History of Columbus

*;

* Compiled By thi

GEORGIA HISTORY CLASS
;
COLUMBUS HIGH SCHOCf

\

HISTORY OF COLUMBUS
COMPILED BY THE
GEORGIA HISTORY CLASS
r f --i OF THE COLUMBUS HIGH SCHOOL.
Columbus, Ga.
Gilbert Printing Co. 1912.

THIS LITTLE BOOK WAS COMPILED BY THE CLASS

IN GEORGIA HISTORY IN THE COLUMBUS HIGH

SCHOOL, IN THE SPRING TERM OF THE YEAR 1912.

THE CLASS is OFFICIALLY KNOWN AS THE "2 A"

CLASS, WHICH MEANS THAT IT IS MADE UP OF

STUDENTS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THEIR SECOND

YEAR IN THE SCHOOL. THIS WORK WAS DONE IN

ADDITION TO THE REGULAR WORK IN GEORGIA

.I

HISTORY AND STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

AND HAS THEREFORE BEEN SOMEWHAT HASTILY

WRITTEN, WHICH MAY SERVE TO EXPLAIN ITS

IMPERFECTIONS. IT IS DISTINCTLY THE WORK OF

THE CLASS, THOUGH DONE UNDER THE DIRECTION

OF Miss ELIZABETH WHITE, WHO HAS CHARGE OF

THE WORK IN HISTORY IN THE SCHOOL.

THE NAMES OF THE CLASS FOLLOW:

MARY BAIRD,

ELIZABETH LANGDON,

MARTHA BIRD,

AMELIA LICHTENSTEIN,

Liois BRADY,

OWEN MCNULTY,

LUCY CHAPMAN,

ERIN NORRIS,

LAURA BELLE CLARK, ALMA OSBORNE,

IRMA FRIEDLAENDER, SULLY HECOT,

HENRY GARRKTT,

EVERETT STRUPPEK,

DORA GEHSON,

LYRA SWIFT,

WILLIAM GOLDEN, UALPH WALTON,

LENA HOLT,

MATTIK WHELESS,

KATE JUNGERMANN, FRANCES WILLIAMS.

INTRODUCTION.
We, the Georgia History Glass of the Columbus High School, do not claim to be great historians, nor to have lived when Columbus was first settled, but we have drawn our infor mation largely from the recollections of the older citizens, and have used as a reference book for the earlier period John H. Martins "History of Colum bus, to 1865." This valuable little work was published about 1875 by the late Thos. Gilbert, Sr., one of the founders of the Gilbert Printing Co. Mr. Gilbert having employed Mr. Martin to compile the information gathered largely from the files of old newspapers, principally the Daily Enquirer, the Daily Sen and the Daily Times.
iI I1 3f> ,f,t-

In an article written recently to the Daughters of the American Revo lution, Mr. Lucien Lamar Knig-ht, well known as a historian, urges upon them the importance of preserving1 the material for local history, while it is available. "If this is done," he says, "future generations will hold you in everlasting1 gratitude." It is this important work which we are trying1 to share, and although we know that we have not written a very full history of Columbus, we hope that what we have written is read able and accurate. We have not attempted to treat contemporary history with fulness, for we realize that it is difficult to separate the im portant events of our own times, from the unimportant ones, and we shall leave to-days history for our successors to describe.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
A Site Selected for a "TradingTown" _______________ 1 CHAPTER II.
Early History of the "Trading: Town" and its Growth______ 8
CHAPTER III.
Columbus Share in the Civil War__18 CHAPTER IV.
The Capture and Destruction of Columbus in 1865 _________25 CHAPTER V.
The Period after the War _____37
CHAPTER VI.
Something1 about Some Old Build ings_____________________42
CHAPTER VII.
Thrilling- Episodes and Disasters in the Life of the City______47

CHAPTER VIII. A Reverence for the Past _____53
CHAPTER IX. Famous Persons of Columbus ___!57
CHAPTER X. The Life of Governor Smith____63
CHAPTER XI. The Origin of Memorial Day ___66
CHAPTER XII.
Historic Spots Marked and Un marked _________--------70

HISTORY OF COLUMBUS.
CHAPTER I.
A SITE SELECTED FOR A "TRADING TOWN."
I T is surprising1 that Columbus was not settled sooner. The most fertile imagination could not conceive a place more enchanting1 . The Chattahoochee was a beatable stream, clear and rippling1, and swift enoug"h to provide much water power. The climate was ideal, never being too cold for something1 green and tropical to be seen. Although there were some Indians here, they were at first peaceable, and rarely disturbed the settlers except for something to eat or to steal.

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History of Columbus.

On either side of the river rose forests so thick, and so filled with under-brush, as to be almost impass able. The site of the present city of Columbus was covered with heavy growths of low trees and bushes, varied here and there by groups of splendid shade trees. Swampy places and ponds, were frequent. One of these was where the Court House now stands, and another on the site of the present Racine Hotel, extending1 over several city blocks. The water was clear, and large fish were often caught in this little lake, and wild ducks and geese shot in its vicinity.
The hills which surrounded the city were so high as to cause the site of the settlement to look low, although it really is considerably above the level of the river. These hills, of fine red clay, were climbed by means of

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S

tiny paths, or trails. The portion of Columbus known to-day as East Highlands, was marshy and consid ered malarious, and inhabited for a long* time by Indians only.
The early name of the Chattahoochee was "Rocky River," from the great masses of rocks which mark its bed, and which, just above Colum bus, form so effective a barrier as to make the city the head of naviga tion.
"It was interesting and amusing," says Martin, "to see the Indians catching shad in the spring of the year. They used dip-nets made of wahoo bark split up in small strips. The net was fastened to the ends of two large canes, about 15 feet long. They would arrange themselves in a row, five to fifteen in number, on the edge of the place where they wished

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History of Columbus.

to dip. They would then dip their nets in regular order, one net fol lowing right after the other. When one caught a fish he would throw it out of his net behind him, and never lose more than one dip. The whole party would yell every time there was a fish caught."
On the Georgia side of the river, in the district now known as North Highlands, lived two powerful tribes of the Creek nation, the Cussetas and the Cowetas. "Rivals were they, and, with numbers equal, and alike proud names." There were often open battles between these two tribes for supremacy. The old chief of the Cussetas had a beautiful daughter, Mohina, betrothed to Young Eagle of the Cowetas.* But the hatred of the tribes kept them from meeting, ex cept in secret. One day their tryst

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in the woods was reported. The angry Cussetas sprang" from their couches, and pursued the lovers, who fled before them. But the strength of Mohina failed in a perilous mo ment, so taking" her in his arms, Young- Eagle followed a winding- path that led to a high and rugged cliff, that terminates an ascending- knoll of dark rocks, and projects boldly over the river. Here the Chattahoochee makes a sudden turn, forming- an abrupt angle. When the lover reached this cliff, seeing- that retreat was cut off, and advance impossible, with a shudder he sprang- into the water below. "Still the maiden clung- to him, nor yet did the deathstruggle part them. The mad waves dashed fearfully over them, and their loud wail was a fitting- requiem to their departing- spirits." The place

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History of Columbus.

is still known to us, as "Lovers' Leap."
In 1827 the Georgia Legislature passed an act to establish a tradingtown, and to dispose of all the lands reserved for the use of the State near the Coweta Falls, on the Chattahoochee. Five Commissioners were appointed to select a square of 1,200 acres which was to be called Colum bus . They were to lay it off in building lots, reserving a square of ten acres for the public buildings. They were also to allow a half block for each church building. This accounts for ChapeL Street, between Seventh and Eighth Streets, which was made to di vide the grounds of the Presbyterian Church from those of the Catholic; the Catholic Church being on the south side of Chapel Street, but the Pres byterians built their first church on

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7

the corner where the Tenth Street School now is. The Commissioners named to execute this trust were: Ignatius Few, Elias Beall, Philip H. Alston, James Hallam and E. L, deGraffenried.

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History of Columbus.

is still known to us, as "Lovers' Leap."
In 1827 the Georgia Legislature passed an act to establish a trading town, and to dispose of all the lands reserved for the use of the State near the Coweta Falls, on the Chattahoochee. Five Commissioners were appointed to select a square of 1,200 acres which was to be called Colum bus . They were to lay it off in building1 lots, reserving- a square of ten acres for the public building's. They were also to allow a half block for each church building-. This accounts for ChapeL Street, between Seventh ajid Eig-hth Streets, which was made to di vide the grounds of the Presbyterian Church from those of the Catholic; the Catholic Church being- on the south side of Chapel Street, but the Pres byterians built their first church on

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the corner where the Tenth Street School now is. The Commissioners named to execute this trust were: Ig-natius Few, Elias Beall, Philip H. Alston, James Hallam and E. L, deGraffenried.

CHAPTER II.
EARLY HISTORY OF THE "TRADING TOWN" AND ITS GROWTH.
JTTJHE first settlement in Columbus 1 was where the old city hospital
used to be, just southwest of the present baseball park, but after the town was laid off the settlers aban doned their early homes, and moved to "the city," so that even before the sale of the lots, the population amounted to about 300. Every day many Indians came in also, chiefly from the Alabama side, but they were not allowed to stay all night.
The first sale of city lots was opened on the 10th, and closed on the 23rd of July, 1828. There were many bidders present, and it was not long before several people possessed the

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deeds for a home in this new and wonderful region. The lot sold for the hig-hest price, $1,855, was the one on Broad and Crawford Streets, now Broad and Tenth. It was bought by Mr. N. Howard and Peter Dudley, who immediately built the Columbus Hotel.
By the end of November the pop ulation had increased to 1,000 souls.
The Columbus Enquirer was the first newspaper published in the city. It was established by Mirabeau B. Lamar, in May, 1828, and was issued weekly.
The first manufacturing establish ment was a turning lathe set up on a little stream north of the city. In March of this year, too, the first steamboat came to the city, the presag^e of our present river trade. After the boat had been here eight or ten

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History of Columbus.

days it advertised an excursion down the river. Everybody went, but they had to walk back from Woolfoik's Mound, as the captain could not raise steam enough to bring1 his loaded boat back upstream.
There were at this time no churches, but no one felt the lack when Nature furnished great trees, with long over hanging branches, under which the people gathered to listen to the gospel preached by earnest missionaries.
A little theatre, however, was erected for a Fourth of July celebra tion, and continued to give occasional performances.
For two years, no organized gov ernment existed, evety man striving for himself, and holding might for right. But in 1829 the town was in corporated. The act was passed by the Legislature in December, 1828,

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and was signed by the governor on the 19th of the month. The election held in January resulted in the choice of Ulysses Lewis as the first mayor. On the same day, the Commissioners and county officers were elected. The Commissioners served as a City Council, with the mayor, and Samuel B. Head, James Van Ness, Ira Scott, Simon L. Smith, George W. Dillard, and Thos. G. Gordon were chosen.
The first bale of cotton sold in Columbus was raised in Gwinnett County and bought by Robert Maharrey in 1828, at 12c.
The Superior Court, in session in 1828, had for its first Judge, Hon. Walter T. Golquitt. Andrew B. Griffin was Clerk of the Court, and James C. Holland, Sheriff.
Trouble with the Indians was feared in 1829. The United States sent one

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History of Columbus.

thousand stand of arms to Ft. Mitchell for the use of the frontier citizens, and the garrisons in the forts were somewhat augmented.
The "Head Men" of the Indians visited Columbus, however, and de clared that they had no hostile intentions. On one occasion, never theless, the "Frontier Guards" were called out.
In 1831 the "Farmers' Bank of Chattahoochee" was opened. A fire company of fourteen men was formed. The First Presbyterian Church was dedicated. The "Georgian," owned by a Columbus Company, and carry ing 1,000 barrels of freight, with a barge in tow carrying 700 more, made her maiden voyage, and was greeted with great enthusiasm. Instead of the tri-weekly mails previously in operation, Columbus now had daily

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mails, from both north and south, and boasted a stage line to Macon, with a fare of $8.50.
The steadily growing- public spirit found an outlet in the building of a bridge across the Chattahoochee. The contract was held by a Mr. God win, and the work begun in May, 1832, was completed during the fol lowing year. Two more banks were also opened, the Bank of Columbus, and the Insurance Bank. A gin fac tory was started by Epbraim Brown. A female academy under Misses Gunby and Grigg was opened in July, followed in December by a male academy under Eev. John Baker. An ''infant school" is also reported.
During this year a treaty was made by the United States with the Creeks and the Choctaws, by which the Indians agreed to give up their lands,

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History of Columbus.

and move west of the Mississippi within five years. Much difficulty was experienced in carrying" out the terms of this treaty. Wars with the Indians continued through several years. Many massacres occurred, and much uncertainty was felt as to the fate of our little frontier city. Finally, the treaty was carried out, and the Indians removed.
In 1834 Trinity Church was es tablished .
In the same year the city enjoyed the luxury of ice, a shipment of sev enty tons being" received by the Co lumbus Ice Co.
The construction of the Western & Atlantic Railway commenced in 1887, and a plan was soon made to connect Columbus with it. In 1847 tele graphic communication with the rest of the State was established.

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When the Mexican War broke out Columbus displayed much interest, and sent six companies, under the leadership of J. S. Calhoun. These were, many of them, veterans of the Indian wars.
The city continued to grow and to prosper, its enterprise bringing to it many settlers, until the outbreak of the war between the States checked for the time being1 its activities.
After the election of Lincoln, in November, 1860, Columbus turned her attention toward the coming- conflict. The "Southern Guard," an organiza tion of a military character, was formed, and its services offered to the State.
Although Columbus displayed much loyalty to the Southern Cause in her celebration on December 23rd of the withdrawal of South Carolina from

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History of Columbus.

the Union, there was also opposition in the city to secession. Of the news papers the Times supported secession, and the Enquirer co-operation, while a third paper, the Sun, had two editors, one of whom was on one side of the question, and the other on the op posite, so the paper was quite un certain in its policy. On the nigiit of the celebration, however, the city was brilliantly lighted. Bands play ed, torch-light processions passed up and down the streets, with banners and emblems; bonfires flared, fire works sparkled and hissed, and ex cited orators declaimed to interested

crowds. The Georgia Legislature held a
State Convention to consider se cession, early in 1861. The can didates nominated by the secession ists for delegates to this Convention

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from Muscogee County were, H. L. Benning, Jas. N. Ramsey and A. S. Rutherford; by the co-operationists, Hines Holt, N. L. Howard and Porter Ingram. The secessionists won, by a vote of 944 to 459. On Jan. 21st Columbus celebrated the secession of the State, and commenced her own military organization.

CHAPTER III.
COLUMBUS' SHARE IN THE CIVIL. WAR.

I N this connection we think it may be of interest to see what a share Columbus did take in the war and how many companies, especially vol unteer companies, she sent into ser vice.
The first were, the Columbus Guards, City Light Guards, Georgia Grays, Muscogee Mounted Rangers, and Company D of the Southern Guard, also Fire Engine Company Number Five, which had taken on a military character.
The Muscogee Mounted Rangers was a new military Company, raised in view of the probability of a war between the States.

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The first company called out was Company D of the Southern Guard, captained by F. G. Wilkins. It was called out by Gov. Brown in response to a call made by President Davis for two thousand Georgia troops. This company left Columbus for Macon^ on the first of April. While there they were incorporated into the First Georgia Regiment, and passed through Columbus a few days later en route to Pensacola.
The City Light Guards was the next of the Columbus companies to be called into action. They were ordered to report at Norfolk, Va., and left here for that place on the twenty-second of April. The Home Guards were then organized. They were a company of ninety members between forty-five and seventy years of age.

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History of Columbus.

The Georgia Grays left Colum bus for Macon on the seventh of May. They were made a part of the Fifth Georgia Regiment. At first they were sent to Pensacola and after wards did gallant service in opposing Rosecrans and Sherman. They re mained in service until the close of the war.
There were a number of smaller companies, as the Confederate States Sentinels, that left on the twentythird of May; the Company G. of the Southern Guard that left on the twenty-eighth; the Border Rangers left on June the thirteenth; the Inde pendent Light Infantry left on the fif teenth of June; the Jackson Avengers left July the twenty-first; the Ivey Guards on the twenty-first also; the Semmes Guards on the twenty-fourth; the Columbus Volunteers went to At-

History of Columbus.
lanta on the fourteenth of August, making the Seventeenth Georgia Volunteer company; the Georgia Light Infantry on the seventh of October; the Terrell Artillery on the seventeenth; the Columbus Minute Men on the twenty-ninth; and the Columbus Plying1 Artillery on the twenty-third of December.
In the second year of the war, 1862, two more volunteer military com panies, the Muscog^ee Volunteers and the Price Volunteers, left Columbus on March the twelfth to meet at Griffin, where they were to be incor porated into new regiments for the Confederate service. The Muscogee Volunteers were made into Company C of the Forty-sixth Regiment.
A military organization for home defense was effected at a meetingheld in the Court House on the

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History of Columbus.

twenty-sixth of March. Sixty-one volunteers enlisted.
The Columbus Minute Men, a com pany that had been in the State ser vice for six months, re-organized for Confederate service on the nineteenth of May.
In July, at the request of the Con federate officers in local command, Council instructed the Mayor to have all the citizens of Columbus that were able to bear arms enrolled for any emergency requiring1 local defense. In accordance with this call, there was a general enrollment in the city and county, and seven or eight companies met at the Court House on the eighteenth of July and formed a regiment. But this organization appears to have been displaced by a demand made by President Davis upon Gov. Brown for the enrollment

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of eight thousand men for local de fense in Georgia. In response to this last call, a regiment was formed at Columbus on the twenty-second of August, of companies from Muscogee, Harris, Talbot, Taylor, Marion, Chattahoochee and Stewart Counties.
1864 seems to have been a year of unusual business activity in Colum bus, and of much feverish excitement caused by the events of the war. The factories were kept busy work ing night and day, employing two sets of hands for this.
On account of the presence of the enemy's vessels in the bay, river con nection with Apalachicola could not be made. Boats ran only from Co lumbus to Chattahoochee.
Prices of everything went up to figures that would have seemed im possible before the war. The pay for

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History of Columbus.

work was very high, but still the high cost of living1 was so great that it consumed everything one could earn.
Columbus was very much alarmed in July by the approach of a large raiding force under command of Gen. Rosseau. It consisted of between fifteen hundred and two thousand picked men. They came from north east Alabama and struck the Mont gomery & West Point Railroad and followed it in the direction of Colum bus. The company of old men that was organized for local defense went out to oppose this march. Later hearing that the raiding party had gone toward Atlanta, the company returned to Columbus.

CHAPTER IV.
THE CAPTURE AND DESTRUCTION OP COLUMBUS IN 1865.
THE first Columbus man to die for the Southern cause was Mr. Thomas Everett.
During" the first year of the war, the "Ladies' Soldiers' Friend So ciety" was formed, with Mrs. A. H. Chappell, President, and Mrs. Robt. Carter, Vice-President. This organi zation was of the greatest aid to the Columbus soldiers.
On February 27th, 1862, a meetingwas held at Temperance Hall, at which the people of Muscogee pledged themselves to promote the cause of the Confederacy in every way.
Columbus furnished not only men, but materials necessary for the war.

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- History of Columbus.

She completed two gunboats, one of which was sunk in the river, while the other was burned by the enemy. Cannon were made in a building- on one corner of Fourteenth Street and First Avenue, and pistols on an op posite corner.
As the city was one of the first to send troops at the opening of the war, so was she one of the last to cease fighting. On April 16th, 1865, about a week after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox, a force of Federal raiders under General Wil son appeared opposite the city, on the Alabama side of the Chattahoochee.
General Howell Cobb attempted to hold the bridg-e, but was overwhelmed by the superior force of the enemy, who then took possession of the city. This is said to have been the last

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battle of the Civil War, east of the Mississippi. Thomas Slade is re ported to have fired the last gun in the engagement.
The following account of the battle is condensed from that of the EnquirerSun, for June 27th of that year:
"The Confederate troops consisted of two regiments of the Georgia State Line, Waddell's Battery, some of the forces of Generals Buford and Wofford, a small number of Georgia Reserves, and the organized com pany for local defense, besides a number of citizens of Columbus and a few hastily collected reserves from Russell County, Alabama, number ing in all about two thousand. The outer fortifications of the city were abandoned for lack of men to defend so long a line, and the troops were drawn into a line of rifle pits, ex-

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History of Columbus.

tending1 from Dr. Ingersoll's hill to the upper bridge and including- the Opelika Railroad and two fortifica tions near the ends of the trenches, in which batteries were placed. The lower, or city bridge, was not en circled within the line, but the planks on the Girard end had been torn up, and every preparation was made to fire the bridge in the event of an attempt by the enemy to force its passage.
"The first appearance of the Fed eral troops was about 2:00 P. M., when their advance drove in the Con federate pickets on the Hurt's, or lower Crawford bridge. At Crawford the advancing force had divided, advancing upon the city by two roads. The Confederate pickets re treated into the town, closely pur sued by the Federals, who were

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within good rifle range, and firing briskly. Their advance was, how ever, checked, largely by the battery on the hill near the upper bridge. A portion of this party made a dash at the lower bridge, but were stopped by the torn flooring. The order to fire the bridge was then given, and it was soon wrapped in flames. In the execution of this order, Captain C. C. McGehee acted with conspicuous bravery.
"From this time till dark, no at tack was made by the Federals, though it was evident that they were arriving in considerable numbers, as they showed themselves in small squads on most of the hills com manding a view of the city and of the Confederate line of defense. The Confederate batteries attempted to shell the hills on which these demon-

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History of Columbus.

strations were made, but with little success. Almost the entire Federal force seems to have been cavalry, and they had but a few, apparently not more than two or three, pieces of artillery with them.
"The night was clear but dark. At about 8:00 o'clock, the Federals, dis mounting- their men, made a vigorous charge upon the Confederate line. It was met steadily, and repulsed, as was a second attack. Soon, how ever, it was discovered that some Federals had managed to slip through the thin line of defenders, and to gain and hold the Girard end of the upper bridge, actually in the rear of the line of defense. It is supposed that this was done by the use of some ravines near the railroad bridge, the invaders afterwards coming down along the bank of the river. This maneuver in-

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terfered seriously between the head quarters in the city and the defenders in the trenches. Communications were so interrupted that it became impossible to carry on effective oper~ ations at the outer lines, and they were abandoned. A rush for the bridge ensued, and friend and foe, horsemen and footmen, artillery wagons and ambulances, were jammed together in its narrow avenue, which was dark as Egypt. How it was that many were not crushed to death in this tumultuous transit of the river seems incomprehensible.
"Brave attempts were made to rally the Confederate troops, but they were hopelessly outnumbered, and resistance soon ceased. Col. C. A. L. Lamar fell while trying to hold the city end of the bridge. With him fell the noble young* Alexander W.

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History of Columbus.

Robison. On Broad Street, Judge Waddell, of Russell County, was shot and mortally wounded. Capt. S. Isi dore Guillet, Col. Von Zinken's aide, was killed on the Girard side, while gcillantly doing- his duty.
"Maj. Gen. Howell Cobb was the ranking1 officer of the day, but the direct command of the troops was in the hands of Col. Leon Von Zinken, whose coolness and intrepidity were conspicuously displayed, and ac knowledged by foe as well as friend.
"A very large quantity of cannon, small arms, ordnance and commis sary stores fell into the hands of General Wilson, and were destroyed, and with them the gun-boats pre viously mentioned. He also de stroyed fifteen locomotives, two hun dred and fifty cars, the railroad and foot bridges, 115,000 bales of cotton,

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four cotton factories, the paper mills, the navy yard, arsenal and armory, and many other building's. Thus was laid in ruins our prosperous little city."
With Lee when he surrendered were several Columbus men. Among1 them these names have been preserved: Messrs. Chaffin, Stewart, Houghton, Du Bose, Anderson, Coleman, Etter, Blaylock, Hall, Rucker, Dillingham, Payne, Moses, Moffett, Peacock, Torbett, Parker, Booker, Brown, Carnes, Chapman, Coleman, Doles, Golden, Henderson, Jenkins, Johnston, Long-, Mitchell, Oliver, Shepperson, Stovall, Thompson and Wilkerson.
A few of the heroes of the Civil War, most of whom are still living among us and members of Camp Benning, United Confederate Veter ans, are:

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History of Columbus,

Colonel W. S. Shepherd, Colonel, Second Regiment, Georgia Volun teers, Commandant of Camp Benning; William Redd, Jr., Adjutant, Second Georgia Volunteers, Vice-command ant of Camp Benning; Charles L. Williams, Twentieth Georgia Volun teers, Adjutant Camp Benning; John S. Matthews, Bonaud's Battalion; Jas. J. Slade, Tenth Georgia Volun teers; E. S. McEachern, Company D., Second Georgia Sharp Shooters; E. M. Averett, Fifth Georgia Regiment, Company I; J. L. M. Rees, Fifth Georgia Regiment, Company I; T. E. Blanchard, Thirty-seventh Georgia Regiment; G. Gunby Jordan, Nelson Rangers; Robt. E. Carter, Nelson Rangers; Jno. F. Flournoy, Nelson Rangers; Josiah Flournoy, Nelson Rangers; W. A. Brown, Nelson Ran gers; Chas. Brown, Nelson Rangers;

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W. J. Crawford, Company E., Fortysixth Alabama; H. F. Everett, Morse Cavalry; L. P. Aenchbacher, Com pany I, Fifth Georgia Regiment; M. M. Moon, Nelson Rangers; C. B. Grimes, Forty-sixth Regiment Geor gia Volunteers; W. T. Pool; T. F. Ridenhour, Company G., Second Geor gia Regiment; W. T, B. Lynch, Com pany C., Second Georgia Regiment; Major W. S. Greene, Virginia Regi ment; Sam S. Hughes, Pemberton's Cavalry; Dr. W. F. Tigner, Company A., Sixth Alabama Regiment; P. Doughtie, Company A., Sixth Ala bama Regiment; Geo. J. Burrus, Com pany C., Third City Battalion; J. M. Jarvis, Alabama Regiment; Emory Jefferson, Company F., Third Georgia Regiment; R. P. Spencer, Sr., Thirtyseventh Georgia; J. E. Crenshaw, Ala bama Regiment; J. M. Raily, Company

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History of Columbus.

--., Tenth Georgia Regiment; Jno. W. Hall, Tenth Georgia Regiment; Jno. Palmer, Tennessee Regiment; C. H. Buchannon; S. B. Weaks, Company B., Forty-sixth Georgia; W. E. Pres ton, Company B.. Thirty-third Ala bama; R. P. Bellah; Robert M. How ard, Nelson Rangers; G. E. Thomas, Captain Company --., Georgia Regi ment; R. T. Gregx>ry, Tenth Georgia Regiment.

CHAPTER V.
THE PERIOD AFTER THE WAR.
" carpet-bagger" and scalaJL wag1 had grained control of our government during" the reconstruction days, and througii their influence the negroes were allowed to hold promi nent offices in Georgia. We regained control of our govern ment, however, during the adminis tration of Smith. The scalawags and carpet-baggers were driven out of the State, and the negroes turned out of office. The Ku Klux Klan helped a great deal in doing this. One of the notable changes in Co lumbus was the changing- of the names of the streets. At first they were named after men, but they have since been changed to numbers, as being-

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History of Columbus.

more convenient. Broad, Short, Dillingliam, Triangle and Railroad Streets were the only ones to retain their original names.
Only a few buildings were left standing after the war. Prominent among those were the "Palace Mills," which being owned by a Union man, no harm was done; also the "Empire Mills.'' Prominent among: those that were destroyed were the "Naval Works," Eagle Mills and Alabama Warehouse.
The Naval Works, which had manu factured guns, pistols and swords during the war, were rebuilt one year later and named the Columbus Iron Works. They are now next to the largest in Georgia. The Eagle Mills were rebuilt in 1867. The name Phoenix, which carries the meaning1, "risen from the ashes," was annexed

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to the other name, making1 the Eagle and Phenix Mills. The Alabama Warehouse was also rebuilt but the name was not changed.
Columbus was one of the first cities of the South to have a good system of public schools, and the Kindergar ten idea early took root here. It was also the first city to have a marble Y. M. C. A. This building was erect ed in 1903; Mr. George Poster Peabody and his brother gave most of the money for it, the cost being about $75,000.
On First Avenue and Tenth Street was erected the Court House; it is very large and occupies nearly half of a block. A few of the buildings that have been constructed in the last fifty years are the Muscogee Mills, Bibb Mills, Secondary Industrial School, Swift Mills, Golden's Foundry &

40

History of Columbus.

Machine Co., Hamburger Mills, Ber ry's Brick Works and Davis Wagon Co. We are at present busily en gaged in making a bridge across the Ohattahoochee, to be known as the "Dillingham Bridge."
It can now be easily seen that in a few years it will be even more diffi cult to write a history of Columbus, because if she keeps on growing at this rate no book will be large enough to hold all the facts.
Columbus has increased in popula tion and wealth every year since she was incorporated.
In 1850 the value of city property, taxable and non-taxable, was $1,640,825, and two years later this had been increased by several hundred thousand dollars.
The census of 1850 gives the num ber of free people living in Columbus

History of Columbus.

4!

at that time as 3,684, and the number of slaves as 2,258.
Fifty years later the population had increased to about 17,000. This did not include the suburbs, where many of the people lived-
In the last ten years the popula tion of Columbus increased some thing- over 3,000, making- a total of 20,554. Should the suburbs be added to the city, her population would be very near 40,000.
Not only did Columbus grow in population in these sixty years, but also accumulated much wealth, so that now she is one of the richest cities in Georgia.

CHAPTER VI.
SOMETHING ABOUT SOME OLD BUILDINGS.
OLD houses are like people. Whether they take their char acter from the character of their oc cupants, would be hard to say, but definite and distinct personalities they are, and more interesting1 the more they are studied. There are many varieties of them, just as there are of people. Some, like the Old Palace Mills, carry an air of prac ticality, of worldly-wiseness, due to their long1 experience of the ups and downs of this life. In their orig"inal state the Palace Mills measured 50x50 feet, and were four stories high, with a basement. There were some other building's at about the same

History of Columbus.

4$

time that rivaled this. The Cotton Gin of E. Taylor and Co., though only three stories high, instead of four and a basement, measured 100x48 feet. It had a capital "of $60,000, and employed fifty men. The Winter's Merchant Mill was eight stories high, and cost $30,000 How it must have scorned the small er establishments!
Others of the early manufacturing buildings, which helped to build up Columbus, were the Columbus Vari ety Works, which manufactured tubs, buckets, etc.; the Howard Manufac turing Co., with a capital of $85,000; the Coweta Palls Factory, capitalized at $80,000, and the Rock Island Paper Co., about two and one-half miles above the city.
Clapp's Factory, built in 1887, ceased its work at war time, but in

44

History of Columbus.

its deserted state was long- a loved resort of the people of Columbus, standing", as it did, about three miles above the city, in a most picturesque location. It was accidentally burned in 1910, but some traces of it may still be seen, and of the quaint "Deserted Village," where once the workers in the mill had their homes.
Two stores, on the northwest and southwest corners respectively, of Broad and Eleventh Streets, have been occupied by paying businesses for a half-century or more.
The Racine Hotel, at first the Per ry House, has been in use for about sixty-five years.
The Mott home on Front Sreet, facing the river, now used as an office building by the Muscogee Manufacturing Company, and the Hanserd Residence, now the Mus-

History of Columbus.

45

cogee Club, date back to very early times.
The Griffin home, which was built where the Sixteenth Street School now stands, was rolled back to the rear of the block to be fitted up as a Manual Training building1 for the Pub lic Schools. It is soon to be super seded, however, by a modern building.
The Female Orphanage, efforts to establish which were begun in 1844, was opened in 1846.
The Baptist church on the Church square between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets is among our older buildings.
Odd Fellows Hall was built in 1848. Among the residences which rep resent the very early period are: the old Nuckolls house in Linwood, with its tangle of rose bushes around its deserted fountain and the quaint carved mantels in the wide old rooms;

46

History of Columbus.

the Carter home, in Wynnton, about eighty years old; and in the same dis trict the Bates home, and the Cooper place; the latter built by Mr. Wynn. Near Wildwood Park is the old home of Augusta J. Evans. The Swift home on the corner of Twelfth Street and Third Avenue, is one of Columbus' best known building's. The Estes building between Fifteenth and Six teenth Streets, and the Brown buil ding, the de Launay place between Thirteenth and Fourteenth, on Third Avenue, and the Neill home across from Wildwood are very old. The Beach home on Twelfth Street and Fifth Avenue, is also very old.

CHAPTER VII.
THRILLING EPISODES AND DISASTERS IN THE LIFE OF THE CITY.
l^OLUMBUS has had its share of \3 disasters, and we include men tion of some of the more important. Most of the fires which have occurred have been indirectly of benefit to the city, since burned building's have al most without exception been replaced by better ones.
On March 11, 1841, the Chattahoochee began to rise rapidly. Falls and rapids disappeared. Trunks of trees were borne upon the current. A por tion of a bridge from higher up stream was soon seen descending1. It was caught by some citizens, and anchored to a tree. The next nigiit the river rose higher, and the bridge at Colum-

48

History of Columbus.

bus broke loose and floated eight miles below to Woolfoik's plantation. Col. Woolfolk and his workmen succeeded in saving- it. By July 20th, the bridge at Columbus had been rebuilt. This flood, which did much damage along the course of the river, is known as the "Harrison Freshet."
In 1838 the old Court House burned. The building itself was not of great value, but many valuable deeds and records were lost, which can never be replaced. The first large fire occurred in 1842. On October 9, 1864, two blocks were burned, including all the buildings between St. Clair and Crawford Streets, and Oglethorpe and Front Streets, except the Fontaine house. One of the largest fires Colum bus has witnessed was the burning of the Rankin House, one of the lead ing hotels, in 1880. The complete loss

History of Columbus.
which resulted was due largely to the fact that the weather was so cold that water froze in the hose, thus handicap ping" the firemen. This was followed in 1888 by the burning of the Favors & Martin Lumber Co. This was lo cated where the Masonic Temple is now. The fire gained great head way before it was discovered, and a heavy gale was blowing, which made the flames uncontrollable for some time.
Among the criminal disasters may be mentioned the lynching of the two negroes upon the city's main street, in the center of the business section. One of the prisoners was taken from the court room while on trial, and the other was secured from the jail after the mob had overpowered the jailer.
The second disaster of this kind was the murder of three policemen by

50

History of Columbus.

White and his son. They killed two of the policemen at a saloon, which stood where the Georgia Automobile Exchange now is, when they were trying1 to arrest old man White. The third policeman was killed when he made the second attempt to arrest them at their home on Sixteenth Street near the river. A party of cit izens was then formed, who bombarded the house, and after a hard fight gain ed an entrance. The older of the two criminals died a few minutes after being captured, of wounds received in the fight, and the son, although he succeeded in escaping from the house, was captured shortly, and after a speedy trial hanged in the yard of the county jail.
In 1896 a residence on Fifth Avenue caught fire. The wind was very Mg"h, and quickly spread the flames,

History of Columbus.

51

till nearly all the residences on the east side of Fifth Avenue, be tween Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, were blazing-. The wind scattered sparks and burning1 shingles over different parts of the city, and many building's caug-ht. The most import ant places that sustained damages were: The Girls' Higfh School, located where the Hig-h School is now, the Bag'ging Factory, on the site of the present Y. M. C. A., and the Bradley Warehouse, with its cotton.
The Columbus Iron Works burned in 1901. Low water pressure made it difficult to combat the fire. The flames jumped to the trestle of the Mobile & Girard Railroad, and de stroyed it, so that train service was interrupted for some days. The Web ster Warehouse and its contents also suffered.

52

History of Columbus.

On April 25th of the present year, a fire, starting- on almost the exact place where that of 1896 began, de stroyed forty-three houses on Fifth Avenue, Fourth Avenue, Twelfth and Thirteenth Streets, and, as before, the high wind scattered brands, until it was feared that the entire city would be burned.

CHAPTER VIII.
A REVERENCE FOR THE PAST.
JTT^HE Daughters* of the American 1 Revolution was organized to
protect and mark the historical spots, and to collect the events of the war and publish them, and to teach patriotism. The Columbus so ciety was founded December 11, 1891. There are three chapters at present: George Walton, Button Gwinnett and Oglethorpe. The Oglethorpe chapter has succeeded in get ting an impression of the Seal of Oglethorpe, the original Georgia Seal, which was carried to Augusta when the British captured Savannah du ring the Revolution. When they later captured Augusta the Seal was taken to England. It was put

64

History of Columbus.

in the British Museum. An exact copy is now in possession of the chapter. Mr. A. O. Blackmar ob tained it from the museum and his wife presented it to the chapter. Through the generosity of Miss A. C. Benning engraved plates have been made.
The original Seal of the Trustees of Georgia, was made of brass. On one side were two figures resting on urns pouring forth streams of water, these representing the rivers Savannah and Altamaha. Between these figures is seated the genius of the colony with a cap of liberty on her head, a spear in one hand and a cornu copia in the other, with the inscrip tion: Cofania Georgia, Aug. (Colony of Georgia, London). On the other side is a mulberry leaf with a silk worm and cocoon. On this is

History of Columbus.

55

the inscription: Non sibi sed aliis (Not for ourselves, but for others).
The society known as the United Daughters of the Confederacy was founded October 15, 1896. The ob ject is to perpetuate the memories and the records of the heroic deeds done during- the Civil War. The members of this society have written a book called "The Origin of Memo rial Day," from which we shall quote at some length. A monument has also been erected on Broad Street to the memory of the Confederate dead. A description of this is given elsewhere.
Perhaps the monuments which tothe individual citizen count most are those of which the public rarely knows. In many homes we find them, quaint old Bibles, dating back to the earliest days of settlement,

66

History of Columbus.

grandfather's sword, or father's old gray uniform, the ring- great-greatgrandmother wore when she stood up as a bride, or the hand-woven' cover lets she took to her new home. They all have their own stories, we could not tell them all. Perhaps we have no right to, so deeply personal they are, but we will mention one, the fact that the Crowells, out in Wynnton, keep the seal of grim old Oliver Cromwell, and trace back their ances try to that hero stern. Make your own history here, you of Columbus, and do, for a moment, justice to the men and women of your past.

- CHAPTER IX.
FAMOUS PERSONS OP COLUMBUS.
/"^OLUMBUS has more celebrities V5 than she is supposed to have, or given credit for. She has men famous in all the different lines, authors, politicians, scientists and others.
Take first some of the most well known officers in the Civil War. General Benning and Colonel Shep herd are both from Columbus, as well as Mr. J. M. Smith, who was promi nent during the Reconstruction Period as Governor of Georgia. Henry Lewis Benning was Justice of the State Supreme Court, and Colonel of the Seventeenth Georgia Regiment, in which he served with distinction until Lee's surrender.

58

History of Columbus.

Not so well known as these is one, Doctor Boykin, a naturalist.
Who has heard of Thomas Wiggins? Possibly no one can answer in the affirmative, but when one says "Blind Tom" almost any one in the United States could say he has read of him. Blind Tom was a native of Columbus. He was born about 1850. When he was one year old he crawled to his master's piano and began to play. While nature endowed him with a wonderful talent for music, she did not give him something" that most men possess. Blind Tom was sim ple minded, yet no one would have thought so while hearing him play.
History gives Morse the credit of inventing the electric telegraph, but tradition gives it to Doctor Stephen Miles Ingersoll, who, though born in

History of Columbus.

59

New York State, spent most of his life in Columbus, and was the first manufacturer to utilize the Chattahoochee for power. He received a college education, and afterwards be came interested in electricity. It is said that he invented the electric telegraph, but in a moment when too much wine had been used, he gave his secret away to Morse, who elabo rated the idea and was given the credit. To-day the world is alive with telegraph wires, but who thinks of Ingersoll as the inventor?
"Diddie, Dumps and Tot!" There are not many children in Columbus who read at all, who have not read this delightful little book. But they do not know that the author, Mrs. L. C. Pyrnelle, was a resident of their own town for a time as an elocution teacher.

60

History of Columbus.

''De Lara" or ''The Moorish Bride,'* written by Miss Caroline Lee Hentz, was published in 1843, and received a prize of five hundred dollars, given by a Philadelphian, for the best drama submitted to him. Miss Hentz, also, was a Columbus woman.
When one says "Augusta Evans Wilson," a number of books written by that Columbusite immediately are thought of. The best known of her novels is "St. Elmo" and there is a beautiful building- by that name in honor of the book in her home town.
Other writers from Columbus are Francis Fontaine, who wrote "The Exile," Mr. Absalom H. Chappell, author of "Miscellanies of Geor gia," and Col. R. M. Howard, whose "Reminiscences" are just out.
The best, for the last. That is why Francis Orray Ticknor is given

History of Columbus

61

this place. One critic says that he is "one of the truest and sweetest lyric poets that this country has yet produced." Ticknor spent a humble life among the hills. His life covered onl> fifty-two years, from 1822 to 1874. Part of that time he was an army surgeon, and his martial hymns were written during the Civil War. It is said that he wrote while on horse-back, going from one patient to another. Probably his most famous poem is "Little Giffen of Tennessee."
To his memory the class of 1912 has this spring erected a handsome marble tablet, which is placed in the main entrance hall of the High School.
Of course all the prominent men of the last twenty years cannot be mentioned, but among those who

62

History of Columbus.

stand out most strongly are, Pea-

body, Straus and Spencer.

Oscar S. Straus spent most of his

boyhood in Columbus. He was ap

pointed United States Minister to

q

Turkey 1887-89, and Secretary of

II

Commerce and Labor in Roosevelt's

Cabinet, besides holding other promi

nent offices.

George Foster Peabody, the great

financier and philanthropist, also had

his home in Columbus.

Samuel Spencer, born in Columbus,

started as an engineer, and by perse

verance, worked his way to the top

of the business, and became the part

ner of J. P. Morgan, and president

of the Southern Railway.

Certainly, there are more promi

nent men from our city, but would

not those mentioned alone be enough

to make Columbus feel very proud?

CHAPTER X.
THE LIFE OF GOVERNOR SMITH.
W E have decided to give the whole life of one of the fa mous persons of Columbus, and in do ing so we have selected one whom we think is not so well known as he de serves to be.
Ex-Governor James Milton Smith, one of the most famous men that ever resided in Columbus, was born in Twiggfs County, October 24,1823. Mr. Smith was educated at Culloden Academy, in Monroe County. After leaving this college he commenced to learn the trade of a blacksmith. He abandoned this however, and took up law, and .in 1846 he was admitted to the bar. For some time Mr. Smith practiced at Columbus, where he won

64

History of Columbus.

a very high standing". He was a can didate for Congress as an independent state rights Democrat, in 1855, but was defeated.
At the beginning of the Civil War Mr. Smith entered the Confederate army. He served in the Virginia campaigns as Lieutenant-Colonel, and was severely wounded at Cold Harbor.
In the fall of 1863 Mr. Smith was elected a member of the Confederate Congress, in which body he served until its dissolution. After peace was restored he resumed his practice at Columbus, and was one of the attor neys in the famous Ashburn murder case. In 1870 he was elected to the Legislature where he became Speaker of the House.
We know very little about Mr. Smith's married life. He married Miss Hettie Brown, and after her death he

History of Columbus.

65

married Mrs. Florida Abercrombie Wellborn, in 1881, the mother of Messrs. S. M. and A. A. Wellborn.
Mr. Smith was the first governor of the State to be elected by the peo ple after the Reconstruction Period. He. was inaugurated governor, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Bullock, on January 12, 1872, and in October of the same year he was elected for a full term. He was de feated for U. S. Senator in 1877, and was appointed a member of the first Railroad Commission by Governor Colquitt. He served as president of that commission from 1879 to 1885. In 1888 Mr. Smith was made Judge of the Superior Court. He held this office until his death at Columbus on November 20,1890.

CHAPTER XI.
THE ORIGIN OP MEMORIAL DAY.
history of Memorial Day has JL become a prominent feature in the history of the South. In 1866, Mrs. Jane Martin was visiting Co lumbus. One afternoon Miss Lizzie Rutherford, who was a Columbus lady, asked Mrs. Martin to go with her to the cemetery, which is now called Linwood cemetery, to join some other friends in looking" after the sol diers' graves. These soldiers had died while in the Columbus hospitals and had been buried under the direction of a society of ladies called the Aid Society. This society was organized for the help of the wounded soldiers. Miss Rutherford remarked that she had been reading a very interesting

History of Columbus.

67

book called "Initials" which de scribed the custom of the Roman Catholics in decorating the graves of their dead on All Saints Day.
She told Mrs. Martin that she thought it was a beautiful idea to set a special day apart for decorating the heroes' graves.
Mrs. Martin suggested that Miss Rutherford speak to Mrs. John A. Jones, another member of the Aid Society. Miss Rutherford did this and Mrs. Jones, suggested that she speak to Mrs. Robert Carter, who was President of the Aid Society.
A meeting was held soon after this at Mrs. John Tyler's home, which still stands on the corner of Fourth Avenue and Fourteenth Streeet in this city. Notwithstanding the fact that Miss Rutherford was absent from this meeting, her resolutions

68

History of Columbus.

were given by one of her friends and the suggestion was adopted.
No special day was decided upon at the meeting1, but after Miss Ruther ford's return to Columbus, when she and other members of the society were working1 at the cemetery and discussing- the best day, Miss Ruther ford suggested April the 26th, and this was the day that was adopted.
The ladies of the Aid Society were present and they, with other mem bers, constituted the first Memorial Association of Columbus.
"We hope," say the U. D. C's, in their valuable little book on this sub ject, "that the Daug-hters of the Con federacy will teach the younger set of the South, not only to reverence the memory of our dead heroes, but we beg" of the women of Columbus to engrave in the hearts of their children,

History of Columbus.

69

reverence for the soldiers and for the noble women of Columbus and for the Memorial Association who were the first in the United States to inaug urate this beautiful custom."

CHAPTER XII.
HISTORIC SPOTS MARKED AND UNMARKED.
GOLUMBUS is not rich in historic spots, yet there are several which deserve mention. Among the most important of these is Torch Hill, not far from the city. There "Little Giffen" was nursed back to life by Dr. Francis Orray Ticknor, a noted poet of Columbus, who after wards wrote "Little Giffen of Ten nessee," portraying the brave spirit of that boy, for whom he had cared during- the war.
Then there is the spot where Og~lethorpe crossed the Chattahoochee, on his way to attend a meeting- with the Oreek Indians at Coweta Palls. The Oglethorpe Chapter of the Daughters
til.

History of Columbus.

71

of the American Revolution have marked, with a suitable stone and in scription, the exact spot from which he embarked on the Georgia side, at Columbus.
On what is now lower Broad Street stands a beautiful marble monument. On its north side it bears the seal of the State, also the seal of the Con federate States of America, around the margin being- the words, "The Confederate States of America, 22nd Feb., 1862, Deo vindice," and be low this the inscription, "Our Confed erate Dead." On the south side are the following' words: "Their glory shall not be forg-otten. Erected by the ladies of the Memorial Association, May, 1879. To honor the Confed erate soldiers, who died to repel un constitutional invasion, to protect the rights reserved to the people, and

72

History of Columbus.

to perpetuate forever the sovereignty of the States." On the west side is "Honor to the brave," and this in scription:
"Gather the sacred dust, Of the warriors tried and true, Who bore the flag of our nations trust, And fell in the cause, tho lost, still Just, And died for me and you."
On the east side are the words, "No truth is lost for which the true are weeping, nor dead for which they died."
The cannon known as "Red Jack et" was presented to the Columbus Guards by Lieutenant W. G. Clemmon, in 1861. It was captured by Gen. Wilson when he raided the town. In 1865 it was recovered, and was restored to the Columbus Guards, April 28, 1884 by James W. Godfrey, of N. Y., George Whiteside, of Columbus, and D. M. Hunger, of

History of Columbus.

7-S

N. Y It is now in the armory, and is a valued souvenir of the war-time.
At the intersection of 29th Street and Hamilton Avenue are two large cannons, taken from the Confederate gun-boat, "Chattahoocbee." The Jor dan Company have placed on each a handsome bronze tablet, bearing this inscription,
"1861--1865. Confederate Naval Gun, made in Selma, Ala., mounted on gun boat 'Chattahoochee,' which was built in Columbus, Ga., and destroyed by Federal forces under Gen. J. B. Wilson, April 16,1865. The gun was recovered from the Chattahoochee river in 1910, placed in custody of G. Gunby Jordan, by the United States War Department, and mounted, October 13, 1910, in Waverly Ter race."

74

History of Columbus.

A few miles from the city, on the

Glade road, and near Wildwood

Park, are some breast-works, thrown

up by the Confederate forces to pro

tect themselves against the Yankees.

Then on North Highlands, during' the

Spanish-American War, the American

troops on their way to Cuba camped

for a while.

A very important, yet unmarked,

historical spot is the land near the

Fourteenth Street Bridge. Here the

last battle of the Civil War is claimed

to have taken place. This spot

should be left no longer without

some suitable mark and inscription.

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