes; but he labored for the community as well as for himself and he was instrumental in bringing order out of chaos and in re-establishing the pulse of life in the withered arteries of the prostrate metropolis. On account of his intimate personal acquaintance with President Andrew Johnson, he succeeded in mitigating many of the harsh measures of reconstruction, and he could have received the appointment as provisional governor of the State had he been willing to sacrifice his business obligations to gratify his ambitious desires. President Johnson offered him the place and importunate friends urged him to accept it, but he felt that he could not do so without jeopardizing important interests entrusted to his guardianship, and he felt constrained to decline the honor. In view of the circumstances under which this tender was made, it is proof of Gen. Austcll's uncompromis ing fidelity to duty that he possessed the unselfish disinterestedness to put it firmly aside in order to devote himself unreservedly to his business engage ments. On September ist, 1865, Gen. Austell organized the Atlanta National Bank, which was the first institution of the kind ever organized in the South,
and continuously from the time of organization down to the date of his death

632

Biographical

he served the bank in the capacity of president, building it up in the esteem and'Confidence of the community and making it one of the strongest finan cial-bulwarks in the country. During the panic of 1873, when the credit of numberless banks was either hopelessly destroyed or seriously impaired, the Atlanta National Bank weathered the storm without the loosening of a screw or the loss of a sail, and to Gen. Austell's financial sagacity the bed-rock firm ness of the institution under the trying ordeal is largely due. Mention has already been made of the organization of the New York cotton commission house of Austell and Intnan, and Gen. Austell's part in the railway develop ment of the South has also been discussed. Suffice it to say in closing this sketch that this entire section of the country is indebted to Gen. Austell for much of the prosperity which has corqe to it since the war. Gen. Austell was united in marriage in 1853 to Miss Francina Cameron and four children have sprung from this happy union, viz., William W. Austell; Janie, wife of James Swann; Lelia, wife of A. E. Thornton, and Alfred Austell, jr. Though some what reserved in manner. Gen.. Austell was one of the kindest of men, and nowhere were his amiabilities of character displayed to better advantage than about the fireside. He was devoted to his family; and as husband and father he was always indulgent and tender. When occasion required he could be as firm as the oak, but he preferred to govern his relations with men by the rule of gentleness. No man was ever more loyal to his friends than Gen. Austell, and some one has said of him that the only losses which he met with in business were where his friendships were involved. He was always ready to lend the hand of encouragement to young men. He remembered his own youthful struggles, and when success rewarded him he not only requited the kindness of those who had befriended him in former days, but he stood ready to assist the efforts of those who were struggling upward as he had done. He was 1 quite generous in all of his public benefactions, and never failed to re spond to any call which the community made upon his time or his pocketbook. He cared nothing for politics, otherwise there was no office in the gift of the people which he might not have filled. Gen. Austell was an upright Christian man < and squared his conduct at all times by the standard laid down in the scriptures. Several years before his death he united with the First Presby terian Church, ( and he was unremittingly faithful in attending its public exer cises as well as in supporting its benevolent causes. But he was in no sense narrow or sectarian. He gave to churches without regard to denominational creeds and numerous structures all over the South, especially in the rural dis tricts, attest his generosity in this respect. Few men have surpassed Gen. Austell in the ability to discern great opportunities or in the skill to direct #reat business operations; but after all the secret of his power was in his granite-like solidity of character. Gen. Austell died of paralysis at his home in Atlanta on December 7th, 1881, mourned by all classes and conditions in the community; and expressive of the sense of sorrow which was universally felt over the announcement of his death the newspapers of the city teemed with editorial tributes. We close this sketch with the following beautiful extract from the Sunday Gazette:
"True to his friends, true to his family, true to every obligation which rested upon him, he turned his face heavenward as life's twilight gathered around him, and, laying aside his implements of careful labor, withdrew to his eternal rest. He was so modest and retiring that few, oven of his friends, had any idea of the extent of his benevolence. How many struggling fellowmen he has lifted over rough and rugged places no one will over know. As founder and president of the Atlanta National Bank, one of the first, not only in regard to organization, but also for unquestioned financial standing and fair dealing in the land; as the possessor of princely fortune, as a father, a friend, a Christian and a citizen, he came up to the full measure of his duty and died as he had lived, an honest man, the noblest work of God."

Biographical

633

. H. BARNETT, D.D. "Atlanta's ideal pastor" was the designation gracefully borne for nearly fifteen years by Dr. Edward Hammet Harriett, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of this city, and not only the members of his own immediate congregation, but the entire Christian community united in according him the distinction. Universally beloved by .all classes and conditions of men, Dr. Barnett possessed an influence for good which few men have equalled, and Atlanta will long feel the impress of his consecrated life upon her civic career. Being the pastor of one of the city's largest and wealthiest congregations, he overtasked himself in his zealous .and conscientious performance of duty and died in the fifty-eighth year of liis age. Dr. Barnett was born of Scotch-Irish parentage in Montgomery county, Va., on October 8th, 1840; Graduating from Hampden Sidney Col lege in 1861, he entered the Confederate army, and throughout the entire struggle he bore himself with commanding gallantry, surrendering with Gen. Lee at Appomattox. In 1865 he entered Union Theological Seminary to pre pare for the ministry and graduated in 1867. Immediately after graduation lie became assistant pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Lynchburg, "but in 1869 he accepted the call of the church at Abington. Four years later he was called to' the First Presbyterian Church of this city, but declined the call. Again in 1882 he was offered the pulpit, and this time he accepted, be ginning his labors in Atlanta in 1883. Shortly before his death, which oc curred on September 2Oth, 1898, the semi-centennial of the organization of the church was observed with impressive ceremonies. Dr. Barnett was united in marriage on March 8th, 1870, to Miss Caroline L. Trent, and she survives liim with three children, Dr. Stephen T., Mary and Edward. Dr. Barnett possessed great force of intellect and rare scholarship and was one of the recognized leaders of the Presbyterian Church in Georgia.
BISHOP JOHN W. BECKWITH, D. D. Conspic-
tious among the great religious personalities that have shaped the character of post-bellum Atlanta stands Bishop John Watrous Beckwith, second Protestant Episcopal bishop of Georgia and eighty-sixth in succession of the American Episcopate. Bishop Beckwith was born in Raleigh, N. C, Febru ary gth, 1831. Graduating from Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., in 1852, he was ordained deacon in 1854 and priest in 1855. After serving churches in North Carolina and Maryland, he went to Mississippi in 1861 and became rector of Trinity Church at Demopolis, Ala. During the war he served for some time as chaplain in the Confederate army and exercised very great in fluence over the soldiers. At the close of the war he was made rector of Trinity Church in New Orleans. In 1867 he received from Trinity College the degree of S. T. D., and was elected bishop of Georgia, being consecrated on April 2nd, 1868. During the lat ter 'years of his life Bishop Beckwith made his home in Atlanta, where he figured in the forefront of all the great reform movements of the day. On account of his wonderful powers of eloquence he at tracted vast congregations to hear him whenever he preached, and as an orator it is doubtful if the Episcopal Church in this country has ever produced his equal. He was well equipped for leadership, possessing marked power of original thought as well as profound scholarship. Bishop Beckwith died at his home in Atlanta on November 23, 1890.
HON. JOSEPH EMERSON BROWN, governor, chief
justice, United States senator, railroad president and financier, was born in Pickcns district, S. C., on the i.sth of April, 1821, and was one of eleven children born to Mackoy and Sallic Rice Brown. Commencing life with .no patrimony except his native force of intellect and his rugged strength of

634

i Biographical

character, he exemplified in an extraordinary degree the possibilities of success held out to youthful ambition under American institutions; and though at times exceedingly unpopular in his political relations, it is doubtful if any public man in Georgia has stamped the impress of his genius more indelibly upon his generation than Senator Brown. In weighing the influences which are most potential in shaping the careers of successful men, it will not do to eliminate the element of ancestry and much of the sturdiness of purpose which distinguished this illustrious Georgian throughout his long life is explained by the fact that his ancestors came from the north of Ireland and belonged to the hardy type known as the Scotch-Irish. Joseph Brown, his grandfather, was an uncompromising Whig, who took an active part in the struggle for American independence, while his father, who was equally strong in his patriotic affections, figured with gallantry in the war of 1812 and fought under Gen. Jackson at the battle of New Orleans. When the subject of this sketch was still an immature boy Mackey Brown, whose experience in tilling the soil was by no means the happiest, moved over the Savannah river into Georgia and located at Gaddistown, an obscure little village on one of the spurs of the Blue Ridge. Though Mackey Brown was able to engender in the minds of his children the best of moral precepts, re-enforced by the influence of his own parental example, he was not possessed of sufficient worldly means to supply them with educational advantages beyond the modicum of knowledge which they gleaned from rudimentary sources during the intervals of work. But young Joseph felt that he was not destined to follow the plow, and he was seized with an inordinate desire for an education, believing that he was certain to succeed in life if he could only make his way through col lege and secure the equipment which he felt to be essential. No opposition was raised by his father to this course of procedure, although he was unable to help him in carrying out his plans, further than to provide him with a yoke of oxen and a lot of home-made clothing; and thus equipped, young Joseph set out for Calhoun Academy, in Anderson district, South Carolina. Arrived at his destination, he traded his oxen for eight months' board and managed to get his schooling on credit. Making the most of his opportunities, he studied hard and won the esteem of his class-mates and professors by his evident earnestness of purpose. As soon as his resources were exhausted he came back to Georgia and opened an academy at Canton, where he soon accumulated enough money to pay off his obligations. Choosing the law as his profession, he applied himself with diligence to his studies, and at the same time acted as tutor to the children of Dr. John W. Lewis, who continued through life to be one of his staunchest friends and supporters. Mr. Brown was admitted to the bar in 1845, but realizing the need of greater thoroughness of preparation before engaging in the practice, he secured from Dr. Lewis the assistance necessary to put him through one year's course of study at the Yale Law School. Returning to Canton, he found an excellent business awaiting him, and such was the able manner in which he disposed of the cases entrusted to him that he was not compelled to wait long for his reputation to bring him in large fees. As the result of his first year's work he realized $1,200, and having been taught the value of money through the bitter priva tions of poverty, he knew better than to squander his savings; and even at this early stage of his career he gave evidence of the shrewd financial instinct which was destined to mark his business transactions in later life and to bring him both fame and fortune. With his first professional earnings he bought a lot of land near Canton at a cost of $450, thinking that possibly it might in crease in value later on. This expectation was fully realized. Deposits of copper were shortly afterwards found on the land, and eventually half of the original purchase was sold for $25,000. Peculiarly fitted for the arena of public life, it is not surprising that the inclinations of the young barrister

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635

should have prompted him to enter politics, and accordingly, in 1849 he was elected on the Democratic ticket to the State Senate, where he became asso ciated in legislative work with such rising men of the State as Andrew J. Miller, David J. Bailey, A. H. Kenan, W. T. Wofford, Thomas C. Howard, Richard H. Clark, Charles J. Jenkins, Linton Stephens and L. J. Gartrell. Though comparatively unknown up to this time in State politics, he soon made his influence felt upon,the councils of his party and became an acknowl edged leader. Eloquence of the brilliant order was not one of his gifts, but he possessed the power to command the attention of his hearers by reason of his sound judgment, which in time became proverbial. Even amid the heat
of intense political passion he managed to keep his mental equipoise undis turbed, and this wonderful power of self-control not only enabled him to avoid many of the pitfalls into which his contemporaries stumbled, but in the end won him the allegiance of many former opponents. Defeating Judge
David Irwin for the Superior Court bench of the Blue Ridge circuit in 1857, he wore the judicial ermine with distinguished credit to himself and with pronounced acceptability to his constituents for two years, and at the expira tion of this time he was nominated for governor on the Democratic ticket without any solicitation on his part and without even being apprised of the fact that such an action was contemplated by his friends in the gubernatorial convention. Henry G. Lamar, J. H. Ltimpkin and Hiram Warner were the principal contestants for the nomination, but the deadlock which ensued pre vented either candidate from being nominated and it was not until Mr. Brown's name was presented that the deadlock was broken. When Mr. Brown took the field as the Democratic standard bearer he found himself opposed by Benjamin H. Hill as the American candidate, and the fame of the latter as an orator involved the result of the contest in very great doubt, but Mr. Brown met his gifted antagonist without flinching, and in the end defeat ed him at the polls after one of the most eventful campaigns ever waged in the history of the State. Subsequently he was thrice re-elected, defeating successfully such candidates for the office as Warren Aiken, Eugenius A. Nisbet ana Joshua Hill. Gov. Brown's term of office, reaching from 1857 to 1865, covered the entire period of the civil war, and his unbroken tenure of service proves the fidelity with which he met the obligations of his exalted position as chief executive. Anticipating the action of the State in seceding from the Union in 1861, Gov. Brown assumed an attitude of bold aggressive ness and instantly seized Forts Pulaski and Jackson, near Savannah. This prompt action was immediately followed by the conversion of the govern ment arsenal at Augusta to the uses of the State, and no time was lost in equipping troops for threatened hostilities. Throughout the war Gov. Brown never once relaxed his firm grasp upon the helm of affairs, and the contro
versy which he carried on with President Jefferson Davis over the constitu tionality of the conscript law evinces the executive firmness as well as the broad patriotism which characterized his administration. When Gen. Shernian invaded the State he put an army of 10,000 men in the field, made up largely of civilians exempt from military duty, but he refused to send them out of the State in response to requisition made upon him by the Confederate authorities at Richmond. Following the collapse of the Confederate gov ernment Gov. Brown was put under arrest by the federal authorities, and after being carried to Washington was temporarily imprisoned, but he was afterwards released at the instance of Andrew Johnson and allowed to return home. During the days of reconstruction Gov. Brown made himself very unpopular in Georgia by reason of his political affiliations, but he felt that nothing was to be gained by resisting the measures of reconstruction and that it was the part of wisdom to accept the situation in good faith. Most of the public men of the State thought differently, and Gov. Brown suffered

Biographical
in reputation in consequence of his defiant attitude toward popular senti ment, but he was consoled in this season of adverse criticism by the assur ance that he was following the dictates of conscience and living up to what he believed to be the duty of the hour. To make his unpopularity still greater, Gov. Brown accepted at the hands of Gov. Bullock the office of chief justice of the Supreme Court under the reconstruction regime, but he felt that he could render the State important service on the Supreme bench, and despite the bitterness with which he was assailed for accepting the appoint ment, he entered upon his judicial duties with his characteristic equipoise and firmness. Resigning the ermine in 1870, he became the president of the company leasing the Western and Atlantic railroad from the State of Georgia, and remained at the head of this important railway system for more than twenty years. Until this time the Western and Atlantic railroad had been netting the State only $43,000 per annum, but under the contract with the lessees it continued for twenty years to yield an income to the State of $300,'Ooo per annum, and to-day pays into the treasury not less than $420,000 per annum. Gov. Brown must be credited with having rendered the State an important service in building up this splendid property which has become such an important source of revenue. When Gen. Gordon resigned his seat in the United States Senate in 1880 Gov. Colquitt, who then occupied the gubernatorial chair, appointed Gov. Brown as his successor, and though the appointment called forth very general protest throughout the State, it was subsequently ratified by the legislature, and the opposition was completely won over to the side of the new incumbent. At the expiration of his term of service for which he was appointed he was overwhelmingly re-elected, and in 1884 he took his seat in this high forum as the choice of the entire Demo cratic party of the State, and with the support of many who had hitherto been his avowed enemies. Retiring from public life at the expiration of his second term of service, Senator Brown spent the remainder of his days at his home in Atlanta, being too feeble in health to engage in active work of any kind; and here, surrounded by the members of his fond household, lie breathed his last on November 301 h, 1894, having reached the age of sev enty-four years. As the result of industrious habits, judicious investments and prudent financiering. Senator Brown amassed an immense fortune. Zealous in his championship of the cause of education, he presided for many years over the interests of the public school system of Atlanta as president of the board of education. Also as one of the members of the board of trus tees of the University of Georgia, he rendered the state important service, and on the death of his son, Charles McDonald Brown, who was then attend ing the University, he gave the institution an endowment of $50,000 for the education of poor boys, and known as the Charles McDonald Brown scholar ship fund. Senator Brown was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth Gresham, daughter of Rev. Joseph Gresham, of South Carolina, and from the union thus formed the following offspring resulted: Julius L., Joseph M., Mary, wife of Dr. E. L. Connally, Elijah A.. Eranklin P. (deceased), Charles McDonald (deceased). George M., and Sarah. We close this sketch with an utterance made by Senator Brown in the United States Senate on March 6th, 1882, on concluding an argument against the Chinese exclusion bill, and we quote it in this connection because it throws light upon the career of this illustrious Georgian. Said he: "1 do not occupy the popular side of this question. In a somewhat protracted political career it has frequently been my misfortune to differ with majorities and to stand in the current without flinch ing while the surging waves of popular disapproval rolled over me. And T have lived to see the storm subside, the elements become calm and tranquil and to hear the plaudit of well done for the act that provoked the storm. The statesman who adopts the rule of pandering to popular opinion

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may float peacefully with the current for the time, but he will soon be called to answer at the same bar of public opinion for acts which at the time of their performance were hailed with delight. My rule is to inquire: Is it right? and if right to move forward without fear. I would rather be right than popular. I would rather have the approval of my own conscience than the plaudits of the multitude or the temporary approval of those who are con trolled by their passions and not by their reason and their judgment."
COL. EDWIN NASHBROYLESwas regarded by his contemporaries at the Georgia bar as a lawyer whose grasp of the great under lying principles of equity made him an acknowledged leader in the ranks of his profession in this State; and whenever he undertook the management of a case he invariably exhausted the law upon the subject. Intellects of un usual penetration and quickness to discern the philosophy of things are not always characterized by the patience which is needed for exhaustive research, but Col. Broyles happily united both qualities in one. Col. Broyles was born in Buncombe county, N. C, on November I4th, 1829. His father, Major Cain Broyles, was an able practitioner at the bar and also an efficient officer in the war of 1812. His mother, Lucinda Nash, was a descendant of John Nash,. the famous revolutionary hero for whom the city of Nashville, Tenn., was named. Reared on the banks of the French Broad river and among the shadows of the picturesque mountain ranges for which the western part of North Carolina is famous, it is not surprising that nature should have woven her magic spell about him and refined with her velvet touches the robust fibres of his intellect, making him proof against the hardening influences of an austere profession and quick to appreciate the poetic and the beautiful. Early in life Col. Broyles moved to Green county, Tenn., living for some time at Greenville, the county seat, famous in after years as the home of President Andrew Johnson. After completing his elementary education he attended Washington College, which was then under the able management of Prof. A. A. Doke, a Presbyterian clergyman of some note and a graduate of Princeton. At college Col. Broyles distinguished himself for his proficiency in logic and mental philosophy, finding them peculiarly congenial to his mental tastes. On being admitted to the bar he began the practice of his profession at Greenville, where he came in contact with such noted practitioners as Gen. Thos. D. Arnold and Judge Samuel Milligan of Greenville, William H. Snecd of Knoxville and Thomas R. Nelson of Jonesboro. Meeting such men in the contests of the cottrt room tended not only to fire his ambition, but to sharpen his intellectual weapons. Coming to Georgia in 1853, Col. Broyles first located at Cedartown, where he remained for some time. Gov. Brown soon made his acquaintance, and being impressed with his abilities he ap pointed him in 1857 to compile the statutes of the preceding session of thelegislature. During the war Col. Broyles, though an ardent union man, loy ally endorsed the cause of the Confederacy and rendered the government im portant service. When the war was over he located in Atlanta, where hecontinued to practice his profession until the time of his death. Col. Broyles was one of the best posted men in the State on all questions touching the in terests of the general public, but there was nothing in the allurements of political office to wean him away from his profession, to which he was bound by an uncompromising allegiance. This devotion to the law was not born of selfish interests or narrow-minded considerations, but was due largely to thebelief that he could best serve the interests of his fellow-citizens by keeping faithful attendance upon the business of the courts and leaving political honors for those whose aspirations and tastes were more in accord with such things. To him the practice of the law even in the most obscure form was an tin
pleasure for which there was no satisfying equivalent in any other line

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Biographical

639

of work, and with an intellect which constantly refreshed itself in the labor of exhaustive research he found his law-books perennial sources of delight. Even down to old age he kept up his studious habits, and if, when the infirmities of advancing years crept over him, he sometimes longed to renew his youth, it was only that he might take another start upon the same beautiful journey and quench his thirst again at the same favorite fountains. Col. Broyles was twice married: first in 1861 to Miss Elizabeth D. Arnold, the accomplished and cultured daughter of Gen. Thomas D. Arnold and one of the most brilliant women of the South, and second in 1883 to Miss Sallie Trippe Hardy, daugh ter of Dr. Weston Hardy of Cartersville, Ga. Four surviving children were the product of the first union: Hon. Arnold Broyles, clerk of the Fulton County Superior Court; Hon. Nash R. Broyles, city recorder; Mrs. Pearl Broyles Parks, wife of Mr. Lloyd Parks, and Bernard C. Broyles. Only one child was the fruit of the second union: Harold Hardy Broyles. Ill health greatly enfeebled the activities of Col. Broyles during the last years of his life and hastened his death, which occurred on February I3th, 1897. No better epitaph could be inscribed on his tomb than: "Here lies an upright lawyer who loved his profession, which in turn honored him."
HON. JAMES M. C A L H O U.N , Atlanta s War Mayor. Among the pioneers of Atlanta whose distinguished services entitle them to grateful remembrance is Hon. James M. Calhoun. As Mayor of Atlanta during the dark days of the Civil War this stalwart citizen was called upon to perform many difficult and painful duties, not the least of which was the surrender of the city into the hands of Gen. Sherman as the result of the battle of the 22nd of July, but in every situation which he was called upon to occupy Mayor Calhoun exemplified the virtues of his sturdy Scotch-Irish ancestors and proved himself worthy of the confidence which his fellow citi zens reposed in him. Mayor Calhoun was the son of William and Rebecca Tannyhill Calhoun and was born on February nth, 1811, in Calhoun settle ment, Abbeville District, S. C. His father was a cousin of the great nullifier, Hon. John C. Calhoun, and a farmer of moderate circumstances who be lieved in giving his children the best educational advantages which his means could afford. His mother was a lady of rare accomplishments and many vir tues whose influence upon the life of her son was felt throughout his long career. Some idea of the discipline which characterized the government of the household in which Mayor Calhoun was brought up may be derived from the fact that both of his parents were strict Presbyterians who believed im plicitly in the doctrines of the Shorter Catechism. At the age of eighteen, having lost both father and mother, he left the old homestead and came to Decanir, Ga., where his elder brother, the late Dr. Ezekiel N. Calhoun, then resided, and where he remained some time, as his brother's invited guest, attending for two years the village school taught by David Kiddoo and ac quiring an excellent English education, together with some knowledge of the ancient languages. In the spring of 1831 he commenced the study of law in the office of the late Hon. Hines Holt and was admitted to the bar on Feb ruary 22nd, 1832. Industrious, conscientious and thorough, he enjoyed an extensive practice of his chosen profession and was identified with many im portant cases involving large financial interests. While engaged in his pro fessional labors he was associated at different times in partnership relations \yith his brother-in-law, Col. W. H. Dabney, Col. B. F. Martin, Col. A. W. Stone and his son, Col. William Lowndes Calhoun. In 1836 Mr. Calhoun entered the service of the United States as a captain in the war with the Creek Indians, and in July of that year, while temporarily in command of the battalion, was engaged in a severe and bloody battle with the Indians near Fort McCrary, in Stewart County, Ga., in which the enemy was driven some

640

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distance. His deportment in this battle was such as to elicit warm eulogiums from his officers and men. In politics Mr. Calhoun was a Whig and labored under the disadvantage of residing in a district largely Democratic. In 1837 he was elected to represent De Kalb County in the legislature. In 1850 he was elected a delegate to the State Convention, which convention was called to consider the series of laws known as the compromise measures then lately enacted by Congress, in which he took a prominent part in securing the pas sage of resolutions favorable to these measures. In 1851 he was elected to a seat in the Senate of Georgia. He became a resident of Atlanta in Decem ber, 1852, living for many years at the head of Washington street, and was a member of the celebrated legislature of 1855-6, as senator from Fulton and
was the author of many of the most important acts of that distinguished body. As a member in the Judiciary Committee he participated in perfecting the many beneficial changes made during that session in our statutes. In 1850 he was one of the vice-presidents of the convention which nominated Bell and Everett for president and vice-president of the United States. In 1862-3-4-5 he was mayor of the city of Atlanta and in 1862 was appointed civil governor
of the city by Gen. Bragg, but doubting the legality of this appointment he de clined to act. Later on, when the siege of Atlanta was terminated by the successful entry of the invading army, it became his melancholy duty to sur render the city into the hands of General Sherman. Following the war Mr. Calhoun resumed the practice of his profession in Atlanta and continued in tent upon his labors until the time of his death. Mr. Calhoun was married
in 1832 to Miss Emma Eliza Dabney, daughter of Anderson Dabney of Jas per County, Ga., and a lady of intelligence, education and refinement. Eight children resulted from this union as follows: William Lowndes, Anna B. V., married Dr. W. S. DuBose; Anna Eliza, deceased; Coralin C, deceased; James Tyree, Hannah Rebecca, deceased, married John H. Mathews; Patrick
Henry and John Dabney. Mr. Calhoun died at his home in Atlanta on Octo ber 1st, 1875. This brief extract from the memorial prepared by the commit
tee of his brother members of the bar and entered upon the minutes of the Supreme Court will serve as an appropriate conclusion for this sketch. We quote from the memorial as folknys:
"In 1864 during the stormy period of the siege and occupation of the city by the federal army when the Confederates evacuated the place, the unpleasant
duty of surrendering Atlanta to General Sherman devolved on him. No one can fairly feel or accurately describe the bitterness of his sorrow as he saw the aged, the feeble and the helpless, laboring under the crushing weight of the exactions, robbery and terror to which our afflicted people had to submit dur ing the occupancy and afterwards. His letter remonstrating against the order
of General Sherman expelling the women and children from the city during the hard fall of 1864 will live in history and carry his name to posterity as a man of true courage and generous sensibility. The letter of General Sher
man, in answer, in which occurred the expression, "War is cruelty and cannot be refined" conveys but an imperfect idea of the feelings of indifference and revenge with which our sufferings were viewed, and the temper with which the'faggot was applied to our cherished homes and rising city. Col. Calhoun, in the midst of the sea of fire around him, did what he could to support the weak and aid the suffering. As the city sank amid the lurid glare of incen diary war, its mayor stood like Marius, looking in gloom and powerless de spair upon its dying embers. It is a matter of sincere congratulation to know that he was spared by Providence to see the city of his choice and his love arise from its ashes, and again put on the beautiful smiles of peace and pros perity; but from the tears and sorrow of its thousands of victims of undeserved wrong and opprobium the grand proportions of opulence and refinement have
returned to cheer and bless his and their descendants. As a public speaker

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he was earnest, careful, often vehement and impassioned. The latter, how ever, were exceptions to his style. He argued to convince the understanding rather than to please the fancy. As models for imitation, the zealous pur suit of his purposes by honest means and the reliant manhood of his nature, are worthy of public notice. In private life he was gentle, truthful and cour teous ; without the tinsel of attractive display in company possessed by some, he won the confidence of those around him by his refined feelings and atten tion to time, place and person so well that few forgot an interview with him or ceased to regard him with esteem and respect. His death occurred on the first day of October, 1875, and he now sleeps in Oakland cemetery and it may be truthfully said of him that his life, taken altogether, was an eminent suc
cess.
JUDGE RICHARD H. CLARK, judge Richard H.
Clark will long be remembered by his fellow citizens not only for the sturdy characteristics which distinguished him as a judge upon the bench, but equally for the unsullied purity of heart which marked him as a man among men. Great as were the powers of his well-trained intellect, the virtues of his gen erous soul were still greater, and out of the many worthy sons who have illus trated Georgia on the bench, it is doubtful if any of the number have glori fied the ermine with a mind more firmly bent upon the ends of justice and a heart less mixed with guile than this stainless and courtly gentleman of the old school. If his compassionate sympathies were constantly at war with his judicial obligations, they never swerved him from the path which his con victions clearly marked out for him, and they only served to emphasize the Spartan texture of his nature. Judge Clark was born in Springfield, Effingham county, Ga., March 24th, 1824. Puritan and Huguenot blood mingled in his veins and accounted for the many distinguishing traits of character which he exemplified throughout his long professional career. On the pa ternal side of the house he came of vigorous New England stock, his father, Josiah Hayden Clark, benig a native of Dorchester, Mass., and a kinsman of Charles Simmer, the noted anti-slavery agitator. On the maternal side of the house he traced his lineage back to Henry Gindrat, a Frenchman of noble birth, who came to this country before the revolution and settled in South Carolina. Judge Clark was given splendid educational advantages. When only ten years old he was placed under the care of an experienced educator at Lynn, Mass., who taught him in the elementary branches, but growing homesick at the North he was taken from the school at Lynn and placed in the Springfield Academy, where he completed his education. Being destined to the law by reason of his youthful predilections, he began his professional
studies immediately upon graduation and was admitted to the bar in 1844. In casting about for some place in which to hang out his shingle he turned his eyes toward Albany, which was then beginning to make rapid advances toward cityhood and which seemed to offer him fair inducements. Accordingly he set out for Albany on horseback, and in due season arrived upon the scenes of his future place of abode, where twenty years of his busy life were to be spent. Success rewarded his professional labors from the start, and clients increased as the fame of his triumphs at the bar continued to spread. On account of his popularity throughout the district and his wideawake interest in the public questions of the day he was induced by his friends to run for the State Senate, and on being elected he took his seat in the upper branch of the legislature in the fall of 1849, where he had for his colleagues such men as Linton Stephens, Lucius J. Gartrell and Joseph E. Brown, for whom future distinction was slowly ripening. Judge Clark \yns the peer of any of his col leagues in this august body, and he took an active part in all of the proceed ings, stamping the impress of his intellect upon the legislation of the day, and proved himself an efficient public servant. At the expiration of his term
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of service as State Senator Judge Clark resumed the practice of his profession at Albany and persistently refused to enter again upon the arena of politics. However, when the celebrated deadlock occurred in the convention of 1857, when James Gardner, Henry G. Lamar and John H. Lumpkin were candi dates for governor, it was largely upon the advice of Judge Clark that the convention acted in conferring the nomination upon Joseph E. Brown. Though comparatively unknown to the great majority of the people of Georgia, except as an able legislator who had one time served in the State
Senate, Mr. Brown possessed in an eminent degree the qualifications which were needed for the office, and Judge Clark, being well aware of this fact, took pains to advance his interests and to bring him in favor with the leading spirits of the convention. Thus to Judge Clark is due in no small measure the initial impulse which placed this distinguished Georgian in the guber
natorial chair and made him the power which he came to be in public life. On account of ill-health, Judge Clark was prevented from attaining at the bar anything like the eminence for which his splendid talents fitted him, though he represented his district in the secession convention of 1861; and after devoting several years of laborious work to the practice of his profession he assumed the judgeship of the Southwestern Circuit in 1862, retaining it until he resigned to come to Atlanta in 1866. But before his physical strength began to wane Judge Clark had attained an eminence which suggest ed to Gov. Brown the wisdom of appointing him to serve with Jared Irwin and Thomas R. R. Cobb in codifying the laws of Georgia, and the success with
which he performed this herculean task is monumentalized in the enduring records of the State. To Judge Clark, perhaps, more than to cither of his colleagues, the credit for compiling this first code is due. In so far as the condition of his health permitted, Judge Clark again actively engaged in the practice of his profession after coming to Atlanta, but was obliged to aban don it again; and in 1876 accepted an appointment to the judgeship of the City Court of Atlanta, eventually resigning it to become judge of the Stone Mountain Circuit and remaining in this latter judicial office until his useful
career was at length terminated by his death. Judge Clark was endowed with unusual literary gifts, and had he not been fettered by the stern limita tions of judicial routine, he might have enriched the literature of the State with the contributions of his pen. He possessed the poetic as well as the judicial instinct, and sentiment constituted an important part of his mental make-up. Fond of genealogical researches and possessed of an extraordi narily retentive memory, he was an authority upon all matters pertaining to family trees and genealogical records of distinguished Georgians. Many
sorrows darkened the life of Judge Clark, but he kept them hidden in the recesses of his heart and refused to let them show in his face or find voice on his lips. Until the last moment of his life he was seemingly at least the em bodiment of sunshine, always jovial and bright in his intercourse with men and sorrowful only when left to himself. Judge Clark was Uvice married: first to Miss Harriet G. Charlton and second to Miss Anna Maria Lott. By his first wife he had two children, Henrietta Louise and Harriet Charlton, the latter of whom, though an invalid, survived him, the former dying several years ago. By his second wife he had six children: Richard H., Charles Clifford, George Towiies, Anna Beveridge, Jessie Bertram and Alice Gindrat, the last named being the only one who survived him in this group. Judge
Clark died in his quarters at the Markham House in Atlanta on February 14th, 1806, and was buried in Macon on the day following. Sincerely mourned by the whole State, his death was nowhere more keenly felt than in Atlanta, and the memory of his noble life of unselfishness will long abide in this com
munity, where his mellow autumnal days were spent and where his weary eyelids were closed in death.

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JUDGE MARSHALL J. CLARKE. Atlanta is justly
proud of the unblemished record which Judge Marshall J. Clarke has left be hind him both as an occupant of the Superior Court bench and as an advocate at the bar. He came to this city in early manhood from Lumpkin, Stewart county, Ga., where he was born on June the 28th, 1839. James Clarke, his father, was a man of commanding influence in local affairs and a successful planter as well as a prominent and able lawyer. Believing in the wisdom of giving his children the best possible scholastic advantages, he encouraged young Marshall to apply himself with diligence to his books, and after put ting him through the local schools he sent him to Mercer University, where he completed his education. Graduating from Mercer, this future wearer
of the judicial ermine began the study of law in his father's office at Lumpkin. Subsequently both father and son moved to Atlanta, but after making
this change of residence the son grew tired of the irksome drudgery of the law and decided to exchange the court room for the class room, being seized with the desire to become an educator of young boys. Preliminary to open ing a school in Atlanta, he took charge of a school in the country for the pur pose of acquiring the necessary experience, and he expected to still further increase his professional equipment by spending a year in Europe in the study
of modern languages, but the coming on of the war prevented him from grati fying this cherished desire. Entering the Confederate army as a member of Company H of the Fifty-sixth Georgia regiment, he subsequently became attached to Gen. Tom Taylor's staff as private secretary and served in this capacity until his health broke down under the stress of constant exposure to hardships for which his physical condition ill fitted him. On regaining
his health he accepted an appointment under Gen. Ira R. Foster, quartermaster general for the State of Georgia, remaining at this post of duty until the close
of the war. Immediately after the surrender he returned to Atlanta and opened an office for the practice of law, having abandoned his old idea of tak
ing up school teaching, and resolved to devote himself inflexibly to the pro fession for which he had qualified at first. Though clients were scarce and fees small during the poverty-stricken and turbulent era which followed the struggle at arms, the young barrister made the most of his opportunities and steadily grew in the esteem of his fellow citizens until he succeeded in deriv
ing from his practice an income which enabled him to accumulate. Such was the calm equipoise of his mind even amid the heat of forensic contests that more than one discerning mind singled him out as an appropriate subject for judicial honors; but added to this peculiar mental temperament, he also
possessed scholarly attainments which lifted him high above the average of his fellow practitioners at the bar. Accordingly, when he was called to the judgeship of the City Court of Atlanta in 1885, it was the undivided concen sus of opinion that the honor was well bestowed. But from this position he
was shortly called to the bench of the Superior Court of the Atlanta circuit, and he occupied this exalted seat from December ist, 1885, to September I5th, 1893, being twice re-elected after receiving his original appointment and then retiring with an unfinished remainder of more than three years of another term before him. Judge Clarke cared little for the allurements of political
life, being wedded to his professional work. He took great interest in what ever concerned the welfare of the public, and was an ardent champion of the Young Men's Library Association, serving it for many years in the capacity of director. At the time of his death, which occurred on October 2Oth, 1898, he held the position of president of the Atlanta Lecture Association, and was identified with many other public enterprises to which he found time to de vote himself despite the exacting demands of an extensive and constantly growing practice. Judge Clarke never married. In religious faith he was
strongly Calvinistic, and was an ardent and useful member -of the Second

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Baptist Church. Conscientious, fearless, upright and able, he received, as he well merited, the esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens, and the profes sion to which he devoted his best energies throughout his comparatively brief but well spent life must ever regard him as an exemplar and an ornament.
JUDGE JOHN COLLIER. Atlanta holds in grateful memory the services of Judge John Collier, who as an honored citizen of this community for more than fifty years was always active in every move ment to promote her welfare and progress. Judge Collier, son of Meredith Collier, was born in Randolph, N. C, May 4th, 1815. While still in knee breeches he moved with his parents to Georgia, settling in the region of what is now North Atlanta, but at this remote period there was nothing in the primeval wildness of the surrounding country to even hint the great city in whose subsequent upbuilding he was to take such an important part. Enter ing upon life under circumstances by no means the most auspicious, Judge Collier was pre-eminently the architect of his own fortunes, being wholly with out patrimony beyond the sturdiness of character which he inherited from his progenitors. On account of the necessity of earning his own way through life he was denied the luxury of attending school except at rare intervals and with frequent interruptions which made the quest of knowledge exceedingly difficult and unpleasant. But possessed of an inordinate desire to make his mark in life, he managed in spite of the obstacles which lay across his path to acquire an extraordinary fund of information, and though he could make no pretensions to scholarship, he possessed an acquaintance with the hidden treasures of knowledge marvelous to those who were aware of his limited edu cational advantages. Taking up the study of law, he succeeded by dint of hard work, carried on by the light of pine knots after the labor of the day was over, in perfecting himself for admission to the bar, and eventually en tered upon his long career of professional usefulness, which was destined to bring him into prominence as one of the foremonst lawyers of the State and to place him finally upon the bench. But before reaching this period of his life it is well to note that his first means of livelihood before his admission to the bar was found in hauling cotton from Atlanta to Augusta over the long country road which stretched between the two cities, and in this way he spent his falls and winters while he occupied the remainder of his time in doing odd jobs of work. When the Indian troubles of 1835-8 broke out he partici pated in the military campaign which resulted in the removal of the Cherokee Indians into the Western reserves. Though nearly twenty-eight years old at the time of his admission to the bar, he threw himself with great ardor into the practice of his profession, and what he lacked in the line of educational equipment he made up by careful observation and soon perfected himself to an extraordinary degree in the art of cleverly handling his cases in the court room. One of his most striking characteristics even at this early period of his life was his thoroughness in the preparation of his cases, and if he found that he was not able to carry his points by sound arguments based upon good evidence, he refused to court success by resorting to underhanded methods of procedure. Throughout his long career at the bar no stain ever rested upon his professional honor or sullied his fair reputation as an upright champion of the cause of justice in the controversies of the court room. Most of his early cases were tried in the justice courts of I)e Kalb county, which then included Fulton, and he made his rounds with faithful regularity, frequently walking on foot to attend the different sessions. His first office was in Decatur, but he moved to Atlanta in 1846, continuing to make this city his place of resi dence until the time of his death. Judge Collier was the author of the first city charter drawn up in 1847, changing (he name of the city from Marthasville to Atlanta; and he was also the introducer of the resolution which sep-

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arated Fulton county from De Kalb in 1854, being at the time a representative of De Kalb county in the legislature, although he was subsequently elected a representative from Fulton. At the outbreak of the civil war he enlisted in the Confederate service and took an active part in the struggle until the final close of hostilities, exhibiting upon the field of battle the same fidelity to his country which he had previously displayed in the halls of legislation. In consequence of the devastation wrought by the invading army under Gen. Sherman when Atlanta fell into the hands of General Sherman, the property of Judge Collier was completely swept away, and after the war was over he found himself compelled to begin life anew with an expensive family to sup port and heavy financial obligations to meet, but he went to work with char acteristic pluck and perseverance and soon retrieved the disasters which the war had brought upon him. Over the ruins of his former office building he erected another with his own hands, being assisted by his sons, who carried the brick and mortar. In 1867 he was appointed judge of the Superior Court of the Coweta Circuit, and in this capacity served with great fidelity and distinction, but was removed by the reconstruction governor because of his refusal to vote the Republican ticket. Judge Collier frequently served the interests of the community on the board of county commissioners and in other important capacities. For several years after the war he practiced law in partnership with his son, the late Charles A. Collier, at one time mayor of the city and president of the Cotton States and International Exposition. In '843 Judge Collier married Miss Henrietta Wilson, daughter of Mr. Samuel Wilson of Decatur, Ga., and eight children were born to them as follows: M. L. Collier, John W. Collier, Charles A. Collier, Henry L. Collier, Mrs. Ella Collier Turner; Fannie, wife of Dr. F. W. McRae; Mrs. Lillie Collier Beall and Walter Scott Collier. Judge Collier died at his home in Atlanta on November 3rd, 1892, and was laid to rest in Oakland Cemetery, where he sleeps peacefully after his long career of usefulness and honor.
HON. CHARLES A. COLLIER, whose successful
career was attested by his able management of the Cotton States and Inter national Exposition in 1895, was the son of John and Henrietta (Wilson) Collier and was born in Atlanta, Ga.. on July igth, 1848. He received his education at the University of Georgia and soon after graduation he began the practice of law in Atlanta, being associated with his distinguished father. Hut he subsequently abandoned law for mercantile life and was signally suc cessful in all of his business enterprises. He gave the latter years of his life exclusively to banking, and as vice-president and active head of the Capital City Hank, he conducted the affairs of this leading financial institution with marked ability. In 1887 he was made president of the Piedmont Exposition, and his success in directing this great industrial enterprise was so pronounced that when the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 was organ ised it was with one accord that the projectors of this great undertaking turned to him as the one best fitted to act as the executive head of the enterprise; and he accepted with the result that the Cotton States and International Ex position was generally recognized as the most stupendous affair of the kind ever held on Southern soil. In 1887 Mr. Collier was elected alderman, and part of the time he served as mayor pro tern. Subsequently he was placed by the suffrages of his fellow-citizens on the Board of County Commissioners, and was later given the office of chairman. From 1896 to 1898 he presided over the affairs of the city government, and as mayor gave the city an excellent administration. Mr. Collier in 1875 tnarricd Miss Susie Rawson, daughter of Mr. W. A. Rawson, of Atlanta, and several children blessed this happy union. He died at his home in this city in 1900.

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HON. ALFRED H. COLQUITT. soldier, governor and senator, one of Atlanta's most distinguished citizens, was the son of Walter T. and Nancy Lane Colquitt, and was born in Walton county, Georgia, on April 2Oth, 1824. Graduating from Princeton College, he was admitted to the bar in the year following, but on the outbreak of the Mexican war he went to the front and served with distinction, eventually attaining the rank of major. In 1849 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1855 was sent to Congress. In 1861 he was made an elector on the Breckinridge and Lane ticket and was chosen a member of the State Secession Convention. During the war between the states he served with commanding distinction in the Confederate army, becoming a brigadier general and winning the sobriquet of "the Hero of Olustee." In 1876 he was elected governor of Georgia for four years, and in spite of the fact that impeachment charges were brought against the comptroller-general and the state treasurer, he was re-elected in 1880 for two years. In 1883 he was elected to the United States Senate and in 1888 was re-elected, serving until the time of his death, which occurred near the expiration of his second term. In the Senate of the United States he was an imposing figure, and it may be of interest to note in this connection that his distinguished father before him was an honored member of this same body, having represented Georgia in the United States Senate for sev eral years before the war; but the son was no less devoted to the public ser vice and no less an important factor in national affairs than the father. From the time of his election to the governorship until the close of his life, Senator Colquitt's home was in Atlanta. Though admitted to the bar in early man hood, he spent most of his time when not occupied with his public duties in agricultural pursuits, and he served for many years as president of the State Agricultural Society. Senator Colquitt was deeply religious and frequently conducted exercises of public worship. He belonged to the Methodist Church. Senator Colquitt died in Atlanta in 1893.
JUDGE JOHN ERSKINE. For ripe scholarship and broad culture as well as for pronounced judicial equipoise it is doubtful if the federal bench in Georgia has ever been graced by the superior of Judge John Erskine; but he is best remembered by his fellow-citizens of Atlanta not so much on account of his brilliant mental attainments as because of his Gibral tar-like firmness of character as manifested during the days of reconstruction. Judge Erskine was born in Strabone, County Tyrone, Ireland, on September I3th, 1813. Before completing his seventh year he crossed the water with his parents, settling first at St. John's, in British America, where his father soon afterwards died. From this place the family next moved to New York, but John, being desirous of returning to Ireland, was permitted to do so, and he remained with relatives in the old country until 1830, enjoying the benefit of such scholastic advantages as the neighborhood afforded. As strange as it may seem in one who was set apart for the highest judicial station, young Erskine in early life was deeply enamored of the sea and expected to spend his days in sailing around the globe and in visiting foreign ports. But des tiny decreed otherwise. However, he spent several years in travel, gratify ing his natural love of sight-seeing; and such was the good use which he made of his opportunities that he became familiar with the peculiarities of almost every nation of people under the sun and acquired from personal con tact with men in both hemispheres an intimate acquaintance with the world which could not be derived from books. Though the time which he spent in travelling occupied the years which men ordinarily devote to collegiate studies, he atoned for his deficiencies in this respect not only by keeping his eyes wide open on his travels, but also by schooling himself in the best litera ture of the day. Being threatened with lung trouble, he finally gave up his

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roving habits of life and took up his stationary abode in the State of Florida. Here he taught school for several years with great success, but feeling that his wide acquaintance with men and his love of original research fitted him for more remunerative work, he turned his attention toward the legal profession and began the study of the law. Being admitted to the bar in 1846, he ap plied himself with marked assiduity to his books and he found the task of mastering the principles of the science comparatively easy on account of the natural aptitude of his genius and the disciplinary habits to which he had schooled himself. Rapidly advancing in his professional work, he soon ac quired an income from the practice sufficiently large to warrant him in launch ing out upon the matrimonial sea, and accordingly in 1851 he was married to Miss Rebecca Smith, daughter of Gen. Gabriel Smith of Alabama. After successfully practicing law in Florida for several years he came to Georgia, first settling in Newnan, but subsequently moving to Atlanta. Until the outbreak of the civil war he practiced his profession uninterruptedly, and even for some time afterwards he found himself encumbered with cases, some of which carried him into the Confederate courts and put him in an attitude of antagonism toward the Confederate government for seeking to confiscate the property of citizens of the United States. Differing widely in his political opinions from the great mass of his fellow-citizens of the South, he neverthe less enjoyed the esteem of all who knew him because of his unswerving fidel ity to convictions and his genial and magnetic personal qualities. Despite the turbulent sea of agitation which surrounded him, his temper was never seem ingly ruffled or disturbed in the least, and his marked repose of mind was wonderfully tranquilizing in its effect upon the passions of the hour. Modera tion, discretion and kindness characterized him in all of his dealings with his political opponents, and he endeavored to show them that while he differed with them on political issues, he was nevertheless sincerely attached to them by ties of personal friendship and neighborly association. This uncompromis ing spirit of loyalty to principle, manifested amid circumstances well calcu lated to make the stoutest allegiance bend to the influences of local environ ment, was not permitted to pass unrecognized, and accordingly, in 1866 he was called to preside over the federal court for what was then the district of Georgia. He presided alternately in Savannah and Atlanta until the district was divided in 1882, when he became the judge of the Southern division, Judge H. K. McCay being made the judge of the Northern division. Judge Erskine continued to grace the bench and to interpose the strong arm of the law in defending the prostrate South against the usurpations of power, until his volunteer retirement in 1883, when he reached the statutory limit which permitted him to lay aside the judicial ermine without loss of salary. Idle ness was never one of his traits of character, and instead of devoting the quiet eventide of his days to sluggish repose, he spent this last lustrum of his long career in the pursuit of his favorite studies, chief among which were the dramas of Shakespeare. Judge Erskine quietly passed away on Sunday morning, January 27th, 1895, leaving an only daughter, Mrs. Willard P. Ward of New York, to mourn his loss. He was buried in Oakland Cemetery by the side of his wife, who preceded him to the great beyond by an interval of nearly eighteen years. Though dead he yet speaketh.
JOHN HUGHES FLYNN was active in all the early pro gressive movements which established the basis for the city's present develop ment. He came to Atlanta from Philadelphia, his birthplace, and was given almost immediately the position of master mechanic for the State road. He was only twenty-four years old, but very soon became prominent in all the interests that concerned the welfare of his adopted home. Through his pro gressive activities he was brought in contact with many men who gave him re-

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spect and admiration, and such was his untiring zeal for the upbuilding of Atlanta that by universal consent he was placed in the forefront of her citi zens. He served for many years on the Board of Education, was for some time a member of the city council, was president of the Young Men's Library Association for three terms, and was distinguished in every organization and movement that looked to the betterment of Atlanta and its people. During this public life he was responsible for many ideas which, first put into opera tion then, have accomplished much in the present advancement of the city. He was, indeed, a man ahead of his time, and his progressive inspirations sug gested undertakings that most cities of the day found possible only at a much later stage of their development.
One of his most memorable deeds was the rescue of the Young Men's Library. Himself a great reader, he was the more interested to aid his city in retaining its only source of general reading matter, and when he was ap pealed to as a man whose previous efforts had been such as to predict his co operation in the rescue of the library, he gladly extended his aid and saved the association from failure. This he did not merely through the gift of money, but through the much more difficult plan of securing assistance from others, and he succeeded so that the Library Association always regarded him as one of its foremost benefactors. After having secured the good will and admiration of all his fellow citizens and amassed an independent fortune, he died in
GEN. L. J. GARTRELL. "I go to illustrate Georgia," was the famous declaration of Col. Francis S. Bartow as he left for the front at the outbreak of hostilities in 1861, to be the first of the long roll of martyrs who were destined to represent Georgia upon the altar of sacrifice, and when this intrepid commander of the Eighth Georgia Regiment fell mortally wounded at the first battle of Manassas he was caught in the arms of another gallant officer, who like himself was illustrating Georgia in the deadly breach and who forms the subject of this sketch. But on the floor of Congress as well as on the field of carnage Gen. Lucius J. Gartrell achieved eminent dis-, tinction, while as an advocate before the jury in the trial of momentous crim inal cases is is doubtful if this State has ever produced his equal. Nature was prodigal of her gifts in equipping this distinguished Georgian for his career of great usefulness, and she bestowed upon him unusual physical graces as well as marked intellectual endowments. Gen. Gartrell was of English extraction, claiming descent through both parents from distinguished ances tors across the water, and was born at Washington, in Wilkes county, Ga., on January 7th, 1821. Joseph Gartrell, his father, came to this State in 1803 from Maryland and was accompanied by two brothers, one of whom was the ancestor of Henry W. Grady. When still in knickerbockers, being scarcely more than twelve years old, the ambition of Gen. Gartrell to distinguish him self at the bar was first kindled on hearing an impassioned speech from Rob ert Toombs, delivered in the court house at Washington, Ga., and he thereupon resolved to make the law his profession. Fortunately, his father's means were ample enough to provide him with an excellent educational outfit, and after completing his elementary studies in the local schools he received his collegiate instruction at Randolph-Mason College in Virginia and at Franklin College, now the State University, at Athens, Ga. Entering the law office of Robert Toomjbs on his return home, he was admitted to the bar at Lincoln Su perior Court in 1842, and subsequently became associated in practice with Isaiah T. Irwin, an eminent practitioner of Northeast Georgia. He made excellent headway from the start, and in 1843, before he had completed his first year at the bar, he was elected solicitor-general of the northern judicial circuit, receiving his commission from Gov. George W. Crawford, and this

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office he filled with brilliant success for nearly four years, making it the step
ping stone to still higher preferment. Shortly after his election as solicitorgeneral he entered into partnership with Judge Garnett Andrews, who was subsequently distinguished as one of the ablest occupants of the Superior
Court bench in Georgia. Resigning his office in 1847, Gen. Gartrell was soon afterwards elected to the State legislature from Wilkes county, and in this body he distinguished himself as the author of the celebrated resolution which em bodied in unequivocal terms the doctrine of State rights as held by the leaders of public opinion at the South. On the expiration of his first term of service he was re-elected in 1849 by an increased majority, which attested his grow
ing popularity with his constituents. At the bar as well as in the halls of legislation the fame of the brilliant young lawyer was steadily growing, and
on account of his wonderful powers as an advocate there were few criminal cases of any importance in which he was not retained. Coming to Atlanta in 1854, Gen, Gartrell entered upon his long career of successful practice at the
bar of this city, where he continued to reside until the time of his death, which occurred thirty-seven years later. Shortly after his removal to this city Gen.
Gartrell took an active part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Judge Hiram Warner to Congress in 1855, and so conspicuous became his talents on the stump that he was made an elector on the Buchanan ticket
in 1856, and later, when Judge Warner refused to offer for re-election he was chosen to succeed him. On entering Congress Gen. Gartrell took an active part in the proceedings, and as the result of his eloquent championship
of the cause of State rights and other national issues, he was tri umphantly re-elected and continued to represent his district in Con gress until Georgia passed the ordinance of secession at the out break of hostilities in 1861, and he withdrew, together with his colleagues, excepting Hon. Joshua Hill. Returning home, he organized
the Seventh Georgia Regiment and went to the front as colonel, participating in many of the early engagements and winning marked distinction for his con spicuous gallantry, especially at the first battle of Manassas, where he caught
the gallant Bartow as he fell wortally wounded upon the field of carnage, and by his intrepid valor was largely instrumental in bringing about what has since been known as one of the most brilliant victories of the war. Besides sus
taining painful bodily wounds, he was plunged into the deepest grief by the loss of his beloved son Henry, an unusually handsome and courageous boy, who was found among the slain at the close of the battle. While serving at the front Gen. Gartrell was unanimously chosen to represent his district in the
Congress of the Confederate States, and though he was loath to retire from the field, he accepted the commission with the understanding that if the war
continued for twelve months longer he was to return to the field, where he felt that he could best serve the cause of the South. Notwithstand
ing the fidelity with which he represented his district in the halls of legislation, his heart was at the front, and on the expiration of his term of service he again took the field, organizing four regi ments of Georgia reserves, known as Gartrell's Brigade and being commissioned brigadier general by President Davis. Until the close of the war the fortunes of Gen. Gartrell were linked with his brigade, which ren
dered important service to the Confederacy along the coasts of South Caro lina and Georgia. Returning home, Gen. Gartrell resumed the practice of his profession in Atlanta, where he continued to gain fresh laurels at the bar
and to extend his already established reputation as the ablest criminal lawyer in the State. Many were the celebrated cases in which he was retained as
the counsel for the prisoner, and the achievements of his eloquence will long be embalmed in the traditions of the bar of Georgia; but while he won his greatest distinction as an advocate before the jury in criminal cases, he was

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not without recognized abilities as an advocate in civil cases as well, and his services were frequently in demand when important litigation was before the courts. Gen. Gartrell was one of the members of the Constitutional Convention of 1877, and in the proceedings of this body he took an influential part, and brought his own ripe experience to bear upon many of the vexed problems which came up for solution. As the candidate of an important faction of the Democratic party, he opposed Hon. Alexander H. Stephens for governor in 1882, and though he felt that he had little hope of success at the polls, it was an evidence of his fidelity to prin ciple that he was willing to oppose such an idol of the people as the great com moner, and he accepted his defeat with heroic magnanimity, knowing that it was due not so much to his own lack of popularity with the masses as it was to an appropriate sense of fitness on the part of the people of Georgia that the career of Mr. Stephens should be closed with gubernatorial honors. Gen. Gartrell was twice married: first in 1841 to Miss Louisiana O. Gideon and sec ond in 1855 to Miss Antoinette P. Burke. The children by the first marriage were: Artemus Alonzo, died in infancy; Elizabeth, died in infancy; Henry Clay, killed at the first battle of Manassas; Ada, died in infancy; Francis Bartow and Joseph Erasmus. The children by the second marriage were: Lizzie Burke, married to Dr. J. B. Baird; Savannah, married Jacob Phinizy; Anne Caroline, married Bartow M. Blount; Lucy, married Percy C. Magnus, and Ida May, married Gazaway Hartridge.
HENRY W. GRADY. Perhaps never in the history of this country has it been the fortune of an unofficial citizen to exert such an ex tended influence upon national affairs as fell to the lot of Henry Woodfin Grady, and though we are prone to associate him with the broader field of usefulness into which he was called during the last years of his life as the great mediator between the sections, we must not forget that it was here in Atlanta that his brilliant intellectual gifts were first brought into exercise; and here we find him engaged in working out the problems of our local prosperity long before he made the great speech before the New England Society of New York which brought him into national fame as an orator and gave him broader and deeper problems to solve. As editor of the Atlanta Constitu tion, Mr. Grady was for many years of his life an active factor in the material upbuilding of this city; and with Atlanta the starting-point, he gradually en larged the sphere of his wonderful activities, extending them first to the bor ders of the State, then to the frontiers of the southland, and finally to the utmost confines of the great republic, whose flag was to him not only the em blem of power, but the ensign of brotherhood. Mr. Grady was the son of Capt. William S. and Ann Elizabeth (Gartrell) Grady, and was born in Athens, Ga., May I7th, 1851. On his father's side he came of sturdy Irish stock, the best traditions of the Emerald Island being nobly illustrated in Capt. William S. Grady, who relinquished an immense property in order to enter the Confederate army, and who gave his life to his country on the battlefield of Virginia in defense of the cause which he believed to be right. On his mother's side he inherited some of the best blood of the State, being connected with such noted Georgia families as the Lamars, the Cobbs, the Moores and the Bennings. Mr. Grady was given the benefit of the best educational ad vantages which the schools of Athens afforded, but the outbreak of the war seriously interrupted his youthful studies, and during the progress of hostili ties he spent much of his time in Virginia in close touch with his father, Mrs. Grady having followed her husband to the front, taking her children with her. Entering the State University at Athens immediately after the war, Mr. Grady soon distinguished himself among his fellow students by reason of his brilliant imaginative faculties; but he cared little for the tiresome rout-

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ine of the class room and refused to apply himself to his books with the zeal for learning which was necessary to carry off the honors. On leaving Athens he spent some time at the University of Virginia, where his wonderful powers of mind underwent still further expansion. At both institutions his genius expressed itself chiefly through the medium of the college papers and in the halls of the literary societies. While a student at the University of Virginia Mr. Grady chanced to write a letter to the Atlanta Constitution, which was then under the editorial management of Col. I. W. Avery, and this communication, which was written over the signature of "King Hans," was so full of playful vivacity and sparkling wit that the editor encouraged the young correspondent to write frequently; and thereupon followed an interest ing series of letters which brought Mr. Grady into wide prominence and led him to adopt journalism as his profession. We may note in passing that the noni de plume which Mr. Grady adopted at the outset of his newspaper career contained an element of romance. He was in love at the time with Miss Julia King of Athens, who had been his playmate in childhood and who subsequently became his wife, and by slightly modifying his own given name and coupling it with the name of his sweetheart he coined the facetious pseudonym of "King Hans." Shortly after this first experience in journal ism Mr. Grady bought an interest in the Rome Commercial, which, under his editorial management, was soon converted into one of the brightest dailies in the State, but there were some difficulties at the financial end of the paper which induced him to sell out and come to Atlanta. Here he bought an in terest in the Herald, an enterprising sheet which many of our older readers will remember, and he made it fairly scintillate with the flashes of his bril liant pen; but the times were not ripe for the successful operation of the paper on the scale which Mr. Grady mapped out, and it eventually went under. However, the genius back of it was recognized throughout the StatQ, and Mr. Grady found no difficulty in securing offers from other journals, among them being one from the Constitution, which he promptly accepted, and thus began his long connection with the paper, which continued until the time of his death. Mr. Grady not only possessed an exceptionally brilliant pen whose meteor-like flashes illumined the columns of the paper with marvellous dis plays of genius, but he also possessed an eminent degree of what is known in professional parlance as "news instinct," and besides being able to tell news when he saw it, he was equally well able to tell in advance when it was go ing to happen, and he could usually so manipulate things as to make it hap pen. From one position on the paper he rapidly advanced to another until he mounted to the topmost round of the ladder, eventually securing an inter est and becoming joint-owner with Capt. E. P. Howell and Col. W. A. Hemphill. On assuming editorial control of the paper Mr. Grady, with the in creased capital behind him, undertook to adopt the same bold methods which had proven so perilous in his former journalistic attempts, but better success rewarded him this time, and under his able supervision the paper began to in crease in popularity and influence until it became the recognized exponent of Southern sentiment throughout the length and breadth of the land. On ac count of the power of the great newspaper over which he presided, Mr. Grady became an important factor in building up Atlanta's material interests .and in controlling her local affairs, and much of the prosperity which she en
joys to-day as the Gate City of the South is due to the tireless energies of Mr. Grady, exerted through the columns of the Constitution; but the State, the sec tion and the whole country are likewise indebted to him for similar faithful services. Mr. Grady was instrumental in the organization of the Young Men's Christian Association, the Piedmont Chautauqua, the Confederate Vet erans' Home and the various industrial expositions projected in Atlanta dur ing his professional lifetime. While he was the embodiment of wideawake

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energy, he also possessed the softer qualities which endeared him to his fellow men, and nothing was more delightful than the general quality of his humor. When the people of Atlanta first began to marvel at the work of his pen they regarded him simply as a dreamer whose imaginative powers enabled him to write with wonderful ease and grace of style, and they never suspected that the genius which lay behind it all was as practical as it was brilliant, and that locked within it was concealed much of Atlanta's unwritten history in the years to come. To-day there are countless memorials in Atlanta and else where which attest the substantial character of Mr. Grady's genius. While pursuing the even tenor of his editorial way, Mr. Grady in 1886 received an invitation from the New England Society of New York asking him to respond to the toast of "The New South" at the approaching annual dinner. Flattered by the unusual character of the compliment, which designated him as the first Southerner to be associated with such national celebrities as Talmage and* Depew and Evarts and Sherman at the yearly festival of this august associa tion, Mr. Grady promptly accepted the invitation, and when he appeared be fore the society, he not only captivated his hearers by the magic of his elo quence, but he set the whole country from ocean to ocean ringing with his plaudits, and even though the orator himself now lies mute and motionless forever in the clasp of death, the message which he then delivered still abides like an incense in the hearts of his countrymen, and involuntarily whenever his name is mentioned it is coupled with the benison of holy writ, "Blessed are the peacemakers." As indicating his style of oratory, it may not be out of place to embody in this sketch some few paragraphs from Mr. Grady's cele brated speech. We quote as follows:
"My friend, Dr. Talmage, has told you that the typical American has yet to come. Let me tell you that he has already come. Great types, like valu able plants, are slow to flower and fruit. But from the union of these colo nists, puritans and cavaliers, from the straightening of their purposes and the crossing of their blood, slow perfecting through a century, came he who stands as the first typical American, the first who comprehended within himself all the strength and gentleness, all the majesty and grace of this republic--Abra ham Lincoln. He was the sum of puritan and cavalier, for in his ardent na ture were fused the virtues of both, and in the depths of his great soul the faults of both were lost. He was greater than puritan, greater than cavalier, in that he was American and that in his homely form were first gathered the vast and thrilling forces of his ideal government, charging it with such tre mendous meaning and so elevating it above human suffering that martyrdom, though infamously armed, came a fitting crown to a life consecrated from the cradle to human liberty.
******
"Dr. Talmage has drawn for you, with a master's hand, the picture of your returning armies. He has told you how, in the pomp and circumstance of war, they came back to you with proud and victorious tread, reading their history in a nation's eyes! Will you bear with me while I tell you of another army that sought its home at the close of the late war--an army that marched home in defeat and not in victory, in pathos and not in splendor--but in glory that equaled yours and to hearts as loving as ever welcomed heroes home? Let me picture to you the footsore Confederate soldier, as buttoning up in his faded gray jacket the parole which was to bear testimony to his children of his fidelity and faith, he turns his face southward from Appomattox in 1865. Think of him as ragged, half-starved, heavy-hearted, enfeebled by want and wounds, having fought to exhaustion, he surrenders his gun, wrings the hands of his comrades in silence, and lifting his tear-stained and pallid face for the last time toward the graves that clot the old Virginia hills, pulls his gray cap over his brow and begins the slow and painful journey. What does he find?

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Let me ask you, who went to your homes eager to find in the welcome you had justly earned full payment for a four year's sacrifice? What does he find, when* having followed the battle-stained cross against overwhelming odds, dreading death not half so much as surrender, he reaches the home he left so prosperous and beautiful ? He finds his house in ruins, his farm de vastated, his slaves free, his stock killed, his barns empty, his trade destroyed, his money worthless, his social system, feudal in its magnificence, swept away; his people without laws or legal status; his comrades slain and the burdens of others heavy upon his shoulders. Crushed by defeat, his very traditions are gone. Without money, credit, employment, material or train
ing; and, besides all this, confronted with the gravest problem that ever met human intelligence--the establishment of a status for the vast body of his liberated slaves. What does he do--this hero in gray with a heart of gold? Does he sit down in his sullenness and despair? Not for a day. Surely God, who stripped him in his prosperity, inspired him in his adversity. As ruin was never so overwhelming, never was restoration swifter. The sol diers stepped from the trenches into the furrow, horses that had charged fed eral guns marched before the plow, and fields that ran red with human blood in April were green with the harvest in June; women reared in luxury cut up their dresses and made breeches for their husbands, and with a courage and a heroism that fit women always as a garment, gave their hands to work. There was little bitterness in all this. Cheerfulness and frankness prevailed. Bill Arp struck the keynote when he said. 'Well, I killed as many of them as they did of me and now I'm going to work.' So likewise the soldier return ing home after defeat and roasting some corn on the roadside, who made the remark to his comrades: 'You may leave the South if you want to, but I'm going to Sandersville, kiss my wife and raise a crop, and if the Yankees fool with me any more I'll whip 'em again.' I want to say to Gen. Sherman, who
is considered an able man in our parts, though some people think he is kind of careless about fire, that from the ashes he left us in 1864 we have raised a brave and beautiful city; that somehow or other we have caught the sunshine in the brick and mortar of our homes and have builded therein not one ignoble prejudice or memory.
******
"The new South is enamored of her work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statued and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanding horizon, she under stands that her emancipation came because by the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed and her brave armies were beaten.
"This is said in no spirit of time-serving or apology. The South has nothing for which to apologize. She believes that the late struggle was war and not rebellion, revolution and not conspiracy, and that her convictions were as honest as yours. I should be unjust to the dauntless spirit of the South and to my own convictions if I did not make this plain in this presence. The South has nothing to take back. In my native town of Athens is a monument that crowns the central hills: a plain white shaft. Deep cut into its shining side is a name dear to me above the names of men; that of a brave and simple man who died in brave and simple faith. Not for all the glories of New England from Plymouth Rock all the way would I exchange the herit age he left me in his soldier's death. To the foot of that shaft I shall send my children's children to reverence him who ennobled their name with his heroic blood. But, sir. speaking from the shadow of that memory, which I honor as 1 do nothing else on earth, I say that the cause in which he suffered
and for which ho gave his life was adjudged by higher and fuller wisdom

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than his or mine, and I am glad that the omniscient God held the balance of battle in His almighty hand and that human slavery was swept from Amer ican soil, the American union saved from the wreck of war.
"This message, Mr. President, comes to you from consecrated ground. Every foot of soil about the city in which I live is as sacred as a battle-ground of the republic. Every hill that invests it is hallowed to you by the blood of your brothers who died for your victory; and doubly hallowed to us by the blood of those who died helpless but undaunted in defeat--sacred soil to all of us--rich in memories that make us purer and stronger and better--silent but staunch witness in its red desolation of the matchless valor of American hearts and the deathless glory of American arms--speaking an eloquent wit ness in its white peace and prosperity to the indissoluble union of American States and the imperishable brotherhood of American people."
Following this signal triumph of oratory Mr. Grady's eloquent voice was in universal demand, but he accepted comparatively few invitations beyond those which enabled him to deal to advantage with existing problems, con sidering his time too important to his paper to waste in idle and indiscriminate public speaking. Besides taking an active part in the local prohibition cam paign of 1887, Mr. Grady delivered public addresses in various places as fol lows: At Dallas, Tex., in October, 1887; at Augusta, Ga., irj November, 1887; at the University of Virginia in June, 1889; at Elberton, Ga., in June, 1889, and in Boston in December, 1889, and in each address he brought the powers of his great mind to bear upon the solution of existing problems. Mr. Grady was happily married several years after the war to Miss Julia King, daughter of Dr. William King of Athens, Ga., and two children were the re sult of this union: Henry W. Grady, jr., who now holds an important position on the staff of the Constitution, and Gussie, wife of Eugene R. Black, solicitor of the Criminal Court of Atlanta. Mr. Grady died at his home in this city on December 23rd, 1889, and was buried on Christmas day, the mildness of springtime being upon the air as the gentle peacemaker was laid to rest, re calling the Christmas editorial which he had written one year before, when similar conditions had prevailed. Many eloquent memorial orations were called forth by Mr. Grady's death, perhaps the most notable effort being the one delivered by Mr. John Temple Graves in which he made use of the now famous expression which has since been chiseled upon the monument erected to the memory of the great orator-journalist: "And when he died he was literally loving a nation into peace."
COL. Lr. P. GRANT. Conspicuously identified for more than fifty years with the busy life of Atlanta, there is no one whose genius is more indelibly stamped upon the annals of this community than Lemuel P. Grant. Born of sturdy New England stock in Frankfort, Maine, August nth, 1817, he spent his boyhood days on the farm, where he stored up much of the robust strength which characterized him through life and enabled him to accom plish many arduous tasks, impossible to most men. Though denied the bene fit of collegiate training, he made the most of his meagre educational oppor tunities and succeeded in acquiring an extraordinary fund of general in formation. On account of his special aptitude for mathematics he conceived the idea of taking up mechanical and civil engineering, and accordingly, at the age of nineteen, he applied for the position of rodman on the engineering corps of the Philadelphia and Reading railway. Being successful in this ap plication, he set himself industriously to work, and such was his zeal and in dustry that he soon attracted the attention of his employers, who were not slow in promoting him. When the building of this lino was completed in 1840 he accepted an offer from J. Edgar Thompson, ongineer-in-chicf of the Georgia railway, and coming to this State, he was instrumental in the build-

; - 'H.111.T-.-.- --;

John T. drum

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ing of the Georgia railway from Madison to Atlanta, the work having already been completed as far as the former place. Even at this early stage of his career Col. Grant was distinguished for his far-sightedness and shrewd busi ness sagacity, and while Atlanta was then an insignificant little town, he closely perceived that her environment was such that she was destined in the course of time to become an important centre of population. Accordingly, he invested his accumulations from time to time in real estate purchases, and he lived to see his wisdom justified by handsome results. On account of his rapidly increasing prominence as an expert in railway building, he was of fered in 1845 tne superintendency of the Montgomery and West Point railway. Accepting the position, he retained it until 1848, when he resigned it to be come president engineer of the Georgia railway. This post of responsibility he filled with acceptance until 1853, when he gave it up to become engineerin-chief of the Atlanta and West Point railway. Until the time of his death Col. Grant remained in active connection with this important system. In October, 1866, he was advanced to the position of superintendent, and giving proof in this of an ability to deal with railway matters in general as well as with railway construction in particular, he was finally elected president in July, 1881. During his connection with the Atlanta and West Point railway, Col. Grant was identified with the successful projection of other railway enterprises, such as the Georgia Air Line and the Georgia Western, while his advice was consulted and acted upon in regard to many others. When we re member that Atlanta's civic and commercial prestige is largely grounded upon her converging railway systems, we are prepared to appreciate the im portance of the part which Col. Grant played in laying the foundations of her present prosperity as the railway metropolis of the South. Col. Grant was twice married. His first wife was Miss Laura A. Williams, daughter of Ami Williams of Decatur, Ga. She became his wife in 1843 and died in 1875, leaving two sons and two daughters. John A. Grant, Myra B., wife of Dr. W. S. Armstrong; Lemuel P. Grant, jr., and Letitia H., wife of George W. Logan. His second wife was Miss Jane L. Crew, widow of James R. Crew, one of Atlanta's most useful and valued citizens, who met death at the hands of an assassin in 1865 while on his way home from the office of the Georgia railway, of which he was the trusted ticket agent. Uniting with the Central Presbyterian Church in 1860, Col. Grant remained in active affiliation with this religious organization until the time of his death, which occurred on January nth, 1893. Throughout his long career of citizenship, Col. Grant was always devoted to Atlanta's best interests, and he attested his public spirit by many acts of generosity and self-sacrifice. In 1893 he gave to the city the beautiful wooded tract of one hundred acres, which has since been converted into the popular place of resort known as Grant Park, near the city's southeastern limits; and here the memory of this good man is fragrantly embalmed in the aroma of woodland flowers and chanted in the notes of forest song birds. Col. Grant as one of the ardent champions of Atlanta's public school system, and he also furthered with his liberal contributions the work of the Young Men's Christian Association. In every respect he was an ideal citizen, upright, fearless, public-spirited and generous, always ready to make any sacrifice which the city required at his hands, or which he was called upon to make in deference to the needs of his fellow men.
COLONEL JOHN T. GRANT was born near Grant ville, in Greene county, Ga., December Uth, 1813. Of pure Scotch descent, he exemplified the traditional ruggedness off the Scotch character and answered well the descriptfon which the Wizard of the North gave to the Scotch yeomanry when lie compared them to the highland sycamores, observing that "they might sometimes break, but could
42-2

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never be bended." Daniel Grant, his great-grandfather, was a man of unusual culture and pronounced piety, who, moving to Georgia from Virginia and settling in Wilke^s county, erected the Grant meeting house, which was the first Methodist church ever built in Georgia. Subsequently the family moved to Greene county, where the boyhood days of Col. Grant were spent. Entering Franklin College at Athens, he graduated from this institution in 1833, and immediately thereafter adopted civil engineering as his profession, with the view to engaging in railway construction, as he plainly foresaw that while the iron horse was an innovation upon the prevail ing modes of transit, it was destined to play an important part in the material upbuilding of the country. This far-sighted wisdom was more than justified by events, and Col. Grant enjoyed the satisfaction of knowing that he had not only been fortunate from his own individual standpoint in choosing railway building as his professional work, but that he had also made himself instru mental in the building up of the South by establishing railway communica tion between the different States of this section and with the North. On De cember I3th, 1834, he signalized his twenty-first birthday by marrying Miss Martha Cobb Jackson, daughter of William H. and Mildred Cobb Jackson, the marriage taking place at the home of the bride's uncle, John A. Cobb, father of Gen. Howell Cobb. Col. Grant was not compelled to wait long for his prospects to materialize. On account of the demand for railway construc tion he was constantly occupied in the building of lines in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Before the war Col. Grant made extensive farming investments in Walton county, where he resided for many years, wielding an important influence in local affairs and at one time representing his district in the State Senate. During the war he served as an aide on -the staff of Gen. Cobb and proved himself to be an efficient officer. Though his losses resulting from the conflict between the states were dis astrous in the extreme, he possessed unimpaired the financial genius which enabled him in large measure to recoup his shattered fortunes. Locating in Atlanta just after the war, he found this city an excellent base of operations, and he continued to reside here until the time of his death, which occurred on January i8th, 1887. Notwithstanding the prosaic nature of the work which engrossed his energies, Col. Grant was decidedly of an artistic turn of mind and possessed an amount of culture quite unusual in one whose business pursuits partook so strongly of the practical. He surrounded himself in his beautiful Peachtree home with the best literature of the day and the costliest productions of art, and nothing gave him more exquisite pleasure than to lay aside the cares of his professional work and surrender himself to the softer influences of his domestic surroundings. Generous, public-spirited, chival rous and upright, Col. Grant embodied the graces of the old school of South ern manners, and died leaving behind him an honored name without spot or blemish.
CAPTAIN WM. D. GRANT. Much of the spirit of progressive enterprise which has made Atlanta what she is to-day finds individual expression in the personality of Capt. William D. Grant. Coming to Atlanta at the close of the late war between the States, and linking his own fortunes with the forces of development which were then busily at work amid the ashes of the prostrate city, chanting the material prophecies which the future has splendidly fulfilled, Captain Grant for the remainder of his life was vitally identified with whatever concerned the weal or woe of his adopted home. From his father, Col- John T. Grant, he inherited many of the sturdy charac teristics which distinguished him both as a man and as a financier, and so close and intimate were the relations which existed between the two in busi ness, that no sketch of the son will be complete or satisfactory without some mention of the father.

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Capt. William D. Grant was born at Athens, Ga,, on August i6th, 1837.
When only seven years of age he moved with his parents to Walton county, where he spent his boyhood days on one of the largest plantations in the State, attending school at Monroe, some four miles distant, until his fifteenth year, when he entered the State University at Athens. On leaving college he be gan the study of law in the office of his uncle, the late Chief Justice James Jackson, but shortly after being admitted to the bar he gave up his profes sional aspirations, and taking charge of "his father's extensive plantation in Walton county, managed it successfully for four years, and was perhaps the first farmer in Georgia to make use of commercial fertilizers. When the
war broke out Capt. Grant was not laggard in offering his services to the Con federate cause and was elected captain of the first cavalry company raised in northeast Georgia. Being assigned to Forrest's brigade, he was present at the capture of Murfreesboro, Tenn.; participated in the engagements around
Nashville, Tenn., and also at Mumford, Perryville and Crab Orchard, in Ken tucky; was with the rear guard in the retreat to Knoxville, and took part in the battle of Stone River. Until discharged by reason of ill health, he served
the Confederacy with conspicuous fidelity at the front, and later on in the war he superintended the construction of fortifications around Atlanta under the direction of Col. L. P. Grant of the engineer corps. Directly after the war
Capt. Grant located in Atlanta, where he became associated in railway build
ing with his father, who also made Atlanta his home. During the years which
followed the war Capt. Grant, by reason of the imperative demands of the time for railway construction, became an important factor in the material up building of the South; but in addition to his engineering work he also en
gaged heavily in farming operations, producing as many as 1,500 bales of cot ton per annum. Capt. Grant put great faith in the future of Atlanta and made extensive investments from time to time in Atlanta real estate, accumu lating eventually an enormous property, which made him the largest indi
vidual taxpayer in the city. Capt. Grant was a man of unusual culture, com bining a faculty for business unerring in its calculations and instincts with
a love for art and literature equally keen in its subtile discriminations. Every thing which could minister to such an exceptional taste was provided out of his abundant means for the beautifying of his domestic surroundings. His private library was one pf the best selected and most extensive collections in Georgia, while his mind was the perfect storehouse of its treasures, classical, historical and scientific. His largest investment in Atlanta is represented by the handsome ten-story steel fire-proof structure known as the Prudential building, and this monumental edifice is equally as noted for its decorative elegance as for its massive and substantial proportions. Capt. Grant held membership in various social and patriotic organizations, such as the Capital City Club, the Society of the Cincinnati, the Society of Colonial Wars and the Sons of the Revolution, and as an evidence of his public-spirited enter prise he ably filled the office of vice-president of the Cotton States and Inter national Exposition in 1895. Capt. Grant was married on June I3th, 1866, to Miss Sallie Fannie Reid, daughter of William Reid and Martha Wingfield of Troup county, Ga., and one of the most famous belles of her day. Two children were born of this union: John W. Grant, who married Miss Annie Martin Inman, and Sarah Frances Grant Slaton, wife of Hon. John M. Slaton. Captain Grant died at his home in Atlanta on November 7th, 1901, leaving behind him a name honored alike by all classes of his fellow-citizens as a synonym for sound business sagacity and for unblemished personal honor. We cannot close this sketch of Capt. Grant more appropriately than by repro ducing the following beautiful poetic tribute which happily expresses the senti ment of sorrow evoked by the death of this true-hearted man:

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He was that rare, heroic, soul

Who conquers life, and peerless

'Mong other men, meets fate and chance

Unshaken, calm and fearless.

Yet waited we with bated breath,

As one to him drew nigher,

At whose approach the bravest quail,

But, ah! with courage higher

Than mortal still, he faced his foe,

Unfaltering, calm and steady.

Tis thou ? 'Tis well. Unsheath thy sword.

Strike death! For I am ready.

Oh, "King of Terrors!" 'Tis a name,

Thy vanity beguiling.

Since one went forth to meet thee thus,

Unbowed, serene and smiling.

What secret did he wrest from thee,

He strong and valiant hearted?

What knowledge gained? What mystery solved?

The lone way he departed--

Gives back no sign. But this we know,

For us at death's appearing,

,

The steps of him so pure and brave,

Shall guide us never fearing.

Who seeks the Truth, where'er it leads,

Through all life's long endeavor,

Shall find the path above all creeds,

Forever and forever.

At last,

Be ours the calm his courage gave,

To wait with tranquil sweetness

Till Death shall come and set the seal,

Upon a life's completeness.

--Mrs. B. W. H., Eatonton, Ga.

HON. NATHANIEL J. HAMMOND. Whether in
Congress engaged in the discussion of some great constitutional question or at
the bar of justice occupied with the trial of some momentous issue before the courts, Nathaniel J. Hammond was always at home in any arena which called for the exercise of the intellectual faculties, and the city which was honored by his residence for more than forty years takes peculiar pride in recounting the achievements of his long and useful career. Col. Hammond was
born in Flbert county, Ga., December 26th, 1833, and was the son of Amos W. Hammond, a lawyer of marked professional prominence and a man of unusual sturdiness of character. Early in life he moved with his father to Monroe county, Ga., where he acquired his elementary education. Matricu lating at Franklin College, now the State University, he successfully pursued his collegiate studies, graduating with honors from this institution in 1852. Inheriting from his father a decided preference as well as a distinctly recog-
ni/cd fitness for the law, he was troubled with no doubts or misgivings con cerning the choice of a profession; and accordingly, after (July preparing him self, he was admitted to the bar in the year following his graduation. In 1855 he opened an office in Atlanta in conjunction with his father and soon became conspicuously identified with the legal grind of the courts, building
up a reputation not only for forensic eloquence, but also for thoroughness anil skill in the preparation of his cases. From 1861 to 1865 he hold the office

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of solicitor-general of the Atlanta circuit, and on account of the conditions which then existed it was more important to the interest of the State for him to remain at his post of duty than to go to the front, and accordingly he re mained at home, devoting himself to his work with a patriotism and a courage which was not surpassed at the cannon's mouth or in the trenches. As the result of his professional prestige, Col. Hammond in 1873 became the attor ney-general of the State, and during his tenure of office the amount of litiga tion in the courts was unusually heavy, but he disposed of it with his charac
teristic dispatch and rendered important service to the State. But Col. Ham mond was not so deeply engrossed in the affairs of the commonwealth at large as to ignore the claims of the community in which he lived, and as an evidence of the interest which he took in local matters he was appointed in 1873 on a committee of forty-nine citizens to draw up a charter for the city of Atlanta, and the charter as drawn up by the committee, largely under the immediate direction of Col. Hammond, was enacted by the legislature. Col. Hammond was a member of the constitutional conventions of 1865 and 1877, and took an active part in the deliberations of both, his ripe conservatism be ing instrumental in giving shape to many of the proposed amendments. In 1877 Col. Hammond was chosen to represent the Fifth Congressional district in, the national House of Representatives, and he served his constituents with distinguished fidelity and credit in the forty-sixth, forty-seventh and fortyeighth congresses. Such was the commanding force of his personality and
the wide influence which he exercised over the deliberations of the body that he attracted the attention of the entire country, and suffered nothing in com parison even with experienced party leaders and tacticians like John G. Car lisle and Samuel J. Randall. In the committee rooms and on the floor of the house he was equally at home and equally active in his zealous solicitude not only for the welfare of the party to which he belonged, but for the pros perity of the country at large.. Though reared in the school of Democracy and tenacious of the principles enunciated by the fathers, Col. Hammond was in the broadest sense of the. word a statesman of the republic, and he never permitted mere party considerations to warp his patriotism or to restrain him form acting in obedience to what he believed to be his duty as a law maker and a public servant construed in the light of his constitutional obliga tions. Col. Hammond was instrumental in passing the bill which provided for the construction of the present custom house, besides securing the enact ment of other important local measures. On returning from the national arena Col. Hammond resumed the' active practice of his profession, in part nership with his son, Thod A. Hammond, jr. In recognition of his high professional attainments he was appointed by President Cleveland to repre sent the United States government in the inter-state commerce cases pending in the Federal Court, and he discharged the duty imposed upon him with brilliant success. Devoted to the cause of education, Col. Hammond was one of the original promoters of the public school system of Atlanta, and he was also for many years of his life president of the board of trustees of the University of Georgia. With strong religious convictions, he planted himself nrmly upon the rock of sacred scripture, maintaining from early manhood until the time of his death an active connection with the First Methodist Church. In 1858 Col. Hammond married Miss Laura Lewis, and six chil dren were the fruit of this union. Death ended his useful career on April 2Oth, 1899, and though it came upon him with a suddenness which shocked the community as with the blast of a thunderbolt, it found him with his lamp trimmed and burning, ready to tread the pathway of the skies and to face the Judge of all the earth in the upper courts.

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HON. BENJAMIN H. HILL. " We are in the house of
our fathers and we are at home to stay, thank God!" This patriotic sentiment taken from the great speech delivered by Ben
jamin H. Hill in Congress on January nth, 1876, in reply to James G. Blaine, will live in history as' the inspired utterance of an illustrious Georgian, whose burning words of eloquence have often thrilled the hearts of his admir ing fellow countrymen and whose broad statesmanship is to-day the rich herit
age not only of his native State, but of the whole American union. Benjamin Harvey Hill was the son of John and Sarah Parham Hill, and was born at
Hillsboro in Jasper county, Ga., on September I4th, 1823, being the seventh of nine children and the fifth of six sons. On his father's side he came of Irish stock, while on his mother's side he was of Welsh extraction. Though de
nied the luxuries of wealth, he enjoyed the refinements of an ideal home life on his father's modest plantation and was given safe guidance through the
perils of early youth by those whose parental duty it was to direct his feet into right paths and who admonished him alike by faithful precept and by consistent example. Reared under such wholesome influences it is not sur prising that he should have carried with him through life the distinct impress
of his early domestic training, and that even amid the excitements of recon struction days, when the sterner elements of his character were brought into
play, he should have borne himself with an equipoise of mind which showed that with his father's rugged nature he inherited his mother's patient spirit.
When less than ten years of age Mr. Hill moved with his parents into Troup county and settled at Long Cane, where he grew up, accustomed to the vigor
ous outdoor exercises of the farm and enjoying the benefit of such meagre educational advantages as the schools of the vicinity afforded. Mr. Hill's father was thoroughly progressive, and this wideawake trait of his character is
attested by the fact that the old home place from which he moved into Troup county is still known by the name of Hillsboro; and being an ambitious man himself, he was naturally ambitious to give his children the best opportunities
which his slender means could provide. Consequently, as soon as Mr. Hill
was old enough to leave home, his father placed him under the care of Dr. John F. Moreland, an old friend of the family and an honor graduate of Yale College, who was then teaching in Meriwether county; and under the tutelage
of this accomplished instructor he was soon prepared to enter the State Univer
sity at Athens. In this connection it is interesting to note that Mr. Hill's college expenses were jointly defrayed by several members of his immediate
household and the story of how he managed to enter the State University is best told in Mr. Hill's own words. Said he in speaking of the subject after
wards : "A family consultation was held. My mother insisted on my go
ing. She had always had what was called her patch, which was near the house and was cultivated by the servants when not needed at house work. This patch had always been my mother's pin money, amounting to from $50 to
$100. My mother said she would contribute this to my college expenses and would make my clothes at home besides. An old aunt of my mother's agreed to contribute as much more. My father undertook to supply the balance. I
promised that all my college expenses of every kind should not exceed $300. 1 also promised my mother I would take the first honor in my class. I redeemed
this promise." Graduating from the State University, Mr. Hill immediately
took up the study of law, for which both his tastes and his qualifications amply
fitted him, and within less than twelve months from the date of receiving his diploma he was admitted to the bar. Locating in La Grange, he entered at once upon an active professional career which brought him into wide promi nence and supplied him with an excellent income. Even then it was evident
to all who witnessed his early achievements in the court room that he pos
sessed an intellect and an eloquence which were destined eventually to make

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him an idol of the people. Mr. Hill's first political victory was achieved in 1851, when he was elected to the State legislature on the Whig ticket. Later on, when the party of his first allegiance in politics was dissolved, he entered the ranks of the Know-Nothing party, otherwise known as the American party, and ran for Congress against Hiram Warner, but on account of the pronounced strength of the Democratic party in the State he was defeated at the polls, although he made an excellent fight and enlisted the support of many voters by reason of his magnificent championship of the American
party's cause on the stump. In 1856 he was nominated on the Fillmore ticket as elector-at-large and stumped the State in the ensuing campaign with bril liant success. In 1857 he was nominated on the American ticket for gov ernor, but was defeated by Joseph E. Brown, the Democratic nominee. In 1859 he entered the State Senate as an ardent friend of the Union, and in 1860
he was made an elector on the Bell ticket. Even down to the outbreak of the war Mr. Hill continued steadfast in his loyal attachment to the Union, and in the secession convention of 1861 he bitterly opposed the ordinance which car ried the State out of the Union; but finally, in order to prevent domestic dis cord and in deference to what seemed to be the overwhelming desire of the people of the State, he reluctantly voted for the ordinance and became an act ive supporter of the Confederate government. Soon afterwards Mr. Hill was elected to the Confederate Senate and throughout the war he retained his seat in that body, where his influence was strongly felt upon the fortunes of the Southern republic. On account of his commanding prominence as one of Confederate leaders, he shared the fate of President Davis, Alexander H. Stephens, Joseph E. Brown and others, and was imprisoned at Fort La Fayette in New York harbor, but was subsequently liberated. Mr. Hill led the fight which was made by the Democratic party of Georgia against the measures of reconstruction, which he denounced as nefarious and diabolical and in the interest of negro domination, and some of the speeches which he delivered dur ing this turbulent period have been compared in bitterness of invective to the Phillipics of Demosthenes. Notably severe was his celebrated "Davis Hall" speech, delivered on July 6th, 1867, in defiance of Federal bayonets, and his equally famous "Bush Harbor" speech delivered on July 23rd, 1868, both in Atlanta. At this time also appeared his "Notes on the Situation," an interest ing series of letters in which he scathingly arraigned the policies of reconstruc tion and aroused the most intense enthusiasm throughout the State. On March 5th, 1875, the reconstruction period having come to an end, Mr. Hill took his seat in Congress, to which he had been overwhelmingly elected as the representative from the Fifth Congressional District, and immediately began to exercise his magnificent powers of oratory in healing the breach between the sections, making an eloquent plea for reconciliation in his celebrated reply to James G. Blaine on January nth, 1876, in the course of which he said:
"I do not doubt that I am the bearer of an unwelcome message to the gen tleman from Maine and his party. He says that there are Confederates in this body, and that they are going to combine with a few from the North for the purpose of controlling this government. If one were to listen to the gen tleman on the other side he would be in doubt whether tliey rejoiced more when the South left the Union, or regretted most when the South came back to the Union that their fathers helped to form, and to which they will for ever hereafter contribute as much of patriotic ardor, of noble devotion, and of willing sacrifice as the constituents of the gentleman from Maine. Oh, Mr. Speaker, why cannot gentlemen on the other side rise to the height of this great argument of patriotism? Is the bosom of the country always to be
torn with this miserable sectional debate whenever a Presidential election is ponding? To that great debate of half a century before secession there were left no adjourned questions. The victory of the North was absolute, and God

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knows the submission of the South was complete. But, sir, we have recov ered from the humiliation of defeat, and we come here among you and we ask you to give us the greetings accorded to brothers by brothers. We propose to join you in every patriotic endeavor and to unite with you in every patriotic aspiration that looks to the benefit, the advancement, and the honor of every part of our common country. Let us, gentlemen of all parties, in this cen tennial year indeed have a jubilee of Freedom. We divide with you the glories of the Revolution and of the succeeding years of our national life before that unhappy division--that four years' night of gloom and despair--and so we shall divide with you the glories of all the future.
"Sir, my message is this: There are no Confederates in this house; there are now no Confederates anywhere; there are no Confederate schemes, ambi tions, hopes, desires or purposes here. But the South is here, and here she intends to remain. Go on and pass your qualifying acts, trample upon the Constitution you have sworn to support, abnegate the pledges of your fathers, incite raids upon our people, and multiply your infidelities until they shall be like the stars of heaven or the sands of the seashore, without number; but krtow this, for all your iniquities the South will never again seek a remedy in the madness of another secession. We are here, we are in the house of our fathers; our brothers are our companions, and we are at home to stay, thank God!
"We come to gratify no revenges, to retaliate no wrongs, to resent no past insults, to reopen no strife. We come with a patriotic purpose to do what ever in our political power shall lie to restore an honest, economical, and con stitutional administration of the government. We come charging upon the Union no wrongs to us. The Union never wronged us. The Union has been an unmixed blessing to every section, to every State, to every man, to every color in America. We charge all our wrongs upon that "higher law" fanaticism, that never kept a pledge nor obeyed a law. The South did not seek to leave the association of those who, she believed, would not keep fidelity to their covenants; the South sought to go to herself; but so far from having lost our fidelity for the Constitution which our fathers made, when we sought to go, we hugged that Constitution to our bosoms and carried it with us.
"Brave Union men of the North, followers of Webster and Fillmore, of Clay, and Cass, and Douglas--you who fought for the Union for the sake of the Union; you who ceased to fight when the battle ended and the sword was sheathed--we have no quarrel with you, whether Republicans or Democrats. We felt your heavy arm in the carnage of battle; but above the roar of the cannon we heard your voice of kindness, calling "Brothers, come back!" And we bear witness to you this day that that voice of kindness did more to thin the Confederate ranks and weaken the Confederate arm than did all the artil lery exploded in the struggle. We are here to co-operate with you; to do what
ever we can, in spite of all our sorrows, to rebuild the Union; to restore peace; to be a blessing to the country, and to make the American Union what our fathers intended it to be--the glory of America ai^d a blessing to humanity."
As the result of this magnificent appeal to national patriotism, Mr. Hill at the conclusion of his term of service was elected to the United States Sen ate, taking his seat in this body on March 5th, 1877, and still further increas ing his hold upon the affections of the Democratic party throughout the Union by his marvellous eloquence and broad statesmanship. Among his most celebrated speeches in the United States Senate were his speech against William Pitt Kellogg on May nth, 1880, and his speech against William Mahone on March I4th, 1881. Before the expiration of his term of service Mr. Hill was seized by an attack of cancer which terminated his useful career on August 16th, 1882, at his residence in Atlanta, his last conscious words be ing "almost home."

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Four years later an imposing statue of marble was erected to his mem ory in Atlanta, ex-President Jefferson Davis being present at the exercises of unveiling, and delivering an eloquent testimonial of his love for the illustri ous man who had been his strongest supporter during the days of the war. We close this sketch of Mr. Hill with an extract from his speech delivered in Atlanta in 1876 on the reception of a flag presented to the city by a party of visitors from the State of Ohio. Said he:
"My countrymen, have you studied this wonderful American system of free government ? Have you compared it with former systems and noted how our forefathers sought to avoid their defeats? Let me commend this system to every American citizen to-day. To him who loves liberty it is more en chanting than romance, more bewitching than love, and more elevating than any other science. Our fathers adopted this plan, with improvements in the details, which cannot be found in any other system. With what a noble im pulse of patriotism they came together from different States and joined their counsels to perfect this system, thenceforward to be known as the 'American System of Free Constitutional Government!' The snows that fall on Mount Washington are not purer than the motives which begot it. The fresh, dewladen zephyrs from the orange-groves of the South are not sweeter than the hopes its advent inspired. The flight of our own symbolical eagle, though he blows his breath on the sun, cannot be higher than its expected destiny. Have the motives which so inspired our fathers become all corrupt in their children? Are the hopes that sustained them all poison to us? Is that high expected destiny all eclipsed, and before its noon?
"No, no, forever no! patriots north, patriots south, patriots everywhere! Let us hallow this year of jubilee by burying all our sectional animosities. Let us close our heart to the men and the parties that teach us to hate each other! Raise high that flag of our fathers! Let Southern breezes kiss it! Let South ern skies reflect it! Southern patriots will love it! Southern sons will de fend it, and Southern heroes will die for it! And as its folds unfurl beneath the heavens, let our voices unite and swell the loud invocation. Flag of our Union, wave on! Wave ever! But wave over free men, not over subjects! Wave over States, not over provinces! And now let the voices of patriots from the North, and from the East, and from the West, join our voices from the South, and send to heaven one universal according chorus. Wave on, flag of our fathers! Wave forever! But wave over a union of equals, not over a despotism of lords and vassals; over a land of law, of liberty, and peace, and not of anarchy, oppression and strife!"
\V. RHODE HIL/L/. As an exponent of the wideawake com mercial enterprise which has marked the steady growth of Atlanta since the war, Mr. W. Rhode Hill stands conspicuous. Modest in his disposition Mr. Hill was extremely averse to putting himself forward in any public capacity, preferring that others .should fill the positions of honor in the com munity while he contented himself with pursuing the career of the unpreten tious business man; but such was the success which he attained in this quiet direction that it made him an important factor in Atlanta's domestic affairs, and placed him in the front rank of her enterprising citizens. Coming to Atlanta soon after the war when this city was just beginning to emerge from the smoke and ashes into which it had fallen in 1864, Mr. Hill was identified with the fortunes of Atlanta for more than thirty years. Like many of his associates during this early post-bellum era, Mr. Hill came to Atlanta with very little money in his pocket, but with energy and pluck sufficient to over come any difficulties which might present themselves in his way; and what measure of success he attained in the years which followed is attested by the mammoth business establishment which he was largely instrumental inbuild-

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ing up. Mr. Hill was born at Campbellton, in Campbell Co., Ga., in June, 1832. From both of his parents he derived an equipment of sturdy virtues which distinguished his career through life and made it evident that his lineage on both sides of the family connected him with worthy and upright pro genitors. Leaving the parental homestead early in life he went to Summerville, Ga., where he remained for some time, going from Summerville to Rome and remaining at the latter place for three years engaged in mercantile pursuits. He next entered the employ of the Western and Atlantic railway, but soon gave up this position to accept an offer from one of the leading wholesale and retail liquor establishments of Nashville, Tenn. From one position he was rapidly advanced to another until he acquired an intimate familiarity with the details of the business and made an acquaintance with the trade throughout this entire section. Coming to Atlanta immediately after the war, Mr. Hill became associated with the firm of Cox, Hill & Co., subsequently Cox, Hill & Thompson, wholesale and retail liquor dealers, and though the establishment carried on an unpretentious business at the start, it eventually developed into one of the leading houses of the south. Mr. Hill withdrew from active connection with the firm in 1885, but he continued to figure with prominence in the commercial life of Atlanta until the time of his death, being connected with many successful enterprises. Though Mr. Hill held no political or public office, he served the community in many im portant capacities and was exceedingly liberal in all of his benefactions. Whatever sought to promote the ^welfare of Atlanta received his substantial encouragement. Mr. Hill was united in marriage on January 2Oth, 1863, to Miss Laura Nance, an accomplished lady who was the inspiration of much of his success in life. He was an ardent Catholic and belonged to the Church of the Immaculate Conception. Mr. Hill died at his home in At lanta on November 7th, 1895, survived by his wife and an only child, Helen, who married J. Carroll Payne, one of the leading members of the Atlanta bar.
CAPT. HENRY JACKSON was not only an accomplished lawyer whose superb equipment for the legal contests of the court-room made him an acknowledged leader at the Georgia bar, but he was also a thorough military tactician and a practical man of affairs. Such qualities were well calculated to render his services of great value to the community in which he resided as well as the state at large, and he freely dedicated his unusual talents to the welfare of his fellow-citizens. Capt. Jackson was born in Savannah, Ga., on July I5th, 1845. He was the son of Gen. Henry R. Jack son, the distinguished soldier, diplomat and statesman, who served the Con federacy with commanding gallantry on the field of battle and subsequently represented the United States government at Vienna and at Mexico. As a poet also Gen. Jackson was widely celebrated, although he seldom turned aside from the sterner occupations of life to hold communion with the muses; and "The Red Old Hills of Georgia" and "To My Wife and Child" (written when with the American Army in Mexico) are perhaps the only specimens of his poetic work generally known ; although copies of a pam phlet containing his poems may be found in the University Library at Athens, Ga., and in the Harvard Library at Cambridge, Mass. Rut he was equally well known as a historian and a scholar, and for many years of his life was the honored president of the Georgia Historical Society at Savannah. On the paternal side Capt. Jackson was descended from Dr. Henry Jackson, the brother (and said to have been the adopted son) of the illustrious Gen. James Jackson, who represented Georgia in the gubernatorial chair and in the United States senate, and whose name is indissolubly associated for all time to come with the extinction of the famous Yazoo fraud. Such an ances-

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try accounts for much of the inherent force which marked the distinguished personality and career of Capt. Jackson. Receiving his primary education from the schools of Savannah, he subsequently accompanied his father to Vienna, and after remaining several months in the Austrian capital he was sent to London to prosecute his studies in one of the select institutions of the metropolis. Returning to the United States his father placed him under the tutelage of Wm. H. Russell, of New Haven, Conn., and here he was engaged in scholastic work when the war broke out. Though less than sixteen years of age he was full of the martial spirit, and applying to the Confederate authorities for permission to serve at the front, he received the first cadetship appointment made by the Confederate government and entered the service with the Army of Northern Virginia. During the early part of the war, while in Virginia, Capt. Jackson acted as drill-master under Gen. A. R. Lawton and was subsequently appointed as captain and adjutantgeneral on the staff of Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt. Capt. Jackson distinguished himself with marked credit at the front and was subsequently mentioned for his gallant conduct by President Jefferson Davis in his "Rise and Fall of the Confederacy," and by Gen. J. B. Hood in his "Advance and Retreat." After the war Capt. Jackson entered the University law school at Athens, then presided over by the illustrious Joseph Henry Lumpkin, and graduating from this institution before attaining his majority, he located in Atlanta for the practice of his profession. Shortly after coming to Atlanta he was elected to the legislature, but he resigned his seat to accept the appointment of supreme court reporter, and in this capacity he served the state acceptably and well for nearly ten years. He then launched out into practice, and on account of his growing prominence at the bar he became identified with some of the most important issues before the courts of the state, chief among which were the impeachment trials which took place during the administration of Gov. Colquitt. In 1892 he was made leading Southern counsel for the Richmond and Danville Railway system, in addition to his work as attorney for other large corporations. As an evidence of the many points in which Capt. Jack son touched the life of the community it is only necessary to mention some of the posts which he filled. Successively he was president of the Young Men's Library Association which he was largely instrumental in organizing, Captain of the Gate City Guards and president of the Capital City Club, besides being identified with many other important local interests. Capt. Jackson was married in 1867 to Miss Sallie Addison Cobb, daughter of Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb, one of Georgia's noblest sons, who lost his life at the battle of Fredericksburg in Virginia. From the union thus formed seven children were born, four sons and three daughters, Thomas Cobb, Henry and Davenport Jackson, all deceased, and Marion M. Jackson of the legal firm of Black and Jackson; Cornelia A. (Mrs Wilmer L. Moore); Gallic Cobb (Mrs. A. J. Orme) ; and Florence King Jackson. Capt. Jackson died on Dec. I3th, 1895, as the result of an operation for appendicitis, and though called to his reward in the prime of life he left behind him an exemplary record of public useful ness which his fellow-citizens will always cherish.
"HONEST JACK JONES" was the well-bestowed sobriquet which Georgia's distinguished ex-treasurer, Captain Jack Jones, carried with him to his last resting place as the reward of his faithful guardianship of the treasury during one of the most event ful periods of Georgia's history; and this marked distinction was conferred upon him by no less an august body than the legis lature of the commonwealth. Captain Jones enjoyed throughout his long career the unshaken confidence and esteem of the people of Georgia, and de spite the misfortunes which led to his retirement from public office as the result

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of his mistaken faith in the integrity of others whom he judged to be as honest as himself, there was no one who doubted his scrupulous devotion to Georgia's welfare or questioned his unblemished rectitude of character. Captain Jones Avas born in Milledgeville, Baldwin county/ Ga., on July 3rd, 1814. He vvas the son of Judge John A. Jones, an eminent jurist of this State, and he in herited much of the intellectual vigor which distinguished his father upon the bench and made him an influential factor in public affairs. Being reared in an atmosphere of refinement and culture, he was early taught the impor tance of an education, and he made the most of the advantages which he en joyed in the schools of the vicinity, proving himself an apt pupil and making rapid progress in his studies. Before taking up the higher educational branches, he spent some time on his father's plantation in Carroll county and also assisted his father in carrying on certain mining operations in which he was interested. From this experience he derived many useful lessons which proved of great help to him in future years. Securing an appointment to West Point, he transferred his youthful activities to this famous military school, and here he applied himself with great zeal to his books and made an excellent record for scholarship, but on account of an unfortunate misunder standing with one of his professors for which he was in no wise to blame, he voluntarily withdrew from the institution and returned home. Subsequently he entered Franklin College, now the State University, at Athens, where he distinguished himself for his mental abilities and graduated high on the roll of his class. When the Mexican War broke out nn 1845 he went to the front and took an active part in the struggle which brought new lustre to the American flag, participating in several important engagements and acquit ting himself with marked gallantry and soldiership throughout the campaign. On returning to Georgia he devoted himself assiduously to his private busi ness interests, taking no conspicuous part in public affairs except to serve for one term in the State legislature, but in 1857 ne was appointed by Gov. Bro\yn as assistant keeper of the penitentiary, and such was the ability which he dis played in this office that Gov. Brown shortly afterwards put him in charge of the State Treasury, the office having become vacant by the death of the incum bent. Throughout the war he remained faithfully at his post of duty as State Treasurer, being retained in office by his fellow citizens at each succeeding election. So far as his own personal inclinations were concerned, he pre ferred the excitements of the field of battle to the monotony of routine work in the office of treasurer, but he felt that his familiarity with the finances of the State was such that he could best serve the cause of the South by retain ing the office to which his fellow citizens had called him, and this considera tion alone reconciled him to staying at home. When Gen. Sherman passed through Milledgeville in 1864 Capt. Jones successfully eluded him by carry ing off the funds of the State in a wagon and hiding them securely in a place of concealment which was offered in the county near by. Later on, during the reconstruction period, he evinced his fidelity to official obligations under the most trying circumstances by refusing to surrender the treasury of the State to the military governor appointed to succeed Gov. Jenkins; and secretly withdrawing from the borders of the State, he carried the funds of the office with him to New York, where he remained until civil government was re stored in the commonwealth. Returning home, he brought the funds of the office with him, and the same legislature which honored Gov. Jenkins for pre serving the seal of the State likewise conferred upon him the sobriquet of "Honest Jack Jones," by which he was known throughout the remainder of his days. When the seat of government was transferred from Milledgeville to Atlanta Capt. Jones came to this city to live, but shortly after taking up his residence in Atlanta, he fell an innocent victim to designing conspirators who
wrongfully possessed themselves of the funds of the State by making fraudu-

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lent demands upon him, which he promptly honored, supposing them at the time to be bona fide. Pending an investigation of the books he resigned the office of State Treasurer to Col. J. W. Renfroe, and though it was found on examination that the State had suffered heavy loss by reason of the fraud committed, Capt. Jones was exonerated from any guilty connection with this criminal raid upon the treasury, and he was confirmed in-the good opinion of liis fellow citizens, who continued to shower upon him every token of esteem and confidence. Though he keenly felt the weight of his misfortunes, he bore up under them with an amazing fortitude which made him stronger than ever in the love of those who knew him, and which served to bring out in still bolder relief his Spartan nobility of character. Capt. Jones was married rather late in life to Miss Sue Williams, daughter of Peter J. Williams, one of the most prominent and influential citizens of Milledgeville, and this charm ing lady who was his helpmeet and companion for so many years now resides in Atlanta, where she is greatly beloved and honored. Captain Jones died at his home in Milledgeville on February 28th, 1893, having reached the ripe old age of seventy-eight years, and he sleeps to-day on the banks of the Ocmulgee river, secure in the reward which he has nobly earned as "Honest Jack Jones."
CAPT. JOHN KEELY, son of Thomas and Cecelia Keely, was one of Atlanta's merchant princes. Born in Newtownberry, county of Wexford, Ireland, in 1839, he began his business career, with limited educa tional advantages, at Dublin, where he remained seven years. Crossing the Atlantic, he next located in Quebec, but he soon drifted to New York, where he was put in charge of the silk department of one of the leading dry goods houses. In 1858 he came to Atlanta and entered the establishment of Halpin and Myers, remaining in the firm until the outbreak ot the war. Soon after coming to Atlanta, Capt. Keely became a member of the Jackson Guards, a company strongly animated with the martial spirit, and when hostilities be gan in 1861, Capt. Keely went to the front as second lieutenant, the or ganization being known as Company B of the Nineteenth Georgia Regiment. No braver record was made on either side of the struggle than was made by Capt. Keely, who remained at the front for four years and who won his promo tions by gallantry in battle. He participated in many hard fought engage ments, and at the battle of Bentonville was seriously wounded by a bullet, which fractured his leg and confined him for five months in the hospital at Raleigh. When he recovered from his wounds the struggle was over and he returned to his old home in Atlanta, where he lost no time in pushing to the front with the same plucky spirit which characterized him on the field. Secur ing employment with the dry goods house of John M. Gannon & Co., he re mained with the firm for four years, and then with his savings purchased the business, which he continued to operate with great success until the time of his death, and which is still carried on under his name. From an humble be ginning on the corner of Whitehall street and Hunter, Captain Keely built up one of the largest retail establishments in the Southern States, continuing on the site of the original store, but in the course of time erecting an immense emporium. Capt. Keely was united in marriage in 1869 to Miss Ella Neal, daughter of John Ncal of Atlanta, who survived him with four children. At the time of his death he was senior warden of St. Phillip's Episcopal Church. An upright Christian and an ideal business man, Capt. Keely discharged the obligations of citizenship with conscientious fidelity and contributed liberally to all public enterprises. He died on July i8th, 1888, leaving to his children the legacy of an unblemished character, besides an inheritance of property by no means small.

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H . I . KIMBALL. Atlanta's debt to H. I. Kimball is evidenced by many of this city's most successful enterprises, notably the H. I. Kimball house, which was built by him and which still remains one of Atlanta's leading hotels. Mr. Kimball was born in Oxford county, Me., in 1832, and his parents, though poor, were intelligent and worthy people. Having learned from his father the carriagemaker's trade, he left home at the age of seventeen and went to New Haven, Conn., where he secured employment in an extensive carriage manufactory. Success rewarded his diligent and persevering efforts and he eventually became manager of one of the most extensive factories of New England; but destiny decreed that he should find his life's work in other lines of endeavor and in 1866 he became identified with George M. Pullman of Chi cago in the manufacture of sleeping cars. Being sent to the south on busi ness, he returned to Chicago so impressed with the possibilities of this section that he desired to make it his home for the future, and he was given the management of the southern branch of the Pullman Car Company with head quarters in Atlanta. No happier fortune could have fallen to the city; and for twenty years Mr. Kimball, whose enterprise was simply irrepressible, was found in the fore front of every movement which sought to promote the city's material growth and prosperity. He was largely instrumental in bringing the state capital to Atlanta in 1871 and also in erecting the Union Passenger depot and the old Opera House which subsequently became the headquarters of the seat of government. Also at this time the Kimball House was built under his supervision and as the result of his wideawake desire to place Atlanta in the lead of southern cities with respect to hotel accommodations. He was largely interested in the building of cotton mills and was active in bringing about the Atlanta Cotton Exposition of 1881, which was the first industrial enterprise of this kind ever held on southern soil. Mr. Kimball left Atlanta early in the eighties, but on the destruction of the Kimball House in 1883 he came back again and rebuilt the structure as it now stands. In politics he was a republican and in religion a Methodist. He was universally popular and possessed the unbroken confidence of his fellow-citizens. He married the daughter of Mr. George Cook of Boston, and three children were the result of this union: Laura, Mae and H. I., jr. Mr. Kimball died on April 28th, 1895.
HON. PORTER KING. One of the youngest of Atlanta's line of distinguished mayors was Hon. Porter King, who was called to the helm of affairs during the progressive era of development which was brilliantly sig nalized by the International Cotton States Exposition in 1895. Though it was not until 1882 that he became identified with Atlanta, it is an evidence of his wideawake public spirit and his thorough-going energy of purpose that in less than thirteen vears from the date of his arrival in Atlanta an obscure stranger, he was made the executive head of the metropolis and charged with the direction of affairs. Mr. King was born in Marion county, Ala., on No vember 24th, 1857. Judge Porter King, his father, was for many years the county probate judge, and from him the subject of this sketch derived the bent of mind which predestined him for the profession of the law; although on his mother's side as well he came of distinguished legal and judicial stock, his mother being the daughter of the illustrious Joseph Henry Lumpkin, for many years chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. After receiving his elementary education at the local schools Mr. King attended Howard College and subsequently received the finishing touches of his education at the Univer sity of Georgia and the University of Virginia. Having decided upon the profession of law, he was in due course of time admitted to the bar of Ala bama, but deciding that the Gate City of the South offered the best arena for professional practice, he came to Atlanta in 1882, and thenceforward until the

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time of his death he became an active and influential factor in local affairs as well as an unremitting practitioner at the bar. The first important public service which he was called upon to render was the guardianship of Atlanta's interests in the city council, and he filled the office with such pronounced ac ceptability to his constituents that he was soon afterwards chosen to repre sent the county in the legislature. Still later he was elected to the city coun cil again, and as the result of his faithful and efficient work as councilman he was next called upon to serve the city in the high office of mayor. On account of his splendid administrative ability he managed to keep the duties of his office well in hand and to advance the welfare of the community during his administration. The extension of the sewerage system and the regula tion of the liquor traffic in Atlanta are both due in large measure to the un tiring efforts of Mr. King. Not willing for him to remain in private life, his fellow citizens prevailed upon him in 1901 to run again for the legislature, and though averse to entering politics again, he agreed to do so and was triumph antly elected, taking his seat in the legislature at the fall session only to vacate it forever on the week following. Mr. King was an active member of the Second Baptist Church and an influential worker in the ranks of the denomina tion at large, one of the last acts of his life being to visit Cuba during the fall of 1901 as the agent of his church sent to investigate the religious conditions of the island. Mr. King was very happy in his married life. He married Miss Carrie Remsen of Marion county, Ala., and two children were the fruit of this union: Remsen and Calender. On coming to Atlanta Mr. King was first associated with Capt. Henry Jackson, but he subsequently entered into partnership with Capt. Clifford L. Anderson under the firm name of King and Anderson, the partnership continuing until the death of the former. Mr. King belonged to various secret orders, such as the Red Men, the Knights Templar and the Odd Fellows. He died suddenly on October 24th, 1901, from a stroke of apoplexy, and the community was plunged in profound grief over the news of the sad event. Except for his untimely taking off there is no telling what higher political and professional laurels might have adorned the brow of this gifted young Georgian.
CHRISTIAN KONTZ. The original Atlantans--the Cherokee and the Creek--did not build Atlanta, Sturdy souls ready to endure the hardships of the pioneer came one by one and family by family. The Flinns, the Doughertys, the Lynches, from Ireland; d'Alvigny, from France; DeGive, from Belgium; Maier and Kontz, from Germany; Norcross, from Maine; Peters, from Pennsylvania; Chamberlain, from New York; the best blood of Mississippi, Tennessee and Virginia, sometimes coming up from the planta tions of Wilkes, Green, Hancock, Clark, and Troup, these, and other like spirits, forgetting themselves and willing to toil that they might provide homes for their little ones, and like the coral, toiling more wisely than they knew, that another generation might drink from the chalice which they formed. Of such was the subject of this sketch typical, and of such men were built the foundations sure and strong of Atlanta's cosmopolitan greatness.
Mr. Christian Kontz was born in Frankfort on the Main, Germany. He came to America as a young man, chose it as his own country, and soon be came a citizen, not by accident of birth, but because he loved its free institu tions. He first settled in New York, where he met and married Miss Eliza beth Trabert, a native of Osteim v. d. Rhoh, Saxony.
He was a man slender but of strong frame and somewhat above average height, of refined features and attractive presence, a good horseman, a man of good education--speaking besides English, German and French fluently, hav ing resided in France for a number of years prior to his immigration to this country, and having made two trips to the "fatherland" after becoming firmly established in his new home. He was brought up in the Lutheran Church,

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but he and his wife, being both of strong religious natures and not finding here one of their own denomination, they at once connected themselves with the old First Presbyterian church, and in it their children were reared.
The Germans of his day were, as a rule, taught a trade, and Mr. Kontz served an apprenticeship in shoemaking. He prided himself on his. skill and proficiency in his work, and during the early days followed his trade, after wards employing an increasing number of men, and for some time after the war was a shoe merchant, running a considerable establishment.
The Kontz homestead, built by Mr. Kontz in 1854, at 80-86 Marietta street, where he had bought and settled in 1848, was to the pioneers when built what the sky-scraper is to us of to-day, being a two story and a half brick structure, which was destined to be one of the most historic buildings in the South, be ing the Capitol, otherwise known as the Federal Headquarters "of the South." This site is now occupied by the Kontz building, the property of his sons.
Mr. Kontz loved his section and was a Confederate soldier, and his wife spent much of her time during the civil war in ministering to the sick and wounded heroes who were sent to the hospitals at Atlanta. Mrs. Kontz was a woman of remarkable business judgment, of keen discernment and fine executive ability.
Mr. Kontz, while living in Atlanta, spent his time in later years on his farm near the city, where, with his knowledge of farming and horticulture, the prices of all such products during the years immediately after the war being very high, he reaped a handsome return in the home market. He was an Odd Fellow, loved music, an*d was a member of the pioneer German musical club, the Liederkranz. He was especially prominent among the people of his own nationality, but numbered his friends among all classes. He died in 1881. Mrs. Kontz died in 1878. Their surviving children are Anton L. Kontz, cashier Capital City Bank, treasurer of the Cotton States and International Exposition, 1895; clerk of Board of Commissioners of Roads and Revenues of Fulton county, member 1889-1890 of the city council, and grand master of the Odd Fellows of Georgia; and Judge Ernest C. Kontz, lawyer, formerly auditor and recorder of the city of Atlanta, for several terms president of the Y. M. C. A., member 1901-1902 of the city council, and chairman, 1902, of the finance committee of that body.
Mr. Kontz never occupied nor sought public office, and this sketch is here entered as representative of the sturdy private citizenship of whom little is said in biography or history, but whose sturdy qualities of industry and fru gality are the bone and sinew of every great people, and their children are but the flower and fruitage of a noble ancestry transplanted in the soil of our free American institutions.
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El R LA \V SHE. There is probably no name more closely linked with the earlier growth and prosperity of Atlanta than that of Er Lawsh6. When the present metropolis of the South was yet in its infancy and its future was a matter of speculation only, his was one of the clear heads that planned and devised for the community's upbuilding, his one of the hearts that yielded freely to public-spiritedness, to sacrifice and to earnest endeavor.
When scarce more than a boy, Mr. Lawsh6 turned his eyes toward Geor gia, and from tlie day he said good-bye to his Pennsylvania home and took up his abode in Atlanta, though loyal always in heart to his mother State, no citizen of the South's empire commonwealth was truer to his trust of citizen ship, more faithful to the interests of home or deeper and stronger in his steadfastness to friendship and integrity.
Er Lawsh6 was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, March 27, 1824. He came to Atlanta August 16, 1848. He had served an apprenticeship at cab inet making in Philadelphia and for a while devoted himself to that calling here. He arrived in Atlanta with just $7.25, as representing the sum total of his material capital, but by dint of hard work and economy succeeded soon

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after in establishing himself here in the jewelry business, going into partner ship with Riley Baker. A few years after this Mr. Lawsh6 came into sole
possession of the business of the firm. When the civil war came on, Mr. Lawsh6 received a captain's commission
in the Confederate army, signed by the late Governor Joseph E. Brown. Al though his brothers and many kinsmen were enlisted in the Federal army, no man who stood beneath the banner of the Confederacy was truer or more de voted to the cause than he.
In February, 1865, Mr. Lawsh6 removed his family from Augusta, Ga., where they had refuged, to Atlanta. His home at 224 Peachtree street and the adjoining place, the home of Mrs. Lawsh6's parents, were two of the few houses left standing after General Sherman's raid. This place, recently pur chased by the Gate City Guards as the site for an armory, was modernized in later years, but, in part, stands to-day as it did during the sieges of the six ties. At one place on the northern side of the house, a jagged hole, made by a Northern shell, may still be seen in one of the boards. This board Mr. Lawsh6 ordered left untouched, save for a covering of tin, when the home was
being remodeled. His family ensconsed in a home, Mr. Lawsh6, as did many another
Southerner after the close of the tragedy at Appomattox, turned his attention to the collecting of the remnants of a shattered business. The first store to be erected on Whitehall street was his jewelry establishment. At what is now 47 Whitehall street he built a one-story frame structure, and here re opened his business of jewelry, watches, etc. The material from which this building was constructed was taken from huts rudely put together by Sher man's men during their occupation of Atlanta. These temporary huts were located on land owned by Mr. Lawsh6, where are now located the Southern Railway shops. This building he occupied until 1869, when the crude affair gave place to a substantial three-story brick building, which he used until his retirement from business. In 1870 he formed a partnership with W. A. Haynes, which was dissolved four years later. He continued to conduct the business until 1886, when ill health forced him to retire from active business.
Mr. Lawsh6 was married August 8, 1854, to Miss Sarah Winifred Peck, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Willis Peck, of Atlanta, but originally from Lincolnton, N. C. She died here November 9, 1894. Five children blessed their union, four of whom survive: Dr. John Z. Lawsh6. Mrs. Eugene Hardeman, Miss Margaret and Kr Lawsh6, jr. William P. LawshS, next to the eldest and at one time prominent in Southern railroad circles, died in Jacksonville, Fla., February I7th, 1892.
Mr. Lawsh6 was one of the founders of old Wesley Chapel (now the First Methodist Church), and was made chairman of the building committee when the new place of worship was planned and carried to successful completion. He was a member and treasurer of the board of stewards until illness made his resignation compulsory, and to the day of his death was president of the board of trustees of the church. Without ostentation and unknown to others, Mr. Lawsh6*s life was one of service to others and of works of charity. A bright example of this was his tender devotion to the Methodist Orphans' Home in Decatur, which he endowed during his life and provided for in his will.
Mr. Lawsh.6 organized the first lodge of the I. (). (). F. fraternity in At
lanta, he was a Royal Arch Mason, a member of Atlanta Lodge, F. and A. M., and of Tallulah tribe of Red Men. He died May 16, 1897, and, to quote the words of an Atlanta paper in its published report of his death, "the sun of life went down on as golden a heart and as true a nature as earth has ever known." Honored and esteemed as a man fearless and true, known as "The Old Reliable" by his follow men for his white and honest nature, Er Lawsh6 was the kind of man who makes the world better for having lived in it.

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677

JUDGE OSBORNE A. LOCHRANE was one of the
most genial and magnetic of men as well as one of the most learned and ac complished of legal scholars, and it may be gravely doubted if his superior as an advocate before the jury has ever appeared in this State. Such was his happy faculty for weaving poetic sentiment and Irish humor into the fabric of his arguments that he easily made his hearers captive to the mesmeric charm of his eloquence. But he was equally at home in any public arena which brought his wonderful oratory and his rare powers of mind into full play, and some of his occasional speeches and addresses have been preserved as models of exquisite English. Judge Lochrane exemplified his Irish lineage in his impassioned appeals as well as in his racy anecdotes and lightning-like displays of repartee and the combination of qualities which he possessed made him the idol of his fellow-citizens, and had he chosen the arena of public life for the exercise of his brilliant gifts there is no telling to what dizzy heights of distinction he might have reached, but he preferred the congenial labors of the law to the most tempting seductions which the forum of politics could offer him, and he remained in the professional harness throughout his entire career. Judge Lochrane was born in the County of Armagh in Ireland on August 22nd, 1829, and was the son of Dr. Edward Lochrane, an eminent physician, from whom he derived many of his distinguishing mental traits. Equipped with the best educational outfit which the university life of his native country could give him, the ambitious young Irish lad, feeling that his op pressed birthland offered him no prospects commensurate with his cravings for usefulness and distinction, came over to America at the age of eighteen, and finally, after many buffelings and adventures, located in Athens, Ga., where he became a clerk in a drug store. This kind of work was not in the least suited to the tastes of the future jurist, nor was it at all in accord with the rosy anticipations which filled his mind when he sailed from the shores of Ireland, but it was the best he could do under the circumstances, and it en abled him to keep body and soul together until he could find better employ ment. While still engaged at his post behind the counter he managed to make the acquaintance of the best people of this cultured town and to improve his opportunities for showing the outside world what was really in him. Many of the college students became strongly attached to the young drug clerk, and as an evidence of the esteem in which he was held on the campus he was elect ed an honorary member of the Phi Kappa society. Every moment which he could spare from his work was devoted to his mental culture and many were the compositions both in prose and verse which he produced in the solitude of his room when the inspiration to write seized him. Being chosen on one occasion as an anniversary temperance orator, he acquitted himself with such marked success in this initial effort that he was encouraged to take up the study of the law, and after duly equipping himself at odd intervals he was ad mitted to the bar at Walkinsville, Ga., at the spring term of the court in 1850. Chief Justice Joseph Henry Lumpkin was one of the number of entranced listeners who enjoyed Judge Lochrane's temperance speech, and he strongly urged the young orator to turn his attention to the law, assuring him that suc cess awaited him in this direction. How completely this prediction was veri fied may be noticed from the fact that Judge Lochrane was eventually ele vated to the same high judicial bench on which the Chief Justice then sat. Judge Lochrane's first achievement as an orator before the temperance society in Athens was soon followed by another as the orator of St. Patrick's day in Savannah, and with the prestige gained from this second success he located in Macoii, Ga., for the practice of his profession and soon became distinguished as one of the foremost young lawyers of the state. At the beginning of the war Judge Lochrane was elevated to the Superior Court bench and was given the first appointment made under the Confederate government. On the bench

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he developed marked judicial powers, showing an equipoise of mind and an acumen for penetrating to the marrow of the issue in dispute, wholly unsus pected by those who had witnessed his triumphs as an advocate, and in this capacity also was shown his uncompromising courage and his robust strength of character, traits which were always manifest in his dealings with men, but never more strikingly apparent than when he assumed the ermine to sit in judgment upon his fellows. Shortly after the war Judge Lochrane resigned his judicial office and took an active part in reorganizing civil government. Though an ardent friend of the South, he took the course which was the least popular at the time, but which seemed to him the wisest in the end, and by making use of his influence at Washington he succeeded in softening many of the hardships of reconstruction. When the State capital was located in At lanta Judge Lochrane transferred his place of residence to this city, and was shortly afterwards made judge of the Atlanta Circuit, but he soon resigned the place and accepted an appointment from Gov. Bullock to the bench pi the Supreme Court. Though his career as associate justice in this august tribunal was comparatively short, it was conspicuously able, and some of the clearest decisions handed down during this period came from his scholarly pen. Chief Justice Logan E. Bleckley is quoted as saying that he never knew a mind in which fancy and logic were more happily yoked together than in the mind of this brilliantly gifted jurist. On retiring from the bench Judge Lochrane re sumed the active practice of his profession in Atlanta, and until the time of his death was constantly engaged in the courts, devoting himself exclusively to civil business and figuring in many important cases. As an example of Judge Lochrane's style of oratory, we quote an extract from the commencement ad dress which he delivered at the University of Georgia in 1879 and which evoked the warmest encomiums from such competent authorities as Alexander H. Stephens and Robert Toombs. Said Judge Lochrane to the assembled youth of Georgia on this occasion:
"The most unhappy men on this continent are those who have sacrificed most to fill conspicuous positions. The heart-burnings and envies of public life are too often the results of ambition. What a sorrowful lesson of the instability of human grandeur and ambition may be found at the feet of the weeping empress at Chiselhurst. Just as the star of the Prince Imperial was rising to the zenith, like a flash from heaven, it falls to the ground; just as he was gathering around him the hopes of empire the assegai of the savage hurls him to the dust. Born on the steps of a throne, amid the blazing of bonfires and congratulations of kings, he fell in the jungles of an African wilderness, without a friend to close his eyes; born to rule over thirty millions of people, he was deserted by all and went into the chill of death without the pressure of a friendly hand. Although royalty carried flowers to deck his bier, and princes were his pall-bearers, and marshals knelt by his coffin, and cabinet ministers bowed their heads, and his empress mother clung over him in an agony of grief, alas, the glory of his life had passed, and out of the mass of sorrowing friends his spirit floated away, leaving to earth but a crimson mem ory. Life's teachings admonish us that the pathway of ambition has many thorns, and the purest happiness oftenest springs from the efforts of those who sow for the harvesting of peace and joy at home.
"And this lies at your feet in your own State, although she has suffered by desolation, although millions of her property has been swept into ruin and thousands of her bravest been hurried to their graves; although Georgia has been weakened and bled at every pore; although she has been impoverished and dismantled; although she has been ridden through and trampled over by armies; although she has seen in folded sleep her most gallant sons, and spirit arms reach to her from the mound of battlefields, she still has the softest skies and the most genial climate, and the richest lands and the most inviting hopes

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to give to her children. And this is not the hour to forget her. The Roman who bought the land Hannibal's tent was spread upon when his legions were encamped before the very gates of Rome exhibited the spirit of confidence and pride of country which distinguishes a great patriot. Although disaster stared him in the face, and the bravest hearts were trembling at the future destiny of their country and from the Pincian Hill, the enemy, like clouds, could be seen piled around, charged with the thunder of death and desolation, and the earth was reeling with the roll and tramp of armies, his heart was un touched with fear of her future. He knew that Rome would survive the tempests of the hour, and her future would be radiant with the splendid tri umphs of an august prosperity, and confident of that future whose dawn he felt would soon redden in the east, he never dreamed of abandoning her for tunes or abandoning her destiny. This was more than patriotism. It was the heroism of glory. It was sowing a rich heritage of example on the banks of the Tiber for the emulation of the world.
"One of the mistakes men make is their leaning on too sanguine expecta tions without labor, waiting for the honors to pursue them, scarcely reaching out their hands to gather the fortunes that cluster at their feet. Well did one of the old poets of Salamanca express the thought,
'If man come not to gather The roses where they stand,
They fade away among the foliage-- They cannot seek his hand;'
and if you do not come to the honors of life, they cannot go to you; if you don't come to gather the roses, they will fade upon their stems and their leaves be scattered to the ground.
"The rose of fortune Georgia holds out to you is rich with hope and sen timent, and in its folded leaves are more honors for her sons than there is in the rose of England, the lily of France or the nettle-leaf of Holstein.
"Then come together in close and solemn resolve to stand by her destiny, and soon the tide will run rich and riotous through the jeweled arches of hope, flushed with her prosperity; soon will come into her borders newer and stronger elements of wealth; manufactories will spring from her bosom, and the hum of industry resound throughout her borders; the glorious names of her present statesmen will take the places of those who have gone up higher into glory, and will soon hold her banner waving to the sky.
"Come, spirit of our Empire State--come from your rivers that seek the sea, from the waves that wash your shores and run up to kiss your sands, come from the air that floats over your mountain-tops; come from
'Lakes where the pearls lie hid, And caves where the gems are sleeping;' come, spirit of a glorious ancestry, from beyond the cedars and the stars; come from the history that wraps you in its robes of light, and let me invoke the memories that hang around you like the mantle of Elijah, and will be the ascension robes of your new destiny; touch the chords in these young hearts, these proud representatives of your future fame, that they may rise in the majesty of their love and clasp you with a stronger and holier faith, and raise monuments to your glory higher than the towers of Baalbec. Let them warm to the fires of an intenser love, and brighten with the light of a more resplend ent glory; let them swear around the altar to be still fonder and still prouder that they were Georgians. "As an adopted son who has felt the sunshine of your skies, who has been honored with your citi/enship, and with positions far beyond his merits, I bow to the majesty of your glory here in the temple of your fame, and to your spirit I would breathe out the fondest affection and pour prayers upon your pathway; I would clothe you with light, and bathe you in a rain of summer

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meteors; I would crown your head with laurels, and place the palm of victory in your hands; I would lift every shadow from your heart and make rejoic ing go through your valleys like a song.
"Land of my adoption, where the loved sleep folded in the embraces of your flowers, would that to-day it were my destiny to increase the flood tide of your glory, as it will be mine to share your fortune; for when my few more years tremble to their close 1 would sleep beneath your soil, where the drip of April tears might fall upon my grave, and the sunshine of your skies would warm Southern flowers to blossom upon my breast."
Judge Lochrane was twice married. His first wife was Miss Victoria Lamar, daughter of Henry G. Lamar of Macon, Ga., and though several chil dren were born to them none of them reached maturity. His second wife was Miss Josephine Freeman, daughter of Joseph James Freeman, and seven children were the result of this union, of whom four survive. Judge Loch rane died at his home in Atlanta on June i7th, 1887, in the fifty-eighth year of his age and the following editorial, which appeared in The Constitution on the morning after his death, shows the sense of loss which was felt in the community over the untimely taking off of the great jurist:
"Judge Lochrane gave a national reputation to the Georgia bar. As chief justice of the Supreme Court his decisions were marked by profound eru dition and commanding mastery of the subjects involved, and in style they were singularly lucid and instructive. All yesterday Judge Lochrane's death was the talk of every hour. It was not confined to mansion or justice seat, but it was talked of in busy workshops, in the rooms where the spindle and the looms never cease, for every one knew of the genial, lovable, companion able gentleman. All had words of kindness for the dead, sorrow for those bereaved; and the many who had in their trouble and tribulation felt the soft hand of the kind judge, went out yesterday to his late home and stood for a moment silently by his coffin. When you can weep over a man, said an old citizen, you can put it down that a good man has fallen. Many a man shed tears yesterday when he read of Judge Lochrane's death. And so it is all over; forty years have swung by since the young Irishman landed at New York and looked out on a new world where he had but few acquaintances, and to-night the great man full of' honors and wealth lies with eyes closed and hands folded, deadl
"Forty years of rich and full life; forty years of struggling and loving, and winning and losing, of work that furrowed the brow, of pleasures that light ened the heart, of strenuous endeavor, of princely bon homie; forty years of 'the fever called living/ and at last, rest. Forty years of such joyous and brimming life as it is given few men to live. All that remains of the forty years of conflict and pleasure, all worth counting in this night through which the morning breaks, is that he found in them the peace that passeth understanding, and the faith that can make pleasant even the valley and the shadow of death."
DR. JOSEPH P. LOGAN. One of the recognized loaders of the medical profession in Atlanta for nearly forty years was Dr. Joseph Payne Logan, and both as an eminent physician and an upright man he is still remembered with affectionate gratitude by his fellow-citizens. Dr. Logan came of sturdy Presbyterian stock and was born in Botetourt county, Va., in November, 1821. From his father, Rev. Joseph D. Logan, he received much of his early training, though he supplemented his home instruction by attend ing the local schools. Subsequently he matriculated at Washington College, now Washington and Lee University, at Lexington, Va., and after leaving this institution he pursued his medical studies at the Virginia Medical College in Richmond and at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. For sev-

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eral years Dr. Logan practiced his profession in Virginia, but in 1854 he came to Atlanta and continued to reside here until the time of his death, with the exception of three years spent in Baltimore from 1865 to 1868, and four years in the Confederate army. Dr. Logan was an ardent champion of the South ern cause, and throughout the entire war he served it with unremitting fidelity in the capacity of surgeon. Going to Baltimore at the close of the war, he devoted much of his attention to the educational work of his profession, divid ing his time between the demands of his large practice and the professorship which he accepted in Washington University. Returning to Atlanta in 1868, Dr. Logan succeeded in building up an extensive practice among the best peo ple of the city, and notwithstanding the claims which such an important prac tice made upon him, he was always willing and ready to carry the healing ministry of his profession into the homes of the poor, demanding nothing in return for his services from those whose circumstances made them unfor tunate. For many years of his life Dr. Logan was a professor in the Atlanta Medical College, giving it the benefit of his distinguished professional talents and researches, and helping to put it abreast with the foremost medical col leges of the land. He was a member of both the State Medical Association and the American Medical Association, at one time serving the former as president and the latter as vice-president. For several years he was editor of the Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal, making it an efficient organ of the profession. He was a member of the State Board of Health by appointment of the governor, and in his position rendered the State important service, es pecially in the exhaustive report which he made to the governor upon the epi demic of yellow fever in Savannah. Dr. Logan was one of the original mem bers of the Central Presbyterian Church of Atlanta, remaining in active fel lowship with it throughout his entire residence in this city and holding at the time of his death the office of ruling elder. Both in personal appearance and in courtliness of manner Dr. Logan was an ideal Southerner, illustrating the peculiar graces of the old school and charming every one with whom he came in contact by the gentle chivalry which always marked him in his intercourse with men. Dr. Logan died on June 2nd, 1891, full of years and honors. He was twice married, his first wife being Miss Anne E. Pannell, of Orange county, Va., whom he married in 1843 and who died in 1883; and his second wife being Miss Alice Clarke, of Atlanta, whom he married in 1887.
CO L. ROBERT F. MADDOX. Atlanta was an enter prising town of some 15,000 inhabitants when Col. Robert Flournoy Maddox, attracted by the wideawake spirit of the progressive young metropolis, came up from La Grange to identify himself with the forces of development which were then busily at work at this place. If the change of residence was fortun ate for Col. Maddox it was equally as fortunate for Atlanta, because in the person of this robust and resourceful business man Atlanta secured an im portant acquisition. Even before the war Col. Maddox was an active agent in promoting whatever promised to advance the welfare of the city, but it was not until after the war that his influential position in the world of finance enabled him to do his best work in this respect. Public-spirited and enter prising, he was always ready to put aside his own personal interests to serve the cause of his fellow citizens, while out of his private means he always re sponded cheerfully and generously to every call which the community made upon him. Men like Col. Maddox have made Atlanta what she is to-day. They have blazed out her pathway of progress and they have been her pillars of strength. Happy for Atlanta that she has had so many of them. Col. Maddox was born in PutiKim county, Ga., on January 3rd, 1829, of sturdy Scotch parentage. His father was Edward Maddox, an enterprising planter, who moved from Troup county to Putnam early in the century and married

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Mary F. Sale, of Lincoln county, Ga. Notley Maddox, his paternal grand
father, was an officer in the war for American independence. From his parents Col. Maddox acquired the traits of character which are usually strongly accentuated in the Scotch, viz., integrity, sturdiness and piety; and throughout his long career he illustrated them with peculiar force. On the
farm he laid the foundations of the vigorous health which he enjoyed for so many years of his life, and which enabled him to accomplish so many diffi cult undertakings, requiring physical capacity of endurance as well as mental and moral equipment of the very highest order. Col. Maddox was given the
benefit of excellent academic advantages, and he supplemented what he learned at school by keeping his eyes open and cultivating his powers of ob
servation. He possessed the rare faculty of being able to assimilate what he learned, and when he started out in life he was well equipped for success. Locating in La Grange, Ga., in 1851, he was shortly afterwards elected sheriff,
but subsequently gave up this office to become county treasurer. But his chief interests were centered in merchandising, and he was more than ordi narily successful in conducting his business affairs. During his residence in
La Grange he served in the city council with such men as Benjamin H. Hill, John E. Morgan, Judge Bigham and others who were destined some few years later to figure with prominence in State politics. Being impressed with
the idea that Atlanta was the coming metropolis of the State, Col. Maddox made the place his home in 1858, and until the outbreak of the war in 1861 he was actively identified with the interests of his adopted home, having taken
his place from the start in the forefront of Atlanta's enterprising business men. As soon as hostilities commenced he closed up his store with patriotic promptitude and organized the Calhoun Guards, of which he was made cap tain. Shortly afterwards Gov. Brown placed him temporarily in charge of
6,000 troops at Camp McDonald. In 1862 he was made lieutenant-colonel of the Forty-second Georgia Regiment and in 1863 colonel of the Third Georgia Reserves. Intrepid as an officer, Col. Maddox was distinguished throughout
his four years' service at the front by his uncompromising devotion to the cause of the South as well as by his daring gallantry in defense of the flag.
On either side of the line there were few better soldiers than Col. Maddox and none braver. Returning to Atlanta at the close of the war Col. Maddox was confronted with the necessity of starting life anew without one cent of money
in his pocket, but, undismayed by the outlook, he went to work with character istic determination, resolved to pluck success from the ruins which everywhere confronted him, and how well he succeeded let the story of his subsequent life tell. Rapidly getting on his feet again, he was elected in 1866 to repre sent Fulton county in the legislature, and while serving in this capacity was
appointed by Gov. Jenkins as State agent to buy food for the destitute suf ferers under an appropriation of $200,000 made by the State; and in return for his faithful performance of this duty he received the cordial personal
thanks of the chief executive. Subsequently Col. Maddox rendered the city important service in both branches of the council, especially in the lower, where he served as chairman of the finance committee, and besides wiping out the city's floating debt, succeeded in reducing the rate of interest from 18
to 7 per cent. Until 1879 Col. Maddox was engaged in the cotton business, and dealt in such side lines as tobacco and fertilizers, but in 1879 he organized the Maddox and Rucker Banking Company, which was eventually built up into one of the strongest financial institutions of the South and which he served as president until the time of his death. But while the banking busi
ness absorbed most of his time, he was interested in various other enterprises, all of which brought him successful results. From 1889 to 1891 he was presi
dent of the Atlanta and Florida Railroad, and while connected with the man
agement of this property he raised the stock from zero to 75 per cent. Punc-

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tilious in all of his business engagements, Col. Macldox enjoyed the confidence of his business associates and the esteem of his fellow citizens. He never swerved from the path of the strictest rectitude; and though he accumulated an immense fortune, there were no dirty shillings in the splendid legacy which he bequeathed to his children and no stain upon the honored record which he left behind him at the close of his long and useful career. In 1860 Col. Maddox was united in marriage to Miss Nancy Reynolds, daughter of Col. Permedus Reynolds, one of the leading citizens of Newton county. Mrs. Maddox died in 1890. Two children, both of whom survive, were the fruit of this union: Robert F., jr., now vice-president of the Maddox-Rucker Bank ing Company, and Eula M., wife of Henry S. Jackson, son of the late Judge Howell Jackson of the United States Circuit bench. Col. Maddox died at his home in Atlanta on June 6th, 1899, having reached his seventy-first year, and the entire community was plunged in the deepest grief over the loss occa sioned by his death. He was an active member of the First Methodist Church and was as liberal in his religious benefactions as in his support of public enterprises. We cannot close this sketch more appropriately than by quoting the following well-deserved editorial tribute which appeared in the Atlanta Constitution of June 7th, 1899:
"In the death of Colonel Robert F. Maddox,v sr., Atlanta sustains the loss of one of her most substantial and public-spirited citizens. Successful in business beyond the measure attained by most men whose spheres of activity are restricted to the safe methods of the old school, he never permitted his pri vate interests to render him indifferent to public enterprises. He cared noth ing for public office, because he instinctively shrank from making himself con spicuous ; but modestly and unobtrusively he met the demands of citizenship in loyal fashion and made himself one of the exemplars of the community in this respect. Every movement which sought to place Atlanta in the fore front of Southern cities appealed to his enthusiastic and hearty support.
"Colonel Maddox located in Atlanta more than four decades ago. When the war broke out he marched at the head of her troops into the deadly car nage of battle, and during the four years of protracted hardships and dan gers which followed, he illustrated her with dash and courage. When the war ended he came back to her waste of ruins and began anew the pursuit of fortune, penniless but plucky and confident of the future. In the years which followed he met with the fullest realization of his hope; and the same magic wand which lifted Atlanta from the embers of conflagration likewise touched into golden fruitage the industrious labors of Colonel Maddox.
"In private life he conformed his habits to the ideals of Christianity and made his daily conduct the interpreter of his creed. He was loyal to his church connection and gave freely to religious enterprises. In every sense of the word he was one of the most exemplary citizens of Atlanta, and his place in the community will be hard to fill."
WILLIAM MARKHAM came to Atlanta in 1853 and was iden tified with the city's progress and development almost continuously until the time of his death. He was an astute financier and an active worker in the ranks of the city's enterprising business men. He was an ardent and an uncompromising Republican, but such was his devotion to the welfare of Atlanta and such his unswerving integrity of character that he maintained his popularity even amid the bitterest partisan rivalries. Mr. Markham was born in Goshen, Conn., October 9th, 1811, and was the son of William and Ruth (Butler) Markham, both of whom were of English descent. He was well educated and on completing his studies he settled first in North Carolina, where he remained two years. Then he crossed over into Georgia and lived at Augusta and McDonough respectively, engaged in farming until 1853,

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when he came to Atlanta and began merchandising. Before the year was out he served the city in the capacity of mayor. Col. Markham was one of the committee of citizens who surrendered the city to Gen. Sherman in 1864. When the city was subsequently evacuated he went north, but returned in 1865. In 1876 Col. Markham was the Republican candidate for Congress, but met with defeat at the hands of the Democratic nominee. With implicit faith in the future of Atlanta he made heavy real estate investments and erected not less than 118 structures, the Markham House, for years one of Atlanta's leading hotels, being one of the number. During his term of office as mayor the City Hall was built, and this building was occupied for headquarters by the city government for nearly twenty-five years. In 1859 Mr. Markham established an extensive rolling mill plant in Atlanta. He stoutly opposed secession and throughout the war remained loyal to the Union. Possessing strong religious convictions, he/was an active member of the First Presbyterian Church, and served the Sunday school for many years in the capacity of superintendent. In 1839 he married Miss Amanda D. Berry, and two children were the result of this union: Marcellus O. Markham and Mrs. Robert J. Lowry, both of whom are still living. Mr. Markham died in Atlanta on November 9th, 1890.
DR. HOMER VIRGIL MILTON MILLER was
distinguished as an orator no less than an eminent medical practitioner, and was known during the days of his political campaigning as "the Demosthenes of the Mountains." He was noted for his eloquence even at the period when the popular ideals were fixed by such national celebrities as Howell Cobb, Rob ert Toombs, Ben H. Hill, Alexander H. Stephens and Walter T. Colquitt. Dr. Miller was born in Pendleton District, S. C., on April 29th, 1814. On his father's side he was of Welsh extraction and on his mother's side of Hugue not. Early in life he moved with his family to North Georgia, where he grew up in the shadow of the peaks and imbibed the patriotism which distinguished him in after life. He derived his early training from private tutors, but such was his eager fondness for good literature that independent of his scholastic instructors he acquired an extraordinary culture in both ancient and modern classics. Graduating from the medical college of South Carolina in 1835, he first settled in Charleston, but subsequently located at Cassville, Ga. In 1846 ho became professor of obstetrics in the Medical College of Memphis, Tenn., and in 1849 accepted the chair of physiology in the medical college at Augusta, Ga. Dr. Miller served the Confederate cause with distinguished credit during the war, rising from regimental to division surgeon and subsequently being made medical director for the State of Georgia. At the close of the war Dr. Miller located in Rome, Ga., but in 1867 he was elected to an important chair in the Atlanta Medical College, and he accordingly moved to this place, On account of his professional prominence he enjoyed from the start an immense practice, and was recognized as one of the ablest physicians in the State. Dr. Miller first achieved political prominence in 1844, when he met some of the foremost public men of the State in joint discussion. In 1854 nc refused the nomination of the American party for Congress. In 1867 he was elected to the famous reconstruction convention and took an active part in the proceed ings. Lalcr on he was appointed to fill an unexpired term in the United States Senate, but declined to enter the race to succeed himself. In 1881 he traveled over Europe as the agent of the International Cotton Exposition in Atlanta. Dr. Miller was united in marriage in 1835 to Miss Harriet Perry Clark, who remained his helpmeet for more than fifty years. Dr. Miller was one of the most brilliant conversationalists and one of the best posted men in the State, and even down to the close of his life he managed to keep in close touch with the developments of the day. He was proud of Atlanta and served

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her in every way possible, giving liberally of his means to all of her great en terprises. For many years he was an active member of the board of trustees of the University of Georgia. Several years before his death Emory College conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. Dr. Miller died in 1896.
WILLIAM A. MOORE was one of Atlanta's most successful merchants. He was born at Kingston, Term,, on November igth, 1819, of sturdy Scotch-Irish parentage, and began his mercantile career at Athens, Tenn., where he served as a clerk for the handsome salary of $36 a year and board. In 1846 he settled in Lafayette, Ga., where in 1853 he formed an asso ciation with Mr. E. W. Marsh, with whom he was connected in business for more than thirty-eight years. Finding that better prospects were offered at Chattanooga, the firm located there and carried on business successfully in Chattanooga until driven out by Gen. Sherman in 1863. At the close of the war the firm began business in Atlanta, starting on an extremely modest scale, but it was not long before the mercantile house of Moore and Marsh was recognized as one of the largest establishments in this section, its business reaching out into all the surrounding states, and its name becoming the syn onym for integrity and fair dealing. In 1867 the firm put up an elegant build ing at the corner of Line (now Edgwood avenue) and Pryor street, but in 1880 this structure was supplanted by one still more commodious. Mr. Moore gave his entire time to his business and took no active part in politics, but he was public-spirited and generous, and gave his hearty support to all public enterprises. In 1850 he married Miss Euphemia Barry, daughter of D. A. L. Barry of Lafayette, Ga. Mr. Moore was an ardent Presbyterian, being con nected during his residence in this city with the First Presbyterian Church, in which he was an honored elder. He gave liberally to religious causes, the Moore Memorial Church and the Grady Hospital being the objects of his largest munificence. Sturdy and upright, Mr. Moore was an exemplary citi zen in every sense of the word, and the community holds him in grateful re membrance. He died on July 3lst, 1891, and is survived by his widow and four children: Mrs. Seaborn Wright of Rome, John M. Moore, Wilmer L. Moore and Mrs. Hugh L. McKee of Atlanta.
TIMOTHYC. MURPHY. One of the truest of the many loyal-hearted Irishmen who identified themselves with this community in the early pioneer days before the war, was Timothy Murphy, who came to Atlanta in 1848, when the future metropolitan prestige which the city was destined to attain within the next generation was hidden from the near-sighted gaze of the many and revealed only to the prophetic ken of the few. Though Atlanta's population at this time numbered scarcely more than 6,000 souls, Mr. Murphy reasoned that the city's climatic and geographical advantages were such as to make her in the near future an important commercial center, and accordingly he decided to make Atlanta his home. Had he possessed less of the self-depreciating mod esty, which is too often the characteristic of strong natures, there is no telling to what eminence he might have attained, but he refused to exploit his own interests and preferred to serve in the ranks while others took the lead. Rut Atlanta had no sturdier arm on which to lean during the days which tried men's souls than Timothy C. Murphy's. For two years he held the position of city marshal, and while occupying this position he was called upon to per form many unpleasant duties, but he was fully equal to the requirements of the office and showed in the measure of the most scrupulous fidelity that he was worthy of the confidence which his fellow-citizens-reposed in him. Mr. Murphy was born near Cork, Ireland, on March 2nd, 1824. Before attain ing his majority he decided to seek his fortune in the now world, and as soon as he could provide himself with the necessary means he crossed the Atlantic,

Timothy C. Murphy
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landing in this country in 1846. Two years later he found his way to Atlanta, being attracted by the rapidly increasing fame of the young metropolis, and so pleased was he with the outlook that he made up his mind to remain here. Securing employment with the Georgia Railroad as baggage agent at this point, he continued to serve the road in this capacity for several years, eventu ally giving up the position to associate himself with the noted Dr. Joseph Thompson, who was then running the Atlanta Hotel, and he remained with Dr. Thompson from 1852 to 1862. Mr. Murphy was one of the leading spirits of the volunteer fire department which figured with so much local prominence in the early days and enlisted the enthusiastic service of so many of Atlanta's most prominent citizens. He belonged to Company No. I, the members of which were commissioned by the governor, and acted in the capacity of local militiamen besides meeting the exigencies occasioned by fires. Growing out of his connection with the volunteer fire department he figured in many critical situations during the war period, and especially at the time of the bombard ment of the city by Gen. Sherman. After the war Mr. Murphy engaged chiefly in railway work, serving the Cincinnati Southern and the Western and Atlantic railway systems in the capacity of local passenger agent. De voted to the best interests of the community, he was always ready to respond within the limit of his means to any demand which was made upon him in furtherance of the city's upbuilding, and he always kept himself thoroughly posted on local affairs. Mr. Murphy was united in marriage on April 22nd, 1861, to Miss Maggie McGee of Augusta, Ga. In religious faith he was an ardent Catholic, being an active member of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. Mr. Murphy died at his home in Atlanta on November 30th, 1884, survived by his widow and only son, Mr. John E. Murphy, one of At lanta's most prominent young business men.
PR.YOR L/. MYNATT, one of the most successful lawyers of the Atlanta bar, was born in Knox county, Tenn., on September 7th, 1829. Graduating from Marysville College, he taught school for several years and then took up the study of law at Jacksboro, Tenn., going afterward where he remained until the outbreak of the war. Enlisting in the Confederate army he was four years at the front. After the struggle was over he came to At lanta, where he resumed the practice of his profession without money or friends, but in proof of his superior talents as an advocate it was not long before he was looked upon as one of the leaders at the bar, enjoying an im mense professional income. In 1877 he was elected to the Constitutional Convention, and in 1878 he was chosen to represent Fulton county in the State legislature. For many years he was attorney for the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia and the Atlanta and Florida railways. Some of the most important cases ever tried in the courts of Georgia were won by Col. Mynatt, notably the bond case of the Air Line Railway, involving $11,000,000. He made frequent contributions to the literature of the law, possessing a ready pen as well as a fluent tongue, and always illuminating whatever he under took to discuss. In 1860 Col. Mynatt married Miss Alice Wallace, daughter of Maj. Campbell Wallace, of Atlanta. He was an elder in the Central Presbyterian Church of this city and led an active religious life. He died on September 2nd, 1890, survived by his widow and two children, Joseph L. and Alice.
CAPTAIN T. B. NEAL was one of Atlanta's leading bankers, and for some time president of the Chamber of Commerce. Born in Pike county, Ga., October 31 st, 1838, he moved with his parents at an early age to Minden, La., where nineteen years of his life were spent. Making the best of his meagre educational advantages, he was successful in realizing enough money to embark in mercantile life for himself, and was just starting out upon an independent career of great promise when the war broke out. Going to

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the front, he served with gallant distinction throughout the struggle. When the war was over he returned to Minden, where he remained until 1885. Then he located in Atlanta, where his father, Mr. John Neal, had been in business for nearly twenty years. Soon after coming to Atlanta he organized the Neal Loan and Banking Company, which is to-day one of the strongest finan cial institutions in the South. Capt. Neal was an active prompter of the Cot ton States and International Exposition of 1895. He gave his loyal support to all public enterprises which he thought were calculated to promote the city's best interests. On account of his public spirit as well as his sound business ability, he was called upon to preside over the Chamber of Commeice, and he filled the oflice acceptably and well. Capt, Neal was a member of the Second Baptist Church, and also belonged to various secret fraternal organizations. Conscientious and upright, he was respected by every one who knew him. Capt. Neal was married in 1866 to Miss Mollie Cash, and seven children blessed this happy union, only one of which survives with Mrs. Neal. He died in Atlanta on April nth/1902.
HON. JONATHAN NORCRO S S was not only one of Atlanta's pioneers, but he lived to be one of her revered and honored patriarchs. Coming to Atlanta in 1844 at the age of thirty-six, he resided here continuously until 1898, when he closed his long and useful career at the age of ninety, and during this long stretch of years he witnessed Atlanta's growth from an unpretentious village of less than 5,000 inhabitants into an enterprising metropolis of 100,000 souls, and distinguished not only as the chief city of the State and the seat of government, but also as the Gate City of the South. Mr. Norcross was born at Orono, Me., on April 7th, 1808, of sturdy New England parentage, and he traced his ancestry back for more than three hundred years to Norcross Manor in England. Strong religious influ ences were thrown about him from the start, his father being a clergyman, and after receiving his education, which was limited to the elementary text books, he was taught the trade of a millwright. He subsequently went to Cuba, where he put up a mill for making sugar. He then attended lectures in mechanics at Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, and taught school in North Carolina. Later on he took charge of lumber interests in Southern Georgia for Northern capitalists, and in 1844 he came to Atlanta, where he entered into merchandising. In 1850 he was elected mayor, and gave the city an efficient administration. In 1858 he was made president of the Air Line Railroad and filled the position ably for some time. In 1876 he was the Re publican candidate for Governor of Georgia, but on account of the strong Democratic majority in the State he was not successful. Mr. Norcross was instrumental in organizing the first bank ever started in Atlanta, and he took an active part in public enterprises of every kind. He was always on the side of morality and temperance. In religious affiliation he was a Baptist and he gave twenty acres of land near Atlanta for the founding of an Orphans' Home under the care of his denominational board. Though an ardent opponent of secession and an uncompromising Republican, Mr. Norcross enjoyed the con fidence of his fellow citizens. He was fond of literary work, published vari ous articles on timely topics of interest, and made frequent contributions tothe current religious and secular periodicals. He was a man of many strong and stern characteristics. Mr. Norcross was twice married: in 1845 to Mrs. H. N. Montgomery and in 1877 to M' s -s Mary A. Hill. He died in 1898, leav ing one son, Rev. Virgil C. Norcross.
KICHARD PETERS, father of Atlanta's Street Railway system ami one of the foremost of Atlanta's early pioneer citizens, was the son of Ralph and Catherine Conyngham Peters, and was born in (iermantown, now part of Philadelphia, Pa., on November loth, 1810, being named for

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his distinguished grandfather, Richard Peters, who was secretary of war during the administration of President Washington and subsequently judge of the United States Court of Philadelphia. William Peters, the father of Richard Peters, the secretary of war, was an English merchant who came to this country from Liverpool, ^England, several years prior to the American revolution, and settled on the site of what is now known as Fairmount Park, near Philadelphia. On the maternal side the subject of this sketch came of sturdy Scotch-Irish stock, his mother being the daughter of D. H. Conyngham, whose family came from the north of Ireland. Mr. Peters spent his boyhood days in Philadelphia, where as an inmate of his grandfather's home he re ceived the advantages of the best educational instruction which the times afforded in the English branches and also in civil engineer ing, higher mathematics and drawing. When only nineteen years of age he entered the office of William Strickland, an architect of wide distinction, who built the United States Bank at Philadelphia, together with the mint, and also erected the State capital at Nash ville, Tenn. After serving for one year under Mr. Strickland he was employed for another year in building breakwater constructions at the mouth of the Delaware river, and such was his growing professional eminence that he was seldom compelled to wait for any length of time for remunerative em ployment. But passing over his earlier professional achievements, we come on down to note the circumstances which induced him to cast his lot in this section. In 1835 Mr. J. Edgar Thompson, who was then engaged in super vising the construction of the Georgia railroad from Augusta to Madison, offered him the position of principal assistant, and being convinced of the ad vantageous character of the offer, he signified his acceptance at once. Two years later he was appointed general manager and superintendent of the road with headquarters in Augusta, where he continued to reside until 1845, when the road was completed to Atlanta. With shrewd business sagacity he then purchased from the Georgia Railway Company the line of stages running be tween Montgomery and Atlanta, eventually making his home in the latter place. Mr. Peters first passed through Atlanta in 1844, when it was known as Marthasville, but even then he was favorably impressed with its local sur roundings and its wideawake enterprise, and clearly foresaw that in time it was destined to become an important commercial center. By the way, it may be stated in this connection that the name of Atlanta was first suggested by Mr. J. Edgar Thompson, with whom Mr. Peters had been associated in the build ing of the Georgia railroad, and so musical was the sound of the word that it met with instant and universal adoption. From 1846 until the time of his death Mr. Peters continued to reside in this city and was ever an active, ener getic and upright citizen, ready at all times to make any sacrifice which the welfare of the community required at his hands, and never once deigning to promote his own individual and personal interests at the expense of others. For many years he was actively identified with railway building in the South and was connected with both the Georgia Railroad and the Atlantic and West Point Railroad, serving each in the directorship, after assisting in the work of construction. In 1852 Mr. Peters gave renewed evidence of his enter prising spirit by establishing an extensive steam flour mill in Atlanta, and for the purpose of obtaining fuel to run the mill he purchased four hundred acres of land in what is now the \yealthiest section of the city, and most of the property thus acquired is still in the possession of his descendants. He paid only $5 an acre for this immense tract of land, various portions of which have since brought in the market as high as $10,000 an acre and are worth to-day much more. Mr. Peters was for many years interested in the old Georgia Railroad Bank, which was one of the leading financial establishments of the city before the war, and which was located on the corner of Peachtree and
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Wall streets. Being an ardent Whig, Mr. Peters took an active interest in politics, though he cared nothing for political preferment and sought no pub lic honors or emoluments at the hands of his fellow-citizens. He strongly opposed secession, but gracefully accepted the situation when the ordinance was adopted, and rendered the Confederacy important service in connection with the transportation of supplies. Remaining in Atlanta until the battle of the 22nd of July, 1864, lie took up his residence in Augusta until the close of hostilities, taking with him the members of his family and also the assets of the Georgia Railroad, carefully concealing them beyond the reach of the invader. During the reconstruction period Mr. Peters took an active part in advocating the return of the State to the Union. He was also instrumental in securing the removal of the State capital from Milledgeville to Atlanta. In 1870 Mr. Peters became one of the lessees of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, and was connected with the management of this important line for nearly twenty years. In 1872, with several other prominent citizens, he em barked in the business of street railway construction in Atlanta, imparting to the city much of the initial impulse which started her upon the prosperous caieer of development \yhich has since made her one of the most progressive of Southern cities. With nearly every industrial enterprise of any magnitude inaugurated in Atlanta during the first two decades which followed the war Mr. Peters was connected in some manner, and his sound practical ideas were always helpful in shaping the public policies of the day in local affairs. De voutly wedded to the Episcopal Church, within whose sacred allegiance his ancestors for generations back had been reared, Mr. Peters was instrumental in the building of St. Philip's Church, now St. Philip's Cathedral, built in 1847 and one of the first religious structures ever erected in Atlanta. He con tinued to be an active and influential member of this church until the close of his life, contributing liberally and largely to all of its benevolent and eccle siastical causes. Mr. Peters was married in 1848 to Miss Mary J. Thomp son, daughter of Dr. Joseph Thompson, one of Atlanta's celebrated ante-bellum physicians; and of the children which sprang from this union seven reached maturity as follows: Richard, secretary of the Chester Rolling Mills, at Thurlow, Pa.; Nellie, widow of the late Hon. George R. Black, member of Congress; Ralph, superintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania railway system; Edward Conyngham, one of Atlanta's representative business men; Katherine Conyngham Quintard, now deceased, and May, wife of H. M. Atkinson. Full of years and honors, Mr. Peters died at his home in At lanta on February 6th, 1889, having devoted nearly fifty years of his life to the welfare of the community in which he resided, and leaving behind him in the substantial adornments of the city many enduring monuments of his publicspirited enterprise.
DR. THOMAS SPENCER POWfcLL'S name is
entitled to an honored place among those of Atlanta's pioneers who devoted their lives to the upbuilding of their City and State, both on account of his conspicuous success as a practicing physician and as a teacher of medical science.
He was born in Brunswick County, Virginia, in 1826, of Welsh ancestry, from whom he inherited that high degree of mental and; physical vigor which were the foundation of his achievements in life. While yet a mere child he manifested marked aptitude for medicine, and lie was wisely allowed to fol low the bent of his inclinations. After receiving a thorough education in Oakland Academy and the Lawrenceville Male Institute, in his native County, from which he graduated with high honors, he received a thorough prelimi nary training in medicine and pharmacy from Dr. Benjamin I. Hicks, of Law renceville. Not being satisfied with anything short of the best, Dr. Powell

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then went to the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, and graduated from the Medical Department two years later.
Upon receiving his diploma, in 1846, Dr. Powell located in Sparta, Ga., where he practiced medicine until 1858. In 1857, Dr. Powell was invited to address the faculty of the Atlanta Medical College, and so profound an im pression was made upon his hearers that he was elected to an important chair in that institution the following year. This caused the removal of his place of residence to Atlanta, which he was proud to call home until the day of his
death. During the yellow fever scourge at Savannah Dr. Powell volunteered his
services for the benefit of the stricken city. With the superb courage and energy which always characterized him, he labored night and day for the re lief of the suffering.
When the Civil War came Dr. Powell devoted nearly all of his time and property to the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers of the Confederacy; and had he done nothing else, his devotion and self-sacrifice during this try ing period would entitle him to a high phice on the State's roll of honor.
In 1866 Dr. Powell resigned his chair in the Atlanta Medical College to resume the active practice of his profession, and, undismayed by the loss of his property during the war, he set resolutely about the task of rebuilding his wasted fortunes.
Despite the exacting duties of a large and growing practice, Dr. Powell found time to contribute valuable articles to the press, not only of a profes sional character, but on almost all subjects involving the public welfare. He was one of the first to foresee Atlanta's coming greatness, and wrote a re markably prophetic pamphlet entitled: "Atlanta--Her Past, Present and Future," which enjoyed a wide circulation.
Feeling the need of a first-class medical journal in the South, Dr. Powell established the Southern Medical Record, which, in collaboration with Dr. R. C. Word and others, he conducted for many years, until other duties com pelled him to commit the paper to other hands. He made it one of the lead ing medical journals of the country, and through articles contributed to its
columns became known throughout the United States and Europe. Being impressed with Atlanta's superior advantages in point of location,
climate, etc., for an educational center, Dr. Powell, with his associates, organ ized the Southern Medical College in 1879. This institution immediately took a high stand among the medical colleges of the country, and was successfully conducted under the presidency of Dr. Powell until his death, and afterwards, with the Atlanta Medical College, was consolidated under the name of the
Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1887 Dr. Powell organized the Southern Dental College, as the Dental
Department of the Southern Medical College. Success crowned his efforts in this direction also, and the Southern Dental College is one of the largest
and most successful institutions of the kind in the country. Dr. Powell always insisted that a high standard should be maintained,
and that every precaution should be taken to see that medical diplomas were granted only to those who were proficient. He contended that those into whose hands the lives of the people were to be committed should receive the most thorough training, and in the Southern Medical College he set the exam ple by voluntarily requiring a three years' course instead of two for gradua tion; and it is a matter of record that not one of his graduates ever failed to pass the examination prescribed by the State Board of Examiners. He led the fight, both before the Senate legislature and the medical associations for the adoption of the three year course, and it is largely due to his efforts that such
a standard of graduation is now required iti Georgia. To Dr. Powell is due the credit of establishing the first public hospital in
the city of Atlanta. It was conducted with signal success until the Grady

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Hospital was erected by the city, when he discontinued it, feeling that its mis sion had been fulfilled and that his view concerning such a public necessity had been publicly endorsed.
The interest which Dr. Powell felt in educational matters was not limited to the medical branch, but he took an important and active part in the promo tion of public instruction. He served on the Board of Education for many years, and devoted to the noble cause of education much valuable service. He was one of the pioneers in the work which has placed the public schools of Atlanta among the best in the country. Not only did he take a deep inter est in education generally, but in an individual way did a great deal toward its promotion by uniformly encouraging the young with whom he came in daily contact to educate themselves, and by urging upon parents the supreme im portance of educating their children. Advice was frequently supplemented by substantial aid, and many a young man of humble origin owes Dr. Powell his education and start in life.
While a man,of action rather than of words, Dr. Powell was yet an elo quent and forceful public speaker. His addresses before the various medical associations were models of sound judgment and logic, and some of his afterdinner speeches remarkable examples of fine sentiment and beautiful dic tion.
But, great as may be Dr. Powell's claims to distinction, and strongly marked as were his characteristics, to those who knew him well he was above all things a big-hearted, great-souled and charitable man. During his long professional career, no call from the needy went unheeded by him. If it was for medical aid, the storms and cold of a winter's night were forgotten in his anxiety to relieve the sufferings of a human being. And, with the certainty that he would never receive one cent for his services, he labored as cheerfully and patiently in the hovel of the pauper as he would have done in the palace of a king. If medicines were lacking, he furnished them; if food was needed, he supplied it, and if the sick needed delicacies beyond their means, his purse was open to them. Further, he was the counsellor and adviser and friend of his large clientele. He always listened patiently to those in trouble, and aided, advised and consoled them. It is safe to say that no man ever died
in Atlanta at whose death more poor people felt that they had lost a personal friend.
He was also especially beloved by the young men with whom he came in contact in the medical college and elsewhere. He never grew old in spirit. He took them into his confidence and counselled them as a fellow worker who had trodden the path upon which they were just entering, and gave them the benefit of the great knowledge which years of study and ex perience in life had brought to him.
Dr. Powell was twice married; first, in 1847, to Miss Julia Bass, daughter of Rev. Larkin Bass, and granddaughter of Governor Rabun. She died in 1880, and on December 2pth, 1882, he was married to Mrs. Jennie Rosebrugh Miller, of Virginia, who survived him.
The long and useful life of Dr. Powell ended on December 30, 1895, at his home in Atlanta, where he peacefully sank into the slumbers of death, sur rounded by family and friends. The remains were interred at Sparta, where repose the remains of kindred and the friends of his earlier days.
The only members of his immediate family were his wife and niece, Miss Una Sperry, who had always lived with and been a daughter to him. While making an extended tour abroad Mrs. Powell died suddenly at Cairo, Egypt, on April n, igoo. Her niece brought the body back to the United States, and the interment took place at Salem, Virginia, her old home. Miss Sperry was married to Mr. E. Rivers of Atlanta, on September 12, 1900, and they now
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EDWARD E. RAWSON. Atlanta's public spirited business men have been in large measure the architects of her civic prosperity, being always ready to sacrifice personal interests, if need be, upon the altar of public duty; and one of the most conspicuous of this number was Hon. Edward E. Rawson. Mr. Rawson sprung from an honored line of New Eng land ancestors, the first of whom was Edward Rawson who emigrated to this country from England in 1636 and settled at Newberry in the colony of Massachusetts. Seventh in descent from this sturdy New England pioneer the subject of this sketch was born at Craftsbury, Vt., in the heart of the Green Mountain region of the state, in the year 1818. Most of his early life was spent on the plantation, his father, Elijah Rawson, being an enterprising New England planter. Though accustomed to hard work young Rawson found plenty of time for study, and he was encouraged by parental influence and example to make the most of his educational opportunities. He attended the district schools, which were exceptionally good, but before reaching his nineteenth year his father died, making it necessary for him to leave home and to shift for himself. Coming to Lumpkin, Ga., he entered the employ of his
brother, W. A. Rawson, as clerk, remaining in this establishment until 1841 when he embarked in the mercantile business on his own account. Sixteen years passed and during this time he built up an immense local trade; but ill-health made it necessary for him to seek higher latitudes and accordingly he closed out his establishment at Lumpkin and came to Atlanta. He lost no time in starting up again in this place, as he not only brought with him an experienced business head but also enough capital to meet competition.
When the war broke out he was doing an excellent business. Sturdy integrity and wide-awake enterprise secured for him the patronage of the community, and he retained the good will and friendship of every customer whose name was once entered upon his books. Ill-health prevented Mr. Rawson from
taking any active part in the operations of the war, but his sympathies were strongly with the south notwithstanding his northern birth and antecedents.
From 1863 to 1864 he served in the City Council, and just before the evacuation of Atlanta under the relentless order of Gen. Sherman, who was preparing to burn the city, Mr. Rawson, in company with Mayor James M. Calhoun, visited the headquarters of the federal general and in the name of humanity protested against the proposed removal of the population. But Gen. Sherman remained obstinate and the orders were executed. On returning to the city in 1865 Mr. Rawson gave himself heartily to the work of rehabilitation and was instrumental in organizing the busy forces which started Atlanta again upon the highway of civic prosperity and success. From 1867 to 1868 he served for the second time in the City Council where he advocated the adoption of many important measures of public utility and took an active part in the preliminary movement for bringing the state capital from Milledgeville to Atlanta. Mr. Rawson was also instrumental in organizing the public
school system of Atlanta, serving for many years on the board of education and acting part of the time as treasurer. He was an ardent believer in free education as the best means of promoting the true interests of the commu nity, and he labored to make the public school system as thorough as possible. As chairman of the board of water commissioners from 1872 to 1888 Mr. Rawson was largely instrumental in building up the present efficient water works system ; and the city owes him this additional debt of gratitude. For several years following the war Mr. Rawson was engaged in merchandising, but in 1870 he bought an interest in the Atlanta Coffin Factory, with which he re mained until 1887, when he established the Gate City Coffin Company, of which he was made president. Possessing deep religious convictions, Mr. Rawson exemplified his creed in his daily walk and conversation, and through out his long career in Atlanta he was an active and influential member of

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Trinity Methodist Church, giving liberally to all its causes and attending regularly upon its divine services. Mr. Rawson was married in 1846 to Miss Elizabeth WV Clarke of Lumpkin, Ga., and the union thus formed was ^lessee! with the following offspring, named in the order of birth: Mary P., widow of John D. Ray; Laura E., wife of Judge W. R. Hammond; Emma S., wife of Henry S. Johnson; Carrie V., wife of Judge T. P. Westmoreland; Ed ward E., Charles A., William C, Sidney J. and Louis L. Mr. Rawson died on April loth, 1893, sincerely mourned by the community in which he had so long resided and whose welfare he had labored so earnestly and faithfully to advance.
WILLIAM C. RAWSON, son of Edward E. and Elizabeth Clarke Rawson, belonged to the wide-awake contingent of native born citizens who have played no insignificant or trivial part in the shaping of Atlanta's post-bellum career; and though at the time of his death he still lacked several months of reaching his forty-first birthday, he was an honored member of the council and an active worker in the ranks of the city's most devoted public servants. Like his distinguished father, who was one of Atlanta's pioneer citizens, he possessed an equipment which specially fitted him for the service of his fellow-citizens and he was always ready at any time to sacrifice his own individual interests to promote the welfare of the community at large. Such was his peculiar personal magnetism, associated with his rare executive capacity, that had his life been spared there is no telling to what degree of prominence he might have attained in local affairs. Mr. Rawson was born in Atlanta, Ga., on August 2ist, 1861, just at the outbreak of the civil war. He was given the best educational advantages and on leaving the public schools of Atlanta was sent to Emory and Vanderbilt, acquitting himself with credit at both institutions. As soon as he left college he applied him self to work in earnest and soon made it apparent to every one with whom he came in contact that he possessed in an eminent degree the elements which go to make up success. Succeeding his father as president of the Gate City Coffin Company, which he had been instrumental in organizing, he managed the affairs of this large establishment with consummate ability, extending its operations and increasing its profits and making it at the time of his death one of the leading commercial enterprises of the south. Mr. Rawson assisted in the organization* of the Elizabeth Cotton Mills, located near Atlanta, and became one of the principal stock-holders. He was also associated with F. I. Stone & Co. in the steel business. Impressed with his exceptional qualifications for public service, his fellow-citizens in 1899 prevailed upon him to make the race for council from the second ward and in the con test which ensued he was elected. While in the council he served on several important committees and took part in nearly every important discussion which came up. Without being invidious it may be said that no member of the body was characterized by greater fidelity or purer disinterestedness in the service of the community than was Mr. Rawson, and since it was decreed by fate that his career should end before his meridian was reached it was not altogether inappropriate that the summons should have come oh the last day of his official term, and that oven while his fellow-citizens were exclaiming, "Well done, thou good and faithful servant," he should have been called to his reward up higher. The following beautiful resolutions adopted by the council on January 6th, 1902,, the date of his death, attest the esteem in which he was held by his colleagues; and in them is likewise reflected the estimate which his fellow-citizens put upon his services:
Whereas, In the wisdom of an all-wise Providence, who rules our des tinies, one of our most honored and beloved members has been this day removed from our midst and relieved of his earthly labors, therefore be it

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Resolved, by the mayor and general council, that in the death of Hon. William C. Rawson, councilman from the second ward, the community has lost a valuable citizen, the municipal government a faithful official and the members of this body a beloved and faithful co-worker. On this, the last day of his public service, with every duty well discharged, with a record unblem ished, it was particularly sad that he should be thus called from his labors in our midst.
Recognizing that our words of sympathy and condolence must feebly express our feelings on this sad occasion, we can only place on record this
personal and official expression of our profound sorrow at his demise. To the bereaved family and relatives we take this occasion, both as
official associates and personal friends, to tender our most sincere sympathy and condolence. Be it further
Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this body and that a copy of the same be sent to the bereaved family of our beloved friend.
Open-handed as well as public-spirited Mr. Rawson contributed liberally to pubjic enterprises and brought the full pressure of his strong influence to bear upon whatever sought to build up Atlanta's interests. He was tenacious
of his opinions but never obtrusive in forcing them upon others. He went to the bottom of whatever he tried to investigate and he believed in doing thoroughly whatever he undertook to do. Religious by conviction as well as from hereditary bias, Mr. Rawson was an active member of Trinity Methodist church, and his former pastor, Dr. R. J. Bingham, in speaking of his upright Christian life said of him in the public prints at the time of his death:
"During my pastorate at Trinity church I found him one of her most generous and loyal members. I never made a call on him in my life to which he did not heartily respond. His devotion to what stood for law and order was surpassed in the case of no man that I know in this great city. Perhaps there was no man of his age, not immediately engaged in professional life, who kept more nearly abreast of the really great movements of the day. His
library was fresh and stimulating, and a talk with him was a tonic. He was an unassuming, robust gentleman, a true friend and in every way a noble man. Suitable religious and civic honors will be paid to his memory by his church and friends, and by the city of which he was so proud, but I wish to lay this little flower on his grave."
Mr. Rawson was united in marriage in 1884 to Miss Lucia Brock, and ibis happy union fruited in the birth of four children, Elizabeth, Sarah, William and Charles, all of whom with Mrs. Rawson survive him. Nothing could have been more beautiful than his home life, and after all it was at his domestic fireside that his nobility of character was revealed in its best light and seen in its truest meaning. Mr. Rawson was connected with some of the most prominent families of Atlanta. He was a nephew of the late Wm. A. Rawson, a brother of Mrs. Henry S. Johnson, Mrs. W. R. Hammond, Mrs. T. P. Westmorland and Mrs. Mary R. Ray, a nephew of the late Judge Marshal J. Clarkc and Mrs. J. P. Logan, a cousin of Mrs. Chas. A. Collier and an uncle of Mrs. R. L. Shcdden, Mrs. Victor L. Smith and Mrs. Eugene Calloway. Honored in life he is revered in death, and will long be cherished in the affectionate remembrance of his fellow-citizens. Hon. Liv-
ingston Minis, president of the Capital City Club, in his annual address delivered April 23rd, 1902, paid Mr. Rawson this tender tribute:
"1 may be pardoned special mention of dear, noble Will Rawson. 'To know him was to hive him.' He was endeared to me not only as a member of this Club, but in his relation to me as a member of the Council of the
City, and always referred to by me as my 'Minister of Finance.' As able

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in business management as he was lovely in all the relations of life; and in the very prime of life! cut off! too soon. Generous, liberal and manly to a fault, with a heart overflowing with sympathy for the distressed in every relation of life. The loving and devoted husband, the fond and affectionate father, the ever loyal and trusted friend; and thus will he ever live in the memory of all who knew him."
R.OBERT H. RICHARDS, financier and railroad builder, was born in London, England, in 1830, and was the son of Robert G. and Sarah (Gilkes) Richards. He enjoyed only limited educational advantages, but he made the most of them. When thirteen years of age he came with his parents to America and after spending two years at Penfield, Ga., where the family located, he went to New York to begin his business career. He remained in New York two years and then returned south. Subsequently he traveled over this entire section in the interest of some northern book estab lishment, and meeting with success in this line of work he finally invested his savings in an enterprise of his own, becoming associated with James McPherson in the first book store ever opened in Atlanta.. Two or three years later Mr. Richards withdrew from the firm and moved to LaGrange where he opened another store of the same kind. ^Later on he resumed partnership relations with Mr. McPherson and for some time continued to hold property interests in Atlanta and LaGrange both. But his principal place of residence was in LaGrange until 1867 when he moved to Knoxville, Tenn., and estab lished the East Tennessee Book House, with which he was connected for three years. But before making this change of residence Mr. Richards, in association with Gen. Alfred Austell, aided in the organization of the Atlanta National Bank in 1865 and served on the board of directors until the time of his death, having frequently held the office of vice-president. While residing in Knoxville Mr. Richards became interested in the building of the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway and invested heavily in the stock of the road. This venture it is said ultimately netted him over $250,000. In 1872 Mr. Richards moved back to Atlanta where he continued to reside until the time of his death. Some of the enterprises with which he was connected were as follows : the Exposition Cotton Mills, the Atlanta Home Insurance Co., the Atlanta Guano Co., the Clifton Phosphate Co., the Eagle and Phoenix Manufacturing Co., the Kennesaw Elouring Mills, the John P. King Cotton Mills, the Atlanta National Bank and the East Tennessee, Virginia .and Georgia Railway. Mr. Richards was a man of the strictest rectitude and the most unblemished integrity; and though he accumulated an immense for tune it was in the line of legitimate business and as the result of wide-awake enterprise and close attention. Mr. Richards died at Asheville, N. C., where he was seeking to build up his health, on Sept. i6th, 1880, survived by his widow, who was Miss Josephine Rankin, of LaGrange, to whom he was married in 1853.
HON. SIDNEY ROOT. Atlanta has never been loath to acknowledge the depth of gratitude which she owes to her citizens of northern birth. Bringing with thorn into her busy life the energetic activities charac teristic of the colder latitudes, they have always been resolute in carrying forward her civic banner and she has always delighted to honor them with her public favors; but none have served her with greater zeal or better success than Sidney Root. Coming to Atlanta before the outbreak of the civil war he was almost constantly identified with the fortunes of this community for nearly forty years, and during this long period of time there was no public enterprise of any magnitude or importance with which his name was not in .some manner connected. Born in Montague, Mass., Mar. nth, 1824, Mr. Root

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came of sturdy New England stock, and throughout his eventful life of nearly four score years he worthily illustrated the virtues of his Puritan progenitors. Early in life he moved with his parents from Massachusetts to Vermont where his boyhood days were spent in the shadow of the Green Mountains. On his fathers plantation he acquired the industrious habits which charac terized him through life and laid the foundations of the robust physical strength which preserved him in good health even down to old age. Though prevented by reason of his fathers limited resources from attending school more than three months in the year he made the most of his meagre opportuni ties ; and such was his marked aptitude that he soon acquired an extraordinary fund of information. Architecture was the passion of his youthful mind and he possessed exceptional talents for skillful and accurate designing, but his practical father considering that such an accomplishment was comparatively if not actually worthless, refused to encourage it, and so apprenticed his son to an indifferent sort of a jeweler who taught him the business of watch making. But Mr. Root was not destined to pursue this road to wealth. Borrowing $60 from his brother-in-law, Mr. W. A. Rawson, he came to Lumpkin, Ga., where he entered mercantile life in the capacity of a clerk, receiving the handsome compensation of $250 per annum. Before he was twenty years old he was taken into the firm and as the result of shrewd busi ness sagacity he soon accumulated enough to make him independently well off. But feeling that the sphere of operations which village life afforded him was too narrow, he decided to try his fortunes in Atlanta, and accordingly came to this place in 1858. With Mr. John N. Beach, an enterprising capitalist, he embarked in the dry goods business under the firm name of Beach and Root, and both of the partners being thoroughly good business men they succeeded in building up an establishment which commanded the trade of all the neigh boring states and brought them in large profits. When the war came on Mr. Beach went to England for the purpose of establishing branch connections with Liverpool, being confident of the success of southern independence. At the same time Mr. Root opened up connections with Charleston, and during the greater part of the war an extensive business was carried on by this enterprising firm despite the blockade of the southern ports, large quantities of cotton being exported to England and supplies of every kind being imported into this section for the purpose of enabling the government to pro long hostilities, and toward the close of the struggle, Mr. Root was sent to Europe on an important mission for the government, and he gave proof of his fidelity to the confederate cause by undertaking the difficult errand, in spite of the personal hazard which it involved; but he returned home only to find his immense property interests destroyed by the invader and himself under arrest. As soon as he obtained his release he sold out his remaining frag ments of real estate to Gov. Joseph E. Brown and went to New York, where he again established himself in business, maintaining connection with Liver pool and Charleston, and Mr. Root remained in New York until 1878 when heclosed out. his business in the metropolis and came to Atlanta. From the date of his return until the time of his death he was one of the foremost citizens of this place, and when it was decided to hold the International Cotton Exposition in 1881 Mr. Root was commissioned to visit Europe in behalf of the enterprise, and ho undertook the errand with successful results. Two years later when Col. L. P. Grant made his munificent gift of one hun dred acres of land to the city for park purposes, Mr. Root was made chairman of the board of park commissioners, and in this capacity he served the city for years, bringing to bear his artistic tastes as well as his ripe experience in beautifying this attractive place of resort. Possessed of unusual literary gifts Mr. Root frequently gratified his tastes for authorship within modest limits, and wrote many excellent sketches and essays. Strong in his religious con-

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victions, he was during the long period of his residence in Atlanta an active and earnest member of the Second Baptist Church, and for ten years was the superintendent of the Sunday school. As an ardent champion of colored industrial education Mr. Root acted as the fiduciary agent of John D. Rockfeller in the disbursement of more than $100,000 for improvements in the property of Spelman Seminary in Atlanta. Mr. Root was happily married in 1849 to Miss Mary H. Clarke, daughter of Judge James Clarke of Stewart county, Ga., and from this union have sprung three children, John Wellborn Root of Chicago, who achieved- international distinction as chief architect of the Columbian Exposition and who died upon the completion of his labors; Walter E. Root, an eminent architect of Kansas City, and Mrs. James E. Ormond of Atlanta. Mr. Root died at his home in this city sincerely mourned by his fellow citizens of all classes and conditions.
DR. GUSTAVUS G. ROY, one of the foremost of Atlanta's post-bellum physicians, was born in Essex County, Va., on June 8th, 1836. For generations his paternal ancestors had been identified with the medical profession, and so strong was his own inherited preference for the healing art that from his earliest boyhood he had no other purpose in his mind than to follow in the footsteps of his forefathers and devote himself to the noble work of ameliorating the sufferings of his fellowmen. Dr. Roy's preference for the medical profession was not more distinctly marked than his splendid natural equipment for it. No doubt the former was the outgrowth of the latter, while both may be explained .on the principle of hereditary endowment. The Roys are of Scotch extraction and the family history in this country dates back to the early pioneer settlement of Virginia. Dr. Roy's father was Dr. A.G. D. Roy, an eminent practitioner of Essex County, and his mother was Miss Garnett, daughter of Col. John J. Garnett, one of the most cultured men of the state. Instead of attending the local schools Dr. Roy, whose father possessed ample means, was placed under the care of private tutors who taught him in the elementary branches and prepared him to enter Richmond Col lege. After reading medicine under his father he entered the medical department of the University of Virginia, going thence to Jefferson College in Philadelphia, from which institution he graduated with distinction in 1857. Following his graduation he was for some time resident physician at St. Joseph's Hospital in Philadelphia, but subsequently returning to his old home in Virginia he practiced medicine with his father until the breaking out of the war between the states. Being an ardent champion of the southern cause the martial spirit of the young practictioner was fully aroused on t*he call to arms in 1861, and organizing a company of volunteers, subsequently known as Company D of the Fifth Virginia Regiment, Field's brigade, he marched to the front. Dr. Roy was afterwards made major of the regiment and he served with gallantry in this capacity until the second battle of Manassas, when he resigned his command and came to Atlanta to accept the post of assistant surgeon of the military hospital at this place. Dr. Roy was acting as chief surgeon at the time of the destruction of the' city by Gen. Sherman in 1864. He was then ordered to Andersonvillc where he remanicd in charge of the hospital work of the famous prison until the close of hostilities, having in the meantime been promoted to the full rank of surgeon. Dr. Roy passed through many dramatic experiences while stationed at Andersonville and ho was very fond of telling anecdotes of this eventful period of his life, never failing to lay great stress upon the numerous kindnesses shown him after wards by the federal soldiers whom he befriended while in prison. At the close of the war Dr. Roy moved to Bartow Coujity, Ga., where he carried on the active practice of his profession fur throe yoars. Visiting his old homo in Virginia in 1869 he found his father in very feeble health and he decided

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to remain with him until the end, in the meantime practicing his profession in the neighborhood. Soon after his fathers death, which occured in 1873, he settled in Atlanta where he continued to reside until the close of his own useful x career. Dr. Roy was united in marriage on Nov. 2ist, 1860, to Miss Flora Fontleroy, daughter of John W. and Priscilla (Carlton) Dillard, of Greensboro, Ala. Three children were the result of this happy union, Jennie and Rosa, twin Slaughters who died at the age of sixteen, and one son, Dr. Charles Dunhar Roy, one of the leading oculists of Atlanta. Dr. Roy took an active part in organizing the Southern Medical College and held the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in this institution for several years. Though devoted to his professional pursuits he was by no means indifferent to public affairs, and for two separate terms he represented the sixth ward in the city council, filling the position with marked credit and instituting many salutary and important municipal reforms. Thoroughly wide awake in every sense of the word he kept himself as well posted upon matters of general interest as upon such as immediately pertained to the prac tice of his profession. At the time of his death Dr. Roy held the position of state Medical Examiner for the Royal Arcanum. Despite the heavy demands made upon him by his various public and private duties he found time to contribute many thoughtful articles to the medical journals of the country and also to the religious press. Dr. Roy was an active churchman, being iden tified with the First Baptist church of this city. For many years he was one of the trustees of the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Conven tion. Dr. Roy died at his home in Atlanta on Oct. igth, 1901, survived by his wife and son. Like Abou Ben Adam he loved his fellowmen, and his fellowmen in turn revere his memory.
W M . C . O A N D E IV S is remembered by his fellow citizens, not only as an upright man who during his long residence in this community bore an untarnished reputation, but, also, as an energetic worker in the ranks of Atlantas sturdy and progressive business men, and though he shrank by rea son of his native modesty from serving the public in conspicuous political positions, he put his shoulder to the wheel with an earnestness of purpose which made him an important factor in Atlantas growth. Mr. Sanders came from the vigorous old-world stock, which, under the name of ScotchIrish, has enriched American life with many heroic attributes of character. Mr. Sanders was the son of John Tindall and Mary.Howell Sanders. He was born in Barmvcll county, South Carolina, on October 23d, 1837. Most of his boyhood days were spent on his fathers plantation, where he laid the foundation of the robust hpalth which he enjoyed with almost unbroken con tinuance through his life. He grew up in an atmosphere of domestic refine ment which quickened his manliness of spirit and fed his ambition with noble ideals. At an early age, he was sent to boarding school, and there secured .an excellent fund of scholastic knowledge with which to start out upon his career. He began at the age of sixteen to shift for himself, and his first efforts were in the handling of cotton. Though fairly successful in other places, he decided to come to Atlanta in 1858, which was then beginning to .assert the civic progressiveness which has since made her the metropolis of the South. Shortly afterwards ho was given charge of the railway mail ser vice at this point. He continued in this capacity until Shermans army destroyed the railroads, and afterwards, during the days of recon struction, continued the mail service by wagon trains, the only means left him; and while engaged in the performance of these duties his life was in constant jeopardy by frequent hold-ups of his wagon train by robber bands socking to get possession of immense quantities of gold consigned by the gov ernment to his care, and which was to be delivered to officers in charge at dif-

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ferent points en route. After serving many years in this capacity he re signed, and secured a position with McDaniel & Strong in the cotton business, but shortly after resigned this position and accepted one with the Southern Express Company, then under the management of Capt. W. W. Hulbert, who still retains his connection with this great system. Later he engaged in the furniture manufacturing business under the firm name of Sanders & Flake; but though successful he soon withdrew from it and again entered the cotton business, which his shrewd financial discernment enabled him to see would yield him greater profits. At first he went into the cotton brokerage business on his own account, but later went into the employ of Inman, Swann & Co. at Augusta and Savannah, Ga., where his management of important interests entrusted to him, gave the house such intense satisfaction that he was called to Atlanta, and made managing partner in the firm of S. M. Inman & Co., where he continued until 1897. Under his management the business grew to be the largest cotton business then in existence, reaching the magnificent total of 600,000 bales 'yearly. Up to this time business had increased to such tremendous proportions that it was found necessary to make three divisions of the business, and Mr. Sanders became senior member of the firm of Sanders, Swann & Co., with headquarters in Atlanta, Ga., and Bremen, Germany, the firm being composed of William C. Sanders, James Swann of New York, John W. Sanders, Inman H. Sanders and Frank M. Inman, and together constituted one of the most important interests in the South.
Mr. Sanders married December nth, 1862, Miss Rebecca Hulsey, daugh ter of Eli J. and Charlotte Collier Hulsey, and from this union five surviv ing children have sprung: Julia L. Sanders, Clara C. Sanders, Sallie San ders, wife of James E. Hickey; Jno. W. Sanders, who married Louise Wylie, .and Inman H. Sanders, who married Catherine Gay.
While Mr. Sanders cared nothing for political preferment on his own ac count, he was never backward in meeting the obligations of citizenship, and always took an active, though unofficial, part in public affairs. He kept him self thoroughly posted on all matters of current interest, both local and gen eral. He was director in many of the largest corporations in the city, the Atlanta Railway and Power Co., East Atlanta Land Company, and many others, promoting the interest of these enterprises with his wise counsels.
Mr. Sanders died at Suwanee Springs, Fla., on the 29th of March, 1900, whither he had gone to recoup his broken health. He left behind him an honored name for his children to bear, and an upright example for others to imitate.
JOHN SIL/VEY has left behind him in the splendid business es tablishment which still bears his honored name an abiding monument to his integrity of character and his wideawake business enterprise. Mr. Silvey was born in Jackson county, Ga., December 3ist, 1817. He was the son of Drewry Silvey, who came to this country in early life from Scotland, bring ing with him to his new home the sturdy characteristics of his Scottish pro genitors. On his mother's side Mr. Silvey inherited the blood of the Warnoes, an honored and aristocratic family well known in this State. Spend ing his boyhood days on his father's plantation, he laid the foundations of his vigorous health by indulging in wholesome outdoor exercises; and what he lacked in the way of scholastic advantages he made up in diligent application to his books at home, spending as much time as he could afford to take from his farm work in reading and study. In 1847 he was induced to come to At lanta on account of the prospects which were here offered him, and for two years he clerked for Haas and Levi, dealers in general merchandise. Then the gold fever broke out, making California the objective point to which the eyes of the young men of the country were directed, and Mr. Silvey, follow-

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ing the westward trail, set out for the Pacific slope. Finding after he arrived that he could do better at merchandising than by digging in the mines, he took advantage of the former course, and out of the heavy business which was carried on at fabulous prices in the West he managed to realize handsome profits. But three years of life in the West were sufficient to satisfy the crav ings of the home-loving heart wln'ch Mr. Silvey carried with him, and ac cordingly in 1852 he returned to Georgia. Shortly afterwards, in partnership with Mr. Hunnicutt, he embarked in the general merchandise business under the firm name of Hunnicutt and Silvey; but in the course of time Mr. Hunni cutt withdrew from the establishment, leaving it in the sole charge of Mr. Silvey. Mr. Silvey then formed an alliance with Mr. David H. Dougherty under the firm name of Silvey & D.ougherty, but Mr. Dougherty at length withdrew to enter the retail business, and was succeeded in the partnership by Mr. I). O. Dougherty. From that time forward the business was carried on under the firm name of John Silvey & Co. Subsequently Mr. W. A. Speer was admitted into partnership. Throughout his long career Mr. Silvey was constantly identified with his business. He made it the object of his con stant care, and neither the allurements of public office nor the gratification of selfish pleasures which he could easily afford ever caused him to swerve from the routine of his daily work, and he remained at his place of business even to the last with as much constancy and devotion as if his livelihood de pended upon it, working side by side with his clerks and exacting no more from them than he was willing to do himself. In all of his dealings with the trade he was characterized by the principles of the strictest integrity, and no irregularities or evasions ever marked his financial transactions or sullied his business credit. Whatever he sold was genuine. He despised shams, whether in men or in merchandise, and he built up his establishment upon an honest basis. As the result of such methods as these, he lived to see his trade ex tend over many states and to find it necessary in time to tear down the old place of business to make way for the splendid structure which has since suc ceeded it and which will endure for years to come, a pride to the community in which it towers and a monument to the man whose genius it proclaims. Mr. Silvey was married shortly after the war to Miss Adeline Dougherty of Tennessee, and one child was the product of this union, Mrs. William A. Speer. During his last days Mr. Silvey connected himself with the First Presbyterian Church of Atlanta and died on March 2nd, 1897, triumphant in the faith of his ancestors.
MAJOR D. N. SPEER. One of Georgia's most distin guished citizens, Major Daniel Norwood Speer, for two successive terms filled with conspicuous ability the office of State Treasurer, and except for his voluntary relinquishment of the trust which his fellow citizens were only too glad to confer upon him in recognition of his excellent equipment, he might have held the office until the close of his life. Major Speer was born in Troup county, Ga., on June 6th, 1836. His father, Dr. William A. Speer, was an eminent physician who believed in giving his children the best educa tion which his means could afford, and who illustrated in his own example the fruits of intellectual culture and of high moral character. Graduating from Oglethorpe University, Major Speer was united in marriage on July 5th, 1860, to Miss Aurelia R. Morcland, the eldest daughter of the late Dr. John F. Moreland. of LaGrange, Ga., who remained at his side throughout his useful career and was the inspiration of much of his success. At the outbreak of the war Maj. Speer entered the Confederate army as a captain of infantry, but subsequently rose to the rank of major, serving in the army of Northern Virginia on the staff of Gen. John B. Gordon in 1862 and 1863, and afterwards in 1804 and 1805 on the staff of Gen. S. B. Buckner, who at the

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close of the war was in command of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi. Throughout the struggle Maj. Speer acquitted himself with distinguished gal lantry and enjoyed the esteem and confidence of his superior officers, who were not alone in recognizing his fidelity and courage. Locating in La range, Ga., at the close of the war, Maj. Speer engaged in the practice of law and soon achieved an eminence in his profession which gave him a monopoly of most of the important litigation of his section of the state and placed him in the front rank of Georgia lawyers. From 1865 to 1880 Maj. Speer remained continuously at the practice of the law, giving it up reluctantly in the year last named to become the candidate of his fellow citizens of Troup county for the office of State Treasurer. Maj. Speer was deeply touched by this token of regard on the part of his friends and neighbors, and as long as he lived he cherished the resolutions which were adopted by the mass meeting assembled at La Grange, commending him to the voters of the state. The resolutions were couched in the following language: "Major D. N. Speer was born in this county, his life has been spent among us, his character is without spot or blemish, his superior judgment, his integrity and his finan cial ability are all of the very highest order; and we, his fellow citizens, who have known him from his childhood, do thus publicly commend him to the people of Georgia as one peculiarly fitted for the office of State treasurer." The Democratic State Convention which met in August of this year nominated Maj. Speer by acclamation, and notwithstanding the fact that the incumbent of the office announced himself as an independent candidate for re-election Maj. Speer was elected by the extraordinary majority of 93,104 votes over his opponent. The best testimonial to Maj. Speer's splendid discharge of the
onerous duties of State Treasurer is the unqualified praise officially rendered him by the legislative bodies of the State, during his incumbency, after thor ough inspection of his books through impartial and vigilant committees. In commending Maj. Speer the legislature of 1881 used this strong language: "Hon. D. N. Speer, treasurer of the state, deserves the gratitude of the people of Georgia for his conduct in withdrawing the State's funds from the Citi
zens' Bank as well as for his efficiency and the good management of his office. When he entered the office he found $332,432.75 of the State's funds deposited in the Citizens' Bank. He at once began withdrawing this money to meet
all the wants of the State so that at the time of the suspension of said bank there was on deposit only $103,218.46, thus, as the committee think, saving the State a large sum of money" ($229,214.29). The State Democratic con vention which met in Atlanta on July 2Oth, 1882, renominated Mr. Speer by acclamation in recognition of his faithful services, and he was re-elected in the fall of the year by an immense vote. When the legislature of 1883 inves tigated the management of the State treasury it declared that the books of Major Speer were models of neatness and accuracy, and cordially endorsed the business methods which prevailed in the office. At the conclusion of his second term Maj. Speer voluntarily retired from the public service to accept the presidency of the Exposition Cotton Mills. Having become strongly at tached to this city during his incumbency of the State Treasury he continued to make Atlanta his home until the time of his death. The Democratic State Convention which met on August I3th, 1884, acted upon the refusal of Maj. Speer to make the race again and passed the following resolution, which was adopted under a suspension of the rules of the body: "Resolved, That in the retirement of Hon. D. N. Speer from office the State loses an able and vigilant State Treasurer who well deserves the eonfidnce of the people of Georgia." During Maj. Speer's two terms as State Treasurer lie handled
the vast amount of $6,418,061 of the public money without the loss of one dollar to the Treasury. Within this period the public debt was diminished to the extent of $1,246,865. Prior to entering the public service Maj. Speer

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had expected to devote himself exclusively to the practice of the law, but on retiring from office he gave his entire time to business pursuits, exemplifying as president of the Exposition Cotton Mills and in other important capacities the same thorough-going qualifications which had characterized him as State Treasurer, and which enabled him as the result of skillful financial manage ment to accumulate an immense property. Nearly every newspaper in the State contained editorial expressions of regret over the retirement of Maj. Speer from office, feeling that the State had lost an efficient public servant whom it could ill afford to spare. The Milledgeville Union and Recorder spoke of his withdrawal from the public service as an exceptional instance of "how a man can take up and lay down office with honor." The Cartersville Free Press said: "Mr. Speer's record was so clean and clear, even of the remotest suspicion, that it was only necessary to have hinted that he desired re-election in order to have secured it without opposition." No public officer ever retired from public life with such gratifying assurances of the good will and appreciation of the people of the State. The Exposition Cotton Mills, of which Maj. Speer became president, was organized shortly after the close of the International Cotton Exposition which was held in Atlanta in 1881, and the buildings in which the exhibit had been housed were fitted up for factory purposes. The promoters of the enterprise, including some of Atlanta's lead ing capitalists and business men, were as follows: H. T. Inman, S. M. Inman, R. H. Richards, R. M. Clarke, Richard Peters, W. R. Hill, R. D. Spalding, D. N. Speer, W. B. Cox, James Swann, William W. Austell, John H. In man, John R. Gramling and others, who purchased the grounds and building, equipped the plant with the latest machinery and started the Exposition Cotton Mills, which has since developed into one of the largest establishments in the South. Maj. Speer presided over the affairs of the Exposition Cotton Mills for ten consecutive years, his election each year being always unanimous and accompanied with gratifying expressions of approval. Straightforward busi ness methods characterized Maj. Speer in all of his dealings with men, and some additional idea of his skill in handling delicate financial matters as well as his wonderful ease in adapting himself to the various phases of business life may be obtained from the following inventory of important positions which he held from time to time, viz.: Vice-president and director of the La Grange Banking and Trust Co., vice-president and director of the Atlanta Banking Co., president and director of the Exposition Cotton Mills, director of the First National Bank of Newnan, director of the Newnan National Bank, director of the Carrollton Bank, director of the Atlanta National Bank, director of the Bank of Monroe, director of the Atlanta and West Point railroad, director of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Co., director of the Georgia Railroad Bank, director of the Union Compress and Warehousing Company, director of the Georgia School of Technology, besides owning stock in various other banks and corporations of the State of Georgia. Maj. Speer's beautiful Peachtree home reflected the culture and refinement which always marked his mental tastes, and nothing gave him more sincere pleasure than to dispense open-handed hospitality to his guests. Genial in his man ners at all times and considerate of the poor and humble, as well as of the rich and powerful, he endeared himself to every one with whom he came in con tact, and his death, which occurred at his home in Atlanta on April i8th, i&)3 was deplored with universal regret. Maj. Speer was survived by his wife and three children, William A. Speer, member of the firm of John Silvey & Co.; John Moreland Speer, and Robert Spalding Speer, and also by two brothers and one sister, William J. Speer, ex-State Treasurer; George A. Speer, president of the Capital City National Bank, and Mrs. Lewis H. Beck. On the heights of Westview Cemetery the ashes of this lamented Georgian rest under an imposing shaft of granite.
45-2

706

Biographica I

JUDGE CICERO H. STRONG. Few men have ever been more richly endowed with the attractive qualities which conduce to per sonal popularity than Judge Cicero H. Strong, who during his long period of residence in Atlanta was called by his fellow citi/ens to fill many important offices of responsibility and trust. Ancestry accounts in large measure for the distinguishing characteristics which men possess, and Judge Strong was en abled to trace his lineage back to the sturdy Puritan settlers who in the early colonial days of this country, battled with the bleak snows of New England. Noah Strong, his father, came to Georgia in 1820 from the old home place at Durham, Conn., locating in Gwinnett county, Ga., where the subject of this sketch was born on July ist, 1828. The antecedents of Judge Strong may be traced in an elaborate genealogical work of two volumes, published in 1874 by Prof. Dwight, the well known educator, giving an exhaustive history of the family, both in America and in England, and from this account it appears that the family has been distinguished in all of its generations by represent atives who have illustrated its prowess on both sides of the water and in nearly every line of endeavor. When only seven years years of age the subject of this sketch moved with his parents from the place of settlement in Gwinnett county to Gumming, Ga., where he grew up to man's estate, receiving the benefit of such educational advantages as the village afforded. Coming to Atlanta in 1850, Judge Strong was continuously identified with the local affairs of this progressive community until the time of his death. Shortly after this removal, the county of Fulton was constituted from the county of DeKalb, the change being made in 1853, and Judge Strong was elected with Judge Walker and Judge Donohue to fill the judgeships necessary for completing the personnel of the Inferior Court, which took oversight of the construction of the court house, jail and public highways of the new county and also ratified the agreement of the act associating the new county and the city council of At lanta in the use and joint occupancy of the old city hall. Much is due the officers of the Inferior Court for the efficient manner in which they discharged the duties devolving upon them at this critical time. Becoming widely popu lar as the result of his connection with the Inferior Court, Judge Strong was elected in 1855 to the City Council, and being re-elected in 1856, he became mayor pro tern. From 1857 to 1858 he served the city as treasurer. Retir ing from the public service at the expiration of his term of office, he engaged in mercantile pursuits and remained in commercial life until 1873. During the war Judge Strong rendered valiant and faithful service to the cause of the Confederate government in various capacities, which advanced him in the es teem of his fellow citizens and increased the favor which he found in their eyes when he again asked for their suffrages at the ballot-box. On the retire ment of Mr. Anthony Murphy from the Board of Water Commissioners of the city of Atlanta in 1873 J uc%e Strong was elected to fill the vacancy, and he retained the office for three years, giving satisfactory service to his constitu ents. Remaining in retirement until 1881, he then yielded to the solicitations of his many friends and entered the race for clerk of the Superior Court of Fulton county, being signally successful in the ensuing election. Judge Strong held the office of clerk for several years and made an efficient officer. He died on May 2ist, 1865, survived by his widow, Miss Lockett of Virginia, to whom he was married in 1863, and three children: Mrs. John M. Graham, Miss Inman Strong and Miss Vivian Strong.
HENRY HOLCOMB TUCKER, D. D., LL.D.
Henry Holcomb Tucker, D. D., LL. D., one of the leading Baptist divines of the South, was identified with Atlanta for many years of his life. Eminent as an educator, he was at one time president of Mercer University and at another time chancellor of the University of Georgia. Dr. Tucker was born in War-

Biographical

707

-or
ren county, Ga., on May loth, 1819, his grandfather having moved to Georgia from Virginia, where the first family settlement was made. Henry Holcomb, his maternal grandfather, for whom he was named, was distinguished as an eminent orator, theologian and reformer. Graduating from Columbian Col lege, Washington, D. C, Dr. Tucker first engaged in mercantile pursuits at Charleston, S. C. Subsequently he took up law and practiced several years at Forsyth, Ga. In 1848 he married Miss Mary C. West, and her death oc curring within the year caused him to enter the ministry. Before beginning to preach he taught for some little time in the Southern Female College at LaGfange, Ga., but was ordained to preach in 1851. He was called to the presidency of Wake Forest College in North Carolina, but declined; became pastor of the Baptist church at Alexandria, Va., in 1854, and later married Miss Sarah O. Stevens. From 1856 to 1862 he was professor of belles lettres and metaphysics in Mercer University, and from 1866 to 1871 president. In 1874 ne became chancellor of the University of Georgia, remaining at the head of this institution for four years, when he resigned to accept the editor ship of the Christian Index, with which he had previously had some connec tion. Dr. Tucker was one of the most powerful thinkers and one of the most striking personalities in the Southern Baptist denomination; and his con tributions to the religious literature of the day were both numerous and strong. Most of his time during the latter years of his life were spent in At lanta, where he died in 1889, sincerely mourned by the community in which he lived.

MAJ. CAMPBELL WALLACE was an influential factcir in the railway development of this section, and though he achieved dis tinction in other lines of public usefulness, it was in railroading that he was most conspicuous. Major Wallace was born in Sevier county, Tenn., on December 7th, 1806, of sturdy Scotch-Presbyterian parentage. When only fourteen years of age he entered the mercantile establishment of McCurig & Son, of Knoxville, Tenn., where he learned his first lessons in business. But before beginning the struggle of life he received at his home fireside an early training which enabled him in the strength of upright principles to begin his
career well equipped. As the result of faithful and efficient service his em ployers subsequently admitted him into the firm, and he was instrumental in considerably increasing the profits of the house. In 1853 Maj. Wallace be came the president of what was then the East Tenessee and Georgia Railway, which he rehabilitated and extended. During the war he rendered the Confederacy most important service in the transportation of troops, and when Gen. Bragg retreated from Kentucky he transported 60,000 soldiers under extremely trying circumstances from Knoxville, Tenn., to Bridgeport, Ala. Me refused a brigadier's commission because he felt that he could render the South better service by remaining at his post of duty as president of the road.
In 1866 Major Wallace was appointed by Gov. Jenkins, superintendent of the Western and Atlantic railway system, and under his efficient direction the State's property which had been destroyed by Gen. Sherman was rebuilt. In 1868 he resigned this position to superintend the building of the South and
North Alabama railway line, now included in the Louisiana and Northern railway system. Subsequently he became president of the Merchants' Bank, and this position he held until feeble health toward the close of his life com
pelled him to give it up. In 1879 Maj. Wallace was appointed on the State Railroad Commission, and being reappointed in 1883, he was made chairman of the board. Eleven years of faithful service were given to the State in this connection, but with five years of another term unfinished before him he re signed his office on the refusal of the legislature to provide sufficient clerical
help to do the work properly. Maj. Wallace possessed marvelous construct-

708

Biographical

ive talent, and he succeeded in building up every important interest with which he was identified. The Elyton Land Company of Birmingham, Ala., one of the most successful real estate corporations in the South, was organized by Maj. Wallace; but many other enterprises equally attest his genius as an or ganizer. Scrupulously honest in all of his business transactions, there were no dirty shillings in the splendid fortune which he amassed. He was his own executor and divided up his property among his children before his death. For more than fifty years Maj. Wallace was an honored Presbyterian elder, being connected during his residence in Atlanta with the Central Pres byterian Church. In 1831 Maj. Wallace married Miss Susan E. Lyon, and of the children who blessed this happy union the following survived him: Charles B. Wallace, Mrs. Pryor L. Mynatt, Mrs. M. W. McPherson, Mrs. E. M. Green, Mrs. Charles J. Martin and Campbell Wallace, jr. (deceased). Maj. Wal lace died at his home in Atlanta on May 3rd, 1895, having reached the patri archal age of ninety years; and the life which he closed in Christian triumph was one of paramount usefulness and honor.
HON. JAMES ETHELDRED WILLIAMS was
an upright gentleman of the old school, whose record as mayor of Atlanta during one of the most eventful periods of the city's history, and whose ster ling integrity evinced in many trying positions of public trust entitles him to the grateful remembrance of his fellow-citizens for all time to come. William Fort Williams, his father, and James Williams, his grandfather, were bothmen of pronounced types of character, the best elements of which were strongly accentuated in the life of this sturdy pioneer of Atlanta. Though the family first settled in the western part of North Carolina, it subsequently became identified with the mountains of East Tennessee, and here in the giant shadows of the peaks the subject of this sketch was born January i6th, 1826, at the old homestead in Granger county on the stage road between New York and New Orleans. He enjoyed excellent scholastic advantages; and after attending school in Knoxville he completed his educational studies at Holsten College in New Market, Tenn. On leaving college in 1844 ne entered the employ of his cousin, William Williams, at Rocky Springs, remaining there for some time and acquiring while thus engaged many of the fixed business habits which characterized him through life. From 1846 to 1847 he was in charge of the postoffice at Knoxville, during the absence of the postmaster, Col. Samuel W. Bell, who went with the United States army to Mexico, and though barely twenty years old, he acquitted himself with credit in this re sponsible position. After leaving the postoffice he engaged in business with two of his relatives who were grocers and steamboat owners, and most of his time was spent on the Tennessee river, running from Knoxville to Decatur, Ala. He continued in the business until 1851, when, attracted by the grow ing importance of the young metropolis on the banks of the Chattahoochee, he decided to cast his lot in Atlanta. Taking up his residence here, Mr. Wil liams soon placed himself at the head of one of the largest mercantile estab lishments in the city, enjoying from 1851 to 1862 an immense business and dealing heavily in Tennessee and Western produce on commission. With the outbreak of the war the trade of the establishment was checked, while the subsequent progress of hostilities served to completely wipe out the accumula tions of many years of industrious application. Incapacitated by ill-health for active military service at the front, he was instrumental in advancing the cause of the Confederacy at home by taking charge of the distribution of hos pital supplies and devoting to this humane work the free use of his large warehouse on Decatur street. During the siege of Atlanta he joined the rear guard of the Confederate army and threw himself courageously at the breach, resolved to devote whatever residuum of strength he.possessed to driving1

Biographical

709

away the enemy; but though the effort was fruitless, he remained with the army until the close of the struggle. Returning to Atlanta, he went to work among the ashes and soon began to share in the rising fortunes of the undis mayed metropolis. Repeatedly up to the close of the war Mr. Williams had been called upon to serve the city in the council chamber, and the sound judg ment which he had brought to the discharge of his duties during this trying period had made him a safe leader and a wise counsellor, and now when an inflexible patriot was needed in the mayor's office to face the bristling guns of the Federal army of occupation and to stand boldly by the rights of the people, the eyes of the community were directed with singular unanimity to James E. Williams. From 1865 to 1868 Mayor Williams remained continu ously at the helm of affairs, and though he was ably supported by an efficient body of co-workers in the council, it was due largely to his uncompromising fidelity to duty that the city emerged from the trying ordealof reconstruction without suffering her charter rights to be ruthlessly trampled upon. Like wise to Mayor Williams belongs in large measure the credit for the removal of the State capital from Milledgeville to Atlanta, as he was unremittingly active in the preliminary steps which needed to be taken and secured the hearty co-operation of the council in furtherance of the enterprise. On retiring from office Mayor Williams again devoted himself entirely to mercantile work, but from 1880 until the time of his death he was not engaged in business of any kind, devoting his last years exclusively to his family. Mayor Williams was married in 1852 to Miss Sarah Elizabeth Lovejoy of Chattooga county, Geor gia, and from this happy union have sprung eight children, all of whom are living: William Fort, Etheldred, Thomas Humes, jr., James Edward, Mar tha Lovejoy, Sarah Elizabeth, Cornelia Catharine and Samuel Copeland, jr. Mayor Williams died at his home in Atlanta on April gth, 1900, sincerely mourned by the community whose welfare had been his constant aim.
JOSEPH WINSHIP. Reaching back for more than fifty years the name of Winship has been honorably associated with the progress of Atlanta, and perhaps it may be said with perfect truth that no industrial establishment in this city has contributed in larger measure to bring about the prestige which Atlanta enjoys at this time than the Winship Machine Co., which was founded by Joseph Winship in 1857. Himself the embodi ment of wideawake progressive enterprise, coupled with native force of char acter and strict fidelity to business interests and obligations, it is not surpris ing that his great iron works should have reflected his own sturdy character istics or that his children after him should have continued to carry on the business with equal success. Joseph Winship, son of Benjamin and Mary Adams Winship, was born in New Salem, Mass., August 2O,th, 1800. Of good old English stock, he was descended from Edward Winship. who came over to this country from England m 1634 and settled in Cambridge, Mass., subse quently achieving marked prominence in colonial affairs by reason of his commanding talents. Joseph Winship spent most of his early life on his father's plantation, where hardy outdoor exercise brought him splendid health and greatly improved his inherently vigorous constitution. On account of his father's limited resources he was denied the privilege of attending school with anything like continued regularity, and was forced to content him self with devoting his winter months to study while he gave his summer months to work on the farm. Happily the home influences which were thrown about him in early youth were such as to develop in him the principles of rectitude, and what he lacked in the way of educational advantages he made up in sturdy moral traits. On leaving the plantation he found employ ment as an apprentice in the boot and shoe trade, and subsequently came south with his employer, locating first at Monticello, Ga. But after coming South

Biographical
he remained in the business only two years. Then he went to merchandising, first opening up an establishment in Jones county and afterwards moving to Clinton. Later on, with Mr. Isaac Winship, his brother, he embarked in the boot and shoe trade at Forsyth, Ga., establishing a factory at this place and also a tannery, but he soon afterwards sold out his interest to his brother and resumed merchandising at Clinton. In 1845 Mr. Winship gave up mer chandising and established a cotton gin factory in Morgan county, which he continued to operate with great success until 1851, when he turned it over to two of his sons-in-law and moved to Atlanta. On settling here Mr. Winship first engaged in the manufacture of freight cars, and he located his es tablishment on the ground now occupied by the Austell building. Soon his business grew to such an extent that he found it expedient to start an iron foundry in order to manufacture castings and other needed supplies, and he located the foundry further down the line of the We-uorn and Atlantic rail way, the site of which is still occupied by the extensive plant of the Winship Machine Co., his brother Isaac becoming interested in the foundry with him. In 1856 the car factory was destroyed by fire, and Mr. Winship, in stead of rebuilding, decided to restrict his business exclusively to the iron works. In the meantime his two sons, Robert and George, had been taken into partnership, and so thoroughly conversant had they become with the management of the foundry that Mr. \Vinship turned his interests entirely over to them and retired from active business. During the war the foundry rendered important service to the confederate government in the manufacture of military supplies, the full capacity of the establishment being concentrated upon the production of guns for the equipment of Southern troops. As the result of Gen. Shermans visit the foundry was wiped completely out of exist ence, but it sprang up again as soon as the war was over, and resumed the career of prosperity upon which it had entered when the war came on. Mr. Isaac Winship sold out his interest after the war, but Robert and George Winship remained at the helm and continued to direct the affairs of the establish ment with consummate business sagacity and enterprise. Each year has gradually increased the area of the establishment until to-day it is one of the largest iron plants in the Southern States, and is now exclusively engaged in the manufacture of cotton-gins, having dropped all other lines of work. Mr. Winship was married in 1826 to Miss Emily Hutchings, and from this union sprang the following children: Emeline (deceased), married Columbus A. Pitts; Mary (deceased) married G. W. D. Cook; John, Robert (deceased). George, Maria, widow Moses Cole; Sarah (deceased), married Dr. D. H. Connally; Ellen, married George W. Burr, and Alice, married E. A. Newton. Early in life Mr. Winship became an earnest believer in the doctrines of Christianity, and during all the years of his residence in Atlanta he was an active member of the First Methodist Church. Full of years, like an aged patriarch, he passed away in September, 1878, sincerely mourned by the com munity whose best elements of strength were typified in his career.
ROBERT WINSHIP. Robert VVinship, son of Joseph and Emily Hutchings Winship, wari born in Forsyth, Ga., on September 27th, 1834. On his fathers side he came of sturdy New England stock, Joseph Winship having moved to Georgia in early life from Massachusetts, where the Amer ican branch of the family was first planted by Edward Winship, who emi grated to this country from England in 1634. On his mothers side his line age was equally as good, the Hutchings being direct descendants from the Rev. Haute Wyatt, who was minister for his brother, the governor of the col ony of James Town, Va., the celebrated Sir Francis Wyatt.
This family was for many generations prominently identified with the development of what is now Virginia, and some of the representatives of the

Biographical
race came into Georgia at an early day, and have since been recognized as of the foremost among the God-fearing, earnest and progressive people. Young Robert Winship spent most of his early boyhood in Clinton, Ga., where his father was engaged in merchandising, and he enjoyed the benefit of such meagre educational advantages as the schools of the surrounding locality af forded, dividing his time between work and study in such proportions as to secure the benefit of both. Thoroughly practical in all his enterprises, there was nothing visionary about him, even at this early period of his life, and he manifested the same sturdy qualities which belonged to his father before him and which were still further strengthened by the best of home influences and surroundings. In 1851 Joseph Winship came to Atlanta, whither he was attracted by the wideawake enterprise of this growing community, and after establishing his car factory, mention of which has already been made in an other connection, he brought his family to Atlanta and immediately asso ciated with him in business his two sons, Robert and George. With the growth of his establishment he soon found it necessary to start an iron foundry for the purpose of securing the metal supplies needed in his car factory, and this department of the business fell to the share of his sons, who went to work in the foundry with enthusiastic determination and soon made themselves masters of the situation. When the car factory burned down in 1856 it was not rebuilt, Mr. Winship deciding to restrict his operations to the foundry, which was yielding excellent results under the management of his sons, and which was located on the site now occupied by the extensive property of the Winship Machine Co., on the corner of Foundry street and the Western and Atlantic Railroad. For several years the business was carried on under the firm name of Joseph Winship & Sons, though Mr. Isaac Winship, brother of Mr. Joseph Winship, had an interest in the business, but sold it out in 1866 and went to Macon. During the war, under the supervision of Robert and George Winship, the force of the establishment was employed in the manufac ture of guns for the equipment of Confederate troops, and important service was rendered the Southern cause in this way. When Gen. Sherman de stroyed the city in 1864 tne foundry was involved in the general ruin, but after the war it was rebuilt and the work carried on with greater success than ever. Eventually the business of the foundry was merged into the manufacture of cotton gins and other kinds of machinery, and to-day the plant is one of the most extensive in the Southern States. Until 1885 the business was carried on under the firm name of Winship Bros. In this year it was incorporated under the firm name of the Winship Machine Co., with the following officers: George Winship, president; Robert Winship, vice-president, and Robert E. Rushton, secretary. Subsequently Robert Winship retired from active busi ness and was succeeded in the firm by his son, Charles R. Winship, who has since become president of the company, George Winship liaving also retired recently. Until enfeebled by ill health Robert Winship led an active business career and was interested in many other enterprises, besides the one which enlisted his chief energies. Though he cared nothing for political honors or emoluments, he took an active interest in public affairs and was always ready to further any movement which sought to advance the welfare of Atlanta. Deeply religious, he was for many years connected with the Forest Methodist Church, but subsequently put his letter in the Inman Park Church, as the lat ter was more convenient to him after moving into his beautiful new home in which his last days were spent. Mr. Winship was united in marriage in i8()O to Miss Mary Frances Overby, daughter of Colonel B. H. Overby of this city, and the children wbo have sprung from this union arc as follows: Charles K'. Winship, Mrs. Ernest Woodruff, Mrs. W. A. Bates and Mrs. George C. Walters. His death occurred September 8th, 1899, as the result of a stroke of paralysis.

Index

Abbott, B. F., 328, 329, 338, 463 W. L., 486
Abrams, A. Sinclair, 372 Adair, George W., Col., 369, 382, 425.
429, 456. 460, 467, 484, biographical sketch of, 484 Agnes Scott Institute, the, 300 Agricultural machinery manufacture, 383
Alexander. Aaron, 391 James F., Dr., biographical sketch of, 628
Alston, Robert A., 372 American Legion of Honor, 600 Amorous, M. F., 460
Ancient Order of Hibernians, 601 Anderson, C. L., 415
J. H.. 370 Andrews, Walter P., 375 Angier, N. L., 154 Anthony, L. P., Dr., 365 Architecture, 116
Ashburn, G. W., murder of and trial of parties charged therewith, 65-67
Ashford, W. T., 389 Atkins, James, 491 Atkinson, Edward, 461
H. M., 374- 413 Atlanta, after Federal evacuation, 8-n
as left by the war, 113 Bank, the. 398-402
Banking Co., 408
Baptist College, 312-315 Bar Association, 329
Board of Health, 514-517
building in. 1870-73, 71, 72 Chamber of Commerce, 437-447 characteristics of the people of,
110
Clearing House, 396 climatic and residential advanJages of, 518-523
Col. Clarke's forecaste of, in the 7o's, 86

Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons, 354-357 Constitution, the, 370-372 Cotton Factory, 381
Dental College. 364 details of business and facilities
of, 93, 94 early post-bellum period of, 20, 21 facts about, 115-129 Female Institute and College of
Music, 260 fire companies at the close of the
war, 17-19 Fire Department, 502-511 from 1870 to 1880. 69 Gas Light Company, memorial
of, in 1866, 139; 145, 150 Greys, 609
Herald, the, 372, 373 High School, the, 258, 259 important buildings in, 107, 108 Journal, the, 373-375 list of manufacturers of, 97 Literary Female Institute, 261 made the capital of the State, 82 Manufacturers' Association, 455-
460
marvelous progress of, in 1875-80, 77-81
Medical College, 347-350 Mercantile Association, 437 Milling Co., 382
Mining and Rolling Mills Co., 391
modern, 87-114 National Bank, 403, 410 natural wealth of the environ
ment of, 123-125
News, the, 375 origin and adoption of new char ter of, 74-76
Police Department, 512, 513 population and occupation of the
people of, 85? 86

713

Index

Atlanta, population of, in 1866-7, 17 Railway and Power Co., 488 Rapid Transit Co., 487 registration of, 96 resurrection of business in, 186673. 22 salubrity and healthfulness of,
122
Savings Bank, the, 407 Society of Medicine, 346, 347 Steel Hoop Co., 386 Street Railway Co., 484, 486 Sun, the, 370 the professions in, 97, 98 University, 306-312 Waterworks, 490, 501 Atlantic and Great Western Canal, 151 Atwood, Charles S., 374 Austell, A., 287, 288, 403; biograph ical sketch of, 630 Avery, 1. W., Col., 372, 374 Thomas J., 388 A. O. U. W., 601
Rain, D. M., 447, 450, 467, 616 Baker, Joseph, Rev., 366 Ball, J. M., 440 Ballard, J. W., Mrs., 260 Ballinger, John N., 335 Bank of Fulton, the, 402
of the State of Georgia, 407 Banking business of Atlanta, 394-398 Banks, 398-416 Bard, Samuel, 369, 370 Barnett, E. H., Rev., biography of,
633 Barrick. J. R., 372, 615 Barth, Carl F., 392 Bates, W. A.. 388 Baxter, T. W., 460 Heal, N., sketch of, 687 Hear, S. W., 384 Beck, J. Frank, 376
L. H., 413 Beckwith, John W., Rev., biograph
ical sketch of, 633 Bell, Marcus A., 336 Bench and bar of Atlanta, 326-331 Benjamin, M., 384 Berkele, John, 504 Be^vick, R. H.,* 388 Biggerv Willis R., 504, 505 Bigham, H. H., 333 Bingham, B. H., 328 Bizzell, William D., Dr., 359

Blabon, George W., 412 Blackburn, B. M., 374 Blanchard, M. C, 279, 287, 288 Bleckley, Logan E., 279, 337 Block, F. E., 410, 447, 450 Bloodworth, H. R., 410 Blount, B. M., 384, 389 Board of Education, extract from re
port of president of, 194-196 Board of Health, report of the, 1901,
244, 245; 5H-5I7 Board of Lady Visitors, report on the
schools of the, 1901, 238, 239 Bomar, B. R, 367 Bond and Sinking Fund Commission
report, 1900, 206 Bonded indebtedness of the city,
January I, 1895, 179 Boyd, William W., 460, 467, 491 Boylston, Henry, 447, 449-451 Bradley, S. H., Rev., 53^ Brandon, Morris, 374 Bray, Welborn M., 258 Brenner, John A., 389 Brick manufacture, 382 Bridewell, C. P., Rev., 549 Brimm, W. W., Rev., 554 Brine, G. W., 389 Brooks, Shirley V., 375 Rroughton, Len G., Rev., 545 Brown, C. I., 440
Joseph E., Gov., speech of, on reconstruction, 36, 279, 280, 462, 463, biographical sketch of, 663
Peri no, 440, 448 W. H., Dr., 358 Broyles, Edwin Nash, biographical
sketch of, 637 Nash R., 204-206, 328 Bryan, Mary E., 368 Buchanan, C. E., 388 Buck, A. F., 460 Building and loan associations in 1867, 16
in 1900, 200
Buildings, amounts expended in new, from 1896 to 1900, 102, 104
erected in 1889, 190
Bull, Orville A., 3^8, 332 G. W., Rev., 555
Bullock, R. B., 453, 400, 462, 467
Burns. E. P., 294 James A., 491
Butler, David E., 401
Byrd, Charles P., 388 Charles W., Rev., 529

Index

715

Cahiniss, H. H., 374, 449, 620, 621 Caldwell, David E., 373 Calhoun, Andrew E., 328
A. W., Dr., 354, 413 James M., 132, 133, 135, 136, 336,
427, biographical sketch of, 639 William L., 155, 462
Campbell, J. L., Dr., 365 Candler, Asa G., 388
John S., 326 Candy manufacture, 383 Capital City Bank, the, 408
National Bank, the, 413 Capital, resolutions of council rela
tive to removal of State, 144, 145 Carnegie, Andrew, 620
Library, the, 614-626 "Carpet-bag" era, the, 27-52 Carr, E. R., 276 Carter, Jacob, 374 Catholic Knights of America, 602 Cemeteries, 482, 483 Central Railroad, the, 422-424 Chamber of Commerce, historical
synopsis of the, 447-455
Chamberlain, E. P., 447, 449-451, 460, 462, 463, 467
Chandler, Thomas A., 392, 491 W. T., Mrs., 302
Chaney, George Leonard, Rev., 575 Chapel, Evans, 535
Payne's, 535 Chappie, J. A., Dr., 365 Chief of Police, report of the, 1901,
249, 250
Chrisman, Eliza, Mrs., 303 Church, Berean Congregational, 563
Central Baptist, 545 Central Christian, 574 Central Congregational, 563 Central Presbyterian, 549 Christian Science, 582 First Baptist, 537 First Congregational (colored),
5"5
First Methodist, 524-529 First Presbyterian, 547 First Unitarian, 574 Fourth Presbyterian, 554 German Lutheran, 574
Grace M. K. f 534 Inman Park Presbyterian, 555 Jones Avenue Baptist, 543 Marietta Street M. E., 535 Merritts Avenue M. E., 533 Moore Memorial Presbyterian,
553

Church, North Avenue Presbyterian, 556 of Christ, 572 of the Immaculate Conception, 57 of the New Jerusalem, 579 of the Sacred Heart, 572 St. Luke's Hospital, 561 St. Mark M. E., 534 St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal,
St. Philip's Episcopal, 559 Sts. Peter and Paul Catholic, 571 Second Baptist, 540 Sixth Baptist, 545 Tabernacle Baptist, 545 Trinity Methodist Episcopal, 529-
Universalist, the, 577 West End Christian, 574 West End Presbyterian, 554 Westminster Presbyterian, 557 Woodward Avenue Baptist, 545 Citizens' Bank of Georgia, the, 406 City attorney, report of the, 1901, 250-
Court of Atlanta, 334 Directory, extracts from the, of
1867, 11-16 electrician, report of the, 1901,
248 expenditures of 1890, 174, 175 Hall, 247, 248 lighting, Mayor Woodward on,
189, 190 limits, extension of, in 1866, 140 officers elected in 1861, 130; in
1862, 132; in 1863, 135; in 1864, 1.0. 1371 in 1865, 138; in 1866, 140; in 1868, 146; in 1869, 148; in 1870, 148; in 1871, 149; in 1872, 151; in 1873, 152; in 1874, 152; in 1875, 153; in 1876, 154; in 1877, 154; in 1878, 155; in 1879, 156; in 1880, 156; in 1881, 158; in 1882, 158; in 1883, 159; in 1885, 160; in 1886, 160; in 1887, 162 officers of 1889, 162; of 1891, 170; of 1893, 175; of 1894, 180; of 1895, 181 ; of 1896, 182; of 1897, 182"; of 1898, 182; of 1899, 185: of 1900, 186; of 1901, 208; of 1902, 213-216 Clark. Richard 1 1., 334, biographical sketch of, 641 University, 303-306 Clarke, E. S., 381

716

Index

Garke, E. Y., Col., 130, 372, 373,
614, 615 Marshall J., 328, 334, biographical sketch of, 643 R. M., 439, 448
Clayton, W. W., 440

Culpeper, J. W., 485, 486 Cummings, J. F., 462, 463 Cunningham, J., jr., 383 Currier, Charles E., 410, 447, 450 Curtis, B. F., 486 Cyclorama, the, 185

Clement, P. A., 385

Climatic and residential advantages Dabney, William H., 336

of Atlanta, 518-523

DAlvigny, N., Dr., 138, 362

Clubs and societies, 610-613

Daniel, Charles, 375, 376

Coffin manufacture, 385

J. B., 386

Colcord, A. L., 389

L- J-, 375

Collier, Charles A., 182-185, 374, 460, Darnall, T. M., Dr., 361

467, 471, biographical sketch of, 645 Dashwood, P. T., Dr., 365

H. L., 244

Davidge, C. H., 615

John, 328, 333, biographical Day, T. J., 620, 621

sketch of, 644

DeBose, E. R., 384

Colquitt, A. H., 462, 463, 465, bio DeGive, L., 485

graphical sketch of, 647

opera house, 69-71

Commerce of Atlanta, 431-436

DeLoach, A. A., 383

Comptrollers statement of city finan Demoralization after the surrender,

ces for 1900, 201-203

6, 8

Confederate capital, relative to re Dentists, 364

moving the, to Atlanta, 130, 131

Dickey, James L., 389

Veterans, 602

J. R, 388

Congregation Aharath Achim, 568

Divine, K. C, Dr., 361

Hebrew Benevolent, 566

Dodd, G. T., 447, 450, 451

Connors, G. W., 386

Donovan, George, 413

"Conservative Democracy," opposi Dorsey, Rufus T., 334

tion of, to reconstruction measures, Dougherty, D. O., 415

60

Douglas, Hamilton, 294

Constitutional convention, under Gen, Dowman, George, 388

Popes call, 53-58, 62

Dreyfus, Julius, 447, 45 , 45*

Convention and resolutions of Con Dunn, John N., 447, 450

servative Union party, 50, 52

Dunning, James L., 391

of "anti-radicals," 52

Cook, G. W. D., 455

Earnest, G. J., Dr., 355

Cooper, Hunter D., Dr., 355

East Tennessee, Virginia and Geor

J. T., 160, 467

gia Railroad, 429

M. E., 441, 442, 448

Eberhart, Edgar, Dr., 365

Thomas L., 338

Educational facilities, 118, 120

Walter G., 374

Egleston, Thomas, 411

Cotton mills, 381

Eiseman, B. J., 413

States and International Exposi Election under reconstruction, the

tion, 181, 468-471

first, 62

Council committees report on water Elkin, W- S., Dr., 355, 365, 621

works, 1872, 150; first meeting of, Elks, B. T. O., 600

after the war, 136-138; war mea Elsas, Jacob, 447, 451, 455

sures of the, in 1861, 131, 132

Elyea, C. L., 385

Cowart. R. J., 334

Emmel, Jacob, 505

Crane, Benjamin E., 442, 447, 449- Emmons, M. R., 389

452, 462, 484

English-German Academy, the, 260

Crematory, 185 Crenshaw, J. D., Dr., 365

English, Harry L., 382 James W., 156, 382, 412, 447, 450,

Thomas, Dr., 365 William, Dr., 365

451, 47 J. W., jr., 382, 389

Index

717

Enrollment of citizens for military duty in 1863, 134, 135
Equal Suffrage Association, 600 Erskine, John, 339, biographical
sketch of, 647 Erwin, Thomas C, 413 Exposition Cotton Mills, 381 Ezzard, William, 148, 332
Factories and plants, 106 Fair grounds, purchase of, 147 Fairs held at Atlanta, 461-471 Fall, M. A., 389 Fast day appointed in 1863, 135, 136 Federal appointments and election in
1865, 5 Female college, establishment of a,
Fertilizer factories, 382 Fields, Helen, Miss, 618 Fifth Infantry, 609 Finances, 141-144, 146, 149, 152-156,
159, 160, 167, 173, 187, 193, 196-198, 201-203, 230-233 Financial institutions, 118 Finch, N. P. T., 372 Finney, A. T., 455 Fire Department, 502-511
report of Chief Joyner, 1900, 207; statistics of the, 1901, 241-243
Fisher, E. B., 381 H. E., 381
Fitten, John A., 462, 467 Flinn, Richard Orme, Rev., 557 Flouring mill, early, 390 Flynn, J. H., 276, 277, 279, 287, 616,
biographical sketch of, 648 Flynt, Harry L., Dr., 365 Foote, J. J., 387 Ford, J. H., 455 Foreacre, G. J., 462 Fort McPherson, 481, 482 Foster, Sheppard W., Dr., 365 Foundry, the first, 390 Fourth National Bank, the, 412 Francis, William M., 388 Frank F., 384 Fraternal Mystic Circle, 600
Union of America, 601 Freeman, C. P., 615 Freeman's National Savings Bank,
the, 404 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill, 381 Fnrman Farm Improvement Co., 382
Gabbilt, William, 475

Gale, Charles W., 388 Gammon Theological Seminary, 320-
322 Garrett, W. J., 442 Gartrell, L. J., 276, 338, 427, biograph
ical sketch of, 649 Gate City Guards, 606, 608
National Bank, the, 407 Street Railroad Co., 485 Geiger, Charles A., 362 Georgia Banking and Trust Co., 406 College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, 357 Female College and Conservatory
of Music, 264 Fraternal Congress, 600 National Bank, the, 404 Pacific Railroad, 428 Railroad and Banking Co., 424,
Railroad and Banking Company Agency, 403
Gholstin, Louis, 388, 447, 450, 616 Gilbert, Joshua, Dr., 357
J. B., Dr., 362 Giles, Harriet E., Miss, 318 Glenn, John T., 162, 163, 166-169
Luther J., 337 T. K., 415 Goddard, J. N., 388 Goldsmith, W. T., Dr., 350 Good Templars, 597 Goodnow, W., 455 Goodwill, John B., 158, 175-180 Gordon, John B., 337 Grady, Henry W., 121, 372, 373, 460, 467, biography of, 651 Hospital, the> 587-591 Grand Army of the Republic, 601 Grant, John T., biographical sketch of, 657 John W., 413 L. P., 279, 390, 425, 427, 462, 476,
486, 532, 616, biography of, 655 William D., biography of, 658 Graves, John Temple, 375, 376 Gray, James R., 374, 412 John D., 391 William, 391 Gress, H. V., 185, 478 Gunn, J. E., Rev., 572
Haas, Aaron, 447, 450, 451, 486 Isaac H., 388, 413 Jacob, 374, 447, 451, 486
Haiman, Elias, 460

7 i8

Index

Hall, G. W., 455 Hallam, John C., 413 Hambleton, James B., Dr., 368 Hammock, C. C., 151, 152 Hammond, Dennis F., 148
N. J., 287, 288, 337- 465, biograph ical sketch of, 660
W. R., 328, 334 Haney, George W., 505
Thomas, 146 Thomas G., 504 Hanleiter, C. N., Col., 367 Hape, Albert, 615, 616 Samuel, Dr., 392 Harden, Virgil O., Dr., 355 Harris, Joel Chandler, 121, 372 John L., 336
Julian, 621
Hawkins, Frank, 413 Hayden, J. A., 145 Haygood, Greene B., 338
W. A., 486 Hayne, Paul H., 465 Healy, T. G., 463, 486 Hebrew Orphans' Home, 586 Hemphill. W. A., 170, 172, 279, 287,
370, 372 llenderson, John T., 463 Herbst, Charlie, 616 Hightower, T. J., 389, 46 Hill, Benjamin H., speech of, against
the reconstruction policy, 46-49; speech of, before Young Men's Democratic Club, 61, 62; biography
of, 662 Edward Yancey, 332 L. J., 451, 460
T. W. J., 336 William P., 329 W. Rhode, biography of, 665 Hillyer, George, 159, 328, 333 Hinman, R. E., Dr., 365 Hirsch, Joseph, 389, 412, 415 Hitchcock, S. C., 453
Hoge, E. F., Col. 373 Holderby, A. R., Rev., 554
Holland, E. W., 391 Frank, Dr., 365
Holliday, James R., 368
Hott/claw, William J.. Rev., 544
Home Forum Benefit Order, 602
Homeopathy, 362, 363
Hope, George M., 245
Hopkins, John L., 328, 329, 333, 389,
463
Horn, C. D., 467

Horner, T. M., 388 Hospital, Grady, the, 587-591 Hospitals and infirmaries, 606 Hotels, 106, 472-475 Howard, Walter, 375 Howell, Clark, 368, 372
Evan P., Capt., 372, 460, 462, 463 Hoyt, S. B., 334, 339 Hulbert, Edward, Col., 458, 460 Hulsey, William H., 146, 276 Hunnicutt, C. W., 460 Hunt ley, L. S., 386 Hurt, Joel, 415
Ice manufacture, 385 Improvements accomplished during
Mayor Glenn's administration, 166, 167 Inman, Edward, 385
Hugh T., 372, 385, 386, 410 S. M., 372, 410, 411, 447, 450, 460,
462, 463, 467 W. P., 412, 462 Institutions for the education of the negro, 302 Insurance. 416-418 "Irreconcilable*" in Atlanta after the war, i Intelligencer, the, 367 International Cotton Exhibition, 461467
Jackson, Henry, 615, biographical sketch of, 666
James, A. L., 406 John H., 149, 406, 442. 484
Janes, W. M., 259, 276 Jenkins, Frank, Rev., 563 Jewett, H. R., Dr., 365 Johnson, H. Herbert, Dr., 365
J. C., Dr.. 355, 415 John Milton. Dr., 361 John Thaddeus, Dr., ^60 Jones, B. H., 388 Darwin G., 415, 614-616, 620, 621 Edward G., Dr., 365 Ed. H., 615 Honest Jack," biography of, 667 Louis H., Dr., 355, 365 John Paul, 373 John W, Dr., 358 R. H., 389 Sam D., 388 Joyner, W. R., 243, 507
Kamper, G. L., 388

Index

719

Keely, John, biography of, 670 Keep, R. H., Rev., 579 Keldin, J. R., 388 Kelley, W. M., 620, 621 Kendrick, John R., 615
W. S., Dr., 355 Kennedy, Alien, 391 Kimball, Edward N., 491
H. I., 460, 462-465, 472, 491, bio graphical sketch of, 671
J. C., 290 King, Porter, 181, biographical sketch
of, 671 Kingsbury, J., 467 Kiser, M. C., 460, 462, 467 Knight, Albion W:, Rev., 561 Knights of Damon, 602
of Honor, 602 of Pythias, 598, 509 Kontz, A. L., 413, 453 Christian, biographical sketch of,
673 E. C, 174 Judge, on the need of a reforma
tory, 174. Kriegshaber, V. H., 389
Labor organizations, 603-605 Ladies' Memorial Association, 483 Lamar, W. D., 386 Landrum. L. M., 294
W. W., Rev., 540 Langston, C. A., Rev., 575
S. S., 442 T. L., 448, 467 Lawsh6, Er, biography of, 675
Lawyers of Atlanta in 1860, 328; list of the present, 329-331
Leonard, H. C., 385
Lewis, H., 455 T. S., 389
Leyden, A., 390, 442
Liebmann, Isaac, 413 Lincoln, Abraham, attempt to erect
monument to, 67, 68
Lochrane, Osborne A., biography of, 677
Logan, J. P.. Dr., 130, 276, 279, 287, biography of, 680
Longley, H. F., 455 Love, William Abram, Dr., 360
Lowe, Thomas F., 132 Lowry Hanking Co., the, 408
National Hank, the, 411 Robert J., 411, 44, 442, 447, 450,
453, 460, 462, 463, 467

Lowry, W. M., 440, 448 Luckie, W. D., 451, 615 Luminary, the, 366 Lumpkin, Joseph Henry, 326, 328
W. W., 262
McCamie, W. S., 415 McCandless, E. S., 386 McCarty, George W., 382 McCord, H. Y., 413
Joseph A., 413 McDaniel, I. O., 367
S. C., Rev., 565 McDonough, John, 391 McGarity, Jesse L., 388 McGlauflin, W. H., Rev., 577 McNanght, William, 437 McPherson, James, 392
R. M., 440 McRae, Floyd W., Dr., 355 Aladdox, Robert F., 410, 413, 462,
biographical sketch of, 681 Maddox-Rucker Hanking Co., 407,
410 Maffett, J. M., 387 Magill, S. A., 388 Mail Carriers' Association, 600 Mallon, Bernard, 281, 616 Malone, F. L.. 384 Manning, J. W., 336 Mansfield. J. B., 382 Manufactures, 117
crude, of early Atlanta, 389-393; during the war, 392, 393; growth of, 380-388
Manufacturing statistics, 377-379 Manufacturers, prominent, 388 Marietta and North Georgia Railroad,
430 Markham, William, biography of, 683 Marshall, Hammond, 491
Samuel A., 491 Martin, T. H., 454, 471, 621 Marx, David, Rabbi, 568 Masonic Order, the, 593-596 Maury, W. F., 414 Mayer, David. 276, 277, 279, 287, 288 Mayerovitz, B., Rabbi, 570 Mayor, act giving casting vote in case
of tie to, 299 Mayor Collier's administration, 182-
184 Mayor Glenn on the waterworks
quest ion, 168-170; upon the liquor question, 163 Mayor Hemphill's inaugural message, 170, 171

720

Index

Mayor Goodwill on the water works, 179, 180; work accomplished during the administration of, 176-179
Mayor Mims, inaugural of, 208-213; second address to council, 216-230
Mayor Woodward on the improve ments of 1900 and 1901, 191-194; on the Whitehall viaduct, 186, 187; progress during the administration of, 187
Meade, General, appointment of, vice Gen. Pope, 53; removal of govern or and treasurer of the State by,
58, 59 Meador, J. H., 442
Thomas D., 411, 467 Means, T. A., 263 Means's High School, 263 Mecaslin, J. H., 447, 450 Medical profession, the, in Atlanta,
345 > 346 Melden, Charles M., 306 Merchants' Bank of Atlanta, the, 406 Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 486 Meyer, A. A., 621 Middlebrook, W. M., 484 Miles, W. B., 294, 460 Military companies, organization of,
in 1863, 133 organizations, 606-610; organiza tions, present, 609, 610
Mill machinery manufacture, 383, 384 Miller, Homer V. M., Dr., 358, biog
raphy of, 684 John A., 412
Mims, J. F., 390 Livingston, 208-213, 216-230'
Minor, M. L., jr., 387 Mitchell, E. M., 621
W. L., 350 Montag, Sig., 389 Moore, B. F., 440
Sherman B., Rev., 572 William A., 442, 462, biographical
sketch of, 685 Morris Brown College, 323 Municipal history, 130-253 Murder trials, 340-344 Murphy, Anthony, 490, 492
Charles, 335 Timothy C., biographical sketch
of, 685
Mynatt, Pryor L., sketch of, 687
National American, the, 308 Union, 600

Neal Loan and Banking Co., 408, 414 T. B., 414, 454
Neckwear manufacture, 387 Neff, W. C., 463 Negro, the, ill Nelson, L. B., 485 New Era, the, 369 Newman, William T., 328, 451 Newspapers, 121; during the war, 368,
369; during the '7o's, 373; from 1870 to 1880, 81, 82 Nicholls, C. C., 368 Nicholson, William P., Dr., 355, 365 Nicolson, George A., 410 Nisbet, Charles R., Rev., 559 Nixon, W. M., 386 Norcross, Johnathan, 367, early saw mill of, 389, 427, biographical sketch of, 688 Nutting, J. R., 621
Odd Fellows, Independent Order of,
597. 598 Office buildings, 104-106 Oglesby, J. G., 447. 45, 451, 453 Oglethorpe College, 268-273 O'Keefe, D. C, Dr., 275, 276, 279, 282,
358 Oliver, John, 389, 411
J. S., 442 Orme, A. J., 427
F. H., Dr., 362 Joseph T., 294, 411 L. H., 615 W. P., Col., 425, 427 Ormond, James, 455 Ottley, John K., 411 Overby, B. H., 337 Owens, John S., 376
Palmer, H. E. W., 415 "Panic year," the, 72 Paper box manufacture, 385 Pappenheimer, Oscar, 294, 388
S., 39 Pardee, Don A., 328 Park Commission, report of the, 1901,
245, 246 Parkham, L. H., 457 Parkins, W. H., 615 Parks and cemeteries, 475-481
John S., 294 Parrott. George W., 413
S. F., 413 Pattcrson, W. H., 486 Paxon, F. J., 621

Index

721

Payne, George F., Dr., 365 J. Carroll, 413, 415
Peek, C. A., 388 Peck, John B., 437
John C., 455, 460, 462, 463, 491 Peel, William L., 410, 467 Peeples, Cincinnatus, 328, 333, 370
Thpmas J., 410 Perckhardt, J. G., 386 Peters, E. C, 412, 486
Richard, 144, 390. 425, 462, 486, biographical sketch of, 688
W. G., 390 Peterson, J. S., Col, 368, 439, 440,
448, 455 Phelan, S. H., 467 Phillips, H. T., 279, 615, 616 Piedmont Exposition, 467-471 Pittman, Daniel, 475 Pitts, C. A., Col., 442 Planing mills, products of, 387 Police Department, 512, 513; statis
tics of the, 1900, 207 Pond, E. B., 615 Pope, (ieneral, banquet to, 42-45; first
general order of, under reconstruc tion law, 41 ; reconstruction admin istration of, 40-55; removal of, 53,
54 John I)., 328, 333
Population, 100-102 Postal receipts, 109 Powel, Richard F., 556 Powcll, Thomas Spencer, Dr., 287,
288, 350-353, 359. biography of, 690 Prather, John S., Col., 369 Press, the, of Atlanta, 366 Private schools, 261 Proctor, H. H., Rev., 565 Proprietary medicines, manufacture
of, 386
Public buildings new, 106 school system, 273-290 schools, 209; in 1867, 258; Mayor Woodward's recommendations concerning the, 188, 189; organ ization of, 283-285
Public works, cost of, between 1880 and 1895, 179
Railroads, 422-430 Rankin, F. L., 386
J. W., 460, 486 Raoul, William G., 411 Ra\yson, Fdward F., 276, 277, 279,
biographical sketch of, 693
46-2

Rawson, William C., 388, biograph ical sketch of, 694
Reconstruction bill, Gov, Jenkins's injunction against, 39; feeling against, 28, 29; government under Gov. Bullock, 63, 64; law, activity of opponents of the, 45; public meetings concerning, 29-38
Recorder's report for 1900, 204 Red Men, Improved Order of, 599 Reed, Wallace P., 130, 254, 389, 422 Reformatory, need of a, 250; plea of
Recorder Broyles for a, 204-206 Registry under Gen. Pope's order,
49, 50 Reid, H. M., 328 Reinhardt, A. M., 485 Relief, humane and benevolent organ
izations, 605, 606 Resolutions of loyalty to the Union,
passed at first public meeting in June, 1865, 1-5 Retail stores of Atlanta, 84 Rhodes, E. L., 388 Rice, F. P., 463
John, 491 Theron H., Rev., 553 Z. A., 367 Rich, E., 467 Richards, Robert 11., biographical sketch of, 697 Richardson, F. H., 374 Hugh, 385, 388 Richmond and Danville Railroad Sys tem, 427, 428 Robinson, A. M., 387 E. Boykin, 387 Oilman P., Dr., 355 Roby, 372 Rodgers, Julian S., Rev., 545 Romarc, Paul, 410, 451 Root, Sidney, 438, 439, 462, 463, bio graphical sketch of, 697
Rose, R. M., 442 Rosser, F. B., 313
Luther Z., 294 Roy, Dunbar, Dr., 355 Gustavtts G., Dr., biographical sketch
of, (xx) Royal Arcanum, 599 Kmly, V. ()., 615 Ryan, Charles 1., 412
Ryckman, J. W., 462, 463
Sanders, William C., biographical
sketch of, 700

722

Index

School districts as established in 1880, 288, 289 first select, after the war, 258; statistics, 290-296
Schools, early private, 254-256; free public, first movement toward the establishment of, 256, 257; separate Catholic, 286, 287; various, 324, 325
Schwab, Otto, 389 Scott, George W., Col, 300
J. A., 486 Scruggs, William L., 369 Seago, A. K., 440, 442 Seals, John H., Col., 368 Secret orders, growth of, 592, 593 Sewers built in 1901, 253 Silvey, John, biographical sketch of,
702 Simpson, L. C, 336
O. F., 448 Sims, George H., 384 Sisson, Charles A., 388 Slaton, W. F., 281, 294
W. M., 621
Smith, Claud A., Dr., 365 Hoke, 121, 194-196, 294, 374, 413, 460; report of, as president of the Board of Education, 1901, 233-238 John A., 385 John M., 389 J. Henly, 369 Morton, 374 R. R., 381
Smyth, W. H., 467 Snook, P. H., 467
Solomon, J. C., Rev., 545
Sons of Veterans of U. S. A., 602
Southern Confederacy, the (news paper), 368 Dental College, 365 Female College, the, 296-300 Inter-state Fair, 471 Medical College, 350-353
Military College, 302
Miscellany, the, 367 School of Education, 262 Temperance Crusader, the, 308
Spalding, R. D., Dr., 381, 447, 450,
451, 4^3 Speer, D. N., Col., 460, biographical
sketch of, 703 George A., 413
Spolman Seminary, 316-320
Spence, N. C., 384
Spencer, S. 13., 152

Spring bed manufacture, 387 Stanton, Frank L., 121 State convention, meeting to nomi
nate delegates to the, 5, 6 Statistics, 89-92 Stcele, John H., Major, 367 Steiner, E. R., 386 Stephens, Alexander H., 370
John, 447, 450, 485 Stewart, E. G, 385 Stockdell, H. C, 412 Stocking, Samuel, 381 Stone, F. L, 388 Storrs School for Colored Children,
262 Stout, S. H., Dr., 276, 279, 362 Stove manufacture, 387 Street improvements, 1901, 243, 244
lighting, 212 railway fight, the, as viewed by
Mayor Collier, 184, 185; con troversy, Mayor Minis on the, 210-212, 223-230; controversy, statement of the city attorney relative to the, 198, 199 Street railways, 172, 484-489 Strong, Cicero H., biographical sketch of, 706 Styles, Carey W., 370 Swanger, W. E., 383 Swann, James, 404, 410 System of public schools, 273-290
Taliaferro, Valentine H., Dr., 360 Taylor, George, 391 Teachers, list of first corps of public
school, 282, 283 Technological School, the, 264-268 Telephone companies, 126-129 Terra cotta works, 388 Terrell, H, D., 389 Third National Rank, the, 413 Thomas, A. G., Rev., 572, 574
W. R., 389 Thompson, W. T., Major, 367 Thornton, A. E., 410
F. H., 414 Marccllus E., Col., 373 Jo'ld, J. S., Dr., 355 Tompkins, H. R., 415 Toy, R. R., 388 Traders' Rank of Atlanta, the, 408 Transportation, 419-422 Trounstein, L. J., 389 Trowbridge, 11. T., 388 Trunk manufacture, 387

Index

Trust Company of Georgia, the, 415 Tucker, Henry Holcomb, Rev., bio
graphical sketch of, 706 Tuller, Charles D., 381
W. H., 403, 442 Turner, A. C., 294
J. D., 381, 386, 412 K. M., 388 T. P. A., Georgia Division, 605
Underwood, William H., 339 United States buildings in Atlanta,
84,85 U. S. R. M. S. Mutual Benefit Asso
ciation, 601
Van Winkle, E., 389 Venable, W. H., 450 Viaduct, the Whitehall, 186
Waddell, W. B., 384 Wadley, William W, 423 Wagon manufacture, 384 Walker, T. F., 384 Wallace, Anna, Miss, 622
Campbell, Major, 429, 462, bio graphical sketch of, 707
Ward, A. C., Rev., 545 sixth, established, 159
Wards, additional, created, 149 Ware, W. R., 389 Warner, Hiram, 328, 331 Warren, Henry W., Bishop, 303 Washington Seminary, the, 300 Watkins, E. P., Col., 130 Watson, A. R., 615
Thomas E., 376 Waterworks, 98, 164, 165, 490-501 Water Board, expenditures, etc., of
the, 1901, 240, 241 report of the, 1901, 239, 240
Welch, M. M., 453 Weldon, Frank, 453 Wellhouse, Louis, 385 West, Fred H., 336
End Academy, the, 259, 263 End and Atlanta Street Railroad
Co., 486 Western and Atlantic Railroad, 425-
427

Westmorland, J. G., 491 W. F., Dr., 355
Weyman, S.X T., 386 Whitaker, Jared I., 130, 367 White, John E., Rev., 543
J. J., Rev., 574 Whitehall viaduct, the, 246, 247
WhitJmohann,vJ..; B38.,9 382
Wiley, R. M., 388 Wilkinson, Mell R., 389 Wilies, Francis T., 491 Williams, James Etheldred, 133, 138,
140, 147, biographical sketch of, 708 Mayor, inaugural address of, in 1865, 138, 139 William M., 437, 448, 615
Willingham, B. L., 411 Willis, J. M., 455 Wilmer, C P., Rev., 563 Wilson, A. N., 257 Winship, C. R., 389
George, 393, 415, 460 Isaac, 393 Joseph, 393, 440, biographical
sketch of, 709 Machine Co., the, 393 Robert, 393, 455, biographical
sketch of, 710 Wolff. Bernard, Dr., 355 Wood, Albert A., 388
Robert C, Dr., 350, 359 Woodruff, E., 415 Woodson, Stewart F., 453 Woodward, David, 387, 413
James G., 185-194, 294 Woolen goods manufacture, 386 Wyly, A. C., 447, 450, 451 Wylie, James R., 447, 450, 451, 460,
463, 467, 484
Young, E. C., 388 Richard C., Dr., 365 Samuel, 388 Men's Christian Association, 580 Men's Democratic Club, fa Men's Library Association, 614620
Zirkle, W. M., Dr., 305 Zuber, John W., 376