Confederate military history : a library of Confederate States history ; vol. VI / written by distinguished men of the South, and edited by Gen. Clement A. Evans of Georgia

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY
A LIBRARY OF CONFEDERATE STATES HISTORY, IN TWELVE VOLUMES, WRITTEN BY DISTIN GUISHED MEN OF THE SOUTH, AND EDITED BY GEN. CLEMENT A. E*VANS OF GEORGIA.
VOL. VL
Atlanta, Ga.
Confederate Publishing- Company J899
or
GEORGIA

*
COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY CONFEDERATE PUBLISHING COMPANY.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
CHAPTER I. The Legislature of 1860--Convention Provided For--Occupation of Fort Pulaski--The Secession Conven tion--Seizure of the Augusta Arsenal and Oglethorpe Bar racks ..................................................... 3
CHAPTER II. Organization and Other Events in the State, from Spring until Close of 1861--Early Record of Georgians Outside the State, Previous to Manassas--Coast Operations in Georgia in 1861 (including Port Royal)................. 18
CHAPTER III. Georgia Troops in Virginia--Laurel Hill, Carrick's Ford and First Manassas--Death of Bartow-- Cheat Mountain, Greenbrier River and Camp Alleghany-- Georgians in North Carolina--Events at Pensacola......... 64
CHAPTER IV. Events of 1862--Naval Operations Below Sa vannah--Organization for Defense--Lee Succeeded by Pemberton--The State Troops--Fall of Fort Pulaski--Hunter's Orders--Skirmish on Whitemarsh Island.................. 82
CHAPTER V. Battle of Shiloh--Andrews' Raid--The Third Infantry at South Mills--The Conscript Act and State Troops--Georgians under Bragg and Kirby Smith--Naval Affairs--Depredations in the Coast Region--War Legisla tion--Chickasaw Bayou and Murfreesboro................. 94
CHAPTER VI. Sketches of Georgia Commands.............. 112 CHAPTER VII. Georgia Troops in Virginia in 1862--Yorktown
--Seven Pines--The Valley Campaign--Seven Days' Battles 159 CHAPTER VIII. Cedar (Slaughter's) Mountain, Second
Manassas, South Mountain, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg........................................... 177 CHAPTER IX. Georgia in 1863--Fort McAllister--Destruction of the Nashville--Organization on the Coast in March--The Defenses of Savannah--Loss of the Atlanta--Streight's Raid and Capture--Distress in the State................... 201 CHAPTER X. The Battle of Chancellorsville................ 212
CHAPTER XI. Battle of Champion's Hill--Siege of Vicksburg --The Gettysburg Campaign.............................. 220
CHAPTER XII. The Coast of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, July to December, 1863........................... 236
CHAPTER XIII. The Chickamauga Campaign--Rosecrans' Advance in Northwest Georgia--Bragg Evacuates Chatta nooga--The Maneuvers in the Mountains--The Two Days' Battle on Chickamauga Creek--Rosecrans Defeated and Penned in at Chattanooga................................ 241
CHAPTER XIV. The Knoxville Campaign--Battle of Mis sionary Ridge--Battle of Ringgold Gap--Retreat to Dalton --Gen. J. E. Johnston Given Command--Close of 1863..... 264
v
UtMLRAL
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PAGE.
CHAPTER XV. The Campaigns of 1864--Battle of Olustee-- Operations near Savannah--The Wilderness to Cold Harbor --Georgia Troops Engaged--Early's Valley Campaign..... 283
CHAPTER XVI. The Atlanta Campaign--February Fighting near Dalton--Organization of Johnston's Army--Campaign from Dalton to the Chattahoochee--Resaca, New Hope Church and Kenesaw Mountain--Battles about Atlanta-- Wheeler's Raid--Jonesboro and the Evacuation............ 296
CHAPTER XVII. The Fate of Atlanta--Hood's Advance in North Georgia--Attack on Allatoona--Sherman's March to the Sea--Fall of Fort McAllister--Evacuation of Savannah? --Georgians in the Nashville Campaign....................^ 353
CHAPTER XVIII. Final Campaign in Virginia--Georgia Commands at Appomattox--Campaign of the Carolinas-- Wilson's Raid............................................ 376
BIOGRAPHICAL,...,,....,,....,.,.,,.. ,...,..,.........., 387

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FACING PAGE.
ALEXANDER, E. PORTER. ...................................... 428 ANDERSON, GEORGE T......................................... 396 ANDERSON, ROBERT H........................................ 396 ATLANTA, GA. (Map) ........................................ 333 BARTOW, FRANCIS S.......................................... 396 BENNING, HENRY L........................................... 428 BOGGS, WILLIAM R............................................ 396 BROWNE, WILLIAM M.......................................... 416 BRYAN, GOODE. ............................................... 396 CHICKAMAUGA, BATTLE OF (Map)............................... 248 CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN (Map) .......... Between pages 260 and 261 COBB, HOWELL... ............................................. 428 COBB, THOMAS R. R.......................................... 428 COLQUITT, ALFRED H......................................... 428 COOK, PHILIP. ................................................ 396 CREWS, CHARLES C............................................ 416 GUMMING, ALFRED ............................................ 396 DALTON TO JONESBORO, ATLANTA CAMPAIGN (Map).............. 296 DERRY, JOSEPH T............................................ i DOLES, GEORGE. .............................................. 396 DuBosE, DUDLEY M........................................... 428 EVANS, CLEMENT A............................................ 416 GARDNER, WILLIAM M......................................... 396 GARTRELL, Lucius J.......................................... 428 GEORGIA (Map)......................... Between pages 386 and 387 GIRARDEY, VICTOR J. B........................................ 396 HARRISON, GEORGE P.......................................... 416 IVERSON, ALFRED ............................................. 428 JACKSON, HENRY R........................................... 416 JACKSON, JOHN K............................................. 416 LAWTON, ALEXANDER R....................................... 428 McL/Aws, LAFAYETTE. ........................................ 416 MERCER, HUGH W............................................ 444 ST. JOHN, ISAAC M............................................ 444 SAVANNAH, GA. (Map)..................Between pages 368 and 369 SEMMES, PAUL J.............................................. 444 SIMMS, JAMES P............................................... 416 SMITH, WILLIAM D...,........................................ 444 SORREL, G. MOXLEY. .......................................... 416 STOVALL, MARCELLUS A........................................ 444 THOMAS, BRYAN M............................................ 428 THOMAS, EDWARD L.......................................... 416 TWIGGS, DAVID E............................................ 444 WALKER, WILLIAM H. T...................................... 444 WAYNE, HARRY C,............................................ 444 WILLIS, EDWARD. ............................................. 444 WILSON, CLAUDIUS C.......................................... 444 WOFFORD, WILLIAM T......................................... 444 WRIGHT, AMBROSE R.......................................... 444 YOUNG, PIERCE M. B.......................................... 416
VII

GEORGIA
BY
JOSEPH T. DERRY, A. M.
Author of School History of the United States; Story of the Confederate War, etc.

CHAPTER I.
THE LEGISLATURE OF 1860--CONVENTION PROVIDED FOR--OCCUPATION OF FORT PULASKI--THE SECES SION CONVENTION -- SEIZURE OF THE AUGUSTA ARSENAL AND OGLETHORPE BARRACKS.
k UICKLY following the day of the national elec tion of 1860, the returns made it evident to all that Abraham Lincoln would be the next presi
dent of the United States. The Republican party, whose candidate he was, had originated in 1856 as a strictly sec tional party, and among other hurtful policies had made war on the slave property of the South. Now that it had become strong enough to elect a President by the vote of Northern States alone, its success aroused the fears, as well as the indignation, of the Southern people. In many of the counties of Georgia public meetings were held and resolutions were adopted urging the legislature, about to meet, to provide for the defense of the State against the aggression to be feared from the sectional party that, after the 4th of March, 1861, would hold the reins of government.
The legislature met early in November, 1860. Influ enced by apprehension of impending peril, Gov. Joseph E. Brown recommended that it should authorize com mercial reprisal to meet the nullification by Northern States of the national fugitive slave law; the calling of a convention of the people, and the appropriation of $1,000,000 for defense. A convention of military com panies, presided over by John W. Anderson, assembled at Milledgeville, November 10, 1860, and adopted a reso lution to the effect that, "Georgia can no longer remain in the Union consistently with her safety and best inter-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

est." This convention of soldiers also favored the appro priation of $1,000,000 for military purposes recommended by the governor, and supported their action by the tender of their services. The legislature also promptly re sponded to the governor's recommendations by cre ating the office of adjutant-general of the State, to which position Henry C. Wayne was appointed; authorizing the acceptance of 10,000 troops by the governor, and the purchase of 1,000 Maynard rifles and carbines for coast defense; appropriating the great sum recommended for military purposes, and providing for an election on the first Wednesday of January, 1861, of delegates to a con vention which should determine the course of the State in the emergency. The call for this convention was pref aced by the words: "Whereas, The present crisis in our national affairs, in the judgment of the general assembly, demands resistance; and Whereas, It is the privilege and right of the sovereign people to determine upon the mode, measure and time of such resistance.''
Notwithstanding these warlike preparations, there was in many sections of the State a strong sentiment against disunion. The vote for presidential candidates in Georgia is a fair criterion of the sentiment in the State prior to the election of Mr. Lincoln. There were three elec toral tickets: One for Breckinridge and Lane, one for Bell and Everett, one for Douglas and Johnson, but none for Lincoln and Hamlin. The vote stood as follows: Breckinridge and Lane, 51,893; Bell and Everett, 42,855; Douglas and Johnson, 11,580. As the Breckinridge ticket was favored by the most pronounced Southern rights men, the vote in Georgia showed a small majority against immediate secession by separate State action. But the election of Mr. Lincoln by a purely sectional vote set the current toward secession, causing the tide of disunion sentiment to rise with steadily increasing vol ume, and strengthening the views and fears of those who could see relief only by withdrawing from a union which

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

5

had fallen tinder the control of a party favoring a. policy so antagonistic to the rights and interests of the South. Yet even at this stage there was a small minority who resolutely strove to stem the swelling tide. A speech was made by Alexander H. Stephens before the legisla ture, firmly opposing immediate disunion; while, on the other hand, Howell Cobb, in a letter apparently invin cible in logic, demanded immediate secession. Herschel V. Johnson and Benjamin H. Hill stood by Stephens.
The momentous news that the convention of South Carolina had adopted an ordinance of secession from the United States, telegraphed to the important cities and towns of Georgia on the afternoon of December 20, 1860, added impetus to the universal excitement, and to the enthusiasm of those who favored immediate secession. Popular approval of this decisive step was manifested in all the large cities and towns by the firing of cannon, the ringing of bells, and bonfires. The volunteer companies of the State that had been organized under acts of the legislature began to offer their services to the governor, and many new companies were formed even in Decem ber, 1860.
As the convention was to meet January 16, 1861, all acts savoring of State independence would normally have been postponed until after the result of its deliber ations should be announced. But in the latter part of December the fears of the people of Georgia were aroused by the action of the United States garrison of Port Moultrie in abandoning that exposed position and taking possession of Fort Sumter, where, isolated from land approach and nearer the open sea, reinforcements and provisions might be expected and resistance made to the demand of the State for the relinquishment of its territory. On the Georgia coast there were two United States forts, Jackson and Pulaski, near Savannah. One of these, Fort Pulaski, was situated (similarly to Sumter) at the mouth of the Savannah river, on Tybee Roads.

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It could be supplied with troops and munitions from the sea with little risk, and once properly manned and equipped would, in the judgment of military experts, be practically impregnable. A few months later the chief engineer of the United States army expressed the opinion that "the work could not be reduced in a month's firing with any number of manageable calibers." The fort was of brick, with five faces, casemated on all sides, and surrounded by a ditch filled with water. The massive walls, seven and a half feet thick, rose twenty-five feet above high water, mounting one tier of guns in casemates and one in barbette. The gorge face was covered by a demi-lune of good relief, arranged for one tier of guns in barbette, and was also provided with a ditch. The marshy formation, Cockspur island, on which Pulaski stood, was surrounded by broad channels of deep water, and the only near approach to it, on ground of tolerable firmness, was along a narrow strip of shifting sand on
Tybee island.
The people of Savannah, familiar with the situation, thought they were menaced by a danger as great as that of Sumter to Charleston; that even a few days' delay might permit this isolated fort to be made effective in closing the main seaport of Georgia, and that once strongly manned, it would be impossible to reduce it with ordnance such as could soon be obtained by the State. Capt. William H. C. Whiting, of the United States army engineers, who had an office in Savannah at that time, was absent at Fort Clinch, on the St. Mary's, and Ord nance-Sergeant Walker with a fort keeper was in charge at the works; only twenty guns were in the fort and the supply of ammunition was meager. Governor Brown, being advised of the situation at Savannah, and of the probability that Pulaski and Jackson would be seized by the people, visited the city, and after consultation with the citizens took the appropriate step of ordering an imme diate occupation. The earnest spirit of the citizens of

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1

Savannah was manifested on the night of January ist,
by a number of persons dressed in citizens' clothes but
armed with muskets and revolvers, who boarded the
revenue cutter J. C. Dobbin and announced that they
had come in force, largely outnumbering the crew, to take the vessel in the name of Georgia. The commander
surrendered promptly and the Palmetto flag was raised
and saluted. The leader in this affair was C. A. Greiner,
who went north later, and was arrested at Philadelphia,
April 29th, on the charge of having committed treason in this act and in participating in the seizure of Fort
Pulaski.
On January 2, 1861, as commander-in-chief of the
Georgia militia, Governor Brown issued an order to Col.
A. R. Lawton, commanding the First volunteer regiment
of Georgia, at Savannah, which opens with these words,
deserving quotation as ably stating the reasons and justi
fication for the occupation of Fort Pulaski:
Sir: In view of the fact that the government at Wash ington has, as we are informed upon high authority, decided on the policy of coercing a seceded State back into the Union, and it is believed now has a movement on foot to reinforce Fort Sumter at Charleston, and to occupy with Federal troops the Southern forts, including Fort Pulaski in this State, which, if done, would give the Federal government in any contest great advantage over the people of this State; to the end, therefore, that this stronghold, which commands also the entrance into Geor gia, may not be occupied by any hostile force until the convention of the State of Georgia, which is to meet on the 16th inst, has decided on the policy which Georgia will adopt in this emergency, you are ordered to take possession of Fort Pulaski as by public order herewith, and to hold it against all persons, to be abandoned only under orders from me or under compulsion by an over whelming hostile force.
There was an enthusiastic rivalry among the militia
companies at Savannah for the honor of this service.
Colonel Lawton selected details from the Chatham artil-

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lery, under Capt. Joseph S. Cleghorn, an officer who was
also charged by the governor with all matters relating to ordnance; from the Savannah Guards, Capt. John
Screven, and from the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, Capt. Francis S. Bartow, whose brilliant eloquence had been
devoted to the cause of separation. This force, number
ing 134 men, was carried by boat to Cockspur island on
the morning of the 3d, and the occupation was effected
without resistance from the few men in the works, who were allowed to continue in their quarters without
duress. The militia under Colonel Lawton immediately
hoisted a State flag--a red lone star on a white ground-- which they greeted with a salute, and then set to work
putting the fort in order, mounting the guns, and pre paring ammunition. The Savannah ladies furnished the
cartridge bags, as well as dainty additions to the rations
of the soldiers, in which acceptable service they took
pride.
On January 6th Captain Whiting, a North Carolinian
who afterward held the rank of major-general in the
Confederate States service, having been notified of the
movement of the State troops, returned to Savannah,
and on the next day reported to his chief, General Tot-
ten, at Washington:
This morning I proceeded to Fort Pulaski, which I found occupied by Georgia troops, commanded by Col onel Lawton. I was received with great civility, and informed by him that he held possession of all the gov ernment property for the present, by order of the gover nor of the State, and intended to preserve it from loss or damage. He requested a return of the public property, both ordnance and engineer, which I have given as exist ing January ist. . . . I have directed Ordnance-Sergeant Walker to report at Oglethorpe barracks until further orders. The fort keeper I have discharged. ... It is necessary to inform you that the telegraph is in the hands of the State authorities, and no message of a military or political character is allowed to be sent or delivered except by permission of the governor. ... As to the Savannah

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

9

river improvement, no interference with the property belonging to the appropriation has been attempted, nor is any at present anticipated. I have therefore directed the discharge of all employes except a watchman. Fort Jackson remains as heretofore.
This occupation of Fort Pulaski was celebrated with
great fervor by the people of Savannah, and public meet ings held at various other places expressed a warm approval. The State convention, meeting two weeks later, by resolution sustained the governor in his "ener getic and patriotic conduct,'' and requested him to retain possession of the fort until the relations of Georgia and the Federal government should be determined. Having telegraphed advices of what he had done to the governors of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, Gover nor Brown soon had the satisfaction of receiving the endorsement of similar action on their part.
On the day following the occupation of Fort Pulaski, the officers of the volunteer companies of Macon, Capts.
R. A. Smith, E. Fitzgerald, T. M. Parker, L. M. Lamar, E. Smith and Lieut. W. H. Ross, telegraphed the gov
ernor, asking if he would "sanction the movement of Georgia volunteers going to the aid of South Carolina;" but this generous impulse was very properly checked, pending the action of the State convention.
By act of the legislature, a sovereign convention had been summoned to meet at Milledgeville on January 6, 1861, to decide upon the action to be taken by the State of Georgia. Among the delegates were some of the ablest men that Georgia has produced. Immediate seces sion was advocated by Thomas R. R. Cobb, Francis S. Bartow and Robert Toombs, while Alexander H. Ste phens, Benjamin H. Hill and Herschel V. Johnson used all their influence for delay until there could be a con gress of the Southern States to take united action. But all parties pledged Georgia to resist any effort at coer cion of a sovereign State. On the igth of January, 1861,
Ga 2

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the ordinance of secession was adopted, and the presi dent of the convention, ex-Gov. George W. Crawford, briefly and impressively announced that the State of Georgia was now free, sovereign and independent. As soon as the result was announced to the great throng assembled outside, the people applauded, the cannon thundered a salute, and that night Milledgeville was bril liantly illuminated. Similar demonstrations occurred in all the large towns and cities of the State.
Having resumed its original position as a sovereign,
independent republic, Georgia began preparing for the maintenance of independence by force of arms. The presence of troops of the United States within the State's borders became inadmissible because they were a menace
to its freedom. The United States property within the
State was a question for settlement between the govern
ments, but soldiers in arms, subject to the orders of the United States, must be withdrawn.
The arsenal, situated near Augusta, consisting of a group of buildings on the summits of salubrious sand hills, contained a battery of artillery, 20,000 stand of muskets, and a large quantity of munitions, guarded by a company of United States troops under command of Capt. Arnold Elzey, of Maryland. The occupation of this arsenal was necessary. The sentiment favoring the seizure was increased by the arrival, on January loth, of an ordnance detachment, which had been ordered by Col. H. K. Craig, chief of ordnance at Washington, to report at that place after it had been ejected from the Charles ton arsenal by the State authorities of South Carolina. Captain Elzey, in his report to Washington of the trans fer, said:
This movement on the part of Colonel Craig I believe to be wholly unauthorized by the war department. It was injudicious and impolitic, added much to the excite ment in Augusta, and was very nigh producing serious difficulties in this quarter, the people believing it to be

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

11

a reinforcement to my command. I had no previous knowledge of it whatever.
On January 23d, Governor Brown, accompanied by his
aide-de-camp, Hon. Henry R. Jackson, who had experi
enced military life as a colonel of a Georgia regiment in
Mexico, and Col. William Phillips, visited Captain Elzey
and made a verbal request that he withdraw his com
mand from the State. Upon that officer's refusal, Col.
Alfred Gumming, commanding the Augusta battalion of
militia, was ordered to put his force in readiness for
action to support the governor's demand.
An official report succinctly describing an event of
great importance at that period of the State's history,
was made by Captain Elzey to Col. Samuel Cooper,
adjutant-general of the United States army, but soon to
be the adjutant-general of the Confederacy:
Sir: In compliance with your letter of this date, I have the honor to submit the following complete report of the surrender of the United States arsenal at Augusta, Ga.:
On the morning of the 23d of January I received from the governor of Georgia, then in Augusta, backed by a superior force of State troops numbering some 600 or 700, a verbal demand of the arsenal, which I refused. Shortly after came through his aide-de-camp a written demand in the following terms, the substance of which was telegraphed by me to the war department, to wit:
Sir: I am instructed by his excellency Governor Brown to say to you that, Georgia haying seceded from the United States of America and resumed exclusive sovereignty over her soil, it has become his duty to require you to withdraw the troops under your com mand, at the earliest practicable moment, from the limits of the State. He proposes to take possession of the arsenal, and to receipt for all public property under your charge, which will be accounted for on adjustment between the State of Georgia and the United States of America. He begs to refer you to the fact that the reten tion of your troops upon the soil of Georgia after remonstrance, is under the laws of nations an act of hostility, and he claims that the State is not only at peace but anxious to cultivate the most amicable relations with the United States government. I am further instructed to say that an answer will be expected by to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, HENRY R. JACKSON, Aide-de-Camp, etc.

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About i o'clock on the night of the 23d of January, I received from the war department the following reply to my telegram:

Capt. Arnold Elzey, Second Artillery, Commanding Augusta Arse

nal, Georgia:

The governor of Georgia has assumed against your post and

the United States an attitude of war. His summons is harsh

and peremptory. It is not expected that your defense shall be des

perate. If forced to surrender by violence or starvation, you will

Stipulate for honorable terms and a free passage by water with your

company to New York.

J. HOLT, Secretary of War.

To have resisted such a force, then ready to attack me, with my knowledge of large reinforcements at Savannah and Atlanta ready to come up by rail at a moment's warning, would have been desperation in my weak posi tion. I therefore directed my adjutant to address and convey the following note in reply to the governor's
demand:

Headquarters Augusta Arsenal, January 24, 1861. Col. H. R. Jackson, Aide-de-Camp:
Sir: I have the honor to inform you that I am directed by Captain Elzey, commanding this post, to say, in reply to the demands of the governor of Georgia, made through you yesterday, requesting him to withdraw his command beyond the limits of the State, he begs to request an interview with his excellency the governor, for the pur pose of negotiating honorable terms of surrender at as early an hour this morning as practicable.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. P. JONES, Lieutenant Second Artillery, Post Adjutant.

About 10 o'clock of the same morning the governor, accompanied by his staff and Brigadier-General Harris, commanding the troops, rode up to my quarters, and were received by me, when the following honorable
terms were agreed upon and executed:

"His excellency the governor of Georgia, having demanded the United States arsenal at Augusta, com manded by Capt. Arnold Elzey, Second artillery, United States army, the following terms are agreed upon, to wit:
"(i) The flag to be saluted and lowered by the United States troops. (2) The company to be marched out with military honors and to retain its arms and company property. (3) The officers and soldiers to occupy quar ters until removed beyond the limits of the State, and to have the use of the post transportation to and from the city and in the neighborhood, and the privilege of obtain-

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13

ing supplies from the city. (4) The public property to be receipted for by the State authorities, and accounted for upon adjustment between the State of Georgia and the United States of America. (5) The troops to have unobstructed passage through and out of the State by water, to New York, via Savannah.
JOSEPH E. BROWN, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the
State of Georgia. ARNOLD ELZEY, Captain Second Artillery, Commanding Augusta Arsenal.
On January 23d, when Captain Elzey's answer remained
in doubt, some 800 volunteers of the city were put under
arms, and others came in from the country. The Augusta
volunteers engaged in the capture of the arsenal con
sisted of the following companies: Oglethorpe Infantry, Clinch Rifles, Irish Volunteers, Montgomery Guards, two companies of minute men (one of which became the Walker Light Infantry), Washington Artillery and Rich mond Hussars. The ranks of these companies had been swelled by young men eager to serve their country, until they averaged 100 men each. They were splendidly equipped and thoroughly drilled. In addition to these there were about 200 mounted men from Burke county and a company of infantry from Edgefield district, South Carolina. Brigadier-General Harris was in chief com mand, aided by Brig. -Gen. Charles J. Williams, of Colum bus ; and Lieut. -Col. Alfred Gumming was in immediate command of the armed force, consisting of the Augusta battalion. Companies A and B of the minute men, and the militia. No hostile demonstration was to be made until the 24th, and it was then happily obviated by the reason
able action of Captain Elzey. In the conference which fixed the terms of the withdrawal, the governor was accompanied by Generals Williams and Harris, Col. W, H. T. Walker, and his aides, Colonels Jackson and Phil lips, all of whom joined the governor in assurances of their esteem of Captain Elzey, and a desire that the

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unhappy difficulties which had arisen might be adjusted without hostilities. Walker, a comrade of Elzey in the Federal service, seized the latter's hand and assured him that he had done all that could be required of a brave man. Elzey, overcome by the situation that presaged the break ing up of the old army, and the deadly conflict of former friends, could only reply by silently throwing his arm around his comrade, while tears filled the eyes of those who witnessed the scene. Walker began here an hon orable career in the Confederate cause, became a;majorgeneral, was distinguished for his reckless daring, and finally gave his life in the great battle on the hills of Atlanta. Elzey also entered the Confederate service as soon as circumstances permitted, and was one of the most distinguished representatives of Maryland in the army of Northern Virginia. His cool and intrepid action on the field of First Manassas won for him the rank of brig adier-general and the title of "the Blucher of the day" from the lips of President Davis. Under Jackson he achieved additional renown and was promoted majorgeneral, but wounds received before Richmond in 1862 deprived the cause of his further active service in the field.
After a salute of thirty-three guns the stars and stripes fluttered down the garrison staff, and none of the officers observed this with exultation, but rather with sorrow that it must be. Colonel Jackson offered this toast, as they gathered before parting: "The flag of stars and stripes-- may it never be disgraced, while it floats over a true Southern patriot." A few hours later General Harris, with twelve men of the Washington artillery and a squad of the Oglethorpe Infantry, took possession of the arsenal and raised the lone-star flag of Georgia. Salutes were fired, one gun for the sovereignty of Georgia, five for the States already seceded, and fifteen for the prospective sisterhood of the South. By this timely act of the State authorities, 22,000 small-arms, 2 howitzers, 2 cannon, and much ammunition came into their possession.

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15

A day or two later, Col. A. R. Lawton, in command at Savannah, under instructions from the governor
demanded possession of the Oglethorpe barracks, through Lieut. W. S. Bassinger. Ordnance-Sergeant Burt, in
charge in the absence of Captain Whiting, "refused to
recognize Colonel Lawton's authority, or to allow Lieu
tenant Bassinger to interfere with the barracks or public
property,'' but had no force to sustain his action, and on
the 26th, Bassinger, with the assistance of the city police, fastened up the public store-room and took possession of
the barracks. Sergeant Burt consistently maintained his
position by refusing to have any official communication
with Lieutenant Bassinger. Upon Captain Whiting's return, January 2 8th, Colonel Lawton addressed him the following letter:
Sir: I am instructed by the governor and comtnanderin-chief of the State of Georgia to take possession of Oglethorpe barracks, in the name of the State of Georgia, and in your absence from this city possession has been taken. The occupants will not be disturbed at present, and you will please consider yourself at liberty to occupy, with your employes, such apartments as are necessary for your convenience while you are closing up your busi ness here. The steamer Ida and appurtenances have also been taken possession of under the same authority. This, I believe, includes all the property held by you in the State of Georgia, as military engineer of the United States, but does not include any lighthouse property. You have already been notified, informally, that Forts Pulaski and Jackson had been occupied by the troops of the State of Georgia under my command.
Another famous incident of this first month of 1861
was the seizure at New York, probably on the orders
of the governor of that State, of thirty-eight boxes of
muskets, purchased by the firm of D. C. Hodgkins &
Sons, Macon, for shipment by the steamer Monticello to-
Savannah. After a sharp remonstrance, which wa&
unheeded, Governor Brown directed Colonel Lawton to
order out sufficient military force and seize and hold,

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subject to his order, every ship then in the harbor of Savannah, belonging to citizens of New York. "When the property of which our citizens have been robbed is returned to them," wrote the governor, "then the ships will be delivered to the citizens of New York who own them.'' Under this order Colonel Lawton, February 8th, put detachments of the Phoenix Riflemen, under com mand of Capt. George Gordon, in charge of five merchant vessels. Three days later the guns were ordered released, but delay in forwarding led to the governor's directing a renewal of reprisals. Three more vessels were taken in hand by Colonel Lawton, two of which were advertised for sale, when information was received that the guns were on the way, whereupon they were released. This incident was brought to a close after the State had united with the Confederate States, and the fact that Governor Brown retained the matter in his own hands is a striking illustration of the vigorous way in which Georgia put into effect the principle of State sovereignty.
The convention, prior to the adjournment on January agth to meet in March at Savannah, authorized the equip ment of two regiments, to be either all infantry, or artil lery and infantry, as the governor should decide. The organization of these regiments had not been completed when active hostilities began, and the companies formed were consolidated in one regiment, and turned over to the Confederate States government with the title of the First regiment Georgia regulars. Of this regiment, Charles J. Williams was commissioned colonel, March 5, 1861. The First regulars served for some time in Virginia in Toombs', then in Gen. George T. Anderson's brigade, and after Fredericksburg, were on duty most of the time in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. They fought in the brigade of George P. Harrison at Olustee, later at Charleston; under Col. Richard A. Wayne were in Maj.-Gen. L.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

17

McLaws' division of Hardee's command at Savannah, November 20, 1864, and participated in the campaign of the Carolinas in 1865 in Harrison's brigade, in the divi sion commanded, first by McLaws, and at the time of Johnston's surrender, by Maj.-Gen. E. S. Walthall. The first colonel of the regiment, C. J. Williams, died in the early part of 1862.

Ga 3

CHAPTER II.
ORGANIZATION AND OTHER EVENTS IN THE STATE, FROM SPRING UNTIL CLOSE OF 1861--EARLY RECORD OF GEORGIANS OUTSIDE THE STATE, PRE VIOUS TO MANASSAS--COAST OPERATIONS IN GEOR GIA IN 1861 (INCLUDING PORT ROYAL).
THE Georgia convention resumed its session at Savannah, March 7, 1861, and continued its delibe rations until March 28th, ratifying the Confederate constitution on March i6th, adopting- a new State consti tution, authorizing the issue of treasury notes and bonds for revenue for public defense, tendering a tract ten miles square for the Confederate seat of government, and transferring the control of military operations as well as forts and arms.
But before the troops were thus formally handed over to the authorities of the new union, an Atlanta volunteer company, "Lee's Volunteers," Capt. G. W. Lee, was tendered to the government at Montgomery by its com manding officer, and accepted March 5th. During his return to Atlanta, a number of enthusiastic ladies on the railroad train procured material and made a Confederate flag after a model of the first flag of the Confederate States raised at Montgomery, March 4th, under which the company paraded at Atlanta immediately afterward.
The earliest organizations of commands had abundantly demonstrated the enthusiastic desire of the people to en list for the defense of the State. More companies were offered than could be used, and these were advised to continue their drills without arms. Though some arms ordered from the North had been delivered, the supply was very insufficient, and it was found necessary to put
18

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

19

in use the old flint-locks, altering them to percussionlocks. Some companies were ordered to arm themselves with double-barreled shotguns, private arms were freely contributed, and in various ways the companies were armed in some fashion for drill and even for their first battles. A contract for cannon for coast defense with a Pennsylvania iron company had been canceled by the latter, and it was found necessary to order guns for bat teries from the Tredegar works at Richmond. To en courage the home production of war armament, the convention offered a bonus of $10,000 to such a factory as would be capable of furnishing three cannon each week and a columbiad at an early date.
The Georgia convention turned over matters of arms and soldiers to the government of the Confederate States, but Governor Brown did not cease organizing State troops. He contemplated the formation of two divi sions, and intended to appoint Col. Henry R. Jackson major-general of the first division, and Col. William H. T. Walker as major-general of the second. It was found practicable to organize but one division, of which Walker was appointed major-general, Jackson generously giving up his own promotion and urging Walker for the com mand.
The first call to Georgia made by the government of the Confederate States was for troops for Pensacola, and met with a prompt reply. It is stated that under the governor's call for troops for this service 250 companies were tendered, and the following were ordered into camp at Macon (the list being arranged in the order in which they formed the First regiment Georgia volunteers and the First independent battalion): Newnan Guards (A),. Capt. George M. Hanvey; Southern Guards (B), Colum bus, Capt. Frank S. Wilkins; Southern Rights Guards (C), Perry, Capt. John A. Houser; Oglethorpe Infantry (D). Augusta, Capt. Houghton B. Adam (who succeeded J. O. Clark on the latter's election as lieutenant-colonel);

20

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Washington Rifles (E), Sandersville, Capt. S. A. H. Jones; Gate City Guards (F), Atlanta, Capt. W. L. Ezzard, and later Capt. C. A. Stone; Bainbridge Inde pendents (G), Capt. John W. Evans; Dahlonega Volun teers (H), Capt. Alfred Harris, who resigned and was succeeded by Thomas B. Cabaniss, elected from the ranks of the company from Forsyth; Walker Light Infantry (I), Augusta, Capt. Samuel H. Crump; Quitman Guards (K), Forsyth, Capt. J. S. Pinkard (these ten forming the First Georgia); Independence Volunteers (A), Macon, Capt. J. E. Aderhold; Ringgold Volunteers (B), Capt. H. J. Sprayberry; Brown Infantry (C), Macon, Capt. G. A. 'Smith, and Etowah Guards (D), Capt. Peter H. Larey (these four forming the First independent bat talion).
When the first ten companies of this list organized as the First regiment of Georgia volunteers, April 3, 1861, at Camp Oglethorpe, Macon, they elected the following officers: James N. Ramsey, colonel; James O. Clark, lieutenant-colonel; George H. Thompson, major. Capt. Andrew Dunn was appointed quartermaster; Capt. George W. Cunningham, commissary, and Lieut. James W. Anderson, adjutant. The last named became major in the fall of 1861 on the resignation of Clark as lieuten ant-colonel and the promotion of Thompson to his posi tion. The enlistment of the troops composing the regi ment was dated from March 18, 1861, the day on which the members of these companies had enrolled their names in response to the call of the governor. The other four companies mentioned above were at the same time organized into the First independent battalion, with Cap tain Larey as major, their enlistment also dating from March i8th. Two days after the organization, Governor Brown reviewed the troops before a vast assemblage, and delivered an eloquent speech which aroused the enthusi asm of all.
In a few days the First Georgia volunteers boarded

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

21

the cars for Montgomery, then the capital of the new Confederacy. From Montgomery they went to Garland, where they received news of the attack upon Fort Sumter. The railroad to Pensacola was not yet finished, there being a gap of sixteen miles between Garland and Evergreen. This distance the regiment marched, and from Evergreen went by rail to Pensacola, where they were sent down the bay past the navy yard and stationed near Fort Barrancas. The regiment was transferred early in June to Virginia, and while in camp at Rich mond was reviewed by President Davis and Governor Letcher, each of whom delivered speeches which were enthusiastically received. The battle of Big Bethel oc curred during their short stay at Richmond and was hailed as a great victory. The First Georgia volunteers served in West Virginia under Garnett, and after the death of that officer, under Henry R. Jackson, until December, when they were sent to Stonewall Jackson at Winchester, serving under that great leader until early in March, when they were ordered to Lynchburg and soon after to Georgia, where they were mustered out March 18, 1862. The First Georgia was in the following engagements: Belington and Laurel Hill, Carrick's Ford, Cheat Mountain, Greenbrier River, Bath and Han cock. Four companies re-enlisted in a body at Augusta, Ga., forming an artillery battalion under Maj. H. D. Capers. These were the Oglethorpe Artillery, Augusta, Capt. J. V. H. Alien; Walker Light Artillery, Augusta, Capt. Samuel Crump; Washington Artillery, Sandersville, Capt. J. W. Rudisill, and Newnan Artillery, Capt. George M. Hanvey. Three of these companies served under Gen. Kirby Smith in 1862, in east Tennessee, and the company from Newnan participated as artillery in the Kentucky campaign. Toward the latter part of 1862, the whole battalion was sent to Savannah. The Oglethorpes were then detached, and with the Thirteenth Georgia (Phoenix) battalion and six new companies

22

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

formed the Sixty-third Georgia regiment of infantry. The Twelfth battalion and the Sixty-third regiment were on duty at Savannah as infantry and heavy artillery--de tachments from these commands serving also at Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter. In the summer of 1864 the Twelfth Georgia battalion, with two companies added, was sent to Virginia as infantry, and was with Evans' Georgia brigade, army of Northern Virginia, until the surrender at Appomattox; while the Sixty-third Georgia was sent to Dalton, serving from that time until Johnston's capitulation in North Carolina, in the army of Tennessee. Additional particulars of the Twelfth Georgia battalion and the Sixty-third Georgia regiment will be found in the sketch of those two commands. One other company of the old First Georgia, the Southern Rights Guards, from Perry, re-enlisted in a body as the Southern Rights battery, serving as artillery in the army of Ten nessee during the rest of the war. The other companies of the First Georgia broke up and re-enlisted in various commands.
The First Georgia independent battalion, organized at the same time as the First Georgia volunteers, went to Pensacola with Peter H. Larey as major commanding, Z. T. Conner, adjutant, and S. M. Lanier, quartermaster, under commissions from Governor Brown, but the author ity was not recognized when the battalion was received into Confederate service April i6th. Major Larey re signed his commission early in June, and John B. Villepigue, a South Carolinian who had had seven years' serv ice in the United States army, was elected major and assigned by order of General Bragg. A month later he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and in September Capt. William L. Lovell, Company G, became major. The Vicksburg artillery and Jackson artillery, of Missis sippi, were attached to the battalion in October, and the combined command was entitled the Georgia and Missis sippi regiment. A Florida company, the Simpson mount-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

23

ed rangers, was also attached at this time. In November, at the expiration of the six months' enlistment, the name of the command was changed to the Thirty-sixth regi ment Georgia volunteers.
The first Georgia soldiers at Pensacola were the volun teers organized at Atlanta by Capt. G. W. Lee, who took his command to the Florida port, with a letter from Adju tant-General Cooper to General Bragg, of date March igth, in which it was stated that "this company, consist ing of 100 men, chiefly artisans, is exclusive of the quota which has been required from that State, and the secre tary of war desires you will cause the officers and men to be mustered into service and assigned to duty." The strength of this command was reported on March 3ist at 113 men. It was attached to the First battalion as Com
pany D. Two "First" regiments have already been noted in
Georgia, and there remains a third to be mentioned, which by priority of State service is entitled to the dis tinction of being the first regiment summoned to the field in Georgia. This was the First volunteer regiment of Georgia, which was organized prior to the war, composed of the militia companies of Savannah, and commanded by Col. A. R. Lawton. On the appointment of the lat ter as brigadier-general, H. W. Mercer was elected colo nel, and on the latter's promotion to brigadier-general, Charles H. Olmstead was elected colonel, December 26, 1861. He retained command throughout the war. This regiment was on duty at Savannah and Fort Pulaski v,'hen Rarasey's regiment was organized. But of these two regiments, Ramsey's was the first to leave the State and the first to see actual war. The First volunteer reg iment included the famous old companies--the Republi can Blues. German Volunteers, Irish Jasper Greens, Savannah Cadets and Oglethorpe Light Infantry. It was reorganized in October, 1862, and served on the coast until May, 1864. Its organization was as follows:

24

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

Col. Charles H. Olmstead, Lieut.-Col. W. S. Rockwell (succeeded by W. J. Ford, who was at first major), Commissary E. W. Drummond, Asst. Quartermasters E. Hopkins and F. M. Hull, Adjt. M. H. Hopkins. The following were the captains: Company A, J. H. Flannery; Company B, David O'Connor, James Dooner; Company C, J. W. Anderson, S. W. Anderson; Company D, S. Y. Levy, P. C. Elkins; Company E, J. M. Doherty; Company F, J. S. Turner; Company G, A. C. Davenport, G. Eberhart; Company H, F. W. ;Sims, J. Lachlison; Company I, C. Werner, C. A. H. Unibach; Company K, John Cooper. In April, 1862, Colonel Olmstead, with Company H (the Oglethorpe Light Infantry*) and four companies from other commands, defended Fort Pulaski against the Federals under Gen. David Hunter, but was forced to surrender. The prison ers were soon exchanged and in service again. A detach ment from this regiment also served at Battery Wagner in 1863. The First volunteer regiment under Colonel Olm stead was sent to Dalton in May, 1864, and served thence forth in the army of Tennessee until the surrender in North Carolina, April 26, 1865.
The next command organized to serve outside the State was a battalion, formed in response to the telegraphic request of Governor Letcher, April 19, 1861, for two or three companies to go immediately to Norfolk, Va. The governor put himself in communication with the cities of Columbus, Macon and Griffin, where he knew that mili tary companies were ready for such emergencies, and gave but half an hour for deliberation. The responses came quickly and bravely, and in less than twenty-four hours four companies were on their way to Virginia. These were the Floyd Rifles, Capt. Thomas Hardeman; Macon Volunteers, Captain Smith; City Light Guards,

* The Oglethorpe Light Infantry of this regiment was originally a part of the company of that name which went with Bartow to Vir
ginia and was assigned to the Eighth Georgia regiment.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

25

Columbus, Capt. Peyton H. Colquitt, and the Griffin Guards, Captain Doyall. Capt. Thomas Hardeman, a prominent political leader and ex-member of Congress, was made battalion commander.
The battalion was soon heard from to the praise of the State in one of those minor encounters at the beginning of the war, which had large proportions in the minds of a people waiting in suspense for the result of the clash of arms, and were of great importance in their influence upon public sentiment. After reaching Norfolk Cap tain Colquitt was put in command at Sewell's point, a peninsula running up from the south toward Hampton Roads, and equidistant from Fortress Monroe and New port News, with his company and detachments of Vir ginia organizations, after the incomplete fortification had been attacked by the United States steamer Monticello, and there he sustained a second attack on May igth. The steamer, accompanied by a steam tug, fired with great accuracy, one shell bursting within an embrasure, and several others directly over the Confederate battery, while solid shot repeatedly hurled masses of earth among the gunners. But Colquitt and his men stood firm and returned the fire with effect, causing the Federal vessels to withdraw. He reported, "The troops acted with great bravery, and I had to restrain them in their enthusi asm, '' and he was himself warmly commended by General Gwynn, the department commander. In consequence of the want of a Confederate flag, in this first encounter in the vicinity of Norfolk, the Georgia flag of Colquitt's company was planted on the ramparts during the engage ment, and while the fire was hottest, two members of the Light Guards fearlessly passed to the outside of the works and deliberately removed the sand which yet ob structed one of the portholes of the unfinished battery.
Four other infantry regiments were formed under the call of the Confederacy for 5,000 men from Georgia. The organization of the Second regiment of Georgia vol-

26

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

unteers, completed June i, 1861, was as follows: Col. Paul J. Semmes; Lieut.-Col. Skidmore Harris; Maj. Edgar M. Butt; Adjt. W. Redd; Capts. D. G. Candler (A), \Villiam T. Harris (B), William S. Shepherd (C), William R. Holmes (D), W. A. Campbell (E), Thomas E. Dickerson (F), Roswell Ellis (G), Jesse A. Glenn (H), Charles R. Wiggins (I), Jared I. Ball (K). The quartermaster was James Houston, and the commissary was S. G. W. Dillingham. This regi ment served throughout the war in the army of Northern Virginia. During this time various changes in organization occurred. Colonel Semmes, being ap pointed brigadier-general, was succeeded by Edgar M. Butt. Lieut.-Col. Skidmore Harris was succeeded by William R. Holmes (killed), W. T. Harris (killed) and W. S. Shepherd. Maj. Edgar M. Butt was suc ceeded by W. S. Shepherd, William T. Harris, W. W. Charlton and A. M. Lewis. The changes among the captains were: Candler was followed by W. W. Charl ton and John W. Owens; Harris by A. M. Lewis; Sheppard by Robert Howard; Holmes by W. A. Thompson (killed); Campbell by T. J. Morris; Dickerson by A. B. Shuford (killed); Ellis by T. Chaffin; Glenn by B. L. Hancock (killed); Wiggins by John T. Maddox; Ball by J. B. Newell. General Semmes was killed at Gettys burg.
The organization of the Third regiment of Georgia volunteers, completed May 8, 1861, was as follows: Col. Ambrose R. Wright; Lieut.-Col. James S. Reid; Maj. Augustus H. Lee; Adjt. W. W. Turner; Capts. William C. Musgrove (A), R. B. Nisbet (B), R. L. McWhorter (C), C. H. Andrews (D), J. R. Griffin (E),William O. Beall (F), Edward J. Walker (G), John F. Jones (H), N. A. Carswell (I), H. C. Billups (K). The quartermaster was A. Phillips and the commissary, H. S. Hughes. This regi ment served for awhile on the North Carolina coast and then in the army of Northern Virginia. There were, of

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

27

course, during the long conflict, many changes in organiza tion. Colonel Wright became a brigadier-general and finally a major-general in the army of the Confederate States. He was succeeded by Edward J. Walker as colonel. Lieutenant-Colonel Reid was succeeded by R. B. Nisbet, and next by Claiborne Snead. Maj. Augus tus H. Lee was followed by John R. Sturgis (killed) and A. B. Montgomery. Maj. John F. Jones was followed by G. E. Hayes. The changes among the captains were: Musgrove was followed by S. A. Corker; Nisbet by John S. Reid; McWhorter by J. T. Geer; Griffin was followed by J. A. Hamilton (killed), G. W. Alien and J. G. Royal; Beall by J. M. Waters and J. A. Ma son ; Walker by Claiborne Snead; Jones by L. F. Luckie and J. H. Evans; Carswell by J. J. McBee (killed), W. H. Bearden and H. J. Hughes; Billups by D. B. Langston.
The organization of the Fourth Georgia volunteers was completed April 26, 1861, as follows: Col. George Doles; Lieut.-Col. John J. Matthews; Maj. Charles L. Whitehead; Adjt. Philip Cook; Commissary J. B. Mor gan; Quartermaster H. R. Daniels; Capts. B. Cusley (A), Robert S. Smith (B), E. A. Nash (C), George F. Todd (D), J. G. Rust (E), B. R. Mayer (F), George F. Bartlett (G), Samuel M. Prothro (H), William L. Johnson (I), D. R. E. Winn (K). This regiment served through the war in the army of Northern Virginia, and enjoyed the distinction of giving two brigadier-generals to the Confederate army. Its first colonel, George Doles, became brigadier-general and was killed at Second Cold Harbor. He was succeeded as colonel by Philip Cook, who also became a brigadier-general. There were many other changes in the regiment. Colonel Cook was suc ceeded by William H.Willis; Lieut.-Col. JohnJ. Matthews by W. T. Gordon, Philip Cook (afterward colonel and then brigadier-general) and David R. E. Winn. Maj. Charles L. Whitehead was followed by William F. Jordan,

28

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

David R. E. Winn, R. S. Smith, Edwin A. Nash, F. H. DeGraffenreid and Wm. H. Willis. When Philip Cook was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, A. J. Roberts be came adjutant. Commissary J. B. Morgan was followed by James F. Murphey, and Quartermaster H. R. Dan iels by Wm. H. Tinsley. There were also many changes among the captains. Cusley was followed by J. P. Strickland and James H. Weeks; Smith by M. H. Hill and A. C. Gibson; Nash by George F. Todd (died) and A. C. Frost; Rust by Wm. E. Smith and F. H. DeGraffen reid; Mayer by George S. Carey and James F. Sullivan; Bartlett by Wm. F. Jordan, John T. Lang (died) and C. R. Ezell; ProthrobyJ. W. Carraker and Wallace Butts; Johnson by William H. Willis; Winn by R. M. Bisel (killed).
The organization of the Fifth regiment of Geor gia volunteers was completed May n, 1861, as follows: Col. John K. Jackson, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Beall, Maj. Wm. L. Salisbury, Adjt. R. S. Cheatham, Commissary H. B. T. Montgomery, Quartermaster James M. Cole; Capts. Charles A. Platt (A), Samuel W. Mangham (B), John H. Hull (C), Ed. H. Pottle (D), C. B. Wootten (E), William H. Lang (F), Wm. j. Sears (G), Hugh M. King (H), John T. Iverson (I), Wm. J. Horsley (K). This regiment first went to Pensacola, afterward served in the army of Tennessee from a short time after the battle of Shiloh until after July, 1864, when it was sent to the Georgia coast. It participated also under Joe Johnston in the final campaign in the Carolinas. Its first colonel, John K. Jackson, became brigadier-gen eral before Shiloh. His successors in the colonelcy were Samuel W. Mangham, Wm. F. Black, Wm. T. Beach and Charles P. Daniel. The lieutenant-colonels that suc ceeded Thomas Beall were Charles R. Day and John F. Iverson. Maj. Wm. L. Salisbury was followed by Charles P. Daniel, D. H. Ansley and W. B. Hundley. Captain Platt was succeeded by D. H. Ansley; Hull by

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

29

H. P. Steeney; Pottle by Win. B. Hundley, afterward major; Lang by John F. Kidder; Sears by John J. Hurt; King by Stephen R. Weston.
The Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth regiments were twelve months' troops. At the expiration of their term they re-enlisted for the war.
Thus in the first four months of 1861 there were five twelve months' infantry regiments formed, besides the First volunteer regiment of Georgia and First regulars. In addition to these there were the First and Second Geor gia infantry battalions, the Washington artillery of Au gusta, Hardaway battery of Columbus, the Chatham battery of Savannah, and a large number of unassigned companies. The governor was pressed even to annoy ance with demands for arms, equipments, and orders to march at once to Virginia, or anywhere, that gunpow der might be burned and glory won. Captain Glenn, of Savannah, expressed the general passion in a public let ter, in which he begged permission to go with his com mand to Virginia, where there was '' prospect of a fight.''
In May, 1861, the Confederate Congress authorized en listments for the full term of the war. Francis S. Bartow, captain of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, of Savan nah, was at Montgomery at the time as a member of the Congress, and having obtained the consent of his men by telegraph, at once offered his services and theirs for the war. This being accepted by President Davis, the gal lant commander hastened to Savannah to prepare for departure to Virginia, giving no thought apparently to the fact that the arms were the property of the State. This was called to his attention by Governor Brown, and a sharp epistolary encounter resulted between the impetuous captain and the State executive, who had a coast line and a coast city to defend; but all of the cor respondence is now forgotten except one burning line from Bartow's pen: "I go to illustrate Georgia." "It was a noble utterance, made potent and pathetic forever

SO

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

by the heroic death of its author two months later on the field of the South's first great victory.'' Wounded and dying in the battle, he made another long-remem bered utterance: "They have killed me, but never give up the fight." His company left Savannah May aist, and subsequently was assigned to the Eighth regi ment, of which Bartow was elected colonel.
The earliest regiments enlisted for the war were the Sixth volunteers, Col. Alfred H. Colquitt; Seventh, Col. L. J. Gartrell; Eighth, Col. Francis S. Bartow; Ninth, Col. E. R. Goulding; Tenth, Col. Lafayetfc McLaws; Eleventh, Col. George T. Anderson; Twelfth, Col. Edward Johnson; Thirteenth, Col. Walter Ector. The organization of these regiments was as follows:
Sixth regiment Georgia volunteers: Col. A. H. Col quitt; Lieut.-Col. James M. Newton (killed); Maj. Philip Tracy (killed); Adjt. B. Russell; Commissary T. J. Collins; Quartermaster R. N. Ely; Capts. W. M. Arnold (A), John Hanna (B), C. D. Anderson (C), J. D. Watson (D), W. C. Cleveland (E), E. H. Shackelford (F), John T. Griffin (G), W. L. Plane (H), J. A. Barclay (I), J. T. Lofton (K). This regiment served in Virginia until after Chancellorsville, then in North Carolina; also in Florida at Olustee, again in Virginia in 1864, and in North Carolina with Joe Johnston in 1865. Colonel Col quitt was promoted to brigadier-general and succeeded by J. T. Lofton, then by S. W. Harris. Lieut.-Col. James M. Newton being killed, his successors were W. C. Cleveland, J. T. Lofton, S. W. Harris and W. M. Arnold, who was killed in action. Maj. Philip Tracy was killed, His successors were C. D. Anderson, W. C. Cleveland, W. M. Arnold and J. M. Culpeper. J. H. Rogers suc ceeded B. Russell as adjutant. The changes among the captains were: Hanna was followed by W. M. Tidwell; Anderson by J. M. Culpeper; Watson by S. M. Ralston; Plane by B. J. Russell; Lofton by S. W. Harris. Sev eral of these captains were promoted.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

31

Seventh regiment Georgia volunteers: Col. Lticius J. Gartrell; Lieut.-Col. John Dunwoody; Maj. L. B. Anderson; Adjt. E. W. Hoyle; Commissary W. J. Wilson; Quar termaster R. R. Holliday; Capts. G. H. Carmichael (A), G. J. Foreacre (B), C. S. Jenkins (C), J. B. Lindley (D), John W. Fowler (E), Eli Henson (F), C. N. Featherston (G), Thomas E. King (H), Wm. W. White (I), W. J. Ballard (K). This regiment served throughout the war in the army of Northern Virginia, being at First Manassas and surrendering at Appomattox. The following changes in organization occurred: Colonel Gartrell was promoted to brigadier-general and succeeded by W. T. Wilson, W. W. White and George H. Carmichael. Lieut.-Col. John Dunwoody was followed by W. W. White, George H. Carmichael and M. T. Allman. Maj. L. B. Anderson was followed by E. W. Hoyle, George H. Carmichael, H. H. Wiet, John Riser, T. J. Hartridge and M. T. Allman. Adjt. E. W. Hoyle was suc ceeded by J. E. Shaw; Quartermaster R. R. Holliday by R. E. Henry. The following changes among the cap tains are recorded: Foreacre was followed by H. H. Wiet; Jenkins by D. T. Peek (killed) and I. M. Holcombe; Lindley by J. Kiser and T. J. Hartridge; Fowler by W. W. Bradberry; Ben son by J. C. Wadkins; Featherston by M. T. Allman; King by R. B. Hicks; Ballard by John McLendon.
Eighth regiment Georgia volunteers: Col. Francis S. Bartow; Lieut.-Col. John R. Towers; Maj. E. J. Magruder; Adjt. J. L. Branch; Commissary George C. Norton; Quartermaster E, A. Wilcox. The captains were E. J. Magruder (A), A. F. Butler (B), H. J. Menard (C), H. E. Malom (D), D. Scott (E), J. T. Lewis (F), T. D. L. Ryan (G). George N. Yarborough (H), George O. Dawson (I). Jacob Phinizy (K). The surgeon was Dr. H. V. M. Miller. This regiment served in the army of .Northern Virginia, being at First Manassas and surren dering at Appomattox, also with Longstreet at Chicka-

32

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

mauga and in east Tennessee. Its first colonel, Bartow, commanded a brigade and was killed at First Manassas. He was succeeded by Wm. M. Gardner (who also became a brigadier-general), Lucius M. Lamar and John R. Towers. The last-named gentleman was succeeded as lieutenant-colonel by E. J. Magruder, on whose promo tion George O. Dawson became major. The adjutant, J. L. Branch, being killed, was succeeded by A. R. Har per and W. F. Shellman. Among the captains, Magru der was succeeded by S. H. Hall; Butler by J. H.,: :Couper and J. West, and Phinizy by T. J. Bowling.
Ninth regiment Georgia voltinteers: Col. E. R. Goulding; Lieut.-Col. R. A. Turnipseed; Maj. John C. Mounger; Commissary J. C. Waddy; Quartermaster J. W. Button; Adjt. A. O. Bacon. The captains were: John Lane (A), Wm. M. Jones (B), George Hillyer (C), J. G. Webb (D), P. A. S. Morris (E), Benjamin Beck (F), E. F. Hoge (G), John C. Mounger (H), L. C. Belt (I), J. M. D. King (K). This regiment, like the Seventh and Eighth, served through the war in the army of Northern Virginia, except when it was with Longstreet at Chickamauga and in east Tennessee. There were many changes in the organization. Colonel Goulding was succeeded by R. A. Turnipseed, John C. Mounger and E. P. Hoge. The successors of Lieut.-Col. Turnipseed were John C. Mounger, E. F. Hoge and J. G. Webb, while Major Mounger was followed by W. M. Jones, J. J. Webb and J. W. Arnold. Adj. A. O. Bacon was succeeded by John Jones. The commissary, J. C. Wad dy, was followed by R. J. Cowart, and the quartermaster, J. W. Button, by E. P. Watkins. Captain Lane was fol lowed by Gideon J. Norman; Jones by Wm. E. Cleghorn; Hillyer by J. W. Arnold; Webb by T. A. Hurt; Morris by R. P. Wellborn; Beck by S. A. Jemison and Hamp Doles; Hoge by G. G. Gordon and E. A. Sharpo.; Moun-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

33

ger by R. A. Hardee, Corker (killed) and T. J. Hardee; Belt by R. V. Fulcher and Thomas Rought; King (died) by M. E. Sparks.
Tenth regiment Georgia volunteers: Col. Lafayette McLaws; Lieut.-Col. J. B. Weems; Maj. R. R. Hawes; Adjt. R. G. Strickland; Commissary G. H. Cheever; Quartermaster S. T. Neal. The captains were O. S. Zimbrough (A), C. H. Phinizy (B), Willis C. Holt (C), Henry L. Leon (D), Andrew J. McBride (E), Wm. F. Johnston (F), C. C. Kibbee (G), P. H. Loud (H), Y. L. Wotton (I), J. P. W. Read (K). This regiment served throughout the war in the army of Northern Virginia. Its first colonel, Lafayette McLaws, became a major-gen eral and was succeeded by Alfred Gumming, for a short time lieutenant-colonel and later promoted to brigadiergeneral, whereupon Lieut. -Col. John B. Weems became colonel, followed afterward by W. C. Holt and A. J. Mc Bride. On Weems' promotion Willis C. Holt became lieutenant-colonel, and upon his promotion C. C. Kibbee became lieutenant-colonel. Major Hawes was followed by Willis C. Holt and P. H. Loud. Adjutant Strickland was followed by John H. Dobbs. Captain Phinizy was succeeded by A. P. Boggs and W. S. Davis; Holt by J. W. Neil; Johnston by W. G. Green (died) and T. H. Wood; Loud by E. M. Foster; Read by T. C. Cone.
The field and staff officers of the Eleventh regiment of Georgia volunteers were George T. Anderson, colonel; Theodore L. Guerry, lieutenant-colonel; William Luffman, major; J. F. Green, adjutant; Hockenhull, commis sary, and J. Guthrie, quartermaster. The captains were Wm. H. Mitchell (A), killed; J. W. Stokes (B), William Luffman (C), W. R. Welsh (D), S. C. Dobbs (E), J. D. Hyde (F), John Y. Wood (G), M. T. Nunnally (H), killed; Samuel Thatcher (I), died; G. W. Wimberly (K). This regiment served throughout the war in the army of Northern Virginia except when it was with Longstreet at Chickamauga and in east Tennessee. Its colonel,
Ga 5

34

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

George T. Anderson, was promoted to brigadier-general and was succeeded by F. H. Little. Lieutenant-Colonel Guerry was followed by Maj. Win. Luffman, who was succeeded by W. R. Welsh, H. D. McDaniel and C. T. Goode. Captain Luffman, promoted to major, was fol lowed by W. R. Ramsey; Hyde was followed by J. W. Johnston; Nunnally (killed) by E. C. Arnold; Thatcher (died) by F. M. Bledsoe and E. B. Brannan.
When the Twelfth regiment of Georgia volunteers was organized, Edward Johnson, an officer of the old army, was appointed colonel; Z. T. Conner, lieutenant-colonel; Willis A. Hawkins, major; Ed. Willis, adjutant. The captains of the regiment were Isaac Hardeman (B), John McMullen (C), Wm. L. Furlow (D), T. B. Scott (E), Wm. F. Brown (F), R. T. Davis (G), J. G. Rodgers (H), J. W. Patterson (I), Mark H. Blanford (K). This regi ment served in 1861 in West Virginia and afterward in the army of Northern Virginia throughout the war. Its colonel, Edward Johnson, a Virginian, became a briga dier and afterward a major-general in the Confederate army. He was followed in succession by Z. T. Conner and Edward Willis, whose commission as brigadier-gen eral came the day after his death, in the spring of 1864. Lieutenant-Colonel Conner was succeeded by Abner Snead, T. B. Scott (killed), Willis A. Hawkins, Mark H. Blanford and J. Hardeman. When Major Hawkins was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, he was succeeded by Edward Willis Hardeman and J. T. Carson. The first captain of Company A was succeeded by Lieut. Samuel Dawson, and he on his death in action by S. G. Prior. Captain Hardeman was followed by Joseph N. Beall; McMullen (killed) by T. W. Harris; Furlow (killed) by D. D. Peden; Scott by James A. Whitesider; William F. Brown (killed), by James Everett; Davis (died) by A. S. Reid; Rodgers by Oliver T. Evans; Patterson (killed) by James M. Briggs, and Blanford (promoted) by R. McMichael. James Deshler, adjutant of the bri-

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35

gade, became brigadier-general, and fell gallantly leading a brigade in Cleburne's division at Chickamauga.
When the Thirteenth regiment of Georgia volunteers was organized, Walker Ector was made colonel; Marcellus Douglass, lieutenant-colonel, and James M. Smith, major. The adjutant was O. K. Walker; commissary, J. H. Mangham, and quartermaster, M. Gormerly. The captains were J. H. Mitchell (A), James McCallay (B), J. L. Moore (C), W. W. Hartsfield (D), W. A. Clark fol lowed by B. P. Brooks (E), S. W. Jones (F), J. T. Crawford (G), Richard Maltby (H), E. W. Robinson (I), J. A. Long (K). This regiment served in 1861 in West Virginia; in December of that year was sent to Gen. R. E. Lee, then commanding at Charleston; in the spring of 1862 served on the Georgia coast with distinction on Whitemarsh island, and was sent back to Virginia with Lawton's brigade in time to take part in the Seven Days' battles. From that time it served in the army of North ern Virginia until the close of the war. Upon the death of Colonel Ector early in 1862, Marcellus Douglass was appointed colonel. He was killed at Sharpsburg while gallantly leading his regiment and was succeeded by James M. Smith. John H. Baker, at that time major of the regiment, was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and afterward was commissioned colonel.
Other organizations of this early period were the Geor gia legion, commanded by Col. Thomas R. R. Cobb, with P. M. B. Young as lieutenant-colonel and Ben C. Yancey, major. It was composed of seven companies of infan try, four of cavalry and one of artillery. A similar legion was organized and commanded by Col. William Phillips. The First Georgia battalion was organized under LieutCol. J. B. Villepigue, the Second battalion under Maj. Thomas Hardeman, and the Third under Lieut.-Col. M. A. Stovall.
About the time of the battle of Manassas, Georgia had organized 1 7, ooo men, armed and equipped them herself at

36

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

an expense of $300,000, and sent them into service mostly outside of the State. So generously was this outpouring of men and munitions continued that in September, when Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, commanding the depart ment of the West, called upon the governors for arms, Governor Brown was compelled to reply with much regret that it was utterly impossible to furnish any. "There are no arms belonging to the State at my dispo sal," said the governor; "all have been exhausted in arm ing the volunteers of the State now in the Confederate service in Virginia, at Pensacola and on our owij coast, in all, some twenty-three regiments. Georgia has now to look to the shotguns and rifles in the hands of her people for coast defense, and to guns which her gunsmiths are slowly manufacturing.''
The report of the comptroller-general, made at the close of the fiscal year, June, 1861, showed that Georgia had put into the field or camp the following troops, ex clusive of artillery:
First regulars, Col. C. J. Williams; First of Georgia, Col. H. W. Mercer; First volunteers, Col. J. N. Ramsey; Second volunteers, Col. Paul J. Semmes; Third volunteers, Col. H. R. Wright; Fourth volunteers, Col. George Doles; Fifth volunteers, Col. John K. Jack son; Sixth volunteers, Col. A. H. Colquitt; Seventh volunteers, Col. L. J. Gartrell; Eighth volunteers, Col. Francis S. Bartow; Ninth volunteers, Col. E. R. Goulding; Tenth volunteers, Col. Lafayette McLaws; Eleventh volunteers, Col. George T. Anderson; Twelfth volunteers, Col. Edward Johnson; Thirteenth volun teers, Col. Walker Ector; Fourteenth volunteers, Col. A. V. Brumby; Fifteenth volunteers, Col. T. W. Thomas; Sixteenth volunteers, Col. Howell Cobb; Seventeenth volunteers, Col. H. L. Benning; Eighteenth volunteers, Col. William T. Wofford; Nineteenth volunteers, Col. W. W. Boyd; Twentieth volunteers, Col. W. D. Smith; Twenty-first volunteers, Col. John T. Mercer; Twenty-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

37

second volunteers, Col. Robert H. Jones; Twenty-third volunteers, Col. Thomas Hutchison; Twenty-fourth volunteers, Col. Robert McMillan; Twenty-fifth volun teers, Col. C. C. Wilson; Georgia legion, infantry, cav alry and artillery, Col. T. R. R. Cobb; Phillips legion, infantry, cavalry and artillery, Col. William Phillips; First battalion infantry, Lieut.-Col. J. B. Villepigue; Second battalion infantry, Maj. Thomas Hardeman; Third battalion infantry, Lieut.-Col. M. A. Stovall; Inde pendent Georgia dragoons, Capt. I. W. Avery. The fol lowing were also in camp in Georgia: The regiments of Col. T. J. Warthen, Twenty-eighth; of Levi B. Smith, Twenty-seventh; of David J. Bailey, Thirtieth; of C. W. Styles, Twenty-sixth; of A. Littlefield, Thirty-third, and twenty-seven companies under Cols. W. H. Stiles, E. L. Thomas, Augustus R. Wright and A. R. Lamar. We give here a brief sketch of each of the above-named commands not previously described.
At the organization of the Fourteenth regiment of Georgia volunteers, the officers were: Col. A. V. Brum by; Lieut.-Col. Robert W. Folsom; Maj. W. A. Harris; Adjt. A. Taliaferro; Quartermaster E. A. Heggis, and Commissary T. C. Moore. The captains were J. H. Etheridge (A), C. C. Kelly (B), L. A. Lane (C), James M. Fielder (D), H. P. Lester (E), R. P. Harman (F), T. T. Mounger (G), Thomas M. Yopp (H), R. W. McMichael (I), W. L. Goldsmith (K). The Fourteenth was sent to West Virginia under Floyd, then commanding in the Kanawha valley; in November, 1861, was ordered to report to Joseph E. Johnston at Manassas, and from that time it followed the fortunes of the army of Northern Virginia. Col, Brumby was succeeded by Col. Felix Price, and he by Robert W. Folsom, whose successor was R. P. Lester. The lieutenant-colonels after Folsom were W. A. Harris, James M. Fielder, R. P. Lester and W. L. Goldsmith. Maj. W. A. Harris was followed by James M. Fielder, R. P. Lester, W. L. Goldsmith and C. C. Kelly; Adjt.

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A. Taliaferro by T. C. Moore. Captain Etheridge, (killed) was succeeded by. J. W. Mayes; Kelly by B. W. Ryle; Lester by S. B. David and R. N. Rogers; Harmon (killed) by W. O. Clegg and J. H. Hicks; Yopp (retired) by H. B. Smith; McMichael was killed in action; W. L. Goldsmith (promoted) was succeeded by R. A. Holt, and he by J. M. Evans.
The officers of the Fifteenth regiment Georgia volun teers were first: Col. T. W. Thomas; Lieut-Col. Linton Stephens; Maj. T. J. Smith; Commissary J. H. Willis; Quartermaster H. V. Forbes; Adjt. B. H. Lofton; Capts. A. B. Cade (A), Wm. T. Millican (B), L. H. O. Martin (C), S. J. Farmer (D), T. J. Smith (E), John E. Burch (F), S. Z. Ernsberger (G), Wm. R. Poole (H), Wm. H. Mattox (I), J. L. Culver (K). The Fifteenth served throughout the war in the army of Northern Vir ginia except during the time that it was engaged in the Chickamauga and east Tennessee campaigns under Longstreet in the fall of 1863 and early spring of 1864. Dur ing this long and faithful service many changes in organ ization occurred. The colonels following Thomas were Wm. T. Millican and D. M. DuBose. Stephens was suc ceeded by W. M. Mclntosh (killed) and Maj. T. J. Smith, whose successor was P. J. Shannon. Adjt. B. H. Lofton was followed by L. Pierce. Captain Cade was succeeded by J. S. Callaway; Martin by W. J. Willis; Farmer by D. S. Flint; Poole by T. H. Jackson; Mattox by J. A. Gaines, and Culver by Mark Latimer.
The Sixteenth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized as follows: Col. Howell Cobb; Lieut.-Col. Goode Bryan; Maj. Henry P. Thomas; Adjt. T. W. Cumming; Commissary L. McGuire; Quartermaster R. Thomas; Capts. James S. Gholston (A), A. M. Reynolds (B), J. H. Skelton (C), J. N. Montgomery (D), B. E. Stiles (E), J. H. D. McRae (F), A. C. Thompson (G), N. Reeder (H), N. L. Hutchins (I), R. J. Boyd (K). The Sixteenth was another of the splendid Georgia regiments

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

39

of the army of Northern Virginia, on whose many battle fields it gained distinction, being also one of the regi ments that followed Longstreet through the Chickamauga and east Tennessee campaigns. Its colonel, Howell Cobb, became a major-general in the army of the Confederate States, and his successor, Goode Bryan, a brigadier-general, being succeeded as colonel by James S. Gholston. When Bryan was promoted to colo nel, Henry P. Thomas became lieutenant-colonel, and be ing killed in action was succeeded by B. E. Stiles. Ma jor Thomas was succeeded by James S. Gholston, and he by J. H. Skelton. Among the captains, Gholston was succeeded by H. C. Nash (killed), and he by J. M. Sims. Captain Reeder was succeeded by H. M. Richardson.
When the Seventeenth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized, H. L. Benning was made colonel; W. C. Hodges lieutenant-colonel; Thomas Walker, major; T. A. Klink, adjutant; G. H. King, commissary, and T. C. Shorter, quartermaster. The captains were D. B. Harrell (A), H. L. French (B), F. S. Chapman (C), C. G. Campbell (D), John A. McGregor (E), D. B. Thompson (F), Au gustus C. Jones (G), R. E. Kennon (H), C. W. Matthews (I), John H. Pickett (K). The Seventeenth was one of the many regiments that illustrated Georgia so gloriously on the battlefields of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsyl vania, also at Chickamauga and in east Tennessee. Its colonel, H. L. Benning, became brigadier-general and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. Wesley C. Hodges, upon whose promotion Charles W. Matthews became lieuten ant-colonel, and upon his death in action W. A. Barden succeeded to the vacancy. Maj. Thomas Walker was fol lowed by J. H. Pickett, W. A. Barden and J. B. Morris. Captain Harrell was succeeded by D. H. Wilmot; Chap man by J. B, Moore; Campbell by V. A. S. Parks and J. H. Martin; McGregor by J. N. Tyers; Thompson by H. McCauley and J. H. Weeks; Jones (killed) by A. B. Nichols; Kennon by W. A. Barden; Pickett by A. M.

40

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Jones (killed) and M. H. Marshall. This regiment had also an ensign, B. F. Shivers.
The Eighteenth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized with the following field officers: Wm. T. Wofford, colonel; S. Z. Ruff, lieutenant-colonel; Jef ferson Johnson, major. The captains were J. B. O'Neill (A), J. A. Stewart (B), D. L. Jarratt (C), S. D. Irvin (D), E. J. Starr (E), J. C. Roper (P), J. C. Maddox (G), F. M. Ford (H), Joseph Arm strong (I), John A. Crawford (K). The Eighteenth is another regiment that had the honor of fighting upon the famous battlefields of the army of Northern Virginia. Its colonel, W. T. Wofford, became a brigadier-general and was succeeded by S. Z. Ruff, who dying on the field of honor was followed by Joseph Armstrong. On Ruff's promotion F. M. Ford became lieutenant-colonel. Jeffer son Johnson was succeeded as major by J. A. Stewart, and he by W. G. Callaghan. Captain Crawford was succeeded by W. Brown and he by L. C. Weems. No more gallant command followed the Southern cross through so many glorious victories to final defeat. Duun, the Seven Days' battles it was in Hood's famous brigade, and afterward was one of the regiments that followed the leadership of Brig.-Gen. W. T. Wofford.
The Nineteenth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized with W. W. Boyd, colonel; Thomas C. Johnson, lieutenant-colonel; A. J. Hutchins, major, and James P. Perkins, adjutant. The captains were F. M. Johnston (A), John Keely (B), J. J. Beall (C), James D. Hunter (D), Charles W. Mabry (E), Wm. E. Curtis (F), Tillman W. Flynt (G), John B. Beall (H), John T. Chambers (I), John W. Hooper (K). The greater part of the service of this regiment was in the army of Northern Virginia. At the time of the battle of Gettysburg it was in North Carolina. It went with the other regiments of Colquitt's brigade to Florida and shared in the victory at Olustee in February, 1864, and returned to Virginia in time for

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

41

the defense of Petersburg. In 1865 it participated in the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendering with Johnston, April 26, 1865. Colonel Boyd was succeeded by Andrew J.- Hutchins and J. H. Neal; Lieutenant-Colonel John son by A. J. Hutchins, James H. Neal, T. W. Flynt and R.B. Hogan; Major Hutchins by J. H.Neal, J. W. Hooper, C. W. Mabry and William Hamilton; Adjutant Perkins by S. G. Turner. Of the captains, Johnston was followed by John Morrison; Neal by Denis S. Myers; Beall by R. B. Hogan and A. J. Richardson; Mabry by D. H. Sims; Curtis by A. H. Black and William Hamilton. Flynt on promotion was succeeded by Captain Elliott, who was killed in action; J. B. Beall had for his successor J. W. Neally; Chambers was succeeded by T. W. Abercrombie, and he by Captain Lester; and Hooper on his promotion to major was succeeded by A. J. Rowe.
The organization of the Twentieth regiment Georgia volunteers was as follows: William Duncan Smith, col onel; J. B. Gumming, lieutenant-colonel; John A. Jones, major; J. O. Waddell, adjutant; Capts. A. B. Ross (A), John A. Strother (B), Roger L. Gamble (C), James D. Waddell (D), R. D. Little (E), E. M. Seago (F), John R. Ivey (G), J. A. Coffee (H), Van A. Leonard (I), William Craig (K). This regiment served in the army of North ern Virginia throughout most of its campaigns, also at Chickamauga and in east Tennessee under Longstreet, returning to Virginia in time for the spring campaign of 1864. Colonel Smith was promoted to brigadier-general and ordered to Charleston, S. C., where he died of fever in October, 1862. He was succeeded by J. B. Gumming, and J. D. Waddell was colonel. On the promotion of Lieuten ant-Colonel Cuniming, Maj. John A. Jones was advanced, and he being killed in battle was succeeded by E. M. Seago. When Major Jones was promoted, Roger L. Gamble took his place, and was afterward succeeded by J. D. Waddell, on whose promotion William Craig became major. Captain Leonard was succeeded by C. H. Miner.
Ga 6

42

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

The Twenty-first regiment Georgia volunteers was organized with John T. Mercer as colonel, James J. Morrisoii, lieutenant-colonel, and T. W. Hooper, major. The adjutant was T. J. Verdery. The captains were T. C. Glover (A), A. S. Hamilton (B), J. F. Waddell (C), H. T. Battle (D), J. R. Hart (E), John T. Boykin (F), Wesley Kinman (G), James C. Nisbet (H), Michael Lynch (I), John B. Ackridge (K). The Twenty-first served in the army of Northern Virginia, acting a gallant part in the many great battles in which it was engaged. Col. John T. Mercer being killed in battle, was succeeded by Thomas W. Hooper. Lieutenant-Colonel Morriscn was followed by Hooper; T. C. Glover, who had succeeded Hooper as major on his first promotion, became lieuten ant-colonel when Hooper was promoted to the command of the regiment. When Glover became lieutenant-colonel, M. Lynch became major. Adjutant Verdery was followed by L. F. Bakewell. Captain Glover was followed by W. M. Butt, who was killed in battle. Captain Kinman was succeeded by N. B. Huclgins, and Nisbet by John B. Countiss. The Twenty-first was one of the regiments commanded by the gallant General Doles, who fell at the second battle of Cold Harbor.
The Twenty-second regiment Georgia volunteers, also organized in 1861, had at first the following officers: Col. Robert H. Jones; Lieut.-Col. T. W. Pritchett; Maj. J. Warden; Adjt. I. A. Girardeau; Capts.X. D. Lallerstadt (A), Thomas S. Hundley (B), B. C. McCurry (C), John Gibson (D), H. N. Howell (E), P. E. Willis (F), J. J. Jones (G), I. D. W. McDonald (H), George H. Jones (I), J. T. Albert (K). The Twenty-second, like all the other regiments raised in the early months of the war, was anxious to go to Virginia. This wish was gratified, and it had the honor of being assigned to an army whose fame has never been surpassed in the annals of time, and the good fortune to be placed in the brigade led by the gal lant A. R. Wright, of Georgia. The first colonel, Robert

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

43

H. Jones, was succeeded by George H. Jones. Lieuten ant-Colonel Pritchett was succeeded by Maj. Joseph 7asden, who was killed in battle. To the vacant majorship Lawrence D. Lallerstadt succeeded. Adjutant Girardeau was followed by S. L. Bedell and he by J. D. Daniel. Captain Lallerstadt was succeeded by G. W. Rush, killed. The captains of Company B were, in suc cession, Thomas S. Hundley, J. W. Walker, P. Ivl. Heath and I. C. A. Beall. Captain Gibson was followed by J. N. Mercier: Howell by j. D. Foster; J. J. Jones by W. F. Jones (died) and G. W. Thomas; J. D. W. McDonald by F. M. Connally, J. W. Leonard (killed) and H. J. L. Beall; G. H. Jones by A. B. Rodgers; Albert (killed) by J.W. Callaway (killed) and F. M. Clayton.
The first field officers of the Twenty-third regiment Georgia volunteers were: Thomas Hutchison, colonel; W. P. Barclay, lieutenant-colonel; E. F. Best, major. The adjutant was C. Saunders. The captains were Benjamin G. Pool (A), J. li. Huggins (B), M. R. Ballinger (C), John L. Steele (D), James Loveless (E), B. P. King (F), John J. A. Sharp (G), Francis M. Young (H), M. L. Pritchett (I), Andrew Young (K). This regiment served the greater part of the war in the army of Northern Vir ginia. It was placed in the brigade commanded by Gen. Alfred Colquitt; was sent to Florida with Colquitt, and helped to gain the victory of Olustee. Returning to Virginia in the spring of 1864, it assisted in the defense of Petersburg and renewed its brilliant career with the army under Lee. In the spring of 1865 it was in North Caro lina under General Johnston. and surrendered with him, April 26th. During this long service it had five colonels, five lietvtenant-colonels and five majors. The colonels were Thomas Hutchison, W. P. Barclay (killed in action), Emory F. Best, J. H. Huggins and M. R. Ballinger. The lieutenant-colonels were W. P. Barclay, E. F. Best, Joseph H. Huggins, M. R. Ballinger, and J. J. A. Sharp; the majors, E. F. Best, J. H. Huggins, M. R. Ballinger,

44

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

J. J. A. Sharp and W. J. Boston. Adjt. C. Saunders was followed by E. Fort. Captain Pool was succeeded by W. J. Boston; Ballinger by H. T. Kennon; King by R. W. Mitchell.
The Twenty-fourth regiment Georgia volunteers had at its organization the following field officers: Col. Robert McMillan; Lieut.-Col. C. C. Sanders; Maj. R. E. McMillan. The adjutant was D. E. Banks. The cap tains were J. N. Chandler (A), P. E. Davant (B), W. L. Smith (C), John Conn (D), J. N. Cannon (E), J...H. F. Mattox (F), W. T. Leonard (G), John H. Mosely (H), H. 1. Pool (I), J. G. Porter (K). W. C. Sears was ensign of the regiment. This regiment served in the army of Northern Virginia, fighting gallantly in the many great battles of that matchless host. It was in the brigade of W. T. Wofford at the battle of Gettysburg, and suffered severely in that and in other engagements. During its career it had two colonels, Robert McMillan and C. C. Sanders; three lieutenant-colonels, C. C. Sanders, J. N. Chandler and T. E. Winn, and three majors, R. E. McMillan, T. E. Winn and F. C. Smith. Adjutant Banks was succeeded by U. S. Turner. Captain Smith (killed) was succeeded by F. C. Smith; Captain Conn by H. H. Smith, killed in battle. Of two captains of Com pany E, J. N. Cannon was killed and H. P. Cannon died. Captain Mattox was succeeded by T. E. Winn; Captain Leonard died in service, and his successor W. S. Brewster was killed. Captain Mosely died and was succeeded by George W. Keeling, who was followed by N. J. Dortch, who died in service.
When the Twenty-fifth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized, Claudius C. Wilson was made colonel; W. P. M. Ashby, lieutenant-colonel; W. J. Winn, major; R. E. Lester, adjutant, and W. D. Bacon, quartermaster. The captains were A. W. Smith (A), M. L. Bryan (B), J. Roberts (C), A. J. Williams (D), W. S. Norman (E), George T. Dunham (F), W. D. Hamilton (G), W. H.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

45

Wylly (H), A. H. Smith (I), M. J, McMullen (K). R. J. McCleary (L). The Twenty-fifth, after being equipped and drilled, was assigned to the department of South Car olina, Georgia and Florida, and throughout the latter part of 1861 and during 1862 served on the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. In 1863 it was sent to north Missis sippi, forming part of the army assembled for the relief of Vicksburg. In September o that year, being trans ferred to Georgia, in the brigade commanded by its col onel and in the division of W. H. T. Walker, it shared the perils and glories of Chickamauga. It participated in the Atlanta, Tennessee and North Carolina campaigns, surrendering with J. E. Johnston. Soon after Chicka mauga Colonel Wilson was promoted to brigadier-general, but in the same month he died. W. J. Winn succeeded him as colonel of the regiment, and W. H. Wylly, who had been captain of Company H, afterward of Company A, and promoted major, became at the same time lieutenant-colonel, while Capt. A. W. Smith became major. Among other changes, R. J. McCleary, who had commanded the extra company, L, became captain of Company C; Captain Williams became lieutenant-colonel, and A. H. Smith of Company I took command of Compan}' D; G. W. Holmes succeeded Norman as captain of company E; R. R. Young took the place of Dunham as captain of Company P, and was succeeded by J. R. Moore; J. C. Howell was Wylly's successor as captain of Company A; S. D. Bradwell became captain of Company H, J. M, Smith of Company I, and J. R. Cooper of Com pany K.
The Georgia legion, composed of infantry, cavalry and artillery, was organized before the battle of First Manassas, with Thomas R. R. Cobb as colonel, P. M. B. Young, lieutenant-colonel, Ben C. Yancey, major, J. C. Rutherford, adjutant. The infantry captains were W. D. Conyers (A), C. A. McDaniel (B), L. J. Glenn (C), Thomas Carnak (D), W. S. Morris (E), W. F. S. Powell

46

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

(F), G. B. Knight (G). The cavalry captains were T. P. Stovall (A), Z. A, Rice (B), W. G. Deloney (C), W. J. Lawton (D). The artillery company was commanded by Capt. M. Stanley. The legion served through most of the war with the army of Northern Virginia, and was with Longstreet at Chattanooga and in east Tennessee. Ten companies became the Ninth Georgia cavalry and served under Hampton in the campaign of the Carolinas in the spring of 1865, surrendering with Johnston, April z6th. The gallant Colonel Cobb became brigadier-gen eral, and was killed at the battle of Fredericksburglj De cember 13, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel Young became col onel, then brigadier and finally major-general. The last colonel, G. I. Wright, was acting brigadier-general in the last campaign. While yet the Georgia legion, the suc cessors to the first field officers were: Cols. P. M. B. Young and G. I. Wright; Lieut.-Cols. Jeff M. Lamar (died), Luther J. Glean, R. S. King and William G. Deloney; Majs. J. M. Lamar, W. G. Deloney, L. J. Gienn, Z. A. Rice, Thomas M. Camak, G. I. Wright and W. D. Couyers. The successors to the First infantry captains were W. W. McDaniel (B), M. F. Liddell and A. C. Grier (C), W. A. Winn (killed) and James F. Wilson (D), T. B. Cox (E), and J. C. Bamett (G). The successors to the First cavalry captains were J. J. Thompson (A) and T. C. Williams (C). After ten companies became the Ninth Georgia cavalry the following were the officers, includ ing changes: Col. G. I. Wright; Lieut.-Col. R. S. King; Maj. M. D. Jones; Adjt. James Y. Harris. Cap tains: Company A, T. B. Archer, Z. A. Rice, J. P. Stovall, B. C. King, O. H. P. Julian, J. J. Thomas, B. C. Young, C. H. Sanders, W. L. Conyers; Company B, M. D. Jones, L. J. Glenn, W. W. McDaniels; Company C, W. G. Deloney, T. C. Williams: Company D, C. H. Camfield, W. J. Lawton, J. F. Wilson, W. A. Winn; Company E, W. C. Dial, B. S. King, T. B. Coz, W. S. C. Morris; Company F, G. W. Moore; Company G, Wil-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

47

Ham M. Williams, J. C. Barnett, G. B. Knight; Company H, J. E. Ritch, W. A. Cain; Company I, W. B. Young, William Duke; Company K, P. E. Eve, J. J. Floyd; Company L, A. M. Rogers. Even after the withdrawal of the cavalry and artillery from the legion, the infantry companies continued to be called Cobb's legion, and served with distinction to the last.
Phillips' Georgia legion, another of the commands organized by June i, 1861, had for its field officers: Col. William Phillips, Lieut.-Col. Seaborn Jones, Jr.; Maj. John D. Wilcoxon, and Adjt. James H. Lawrence. The infantry captains were O. R. Daniel (A), R. T. Cook (B), E. S. Barclay (C), H. F. Wimberly (D), Joseph Hamilton (E), Jackson Barnes (F), Charles Dubignon (G), W. W. Rich (H), W. B. C. Puckett (I), R. S. Y. Lowry (K), j. M. Johnson (L), J. F. McClesky (M), S. S. Dunlap (N), T. K. Sproull (O), W. W. Thomas (P). The cavalry captains were J. H. Nicholls (A), Wm. H. Rich (B), E. C. Hardin (C), P. L. Y. Long (D), A. F. Hunter (E), W. W. Thomas (F). There was an artillery company attached, with H. N. Ells, captain. The legion served first in West Virginia under Floyd, next for a few months on the Georgia coast, then in the army of Northern Vir ginia, reaching Richmond in time to take part with Cobb's legion in the Seven Days' battles, afterward in Cobb's brigade, and. upon the death of that officer in Wofford's until after Gettysburg. Wofford's brigade went with Longstreet to Georgia, took part in the East Tennessee campaign, and afterward was in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia until Appomattox. In the meantime, the cavalry battalion of the legion had served in Hampton's brigade of Stuart's cavalry in the cam paigns of Lee's army, and in 1865 followed Hampton through the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendering with T'olmston's army, April 26, 1865. During this long service its officers, exclusive of those named at its organization.

48

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

were as follows: Col. John S. Norris; Lieut.-Cols. R. T. Cooke (killed in battle), E. T. Barclay, J. Hamilton, W. W. Rich; Majs. W. B. C. Puckett, Joseph Hamilton, E. S. Barclay; Adjts. J. W. Wofford, F. S. Fuller, J. A. Matthias. The infantry captains were: Company A, D. B. Sanford, F. C. Fuller, O. P. Daniels, P. B. Robinson; Company B, Thomas Hamilton, I. D. Dodd; Company C, E. S. Barclay, J. S. Norris, A. S. Erwin; Company E, Joseph Hamilton, W. H. Barler, J. M. McDonald; Com pany F, P. McGovern; Company H, J. F. Milhollin. Cavalry captains: Company A, C. Dubignon, A.l: R. Love; Company B, T. G. Wilkes, B. B. McKenzie; Com pany C, W. B. C. Puckett, G. A. Roberts; Company D, H. Buchanan.
The First battalion of infantry has already been men tioned. Its organization as the Thirty-seventh Georgia will be given in regimental order.
An account of the movements of the Second Georgia battalion of infantry has already been given. The organization of this battalion was as follows: Maj. Thomas Hardeman; Quartermaster F. S. Gross; Commissary C. S. Rogers; Adjt. W. S. Robinson; Surg. A. V. Taliaferro; Capts. C. J. Moffit (A), John F. Dupree (B), George 7. Ross (C), George S. Jones (D). Major Hardeman was subsequently called to other fields of duty, and George W. Ross became major. W. F. I. Ross became captain of Company A; W. F. Walker captain of Company B on the death of Captain Dupree, and C. R. Redding, captain of Company C on the promo tion of Ross. The gallant manner in which this battalion began its career was repeated on the many battlefields .of the army of Northern Virginia. Faithful to every duty, it served in Wright's famous brigade (afterward .Sorrel's) and surrendered at Appomattox.
The Third Georgia battalion, as at first organized, had 'the following officers: Lieut.-Col. M. A. Stovall; Maj. A. F. Rudler; Quartermaster B. T. Jones; Capts. James

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

49



D. Yeiser (A), Robert E. Meson (B), M. Kendrick (C),

George M. McDowell (D), Andrew J. White (E), J. J.

Bradford (F), T. D. Caswell (G), W. H. H. Phelps (H).

Under Lieutenant-Colonel Stovall the battalion was on

duty for awhile at Lynchburg, Va., and Goldsboro,

N. C., and then was .sent to east Tennessee to guard

bridges and protect the Southern men of that section.

It was in the Kentucky campaign of 1862, and in the Mur-

freesboro campaign, after which Stovall was promoted to

brigadier-general, skipping the intermediate grade of col

onel. Quartermaster B. T. Jones was succeeded by J. A.

Anderson, Richard Orme and H. P. Richmond. The

battalion was highly complimented in the official reports.

After the battle of Murfreesboro it was united with the

Ninth battalion to form the Thirty-seventh regiment.

The Twenty-sixth regiment Georgia volunteers when

organized had the following field officers: Col. C. W.

Styles; Lieut.-Col. W. A. Lane; Maj. Thomas N. Gard

ner; Adjt. E. N. Atkinson. The captains were G. C.

Dent (A), A. S. Atkinson (B), J. C. Nichols (C), D. J.

McDonald (D), Eli S. Griffin (E), Win. H. Dasher (F),

Ben F. Mosely (G), Wm. A. McDonald (H), Alexander

Atkinson (I), J. S. Blain (K), Ben A. White, Jr. (L).

This regiment was for a time on the Georgia coast under

Lawton, accompanied that officer to Richmond in time to

share in the Seven Days' battles, thenceforward serving

in the army of Northern Virginia until Appomattox,

where, in the division commanded by Gen. Clement A.

Evans and the corps of John B. Gordon, it shared in the

least charge of that illustrious army. During this long

and honorable service E. N. Atkinson succeeded Colonel

Styles in the command of the. regiment; the successors of

Lieutenant-Colonel Lane were E. S. Griffin, J. S. Blain

and William A. McDonald; the majors after Gardner were

E. S. Griffin, J. S. Blain and B. F. Grace; Adjutant

Atkinson was succeeded by Andrew J. Lyles. Before

the reorganization M. R. Cogdell became captain of Com-

Ga 7

50

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

pany L. After the reorganization there were only the usual ten companies, of which the following were captains at different times: (A) J. S. Blain and N.. Dixon; (B) A. Atkinson and James H. Hunter; (C) James Knox; (D) Davidson; (E) E. S. Griffin; (F) John Lee: (G) C. M. Howell; (H) J. P. Smith and R. Paxton; (I) C. W. Billiard and Thomas J. Ivey; (K) B. F. Grace and J. Hilton.
Of the Twenty-seventh regiment Georgia volunteers the following were the field officers at its organization: Col. Levi B. Smith; Lieut.-Col. C. T. Zachry, Majj H. B. Holliday; Adjt. J. Gardner; Commissary Thomas Bacon; Quartermaster H. B. Holliday (until appointed major), and then G. B. Buchanan. The captains were P. C. Carr (A), J. W. Stubbs (B), C. J. Dennis (C), J. N. Dorsey (D), W. H. Renfroe (E), J. Wilcher (F), W. D. Redding (G), W. H. Delamar (H), G. A. Lee (I), H. Bussey (K). The Twenty-seventh served in Virginia most of the time until after Chancellorsville, then in North Carolina; went with the rest of Colquitt's brigade to Florida in February, 1864, helping to put an end at Olustee to Federal invasion of that State; returned to Virginia in the spring of 1864 in time to assist in saving Petersburg from Butler's grasp; was engaged through the greater part of 1864 in the defense of that city, and in 1865 was in the campaign of the Carolinas under Gen eral Johnston, surrendering with him near Goldsboro. There were many changes in officers during this long and arduous service. Exclusive of those already named the officers were: Col. C. T. Zachry; Lieut.-Cols. Brewer, John W. Stubbs, J. M. Dorsey, James Gardner (killed in battle) and H. Bussey; Majs. C. J. Dennis, James Gard ner, H. Bussey, W. H. Renfroe (killed) and I. D. Gra ham; Adjt. I. B. Pye; Commissary J. M. Zachry, in place of Thomas Bacon (killed); Quartermaster G. B. Buchanan; Captains (A) W. E. Dougherty, in place of Carr (died); (B) J. J. Alien; (C) J. W. Murray, W. W. Johnson and Thomas Grace; (D) George Latham; (E)

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

51

Abercrotnbie; (F) Edwards; (G) M. L. Billingsley; (H) R. A. Harkie, in place of Delamar (killed); (I) J. D. Gra ham, in place of Lee (killed), and later Baxley; (K) C. Calhottn.
The Twenty-eighth regiment Georgia volunteers organized with T. J. Warthen as colonel; George A. Hall, lieutenant-colonel; J. G. Cain, major; J. W. Rob inson, adjutant. The captains were Tully Graybill (A), E. B. Hook (B), Wm. P. Crawford (C), N. J. Garrison (D), George R. Moore (E), Jesse Burtz (F), John Hill, Jr. (G), Wm. L. Johnson (H), Isaac F. Adkins (I), John N. Wilcox (K). The Twenty-eighth went to Virginia in time to share in the battles around Richmond; remained with the army of Northern Virginia until after Chancellorsville; went with Colquitt'sbrigade to North Carolina; hurried to the defense of Florida, helping to win the battle of Olustee, in the spring of 1864; returned to Vir ginia, serving in the Petersburg lines, and in 1865 was engaged in the campaign of the Carolinas until included in the capitulation of Johnston. Its officers succeeding those already named were Tully Graybill, colonel after the death of Warthen; Lieut.-Cols. James G. Cain and W. P. Crawford; Majs. Tully Graybill and James W. Banning; Capts. J. R. Tucker (A), R. W. Flournoy (B), L. R. Wade (F), J. Johnson (H).
The Twenty-ninth regiment Georgia volunteers had for its first field officers Col. R. Spaulding; Lieut.-Col. T. W. Alexander; Maj. L. J. Knight; Adjt. G. Butler. The captains were C. S. Rockwell (A), W. J. Young (B), T. S. Wylly (C), J. C. Lamb (D), F. M. Jackson (E), W. W. Billopp (F), I. J. Owen (G), W. D. Mitchell (H), J. W. Turner (I), H. C. Bowen (K). This regiment served until 1863 mainly in the department of South Car olina, Georgia and Florida, during the greater part of 1863 in north Mississippi under Gen. J. E. Johnston, in C, C. Wilson's brigade; was in the battle of Chickamauga, in the Atlanta campaign of 1864, in Hood's expedition into

52

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Tennessee, and in the campaign of the Carolinas in the spring of 1865, surrendering with General Johnston. Dur ing its term of service Win. J. Young became colonel; W. D. Mitchell, lieutenant-colonel, and J. C. Lamb, major. J. D. Henderson became captain of Company A, W. W. Spencer of Company B, and B. Y. Stanford of Company
E. At the organization of the Thirtieth regiment Georgia
volunteers the following were the field officers: Col. David J. Bailey; Lieut.-Col. Miles M. Tidwell; M.aj. Cicero A. Thorpe; Commissary A. N. McLarty; Quarter master J. C. Hightower; Adjt. J. W. McCord. The cap tains were John L. Barnett (A), H. Hendrick (B), J. G. Lindsey (C), Thomas C. Bartlett (D), Robert M. Hitch (E), Win. N. Magonick (F), John Edmondson (G), Francis M. Harrell (H), C. A. Dollar (I), Wm. B. Richards (K). The Thirtieth served until the spring of 1863 in the de partment of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida; then went to Mississippi, with other regiments already men tioned, forming the brigade of Col. C. C. Wilson, and served under him at Chickamauga, soon after which he was promoted to brigadier-general. After his death in November, 1863, the Thirtieth was assigned to the brigade of General Stevens, of Walker's division. It served through the Atlanta, Tennessee and Carolina campaigns, surrendering with Johnston near Goldsboro. During this time its officers succeeding those already named were Cols. Thomas W. Mangham and James S. Boynton; Majs. J. R. Boynton and Henry Hendrick; Commissary J. C. Little. Felix L. Matthall became captain of Company A, R. J. Andrews of C, Hudson Whittaker of D, John McLeod of E, and George T. Longino of K.
Of the Thirty-third, Col. A. Littlefield, mentioned in the above list, there is no record.
In addition to the forces raised for the Confederate States service, Governor Brown gave his energetic efforts to the maintenance of the military force of 10,000 men

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

53

for State defense, authorized by the legislature of 1860.
In his message, November, 1861, he gave an interesting
account of what had been done in this department:
Early in the spring I divided the State into four sections
or brigades, intending if 'necessary to raise one brigade of volunteers in each section, and appointed one major-gen
eral and two brigadier-generals with a view to the prompt
organization of one division in case of emergency. The position of major-general was tendered to Gen. Henry R. Jackson, who has lately gained a very important victory over a greatly superior force of the enemy in northwestern Virginia, who declined it in favor of Col. William H. T. Walker, late of the United States army, and a most gal lant son of Georgia. I then, in accordance with the recommendation of General Jackson, and the dictates of my own judgment, tendered the appointment to Colonel Walker, by whom it was accepted. . The office of briga dier-general was tendered to and accepted by Col. Paul J. Semmes for the Second brigade, and Col. William Phillips for the Fourth brigade. With a view to more speedy and active service under the Confederate government, Gen erals Walker and Semmes resigned before they had organized their respective commands. About this time our relations with the government of the United States assumed so threatening an aspect that I ordered General Phillips to organize his brigade as rapidly as possible, and to throw the officers into a camp of instruction for train ing that they might be the better prepared to render effective those under their command. This camp of instruction was continued for about two weeks and the officers sent home to hold their respective commands in readiness. This was the condition of our volunteer organ ization early in June, when the United States troops . crossed the Potomac and invaded the soil of Virginia. Not knowing how soon a similar invasion of our own soil might be made by a landing of troops upon our coast, I ordered General Phillips to call his whole brigade into a camp of instruction, and hold them in readiness for im mediate action should emergencies require it. This order was promptly obeyed by the energetic and efficient officer to whom it was given. General Phillips, assisted by
Adjutant-General Wayne and Major Capers, the superin
tendent of the Georgia military institute, pressed forward

54

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

the instruction and preparation of troops with great activ
ity and energy. The troops remained in camp from the
nth of June till the ad of August. They were a noble,
patriotic, chivalrous band of Georgians, and I hazard noth
ing in saying, military men being the judges, that no bri
gade in the Confederate service was composed of better
material, or was better trained at that time for active serv
ice in the field. The season having so far advanced that it was not probable that our coast would be invaded before cold weather, I tendered the brigade to President Davis for Confederate service in Virginia. The President re fused to accept the tender of the brigade, but askedfcr . the troops by regiments. Believing that a due resp'ect for the rights of the State should have prompted the President to accept those troops under their State organ ization, and if any legal obstacle in the way of accepting a brigade existed that it should have been removed by the appointment of the general who had trained the men and who was their unanimous choice, to continue to com mand them in active service, I at first refused to disband a State organization, made in conformity to the statute, and tender the troops by regiments; more especially as the President only demanded the two regiments, which would have left the three battalions to be disbanded or maintained as battalions through the balance of the sea son by the State. Finally the President agreed to accept the battalions and regiments, and in view of the pressing necessity for troops in Virginia, I yielded the point, and accepted General Phillips' resignation, and permitted the troops to be mustered into the Confederate service by regiments and battalions.
About the time these troops left, the secretary of war also ordered out of the State the regiment of regulars under Colonel Williams, and the Second regiment of vol unteers commanded by Colonel Semmes, both excellent regiments, well drilled and armed. This left the coast almost entirely defenseless. By that time I had permit ted nearly all the arms of the State to go into the Con federate service, and it has been a very difficult matter to get arms enough to supply the troops since ordered to the coast.
At the time Fort Pulaski was by an ordinance of our State convention turned over to the Confederate govern ment, the number and size of the guns in the fort were

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

55

very inadequate to its successful defense against a fleet with heavy guns, and as the secretary of war made no provision for the proper supply of guns or ammunition, I deemed it my duty to purchase, with funds from the State treasury, the necessary supply, which was done at a cost of $101,521.43.
The governor stated that during August and September no invasion was feared, but as the colder season came on apprehension was felt. He visited the coast and inspected the fortifications, and deciding that the measures of pro tection taken by authority of the Confederate States were insufficient, determined to call out State troops. In the early part of September he appointed George P. Harrison a brigadier-general, and ordered him to organize a brigade and arm it as far as means permitted with reg ular rifles, and the balance with good 'country rifles and shotguns, and to throw the men into camp of instruction near the coast. This brigade was rapidly formed and put in good condition, and F. W. Capers was then commis sioned brigadier-general and assigned to the same duty. Subsequently a third brigade was formed by Brig-Gen. W. H. T. Walker.
During this period of active military preparations, Ira R. Foster ably performed the duties of State quarter master-general, and Col. J. I. Whitaker was commissarygeneral. Hon. Thomas Butler King had been sent to Europe as commissioner to arrange for a line of steamers for direct trade, under authority of an act of the legisla ture. In equipping Fort Pulaski and other fortifications, in arming and maintaining troops, and in all the various expenses of war, $1,000,000 had been spent. Among these expenditures was the purchase of steamers for coast defense.
Commodore Josiah Tattnall, of Georgia, a famous naval officer who had assisted in opening China and Japan to commerce, had resigned from the old navy upon the seces sion of his State, and on February 2 8th was appointed senior flag-officer of the State navy, which then did not

56

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

possess a boat or a gun. In March he was appointed commander in the Confederate States navy and assigned to the command of whatever navy he could find or create in the waters of South Carolina and Georgia. He suc ceeded during the summer in producing the semblance of a flotilla, a "mosquito fleet," as it was called, by arm
ing a river steamer and a few tugs with such guns as could be procured. This flotilla he was directed by the Confederate government to distribute along the coast from Port Royal south, for the special purpose of aiding vessels coming from England with war supplies.
Early in September, 1861, Brig.-Gen. A. R. Lawton, who had been in command of the district of Savannah since April 17th, informed the secretary of war that there was a pressing necessity for additional troops on the coast at the earliest possible moment. "I have received and mustered into service," he said, "enough to replace the two regiments suddenly ordered to Virginia (Semmes' and Williams' regiments), and these are but enough to man the batteries on the coast, leaving us no protection on the mainland in case of trouble. Nearly all the com panies I have at this moment are entirely raw and undis ciplined. The large calls upon the State of Georgia have taken away nearly every trained company and all the arms, except such as may be found in private hands. I am now endeavoring to organize all such as can furnish their own arms and muster them into service. In this way only can I secure a force that will give any protec tion to this coast." He asked the approval of this course and that Duncan L. Clinch might be commissioned col onel and authorized to raise a regiment.
The growing alarm, on account of the aggressive naval operations of the North, caused Governor Brown to add his appeal, and General Lawton was authorized to organ ize such military force as he deemed necessary. On Sep tember 25th Secretary Benjamin telegraphed Lawton it was believed the enemy's naval expedition was intended

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

57

for Brunswick, and that the Bartow artillery had been ordered to Savannah. Lawton replied: "I can do noth ing for want of arms, unless I hold those now landing from steamer Bermuda. I sent to-day a special agent to Richmond on this subject. Georgia is stripped of arms. Men in abundance, if a.few days are allowed." To this the governor added an urgent request for Stovall's bat talion, then at Lynchburg, and five other armed com panies of Georgia troops. This request was not acceded to by the secretary, but it was ordered that 1,000 smallarms and one 12-pounder rifled gun should be turned over to Lawton. At this time the latter had an aggre gate present of about 3,000 men, at sixteen posts, the most important of which were Tybee island, Brunswick, Camp Lawton, Savannah, Fort Pulaski, Sapello island and Fort Screven. On October 2 6th the military depart ment of Georgia was created, and General Lawton was put in command, with headquarters at Savannah, and three days later he was notified that the enemy's fleet had sailed for the South. His force having considerably increased, Colonel Mercer was commissioned brigadiergeneral.
It soon became apparent that the first object of the Federal fleet was Port Royal, S. C., and simultaneously the defenders of the coast were cheered by the intelli gence that Gen. Robert E. Lee had been appointed to command of the military department including the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia and east Florida. General Lawton's defensive force now consisted of about 2,000 men under General Mercer, at and near Brunswick, and about 3,500 north of the Altamaha and generally near Savannah. About 500 of his command were cavalry, very well mounted and armed, and the remainder included three batteries of artillery. About 2,000 of the infantry were well drilled and disciplined. There were also available about 3,000 men, "armed in a fashion, under the State organization," within a few hours' call,
Ga 8

58

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

from the city, by mail. With the assistance of naval officers the channels of approach to Savannah were being blocked in several places.
The condition of the Georgia coast defense is described in the report of Ordnance Officer W. G. Gill. On the south end of Jekyl island were one 42-pounder and four 32-pounders, with 60 pounds of shot and shell. The Saint Simon's island batteries mounted a lo-inch and an 8-inch columbiad, two 42-po.unders and five 32-pounders, and 75 rounds of ammunition. Fort Pulaski had five xo-inch and nine 8-inch columbiads, two ro-inch mortars, two 42-pounders, twenty 32-pounders, one 24-pounder, and considerable ammunition. Fort Jackson had one 32pounder rifle, five 32-pounders, three i8-pounders. The Green island battery had one lo-inch rifled gun, one lo-inch and two 8-inch columbiads, two 42-pounders and four 32-pounders. Thunderbolt battery* had one 8-inch gun and three i8-pounders. Another interesting item of this report is that "some of the regiments on the coast are armed with shotguns and sporting rifles. They have little or no ammunition for them. I propose to put up for the shotguns a blank cartridge, to fire a small linen bag containing 12 buckshot.''
Commodore Tattnall, with his little flotilla of three vessels, boldly attacked the Federal fleet at the entrance of Port Royal sound, on November 4th and again on the 5th. On the afternoon of the 6th General Drayton's forces were reinforced by 450 Georgia infantry, under Captain Berry, and Captain Read's battery of two rz-poiinder howitzers and 50 men. On the 7th, after the bombardment of Forts Walker and Beauregard had been in progress for about an hour, and the Confederate gun ners were becoming exhausted, General Drayton brought up the greater part of Read's artillery company as a relief, and at the same time Col. W. H. Stiles arrived with the cheering intelligence that his regiment was approaching. About 2 o'clock p. m. Fort Walker

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

59

became untenable, and the guns were disabled. The island of Hilton Head was abandoned, the Georgia bat tery losing its guns. Fort Beauregard was also evacu ated, and the enemy thus gained a permanent base for naval action. Tattnall, however, brought off his mosquito fleet in safety.
The Federal light-draught gunboats were soon flitting through the passages of the island-fringed coast of Georgia, and expeditions were sent through Ossabaw, Warsaw, St. Helena and Cumberland sounds, as far down as Fernandina, rapidly gaining possession of the whole coast line except the entrance to Savannah har bor. These scouting vessels did not venture to attack Fort Pulaski, but landed a force of men on Tybee island on the 24th of November, after shelling the martello tower and battery, which had been abandoned some two weeks before. Captain Read, with a detachment of his command, crossed over to the island after dark to burn the hospital, but found the enemy too numerous. Learning that the Federals were gathering up the cotton and rice from the plantations, he burned some of these products and retired to Cockspur island. Commodore Tattnall's flotilla, the steamers Pocahontas, Seneca, Flag and Augusta, lay near Fort Pulaski, and as the enemy's gunboats kept well out of range, he endeavored by an attack and retreat to draw them closer." The naval skir mish continued for an hour, but was ineffective, and the Federals were too wary to give the fort an opportunity to participate. For several days afterward shells were thrown at long range toward Pulaski. During the stay of the Federal fleet at Tybee there was great excitement, and extensive preparations were made under the imme diate direction of General Lee for the warm reception of the enemy. To compel the enemy to pass under the guns of Fort Pulaski in approaching the city, piles were driven in the channels which open into the river on the north and south, and other obstructions made which

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CONFEDERATE MILITART HISTORY.

were for the time effective. Lieut. James H. Wilson,

then topographical officer, later a famous cavalry leader,

and in 1898 one of the two major-generals of cavalry

appointed for the war with Spain (the other being the

famous Confederate,"Little Joe" Wheeler), took an expe

dition by boat from Hilton Head about Christmas, 1861,

to saw off and pull out these piles on the north of the

river, and had nearly cleared a passage when detected.

Tattnall then came down to the mouth of the Wright

river and drove off the working party.

- :,

The Federals also sought to use a channel leading up

from the south, from Warsaw sound, through Wilming-

ton river and St. Augustine creek to the Savannah just

below Fort Jackson. An attack by this route had been

foreseen and guarded against by the erection of a battery

on a small island opposite Fort Jackson, which in honor

of Dr. Cheves, who superintended its construction, was

called Fort Cheves, and mounted some long 32-pounders

from Norfolk navy yard. Fire rafts were also prepared.

One of these, completed about Christmas, was cut loose

by a traitor and floated down unlighted to Tybee beach,

the Federal position. The main object of the expedition

to Tybee island was to escort Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore,

chief engineer of the Federal corps at Hiltoa Head.

His purpose was to prepare batteries for the reduction of

Fort Pulaski, but this was carefully concealed from the

Confederate authorities.

In November, the famous steamship Fingal had evaded

the blockaders and entered the port of Savannah in safety,

bringing 10,000 Enfield rifles, 1,000,000 ball cartridges,

2.000,000 percussion caps, 3,000 cavalry sabers, 1,000

short rifles and cutlass bayonets, 1,000 rounds of ammu

nition per rifle, 500 revolvers and ammunition, 2 large

rifled cannon, 2 smaller rifles, 400 barrels of cannon

powder, and a lot of medical stores and material for

clothing. No single ship ever again brought into the

Confederacy so large a cargo of military and naval sup-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

61

plies. The Fingal was bought on the Clyde in Septem ber, 1861, by Capt. James D. Bulloch, of Georgia, the European agent of the Confederate States. She was a new ship, with a speed of thirteen knots, high for that time, and was the first to run the blockade directly for the Confederate government. The passengers besides Captain Bulloch were Col. Edward C. Anderson, Messrs. Foster and Moffatt, of Charleston, and Dr. Holland, an ex-surgeon of the United States army. They sailed from Greenock, Scotland, early in October, under the British flag, and with a British captain; collided with an Austrian brig at Holyhead, but fortunately escaped injury, and arrived at Bermuda November ad. Bulloch then explained to his English crew that his true object was to run the blockade, and that though the ship still flew the British flag, he had a bill of sale for her in his pocket. The captain and crew stood ~by him in this emergency, and the merchantman was at once trans formed into a respectable fighting ship. Pilot Makin, taken up from the blockade-runner Nashville, at St. George, brought them safely to Savannah about the middle of November without getting in sight of a blockader.
As soon as the Fingal arrived with her precious stores Governor Brown applied for arms to replace those which Georgia had furnished the Confederate States. It finally appeared that 1,000 of the Enfield rifles had been shipped directly to Governor Brown, and but 9,000 were for the Confederate government. One-half of these were ordered to be distributed by General Lee to the troops of Georgia and South Carolina, but with the condition that the troops receiving these arms must be enlisted for three years or the war. On the latter account Colonel Dow's regiment of Mississippians was armed out of the guns expected by Georgia.
When Captain Bulloch was ready to sail out, about ten days after making port, the arrival of the Federals at

62

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Tybee made that purpose a dangerous one, but in obedi ence to the order of the secretary of the navy he loaded the ship with cotton and resin, and on December aoth dropped down to Wilmington island, accompanied by Tattnall's squadron, the Savannah (flagship), Lieut. J. N. Maffitt; the Resolute, Lieut. J. P. Jones; the Sampson, Lieut J. Kennard, and the Ida and Bartow. The Chat ham artillery was also sent to Skidaway island to assist in case there should be a conflict On the 23d the Fingal and Tattnall's boats ran down near the enemy's gunboa'ts, but found them in such strong force that they were com pelled to return. In the brief action which accompanied this reconnoissance, Tattnall's flagship was hit in the wheel-house and required assistance from the Resolute in returning. The Fingal found every channel of escape shut off, and a pilot sent to reconnoiter a passage by way of the Romney marsh, himself narrowly evaded capture. The Federal authorities were undoubtedly fully aware of the presence of the daring cruiser and her anxiety to get out. To add to the difficulties of exit, a number of hulks loaded with stone were sunk by the enemy in the channel of the river below Fort Pulaski, as well as in other channels, and late in January Captain Bulloch reported that there was no prospect of taking the ship out. He then turned her over to Lieut. G. T. Sinclair and returned to Europe by way of Wilmington.
Gen. Henry R. Jackson, whose gallant career in Vir ginia will be hereafter described, was appointed majorgeneral of State forces by Governor Brown, and assumed command December 28, 1861, with headquarters at Savannah. General Jackson advised General Lee that he held himself subject to the latter's directions in all military operations looking to the defense of the State, and would report as directed; and added that the personal relations between General Lawton and himself were of such a character as to insure the most cordial feelings and a perfect harmony of action. To this Lee responded:

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

63

"I am much gratified that the division tinder your com mand is ready for the defense of the State of Georgia and is placed at my disposal for that purpose," adding, "I will direct General Lawton to indicate to you where your troops can be of most service, and to designate such points as you may take under your exclusive charge."

CHAPTER III.
GEORGIA TROOPS IN VIRGINIA--LAUREL HILL, CARRICK'S FORD AND FIRST MAN ASS AS--DEATH OF BARTOW--CHEAT MOUNTAIN, GREENBRIER RIVER AND CAMP ALLEGHANY -- GEORGIANS IN NORTH CAROLINA--EVENTS AT PENSACOLA.
I MMEDIATELY after the secession of Virginia the Confederate government hurried troops to that State from every part of the Confederacy, showing great diligence in preparing to defend the soil of the "Old Do minion' ' at every point. Of the Georgia regiments ordered there, part were assigned to the army of the Shenandoah commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. The Second brigade of that army consisted of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Eleventh Georgia regiments of infantry, and the First Kentucky, and was commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow. The disposition of the other Georgia troops" was as follows: The Sixth and Tenth regiments were sent to Yorktown and vicinity, Col. Lafayette McLaws, with the Tenth, being put in command at Williamsburg; and Ramsey's First, which had experienced soldier life at Pensacola, formed part of the force under Gen. R. S. Garnett at Laurel hill in western Virginia. To this place the First had marched from Staunton, a distance of 120 miles, early in June, 1861.
Gen. George B. McClellan, commanding the Federal army in western Virginia, opened his campaign about the same time that Gen. Robert Patterson began his advance against Johnston in the Shenandoah. But McClellan had carried his campaign to a triumphant con clusion more than a week before the disaster to the Fed eral arms at Manassas. Hence the campaign of Laurel
64

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

65

Hill was the first of the war. The total force under the command of General Garnett at Laurel hill and Rich mountain, after the arrival of Ramsey's First Georgia, amounted to 4,500 men, a large number of whom were sick in the hospital. Against this little army McClellan advanced with 20,000 men. On the 7th of July General Morris, commanding one of McClellan's divisions, about 8,000 strong, marched to a position one mile and a half in front of Laurel hill, while McClellan himself, with the rest of his force, advanced to Roaring creek, about two miles from Colonel Pegram's position on Rich mountain. The First Georgia moved out in front of Laurel hill July 8th, and soon encountered the Federal skirmishers, who, after the shelling of the woods by their artillery, attempted to occupy a position which included a round hill in front of Belington. Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, seeing them, quickly deployed his men, and exclaiming, "Up the hill, boys! and remember you are Georgians," led a gallant charge, which drove back the enemy with some loss. For several days skirmishing continued in front of Laurel hill, and on the 9th, while in ambuscade before the camp, the Georgians were under a heavy fire for several hours. On the nth General Rosecrans led a strong force from McClellan's army around Pegram's left flank, and about two miles in rear of his position. While Rosecrans was making his attack at Rich mountain Morris was subjecting Garnett's troops at Laurel hill to a lively bombardment.
Late in the evening of the nth Garnett was notified that Rich mountain could no longer be held. Accord ingly he gave orders for the immediate evacuation of Laurel hill. In a pouring rain, which had continued almost without intermission since the previous morning, the Confederates began their retreat to Beverly, sixteen miles distant from Laurel hill and only five miles from Rich mountain. When within five miles of Beverly Gar nett, being falsely informed that the Union troops had
Ga 9

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

occupied that place, retraced his steps almost to his abandoned camp, and leaving the pike at Leadsville turned off upon an almost impassable road over Cheat mountain into the valley of the Cheat river, following the stream northward toward St. George in the forlorn hope of turning the mountains at the north end of the ridges and then regaining his communications. On the isth the pursuing Federals overtook the Confederates between Kaler's and Carrick's fords. The First Georgia and Taliaferro's Twenty-third Virginia, with a section of Artil lery under Lieutenant Lanier and a cavalry force under Captain Smith, constituted the rear guard. The Geor gians were ordered to hold the enemy in check until the wagon train had passed, and then retire behind the Vir ginians, who were to defend the train until the Georgians had formed in a new position. This system of retiring upon positions suited for defense was pursued without loss until Carrick's ford was reached, where the Twentythird Virginia, whose turn it was to face the enemy, suffered considerable loss. At the next ford, General Garnett was killed, after giving the order for the rear guard to march as rapidly as possible and overtake the main force. Here the direct pursuit ceased. The Con federates, now commanded by Colonel Ramsey, marched all night and at daylight passed Red House in Maryland, not far from West Union, where there was a large Federal force under Gen. C. W. Hill, who had orders to intercept the Confederates; but by the time Hill's advance reached Red House the Southerners had turned the mountains and were moving southward on fairly good roads. Garnett's half-famished men, who had been marching with out food, or opportunity to obtain any, moving now through a friendly country found no further difficulty in getting all needed supplies. They had lost the greater part of their wagon train at Carrick's ford. At the little town of Petersburg the people turned out en masse with abundance of food for the exhausted Confederates, who

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

67

from this point moved by easier marches to Monterey in Highland county.
On the day of the combat at Carrick's ford, the larger part of six companies of the First Georgia regiment, under Major Thompson, became separated from the main body of the army. Concealed behind the thick mountain undergrowth, they watched the army of General Morris march by, and then started over the pathless mountains to escape to the southeast if possible. After wandering about for three days without food, trying to appease their hunger by chewing the inner bark of the laurel trees, they were rescued by a Virginia mountaineer named Parsons. He took them to his own farm where, with the assistance of his neighbors, he killed several beeves and fed the starving Georgians. With well-filled haversacks they resumed their march under the guidance of Parsons, who led them safely to the Confederate camp at Monterey, where they received a joyous greeting from their comrades, who had thought them captured. The greater part of the missing referred to by Colonel Ramsey in his dispatch from Petersburg, W. Va., when he reported hundreds of them captured, had now come in with their arms and under their officers. At Monterey news of the glorious victory at Manassas revived the hopes of the despondent troops and gave them courage for any new enterprise that might be required.
Having been informed that McDowell was on the march to attack Beauregard at Manassas, Gen. J. E. Johnston, leaving part of his force to watch and impede the progress of Patterson in the Shenandoah valley, skill fully eluded the Federal commander and led 8,000 men to Manassas. Johnston himself, with Bee's brigade, joined Beauregard on the morning of July aoth. Stone wall Jackson's brigade also came up and was placed in position. Col. Francis Bartow with two regiments of his brigade, the Seventh Georgia under Col. Lucius J. Gartrell, and the Eighth under Lieut.-Col. William M.

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Gardner, reached the field on the evening of July aoth, and early on the morning of the sist was stationed between McLean's and Blackburn's fords. Later in the morning he was sent along with Bee's brigade to the support of Cocke at the Stone bridge, where the Federal main attack seemed about to be made. About the same time Col. N. G. Evans made his movement to the rear, and facing north met the unexpected attack of the Fed eral column by way of the Sudley road. When Evans was about to be overwhelmed by this attack, Bee; and Bartow went to his assistance. "As Bee advanced under a severe fire," General Beauregard reported, "he placed the Seventh and Eighth Georgia regiments, under the chivalrous Bartow, at about n a. m., in a wood of sec ond-growth pines, to the right and front of and nearly perpendicular to Evans' line of battle. A fierce and destructive conflict now ensued. The fire was withering on both sides, while the enemy swept our short, thin lines with their numerous artillery, which, according to their official reports, at this time consisted of at least ten rifled guns and four howitzers. For an hour did these stout hearted men of the blended commands of Bee, Evans and Bartow breast an unintermitting battle-storm, animated surely by something more than the ordinary courage of even the bravest men under fire. It must have been indeed the inspiration of the cause and consciousness of the great stake at issue which thus nerved and animated one and all to stand unawed and unshrinking in such an extremity. . . . The Eighth Georgia regiment had suffered heavily, being exposed, as it took and main tained its position, to a fire from the enemy already posted within 100 yards of their front and right, sheltered by fences and other cover. It was at this time that Lieutenant-Colonel Gardner (commanding the Eighth) was severely wounded, as were also several other valuable officers. The adjutant of the regiment, Lieutenant Branch, was killed, and the horse of the regretted Bar-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

69

tow was shot under him." Finally Sherman's and Keyes' Federal brigades, having found a passage of Bull Run above the Stone bridge, threatened the rear of these gal lant and stubborn fighters, and General Bee was com pelled to order them back. But valuable time had been gained, during which Jackson had brought his brigade up to an advantageous position, and the disorganized troops had been rallied on the new line formed by Beauregard and Johnston. The Georgians now joined in the impetuous charges which swept the enemy before them in the struggle for possession of the hills, also in the final assault under which the Federal army broke and fled in disorder and panic.
"The victory," said the general commanding on the field won by Confederate gallantry, "was fraught with the loss to the service of the country of lives of inesti mable preciousness at this juncture. In the open field near the Henry house, and a few yards distant from where Bee fell, the promising life of Bartow, while lead ing the Seventh Georgia regiment, was quenched in blood.'' His death caused great sorrow in the State, but no soldier could have died more gloriously. His name was coupled with that of Bee, and was heard in every home of the South, as well as at every camp-fire. His dying utterance, as he fell, caught in the arms of the gallant Colonel Gartrell--"They have killed me, but never give up the fight''--was a bugle call to valorous deeds that found an echo in the hearts of the thousands of Southern patriots ready to do or die in the cause of their native land. Nor did less honor belong to the gal lant Gardner, who, desperately wounded, lingered for months between life and death. Neither should the just meed of praise be withheld from the many heroes of Manassas, both living and dead, of whom not a name has been recorded on the scroll of, fame.
Gen. George B. McClellan, now high in the esteem of the North on account of his successes in western Virginia,

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

was called to the east to take command of the army so disastrously defeated at Manassas. A large part of the Federal army in western Virginia followed McClellan to Washington. It therefore seemed a favorable time for the Confederates to recover what they had lost in that frontier of the Confederacy. Just before the defeat of Garnett, Henry R. Jackson, of Georgia, had been com missioned brigadier-general in the army of the Confed erate States and assigned to command at Monterey. He had sent forward Col. Edward Johnson with the Twelfth Georgia to reinforce Garnett, when he received ne&s of the loss of Rich mountain and the retreat of the force under Garnett. He now hastened to join the Twelfth, but encountering Scott's Forty-fourth Virginia in retreat, deemed it best to return to Monterey and organize a force to check the apprehended farther advance of the enemy.
General Jackson remained in command at this post, organizing the troops collected there; and under Gen erals Loring and Lee commanded the Monterey division, which included the two Georgia regiments brigaded under Col. Edward Johnson. Early in August, Henry R. Jackson moved his command to Camp Bartow, on the Greenbrier river, at the head of a little valley known as Traveler's Repose. General Loring had immediate command of all the troops in the vicinity of Huntersville. In August Gen. Robert E. Lee was sent to take command of the department of Western Virginia. He planned an expedition against the Federal garrison at Cheat mount ain pass. About the middle of August it began to rain, and continued to do so without much intermission for six weeks, causing great sickness and suffering among the troops. The attack upon the Federal position at Cheat mountain was fixed for the morning of September izth. Colonel Rust, with the Third Arkansas, from Jackson's command, was to lead his regiment "to a point in the rear of the Federal position, and Gen. Samuel R. Anderson,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

71

with two regiments, from Loring's command, was to sup port him. Jackson was.to advance from the Greenbrier and Loring from Huiitersville. Jackson's advance was preceded by about 100 men from the First and Twelfth Georgia regiments, led by Lieutenant Dawson of the Twelfth, whose duty it was to clear the way of the enemy's pickets. After performing this task, and while on their way to join the main body, they were mistaken for Federals and fired upon. Several shots were fired before the mistake was discovered, and two men were killed and one wounded. All the troops reached the places assigned them with remarkable promptness and at the time appointed. The attack by Rust was to be the signal for the advance of all the troops, but a misconcep tion of orders caused Rust to wait until the golden oppor tunity had passed. As the only hope of success was in a surprise, which was no longer possible, the troops were withdrawn to their original positions.
The fact that Rust's detachment was from Jackson's force led to unjust criticism of General Jackson, which he felt the more keenly because he knew it was unjust. Some time later, Mr. Benjamin, secretary of
war, wrote to him:
It gives me pleasure to assure you that there is not a syllable in General Lee's report that reflects in the remotest manner any discredit on you, and I hope you will not feel offended at my expressing surprise that you should attach any importance or feel any sensitiveness in relation to sensational articles or reports in the news papers. I see my own action and opinions almost daily misconceived or misrepresented on "the most reliable information" with perfect equanimity, and you may well trust to your own well-earned reputation as a per fect shield against all anonymous attacks.
At Camp Bartow, on the Greenbrier river, General
Jackson and the six regiments of his division, reduced in
effective numbers to 1,800 men, worn by privations and
discouraged by previous failures, were attacked October

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

3d by 5,000 Federals under command of Brig.-Gen. J. J. Reynolds. Colonel Johnson, of the Twelfth Georgia, with an advance guard of 100, held the hostile force in check for an hour, giving the remainder of the command time to prepare for defense, and inspiring them to the fight. Among the memorable incidents of this mountain battle was the heroic conduct of Private J. W. Brown, of Com pany F, First Georgia, who, upon hearing the order for the advance guard to fall back, exclaimed, "I will give them one more shot before I leave," and while ramming down his twenty-ninth cartridge fell dead at his post. In forming the line of battle the First Georgia held the extreme right, where a flank attack was feared. Maj. George H. Thompson commanded the regiment, Colonel Ramsey having been cut off by the enemy while serving with Johnson on the advance guard, and Lieutenant-Col onel Clark being on detached duty at Staunton. Next to the First was stationed the Twelfth. Under the heavy fire of the enemy, who having been repulsed on the left concentrated against the right and center, the Twelfth was ordered to the center, where a small detachment tinder Lieutenant Dawson was already posted near the shallow river. Promptly and with the coolness of veter ans, the regiment moved under the enemy's fire, without reply, to a position where it assisted in the repulse of the Federal attack. Reynolds, who had expected to destroy the Confederate force, was compelled to retreat precipi tately to his mountain fastness.
Gen. H. R. Jackson, the commanding general, received the hearty congratulations of President Davis and the
war department. In a letter to Secretary Benjamin
acknowledging this appreciative notice, General Jackson wrote:
How much needed by this branch of the army, by sol diers as well as by officers, some expression of approval was, can only be known by one personally familiar with the campaign in this part of Virginia, unequaled in its

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

73

peculiar hardships, in the asperities of country and cli mate which have been encountered, in sickness and suffering, in disappointed hopes and untoward results, fate seeming at times to have decreed a terrible antithesis --the misery and obscurity here, the sympathy and the glory elsewhere. As you must be aware, this command is mainly composed of the wrecks of General Garnett's army, and the annals of warfare might be searched in vain to find a more pitiable picture of suffering, destitu tion and demoralization than they presented at the close of their memorable retreat.
In November General Jackson was tendered the com mand of a brigade in a contemplated division of Georgi
ans, to be commanded by Gen. E. Kirby Smith in the army of Northern Virginia, then called the army of the
Potomac; but this organization was not completed, and
as will be subsequently noted, Jackson felt that his duty
was in another field. Early in December Loring's forces
were withdrawn from West Virginia and sent to Stone
wall Jackson near Winchester. With them went the
First Georgia.
Edward Johnson succeeded to command of the Monterey line, and in December occupied Camp Alleghany,
holding the mountain pass. There, with about 1,200 effective men, including the. Twelfth Georgia under
Lieut.-Col. Z. T. Conner, he brilliantly repelled an
assault made by 1,750 Federals under command of Gen
eral Milroy, December i3th. Johnson's right being fiercely assailed, he sent to that part of the' field five
companies of the.Twelfth Georgia, Hawkins', Bland-
ford's, Davis', Hardeman's and Patterson's, under Lieut.
U. E. Moore. Johnson says in his report:
Gallantly did the Georgians move up, and taking posi tion on the right, receive a terrible fire from the enemy. By this time the extreme right had been forced back, but seeing the Georgians, who came up with a shout, they joined them, and moved upon the enemy, who taking1 advantage of some fallen trees, brush and timber, poured upon them a terrific fire. ... I cannot speak in
Oa 10

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

terms too exaggerated of the unflinching courage and dashing gallantry of those 500 men who contended from 7:15 a. m. until 1:45 P- m- against an immensely supe rior force of the enemy, and finally drove them from their positions and pursued them a mile or more down the mountain. . . . Lieutenant Moore, whilst gallantly lead ing a charge, fell mortally wounded. This gallant officer was ever ready for an expedition involving danger; he was truly brave. Captains Davis, Blandford, Hardeman and Hawkins, their officers and men, behaved admir ably. Captain Davis and his company were conspicuous for their gallantry and good conduct throughout the fight. Adjutant Willis, Lieutenants McCoy, Etheridge, Mar shall and Turpin deserve particular mention for their good conduct.
Surg. H. R. Green was slightly wounded in the hand
by a spent ball while caring for the wounded. The other
companies of the Twelfth were not so severely attacked.
The loss of the regiment was greater than that of any
other Confederate command on the field--6 killed and
37 wounded.
Meanwhile the Thirteenth Georgia and Phillips legion
had been undergoing the suffering from exposure and fever which the command of Gen. J. B. Floyd had
endured in the Gauley valle}", and after the return of the expedition against Gauley bridge they were ordered to
join General Lee in South Carolina. The First Georgia volunteers, now in Loring's division, and under Stone
wall Jackson's command, took part in the Romney expe dition which set out from Winchester on January i, 1862.
The morning of that day was as beautiful and mild as
May, but before night the weather became very severe.
The snow and sleet made it impossible for the loaded
wagons to keep up, and for several nights Jackson's sol
diers bivouacked without tents and without a sufficient
supply of blankets. Their sufferings were terrible, but
they pressed on, driving the Federals out of Bath and
across the Potomac, occupying Romney, and clearing the
whole of Jackson's district of Union troops.

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75

Toward the close of 1861 the Georgia forces at the front in Virginia were as follows: Bartow's old-time brigade-- the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Eleventh infantry-- tinder Gen. S. A. M. Jones; and Brig.-Gen. Robert Toombs' brigade--First regulars, Second, Fifteenth and Seventeenth volunteers, and Blodgett's Georgia battery --were included in Van Dorn's division of Beauregard's army. The Twenty-first infantry, Col. John T. Mercer, was in Trimble's brigade of Kirby Smith's division; in Col. Wade Hampton's brigade, under General Whiting, in the vicinity of Dumfries, were the Nineteenth, Col. W. W. Boyd, and the Fourteenth, Col. A. V. Brumby; in General Wigfall's brigade of the same division was the Eighteenth infantry, Col. William T. Wofford, and in the garrison at Manassas, under Col. G. T. Anderson, were the Twenty-seventh regiment, Col. Levi B. Smith, and the Twenty-eighth, Col. T. J. Warthen. The Thirtyfifth infantry, Col. Edward L. Thomas, was in General French's brigade in the Aquia district, guarding the lower Potomac and subjected to frequent naval shelling by the enemy. One company from Georgia, and Alabama and Mississippi troops, composed the Jeff Davis legion, part of J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry brigade, the nucleus of the afterward famous cavalry corps of the army of Northern Virginia. The Sumter Flying artillery, under Capt. A. S. Cutts, had won great honor in the affair at Dranesville, and suffered severe loss. "The conduct of the brave, true and heroic Cutts," wrote General Stuart, "attracted my attention frequently during the action-- now serving No. i, and now as gunner, and still direct ing and disposing the whole with perfect self-command and a devotion to his duty that was, I believe, scarcely ever equaled." This battery and Hamilton's and Lane's were assigned to the reserve artillery under Col
onel Pendleton. In General Magruder's district, the peninsula, the
Sixth, Tenth and Sixteenth, under Alfred H. Colquitt,

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Lafayette McLaws and Howell Cobb, and Cobb's legion under T. R. R. Cobb, well sustained the reputation of the State. McLaws was promoted brigadier-general and assigned to important command, and Colonel Colquitt was given charge of a brigade including the Sixth and Sixteenth. Late in the year the Twenty-third regiment, unarmed, was sent forward to Yorktown. An unfortu nate incident in the history of Cobb's legion is preserved in the official reports of General Magruder. It appears that a scouting party had been fired upon, and he .had sent forward an ambuscading force to the vicinity- of New Market bridge. "While the troops were moving into position on the morning of November i3th," says Magruder, "two of my vedettes approached the infantry position of the Georgia legion, at the time commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Garnett. From some cause, after a short parley, they turned and rode off at full speed. At this a fire was opened upon them without orders from the commander. I regret that in the effort to cause the fire to cease (many of the officers being in front at its commencement), Major Bagley was killed, Captain Morris and one private wounded, and Colonel Garnett's horse shot under him."
During the period in the fall of 1861, when the descent of a Federal naval expedition was feared at all points of the coast, some of the Georgians who had been called to Virginia were ordered to North Carolina for service. M. A. Stovall's Third battalion, the Twenty-fourth, and Colonel Wofford's Eighteenth were at Goldsboro; but in November Stovall's battalion was transferred to east Tennessee.
The Third Georgia, Col. A. R. Wright, moved into North Carolina early in September, for the purpose of reinforcing Fort Hatteras, but that yielding to the enemy before they could reach it, the regiment took possession of Roanoke island and set to work putting it in condition for defense. On October ist Colonel Wright learned

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that the Federals had landed a regiment on Hatteras island near Chicamicomico, and with the co-operation of Commodore Lynch, commanding the steamers Curlew and Raleigh and the tug Junaloski, he started out with a detachment of 150 men to try conclusions. At 5 p. m. they came in sight of the steamer Fanny unloading sup plies at the new Federal post, and opened fire upon her. Though a gallant resistance was made, the Fanny was compelled to surrender with two guns and about 50 men. The gun of the Curlew in this little naval battle was manned by a detachment of Captain McWhorter's Georgia company, with good results. On the 4th, with a considerable force conveyed by Commodore Lynch's flotilla, Colonel Wright returned to Chicamicomico and landed to attack the Indiana regiment at that place. The latter retreated, abandoning camp and supplies and los ing some 30 prisoners. The Georgians pursued along the sand until the Federal forces made a junction. Dur ing this advance Wright's command was somewhat annoyed by the firing of the Federal steamer Monticello, but sustained no loss. This exploit of the Georgians was the only episode during 1861, in North Carolina, which resulted in advantage to the Confederate arms. In December the Third was sent to Savannah.
The Georgia volunteers who arrived at Pensacola, Fla., in the spring of 1861, found the city and navy yard in the hands of a small force under General Bragg. These Georgia commands were Ramsey's First Georgia regi ment, Villepigue's First Georgia battalion, Capt. Isadore P. Girardey's Washington artillery from Augusta,. and the Fifth Georgia regiment. After being in camp and on duty near Fort Barrancas for six weeks the First Georgia, about the ist of June, was ordered to Virginia. The services of this regiment in that State have already been described. The Confederates also garrisoned Fort Bar rancas, a little west of the navy yard, on the mainland, and Fort McRee, on a peninsula running down in the

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gulf about two miles from Barrancas. A mile and a half east of McRee and a little further south of Barrancas, on the western extremity of the sandy island of Santa Rosa, which thence stretches forty miles eastward, stood Fort Pickens, which, aside from Fortress Monroe and Key West, was the only fortified post held by the United States within Confederate territory. On the mainland between the navy yard and McRee, a number of batteries were placed, and preparations were on way for an attack which should bring Pickens also under the Southern flag. Between the hostile guns lay the bay of Pensacola, and on the river seven miles northward lay that city, well out of the range of fire. The Federal garrison was rein forced by several companies, and Col. Harvey Brown was put in command. Supply ships could approach without incurring the fire of the Confederate batteries, and war ships were sent to blockade the port and assist in the defense of the fort. There were no offensive operations throughout the summer. The Second brigade of troops was put under command of W. H. T. Walker, promoted to brigadier-general, and he had in charge two Alabama regiments, Villepigue's Georgia battalion and two inde pendent companies, in all about 2,300 men, with Fort Barrancas and three-fourths of all the batteries. But General Walker soon tired of inaction and was transferred to Virginia. The troops were dispirited by the delay in attack and many were sick.
Finally on October gth the long projected descent on Santa Rosa island was made. For the attack, to be made at night, about 1,000 men were selected, divided into three bodies, designated for the time as battalions, and placed under the command of Gen. Richard H. Anderson. The First battalion was led by Col. James R. Chalmers of Mississippi, and the Second by Col. J. Patton Anderson. The Third, 260 strong, under Col. John K., Jackson, of Georgia, was made up of volunteers from the Fifth Georgia regiment and the Georgia battalion.

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An independent company of 53 men, selected from the Fifth Georgia regiment and Captain Homer's company of artillery, lightly armed with pistols and knives, carry ing materials for spiking cannon, burning and destroying buildings and gun carriages, was placed under command of Lieutenant Hallonquist. Lieutenant Nelms, adjutant of the Fifth regiment, was attached to this command, and Surgeon Tompkins was one of the medical officers in attendance.
The troops were carried to Pensacola by steamer on the night of the 8th, then embarked on other boats about midnight, and two hours later were landed secretly on the sandy island several miles beyond Fort Pickens. The object was to put the forces between the fort and the camp of the New York Zouaves, under Col. Billy Wilson, and capture the latter. For this purpose Anderson's and Chalmers' battalions took opposite sides of the island, followed by Jackson and Hallonquist at first in the rear of Chalmers. After a march of three or four miles a sentinel suddenly encountered by Chalmers' command was shot down, the alarm thereby being given to the Fed eral camp. Jackson immediately pushed his way through the thickets to the middle of the island and advanced as speedily as possible toward the camp. His command of Georgians rapidly drove in or shot down the outposts, and a rush of a few hundred yards brought them at charge bayonet into the camp ahead of either of the bat talions. But they found the camp deserted, the Zouaves having been warned in time by the unfortunate shot at the sentinel. The Georgians speedily burned the tents, storehouses and sheds, but as daylight arrived before a newly-concerted advance could be arranged against the enemy's batteries between the camp and fort, such as would insure success, the march back to the boats was ordered. During the withdrawal a sharp skirmish occurred with two Federal companies which attempted to intercept the retreat. While the troops were embarking

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there was an unfortunate delay which enabled the enemy to approach and open fire, under which a number of men were killed or wounded. Among the killed was the gal lant Lieut. Llewellyn A. Nelms, Fifth regiment. The medical officers and the guard placed over the hospital building of the camp were captured by the Federals. A number of Georgia officers and enlisted men were dis tinguished for gallantry in this affair, Capt. Hugh M. King, on the staff of General Anderson, displaying "com mendable zeal and activity" in superintending the destruction of the camp. Company D, First Georgia battalion, had a sergeant, corporal and 34 men in the fight, and of' these Serg. A. C. Hollingsworth and Pri vates Lewis Barker, James B. Higgins and James E. Holmes were killed, C. H. Witcher, W. M. Elder, J. W. Sewell and J. H. Day were wounded, and J. M. L. Jones, H. C. Jones and J. R. Cox were captured.
During the 22d andasdof November, 1861, there was a heavy bombardment of the Confederate forts and bat teries by Fort Pickens, assisted by the warships Niagara under Flag-Officer McKean, and the Richmond under Captain Ellison. Colonel Villepigue with his "Georgia and Mississippi regiment," the First Georgia battalion, occupied Fort McRee. The Federal steamers taking position as close as possible reinforced the heavy guns of Pickens. General Bragg reported that this would rank with the heaviest bombardment then known in the world's history. The houses in Pensacola, ten miles off, trembled from the concussions, and immense quantities of dead fish floated to the surface in the bay and lagoon. Fort McRee was assailed by the broadsides of the two Federal vessels throughout the 226., which, on account of the structure of the fort, the inmates were unable to return. "Assailed at the same time from the south by Fort Pickens and its outer batteries, the devoted garrison of this confined work seemed to be destined to destruc tion. Three times was the woodwork of the fort on fire,

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threatening to expel its occupants, and as often extin guished. The magazines were laid bare to the enemy's shells, which constantly exploded about them, and a wooden building to the windward, on the outside of the fort, taking fire, showers of live cinders were constantly driven through the broken doors of one magazine, threat ening destruction to the whole garrison." Throughout their stay at Pensacola the Georgians won the favorable attention of Bragg, the general commanding, and when he was about to be transferred to another field, he asked that the Fifth Georgia might be one of the regiments to accompany him, and that Col. J. K. Jackson be promoted to brigade command. In February, 1862, the Fifth was sent to Knoxville, and in the following May, Pensacola and its defenses were abandoned by the Confederates. Capt. I. P. Girardey's battery (the Washington artillery of Augusta) and the Thirty-sixth Georgia regiment, formerly Villepigue's First Georgia battalion, also accompanied General Bragg.

Gall

CHAPTER IV.
EVENTS OF 1862--NAVAL OPERATIONS BELOW SAVAN NAH--ORGANIZATION FOR DEFENSE --LEE SUC CEEDED BY PEMBERTON--THE STATE TROOPS -- FALL OF FORT PULASKI -- HUNTER'S ORDERS -- SKIRMISH ON WHITEMARSH ISLAND.
THE year 1862 opened with considerable activity along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. On January 26th an expedition started from Hilton Head, comprising 2,400 infantry under command of Gen. Horatio G. Wright, in transports convoyed by the gunboats Ottawa, Seneca, Isaac Smith, Potemska, Ellen and Western World, under Capt. Charles H. Davis, and two armed launches with their crews from the frigate Wabash, under Capt. C. P. R. Rodgers. The expedition anchored in Warsaw sound, and on the 27th a reconnoissance was made of Wilmington narrows tip to the obstructions of sunken hulk and piling. A similar reconnoissance reached the obstruction at Wall's cut, north of the Savannah. On the 28th four months' provisions and supplies of ammunition were sent down to Fort Pulaski under protection of Commodore Tattnall and his fleet. As the vessels neared the fort they were fired upon by the Federal gunboats north of the river under Rodgers, and by those south under Davis, and the strange spectacle was presented of a naval engagement in which the con testants were separated by land. The distance between the two Federal squadrons was about three miles. Tatt nall sent on the transports in charge of the Sampson, while he turned back with the Savannah and Resolute, expecting the Federal boats would come out in the river to cut him off. As he returned, a heavy fire was opened

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on him, to which he replied with vigor. The Federal shots went wild and neither of the boats and none of the men were hurt. As the Sampson and her two tmarmored companions came back up the river, the enemy was able to get a better range and several rifled shells were sent through her, hurting no one, however, and doing no serious damage.
Immense crowds gathered upon the docks at Savannah during this naval affair, and the boats were vociferously welcomed as they returned from their adventurous mis sion. General Lee at once reported that, "If the enemy succeed in removing the obstacles in Wall's cut and Wilmington narrows, there is nothing to prevent their reaching the Savannah river, and we have nothing afloat that can contend against them. The communication between Savannah and Fort Pulaski will then be cut off,'' He added, "To-day I have caused to be sunk in Wil mington narrows the floating dock of the city. I hope this passage at least will be effectually obstructed.'' Since early in December the Forty-sixth New York regi ment had been quietly at work landing ordnance and implements and constructing batteries along the north side of Tybee. Later the Federal engineering force was considerably increased, and put under command of Gen. A. H. Terry. The work of constructing the earth works was done by the Federals at night and with great caution. "The positions selected for the five advanced batteries," General Gillmore has written, "were arti ficially screened from the view of the fort by almost imperceptible changes, made little by little each night, in the condition and distribution of the brushwood and bushes in front of them." As an outpost the Federals put a hulk in Warsaw sound, which also obstructed the passage, and stationed a force upon it, from which detachments were sent out on scouting expeditions.
Another Federal force, operating from Daufuskie island on the South Carolina side, removed the obstructions

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from Wall's cut, and with infinite caution and the most

exhausting labor, planted batteries on platforms upon the

swampy Bird island, and at Venus point on Jones island.

One of Tattnall's boats, the steamer Ida, running past on

February i3th, was fired upon by this battery, but not

injured, and on the following day three of the Confed

erate boats paid their respects to the battery. By the

first of April, 1862, the Federals had eleven batteries con

structed, mounting 36 heavy mortars and cannon, mainly

lo-inch columbiads and Parrott rifles.

i;

Meanwhile General Lee with his headquarters at Coos-

awhatchie, and later at Savannah, was making efforts

to obtain reinforcements of ordnance and men for the

threatened region of the coast. No guns could be

obtained from Pensacola, and but five 8-inch columbiads

and one 24-pounder could be sent from Richmond. In

order to concentrate his resources for defense, General

Lee authorized General Mercer, in command at Bruns

wick, to remove the batteries from St. Simon's and

Jekyl islands, if he considered those positions difficult to

maintain, and forward the heavy guns to Savannah. It

appeared that there were now no inhabitants at Bruns

wick, and the planters on the island had removed their

property to the interior. On February i6th General

Mercer reported that he had moved the guns and was

shipping them to Savannah and Fernandina. The

Fourth Georgia battalion was then stationed at Bruns

wick, as was also Col. Gary W. Styles' command, the

Twenty-sixth regiment, but both were at once withdrawn.

General Mercer also urged that he be given orders to

burn the town of Brunswick, for the "moral effect it

would produce upon the enemy, as evidencing our deter

mination to continue the present contest with unconquer

able determination and at every sacrifice.''

At this critical moment, while the chief seaport of the

State was threatened by the enemy, the enlistment of

troops for home service apparently embarrassed the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

85

Confederate officers in charge of the coast defenses. On the 6th of February General Lee wrote to Secretary Benjamin that "the replacing the troops in the Confed erate service in this State is a matter of serious consider ation. The period of service of several companies serv ing the batteries for the defense of the city of Savannah is about to expire. One that was mustered out of the service a few days since at Fort Pulaski declines to re-enter the service, and it is supposed that others will be equally averse. The loss of these companies at this time will be a serious injury to the defense of the city, as artillerists cannot be made on the eve of battle.'' The fear of invasion had become so great that the people of Georgia were at the time unwilling to send troops out of the State. Lee asked that he be assigned another gen eral officer to take charge of troops guarding the approaches of Savannah from the Ogeechee. Governor Brown expressed confidence in Lee and heartily co-oper ated with him. He declared that the attack on Savannah must be repelled at any cost, and intimated that he would rather see the city burned than surrendered. He directed General Jackson to call out such of the militia force of Savannah as he could arm for imperative service, in addition to the State troops already in the field. Con siderable apprehension for the safety of Augusta in the contingency of the capture of Savannah was felt, and General Lee authorized the obstruction of the river below Augusta, and the erection of a battery to protect the works.
On February i?th Col. Charles H. Olmstead, of the First volunteer regiment of Georgia, commanding at Fort Pulaski, was notified by General Lee that the posi tion taken in his rear by the enemy would require him to protect himself in that direction. "As far as possible," said Lee, "your safety will be anxiously cared for, and for the present your communication with the city will have to be by light boats over the marsh and through

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Wilmington narrows to Cattston's bluffs, or by any other mode by which you can better accomplish it.'' It was a feature of the siege of Pulaski that the Federals were never able wholly to isolate the fort from commun ication by some of the marshy channels with the city.
Oil February i8th, following the disaster at Fort Donelson, General Lee was ordered-by the war department to withdraw all forces from the islands in his department to the mainland, taking proper measures to save the artillery and munitions of war. About March ist;; the works on Cumberland and Amelia island were abandoned, and Captain Blain's company was ordered to Savannah.
The military situation had now become very grave through the Federal successes in Kentucky and Tennes see. An intimation of what might be expected from the meeting in battle of the largely superior forces of the enemy and the overconfident soldiers of the Confeder acy, had been furnished by the affair at Fishing creek, where General Zollicoffer was killed and the army of Crittenden practically annihilated. This was followed by a levy of troops, made February ad, in which Georgia was called upon for twelve regiments. Soon afterward came the news of the surrender of Forts Henry and Donelson and the occupation of Nashville. In view of these condi tions President Davis telegraphed General Lee at Savan nah, March 2d, '' If circumstances will, in your judgment, warrant your leaving, I wish to see you here with the least delay.'' On reaching Richmond, Lee was appointed military adviser of the president, and on March i/jth, Maj.-Gen. John C. Pemberton, an officer of the old army, of fine reputation as an engineer, was appointed to the command of the department of South Carolina and Georgia. Meanwhile General Lawton had pressed for ward the work of fortification. Fort Jackson was strengthened, shore batteries were located near it, and the battery at Thunderbolt was protected and reinforced. Toward the last of March scouting parties from the

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87

opposing forces encountered each other on Whitemarsh and Wilmington islands. Gen. A. R. Lawton on April 5th officially reported: "On two successive nights, March 3oth and 3ist, scouting parties were sent to Whitemarsh and Wilmington islands from the Thirteenth Georgia regiment, Col. Marcellus Douglass, which were entirely successful, killing one and capturing eighteen of the enemy, two of whom have since died. They also cap tured a barge with a six-pounder. We had but one man wounded, and it is feared that he will not recover. The scouting party was under the immediate command of Captain [J. Terrell] Crawford, Thirteenth Georgia regi ment, who conducted it with skill and gallantry, and all the officers and men under his command exhibited the most commendable courage and enterprise.''
In a communication to the adjutant-general of the Confederate States from General Pemberton on April pth, the latter says that he addressed an inquiry to Adjt.-Gen. H. C. Wayne, of Georgia, asking for an expression of the governor's views in regard to the con tinuance of the State forces, and in reply received a copy of the governor's speech to the State troops at Savannah March isth, to which General Wayne added, that "if they, do not re-volunteer within the week, as set forth in his speech, he will replace them by an equivalent force of new volunteers." Governor Brown in a subsequent interview stated that not more than 3,500 of the State troops now in service could be counted upon at any one time within the next two or three months for the defense of Savannah. "My own opinion is," said General Pem berton, "after a great deal of inquiry, that even this number is an overestimate. I am convinced that there is a general indisposition to re-enter the State service, although the governor thinks differently." There had been, however, no delay in supplying every regiment which Georgia had been asked to contribute to the Con federate service. Under the last call for twelve regiments,

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eighteen had been furnished. Brig.-Gen. W. D. Smith was assigned to duty in the military district of Georgia, with orders to report to Gen. A. R. Lawton, April roth.
The United States land forces participating in the reduction of Fort Pulaski were under Maj.-Gen. David Hunter and Brigadier-Generals Benham, Viele and Gillmore. Within the walls of Fort Pulaski, under the com mand of Col. Charles H. Olmstead, were a little over 400 men of the Savannah regiment, or First regiment of Georgia, the companies being the Montgomery Guard, Capt. L. J. Gilmartin; German Volunteers, Capt. John H. Steigen; Oglethorpe Light Infantry, Capt. T. W. Sims; Wise Guard, Capt. M. J. McMullen; Washington Volun teers, Capt. John McMahon. The armament of the fort was five lo-inch and nine 8-inch columbiads, three 42pounders, three io-inch mortars, one 12-inch mortar, one 24-pounder and two i2-pounder howitzers, twenty 32pounders and two 4 J^-inch Blakely rifled guns. The fight went against the fort from the first, but there was great faith in the strength of the works. Gen. David Hunter, commanding the Federal department of the South, demanded the surrender of the garrison of Colonel Olmstead, the flag being sent under Lieut. James H. Wilson. Colonel Olmstead replied briefly, declining to surrender, and stating that he was there "to defend the fort, not to surrender it.'' The first shell was fired at 8:15 on the morning of April 10, 1862, and by 9:30 all the beleaguering batteries were in operation. Colonel Olm stead replied vigorously, but was at a disadvantage at the start on account of knowing the position of but two of the eleven Federal batteries. An attack by the Federal fleet was anticipated, but it took no part in the bombard ment. The Confederate soldiers and citizens in Savan nah and the adjacent fortifications listened with anxiety throughout the day to the continuous roar of the guns. The ten hours' bombardment on the first day caused no material damage, but during that night the garrison was

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89

terribly harassed by the enemy's mortar shells which were dropped into the fort, one every five minutes. A fiercer attack began at daybreak of the second day, especially upon the southeast angle, where the fire of the rifled cannon was concentrated to breach the walls of the fort. As General Hunter reported: "The result of this bombardment must cause, I am convinced, a change in the construction of fortifications as radical as that fore shadowed in naval architecture by the conflict between the Monitor and Merrimac. TSTo works of stone or brick can resist the impact of rifled artillery of heavy caliber.'' The solid walls of the old fort built for war of another sort crumbled like the Congress and the Cumberland under the shot of the Virginia. "Two casemates were opened to an aggregate width of thirty feet, the scarp wall was battered down in front of three casemate piers, and the adjacent wall on each side was so badly shattered that a few hours' firing would have doubled the width of prac ticable breach, a ramp of debris reaching to the foot of the counterscarp. In repairing the work subsequently, 100 linear feet of wall had to be rebuilt."
Corporal Law of the Phoenix Riflemen, stationed at Thunderbolt, had taken a signal man to the fort on the night of the roth, and leaving after the flag was lowered, carried the news to Savannah. "At the close of the fight all the parapet guns were dismounted except three, two lo-inch columbiads, known as "Beauregard" and "Jeff Davis" (but one of which bore on the island), and a rifle cannon. Every casemate gun in the southeast sec tion of the fort, from No. 7 to No. 13, including all that could be brought to bear upon the enemy's batteries except one, was dismounted, and the casemate walls breached in almost every instance to the top of the arch, say between five and six feet in width. The moat out side was so filled with brick and mortar that one could have passed over dry shod. The officers' quarters were torn to pieces, the bomb-proof timbers scattered in every
Gal2

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

direction over the yard, and the gates to the entrance knocked off. The parapet walls on the Tybee side were all gone, in many places down to the level of the earth on the casemates. The protection to the magazine in the northwest angle of the fort had all been shot away; the entire corner of the magazine next to the passageway was shot off, and the powder exposed, while three shots had actually penetrated the chamber. Such was the con dition of affairs when Colonel Olmstead called a council of officers in a casemate; and without a dissenting voice they acquiesced in the necessity of a capitulatidji, in order to save the garrison from utter destruction by an explosion, which was momentarily threatened. Accord ingly, at 2 o'clock p. m. the men were called from the guns and the flag was lowered.
Early in the day Colonel Olmstead had no doubt of his ability to silence every battery on Tybee island, and to this end he determined that when night came and the enemy's fire slackened, he would change the position of all his heavy guns, so as to bring them to bear on the enemy. As the day progressed, however, his situation became desperate. Every man did his duty with alac rity, and there being few guns that bore on the enemy, there was a continued contest as to who should man them. When volunteers were called for to perform any laborious duty, there was a rush of men from every com pany in the fort. Among the last guns fired were those on the parapet, and the men stood there, exposed to a storm of iron hail, to the last.'' When the flag was shot down on the second day, Lieut. Christopher Hussey, of the Montgomery Guards, and Private John Latham, of the Washington Volunteers, leaped upon the exposed parapet and disentangled the flag and remounted it at the north eastern angle on a temporary staff.
The terms of capitulation were arranged by Colonel Olmstead and General Gillmore, and the swords of the officers were received by Maj. Charles G. Halpine, of

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literary fame as "Miles OReilly." The terms of capit
ulation provided that the sick and wounded should be sent tinder a nag of truce to the Confederate lines, but
this General Hunter afterward declined to ratify, thus cruelly furnishing another instance of the inhumanity of
the Federal treatment of prisoners of war, and the
whole garrison was sent as prisoners to the forts in
New York harbor. The Federals contented themselves
with occupying the fort, thereby closing the port to com
merce.
During these operations on the Georgia coast, Phillips
Georgia legion had been on duty in Gen. T. F. Draytons district, next north of Savannah, and was in action
with the enemy on March zoth and 226. near Bluffton,
S. C.
On April i3th Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, in command of the "department of the South," issued the following
general order No. 7:
All persons of color lately held to involuntary service by enemies of the United States in Fort Pulaski and on Cockspur island, Georgia, are hereby confiscated and declared free, in conformity with law, and shall hereafter receive the fruits of their own labor. Such of said per sons of color as are able-bodied and may be required shall be employed in the quartermasters department at the rates heretofore established by Brig.-Gen. T. W. Sherman.
This conduct of Hunter accorded with his reputation
elsewhere. His brutality was exceeded only by Butler.
The above order was followed May gth by the following:
The three States of Georgia, Florida and South Caro lina, comprising the military department of the South, having deliberately declared themselves no longer under the protection of the United States of America, and hav ing taken up arms against said United States, it became a military necessity to declare martial law. This was accordingly done on the 25th day of April, 1862. Slav ery and martial law in a free country are altogether incompatible; the persons in these three States, Georgia,

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Florida and South Carolina, heretofore held as slaves, are therefore declared forever free.
The foolish order was annulled by President Lincoln, who was wise enough to rebuke the act. Another sav age performance of Hunter's was the organization of a negro regiment, the first in the United States service. Hunter was properly declared an outlaw by the Confed erate government, and it was decreed that if captured he should be held in close confinement for trial for crimes committed.
It soon became evident that the fall of Fort Pulasjki did not involve the capture of Savannah by the enemy. The Confederate force in Georgia was strong enough to resist an advance by any force of Federals then in that quarter.
On April i6th a reconnoissance of Whitemarsh island was made by seven companies of the Eighth Michigan infantry, Col. W. M. Fenton, escorting the topographical engineer, Lieutenant Wilson. This force encountered several companies of the Thirteenth Georgia regiment, detachment meeting detachment, and some spirited skir mishing was the result. Captains Crawford and McCallay made a vigorous attack upon one party and pursued it, but the main body of the Michigan men in turn gave the Georgians a lively chase, until Colonel Douglass happened up with reinforcements and drove them back. The Thirteenth lost 4 killed and 15 wounded. Garland Upshaw, a young private, who was considered the best scout in the regiment, in assisting to carry a wounded comrade from the field had four bullet-holes made in his clothing. Private Pilkington, shot down as he was about to fire, handed his gun to the captain and requested him to discharge it at the enemy. Captain Crawford and men were nearly surrounded, but fought bravely until their ammunition was exhausted. The boys of the Thirteenth, less than 100 strong, had held at bay a much larger force of the enemy for nearly an hour, and the affair increased their experience and prepared them for

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further fighting with Lee in Virginia. Colonel Fenton
reported his loss at 10 killed and 35 wounded, and his
total strength at 300.
The people in Georgia began to feel less alarm for the
safety of their chief seaport. This was evinced by an
article in the Savannah Republican of April 2ist, noting
the quiet which prevailed in military matters:
On the banks of the Savannah all seems quiet, too. The enemy, few in numbers, are still lying in our lower river, and, so far as seen, no reinforcements have reached them. They have not a force equal to an attack on the city, and its augmentation would seem inconsistent with the pressing demands from other points at the present time. McClellan will need every man he can draw into the field for his operations in the peninsula, and the Federal exigencies out west are equally pressing for all the troops at their command. Meanwhile we are not idle. The military authorities here are using all means in their power to strengthen our defenses and make them impregnable. Come in what numbers he may, the enemy will have his hands full in his march upon Savannah.
The "Federal exigencies out west" meant the state of
affairs immediately following the battle of Shiloh, which,
though indecisive, had effectually checked for awhile
the onward march of the Union armies, who were moving
with far more caution than they had exhibited before that
memorable conflict. Indeed, an indecision seized upon
them in the West from which they did not recover for
months.

CHAPTER V.
BATTLE OP SHILOH--ANDREWS' RAID--THE THIRD INFANTRY AT SOUTH MILLS--THE CONSCRIPT ACT AND STATE TROOPS--GEORGIANS UNDER BRAGG AND KIRBY SMITH--NAVAL AFFAIRS--DEPREDA TIONS IN THE COAST REGION--WAR LEGISLATION --CHICKASAW BAYOU AND MURFREESBORO. K
G EORGIA appears with credit at the famous battle of Shiloh April 6 and 7, 1862, by two commands, the Washington Light Artillery, Capt. Isadore P. Girardey, and the Mountain Dragoons, Capt. I. W. Avery; and among the general officers, by Maj.-Gen. William J. Hardee, commander of the Third corps, and Brig. -Gen. J. K. Jackson of Withers' division. Girardey's battery, at tached to Jackson's brigade, took a conspicuous part in the struggle of both days, and suffered severe loss. In the Sunday fight, Lieut. J. J. Jacobus fell mortally wounded while gallantly commanding his section, and Lieut. C. Spaeth was seriously hurt. Gunner A. Roesel was killed, and Privates John Halbert, J. T. Nethercutt, Thomas J. Murphy and S. A. Ingalls were v/ounded. Coporal Hughes captured a banner, and Private Hill a marker's flag. Corp. J. VanDohlan was commended for conspicuous gallantry. The battle did not afford an equal opportunity for distinction in action to Avery's troop, but it rendered efficient and arduous service as the advance guard of Hindman's divisiln in the march to the field, and during the terrible storm of the night preceding the battle it was on advanced picket duty. It was under heavy fire at times on both days of the conflict, but was not actively engaged.
Subsequent to the battle of Shiloh, the Fifth Georgia
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95

infantry, Gen. J. K. Jackson "sold regiment, was attached to his brigade, which was otherwise composed of Alabama regiments. The Thirty-sixth, Thirty-ninth and Fortythird were attached to the command of Gen. Danville Leadbetter in east Tennessee, and brought to Chattanooga when that point was threatened. Toward the latter part of April, 450 men of these Georgia regiments under Leadbetter opposed the advance of the Federals at Bridge port. The Forty-first, in the brigade of S. B. Maxey, was at Corinth during the siege by Halleck.
The proximity of the Federal forces to the northern part of the State in the spring of 1862, was made manifest by the famous exploit of the " Andrews raiders." This expedition was set on foot early in April at the suggestion of James J. Andrews, who had been fgf some time in the service of General Buell as a spy.
Twenty-four men were detailed from Ohio regiments for Andrews' expedition, the place of one of whom was taken by a civilian, William Campbell. The men were informed by Andrews at the outset simply that they were wanted for secret and very dangerous service, without being fully informed as to its nature. They were re quired, however, to exchange their uniforms for ordinary civilian dress, and were armed with revolvers only. They traveled in parties of three or four by rail from Chat tanooga to Marietta. When questioned, they were in structed to profess themselves Kentuckians going to join the Southern army. Thus Andrews and his men sub jected themselves to being treated as spies. The object of the foolhardy scheme was to break up railroad com munication south of Chattanooga, so that Buell might capture that point from the west and north. Andrews with nineteen of the men reached the rendezvous in time. Buying their tickets to various points as regular passen gers, they boarded the northward bound mail train. At Big Shanty, now known as Kenesaw, while the train stopped for breakfast, Andrews and his men hurried forward and

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uncoupled a section of the train, consisting of three empty box cars connected with the engine, which they at once managed by two experienced men detailed for that pur pose. The engine pulled off rapidly and was gone before the sentinels standing near suspected the movement. William A. Fuller, conductor of the train, and Anthony Murphy, foreman of the Atlanta machine shops, who happened to be on the train, at once comprehended that the section had been stolen, and starting on foot, ran until they found a handcar, with which they pushed for ward more rapidly. After a chase of many vicissitudes, the pursuing Confederates secured an engine, with which they pressed Andrews so closely that he ordered his party to abandon the road and take to the woods, but all of them were captured in a few days. Andrews and seven men who had volunteered for the expedition with knowledge of its character were tried as spies, convicted on evidence and ordered to be executed. The others who had become implicated through the orders of their superior officers were held in confinement at Atlanta. Finally some escaped and others were exchanged.
Some very absurd conjectures as to what would have been the result of the success of Andrews' scheme were indulged in by sensational writers on both sides, but a Federal officer has recorded the opinion that "if the raid ers had succeeded in destroying every bridge on their pro posed route, it would have produced no important effect upon Mitchel's military operations, and that he would not have taken, certainly would not have held, Chatta nooga. . . . Hence," concludes the officer, "it is my opin ion that Mitchel's bridge burners took desperate chances to accomplish objects of no substantial advantage."
In the same month of April, the Third Georgia in fantry, Col. A. R. Wright, was distinguished in the fight at South Mills, N. C., on the igth. The regiment had been withdrawn from Roanoke island in time to escape inevitable capture, and now met the Federals as they

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advanced northward along the Pasquotank river. With
three companies of his regiment and a battery, Wright selected an advantageous position, and finding a deep, wide ditch in his front, adopted the novel expedient of filling it with fence rails and burning them to make the ditch impassable, or at least not available as an intrenchment. Before the enemy arrived Wright was reinforced by seven companies, and he made a gallant fight, inspir
ing his men by his personal heroism. Though he finally withdrew from the field, he so effectually crippled the enemy that the latter also abandoned his advance and retreated to his boats. The numbers engo agoed of the enemy were far in excess of those under command of the Georgia colonel, and there afterward arose an interest ing dispute among the Federal commanders as to who was most responsible for the lively scramble to the rear.
This period in the history of the Confederacy, signal ized by almost unalleviated disaster, both inland and on the coast, is also memorable as the date when the con scription act was put in effect, in accordance with the rec ommendation of President Davis. The constitutionality of this act was discussed in a correspondence between Governor Brown and President Davis, including seven letters, in which the measure was defended by the presi dent and assailed by the governor. In his second letter President Davis said to Governor Brown:
I take great pleasure in recognizing that the history of the past year affords the amplest justification for your assertion that if the question had been whether the con scription law was necessary to- raise men in Georgia, the answer must have been in the negative. Your noble State has promptly responded to every call that it has been my duty to make on her; and to you personally, as her executive, I acknowledge my indebtedness for the prompt, cordial and effective co-operation you have afforded me in the effort to defend our common country against the common enemy.
In December, 1861, the general assembly had author-
Ga 13

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

ized and instructed the governor to tender to the Confed
erate government the volunteer forces called into service under the law of 1860, in companies, battalions, regi
ments, brigades or divisions, as might be acceptable to the Confederate war department, provided the tender
was made before the ith of January following, and should
be consented to by the troops. The question of transfer
was submitted to the troops and decided in the negative
almost unanimously. This was previous to the conscript
act. When that became a law, Governor Brown imme diately tendered the State army to Brigadier-General
Lawton, commanding the military district of Georgia,
Maj.-Gen. Henry R. Jackson, commander of the State
army, having retired in order to prevent any embarrass
ment. Both the governor and General Jackson in ad dresses to the troops expressed their appreciation of the
high character of this distinctively Georgian organization,
and the governor in his message in the following Novem
ber, spoke in the following terms of the excellent spirit, discipline and patriotism prevailing among this body:
They had performed without a murmur, an almost incredible amount of labor in erecting fortifications and field works necessary to the protection of the city, and had made their position so strong as to deter the enemy, with a force of vastly superior numbers, from making an attack. While they regretted that an opportunity did not offer to show their courage and efficiency upon the battle field, they stood, like a bulwark of stout hearts and strong arms, between the city and the enemy, and by their chiv alrous bearing and energetic preparation, in connection with the smaller number of Confederate troops near, saved the city from attack and capture, without bloodshed and carnage.
In the campaign under Bragg through Kentucky and Tennessee, undertaken to protect Chattanooga and At
lanta by carrying the war into the enemy's country, or
in that direction, some of the Georgia troops acted a gal
lant and conspicuous part. The First regiment of partisan
rangers, Col. A. A. Hunt, participated in the first Ken-

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99

tucky raid of that famous cavalry leader, John H. Mor gan, then colonel of the Second Kentucky cavalry. At Tompkinsville, on the night of July 8th, a considerable body of the enemy's cavalry was charged and stampeded; but Colonel Hunt, while leading gallantly in the assault, received a severe wound in the leg, which prevented his going on with the command. Morgan and his men pushed on to Georgetown, and on the i;th captured Cynthiana, with 420 prisoners. The Georgia troopers, under com mand of Lieut.-Col. F. M. Nix, acted a prominent part in this brilliant affair; Captain Jones, of Company A, and Maj. Samuel J. Winn being especially distinguished among the officers.
At the same time the First and Second Georgia cavalry regiments were earning their spurs with Forrest in Ten nessee. Part of the First, under Col. J. J. Morrison, and the Second, under Col. W. J. Lawton, with Colonel Wharton's Texas rangers, formed the main part of the cavalry brigade of about 1,400, with which Forrest attacked an equal force at Murfreesboro on July i3th and captured the entire Federal command. To Colonel Morrison, with a portion of his regiment, was given the duty of storming the courthouse, and after two or three hours of brisk fighting he compelled its surrender. Lieut.-Col. Arthur Hood, with a portion of the First, stormed the jail with equal success. Colonel Lawton, with the Second regiment and the Tennessee and Kentucky companies, assailed the second camp of the enemy. Said Forrest:
The Georgians, under Colonel Dunlop and Major Harper, made a gallant charge almost to the mouth of the cannon. After fighting them in front two or three hours I took immediate command of this force and charged the rear of the enemy into their camps and burned their camps and stores, demoralizing their force and weakening their strength.
In the following month Colonel Morrison was sent with his troops into Kentucky to occupy Mount Vernon, and at Big Hill he defeated an attack of Federal cavalry,

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August 23d. At Bridgeport, Ala., August zjih, the Jackson artillery, under Capt. G. A. Dure, did brilliant work, Lieutenant Holtzclaw, as well as the captain, win ning the commendatory notice of General Maxey, the officer in command. The Third Georgia cavalry, Col. Martin J. Crawford, accompanied Gen. Joseph Wheeler in Bragg's Kentucky campaign, and fought gallantly and suffered severely at Munfordville ; but at New Haven, Ky., September 2 gth, Colonel Crawford and about 250 of his command were surprised and captured by a detach ment of Col. E. M. McCook's cavalry brigade.
On August 10, 1862, Gen. E. Kirby Smith ordered Col. Archibald Gracie, of the Forty-third Alabama, to take a force of infantry and march against a band of east Ten nessee Unionists, who had assembled under Col. William Clift near Huntsville, Scott county. He was to have the co-operation of 300 cavalry, under Capt. T. M. Nelson, of Georgia. Gracie's force included some companies that had belonged to Ramsey's First Georgia. After the expiration of the twelve months for which that regiment had enlisted, it had been mustered out at Augusta. Four of the companies re-enlisted and formed the Twelfth Georgia battalion under Maj. H. D. Capers. On the way to Tennessee most of the horses were killed in a railroad accident. Only one company, the Newnan artillery, under Capt. G. M. Hanvey, was supplied with cannon, and this went into Kentucky with Heth's division. The other three, serving as infantry, marched with Gracie to Scott county. On August i3th, Gracie's command stormed and captured Fort Clift, scattering the Tennes see Unionists in every direction. They had fired so wildly that no Confederates were seriously hurt. The scattering of this force gave unmolested passage for the wagon trains of Heth's division through Big Creek gap into Ken tucky. The three companies of the Twelfth Georgia bat talion were left in camp at Jacksboro, Tenn. , to assist in picketing Big Creek gap.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

101

The following Georgia commands went into Kentucky in Heth's division: Smith's legion, Fifty-fifth Georgia and Newnan artillery (from the Twelfth battalion). In Stevenson's division, which recaptured Cumberland gap and then advanced into Kentucky, were the Thirty-fourth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-second, Fiftysecond and Fifty-seventh Georgia regiments, the Third and Ninth Georgia battalions, and the Cherokee artillery. In McCown's division was the Forty-third Georgia. The foregoing troops were all in Gen. Kirby Smith's army. In Folk's wing of Bragg's army in Kentucky there were other Georgia commands. In Withers' division the Fifth Georgia shared in what was to the infantry the bloodless victory at Munfordville, Ky.; while at Perryville the Forty-first Georgia was in Cheatham's division in the thickest of the fight, its gallant colonel, Charles A. McDaniel, being mortally wounded, and Maj. John Knight leading it through the rest of the battle. The regiment lost in this engagement 6 color-bearers, 2 killed and 4 wounded. General Maney, commanding the brigade of four Tennessee regiments and the Forty-first Georgia, said in his report: '' The Southern army lost neither a truer soldier nor more amiable and admirable a gentle man on that field (Perryville) than Col. Charles A. McDaniel. ... It would be a profound gratification to me to be allowed the privilege of inscribing the name of Colonel McDaniel on one of the guns captured by my brigade at the battle of Murfreesboro, the gun to be pre sented to some Georgia battery.'' The Southern Rights battery, from Perry, formerly the Southern Rights Guards (Company C) of Ramsey's First Georgia, was also at the battle of Perryville.
At Fort Pulaski throughout the summer, Brig.-Gen. A. H. Terry was in command, with a garrison consisting of the Forty-eighth New York, Col. W. B. Barton; a com pany of Rhode Island artillery, and a. detachment of en gineers. General Hunter had ordered in May that in

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

consequence of an alleged violation of flag of truce by a Confederate command, all parties coming to his lines on any pretense whatever should be held. On August loth the Confederate steamer General Lee came down from Savannah under flag of truce, carrying a lady and her son who desired to go north. The Lee was ordered to anchor, and upon her failure to do so was fired upon by Fort Pulaski, but without effect. A small armed steamer was sent after her, and she was brought back to the fort. General Hunter ordered from Hilton Head, "Put the officers and crew of the rebel steamer in close confine ment in the fort.'' On the following day the boat and crew were sent back to Savannah, with a message from Hunter that the presence of three officers on the Lee was a suspicious circumstance, and that hereafter only one officer should accompany a flag of truce.
In July, 1862, the armed cruiser Nashville ran the block ade into Savannah with a cargo of arms. This vessel was the first commissioned armed cruiser of the Confed erate States, and had been purchased with the original intention of using her to convey abroad the commission ers, Mason and Slidell. After she entered the river in the summer of 1862, the rigor of the blockade kept her useless until her destruction, early in 1863. In August the steamer Emma, which had several times run the block ade, carrying cotton to Nassau, while trying to make the outward passage on a dark and stormy night, ran aground off the southeast extremity of Jones island. The crew got off in boats and made their escape up the river to Savannah, though pursued for some distance by boats from Fort Pulaski. Before leaving the vessel the crew set her on fire, and she was totally consumed. It was thought by the Federals that her intention was to go to sea by a route which was known to be practicable, namely, after running under the fire of the fort a short distance, to enter Wright river, and thence through Wall's cut and other narrow channels, or down Mud river and entering

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103

Wright river entirely out of range of the fort. If the Emma had gone her length farther to the right at the fatal moment, she could have gone to sea without ap proaching nearer than five miles to the battery at martello tower.
The famous ship Fingal, whose adventures in 1861 have been narrated, having become unavailable as a cruiser on account of the blockade, was converted into an ironclad, of the familiar Confederate type, known as the Atlanta. John A. Tift had charge of the construction. At the same time the ironclad battery Georgia was con structed, to which the ladies of Savannah made large con tributions. The Fingal, whose length was 204 feet, breadth of beam 41, and draught 15 feet 9 inches, was cut down to the main deck, widened amidships, and over laid with an ironplated deck. On this was built an iron clad casemate, like that of the original Virginia. The sides of this casemate were 15 inches of pine, 3 inches of oak and 4 inches of iron. At the bow was attached a ram and a spar to carry a torpedo. Her armament was two 7-inch Brooke guns on bow and stern pivots, and two 6-inch Brooke rifles in broadside, and the larger guns were so arranged that both the 7-inch and one of the 6-inch guns could be worked on either broadside. The Georgia was of a differ ent construction, 250 feet long and 60 feet in beam, with a casemate 12 feet high. Her machinery was defective, and it was necessary to tow her where needed. She carried seven guns and was under the command of Lieut. J. Pembroke Jones.
The Atlanta, under command of Lieut. Charles H. McBlair, made a trial trip toward Fort Pulaski on July 3ist and created much consternation in the Federal fleet. A Northern newspaper correspondent wrote that unless some monitor should come to the rescue, "the fair-weather yachts now reposing on the placid bosom of Port Royal bay have before them an excellent opportunity of learn ing1 what it is to be blown out of the water.'' But there

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

was no direct benefit to be derived from the Atlanta, as her trial trip showed that her alteration in form and the projecting overway caused her to steer badly, and that six or seven knots was the greatest speed to be obtained from her. Notwithstanding the inaction of the vessel during the remainder of 1862, the Federals manifested great apprehension regarding her, and brought several monitors to the vicinity of Savannah. During the fall of 1862 only a small force was left by the enemy at Fort Pulaski, the main strength being at Hilton Head.'-: This disposition made it necessary for the Georgia troops to occasionally skirmish between Savannah and Port Royal. Notable among these encounters was one October 2 ad at Pocotaligo and Coosawhatchie, in which Col. G. P. Harrison was in command of the troops sent from Georgia. This was a considerable affair and a decisive victory for the Confederates.
Brig. -Gen. Hugh W. Mercer had succeeded to the com mand of the district of Georgia upon the transfer of Gen eral Lawton to Virginia, and on September 24th General Beauregard assumed command of the department of South Carolina and Georgia, to which Florida was soon added. Gen. Howell Cobb, after the battle of Sharpsburg, was assigned to command of the middle district of Florida, with especial reference to the defense of south west Georgia, a region which had been blessed with the best crops in the State. In the latter part of the year the State commissioners, James M. Chambers and James P. Bozeman, sunk obstructions in the Appalachicola to prevent a river invasion and protect the gunboat Chattahoochee, then in construction.
In July, 1862, the following organizations were included in General Mercer's command, in the district of Georgia: Eighth battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Reid; Tenth bat talion, Major Rylander; Twenty-fifth regiment, Col. C. C. Wilson; Thirtieth regiment, Col. D. J. Bailey; Thirty-second regiment, Col. G. P. Harrison; Forty-sev-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

105

enth regiment, Col. G. W. M. Williams; Fiftieth regi ment, Col. W. R. Manning; Fifty-fourth regiment, Col. C.H.Way; Fifty-ninth, regiment, Col. Jack Brown; Geor gia Guards, Major Screven; DeKalb Rifles, Captain Hartridge; Second battalion cavalry, Companies D, B, E, Lieutenant-Colonel Bird; cavalry south of the Altamaha (Fourth regiment), Lieutenant-Colonel Clinch; Effingham Hussars, Captain Strobhar; Harwick Mounted Rifles, Captain McAllister; Lamar rangers, Captain Brailsford; Liberty Independent troop, Captain Walthour; Mclntosh cavalry, Captain Hopkins; Partisan rangers, battalion, Major Millen; Partisan rangers, Captain Anderson; Ninth battalion artillery, Major Leyden; Thirteenth (Phoenix), battalion, Maj. G. A. Gordon; Chestatee light artillery, Captain Bomar; Columbus light artillery, Cap tain Croft; Echols light artillery, Captain Tiller; Joe Thompson artillery, Captain Hanleiter; Martin's light artillery, Captain Martin; Terrell light artillery, Captain Dawson; Light battery, Company D, Georgia regulars, Captain Read; Savannah river batteries, Lieut.-Col. Edward C. Anderson; Fort Jackson, Capt. John W. Anderson; Irish Jasper Greens, Company B, Captain O'Connor; Liberty Guards, Captain Hughes; Tattnall Guards, Captain Davenport.
A negro regiment that had been organized by General Hunter was called the First South Carolina volunteers (colored), and in November a company of it was employed on an expedition up the rivers and lagoons of Georgia between St. Simon's and Fernandina. This was led by Col. O. T. Beard of New York, Rev. Mansfield French, chaplain, and Charles T. Trowbridge, captain. The expedition made thirteen different landings, had skir mishes at King's bay and Spaulding's,and "destroyed nine salt works, together with $20,000 worth of horses, salt, corn, rice, etc., which could not be carried away.'' Gen. R. Saxton reported that the negroes fought bravely, and he recommended that a number of light-draught steamers Ga 14

106 ' CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.
should be sent up the Georgia streams, each carrying 100 negro soldiers and extra arms, and that the whistle should be sounded at landings to call in the slaves, who should be enlisted and armed. The boat would then proceed as before until, he said, "we should very soon have occupa tion of the whole country." A few days later a similar expedition was made up the Doboy river, and a sawmill was raided and the lumber, saws, etc., were carried away. Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, of Boston, com mander of this negro regiment, led it in another expedi tion early in 1863, on board three steamers. On the St. Mary's river they were attacked by a daring body of Con federate cavalry. Higginson reported that "though fear ful of our shot and shell, they were so daring against mus ketry, that one rebel sprang from the shore upon the large boat which was towed at our stern, where he was shot down by one of my sergeants." Colonel Higginson was on a collecting expedition, and picked up 250 bars of railroad iron from St. Simon's and Jekyll islands, from abandoned Confederate forts, some "valuable yellow pine lumber," rice, resin, cordage, oars, a flock of sheep, horses, steers, agricultural implements, and "40,000 largesized bricks.'' The real conductor of the whole expe dition up the St. Mary's, Colonel Higginson went on to say, was Corp. Robert Sutton, of Company G, for merly a slave upon the St. Mary's river. "In every instance when I followed his advice the predicted re sult followed, and I never departed from it, however slightly, without finding reason for subsequent regret." Further said the colonel: "No officer in this regiment now doubts that the key to the successful prosecution of this war lies in the unlimited 'employment of black troops." On September 3oth a reconnoissance was made by several New York companies up the May river from Port Pulaski, which resulted in the destruction of some valuable salt works at Crowell's plantation, above Bluffton. Colonel Barton, commanding, reported that he

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

107

stopped at the latter place on his return and carried off a considerable quantity of furniture from the deserted houses, which he asked permission to retain for the use of his officers and himself.
These barbarous raids were made for private and public plunder. To destroy public stores is admissible in war, but to loot private houses and seize private furniture were a disgrace to the troops who were guilty of such outrages, and a still greater disgrace to the officers who allowed it. But all this was innocent compared to the atrocity of the effort to arouse the negroes of the black belt of the State to insurrection against the scanty white population of that section, especially when every Amer ican of any intelligence remembered the horrors of the servile insurrection in San Domingo. The conduct of their enemies during and immediately after the war proves that the Southern people were not mistaken as to the ultimate aim of the party that came into control of the government in 1860, even admitting that they made a mistake in the remedy adopted.
In November, on account of the depredations of Colonel Higginson's negro regiment, the governor notified the legislature that Col. Henry Floyd, commanding Camden militia, had asked leave to call out his forces for home defense, and he requested the legislature to decide if he had authority under the conscript act to make such a call. A spirited discussion of several days resulted, in which it appeared that the majority of the body regarded the conscript law as unconstitutional, but no definite action was taken. The legislature did, however, authorize the governor to obstruct the navigable streams and to hire or impress slaves to perform the necessary labor, and the governor proposed to General Beauregard that the State should hire or impress the slaves and put them under the control of officers detailed by the general, a proposition

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

which was accepted. The same plan had been followed in supplying laborers to General Mercer to finish the fortifications at Savannah.
The governor's message in November described the military work of the year. Of the $5,000,000 appropri ated, $2,081,004 had been expended; 8,000 State troops had been employed and supported for six months; the State's quota of Confederate war tax (in round numbers $2,500,000) had been paid; a State armory had been established in the penitentiary which was turning out 125 guns a month. The Confederate Congress had passed an additional conscription act, extending its scope to men between thirty-five and forty-five years of age, and compelling the recruiting of existing organ izations until filled to the maximum number. Gov ernor Brown had notified the President a few weeks before the meeting of the legislature that he would not permit enrollment under this new law until that body met and acted on the subject. The much-debated question of the constitutionality of the conscript laws was submitted to the State Supreme court, and that body affirmed the con stitutionality.
Other war measures of the legislature of 1862 were acts restricting the cultivation of cotton to three acres a hand, intending to diversify agricultural industry and make the people self-supporting; appropriating $500,000 to supply the people with salt; $100,000 for cotton cards; something more than $500,000 for obstruction of rivers; $400,000 for the relief and hospital association; $1,500,000 for clothing for soldiers; $2,500,000 for the support of widows and families of deceased and disabled soldiers; $1,000,000 for a military fund, and $300,000 to remove indigent white non-combatants from any part of the State threatened with invasion. The aggregate of these appropriations for war was more than $6,000,000. The governor was authorized to raise two regiments for home defense, and to impress slaves for work on the defenses of the latter

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

109

city. It was further patriotically resolved that' 'Savannah should never be surrendered, but defended, street by street and house by house, until, if taken, the victor's spoils should be alone a heap of ashes.''
The military history of the West for 1862 closes with two famous battles, almost simultaneous--one on the Vicksburg line of defenses, the other between Nashville and Chattanooga.
At Chickasaw bayou, a brigade of Georgians, organized in east Tennessee under Gen. Seth M. Barton, and thence transferred to Mississippi to meet the invasions under Grant and Sherman, took a conspicuous part in the defeat of Sherman by the Confederate forces under the command of Gen. Stephen D. Lee. This brigade was composed of the Fortieth regiment, Col. Abda Johnson; the Fortysecond, Col. R. J. Hendcrson; the Forty-third, Lieut.Col. Hiram P. Bell, and the Fifty-second, Col. C. D. Phillips. The brigade took position at the Indian mound, covering one of the bayou fords which the enemy at tempted to cross in their endeavor to pierce the Confeder ate line, and on the 28th of December five companies of the Fortieth fought in the rifle-pits against sharpshooters and artillery throughout the day. On the following day a desperate assault, the main one of the battle, .was made upon General Barton's position at the center, also upon the right, and the repulse of it determined the fate of Sherman's campaign. The skirmishers, taken from the Fortieth and Forty-second Georgia, bore the brunt of the attack. Their comrades, reinforced by Colonel Phillips' regiment and the Thirty-first Louisiana, fought with equal tenacity. Five resolute efforts were made to carry the breastworks, which were as often repulsed with heavy loss. Three times the Federals succeeded in mounting the parapet, and once made a lodgment and attempted to mine. The Georgians and Louisianians, said General

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Pemberton, "behaved with distinguished courage and steadiness throughout. At this point the enemy did not give up his attack until nightfall.''
On the right, during the attack on General Lee, a por tion of the Federal line of assault was gallantly repulsed by the Forty-second Georgia and Twenty-eighth Louisi ana. General Pemberton included among the regiments "entitled to the highest distinction" the Fortieth, Fortysecond and Fifty-second Georgia regiments. The loss of the brigade, 15 killed and 39 wounded, was majnly in the Forty-second and Fortieth. General Barton estimated the Federal dead in their front at 650. The punishment of the Federals was appalling to them, and served to post pone the fall of Vicksburg for half a year. In his official report General Barton mentioned with praise the services of Cols. Abda Johnson (wounded), Henderson and Phil lips, Lieutenant-Colonel Bell (wounded), and Maj. Henry C. Kellogg, of the same regiment, and Capts. T. B. Lyons and Patterson of his staff.
In the sanguinary struggle at Murfreesboro, or Stone's river, December 3ist to January 2d, Gen. John K. Jack son's brigade, of Breckinridge's division, which included the Fifth regiment of infantry and the Second Georgia battalion of sharpshooters, was in various parts of the field at different stages of the battle, but experienced all its severe loss in the brief space from noon to three in the afternoon of December 3ist, when it was sent by Breckinridge to join in the assault upon the Federal center. Jackson twice charged the enemy's strong position, but for the want of support from others, and the smallness of his own numbers, was forced to take the coyer of a thick cedar wood. Both tim.es the men fell back in good order and were reformed in line, until they were ordered to retire from the want of ammunition. Col. William T. Black, of the Fifth, fell in the charge about i p. m., a minie ball inflicting a wound in the head from which he died at 10 o'clock that night. Maj. C. P. Daniel was in

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Ill

command of the regiment during the remainder of the action. The color-bearer of the regiment, Thomas J. Brantley, Company E, was killed by a minie ball passing through his head, whereupon First Lieut. J. W. Eason, of Company G, seized the colors and was instantly killed in a similar manner. Maj. J. J. Cox, commanding the Second battalion sharpshooters, was commended for gal lantry. His men fought with great coolness and effect. The Fifth regiment carried into this battle but 175 men and lost 1 1 killed and 53 wounded. The sharpshooters, 152 strong, lost 4 killed and 27 wounded. The Georgians in Gen. James E. Rains' brigade, McCown's division, were fortunate enough to be in that part of the Confeder ate line which drove the Federals before them on Decem ber 3ist. These commands were the Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. M. A. Stovall, and the Ninth battalion, Maj. Joseph T. Smith. In the first rush upon the enemy Col onel Stovall and his men drove the gunners from a Fed eral battery and sent the pieces to the rear. After "pur suing the enemy three miles, a fierce resistance was encountered, but Stovall's men, after delivering a volley at 150 yards, charged down a hill, while the enemy scampered up another, and began a galling fire from under cover of the rocks and cedar thicket. Stovall made a gallant assault, but gaining the enemy's position suffered heavily from an enfilading fire. Subsequently this battal ion, reinforced by the Ninth, which had had a similar experience though with less resistance, held an advanced position until General Bragg withdrew his army. The Third lost 6 killed and 33 wounded; the Ninth, i killed and n wounded. Moses' battery, attached to Palmer's Tennessee brigade, also participated in this battle. At about the same period the Ninth battalion of Georgia artillery, Maj. A. Leyden, was taking part in the opera tions in east Tennessee under Gen. Humphrey Marshall.

CHAPTER VI.

SKETCHES OF GEORGIA COMMANDS.

H ERE it will be appropriate to give a brief account of the commands not already sketched that were organized and put into service, the majority of

them before the close of 1862.

;,

The Thirty-first regiment Georgia volunteers' was

organized in the fall of 1861 with the following field and

staff officers: Col. P. J. Phillips, Lieut.-Col. Daniel P.

Hill, Maj. C. A. Evans, Adjt. J. H. Woodbridge, Com

missary J. H. Button, Quartermaster A. B. Redding.

The captains were Apollo Forrester (A), Rodolphus T.

Pride (B), Archer Griffith (C), John T. Crowder (D),

L. ~B. Redding (E), Warren D. Wood (F), J. H. Lowe

(G), John W. Murphey (H), George W. Lewis (I), R. H.

Fletcher (K). C. A. Evans soon became colonel of the

regiment, then brigadier-general, and during the Appo-

mattox campaign, as well as the preceding one, was in

command of the division that made the last charge at

Appomattox Court House. J. T. Crowder became lieu

tenant-colonel, J. H. Lowe, major, William M. Head,

adjutant. Captain Forrester (killed) was succeeded by

C. L. Shorter; Sanders by Archer Griffith; Crowder

by Thomas B. Settle; Redding, by W. H. Harrison;

Fletcher by S. W. Thornton. The Thirty-first partici

pated in all the campaigns of the army of Northern Vir

ginia except that of First Manassas, bearing a conspic

uously active part.

At the organization of the Thirty-second regiment

Georgia volunteers the field officers were: Col. George

P. Harrison, Jr., Lieut-Col. W. H. Pruden, Maj. E. H.

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

113

Bacon, Jr., Adjt. G. M. Bkmnt; Capts. (A) W. Y. Holland, (B) J. B. McDowell, (C) S. J. Heath, (D) R. K. Hines, (E) S. A. H. Jones, (F) C. A. Willis, (G) J. A. Phillips, (H) S. D. Mobley, (I) J. F. Lewis, (K) F. G. Godbee. This regiment served for most of the war in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, being engaged in much of the fierce fighting in the vicinity of Charleston in 1863, notably in the defense of Battery Wagner. It was also distinguished at the battle of Ohistee, Fla., and served with credit in the campaign of the Carolinas in 1865, surrendering with Johnston April a6th. During its faithful career the following changes are recorded as having occurred among its officers: Maj. E. H. Bacon became lieutenant-colonel, and Captain Holland, major, while W. D. Cornwell suc ceeded him in command of his company. J. A. Hines became captain of Company D, P. R. Taliaferro of Company E, and J. L. McElmurry of Company Z.
The Thirty-third Georgia regiment did not complete its organization, but became merged in other commands.
The Thirty-fourth regiment Georgia volunteers was offi cered as follows: Col. J. S. W. Johnson, Lieut.-Col. J. W. Bradley, Maj. Thomas T. Donough and later John M. Jackson, Adjt. I. G. McLendon; Capts. Caleb Chitwood (A), Thomas A. Veal (B), R. A. Jones (C), William E. Broch (D), Jordan Rowland (E), W. A. Walker (F), G. M. Blackwell (G), John M. Jackson (H), A. T. Bennett (I), A. P. Daniel (K). The regiment was sent into east Tennessee; served in the Kentucky campaign, afterward in the department of East Tennessee, in the Vicksburg campaign and at Missionary Ridge; went all through the Atlanta campaign, then participated in Hood's gallant but unsuccessful attempt to recover Ten nessee for the Confederacy. Finally, after all the hard ships and perils of the arduous service rendered to the Confederacy, being consolidated with the Thirty-ninth and part of the Fifty-sixth Georgia, it participated in the
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114

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

campaign of the Carolinas that closed with the capitula tion at Durham's Station, April 26, 1865. Of changes in this organization we have not been able to obtain any record.
The Thirty-fifth regiment Georgia volunteers at its organization had the following officers: Col. Edward L. Thomas, Lieut.-Col. Gustavus A. Bull, Maj. B. H. Holt, Adjt. J. H. Ware; Capts. (A) William I. Head, (B) L. M. White, (C) D. B. Henry, (D) L. A. J. Williams, (E) E. R. Whitley, (F) R. M. Rawlings, (G) William S. Barrett, (H) A. K. Richardson, (I) W. L. Groves, (K) W. H. McCulloch. The Thirty-fifth was assigned to the army of Northern Virginia, and participated in all the campaigns of that magnificent body of infantry from Seven Pines to Appomattox. Its colonel, Edward L. Thomas, became brigadier-general, and commanded with gallantry and skill on every field. Exclusive of the officers already mentioned, it had during its honorable career: Col. Boiling H. Holt, Lieut.-Cols. B. H. Holt and W. H. McCulloch, Majs. W. H. McCulloch, W. L. Groves, L. A. Williams, J. T. McElvany; Adjt. S. W. Thomas, whose predecessor, Ware, was killed in battle. Captain Henry was killed in battle, and J. M. Mitchell and I. P. Johnston succeeded Captain Williams. Upon the death of R. M. Rawlings, J. T. McElvany became captain and was afterward promoted major. Captain Groves, promoted major, was succeeded by S. T. Irvine.
The Thirty-sixth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized in part from the First Georgia independent battalion. Its field officers were: Col. Jesse A. Glenn, Lieut.-Col. Alexander M. Wallace, Maj. Charles E. Broyles, Adjt. John S. Ault. Broyles became colonel of the regiment, and John Loudermilk, major. The cap tains of the companies during its term of service were: (A) J. W. Aderhold and Joseph Glenn, (B) H. J. Sprayberry and George A. Cooper, (C) B. B. White and F. M. Dwight, (D) R. Rhodes and John Loudermilk, (E)

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

115

W. H. Howard, Jr., and J. D. Gilbert, (F) J. P. Girardey and E. L. Martin, (G) R. T. English and D. H. Elledge, (H) J. F. Kerr and A. P. Roberts, (I) J. N. Edwards and J. L. Morgan, (K) A. A. Dyer,- (L) Thomas Williams. The officers of this list who had been captains in the First independent battalion were Aderhold, Sprayberry, Rhodes, Howard, Girardey, Kerr and Edwards. This regiment was at Pensacola with J. B. Villepigue as col onel. Villepigue was soon promoted to brigadier-general and his place was filled by Col. Jesse A. Glenn. In the spring of 1862 the regiment was sent to east Tennessee. It was in Stevenson's division during the Vicksburg campaign, at Missionary Ridge, and in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns. It served also in the campaign of the Carolinas, consolidated with the Forty-second and parts of the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-sixth, and *was surrendered April 26, 1865.
The First Confederate regiment, of Georgia, seems to have been made up from parts of the First indepen dent battalion with companies from other commands, and had for its colonel, G. A. Smith, formerly cap tain of Company C. The First Confederate also shared the fortunes of the army of Tennessee in the campaigns in Tennessee and Georgia. During the cam paign in the Carolinas it was consolidated with the First battalion of sharpshooters and the Twenty-fifth, Twentyninth, Thirtieth and Sixty-sixth Georgia regiments. After long and faithful service it surrendered with Johnston in North Carolina.
The Thirty-seventh regiment Georgia volunteers had for its field officers Col. A. F. Rudler, Lieut.-Col. J. T. Smith, Maj. J, J. Bradford and later Maj. R. E. Wilson, Adjt. G. H, Sherod. The captains were: (A) R. E. Wilson, (B) T. E. Blanchard, (D) J. G. McMullin, who was killed and succeeded by W. M. Clark, (I) M. Kendrick, who died and was succeeded by T. D. Wright and he by William Hutchinson, (K) W. H. H. Phelps.

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

The Thirty-seventh was formed in part from two splendid

battalions, the Third and Ninth, which had been distin

guished at Murfreesboro. In Bate's brigade it shared in

the Chickamauga and Chattanooga campaigns, ending

with Missionary Ridge; also in the Atlanta and Tennes

see campaigns of 1864. In the spring of 1865 the Thirty-

seventh regiment and Fourth battalion of Georgia sharp

shooters were consolidated with the Fifty-fourth Georgia,

by which number these three commands were known

during the campaign in the Carolinas.

,;.

The Thirty-eighth regiment Georgia volunteers at its

organization had as field officers: Col. Augustus R.

Wright, Lieut.-Col. George W. Lee, Maj. Lewis J. Parr.

The captains were: William L. McLeod (A), Robert B.

Eberhart (B), John V. Flowers (C), George W. Mc-

Clesky (D), William H. Battey (E), Cornelius R. Han-

leiter (F), William Wright (G), Thomas H. Bomar (H),

John C. Thornton (I), James D. Matthews (K). The

Thirty-eighth was formed from Wright's Georgia legion

and the Twenty-fifth Georgia. After this consolidation

it served in the army of Northern Virginia from the

spring of 1862 until the surrender at Appomattox, where,

in the division commanded by Brig.-Gen. Clement A.

Evans and the corps of General Gordon, it helped to

make the last successful charge of that army. The fol

lowing field officers succeeded those who were appointed

at its organization: Cols. George W. Lee and J. D.

Matthews, Lieut.-Cols. Lewis J. Parr, J. D. Matthews

and P. E. Davant, Maj. T. H. Bomar. The following

captains succeeded those first named: J. W. Brinson

and L. W. Farmer (E), George F. Robinson (G), J. O.

Maxwell (I), Charles A. Hawkins, R. T. Donough and

L. H. T. Bomar (K). The following captains were

killed in battle: William L. McLeod, George W.

McClesky, William H. Battey, L. W. Farmer and

Charles A. Hawkins.

The Thirty-ninth regiment Georgia volunteers had the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

117

following officers: Col. J. T. McConnell, Lieut.-Col. J. F. B. Jackson, Maj. J. H. Randall, Adjt. W. M. McCallister; Capts. (A) L. W. Crook, (B) T. H. Pitner, (C) Timothy Ford, (D) J. W. Cureton, (E) C. D. Hill, who resigned and was succeeded by Henry P. Osborne, (F) James H. Anderson, (G) B. J. Brown, (H) William H. Edwards, (I) John D. Hayes, (Z) J. W. Brady. This regiment was assigned to the army of Tennessee; was engaged in the campaign of 1862 in east Tennessee and Kentucky; was sent to Mississippi, where it participated in all the battles of the Vicksburg cam paign, being among those captured at Vicksburg; was exchanged in time to share in the battle at Missionary Ridge, and was in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns. In the spring of 1865 it was consolidated with parts of the Thirty-fourth and Fifty-sixth regiments, retain ing its own number, and was engaged in the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendering with J. E. Johnston. Its colonel, J. T. McConnell, died from wounds received in action, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Jack son. Captain Brady was killed. Captain Osborne died at his home in Augusta, Ga., from sickness contracted during the siege of Vicksburg, being not yet twenty-one years of age.
The Fortieth regiment Georgia volunteers had the fol lowing officers: Col. Abda Johnson, Lieut.-Col. Robert M. Young, Maj. Raleigh G. Camp, Adjt. G. W. War wick; Capts. (A) John H. Matthews, (B) John U. Dobbs, (C) Z. B. Hargrove, (D) Francis H. Hall, (E) J. F. Grooves, (F) John Middlebrooks, (G) Thomas J. Foster, (H) Joseph L. Neil, (I) Abda Johnson, (K) Alexander Murchison. On the organization of the regiment Captain Johnson was elected colonel. The Fortieth was assigned to service first in Tennessee, then in Mississippi; was engaged with distinction in the bat tle of Chickasaw Bayou in December, 1862, and shared the battles and hardships of the Vicksburg campaign,

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

forming part of the garrison which surrendered with Pemberton. Exchanged in time to participate in the battle of Missionary Ridge, it bore an honorable part in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns. In the spring of 1865 it was consolidated with the Forty-first and Fortythird Georgia, retaining its own number, and after taking part in the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendered with General Johnston.
At the organization of the Forty-first Georgia, Charles A. McDaniel was made colonel; William E. Curtis/.lieutenant-colonel; John Knight, major; E. Elless, adjut ant, and A. D. Abraham, quartermaster. The captains were: J. E. Stallings (A), George N. Lester (B), George S. Avery (C), John W. Powell (D), J. C. Cartwright (E), S. D. Clements (F), Washington Henibree (G), Newton J. Ross (H), W. B. Thomason (I), J. J. Bowen (K). This regiment was assigned to the army of Tennessee; was for a time in north Mississippi; went with Bragg into Kentucky, and was especially distin guished at Perryville, where it had two color-bearers killed and four wounded, and where its gallant colonel, McDaniel, fell late in the evening mortally wounded. It went with Stevenson's division to Mississippi, where it participated in the battles of the Vicksburg campaign, and was included in the surrender of that important post. It was exchanged in time to take part in the bat tle of Missionary Ridge; was in the Atlanta and Tennes see campaigns of 1864, and in 1865, being consolidated with the Fortieth and Forty-third Georgia, participated in the campaign of the Carolinas and in General Johnston's surrender. Some of the changes in officers were as follows: William E. Curtis became colonel; Major Knight, lieutenant-colonel; W. S. Nail, major; D. McClesky and Thomas L. Dobbs became captains of Com pany B, S. D. Clements of Company F, R. A. Wood of Company G.
The Forty-second regiment Georgia volunteers had at

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

119

first the following field officers: Col. Robert J. Henderson, Lieiit.-Col. R. F. Maddox, Maj. William H. Hulsey, and Adjt. H. M. Wylie. The captains were: (A) L. P. Thomas, (B) B. P. Weaver, (C) H. W. Parris, (D) Nathan Clay, (E) T. J. Mercer, (F) James M. Summers, (G) Enoch E. McCollum, (H) J. T. Mitchell, (I) John H. Barrett, (K) William L. Calhoun. The Forty-second was assigned to the army of Tennessee; took part in the campaign of Gen. Kirby Smith in east Tennessee and Kentucky; was sent to Mississippi in time for the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, where it was complimented in general orders; acted a gallant part in the battles of the Vicksburg campaign, and was exchanged in time to share in the battle of Missionary Ridge. It was in the Dalton-Atlanta campaign, and especially distinguished in the headlong charge at Atlanta, July 22, 1864, along the Georgia railroad, capturing a battery of guns. The regiment shared also in the hardships and battles of the Tennessee campaign. In the spring of 1865 it was con solidated with the Thirty-sixth and parts of the Thirtyfourth and Fifty-sixth Georgia regiments, retaining its own number, and again followed the lead of Gen. J. E. Johnston in the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendering at Durham's Station. Major Hulsey became lieutenantcolonel, and Captain Thomas was promoted to major.
The Forty-third regiment Georgia volunteers at its organization had for officers: Col. Skidmore Harris, Lieut.-Col. Hiram P. Bell, Maj. Henry C. Kellogg, and Adjt. J. S. Alien; Capts. (A) William F. Mullins, (B) M. M. Grantham, (C) Benjamin F. Hanie, (D) Wil liam P. Brown, (E) Thomas G. Pilgrim, (F) James F. Law, (G) M. M. Mintz, (H) H. R. Howard, (I) W. C. Lester, (K) John F. Rivers, (L) M. H. West. The regi ment was assigned to the army of Tennessee after the battle of Shiloh; went into the Kentucky campaign in McCown's division; was sent to Mississippi, where it served with great distinction from Chickasaw Bayou to

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

the surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863; was exchanged in time to take part in the battle of Missionary Ridge; was in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns, acquitting itself well on all occasions, and in the spring of 1865 was consolidated with the Fortieth and Forty-first Georgia, and served through the campaign of the Carolinas under General Johnston, until surrendered April 26, 1865. Major Kellogg became colonel; A. M. Reinhart and W. I. Sloan became captains of Company A, M. J. Ragsdale of Company D, Cicero H. Furr of Company F, and J. M. Storey of Company G.
The Forty-fourth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized with Col. Robert A. Smith, Lieut.-Col. J. B. Estes, Maj. Richard O. Banks, Adjt. Charles M. Wiley; Capts. (A) W. H. Peebles, (B) John C. Key, (C) Sam uel P. Lumpkin, (D) John B. Estes, (E) Joseph W. Adams, (F) David L. Hitchcock, (G) John Huie, (H) John C. Redding, (I) Charles W. Alliston. It was as signed to the army of Northern Virginia and served in its arduous campaigns from the spring of 1862 to the surrender at Appomattox. The list of the great battles fought by the soldiers under Lee is so familiar to our readers that it is not necessary to repeat them here. The successors of those holding commissions at its organ ization were: Col. John B. Estes, Samuel P. Lumpkin, William H. Peebles; Lieut.-Cols. Samuel P. Lumpkin, W. H. Peebles and James W. Beck; Majs. Joseph W. Adams, W. H. Peebles, J. W. Beck and John C. Key; Capts. (A) H. M. Credille, (B) James Henderson, (D) R. R. Hanes, (E) J. H. Connally, (F) C. D. Pearson, G. G. Green and J. B. Reese, (G) J. L. Blalock, (H) John W. Butler, (I) J. H. Harris, James W. Beck and Thomas T. Eason. Major Adams died in service; Cap tains Green and Alliston were killed in action.
The Forty-fifth regiment Georgia volunteers had at first the following field officers: Col. Thomas Hardeman, Lieut.-Col. T. J. Simmons, Maj.W. L. Grice, Adjt. George

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

123

F. Cherry. The captains were: (A) M. R. Rogers, (B) J. W. Dozier, (C) James M. Carter, (D) Joseph H. White, (E) William S. Wallace, (F) Richard M. Bonner, (G) C. A. Conn, (H) William M. Davis, (I) L. J. Dupree, (K) A. W. Gibson. Going to Virginia, the Forty-fifth began its battles at Hanover Court House and served until the surrender at Appomattox, being engaged in all the great conflicts of the army of Northern Virginia, in the campaigns around Richmond, in northern Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and afterward helping to baffle the desperate efforts and overwhelming resources of Grant for nearly a year. The successors to those holding office at its organization were: Col. Thomas J. Simmons; Lieut.-Cols. W. L. Grice, J. W. Carter, W. S. Wallace and C. A. Conn (killed); Majs. M. R. Rogers, J. W. Carter and A. W. Gibson; Capts. (A) W. H. Shaw and George P. Cherry, (C) John H. Baskim, (F) John Hardeman, (H) John G. Brown, (I) J. I. Hall and J. M. Carter.
The Forty-sixth regiment Georgia volunteers had for its first officers: Col. Peyton H. Colquitt (killed), Lieut. Col. William A. Daniel, Maj. Alexander M. Speer, Adjt. W. W. Charlton; Capts. (A) T. B. Hancock, (B) Samuel J. C. Dunlap, (C) A. H. Cooper (killed), (D) E. G. Raiford, (E) William A. Andrews, (F) John P. Beatty, (G) G. A. Ball, (H) Eleazer Taylor, (I) W. F. Moore, (K) A. G. Bedell. It served during 1862 on the Georgia coast, then near Charleston until May, 1863, when it was sent to Mississippi in Gist's brigade; shared in the campaigns that included the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; participated in the Atlanta and Tennessee cam paigns of 1864, and in the spring of 1865, being consoli dated with the Forty-seventh Georgia and Bonaud's battalion, was engaged in the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendering with General Johnston. The successors to those holding office in the regiment at its organization were as follows: Col. S. J. C. Dunlap, previously major;
Ga 16

122

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Adjt W. R. Bedell; Capts. (C) T. C. Tillman, (F) R. M. Dixon, (G) Malcom Gillis, (I) W. A. Davis, (K) I. F. Pou.
The Forty-seventh, regiment Georgia volunteers had at first the following field officers: Col. G. W. M. Williams (died), Lieut.-Col. A. C. Edwards, Maj. J. S. Cone, Adjt. B. S. Williams. The captains were: (A) M. J. Doyle, (B) Pat Gormley. The roll is incomplete. The Forty-seventh was made up from the Eleventh battalion of infantry which had served on the Georgia coast id; 1862. It was sent to the army of Tennessee in 1863; was in the campaigns of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, in the Atlanta campaign; then went to Savannah in Hardee's command. In the spring of 1865 it was consolidated with the Forty-sixth Georgia and Bonaud's battalion, and was engaged in the campaign of the Carolinas under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, surrendering with him near Goldsboro. Some of the successors to those holding office in the regiment at its organization were as follows: Col. A. C. Edwards, Lieut.-Cols. W. S. Phillips and J. S. Cone, Maj. A. G. Cone.
The first officers of the Forty-eighth regiment Georgia volunteers were: Col. William Gibson, Lieut. -Col. R. W. Carswell, Maj. J. R. Whitehead, Adjt. Julian Gumming; Capts. (A) A. Kelley (killed), (B) M. R. Hall, (C) H. J. Dortic (killed), (D) John W. Harlow (killed), (E) T. H. Polhill (killed), (F) Thomas W. Kent, (G) Ulysses A. Rice, (H) Neill McLeod, (I) R. J. Wilson, (K) T. J. Hamilton. This regiment was assigned to the army of Northern Virginia in the spring of 1862. It was engaged in the campaigns of the Peninsula, Seven Days' before Richmond, Northern Virginia and Maryland, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and in the long continued campaign. against Grant from the spring of 1864 to the closing scene at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. The successors to the officers at the organization were: Col. M. R. Hall, successively major, lieutenant-colonel

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

123

and colonel, Adjt. T. H. Gibson, Capts. (C) L. G. Doughty (killed) and J. K. Evans, (D) U. L. Skinner, (E) R. W. Carswell and W. J. Smith, (G) T. J. Robertson, (H) A. C. Flanders, (K) D. T. Wilson.
The Forty-ninth regiment Georgia volunteers had first the following field officers: Col. Andrew J. Lane; Lieut-Col. Seaborn M. Manning; Maj. J. Rivers; Adjt. M. Newman. The captains were: (A) S. T. Player, (B) Jas. Humphreys (died), (C) Win. M. Carter, (D) Wm. F. Holden, (E) Samuel D. Fuller, (F) O. H. Cooke, (G) Jas. T. Cappell, (H) A. D. Jernigan, (I) Jas. J. Lawrence, (K) H. H. Whitneld. The Forty-ninth served in Virginia through the Pen insular and Richmond campaigns, in northern Virginia and Maryland, at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and in the campaign of 1864-65, being still at the post of duty in the last days at Petersburg and in the final scene at Appomattox. Officers succeeding those at the organization were: Cols. S. T. Player, J. T. Jordan; Lieut.-Cols. Jonathan Rivers, S. T. Player, O. H. Cooke, J. T. Jordan, W. J. Williams; Majs. S. T. Player, J. H. Pate, W. J. Williams, John Durham, J. B. Duggan; Capts. (A) J. B. Duggan, (B) W. J. Wil liams, (C) J. T. Jordan, (D) John Durham, (E) A. C. McLennon, (F) T. D. Wilcox, (G) H. B. Hanley, (H) C. M. Jones (killed) and W. G. Bell, (I) J. W. Alien, (K) S. M. Manning, J. H. Pate and O. A. V. Rose.
The organization of the Fiftieth regiment Georgia vol unteers was as follows: Field officers, Col. W. R. Man ning, Lieut.-Col. F. Kearse, Maj. P. C. Pendleton, Adjt. James P. Graves; Capts. (A) John T. Wilson, (B) P. B. Bedford, (C) John M. Spence, (D) James T. Bevill, (E) Cicero H. Young, (F) Duncan Curry, (G) John B. Osteen, (H) Jesse M. Wells, (I) E. C. Morgan, (K) Pliny Sheffield. The Fiftieth was another of the com mands that served in the army of Northern Virginia, sharing in its splendid career of victory, almost unbroken

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

until Gettysburg, and then renewed during the spring and summer of 1864, participating in the long siege of Richmond and Petersburg and the final scene at Appomattox. During its period of service the successors to those first holding office were as follows: Col. Peter McGlashan; Lieut.-Col. W. O. Flemming; Majs. D. Curm, W. O. Flemming, P. Sheftall; Capts. (B) P. C. Pendleton, (F) W. O. Flemming and H. L. Reeves, (I) C. Townsend, (K) John G. McCall.
The Fifty-first regiment Georgia volunteers was jnustered in with the following field officers: Col. W. M. Slaughter (died), Lieut.-Col. E. Ball, Maj. O. P. Anthony, Adjt. J. H. West; Capts. (A) H. M. Dunwoody, (B) W. C. Ware (killed), (C) A. Cumbie, (D) T. M. D. Hopkins, (E) James Dickey, (F) B. J. Kendrick, (G) John P. Crawford, (H) Edward Ball, (I) O. P. Anthony, (K) William M. Slaughter. The regiment participated in all the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia from Seven Pines and the battles around Rich mond to Sharpsburg; then in the Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns, and in the con tinuous battles of the campaigns of 1864-65, from the Wilderness to Appomattox, suffering, like all the regi ments of that army, great losses in officers and men. Officers during this term of service succeeding those already named were: Cols. E. Ball and James Dickey; Lieut.-Cols. O. P. Anthony, J. Dickey and J. P. Crawford; Majs. H. M. Dunwoody, James Dickey and J. P. Crawford; Capts. (A) S. Alexander (killed) and W. R. McLean, (B) W. H. Chastain, (C) J. W. Brooks, (F) T. M. Jones, (H) William F. Davis, (I) S. A. McLendon, (K) Richard Hobbs.
The Fifty-second regiment Georgia volunteers had at first the following field officers: Col. Wier Boyd, Lieut.-Col. C. D. Phillips, Adjt. W. A. James. The captains were: (A) S. H. Vandiviere, (B) J. J. Moore, (C) R. R. Asbury, (D) John A. Parker, (E) D. W. Killian,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

125

(F) S. M. Beck, (G) Lewis B. Beard, (H) W. W. Brown, (I) John R. Russell, (K) T. F. Cooper. The Fiftysecond was assigned to Kirby Smith's department of East Tennessee in the spring of 1862, served in Stevenson's division, which recaptured Cumberland Gap, and then marched into Kentucky. In the fall it was sent to Mis sissippi, was greatly distinguished at Chickasaw Bayou, and in the spring and summer of 1863 participated in the battles of the campaign that closed with the siege and surrender of Vicksburg, It was engaged at Missionary Ridge, and served through the Atlanta campaign and the campaign in Tennessee, and was in the Carolinas under Gen. J. E. Johnston, surrendering April 26, 1865. The roster of this regiment is even more incomplete than others, the only record of change made being that J. W. Woodward succeeded Captain Parker, and that C. D. Phillips became colonel.
The Fifty-third regiment Georgia volunteers had at organization the following officers: Col. L. T. Doyal, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Sloan, Maj. J. P. Simms, Adjt John F. Hanson; Capts. (A) T. W. Atkins, (B) Thomas W. Simms, (C) Samuel W. Marshbone, (D) J. W. Hance (killed), (E) S. W. Glass, (F) Thomas Sloan, (G) R. P. Taylor, (H) W. B. Baker, (I) J. M. D. Bonds, (K) J. M. Ponder. The Fifty-third was part of the splendid bri gade of General Semmes, in Virginia, serving under that gallant officer until his death at Gettysburg; then under General Bryan during the Chattanooga and Knoxville campaign of Longstreet, with whom, returning to Vir ginia, it served through the Overland campaign and around Richmond. During its long and honorable career its losses m officers and men were severe. Maj. James P. Simms became colonel; was promoted to brig adier-general, and during the Appomattox campaign commanded the brigade. The records are incomplete, and silent as to other changes.
The Fifty-fourth regiment Georgia volunteers had for

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its first field officers: Col. Charlton H. Way, Lieut. -Col. Morgan Rawls, Maj. William H. Mann, Adjt. T. H. Brantley. The captains were: (A) T. W. Brantley, (B) George W. Moody, (C) D. A. Green, (D) A. S. Roberts, (E) J. H. Evans, (F) W. T. Chisholm, (G) George W. Knight, (H) C. R. Russell, (I) L. L. Elkins, (K) George Eason. The regiment served for some time in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, being one of the regiments engaged in the heroic defense of Battery Wagner on Morris island, near Charleston. Sent to Dalton in the spring of 1864, it participated in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns. In the spring of 1865, having been consolidated with the Thirty-seventh Georgia regiment and Fourth Georgia battalion of sharp shooters, it took part in the campaign of the Carolinas and surrendered with General Johnston at Goldsboro. The only recorded changes are: T. M. Brantley became cap tain of Company C, and H. M. Totly of Company E.
The Fifty-fifth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized with the following field officers: Col. C. B. Harkie, Lieut.-Col. A. W. Persons, Maj. D. S. Printup, Adjt. R. C. Saxon. The captains were: (A) Turner J. Ball, (B) James M. Griffin, (C) William J. Collins, (D) John G. Lester, (E) Ben R. Kendrick (killed), (F) H. W. Baker, (G) R. L. Mitchell, (H) J. P. Alien, (I) D. A. Lee (died), (K) M. P. Tucker, (L) E. M. Westbrook. The Fifty-fifth was sent to east Tennessee, in the spring of 1862, and in Heth's division marched into Kentucky. Returning to east Tennessee, it served in that department until surrendered with the rest of the garrison of Cumberland Gap in the summer of 1863. After exchange it was placed on detached service, guard ing prisoners at Andersonville, Ga., and Salisbury, N. C. In March, 1865, the detachments of the regiment were ordered to report to General Johnston in North Carolina, but the war ended before the order could be obeyed. The regiment had the following officers besides those

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already named: Cols. A. W. Persons and D. S. Printup, Lieut.-Col. D. S. Printup, Maj. M. P. Tucker, and Capt. J. J. Roberson succeeded Baker.
At the organization of the Fifty-sixth regiment Georgia volunteers the field officers were: Col. E. P. Watkins, Lieut.-Col. J. T. Slaughter, Maj. M. L. Poole, Adjt. James N. Bass. The captains were: (A) J. P. Brewster, (B) J. M. Martin, (C) J. A. Grice, (D) W. S. Monroe, (E) J. F. Albert, (F) P. H. Prather (killed), (G) E. M. Streetman, (H) J. M. Parish, (I) J. M. Cobb, (K) B. T. Sherman. In the spring of 1862 the regiment was sent to east Tennessee, where it served in Stevenson's divi sion in the recapture of Cumberland Gap and the advance into Kentucky. In the fall of that year it was sent to Mississippi, sharing with other regiments of the division in the battles and privations of the campaign which ended with the surrender of Vicksburg. After being exchanged it participated in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns of 1864. In the spring of 1865 part of it was consolidated with the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-ninth under the name of the latter, and part with the Thirty-sixth and Fortysecond as the Forty-second Georgia. It served in the campaign of the Carolinas, which closed with the sur render near Goldsboro. During its service Captain Brewster became major, and J. H. Harrison, captain of Company K.
The Fifty-seventh regiment Georgia volunteers went into service with the following field officers: Col. William. Barkaloo, Lieut.-Col. E. S. Guyton, Maj. John W. Shinholser, Commissary M. W. Johnston, Asst. Quarter master H. Cleveland, Adjt. T. J. Dyson. The captains' were: (A) L. C. Bryan, (B) James M. Smith, (C) Lucius Q. Tucker, (D) Henry K. Byington, (E) C. H. Richard son, (F) John F. Vinson, (G) James P. Jordon, (H) John R. Bonner, (I) George W. Bishop, (K) J. W. Shinholser. The Fifty-seventh served under Kirby Smith in east

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Teanessee through the greater part of 1862. In Steven son's division it participated in the siege of Cumberland Gap and the march into Kentucky. In the latter part of the year it went in the same division to Mississippi, par ticipating in the battles of the Vicksburg campaign and surrendering with the rest of that gallant garrison. After exchange it took part in the Atlanta and Tennessee cam paigns, and in the spring of 1865, being consolidated with the First volunteers and Sixty-third Georgia under .the name of the First Georgia, it served in the Carolinas under Joe Johnston. Stephen De Bruhl and George K. Hunter successively became adjutants of this regiment, and J. N. Shinholser succeeded Capt. J. W. Shinholser, promoted major.
The Fifty-ninth regiment Georgia volunteers was organized with Jack Brown, colonel; C. J. Harris, lieu tenant-colonel; Bolivar H. Gee, major; W. A. Sparks, commissary; B. F. Bruton, assistant quartermaster; H..i; Marshall, adjutant. The captains were: (A) B. H. Gee, (B) John G. Collins, (C) W. H. Ficklin, (D) D. C. Smith, (E) M. G. Bass, (F) James M. Rouse, (G) G. F. Brown, (H) Jack Brown, (I) E. Cain (died), (K) C. J. Harris. The regiment served in the department of South Caro lina, Georgia and Florida, part of the time guarding stores and prisoners at Macon; in 1863 was ordered to Virginia and assigned to Gen. G. T. Andersen's brigade in time to participate in the battle of Gettysburg; was then sent to Charleston, and soon after to Longstreet at Chattanooga, going with him through the Knoxville campaign. Returning to Virginia in the spring of 1864 it served from the Wilderness to Appomattox. The suc cessors to the original officers were: Lieut.-Col. B. H. Gee, Majs. C. J. Harris, M. G. Bass and W. H. Ficklin, Adjt. M. F. Bass; Capts. (D) B. H. Miller, (E) B. L. Brown, (H) F. M. Robinson and W. W. Train, (I) John

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W. Hutchinson, (K) F. W. Johnson and S. H. Gates. Col. Jack Brown started out with the regiment and sur rendered with it at Appomattox.
The Sixtieth regiment Georgia volunteers was formed by the union of the Fourth Georgia battalion with other companies. At its organization it had as field officers: Col. W. H. Stiles, Lieut.-Col. Thomas J. Berry, Maj. W. B. Jones, Commissary A. D. Murray, Asst. Quarter master D. N. Speer, Adj. B. F. Keller. The captains were: (A) T. D. Bertody, (B) W. B. Jones, (C) J. C. Wardlaw, (D) W. Talliaferro, (E) J. W. Beck, (F) W. P. Jarrett, (G) John B. Golding (killed), (H) W. H. Stiles, (I) B. F. Fariss, (K) W. H. Howard. This regiment went to Virginia in the spring of 1862 in Lawton's brigade, Jackson's division. It served in the battles around Richmond, the campaign of Second Manassas and Mary land, and at Fredericksburg. After Lawton's appoint ment as quartermaster-general, Gen. John B. Gordon was assigned to the brigade, and subsequently the same com mand became Evans' brigade. Under these three bri gade commanders the regiment served from the battles around Richmond through the Overland campaign, the campaign of Early in Maryland and in the valley, then in the trenches at Petersburg, and finally in Evans' divi sion of Gordon's corps in the campaign that closed at Appomattox. During this long and arduous career the losses of the regiment were very heavy. Some of the successors to the officers already named were: Col. W. B. Jones, Adjt. R. L. McFarlin; Capts. (C) James C. Ward and J. A. Edmondson, (H) W. C. Leake.
When the Sixty-first regiment Georgia volunteers had completed its organization, the field officers were as follows: Col. John H. Lamar, Lieut.-Col. J. Y. McDuffie, Maj. A. P. McRae, Asst. Quartermaster George Higgins, Adjt. G. W. Lamar. The captains were: (A) G. D. Wilcox, (B) D. R. A. Johnson, (C) Daniel McDon ald, (D) S. H. Kennedy, (E) C. W. McArthur, (F) P.
Ga 17

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Brennan, (G) W. Fannin, (H) J. M. Dasher, (I) J. D. Van Valkeaburg, (K) E. F. Sharpe. The history of this regi ment is the same as that of the Sixtieth. With equal fortitude and like renown it participated in the great campaigns which, beginning with the battles around Richmond, were continued through three years in Vir ginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, until they closed at Appomattox in a defeat which was decisive and final, and yet as glorious to the vanquished as to the victors. In the changes that occurred, the following are some of the successors to the officers already named: Lieut.-Col. C. W. McArthur, Majs. Peter Brennan and H. Tillman, Adjt. G. C. Connor; Capts. (A) J. Y. McDuffie, (B) A. P. McRae (killed), (C) J. A. Edmondson, (D) H. Tillman, (E) T. M. McRae, (G) T. T. Colley. This regiment was partly made up from the Seventh battalion Georgia infantry.
The Sixty-second regiment Georgia volunteers organ ized with the following field officers: Col. Joel R. Griffin, Lieut.-Col Randolph Towns, Maj John T. Kennedy, Commissary T. Meara, Adjt. B. B. Bowers. The captains were: (A) John P. Davis, (B) James W. Nichols, (C) W. L. A. Ellis, (D) William H. Faucett, (E), W. A. Thompson, (F) S. B. Jones, (G) Pat Gray, (H) Thomas A. Jones, (I) John A. Richardson, (K) E. W. Westbrook, (L) Theodore T. Barham. Seven companies of this regiment united with three of the Twentieth cavalry battalion and formed a cavalry command styled sometimes in the reports the Sixty-second Georgia, and in the last year of the war, the Eighth Georgia cavalry. They served for a time in Georgia, then in North Carolina, then in the brigade of Gen. James Bearing, at Peters burg, in 1864. The Sixty-second was originally formed in part from the Fifteenth battalion Georgia partisan rangers. The following are some of the officers who succeeded those first named: Lieut. -Col. John T. Ken nedy, Maj. W. L. A. Ellis, Commissary W. R. Baldwin,

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Adjt. W. A. Holson; Capts. (B) B. B. Bower, (D) R. Duvall, (H) A. P. Newhart, (K) S. L. Turner. (See also Eighth Georgia cavalry regiment and Fifteenth Georgia battalion of cavalry.)
The Sixty-third regiment Georgia volunteers was mus tered in with the following officers: Col. George A. Gor don, Lieut.-Col. George R. Black, Maj. John R. Giles, Commissary G.' W. Lamar, Asst. Quartermaster C. J. White, Adjt. J. S. Hammond. The captains were: (A) J. V. H. Alien, (B) James T. Buckner, (C) E. J. Craven, (D) E. H. Harrison, (E) Thad. Oliver, (F) John H. Losser, (G) D. N. Martin, (H) H. H. Scranton, (I) C. W. Howard, (K) William J. Dixon. Captain Alien soon became major. This regiment was formed in December, 1862. in the following manner: The Oglethorpe artillery, which had been the Oglethorpe infantry, Company D, of Ramsey's First Georgia, was detached from the Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery (acting as infantry and stationed at Jacksboro, Tenn.), and being ordered to Savannah was united with the Thirteenth infantry (Phoenix) battalion, which had been serving on the Georgia coast from the beginning of the war; to these, other detached companies were added, and the new reg iment thus formed was called the Sixty-third Georgia. The regiment served as infantry and heavy artillery at Thunderbolt and Rosedew island, and two of its com panies (B and K) at Battery Wagner near Charleston, in 1863. In May, 1864, it was ordered to Dalton. It served in the Atlanta campaign, being particularly distinguished at the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, where it was compli mented in general orders; in the Tennessee campaign, where with the First volunteer regiment it formed part of the rear guard on Hood's retreat; was consolidated in the spring of 1865 with the Fifty-seventh and First vol unteer, the united command being styled the First Georgia, and took part in the campaign of the Carolinas under General Johnston.

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The officers of the Sixty-fourth regiment Georgia vol unteers at organization were: Col. John W. Evans (killed), Lieut.-Col. James Barrow (killed), Maj. W. H. Weems, Asst. Quartermaster E. R. Peabody, Adjt. J. A. Byrd; Capts. (A) John K. Redd, (B) T. J. Pritchett, (C) N. W. Garrard, (D) George S. Thomas, (E) C. S. Jenkins, (F) P. Robinson, (G) D. C. Smith, (H) S. A. Townsley, (I) J. T. McClusky. This regiment served in 1863 in the district of Florida, and in February, 1864, partici pated in the battle of Olustee. It was sent to Virginia in the spring of 1864 and formed part of the force under Beauregard that thwarted Butler's attempt to take Peters burg. It continued to serve in the trenches at Peters burg, being in Mahone's division. At the battle of the Crater, Colonel Evans was killed and was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Weems, who had succeeded James Barrow when he was killed in battle. Capt. C. S. Jenkins thereupon became major. The only other change recorded is that C. A. C. Walker became captain of Com pany G. The regiment surrendered at Appomattox.
The Sixty-fifth regiment Georgia volunteers was organ ized with the following officers: Col. Sumner J. Smith, Lieut.-Col. J. S. Fain, Maj. B. F. Brown, Commissary W. A. Martin, Adjt. T. W. Alexander. The captains were: (A) S. F. Williams, (B) Andrew H. Morris, (C) John H. Craven, (D) W. G. Foster, (E) W. F. Thomas, (F) A. Rudolph, (G) John W. Holmes, (H) F. M. Kit chens, (I) Henry L. Smith, (K) W. W. Grant. The Sixty-fifth, formed in part from Smith's Georgia legion, served in east Tennessee; was afterward in the battles of Chickamauga and'Missionary Ridge, and participated in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns. In the spring of 1865 the Second and Eighth Georgia battalions were consolidated with it, and it followed again the lead of Joseph E. Johnston in the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendering near Goldsboro. The successors to the original officers were: Cols. John L. Fain, R. H. Moore

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and W. G. Foster, Lieut.-Cols. R. H. Moore and J. W. Pearce, Majs. R. H. Moore, J. W. Pearce and S. F. Williams. Smith's Georgia legion, which supplied the greater part of this regiment, served in east Tennessee and Kentucky in 1862 and the early part of 1863.
Of the Sixty-sixth Georgia regiment, the following officers are all of whom a record has been obtained: Col. J. C. Nisbet; Capts. A. H. Reid, Company F; G. V. Hall, Company G, and J. Thornton, Company I. But Capt. Thomas L. Langston is mentioned in the reports of July and August, 1864, as ranking captain in command. This regiment served in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns, losing heavily in the battle of July zzd, at At lanta, and again in the battle of Nashville, where with the First Georgia Confederate it was led by Lieut.-Col. James C. Gordon. In the spring of 1865 these two regi ments were consolidated with the First battalion sharp shooters and the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-ninth and Thir tieth regiments, under the name of the First Georgia Con federate battalion. Under General Johnston it partici pated in the campaign of the Carolinas, laying down its arms near Goldsboro. April 26, 1^65.
The First battalion Georgia infantry, sharpshooters, was made up of four independent companies under Maj. Arthur Shaaf; Capts. (A) H. D. Twyman, (B) A. L. Hartridge, (C) William H. ROES, (D) G. C. Dent. It served on the Georgia coast through 1862 and 1863; was drilled to act either as infantry or heavy artillery; was distin guished in the defense of Fort McAllister in the attack upon that little fortress in February, 1863, and was sent to the army of Tennessee in time to take part in the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. It par ticipated in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns, and in the spring of 1865, being consolidated with the First Georgia Confederate and the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Sixty-sixth Georgia regiments, it was engaged in the campaign of the Carolinas. The follow.

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ing succeeding captains are recorded: (B) B. H. Hardee, (D) C. T. Berwick.
The Second battalion Georgia infantry, sharpshooters: Maj. J. J. Cox, Asst. Quartermaster Thomas B. Gower; Capts. (A) R. H. Whiteley, (B) William H. Brown, (C) E. W. Ansley, (D) Samuel D. Oliver, (E) O. C. Myers. Adjt. C. P. Roberts was promoted to his position for gal lantry. This gallant command participated in the Murfreesboro campaign, where it won great distinction, under the leadership of Major Cox; again in the Atlanta cam paign, led by Major Whiteley, and in the Tennessee cam paign, under Capt. William H. Brown. In the spring of 1865, consolidated with the Eighth battalion and the Sixty-fifth regiment, it participated in the campaign of the Carolinas in which General Johnston was again in com mand of the army, whose love and esteem he had gained in the Atlanta campaign. Capt. R. H. Whiteley became major; C. P. George, captain of Company A, and M. G. Hester of Company G.
The Second battalion Georgia infantry (Hardeman's) during the Appomattox campaign was commanded by Maj. Charles J. Moffett, formerly captain of Company A. George W. Ross preceded Moffett as major, W. T. Ross became captain of Company A, W. F. Walker of Com pany B, and C. R. Redding of Company C.
The Third battalion Georgia infantry, sharpshooters, was organized with the following field officers: Lieut.Col. L. N. Hutchins, Maj. H. H. Smith, Adjt. R. J. Davant, Asst. Quartermaster J. P. Phillips. The cap tains were: (A) Wm. M.Crumley, (B) Garnet McMillan (C) W. E. Simmons, (E) J. F. Martin. This battalion after being sent to Virginia was assigned to Wofford's brigade. After Gettysburg it accompanied Longstreet to Georgia and was engaged in the East Tennessee campaign under that general. It nobly illustrated Georgia during the Overland campaign of 1864, and in the battles, skir mishes and hardships of the trenches through the long

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weary months of the fall and winter following, and par ticipated in the campaign which closed at Appomattox. Some of the successors to the officers at organization were Adjts. J. H. Williams and P. E. Savans, Capts. (B) John W. King and F. E. Ross, (C) W. I. Anderson and N. E. Gober.
The officers of the Fourth battalion Georgia infantry, as far as they are recorded, were: Lieut. -Col. W. H. Stiles, Maj. Thomas J. Berry, Asst. Quartermaster D. N. Speer, Commissary R. H. Cannon, Surg. E. N. Calhoun, Capt. (H) M. A. Leake. This battalion served with distinction at Hilton Head and afterward was merged in the Sixtieth regiment, which see for the his tory of its campaigns.
The roster of the Fourth battalion Georgia infantry, sharpshooters, is very imperfect. As far as can be ascer tained it is as follows: Capts. (A) S. M. Jackson, (B) W. M. Carter, (C) B. M. Turner, Ensign E. W. Collins. This battalion served in the following campaigns: Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Tennessee and the Carolinas, being then consolidated with the Thirty-seventh and Fifty-sfourth regiments. It did its duty well on every field.
The Fifth battalion Georgia infantry: Maj. G. M. Gunnels, Capts. (A) W. G. Rice and G. M. Gunnels, (B) John G. Williams, (C) J. J. Shumate.
The Seventh battalion Georgia infantry, which was consolidated with the Sixty-first regiment, had at first the following officers: Lieut.-Col. Charles A. L. Lamar, Maj. John H. Lamar, who became lieutenant-colonel. This battalion served for a time on the Georgia coast. As it was merged in the Sixty-first Georgia, its cam paigns are included in the sketch of that regiment.
The Eighth battalion Georgia infantry had at its organization the following officers: Lieut.-Col. J. T. Reid, Maj. B. F. Hunt, Asst. Quartermaster H. S. Cranford, Adjt. J. W. Gray, Capts. (A) H. M. Lumpkin,

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(B) M. Y. Sexton, (C) William Holsonback, (D) Z. L. Walters, (E) John A. Hopper, (F) L. N. Jackson, (G) T. J. Paxton. The battalion served in 1862 in the depart ment of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Fifty men of the battalion under Lieuts. R. Hays and George John son were engaged in an affair on Stono river near Charles ton, in which a Federal gunboat which had ventured past the Confederate batteries was cut off and forced to sur render. In May, 1863, the battalion went with Gist's brigade to Jackson, Miss., to reinforce Gen. J. E. Johnston, who was gathering an army with which to attempt the relief of Vicksburg. After the campaign in north Mississippi, the battalion participated in the campaigns of Chlckamauga, Missionary Ridge, Atlanta and Nashville, and in the spring of 1865, after being consolidated with the Second battalion sharpshooters and the Sixty-fifth regi ment, it served in the Carolinas, surrendering with Johnston at Goldsboro. The following officers succeeded those first named: Lieut.-Cols. A. Littlefield, Leroy Napier and Z. L. Watters, the last named commanding Gist's brigade at the battle of Nashville; Capts. (D) J. A. liardin, (E) John A. Penn, (F) J. W. Boaz.
The Ninth battalion Georgia volunteers had at first the following officers: Maj. J. T. Smith; Capts. (A) J. G. McMullen, (B) D. L. Gholson, (C) D. C. Young, (D) G. Eberhart, (E) S. G. Pettus. This battalion was sent to east Tennessee in April, 1862, and served in that depart ment and in the campaign into Kentucky. Returning to Tennessee it participated in the battle of Murfreesboro, after which it was united with the Third battalion to form the Thirty-seventh regiment, to which reference is made for a further sketch of this fine body of troops.
The Tenth battalion Georgia infantry had at first the following officers: Maj. John E. Rylander (killed), Ensign William C. Tinsley, Asst. Quartermaster J. W. Whitehead; Capts. (A) Jas. D. Frederick, (B) Dan Henderson, (C) B. F. Bell, (D) William L. Jones, (E) John L.

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Adderton. Captain Frederick became major. This bat talion served on the Georgia coast in 1862, also at Macon guarding prisoners and stores. Ordered to Virginia November ist, it reached that State about two weeks after the battle of Fredericksburg. It served in North Carolina for a time, then in the Richmond campaign of 1864. It was also one of the commands with the army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox.
The Eleventh battalion Georgia infantry at its organ ization was commanded by Lieut.-Col. G. W. M. Wil liams. The captains were: (A) William S. Phillips, (B) Pat Gormley, (C) James H. Latimer, (D) Philip G. Tippins, (E) A. C. Edwards, (F) John D. Ashton, (G) Isaac M. Aiken, (H) Wm. W. Williams, (I) M. J. Doyle. This battalion served in 1862 on the Georgia coast. It was increased to a regiment by the addition of another com pany, and under the name of the Forty-seventh was sent to the army of Tennessee. For further particulars of its history see the Forty-seventh.
The Twelfth battalion Georgia infantry was organ ized as an artillery battalion, composed of four companies from Ramsey's First infantry, for the original names of which consult the sketch of that regiment. After serving under Kirby Smith for six months (three com panies as infantry and one, Hanvey's, going into Ken tucky as artillery), it was ordered to the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Hanvey's com pany rejoined it at that time, while J. V. H. Alien's com pany (A), which had preceded it to Georgia, was, with some new companies, added to the Thirteenth battalion to form the Sixty-third regiment. On the coast the Twelfth battalion served both as infantry and heavy artil lery. A detachment of the battalion served at Battery Wagner, and in October the battalion under Major Hanvey served at Fort Sumter. In May, 1864, it went to Virginia as an infantry battalion with the following offi cers: Lieut-Col. H. D. Capers, Maj. G. M. Hanvey,
Ga 18

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Asst. Quartermaster Ker Boyce, Adjt. F. W. Baker (killed); Capts. (B) J. W. Rudisill, (C) Samuel H. Crump, (D) George W. Johnson, (E) J. J. Newsome, (F) George M. Hood. In Virginia it was assigned at once to Evans' Georgia brigade, and shared in the Overland campaign which ended with the bloody defeat of Grant at Cold Harbor. It marched with the brigade in Early's Lynchburg, Valley and Maryland campaigns, participat ing gallantly in all battles. Returning to Richmond in December, it remained in Evans' division of Gordon's corps at Petersburg, and was present at the closing scene at Appomattox. Although this battalion served as infan try all through the Virginia campaign, it appears every where in the records as the Twelfth battalion of artillery. Among the changes in officers, we note the following: Samuel H. Crump, who had been captain of Company C, but had gone to the army of Tennessee on Gen. W. H. T. Walker's staff with the rank of major, after the death of that officer returned to the battalion as major. Edward C. Clayton was adjutant and was killed in battle. Joseph H. Taliaferro became captain of Company C, and J. W. Anderson of Company D.
The Thirteenth battalion Georgia infantry had for its officers at organization: Maj. George A. Gordon, Adjt. L. T. Mallory, Commissary W. J. Neville, Surg. J. B. Read; Capts. (A) George R. Black, (B) John R. Giles, (C) James T. Buckner. This battalion served on the Georgia coast. In December, 1862, it united with the Oglethorpe artillery from the Twelfth battalion and six other companies to form the Sixty-third regiment, whose sketch has been already given.
The Seventeenth, battalion Georgia infantry had the following officers: Maj. Joseph T. Smith, Asst. Quar termaster T. C. Btarch; Capts. (A) J. G. McMullin, (B) D. L. Gholson, (C) D. C. Young, (D) George Eberhart, (E) S. G. Pettus. This battalion is the same as the Ninth, and went to form the Thirty-seventh infantry.

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The Eighteenth 'battalion Georgia infantry at its organization had the following officers: Maj. John Screven, Asst. Quartermaster R. H. Footman, Adjt. E. P. Stair; Capts. (A) W. L. Basinger, (B) G. W. Stiles, (C) G. C. Rice. This was made up from the Savannah Vol unteer Guards battalion, one of the "crack" commands of the State before the war. It served in 1862 on the Georgia coast. In July, 1862, a detachment from this battalion, with detachments from the First volunteers, Sixty-third regiment and Twelfth battalion, forsj/ed part of the garrison of Battery Wagner. In May, i84s. as before stated, the Twelfth battalion was ordered to Vir ginia and assigned to Evans' brigade.
Smith's Georgia legion (see Sixty-fifth regiment), or partisan rangers, was organized with the following offi cers : Col. Sumner J. Smith, Lieut. -Col. John R. Hart, Maj. B. F. Brown, Adjt. B. F. Chastain, Asst. Surg. B. P. White, Asst. Quartermaster Jas. W, Langston; Cavalry, Capts. (A) G. W. Standridge, (B) T. C. Fain, (C) W. F. Thomas, (D) S. M. Ralston, (E) L. Harlow, (F) S. Anderson, (G) John R. Hart, (H) A. Rudolph; Infantry, Capts. (A) Jacob W. Pearce, (B) Samuel F. Wil liams, (C) A. H. Morris, (D) John H. Craven, (E) Ben G. Grant, (F) Wm. G. Foster. This legion participated in the East Tennessee and Kentucky campaigns of 1862, and was in the department of East Tennessee until just before the battle of Chickamauga. when its infantry com panies were taken to form the greater part of the Sixtyfifth Georgia, while the cavalry companies were the main component of Col. John R. Hart's Sixth Georgia cavalry regiment. The following are some of the officers who succeeded the first named: Lieut.-Col. John S. Fain, Maj. Robert H. Moore, Adjt. James M. Gartrell, Asst. Surg. John W. Farrell, Asst. Quartermaster C. M. Bale. Cavalry Capts. (B) T. C. Fain, (E) J. T. Burns, (G) A. F. Ball, (H) James Harlow. After the middle of the sum-

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mer of 1863, the history of the legion is found in that of the Sixty-fifth infantry and the Sixth cavalry.
The Thomas Georgia legion served in east Tennessee and southwest Virginia.
Wright's Georgia legion had the following field officers: Col. A. R. Wright, Lieut.-Col. G. W. Lee, Maj. Lewis J. Parr. This legion and the Twenty-fifth battalion of infantry united to form the Thirty-eighth regiment, the sketch of which has already been given.

STATE GUARDS AND RESERVES.

'

In the Stephens battalion Georgia State guards, the captains were (E) H. D. Burnan, (F) Wm. H. Sworm, (G) R. Walden. Linton Stephens became captain of Company E, and J. A. Shivers of Company F.
The First battalion Georgia reserves was commanded by Maj. W. R. Symons. The captains were: (A) J. M. Dye and W. H. C. Mills, (B) J. Cunningham, (C) Wm. M. Davidson, (D) J. B. Hussey, (E) A. Morrison, (F) B. Millican, (G) R. A. Peeples, (H) W. C. Alien. This command served in Georgia, especially in the Savannah campaign after the fall of Atlanta.
The First regiment Georgia reserves, Col. J. H. Fannin; Capts. (A) W. B. Wood, (B) G. A. Hall, (C) E. Baker, (D) J. C. Thornton, (E) J. H. Grant, (F) G. W. Austin, (G) W. H. Hartnett, (H) J. H. Powell, (I) J. Whately, (K) J. D. Watson, served during the campaign of 1864, especially in the defense of Savannah during Sherman's march to the sea.
The First battalion Georgia reserves, "Augusta fire brigade," was commanded by Lieut.-Col. C. A. Platt, Maj. C. B. Day. The captains were: (A) C.W. Hersey,(B) J. D. Butt, (C) C. B. Day, (D) J. Henry, (E) J. C. Moore, (F) J. W. Adams.
The Atlanta Fire battalion, Lieut.-Col. G. W. Lee, Maj. J. H. McCaslin, was composed of the companies of Capts. (A) J. Sladelman, (B) L. Richardson, (C) J. A.

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Taylor, (D) J. T. Banks, (E) P. Brown, (F) T. P. Flemming, (G) S. B. Love, (H) S. P. Bassett.
The Georgia State guards, Col. J. G. Yeiser, Lieut.Col. J. R. Freeman, Maj. T. W. Alexander, included the companies of Capts. (A) J. H. Lawrence, (B) J. Trout, (C) S. D. Wragg, (D) A. A. Terhune, (E) M. L. Troutman, (F) J. Taliaferro, (G) H. F. Wimberly, (H) S. A. Bordoers, (I) D. B. Dean, (K) C. O. Stillwell.
Of the Second regiment Georgia reserves, the officers were Col. R. F. Maddox; Capts. (A) S. Chamberlain, (B) R. Adams, (C) E. Holcombe, (D) T. C. Jackson, (E) J. F. McCloskey, (F) M. Richardson, (G) E. M. Donehoe, (H) C. M. Jones and N. Clay, (I) S. S. Fears, (K) J. R. Mehaffey. This regiment was especially engaged in the defense of Savannah during the march of Sherman to the sea after the fall of Atlanta.
The officers of the Third Georgia reserves were Col. E. J. Harris, Lieut.-Col. J. S. Moore, Maj. J. B. Griffin, Adjt. S. D. Martin; Capts. (A) J. A. McManus, (B) C. D. Amos, (C) W. F. Scott, (D) T. P. Lloyd, (E) N. Miller, (F) O. Cromwell, (G) S. D. Nutt, (H) S. E. Glass, (I) T. H. Hodgkiss, (K) G. A. Cunningham. This regiment also was engaged in the campaign in defense of Savannah under the command of Lieut. -Gen. W. J. Hardee.
The Fourth Georgia reserves had the following officers: Col. R. S. Taylor, Lieut.-Col. A. D. Candler, Maj. J. H. Bush, Adjt. W. T. Florence; Capts. (A) G. S. Peavy, (B) J. M. B. Carlton; (C) J. P. Hudson, (D) R. T. Bowie, (E) B. D. Johnson, (F) A. C. Alien, (G) J. C. Jordan, (H) R. C. Saxon, (I) T. L. Anderson, (K) M. A. Adams. The service of this regiment was chiefly in defense of Savannah in the latter part of 1864.
The Fifth Georgia reserves was officered as follows: Col. J. B. Gumming, Lieut.-Col. C. D. Findley, Maj. C. E. McGregor, Adjt. O. T. Thweatt; Capts. (A) M. R. Freeman. (B) B. D. Lumsden, (C) 5. Whiddon, (D) W. Paine, (E) W. A. Cobb, (F) j. C. jarrett, (G) C. E.

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Clarke, (H) W. M. Gtmn, (I) W. P. Mobley, (K) W. H. Lawson. This regiment participated in the defense of Savannah by Hardee in December, 1864. A large pro portion of the officers and men in all the reserve regi ments and battalions were exempts from the regular Confederate service, many of them having been honora bly discharged on account of wounds or failing health; many others were employes in government workshops, and some were State and county officers, while still others were either too old or too young for the regular service.
Other companies of Georgia infantry were commanded by Capts. A. C. Davenport, John B. Hussey, W. H. Banks, E. R. Whitley, A. Howard, C. S. Jenkins, P. Rob inson, S. M. Ralston, D. Crum, D. C. Smith, E. T. Cullens, J. R Hart, Wtn. A. Carswell, G. Lumpkin, J. F. Cooper, W.-S. Dubose, J. T. McClusky, N. J. Macarthy, W. S. Goodwxn, E. Richards, C. H. Way, W. A. Adams, T. A. Skelton, J. R. Gumming, J. Hill, Jr., W. C. Thornton.
During the siege of Atlanta the following commands of Georgia State troops participated: First brigade, Brig.-Gen. R. W. Carswell--First regiment, Col. E. H. Pottle; Second regiment, Col. C. D. Anderson; Fifth regiment, Col. S. S. Stafford; First battalion, Lieut.-Col. H. K. McCoy. Second brigade, Brig.-Gen. P. J. Phillips
--Third regiment, Col. Q. M. Hill; Fourth regiment, Col. R. McMillan; Sixth regiment, Col. J. W. Burney; artillery battalion, Col. C. W. Styles. Third brigade, Brig.-Gen. C. D. Anderson; Fourth brigade, Brig.-Gen. H. K. McKay. The regiments composing the last two brigades are not given in the official records.

THE ARTILLERY.
The Ninth battalion Georgia artillery had the follow ing officers at its organization: Maj. A. Leyden, Adjt. G. A. Lofton, Asst. Quartermaster J. W. Brown, Surg. N. A. D'Alvigny; Capts. (A) Elias Holcombe, (B)

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Wm. W. Sentell, (C) George W. Atkinson, (D) T. M. Peeples, (E) B. F. Wyley. This fine body of troops was at first in Georgia, and in December, 1862, was ordered to east Tennessee to report to Gen. Humphrey Marshall. It served in that department, being part of the time in southeast Kentucky and southwest Virginia. It was in the campaign around Chattanooga in September and October, 1863, and with Longstreet in the Knoxville campaign. A portion of it served in southwest Virginia in 1864, and a part of the battalion did duty in the defense of Richmond in the fall of 1864-65 and during the final campaign in the spring of 1865. Some of the successors to its first officers were: Capts. (B) H. P. Randall, (C) A. M. Wolihin, (E) B. W. York.
The Eleventh battalion Georgia artillery had the following officers: Lieut.-Col. Alien S. Cutts, Maj. John Lane, Asst. Quartermaster Thomas H. Johnston; Capts. (A) H. M. Ross, (B) G. M. Patterson and John V. Price, (C) Charles P. Crawford, (D) James A. Blackshear, (E) John T. Wingfield and later John Lane, who subsequently became major. In 1861 Capt. Alien S. Cutts went to Virginia in command of the Sumter Flying artillery. At Dranesville Gen. J. E. B. Stuart called him the "brave, true, heroic" Cutts. He was promoted major and other batteries added to his command. H. M. Ross became captain of his old company and the name Sumter artillery was applied to the whole battalion. Cutts was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and John Lane, who had been captain of Company C, was made major. The battalion was distinguished in all the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia, around Richmond, in north Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the cam paign against Grant, closing with Appomattox.
The Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery had the fol lowing officers: Lieut.-Col. H. D. Capers, Majs. G. M. Hanvey and S. H. Crump, Adjts. F. W. Baker (killed) and E. F. Clayton (killed), Asst. Quartermaster Ker

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Boyce; Capts. (A) J. W. Anderson, (B) J. W. Rudisill, (C) G. W. Johnson, (D) J. N. Taliaferro, (E) J. J. Newsome, (F) G. M. Hood. This "battalion served both as infantry and artillery. During the last year of the war it served almost entirely as infantry in Evans' brigade, Gordon's division. For its full history see the sketch of Ramsey's First Georgia, and also that of the Twelfth Georgia battalion among the infantry commands.
The Fourteenth Georgia battalion of artillery had the following officers: Lieut.-Col. J. T. Montgomery, Maj. Joseph Palmer, Adjt. J. H. Cox, Commissary C. T. Swift, Capts. (A) J. Palmer, (B) Thomas H. Dawson, (C) C. B. Ferrell, (D) E. R. King, (E) Franklin Roberts, (F) S. A. Moses, (H) James G. Gibson. This battalion served in east Tennessee during 1862. The different companies of the battalion served at times on distant fields of duty, in Tennessee, in north Mississippi and in Georgia. For instance, while R. Anderson's (formerly Thomas A. Dawson's) battery was in Georgia during the Atlanta campaign, Ferrell's battery was in north Missis sippi under Roddey. The battalion did good and faithful service wherever called upon.
The Eighteenth Georgia battalion, heavy artillery, served chiefly in Virginia in the defense of Richmond, doing its best service in the campaign of 1864.
The Twenty-second Georgia battalion, siege artillery, had for officers the following: Lieut.-Col. Wm. R. Pritchard, Maj. John B. Gallie (killed), Adjt. J. J. Symons, Asst. Quartermaster H. R. Washburn; Capts. (A) T. D. Bertody, (B) M. J. McMullan, (C) John Lamar, (D) Richard J. Nunn, (E) C. Hussey, (F) George A. Nichols, (G) F. T. Cullens, (H) R. A. Turnipseed. This bat talion served as heavy artillery on the Georgia coast, and after the fall of Savannah in December, 1864, was in the campaign of the Carolinas, surrendering with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. Some of the changes in its officers were as follows: Majs. M. J. McMullan and T, D. Ber-

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tody, Adjt. H. Symons, Asst. Quartermaster E. J. Dawson; Capts. (A) J. M. Cambell and G. R. Niles, (B) D. A. Smith, (C) J. A. Beals and J. B. Gallic, (D) J. Manning, (E) L. J. Guilmartin, (F) A. Bonaud.
The Twenty-eighth Georgia battalion of artillery, Maj. A. Bonaud, was composed of the companies of Capts. (A) J. A. Cotton, (B) L. B. Fickling, (C) C. P. Crawford, (D) G. Wilcher, (E) M. T. McGregor, (F) J. R. Blount, (G) J. D. Goodwin, (H) T. J. Key, (I) R. F. Bishop. It served in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, being for a long time in middle Florida, and was one of the commands which participated in the bat tle of Olustee. In the spring of 1864, it was sent to Vir ginia, where it served with distinction to the closing scene at Appomattox. A part of this battalion was at Savan nah during Sherman's march to the sea and the siege of that city in December, 1864.
The Cherokee Light Artillery, Capts. M. V. D. Corput and John G. Yeiser, was one of the famous batteries of the Western army. It was sent to east Tennessee in 1861; served in that department and in Kentucky in 1862; was in Mississippi in 1863, being highly compli mented for its part in the battle of Baker's Creek and the siege of Vicksburg, and participated in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Tennessee cam paigns.
White's Artillery was commanded by Capt. B. F. White. The Terrell Light Artillery, Capts. E. J. Dawson and John W. Brooks, served in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida and was part of the force engaged in the defense of Savannah in December, 1864. It participated in the campaign of the Carolinas which closed with the capitulation of Johnston, April 26, 1865. The Columbus Light Artillery, Capt. Edward Croft, served in Tennessee and north Mississippi. It was at Jackson in the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston; served in the Meridian campaign in 1864, and through the summer
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in Forrest's command, accompanying that famous soldier into Tennessee during the Hood campaign.
The Campbell Siege Artillery, Capt. C. G. Campbell, served on the Georgia coast; assisted in the defense of Savannah in December, 1864; also served for a time in the district of middle Florida.
The Chestatee Artillery, under Capt. T. H. Bomar, served for some time near Charleston, taking a prominent part in the defense of Battery Bee and Morris island. In 1864 it was assigned to the army of Northern Virginia, where it did good service to the end.
Martin's Light Artillery, commanded by Capt. Robert Martin, saw service in Tennessee, north Mississippi and north Georgia. It bore itself gallantly on every field, being especially distinguished at Jackson, Miss., at Chick amauga and through the Atlanta campaign, in the last being known as Howell's battery, from its commander, Capt. Evan P. Howell, who succeeded Captain Martin upon the latter's promotion to the rank of major, and gallantly led the command through the remainder of its honorable career.
The Jackson Artillery, Capt. G. A. Dure, served in east Tennessee and then with Bragg in middle Tennes see, being engaged in the battle of Murfreesboro, then in the Chattanooga campaign of 1863, and in the Atlanta campaign of 1864.
Daniels' Light Artillery, so called from its captain, C. Daniels, served in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and formed part of the army with which General Hardee attempted to defend the city of Savannah in December, 1864.
The Thompson Artillery, commanded first by Capt. C. R. Hanleiter, afterward by Capt. L. J. Parr, was another one of the batteries serving on the Georgia coast, which participated in the defense of Savannah in Decem ber, 1864.
Pritchard's Artillery, under Capt. E. E. Pritchard,

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served in the army of Tennessee. It participated in the marches of that army, being prominently mentioned at the battle of Murfreesboro, and in the subsequent cam paign in Tennessee.
The Maxwell Artillery, Capt. J. A. Maxwell, served on the Georgia coast, and was engaged in the operations around Savannah in December, 1864.
The Macon Light Artillery, Capts. H. N. Ells and G. W. Slaten successively, did the greater part of its serv ice in Virginia. After being engaged at Fredericksburg it was sent into North Carolina. Then in the spring of 1864 it returned to Virginia and was constantly engaged on the Richmond and Petersburg lines until the evacua tion of those cities, ending its career at Appomattox.
Scogin's Light Artillery, or the Griffin Light Artillery, was commanded by Capts. John Scogin and O. C. Gibson .successively. This battery served in the army of Tennessee in some of its most important campaigns in that State, and in Georgia throughout the Atlanta cam paign.
Of the Oglethorpe Siege Artillery the captains were: (A) J. Lamar, (B) Richard J. Nunn, (B) G. F. Oliver. This command was merged in the Twenty-second Geor gia battalion.
The captains of the Pulaski Artillery were J. P. W. Read and J. C. Fraser. This battery served with dis tinction in most of the great battles of the army of Vir ginia until after Fredericksburg, tinder Read, and after ward under Fraser.
The Clinch Artillery, commanded by Capt. N. B. Clinch, served on the Georgia coast and participated in the defense of Savannah under Hardee in December, 1864. The same is true of the battery known as the Mercer Artillery, commanded by Capt. A. J. Macarthy.
The Troup Artillery was commanded by Captain Stan ley, and after the Seven Days' battles by Capt. H. H. Carlton. It participated in nearly all the great battles of

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the army of Northern Virginia, and gained special distinction.
The Echols Light Artillery, tinder Capt. John H. Til ler, served on the Georgia coast. Barnwell's Light Artil lery, tinder Capt. A. Smith Barnwell, was oh duty in the same field and was part of Hardee's army during the siege of Savannah.
The Bartow Artillery, under Capts. T. D. Bertody and A. C. Dunn, formed a part of the Twenty-second Georgia battalion, the sketch of which has already been given.
The Massenburg battery, commanded by Capts. T. L. Massenburg and G. A. Dure, served for a time in the army of Tennessee, then was sent to Mobile and partici pated in the final operations about that city. Palmer's Southern Rights Artillery was commanded by Capts. M. W. Havis, R. W. Anderson and J. H. Yates.
Capt. John Milledge's battery had the honor of takingpart in all the campaigns of the army of Northern Vir ginia from Seven Pines to Appomattox, making a record which gave the battery great fame throughout the army.
The Chatham Artillery, under Capts. J. P. Wheaton and J. S. Claghorn in succession, served in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. It participated in the defense of Battery Wagner at Charleston, in the battle of Olustee in Florida, in the defense of Savannah in December, 1864, and in the campaign of the Carolinas in 1865.
Girardey's battery, under Capt. I. P. Girardey, served at Pensacola, then went with Bragg to Mississippi and was conspicuous in the battle of Shiloh.
Howell's battery, Capt. Evan P. Howell--see Martin's battery.
THE GEORGIA CAVALRY.
The First Georgia cavalry regiment was organized with the following officers; Col. J. J. Morrison, Lieut.Col. A. R. Harper, Maj. S. W. Davitt, Adjt. John N.

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Perkins; Capts. (A) W. M. Hutchings, (B) J. H. Strickland, (C) M. H. Haynie, (D) R. Trammell, (E) I. M. Blalock, (F) V. J. Reynolds, (G) J. L. Kerr, (H) William M. Tumlin, (I) I. F. Leak, (K) H. A. North. Maj. S. W. Davitt became colonel of this regiment. It was sent to east Tennessee in 1861. In July, 1862, be fore Bragg entered upon his campaign into Kentucky, it participated in the brilliant cavalry victory of Forrest at Murfreesboro, forming in connection with the Second Georgia cavalry the greater part of the Confederate force on that occasion. This regiment participated in the Murfreesboro, Chickamauga and Knoxville campaigns. It also bore an honorable part in the Atlanta campaign of 1864, and in the final campaign of the Carolinas.
The Second Georgia cavalry regiment had at first the following officers: Col. W. J. Lawton, Lieut.-Col. Arthur Hood, Maj. C. A. Whaley, Adjt. R. P. Lawton; Capts. (A) G. C. Looney, (B) W. J. Lawton, (C) Charles C. Crews, (D) O. Winningham, (E) F. M. Ison, (F) Thomas H. Jordon, (G) W. D. Grant, (H) W. H. Chapman, (I) James W. Mayo, (K) J. C. Dunlop. This regiment was, like the First Georgia cavalry, with Forrest at Murfrees boro in July, 1862. It participated subsequently in the Murfreesboro, Chickamauga and Knoxville campaigns; also in the Atlanta campaign in Wheeler's corps; fought in Sherman's front on the march to the sea, and finally in the campaign of the Carolinas. The following are some of the officers who succeeded those named above: Cols. Arthur Hood and C. C. Crews, Lieut.-Cols. J. C. Dunlop and F. M. Ison.
The Third Georgia cavalry regiment was organized with Col. Martin J. Crawford, Lieut.-Col. R. E. Kennon, Maj. H. H. Johnston, Adjt. I. P. L. Mudar; Capts. (A) W. R. Thompson, (B) Beverly A. Thornton, (C) J. H. Persons, (D) R. E. Kennon, (E) J. T. Thornton, (F) James A. Fowler, (H) D. F. Booten, (I) D. H. Collins, (K) A. R. Hughes. This regiment was with Wheeler

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in 1862, and went with him into Kentucky. It made a fine record, but in September a large part of the com mand was surprised and captured. A detachment of the regiment served with Wheelei at Murfreesboro, at the close of 1862, and after those captured in September had been exchanged, the regiment took part in the campaigns of Chickamauga, Chattanoogas Knoxville, Atlanta and subsequent movements in Georgia, ending its service with the final campaign in the Carolinas. Some of the officers who succeeded those at the organization were: Cols. R. E. Kennon and W. R. Thompson, Capts.': (B) W. J. Underwood, (I) John W. Hart.
The Fourth Georgia cavalry had the following officers: Col. Isaac W. Avery, Lieut.-Col. W. L. Cook, Maj. D. J. Owen (later J. R. Stewart), Adjt. B. H. New ton (later J. W. Ramsey), Asst. Quartermaster William K. Moore, Commissary Joseph M. Stones; Capts. (A) R. A. Keith (killed), (B) G. B. May, (C) Jeff Johnson, (D) William J. Rogers, (E) Olin Wellborn and B. C. Wooddail, (F) C. D. McCutchen, Joseph E. Helvingstone (killed) and F. G. Horn, (G) William R. Logan and R. E. Kingsley, (H) G. H. Graham, (I, formerly I. W. Avery's company) D. J. Owen and H. H. Burke, (K) J. R. Stewart, (L) L. B. Anderson, (M) John D. Ashton. Colonel Avery early in the war organized a company called the Mountain Dragoons, went as its captain to Pensacola and led it in the campaign of Shiloh. With this company as a nucleus the Twenty-third cavalry bat talion was formed, with Avery as lieutenant-colonel, and then on this battalion as a basis the Fourth Georgia cav alry was organized, with Avery as colonel. The regiment, composed in great part of troops that had already seen service, participated in the Chickamauga and Knoxville campaigns; in Wheeler's corps served through the marches and battles of the Atlanta campaign; after the fall of that city remained with Wheeler and shared in his efforts to save as much as possible from the ravages of Sher-

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man's cavalry and bummers. On the 3oth of January, 1865, ten companies formed the Twelfth Georgia cavalry, and the extra companies were assigned to duty with other commands. Under its new name it shared in the campaign of the Carolinas.
There were two Fourth Georgia cavalry regiments, the second of which had the following officers: Col. Duncan L. Clinch, Lieut.-Col. John L. Harris, Maj. J. C. Mc Donald; Capts. (A) J. S. Wiggins, (B) W. M. Hazzard, (C) N. A. Brown, (D) John Raddick, (E) R. N. King,, (F) J. P. Turner, (G) A. McMillan, (H) T. S. Wylley, (I) J. C. Nichols, (K) D. Crum. This regiment served on the Georgia coast in 1862 and 1863. In the spring of 1864 it was sent to the army of Tennessee and assigned to Wheeler's cavalry corps. It served through the At lanta campaign and the subsequent movements in Georgia; in the spring of 1865 participated in the cam paign of the Carolinas, surrendering at Goldsboro.
The Fifth Georgia cavalry regiment had the following officers: Col. Robert H. Anderson, Lieut.-Col. Edward Bird, Maj. R. J. Davant, Commissary G. S. Barthelmess, Asst. Quartermaster T. B. Gowan; Capts. (A) O. C. Hopkins, (B) W. A. Wiltberger, (C) R. F. Akin, (D) J. M. Marsh, (E) M. N. Call, (G) G. B. Beste, (H) W. L. Walthour, (I) W. Brailsford, (K) H. L. Strother. This regiment was formed from Anderson's First cavalry bat talion and Bird's Second battalion. It served on the Georgia coast in 1862; in the spring of 1863 was sent to Mississippi, and in the spring of 1864 was placed in Wheeler's cavalry corps of the army of Tennessee. It served through the Atlanta campaign and subsequently in Georgia, and in the spring of 1865 took an active part in the campaign of the Carolinas. During this last cam paign it was led by Col. Edward Bird.
The Sixth Georgia cavalry was at first a part of Smith's Georgia legion, of which Sumner J. Smith was colonel and John R. Hart, lieutenant-colonel. This legion par-

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ticipated in the Knoxville and Kentucky campaigns of 1862, and then in the campaign in middle Tennessee. When the infantry companies were taken to help form the Sixty-fifth regiment, the cavalry companies, united with others, formed the Sixth cavalry, which served in the campaign in middle Tennessee, in the Dalton-Atlanta campaign, and in the campaign of the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. The field officers of the Sixth were: Col. John R. Hart, Lieut.-Cols. B. F. Brown and J. C. Fain, Maj. J. C. Fain, Asst. Quartermaster T. W. Fulton, Adjt. B. F. Chastain. For further information 'about this regiment, see Smith's Georgia legion.
The Seventh Georgia cavalry regiment was organized with the following officers: Col. W. P. White (died), Lieut.-Col. J. L. McAllister (killed), Maj. E. C. Anderson; Capts. (A) W. D. Russell, (B) A. R. Miller, (C) J. N. Davis, (D) R. H. Wylley, (E) H. K, Harrison, (F) R. F. Jones, (G) F. W. HopLins, (H) H. Hines, (I) J. W. Brumby, (K) L. S. Quarterman. This command was formed from the Twenty-first cavalry battalion, which served with great credit on the South Carolina coast in 1862 and 1863, and the Twenty-fourth battalion, which served on the Georgia coast. The battalions having been united in the Seventh regiment, served under Wade Hampton in Virginia. At the battle of Trevilian Station in May, 1864, its losses were very heavy; Lieu tenant-Colonel McAllister was killed, Capt. Whiteford D. Russell, acting as major, was mortally wounded, and Major Anderson disabled by a wound. During the siege of Savannah in December, 1864, this regiment, com manded by Colonel Anderson, formed part of the army under Hardee. Some of the successors to the officers named in the organization were: Maj. John T. Davis, Capts. (A) E. W. Moise, (B) L. J. Smith, (C) F. E. Burke, W. E. Cropp and E. C. Anderson, (D) J. H. Sykes and'P. A. L. Morris, (E) F. Beasley, (F) J. R. Johnson and C. C. Bowen, (G) T. S. Hopkins, (H) J. L.

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McAllister, (I) P. G. Pitt, (K) L. W. Phillips and I. S. McAllister. The regiment returned to Virginia and took part in the final campaign that closed at Appomattox.
The Eighth Georgia cavalry regiment was organized with the following officers: Col. J. R. Griffin, Lieut. Col. J. M. Millen, Maj. J. M. Millen, Adjt. T. J. Pond; Capts. (A) J. P. Davis, (B) B. B. Bower, (C) W. L. A. Ellis, (D) T. R. Duval, (E) W. H. Thompson, (F) S. B. Jones, (G) P. Gray, (H) T. A. James, (I) A. J. Love, (K) S. L. Turner, (L) T. G. Barham. This regiment was formed of seven companies of the Sixty-second Georgia, and the first three companies of the Twentieth Georgia bat talion. The Sixty-second had been serving in North Carolina and Virginia, and the Twentieth battalion had served in Georgia and Virginia. The Eighth regiment was formed in July, 1864, and served in Virginia until the end. Some of the officers who succeeded those in command at the organization were: Majs. W. G. Thomas and S. B. Spencer, Adjt M. E. Williams; Capts. (A) T. S. Paine, H. L. Norfleet and R. Towns, (B) B. L. Screven, W. G. Thompson and J. N. Nichols, (C) J. C. Smith, (D) M. J. Smith, S. B. Spencer and W. H. Harrett, (E) J. G. Cress, J. M. Turpin and W. J. Deas, (F) M. E. Williams, (G) J. R. Harper, (I) J. B. Edgerton, J. A. Richardson, W. A. Lamand and J. T. Kennedy, (K) E, W. Westbrook.
The Ninth Georgia regiment of cavalry was organized with the following officers: Col. G. I. Wright, Lieut. -Col. B. S. King, Maj. M. D. Jones, Adjt. James Y. Harris; Capts. (A) T. B. Archer, (B) M. D. Jones, (C) W. G. Deloney, (D) G. I. Wright, (E) W. C. Dial, (F) W. D. Jones, (G) William M. Williams, (H) J. E. Ritch, (I) W. B. Young, (K) F. E. Eve, (L) A. M. Rogers. The history of this splendid command can be found in the sketch of Cobb's legion, which has already been given. Throughout its long and active service there were many changes. The officers who during this time suc-
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ceeded those named above were: Capts. (A) Z. A. Rice, T. P. Stovall, B. C. King, O. H. P. Julian, J. J. Thomas, B. C. Yancey, C. H. Sanders and W. L. Conyers, (B) L. J. Glenn and William W. McDaniels, (C) T. C. Williams, (D) C. H. Camfield, W. J. Lawton, J. F. Wilson and W. A. Winn, (E) B. S. King, T. B. Cox, W. S. C. Morris, (F) William T. S. Powell and G. W. Moore, (G) J. C. Barnett and G. B. Knight, (H) W. A. Cain, (I) William Duke, (K) J. J. Floyd.
The Tenth regiment of Georgia cavalry was formed in July, 1864, from seven Georgia companies of the Seventh Confederate regiment and three companies of Millen's Twentieth battalion of cavalry, under Col. V. H. Taliaferro, Lieut.-Col. F. D. Claiborne, Maj. Jesse H. Sikes; Capts. (A) E. W. Moise, (B) L. J. Smith, (C) J. H. Sikes, (D) F. E. Burke, (E) F. A. Beasley, (K) F. G. Pitt, (L) J. B. Bonner, and later S. T. Kingsbury. The Tenth regiment continued to serve in Virginia during 1864. In the spring of 1865 it took part in the campaign of the Carolinas, which ended with the capitulation of General Johnston.
The Eleventh Georgia cavalry regiment had as officers: Col. A. Young, Lieut.-Col. H. W. Barclay, Maj. Madison Bell; Capts. (A) M. Bell, (B) E. P. Bedell, (C) J. Reid, (D) D. M. West and J. M. Crawford, (E) J. Kelly, (F) W. C. Price, (G) D. M. West, (H) W. S. Erwia, (I) J. N. Dorsey, (K) N. T. Taber. This regiment was formed in the fall of 1864 from the Thirtieth battalion of cavalry, which had been serving in Virginia, by adding four new companies. It was with Gen. Wade Hampton in the campaign of the Carolinas, in the spring of 1865, and surrendered with the rest of the army near Goldsboro, April 26th.
The First Georgia regiment, partisan rangers, had for its colonel, A. A. Hunt. This was the same as the Six teenth battalion of cavalry.
The First battalion Georgia cavalry had the following

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officers: Maj. Robert H. Anderson, Adjt. R. Wayne, Robert Grant, Asst. Quartermaster R. H. Footman, Capts. O. C. Hopkins, William Hughes, Jr., and Obiah Winn. This battalion served on the Georgia coast. It was raised to a regiment styled the Fifth Georgia cav alry, a sketch of which has already been given.
The First battalion Georgia cavalry, No. 2, was com posed of the companies of Capts. O. G. Cameron, John Shawhan, James M. Thomas, Ezekiel F. Clay, John B. Holliday, R. G. Stoner, P. M. Millen. This battalion be came part of the Twentieth battalion of Georgia cavalry.
The Second battalion Georgia cavalry, Lieut.-Col. Edward Bird, Maj. R. J. Davant, was composed of the companies of Capts. (A) H. J. Strobhar, (B) N. U. McCall, (C) G. B. West, (D) W. H. Wiltberger, (E) J. M. Marsh, (F) R. F. Aiken. This battalion, together with Robert Anderson's First battalion, formed the Fifth Georgia cavalry regiment, January 20, 1863. A sketch of this regiment has already been given.
The Third battalion Georgia cavalry, Lieut -Col. Duncan L. Clinch, Maj. John L. Harris, Asst. Quartermaster H. R. Fort, included the companies of Capts. (A) A. C. Strickland, (B) T. C. McDonald, (C) I. S. Wiggins, (D) W. M. Hazzard, (E) N. A. Brown, (F) John Readdick. This battalion uniting with other companies formed Clinch's Fourth Georgia cavalry regiment, a sketch of which has already been given.
The officers of the Ninth battalion Georgia cavalry were: Maj. William Phillips, Capts. (A) R. W. Hamrick, (B) G. D. Rice, (C) W. A. Austen, (D) J. Loveless, (F) T. R. Sheats. This battalion served in Tennessee, part of the time under Gen. John Morgan.
The roster of the Tenth battalion Georgia cavalry is imperfect. The captains were: (A) M. A. Candler, (B) A. C. Sloan, (C) G. T. Rakestraw, '(D) B. M. Long, (E) A. R. Williams, (F) E. S. Ferguson, (G) W. S. R. Hardman.

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The Fifteenth battalion Georgia cavalry (partisan rangers), Lieut.-Col. J. H. Griffin, was merged in the Sixty-second Georgia, known also as the Eighth cavalry. See the sketches of the same.
The officers of the Sixteenth battalion Georgia cavalry (partisan rangers) were: Col. A. A. Hunt, Lieut.-Col. F. M. Nix, Maj. S. J. Winn, Adjt. E. Y. Clark; Capts. (A) T. F. Jones, (B) William B. Bailey, (C) A. J. Walters, (D) David A. Camp, (E) William L. Merler, (F) John D. Simms, (G) F. J. Whitehead, (H) J. F. Ray, (I) J. A. Strange, (K) W. S. Thomas. This battalion, also s'ometimes called the First partisan rangers, served in east Tennessee, then in southwest Virginia, during the greater part of the war. A portion of the battalion was with General Early in the valley of Virginia in 1864. Samuel J. Winn became lieutenant-colonel, E. Y. Clark, major, and Thomas E. Winn, adjutant.
The Nineteenth battalion Georgia cavalry, Maj. Charles T. Goode, included the companies of Capts. (A) Thaddeus G. Holt, (B) James L. Leath, (C) W. I. Vason, (D) G. R. Coley.
The Twentieth battalion Georgia cavalry (partisan rangers) had the following officers: Lieut.-Col. John M. Millen, Maj. S. B. Spencer, Adjt. M. E. Williams, Asst. Quartermaster L. S. Varnedoe; Capts. (A) Moses J. Smith, (B) W. G. Thompson, (C) J. G. Cress, (D) Wil liam A. Lane, (E) A. J. Love, (F) J. B. Peacock. This battalion served on the Georgia coast and then in Vir ginia. In July, 1864, three companies united with seven from the Sixty-second regiment to form the Eighth cav alry. Three others helped to form the Tenth cavalry. Another company, which had been added to the battalion, was placed in the Jeff Davis legion (Mississippi troops). Thomas S. Paine became captain of Company E, and M. E. Williams of Company F.
The Twenty-first battalion Georgia cavalry (partisan rangers) had as officers: Maj. William B. White, Adjt.

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B. Green, Asst. Quartermaster William L. Platt; Capts. (A) W. D. Russell, (B) Jerry R. Johnson, (C) R. L. Miller, (D) W. H. Banks, (E) R. P. Jones. This battal ion served for a time on the South Carolina coast, but by uniting with the Twenty-fourth battalion went to form the Seventh Georgia cavalry, which served with distinc tion in Virginia. William F. Laws became quartermaster of the battalion in place of Captain Platt, C. C. Bowen captain of Company B, and H. K. Harrison of Com pany D.
The Twenty-third battalion Georgia cavalry was officered as follows: Lieut.-Col. Isaac W. Avery, Adjt. B. H. Newton, Asst. Quartermaster William K. Moore, Commissary Joseph Stones; Capts. (A) W. L. Cook, (B) Jeff Johnson, (C) G. B. May, (D) C. D. McCutchen, (E) D. J. Owen. Company A was first commanded by Cap tain Avery. The battalion was subsequently raised to a regiment, Avery's Fourth cavalry, a sketch of which has already been given.
The officers of the Twenty-fourth battalion Georgia cavalry were: Maj. Edward C. Anderson, Jr., Adjt. A. J. Setze, Asst. Quartermaster B. C. Henry; Capts. (A) T. S. Hopkins, (B) John N. Davis, (C) R. H. Wylley and John W. Brumby. This battalion served for a time on the Georgia coast. It was united with the Twentyfirst battalion to form the Seventh regiment, a sketch of which has been given.
The Twenty-ninth battalion Georgia cavalry, Lieut. Col. A. Hood, included the companies of Capts. A. W. Hunter, J. T. Wimberly, F. J. Browning, L. Little, F. L. Pipper, S. C. Hall, R. W. Wade and J. C. Lassiter. This battalion served on the Georgia coast and took part in the defense of Savannah in December, 1864.
The Thirtieth battalion Georgia cavalry, Lieut.-Col. A. Young, was composed of the companies of Capts. (A) M. Bell, (B) E. P. Bedell, (C) J. Reid, (D) D. M. West and J, M. Crawford, (E) J. Kelly, (F) W. C. Price, (H)

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W. S. Erwin, (I) J. N. Dorsey, (K) N. T. Taber. This battalion served in Georgia for awhile, then went to Virginia and with the addition of other companies formed the Eleventh regiment of cavalry, a sketch. of which has already been given.
Stephens' battalion Georgia cavalry had the following officers: Lieut.-Col. Linton Stephens, Maj. J. A. Shivers, Adjt. W. H. Lawson; Capts. (A) J. Raley, (B) T. E. Brown, (C) S. G. White, (D) J. F. Geev.
A company of Georgia cavalry, commanded by Capt. T. M. Nelson (killed), succeeded by Gill Ragland, was in the Kentucky campaign and was greatly distinguished at the battle of Richmond in that State. Afterward it was sent to north Mississippi, and from that time acted as Gen,. Stephen D. Lee's escort. Culberson's battalion State guards cavalry, Col. A. B. Culberson, included the com panies of Capts. (A) T. A. Sharpe, (B) J. B. Rogers, (C) J. M. Easterling, (D) William Mahan, (F) J. Jones. The officers of Stephens' cavalry battalion were: Maj. John T. Stephens, Capts. (A) B. G. Lockett, (B) J. W. Ellis, (C) J. R. Banks, (D) C. F. Redding. The Ninth battal ion Georgia light guards, or Macon ordnance guards bat talion, Col. Patrick Mell, Maj. H. T. Price, was composed of the companies of Capts. (A) C. W. Bond, (B) C. Dodd, (C) A. Delaperrier, (D) R. C. Saxon, (E) R. H. Can non. The Provost battalion Georgia volunteers was officered as follows: Capts. (A) M. D. Lee, (B) T. J. Echols, (C) J. W. Longino, (D) E. Holmes, (E) J. C. Hendrix, (F) L. L. Strozier, (G) R. P. Eberhart. Cap tain Lee was succeeded by William M. McConnell.

CHAPTER VII.
GEORGIA TROOPS IN VIRGINIA IN 1862--YORKTOWN-- SEVEN PINES --THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN -- SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES.
^URING the campaign upon the Virginia peninsula ending with the battle of Seven Pines, on the last day of May and first of June, the Georgia
commands had a part in all the frequent engage ments except the battle of Williamsburg. When McClellan's army invested Yorktown, the Sixth, Sixteenth.. Seventh. Eighth and Tenth regiments were on duty in the trenches and on the general Confederate line. On April 16th the Federal attack was opened at Dam No. i, the center of Magruder's line, by a storm of shot and. shell, when it was a Georgian who made the first reply with the one available cannon which could be used with effect. Lieutenant Pope, of the Troup artillery (Cobb's legion), Capt. Marcellus Stanley, performed this duty, and the coolness and skill with which his 6-pounder was han dled almost counterbalanced the odds against him. The Federal attack upon the position held by the forces under Gen. Howell Cobb was met by his line of battle, the right of which was composed of the Sixteenth and Eleventh Georgia regiments and Cobb's legion. The first onset of the enemy was successful, considerable con fusion following the death of Colonel McKinney, of the Fifteenth North Carolina. But this disorder was promptly corrected by General Cobb, who rode to the front, and by his coolness inspired his men to promptly retake their positions. Col. George T. Anderson at this opportune moment brought up the Seventh and Eighth Georgia, and these regiments, the Seventh led by Col.
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W. T. Wilson and supported by the Eighth under Col. Lucius M. Lamar, with parts of the Sixteenth Georgia, Fifth Louisiana and the North Carolina regiment, under Col. Goode Bryan, made a gallant charge, which drove the enemy with severe loss from the rifle-pits gained by him and across the pond. General Cobb mentioned among the casualties the severe wounding of Capt. James Barrow, of his staff, while delivering orders. Colonel Bryan called special attention to the bravery of Captain Montgomery, Company D, Sixteenth regiment, who displayed coolness and gallantry during the assault of the enemy. A second assault was attempted by McClellan's forces, but under the steady fire of the Confed erates they could gain no headway. General Magruder highly commended the skill of General McLaws, division -commander, and the personal daring and coolness of General Cobb. Colonel Anderson's brigade, it has been noticed, came to the rescue at the most important mo ment, winning special distinction, and later, says Ma gruder, "Brigadier-General Toombs, commanding the division which included Anderson's brigade, advanced with his own brigade under Gen. P. J. Semmes, and sup ported Cobb and Anderson at the close of the fight, which ended at nightfall.'' This action brought credit to some of Georgia's most brilliant commanders, and to troops -.which became famous in many subsequent battles.
After the abandonment of Yorktown and the gallant "fight at Williamsburg, there was an attempt on the part ; of the Federals to land troops near West Point, Va., which brought on an engagement May yth, in which the Eighteenth Georgia, Col. W. T. Wofford, of Hood's bri gade, and the Nineteenth, of Hampton's brigade, partici pated. General Hampton reported that the Nineteenth .came up at a run when needed, under heavy fire. This regiment took a number of prisoners, and the conduct -of Col. Thomas C. Johnson and Maj. A. J. Hutchins was particularly commended. On the igth Capt. William H.

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Willis, of the Fourth, and Captain Albert, of the Twenty-second, skirmished with the enemy at City Point.
On May 24th, the Eighth and Ninth Georgia, under command of Colonels Lamar and R, A. Turnipseed, took part in the sortie over the Chickahominy at New Bridge, under Col. B. H. Robertson. Colonel Lamar commanded the infantry and was complimented upon his prompt and efficient execution of orders. "The officers and men behaved most gallantly," Robertson reported; "their coolness and steadiness under fire bespoke them veterans worthy of the fame so dearly bought on the plains of Manassas.'' Three companies of the Tenth, Col. Alfred Gumming commanding, also served in this combat. At the fight of Branch's brigade at Hanover Court House, May 27th, Col. Thomas Hardeman's regiment, the Fortyfifth, was present, but not actively engaged.
At the time of the battle of Seven Pines, fought about six miles east of Richmond, the brigades of George T. Anderson, Toombs, Cobb and Semmes were aligned in the order named, on the west side -of the Chickahominy. But in the successful attack of D. H. Hill's division upon that part of the Federal army which had crossed the Chicka hominy, the movement which constituted the main part of the battle, two Georgia regiments were conspicuous. These were the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth, tem porarily attached to the North Carolina brigade of Col. George B. Anderson. Hill's division swept the enemy from its front in an impetuous charge, and captured the intrenchments before Seven Pines. The Twenty-sev enth first encountered the enemy at the abatis after a fatiguing march through the woods, and suffering severely under fire, charged over the abatis and at the second attempt drove the Federals from their position. In this gallant movement, which began the discomfiture of Keyes' division, the Georgians were assisted by Micah Tenkins' South Carolina regiment. In the first charge the gallant Capt. Thomas J. Bacon fell mortally wounded.
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"This officer's loss is irreparable," Lieutenant-Colonel Zachry reported. "In his regular duties his attentiveness and faithfulness challenged the admiration of every member of the command. His courage, coolness and judgment rendered his services on the battlefield inval uable. '' Between the first and second charge Col. Levi B. Smith was severely wounded, but he kept his saddle through the second charge and until about 5 p. m., when exhausted by loss of blood he reluctantly retired. "Colo nel Smith," said General Anderson, "approved himself a soldier and leader of the noblest qualities.'' While in the act of leaving the field his horse was shot under him. After this the regiment was ably commanded by Lieut. Col. Charles T. Zachry.
Colonel Zachry's report states that after passing the first camp of the enemy he was ordered to follow up Colonel Jenkins' regiment and support him if necessary. Adjutant Gardner, on finding Jenkins, was hailed by the latter with, "Come on, Georgia, I want you." As the two gallant regiments advanced, a change of position in the face of an advancing body of the enemy caused tem porary confusion, which was rectified by Adjutant Gard ner, who dashed boldly to where the line should be, and rode back and forth under fire, waving his sword defi antly at the enemy. The regiment promptly rushed into position and drove the enemy from the woods. Their advance ceased at 8 p. m., a mile ahead of any other Confederate troops except Jenkins' regiment, their comrades in the charge. Sergeant Latham, of Company D, color-bearer, and the color guard were dis tinguished for intrepid conduct. The colors were pierced twenty times.
The Twenty-eighth was also under fire in the same movement for three or four hours. Capt. John N. Wilcox, left in command in consequence of the illness of Lieut.-Col. James G. Cain, led the regiment with cool ness and gallantry through the fight. Commissary John

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T. Hall, Lieut. P. F. Crump, Adjutant Wicker and Sergt.Maj. J. E. Thompson were commended for efficiency. The Twenty-eighth took into battle 371 men, and lost 24 killed and 95 wounded, a. total of 119. Among the killed was Lieut. R. A. McClure. Lieut. J. A. J. Peacock was desperately wounded and for some time thought to be killed. The Twenty-seventh, out of 392 engaged, suffer ed a loss of 16 killed and 129 wounded, total-154. In the words of General Anderson, these dry figures may be truly said to speak with touching eloquence of what was done and suffered by the brave men of his brigade on Saturday, the 3ist of May. Other Georgia regiments, the Third, Sixth, Fourteenth and Nineteenth, were more or less engaged. The Fourteenth lost among its killed Capt. John H. Etheridge, and the Nineteenth, Capt. A. H. Black.
The Twelfth Georgia, which led by Edward John son had won distinction in the mountains of western Virginia during 1861, was now commanded by Col. Z. T. Conner, who also had charge of one of the two brigades which formed the little army of the Northwest commanded by Gen. Edward Johnson in the spring of 1862. They confronted the brigades of Generals Milroy and Schenck in the upper Shenandoah valley during the early operations of Gen. Stonewall Jackson in the vicin ity of Winchester, and after Jackson had formed a junc tion with them, they were sent forward to drive back Mil roy's brigade from the Monterey region, and prevent his uniting with the Federal General Banks, who was ad vancing up the valley from the north. The battle of McDowell, which Jackson fought on May 8, 1862, was made a victory chiefly by Edward Johnson, with Conner's and Scott's brigades, supported by Taliaferro's, against the two brigades of Milroy and Schenck. It was probably won by the tenacious fighting of Conner's Twelfth Geor gia regiment and the brigade commanded by him. In seizing the hill upon which the battle was fought late in

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the afternoon, the Twelfth Georgia was placed on the crest confronting the main body of the enemy, supported on the left and right by Virginia regiments. As Jack son reported in complimentary terms, it held this position against the assaults of the enemy with heroic gallantry, and when the flank was threatened, participated with Taliaferro's brigade in frustrating that hostile movement. The character of its service may be inferred from its losses, 35 killed and 140 wounded, about one-third of the aggregate Confederate casualties. Among the killed were Captains Dawson, Furlow, McMillan and Patterson, and Lieutenants Goldwire, Massey, Turpin' and Woodward. Colonel Conner and Major Hawkins were complimented by honorable mention in General John son's report. This battle is especially worthy of note as the first of the series of victories that have joined for ever the names of Stonewall Jackson and the Shenandoah valley. On the 3oth, four companies of the Twelfth and a Louisiana regiment were severely handled at Front Royal by a brigade of Shields' division, losing Lieu tenants Dixon and Waterman among the prisoners taken from them. On June 8th and gth, in the crowning victories of this brilliant campaign, Cross Keys and Port Republic, the regiment lost 2 killed and 12 wounded.
The Twenty-first Georgia regiment, Col. John T. Mercer, in Trimble's brigade, of Ewell's division, was especially distinguished at Winchester, May 25th, win ning the commendation of both Stonewall Jackson and Ewell in the official reports. "We moved at dawn," wrote Ewell, "and opened the attack at 5:40 a. m., the Twenty-first North Carolina and Twenty-first Georgia gallantly dashing into the western part of the town and driving back the advanced posts of the enemy. The Twenty-first North Carolina was exposed to a murderous fire from a regiment posted behind a stone wall. Both its field officers were wounded and a large number of privates killed and wounded. They were forced back,

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retiring in good order and ready to renew the fight.
Colonel Mercer, of the Twenty-first Georgia, drove out this Federal regiment and joined the rest of the brigade
in the subsequent movements.'' At Cross Keys the regi
ment was again in battle, and Colonel Mercer was spe
cially commended by General Trimble. Here the regi
ment lost 28 killed and wounded, among the latter Lieut.
J. M. Mack.
Near the middle of June, 1862, Brig.-Gen. A. R. Law-
ton, with a Georgia brigade consisting of six regiments,
Thirteenth, Col. Marcellus Douglass; Twenty-sixth, Col.
E. N. Atkinson; Thirty-first, Col. C. A. Evans; Thirty-
eighth, Col. Augustus R. Wright; Sixtieth, Col. W. H.
Stiles; Sixty-first, Col. John H. Lamar, arrived in Vir
ginia. These regiments had been serving on the Georgia coast under General Lawton since the fall of 1861, and some of the troops, especially of the Thirteenth regiment, had been engaged in two spirited affairs on Whitemarsh island, below Savannah, in March and April, 1862.
On the nth of June, Gen. R. E. Lee, who had suc
ceeded J. E. Johnston, wrote to Jackson:
The practicability of reinforcing you has been the sub ject of earnest consideration. It has been determined to do so at the expense of weakening this army. Briga dier-General Lawton with six regiments from Georgia is on the way to you, and Brigadier-General Whiting with eight veteran regiments leaves here today. The object is to enable you to crush the forces opposed to you. Leave your enfeebled troops to watch the country and guard the passes, covered by your cavalry and artillery, and with your main body, including Ewell's division and Lawton's and Whiting's commands, move rapidly to Ashland, by rail or otherwise, as you may find most advantageous, and sweep down between the Chickahominy and Pamunkey, cutting up the enemy's communica tions, etc., while this army attacks General McClellan in front.
This was the outline of part of the plan of campaign

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against McClellan which first established the great mili tary reputation of General Lee.
In the army of Northern Virginia, as organized for that campaign, Lawton's brigade became the Fourth of Jackson's division, Jackson's corps. The Eighteenth Georgia was attached to Hood's Texas brigade; the Twelfth was a part of Elzey's (Early's) brigade, Ewell's division; D. H. Hill's division included a brigade fourfifths Georgian, commanded by Col. A. H. Colquitt--the Sixth, Twenty-third, Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Georgia; and Ripley's brigade of the same division was half Georgian, including the Forty-fourth and Fortyeighth regiments.
In Magruder's corps were more Georgia regiments than of any other State. D. R. Jones' division had two brigades, the first commanded by Gen. Robert Toombs, composed of the Second, Fifteenth, Seventeenth and Twentieth Georgia regiments, and the second, under Col. George T. Anderson, made up of the First regulars, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Eleventh Georgia, the old Manassas brigade. Gen. Paul J. Semmes' brigade of McLaws' division included the Tenth and Fifty-third, and Gen. Howell Cobb's brigade had for its main strength the Sixteenth and Twenty-fourth regiments and Cobb's legion. Ambrose R. Wright, former colonel of the Third Georgia, promoted to brigadier-general, com manded a brigade of Huger's division, which included the Third, Fourth and Twenty-second regiments. Still another Georgia brigade was found in A. P. Hill's light division--Joseph R. Anderson's, made up of the Four teenth, Thirty-fifth, Forty-fifth and Forty-ninth regi ments; and in the same division the Nineteenth was attached to Archer's Tennessee brigade. The Second Georgia battalion, from the department of North Caro lina, was with J. G. Walker's brigade.
The splendid army with which Lee prepared to thwart the invasion of McClellan, probably the greatest assem-

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bled in behalf of the Confederacy during the war, included 186 regiments and battalions of infantry, among which Virginia as the invaded territory properly had 51, the largest number. Georgia had 38; North Carolina, includ ing the troops of her department, furnished 36; South Carolina, 15; Alabama, 15; Mississippi, 10; Louisiana, n, and other States smaller numbers.
Lee's plan to bring Stonewall Jackson to his assistance and crush McClellan before reinforcements could reach him, had approached the eve of its fulfillment, when about two hours before sunset on the 2 6th of June, Jack son's signal guns announced to A. P. Hill that he had reached the outposts on the Union right. But on the previous day, June zsth, occurred an aggressive move ment of the enemy on the old battlefield of Seven Pines, which, though it did not hinder in any way Lee's plan, may be called the first of the week's engagements known to fame as the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. About daylight of the 25th, the Federals, advancing in considerable force, drove back the Confederate pickets to the skirt of woods immediately in front of and about half a mile distant from the Southern lines. Col. George Doles, with the Fourth Georgia, was on the picket line, and Gen. Ambrose R. Wright brought forward the Twenty-second (Col. R. H. Jones) and the First Louisi ana, and charging gallantly to the support of the Fourth, drove back the enemy through the woods a quarter mile. Here their farther advance lay over an open field, beyond which, under cover of heavy forest timber and dense undergrowth, the retreating foe had taken shelter. "With a gallantry and impetuosity which have rarely been equaled, and certainly never excelled since the war began," says General Wright, "these brave and daring Louisianians and Georgians charged through the open field and' actually drove from their cover the whole bri gade, supposed at the time to be Sickles'.
Soon after this Colonel Rutledge's North Carolina

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regiment, supported by the Third Georgia, Maj. J. R. Sturges, aided by Capt. Frank Huger's battery, gallantly participated in the fight, holding their ground under a murderous fire, and then pushed back a largely supe rior force of the enemy. The Federals still holding their position on the right, late in the day, General Wright sent against them the Fourth Georgia and Hill's North Carolina regiment. "This order was promptly obeyed by Colonel Doles, who with his small command, now worn out and completely exhausted by the fatigue and want of rest on the night before, and the constant fight during the whole day, rushed forward and soon found them selves confronted by Sickles' brigade, strongly posted in a thick growth of pines.'' The fire here for twenty min utes was furious and terrific, but the gallant Fourth pressed on. "Soon a charge was ordered, and then they rushed forward and at the point of the bayonet drove the enemy in great disorder and confusion through the woods to Kings' schoolhouse, where they were temporarily ral lied ; but another deadly volley from the Fourth, followed by a dashing charge, and the enemy fled from their posi tion, leaving us masters of the field, and in possession of a great number of prisoners, besides most of their killed and a few of their wounded.'' Such was the vigorous report of the day's fight from General Wright, who com plimented Colonel Doles and his regiment with particular warmth, and permitted them to inscribe upon their col ors the name of the battle--"King's Schoolhouse."
The following day Gen. A. P. Hill crossed the Chickahominy to make an attack which was expected to have the support of Stonewall Jackson, beginning the strong flank movement which General Lee relied upon to crush the Federal army, while Huger and Magruder held the line before Richmond. The battle of Mechanicsville fol lowed, in which J. R. Andersen's brigade was particu larly distinguished. "Anderson, with the Thirty-fifth Georgia, Col. E. L. Thomas leading," as stated in the

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169

report of General Hill, "had moved as heretofore directed, and encountering the enemy drove them back, and Colonel Thomas with his regiment crossed Beaver Dam creek and gained an admirable position for charg ing the enemy's batteries. The Fourteenth Georgia, Lieut.-Col. Robert W. Folsom, pushed forward to his support, but Folsom was stricken down, the regiment lost his gallant leading and but few crossed." Colonel Thomas held his own until the battle closed, when he withdrew and joined his brigade on the south side of the creek. The Forty-ninth and Forty-fifth Georgia were effective in the same fight. General Anderson also made special mention of the Georgians in this affair, saying: "I would especially notice the conduct of Col. E. L. Thomas, commanding Thirty-fifth Georgia, who evinced fearlessness and good judgment not only in this affair, but throughout the expedition. He was wounded on this occasion, but remained always on duty at the head of his regiment. His adjutant, too, Lieutenant Ware, was con spicuous for gallantry, and sealed with his life his devo tion to the cause of his country, as did other valuable officers. I have also as the result of this action to regret the loss from the service, at least for a time, of Col. A. J. Lane, commanding Forty-ninth Georgia, who received a painful and serious wound in the arm, and of Lieut. -Col. Thomas J. Simmons, of the Forty-fifth regi ment ; nor can I omit to call special attention to the gal lant conduct of Capt. L. P. Thomas, quartermaster of the Thirty-fifth, who volunteered his services for the occasion in the field, seeing his regiment deficient in field officers. He rendered valuable service until he was seriously wounded, Lieut.-Col. Robert W. Folsom, Fourteenth Georgia, also deserves special mention. This officer was confined to his sick bed, but as soon as the order to move forward was given he got up and gallantly led his regi-
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ment, though laboring under the effects of disease." Capt. D. B. Henry and Lieut. H. H. Roberts were among the killed.
In the same battle the Nineteenth Georgia, of Archer's brigade, lost its gallant commander, Lieut.-Col. Thomas C. Johnson, who fell cheering his men in action; Lieut. Joseph Dunlap was also killed in the midst of the conflict. Ripley's brigade, of D. H. Hill's division, joined A. P. Hill before the close of this fight, bringing into action the Forty-fourth and Forty-eighth Georgia. Just before dark they advanced over very difficult ground under a heavy fire, and suffered great loss. "Of the Forty-fourth Georgia," General Ripley reported, "Col. Robert A. Smith and Lieut.-Col. John B. Estes fell wounded, the former mortally, besides 2 captains and 10 lieutenants killed and wounded. The Forty-eighth Georgia, Colonel Gibson, had a more advantageous position and suffered less severely. . . . The loss of non-commissioned officers and privates was heavy in the extreme.'' In the Fortyfourth Georgia there were 335 killed and wounded, including every field officer, either killed or wounded.
Next morning, as the Confederates advanced, the enemy fell back to Games' Mill and Cold Harbor, where A. P. Hill followed and made desperate efforts to break the Federal line. "The Thirty-fifth Georgia drove through the enemy's lines like a wedge, but it was all of no avail." Hardeman's Forty-fifth was also in the fight, and the Nineteenth Georgia lost all its field officers. Lieutenant-Colonel Shackelford, killed in the gallant discharge of duty, and Sergt.-Maj. J. W. Williams were especially commended by General Archer. The heroic fragment of the Forty-fourth, 179 strong, under Capts. J. W. Beck and Samuel P. Lumpkin, were still at the front in this as in subsequent battles.
Toward the close of this battle Longstreet and Jackson threw their forces to the relief of A. P. Hill, and defeated the Federal army. The Eighteenth Georgia, under

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Lieut.-Col. S. Z. Ruff, took part in the famous assault of Hood's brigade, losing 16 killed and 126 wounded. Among the killed and mortally wounded were Lieuten ants Dowton, McCulloch, Cone and Jones. Of Colquitt's brigade Gen. D. H. Hill said: "The Sixth and Twentyseventh Georgia, of this brigade, commanded by those pure, brave, noble, Christian soldiers, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Newton and Col. Levi B. Smith, behaved most heroic ally, and maintained their ground when half their num ber had been struck down.''
Lawton's brigade of the Stonewall division went into action about 5 o'clock in the evening, moving forward in perfect order through the woods and miry soil, guided only by the sound of the firing. "In the midst of the wood," said General Lawton, "I met Major-General Ewell, then hotly engaged, who, as he saw this long line advancing under fire, waved his sword and cried out, 'Hurrah for Georgia!' To this there was a cheering response from my command, which then moved forward more rapidly than ever.'' Being informed of the place where they were most needed, the Georgians pushed on, picking up fragments of other brigades as they advanced, an invincible line of reinforcement at the crisis of the fight. At this moment the North Carolinians under Iverson made the charge which terminated the struggle and routed the enemy, and this was supported by the dis position of the troops under Lawton's command. The Thirty-eighth and Thirty-first were for a time separated from the brigade in crossing a ravine, thus falling under the command of Colonel Evans, and were accompanied in their subsequent movements by Capt. E. P. Lawton, the gallant adjutant-general of the brigade. These two regiments were actively engaged from the beginning, and participated in the last decisive charge, losing 83 killed and 259 wounded, total 342, while the aggregate brigade loss was 492. Captain Lawton had his horse killed and was slightly wounded; Lieut.-Col. L. J. Parr, in com-

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mand of the Thirty-eighth, lost an arm, and Maj. J. D. Matthews was dangerously wounded. Col. C. A. Evans, commanding the Thirty-first regiment, and leading, in the charge on the left, his own and the Thirty-eighth regi ment after their separation from the brigade, received a slight wound, and a number of other officers were killed or wounded. The losses among rank and file were very heavy, showing the desperate character of their charge. Early in the action, Capt. Edward Cheves, volunteer aide to General Lawton, lost his horse, but he went into battle on foot and fell pierced through the heart by a rifle -ball. "Though a mere youth, he had exhibited a degree of zeal, intelligence and gallantry worthy of praise, and not one who fell on that bloody field has brought more sorrow to the hearts of those who knew him best.'' The loss of the brigade in this battle of Games' Mill was as follows: Thirteenth, 6 killed, 54 wounded; Sixtieth, 3 killed, n wounded; Twenty-sixth, 8 killed, 32 wounded; Sixtyfirst, 6 killed, 30 wounded; Thirty-eighth, 54 killed, 118 wounded; Thirty-first, 29 killed, 141 wounded; aggre gate, 492.
After this battle, Magruder and Huger pushed forward south of the Chickahominy. On the 27th, Toombs, instructed to feel the enemy, sent seven companies of the Second, under Colonel Butt, against the intrenched Federals, and supported them with the Fifteenth, Colonel Mclntosh; Seventeenth, Colonel Benning, and Twenti eth, Col. J. B. Gumming. There was a spirited fight for an hour and a half, in which the enemy was defeated in his effort to dislodge the Georgians, the brunt of the con test falling upon the Second and Fifteenth regiments. The Second lost in killed and wounded about half the men carried into action, and the Fifteenth lost 71 out of 300 engaged, including the chivalrous Col. W. M. Mcln tosh, who fell mortally wounded, and Captain Burch and Lieutenant Tilley, killed in action. The behavior of the entire brigade, as General Toombs expressed it, was

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"brilliantly heroic." The companies of the Second engaged, under command of Colonel Butt and Lieut.-Col. W. R. Holmes, were the Cherokee Brown Rifles (F), Semmes Guards (C), Burke Sharpshooters (D), Wright Infantry (H), Buena Vista Guards (I), Stewart Greys, Lieut. Henry Rockwell, and Jackson Blues, Capt. McC. Lewis. Holmes reported that when the fight ceased at night, of the two companies which he commanded (Cap tain Shepherd's Semmes Guards and Captain Shuford's Cherokee Rifles) there were but two men left effective. All were either killed, wounded, or unable to fire, not being able to load their pieces or out of ammunition. The seven companies included about 271 men, in this battle.
At the same time the Seventh and Eighth regiments of Andersen's brigade, in the words of Gen. D. R. Jones, "with that impetuous valor exhibited on other fields, advanced rapidly on the enemy, facing a hail of grape, canister and musketry, and driving him from his intrenchments to the edge of the Labor-in-Vain swamp." The Eighth led the attack under command of the heroic L. M. Lamar, and suffered severely. Colonel Lamar was wounded and taken by the enemy, Lieut.-Col. John R. Towers and Lieutenant Harper were also captured, Maj. E. J. Magruder was seriously wounded, Captain Butler, Lieutenants Montgomery, Williamson and Blackwell were wounded, and 13 men were killed, 63 wounded, 6 missing and 15 taken prisoners. Of the Seventh, Lieut.Col. W. W. White, commanding, was seriously wounded, Captain Hicks wounded, and 7 were killed, 60 wounded and 8 missing.
On the following day, the zpth (battle of Savage Sta tion), Anderson's Georgia brigade set out in line of bat tle to find the enemy, traversing his deserted camps and works. The First Georgia regulars, in advance, had a brisk engagement. The Tenth, Col. Alfred Gumming, of Semmes' brigade, was particularly distinguished in

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the Savage Station fight, and suffered a loss of 10 killed and 47 wounded, out of 345. The bloody encounter of Frayser's Farm followed on the 3oth. Just as J. R. Andersen's Georgia brigade went into the battle that evening, President Davis galloped along the line and was recognized and vociferously cheered by the men. It was dark as they approached the scene of action, and the Georgians unfortunately mistook an approaching body of the enemy for friends until they received a deadly fire which caused great confusion and wounded General Anderson and Colonel Hardeman. Colonel Thomas then assumed brigade command.
The campaign which had resulted in driving McClellan from the proximity of Richmond came to a close in the futile assault upon the heights of Malvern hill, desper ately defended by the Federals. Here the Thirteenth regiment, Col. Marcellus Douglass, was actively engaged and lost 9 killed and 46 wounded. There was a remnant of 142 officers and men of the Forty-fourth Georgia who went into the fight at Malvern hill, under Lieut. -Col. John B. Estes, and lost 9 killed, 40 wounded and 10 missing, increasing the total loss of the brigade in the week's fighting to 400, out of an original strength of 514. Of these, the killed in battle or mortally wounded were estimated at 200. The Tenth Georgia was gallantly led by Col. Alfred Gumming, and with Company K, Fiftythird, under Lieutenant McCowan, and a company of the First regulars under Lieutenant Benning, at a late hour made a desperate charge upon the enemy's batteries, but was repulsed. The Tenth lost 38 out of 198 engaged. Lawton's brigade, held in reserve under severe shelling, was ordered into the fight later in the afternoon, and par ticipated in the final assault in the evening which was continued far into night. The Thirty-first, Colonel Evans commanding, was deployed to cover the front of the brigade during the night. The casualties of Lawton's brigade in the charge were 75.

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The Seventh, of Col. G. T. Andersen's brigade, at Malvern hill was commanded by Maj. E. W. Hoyle, who was wounded, the command devolving on Capt. George H. Carmichael. Other officers wotmded were Adjutant Maddox, Capt. R. B. Hicks, Lieuts. J. F. Bellinger, A. Y. White and Obadiah Wynn. Lieut. T. S. Watson was killed. Sergt. T. A. Aderhold, of Company I, after the colors had been twice shot down, sprang for ward, and grasping the staff called on his comrades to rally on the colors, in which heroic conduct he was severely wounded. The Eleventh, Lieut.-Col. William Luffman, had 79 killed, wounded and missing, among them Adjt. John F. Green, Lieuts. M. F. Gudger and Nathaniel Parish.
The brigades of Cobb and Toombs also participated in this battle. The Second and part of the Twentieth charged with Kershaw on the Federal batteries, and Colonel Butt was wounded. The Second lost n killed, including Capt. Walter A. Thompson, Lieuts. F. E. Hardison and Richard Potter, and 70 wounded; the Fifteenth, commanded by Capt. S. Z. Hearnsberger, also suffered severely; the Seventeenth lost 5 killed, including Lieut. P. T. Booker, and 31 wounded,- and the Twentieth lost 5 killed and 66 wounded. Wright's brigade lost heavily in the assaults at Crew's house, both in officers and men. Maj. John R. Sturges, commanding Third regiment, fell at the head of his men under the very muzzles of the enemy's cannon; Capt. John A. Hamil ton, Lieuts. Z. F. Crenshaw and R. L. Gumming were killed, and Lieuts. R. A. Heath and V. P. Shewmake mor tally wounded. Capt. James G. Rodgers, commanding the Twelfth, was particularly complimented by General Early upon his coolness in leading his men to the front through a large body of disorganized troops who were giving disheartening accounts of the fight, he all the time encouraging his own men and urging the fugitives to join him. In the Fourth regiment, Capts. Joshua T?, Strick-

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land and George F. Todd and Lieut. Thomas F. Churchill were mortally wounded.
In A. P. Hill's report of the campaign, mention for conspicuous gallantry is given to J. N. Williams, ser geant-major Nineteenth Georgia; and Captain Wright and his cavalry company of Cobb's legion (acting as escort) are referred to as being of great service and mak ing a gallant charge on one occasion.
The losses of Georgia infantry (not including artillery and cavalry) in these battles were 3,708, about one-sixth of the aggregate loss of the army, as reported. Of the Georgia artillery commands, Lane's battery of Lieuten ant-Colonel Cutts' Sumter battalion lost 2 killed and 7 wounded at Malvern hill. The Troup artillery lost 4 men wounded. None of the Georgia cavalry commands was actively engaged directly with Lee's infantry dur ing the Seven Days.

CHAPTER VIII.
CEDAR (SLAUGHTER'S) MOUNTAIN, SECOND MANASSAS, SOUTH MOUNTAIN, HARPER'S FERRY, SHARPSBURG, FREDERICKSBURG.
STONEWALL JACKSON, in the Second Manassas campaign, had tinder his command the divisions of Taliaferro (Jackson's), A. P. Hill and Ewell. Col. E. L. Thomas, promoted to brigadier-general, com manded J. R. Anderson's brigade of Hill's division. Archer's brigade still contained the Nineteenth regiment. Lawton's brigade began here its long and distinguished identification with Ewell's division, later commanded by Lawton, Early, Gordon, and Evans. The Twelfth and Twenty-first regiments were in Trimble's brigade. The latter was the first in the fight at Slaughter's or Cedar mountain, August gth, and the Twelfth was also particularly conspicuous. Posted by General Early, it held unwaveringly the key to the Confederate position on the hills after other parts of the line had broken, with the exception of Thomas' Georgians, who also stood fast on the right. When their ammunition was exhausted they depended on their bayonets and held their posi tions. Early, who was the conspicuous commander in this engagement, says: "The conduct of the Twelfth Georgia regiment, which I was with more than any other, elicited my especial approbation. It is a gallant, fighting regiment, and I have had occasion before to notice its good conduct. Its commander in this action, Capt. William F. Brown, who is over sixty years of age, displayed great coolness, courage and energy. He is eminently deserving the command of a regiment, and I recommend him for promotion to fill the first vacancy
177
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that may occur among the field, officers of the regiment." With equally generous admiration Gen. A. P. Hill re ferred to the gallant conduct of the Georgia brigade of
E. L. Thomas, who was sent to the support of Early by
Jackson:
Thomas formed his line of battle along a fence border ing a cornfield, through which the enemy were advanc ing. After a short contest here the enemy was hurled back. . . . The Fourteenth Georgia, under the gallant Colonel Folsom, having become separated from the rest of the brigade, charged the advancing enemy and with brilliant success. The enemy had now been driven from every part of the field, but made an attempt to retrieve his fortunes by a cavalry charge. His squadrons advanc ing across an open field in front of Branch, exposed their flank to him, and, encountering a deadly fire from the Fourteenth Georgia and Thirteenth Virginia, had many saddles emptied and fled in utter disorder. Much credit is due Thomas' brigade for the admirable manner in which it acted under very discouraging circumstances.
In this encounter the Stonewall division was heavily
pressed by the Federals, who attacked with great vigor and were sweeping, everything before them when the
tide was turned, mainly through the tenacity of the
Twelfth Georgia and the opportune action of Thomas' brigade.
General Jackson now marched to the Rappahannock,
and on the 22d, the Twenty-first Georgia, Capt. T. C.
Glover, was the first to cross the river, making a dash at a
detachment of Sigel's division, which had captured part
of the Confederate wagon train. The Georgians recap
tured, the property, and. took several prisoners, who fur nished important information. On the afternoon of the
same day the Thirteenth Georgia, Col. Marcellus Doug-
lass, having crossed the river at Warrenton Springs, and
Early, who had crossed a mile below, were cut off from
the rest of the army by rising water. Two Georgia and
six Virginia regiments were in this dangerous position
during two nights and a day, and without food, but main-

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tained such a bold and defiant attitude that Pope hesi tated to attack with his entire force, believing he had before him all of Jackson's corps. They recrossed with out molestation on the 24th, and Stuart having made his celebrated capture of General Pope's headquarters at Catlett's Station, Jackson moved forward between the Federal army and Washington. On the night of the z6th, Jackson states in his official report, "learning that the enemy had collected at Manassas Junction, a station about seven miles distant, stores of great value, I deemed it important that no time should be lost in securing them. Notwithstanding the darkness of the night, and the fatigu ing march, which would, since dawn, be over thirty miles before reaching the junction, Brigadier-General Trimble volunteered to proceed there forthwith with the Twentyfirst North Carolina, Lieut.-Col. S. Fulton commanding, and the Twenty-first Georgia, Maj.T.C. Glover commanding,in all about 500 men, and capture the place. I accepted the gallant offer, and gave him orders to move without delay." Gen. J. E. B. Stuart was subsequently directed to participate. The command set out about 9 o'clock p. m., and as it approached the junction at midnight, came under fire from two batteries of the enemy. The two regiments took position on opposite sides of the rail road and charged toward the flashes of the guns. '' Send ing an officer to the north side of the railroad," said Trimble, "to ascertain the success of the Georgia regi ment, he could not immediately find them, and cried out, 'Halloo! Georgia, where are you?' The reply was, ' Here! all right! we have taken a battery.' 'So have we,' was the response, and cheers rent the air.'' This was one of the most daring and famous exploits of the war. Three hundred prisoners were captured, and a vast amount of stores and munitions of war.
In the battle of July 28th, beginning the three days' struggle called Second Manassas, the brigades of Lawton and Trimble, constituting the left of the Confederate

*

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line of attack, advanced to close quarters with the enemy and suffered severely, Lawton's loss being very heavy. General Ewell was wounded and General Lawton took command of the division. On the following day Lawton formed his division in a line perpendicular to the railroad track, facing Groveton. In the afternoon, considerably weakened in consequence of Early's brigade and the Thirteenth Georgia having been sent to the relief of the brigades of Thomas and Gregg, Lawton was vigorously attacked, but he held the railroad and drove back the enemy. General Trimble being wounded, Capt. William F. Brown, of the Twelfth Georgia, the ranking officer present, took command of his brigade. In the battle of the 3oth the Georgians of Lawton's division were in the heat of the fight, and contributed in large degree to the glorious victory. Gen. E. L. Thomas" brigade re pulsed the repeated attacks of the enemy, and Col. R. W. Folsom, Fourteenth, Lieut.-Col. S. M. Manning, Fortyninth, and Maj. W. L. Grice, Forty-fifth, commanded their regiments with skill and gallantry.
Longstreet's corps began its distinctive career in his tory as it came through Thoroughfare gap to participate in the final fighting of this campaign. Longstreet brought up to Manassas plains the divisions of R. H. Anderson, D. R. Jones, C. M. Wilcox, John B. Hood and J. L. Kemper. With Anderson was Wright's Geor gia brigade; with Hood the Eighteenth regiment, in Hood's brigade. D. R. Jones' division was almost en tirely Georgian, including the brigades of Toombs and G. T. Anderson, and Drayton's brigade, in which were the Fiftieth and Fifty-first Georgia. While Jackson was fighting near Groveton on the 28th, Colonel Anderson reached Thoroughfare gap, and the Eighth Georgia, which he sent forward under Col. Benjamin Peck, was the first to pass through. Directly afterward it was as sailed by a brigade of the enemy, who slowly forced the Georgia regiment back until it was reinforced by the First

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regulars, Maj. John D. Walker; Eighth, LieutenantColonel Towers; Seventh, Col. W. T. Wilson, and Elev enth, Lieut.-Col. William Luffman. The line then advanced in the most gallant manner, the men climbing the rough mountain side on their hands and knees to reach the enemy, who occupied the crest of the hill, and delivered a murderous fire in their faces as they made the perilous ascent. Because of the nature of the ground and the impenetrable thickets, only the First regulars obtained a favorable position, but they inflicted severe punishment upon the enemy. Capt. John G. Patton brought down five with his pistol. "The regulars," said Colonel Anderson, "both officers and men, behaved with distinguished gallantry, as they have on every occasion in which they have met the enemy, and I only regret that our army is not composed of just such men." On the soth this brigade fought on the right of Toombs' brigade, held its ground under a galling fire, and then drove the Federal brigade confronting it from the field. Seven or eight of the field officers and over fifty company officers were among the killed and wounded. C. C. Harwick, acting assistant adjutant-general, was severely wounded at the outset, and Col. W. T. Wilson, Seventh Georgia, the gray-haired hero of many fights, who so gallantly led the charge at Dam No. i, near Yorktown, was killed while cheering on his regiment.
Toombs' brigade, under Col. Henry L. Benning, was also engaged at Thoroughfare gap, particularly the Twentieth regiment, which led in the advance under Maj. J. D. Waddell, and charging upon a hill on the right of the gap, drove out a body of the enemy who might otherwise have done much mis chief. When it had been reinforced by the Second regiment, Lieut.-Col. W. R. Holmes, the enemy was compelled to abandon his attempt to occupy this emi nence with a battery. On the 3oth, the brigade advanced past the Chinn house, and the Twentieth, after a for-

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ward movement of more than two miles, a large part of the way in double-quick time, and exposed to shot and shell, drove two regiments of the enemy out of a dense pine thicket and captured a battery. Emerging from this wood the regiment, under Colonel Benning's direc tion, charged a Federal battery of six pieces, and, though now exhausted and with numbers reduced to about 300 all told, they drove the cannoneers from their guns, held the position confronting seven hostile flags, supported by at least six times the numbers of the Confederates, and only retired, and then in good order, when enfiladed by another battery. Major Waddell was conspicuous in this day's work, brilliantly seconded by his senior captain, . M. Seago, a;nd Lieut. W. N. Hutchins, acting adju tant. Capts. H. C. Mitchell, S. W. Blance, W. F. Denny, A. B. Ross and R. D. Little, and Lieuts. T. S. Fontaine, W. W. Beazel, J. A. Maddox, W. L. Abbott and J. B. Richards were honorably mentioned. Lieuts. Robert Jordan, C. H. Culbreath and J. F. Spear were killed in the discharge of heroic duty, and Captains Seago, Blance, Denny, and Lieutenants Fontaine, J. T. Scott, John M. Granberry, J. L. Carter and J. T. Hammack were wounded. "Color-bearer James Broderick was shot down at the instant of planting the colors in front of the belching cannon. Private Nunn seized the flagstaff ere it fell and bore it through the remainder of the conflict.'' The loss of the Twentieth in the two days was 2 1 killed, 125 wounded and 6 missing. Over 100 of the gallant 300 were barefooted, and left bloody footprints as they made their way through the thorns and briers. The other regiments of the brigade fought creditably under the immediate direction of General Toombs. The Seventeenth lost 101 out of 200 in action. Maj. John H. Pickett, commanding, fell late in the battle, desper ately wounded, and hardly had A. C. Jones, next in rank, assumed command, before he was killed by a ball through the temples. Capt. Hiram L. French then took the

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leadership. Among the wounded were Lieuts. John C. Talbert,'Robert P. Tondee and M. H. Marshall. Lieut. John B. Pickett, Company I, was complimented for, bravery in advancing beyond the lines during the hottest firing to ascertain the true position of the enemy. Capt. A. McC. Lewis commanded the Second in these battles, and reported a loss of 2 killed and 53 wounded out of 163. The Fifteenth lost 6 killed and 54 wounded.
General Hood reported the gallant conduct of the Eighteenth Georgia, which lost 19 killed and 114 wound ed, mentioning Col. W. T. Wofford as conspicuous for bravery. Lieut.-Col. S. Z. Ruff and Maj. J. C. Griffis fell severely wounded while nobly discharging their duties. On the agth the regiment captured a number of prisoners and the colors of the Twenty-fourth New York, Private Northcutt, of Captain O'Neall's company, tear ing the colors from the hands of the wounded Federal soldier who refused to yield them. On the 3oth the regiment, with the Fifth Texas and Hampton's legion, routed and captured the greater part of the Fifth and Tenth New York, the Eighteenth passing over a battery of four guns in its triumphal progress and capturing the colors of the Tenth New York. Advancing upon a sec ond battery, the regiment was subjected to a flank attack and was withdrawn. Sergeant Weems, the daring colorbearer, was shot down before the second battery, as were also Sergeants McMurry and Jones. Among the killed were Lieuts. S. V. Smith and E. L. Brown.
The official records contain very meager references to other commands, but the part taken by Georgians in this very important campaign, which relieved Virginia of invasion and transferred the field of battle to Maryland, was indelibly written in the general casualties. The report of Medical Director Guild shows that the heaviest loss of killed and wounded in any brigade of the Confederate army on Manassas plains in August, 1862, was that of Anderson's Georgia brigade, 612, and

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the second heaviest loss of any regiment was by the Elev enth Georgia, 198. Lawton's brigade lost 456; Toombs', 331; Thomas', 261; Wright's (the Georgians), 155. To these add the loss of 9 by the Fifty-first Georgia, 133 by the Eighteenth, and 189 by the Twenty-first and Twelfth, and we have a total of about 2,200, nearly a third of the aggregate Confederate loss, 7,244 killed and wounded, as stated by the same authority. A few more Georgians suffered with their comrades at Chantilly. Conspicuous among those who fell there was Capt. W. F. Brown, Twelfth Georgia, in command of Trimble's brigade.
Early in September, covered by a cloud of Stuart's cavalry before the United States capital, the army crossed the Potomac and advanced to Frederick City, Md. Thence Jackson's corps and portions of the divisions of McLaws and John G. Walker were diverted westward to attack the 12,000 Federal soldiers at Harper's Ferry, and the remainder of Lee'sforcesmarchedtoSharpsburg. The army of McClellan, hesitating at first, although largely superior in numbers to the combined Confederates, at length pushed after Lee with considerable activity. The movements of the enemy made it necessary for Lee to hold the passes of South mountain, to give time for Jackson to complete his work at Harper's Ferry and rejoin him. This work was performed with amazing intrepidity, and conspicuous among the heroes of that day of great deeds, September i4th, were the Georgians of Colquitt's brigade, who held the main road at the Boonsboro gap, and of Cobb's brigade, who withstood Franklin's corps at Crampton's gap.
Colquitt's brigade had marched from Richmond with Hill, and its numbers were very much depleted by strag gling on account of heavy marches, want of shoes and deficient commissariat. Gen. D. H. Hill has related that on the morning of the i4th he found Colquitt's Georgians at the eastern foot of the mountain, facing the enemy, and he brought them back to the summit and placed the

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Twenty-third and Twenty-eighth on the north side of the pike behind a stone wall, while the Sixth and Twentyseventh and the Thirteenth Alabama were put on the south side of the pike, protected by a dense wood. "The brigade did not lose an inch of ground that day. The skirmishers were driven in, but the line of battle on both sides of the road was the same at 10 o'clock at night as it was at 9 in the morning.'' The first attack of the enemy was repulsed by skirmishers and a few companies of the Sixth. When a more determined attack was made at 4 o'clock p. m., four companies of skirmishers under Capt. W. M. Arnold (Sixth) greeted it with an unex pected volley. The Federal forces, many times supe rior in numbers, rallying, assailed the position of the Twenty-third and Twenty-eighth, and were twice hurled back. General Colquitt reported: "The fight continued with fury until after dark. Not an inch of ground was yielded. The ammunition of many of the men was exhausted, but they stood with bayonets fixed. I am proud of the officers and men of my command for their noble conduct on this day. Especial credit is due to Col. W. P. Barclay of the Twenty-third, and Maj. Tully Graybill, Twenty-eighth, who with their regiments met and defeated the-fiercest assaults of the enemy." Gen eral Hill gave to Barclay the proud title of "The hero of South Mountain."
Gen. Howell Cobb had taken possession of Sandy Hook, near Harper's Ferry, and returned to Brownsville, when he was ordered to hurry to the support of Munford and Parham at Crampton's gap, the southernmost pass of South mountain. He marched forward with instruc tions to hold the gap against overwhelming numbers, if it cost the life of every man in his command. He put his men on the flanks of Mahone's brigade, and all went well until the center was broken. Even then Cobb was able to check the enemy's advance by momentary rallies, until, night coming on, he made a successful stand near
Ga24

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the foot of the mountain. The Tenth Georgia took a conspicuous part in the fight here, and Col. W. C. Holt was among the wounded. General Cobb was in com mand of all the Confederate forces engaged, about 2,200, and was assisted by General Semmes, who exposed him self, as did General Cobb, with great intrepidity. Col. John B. Lamar, a volunteer aide on the staff of General Cobb, while rallying the men received a mortal wound of which he died the next day. The loss of the Georgians was very heavy, Cobb's legion losing 190 killed, wounded andmissing outof 248 engaged; the Sixteenth regiment 187 out of 368, the Twenty-fourth 126 out of 292, the Fifteenth 183 out of 402, the Troup artillery 4 out of 31, and the Tenth 50 out of 173. Two-thirds of the losses were reported as missing. General Cobb said in his report: '' For the most successful rally made on the retreat from the crest of the mountain I was indebted to a section of the Troup artil lery under Lieut. Henry Jennings. By their prompt and rapid firing they checked for a time the advance of the enemy.''
Meanwhile several Georgia commands had the great honor of being with Stonewall Jackson in the investment and capture of Harper's Ferry, where the rich spoil con sisted, according to the Official Records, of 12,520 prison ers, 13,000 arms, 73 pieces of artillery and several hun dred wagons. These commands were: In Lawton's bri gade, the Thirteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-first, Thirtyeighth, Sixtieth and Sixty-first Georgia; in Trimble's brigade, the Twelfth Georgia; in Archer's brigade, the Nineteenth Georgia; in Thomas' brigade, the Thirty-fifth, Forty-fifth and Forty-ninth Georgia. This great victory, which cost so little loss of life, was greatly enjoyed by Jackson's gallant soldiers, who began at once the march to Sharpsburg to join Lee in the great battle pending against the overwhelming army of McClellan. The blood shed at South Mountain by Georgians and other Southern troops not only saved the trains of Lee's army,

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but also made possible Jackson's triumph at Harper's
Ferry. In the bloody battle of September i7th, at Sharpsburg
and along Antietam creek, there were forty Georgia regiments, including the cavalry of Cobb's legion with Stuart, and six batteries; but the number of men engaged in the entire Confederate army was less than would have been brought into action by the Georgia commands alone, if in approximately full strength. Brigades were reduced to the dimensions of regiments, regiments to companies; but the remnant, footsore, weary and deprived of sleep, held at bay nearly three times their number, and inflicted such tremendous losses that they were permitted to re turn to Virginia without molestation. The slaughter was terrible among the Confederates as well as among their opponents. Nearly one-fourth of the Southerners who went into battle were killed or wounded.
After the artillery fighting, the battle of Sharpsburg was opened by Hood's brigade, under command of Col. W. T. Woff ord, Eighteenth Georgia, in front of the Dunker church, on the evening of the i6th. About midnight the Eighteenth and the rest of the brigade, having had no regular issue of rations for three days, retired to devote the rest of the night to cooking, and their place was taken by Lawton's brigade. Just after daylight the Eighteenth lay down in line of battle under a storm of shell from the enemy's batteries, and at 7 o'clock charged under fire and drove the Federals from the cornfield in their front, but suffered such terrible losses that their part of the work ended there. But 75 men were left fit for duty out of 176. Lieuts. T. C. Underwood and J. M. D. Cleveland were killed, and among the wounded were Capts. J. A. Crawford and G. W. Maddox, and Lieuts. M. J. Crawford, J. F. Maddox, O. W. Putnam, W. G. Calahan, J. Grant and D. B. Williams.
At this famous point of the field (the Dunker church), Ewell's division, under command of General Lawton,

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fought with great heroism through the morning of the
17th. The Thirty-first, under Lieut.-Col. J. T. Crowder, was on picket duty during the previous night. Lawton's brigade, under Col. Marcellus Douglass, and Trimble's
under Colonel Walker, of Virginia, sustained a destruc
tive artillery attack at daybreak, followed by an assault of
infantry, and after a short time General Lawton received
a severe wound which compelled his withdrawal from
the field. Gen. Jubal A. Early then for the first time
assumed command of the division. The latter reported
of the fight:
Colonel Walker, by moving two of his regiments, the Twenty-first Georgia and Twenty-first North Carolina, and concentrating their fire and that of the Twelfth Georgia upon a part of the enemy's line in front of the latter, succeeded in breaking it; and as a brigade of fresh troops came up to the support of Lawton's and Hays' brigades just at this time, Walker ordered an advance, but the brigade which came up having fallen back, he was compelled to halt, and finally to fall back to his .'first position. His brigade (Trimble's) had suffered terribly. . . . Colonel Douglass, whose brigade had been hotly engaged during the whole time, was killed, and about half of the men had been killed, wounded and captured.
The terrible nature of the conflict in which these brigades had been engaged, and the steadiness with
which they maintained their position, are shown by the
losses they sustained. Lawton's brigade suffered a loss
of 554 killed and wounded out of 1,150, and five regi mental commanders out of six. Hays' and Walker's
brigades, together hardly equal in numbers to Lawton's,
suffered the same loss, including all of the regimental
commanders but one.' "In the death of Colonel Doug
lass," said Early, "the country sustained a serious loss.
He was talented, courageous and devoted to his duty."
Maj. J. H. Lowe, Thirty-first Georgia, succeeded to the
command of Lawton's brigade, being the senior officer
present not disabled. He reported the gallant conduct

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189

of Corp. Curtis A. Lowe, Company F, Sixty-first Georgia, who, after the color-bearer and four of the color guard were shot down, seized the colors and pressed forward, calling on his comrades to follow their standard. A simi lar tribute was paid to Private M. V. Hawes, Company E, Thirty-first Georgia, who, after two of the color-bear ers had been shot down, took the colors and carried them, leading in the charge, until the regiment was withdrawn. Lieuts. J. D. Hill, J. A. Adair, E. S. Bass and Edwin Dallas were among the killed of the Thir teenth, Lieut. D. P. Rice of the Twenty-sixth, Capt. W. H. Battey of the Thirty-eighth, Maj. A. P. Macrae and Capt. W. J. Mathews of the Sixty-first. Capt. James G. Rodgers, commanding the Twelfth, was killed, .and Lieut. A. Henderson wounded, and Major Glover, com manding the Twenty-first, was dangerously wounded. The aggregate loss of the Thirteenth was 216, of the Twenty-sixth 61, Thirty-first 53, Thirty-eighth 71, Sixti eth 60, Sixty-first 104, Twelfth 59, Twenty-first 67.
The fighting thus briefly mentioned was on the extreme left or north of the Confederate line. Just south of this D. H. Hills division, about 3,000 infantry, with 26 cannon, besides Cutts Georgia artillery battalion, was engaged. Colquitt and Ripley were moved up to the support of Hood at daybreak. The First line of the Federals was broken, and the Confederates pushed vigorously forward only to meet additional lines. "Colquitt had gone in with ten field officers," said Hill; "four were killed, five badly wounded, and the tenth stunned by a shell. The men were beginning to fall back, and efforts were made to rally them in the bed of an old road (nearly at right angles to the Hagerstown pike) which had been their position previous to the advance. These efforts, how ever, were only partially successful. Most of the brigade took no further part in the action. Here the gallant Colonel Barclay, who had just achieved hearty plaudits by his service at South Mountain, was killed. On the

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

same field of carnage ended the lives of Col. Levi B. Smith, of the Twenty-seventh Georgia, and Lieut.-Col. J. M. Newton and the modest and heroic Maj. P. Tracy, of the Sixth. "The lamented Capt. W. F. Plane, of the same regiment," said Hill, "deserved special mention. Of him it could be truly said that he shrank from no dan ger, no fatigue and no exposure. Maj. Robert S. Smith, Fourth Georgia, fell fighting most heroically. He had received a military education and gave promise of emi nence in his profession." Capt. N. J. Garrison, com manding the Twenty-eighth; Lieut.-Col. C. T. Zachry, Twenty-seventh; Lieut.-Col. E. F. Best and Maj. J. H. Huggins, Twenty-third, were severely wounded- and Lieut. R. P. Jordan, acting assistant adjutant-general of Colquitt's brigade, fell in the course of gallant service.
Further south on the line, standing between the village of Sharpsburg and the southernmost bridge on the Antietam, was the division of D. R. Jones, six brigades but only 2,430 men, to whom fell the duty of holding back Burnside's corps of the United States army. General Toombs was ordered to defend the bridge with the Sec ond and Twentieth Georgia regiments, Col. John B. Gumming and Lieutenant-Colonel Holmes, and the Fif tieth, about 100 strong, under Lieut.-Col. F. Kearse. Toombs had an excellent position, and with 400 Georgi ans performed one of the most important military feats of the four years' war, holding the bridge against Burnside's corps, or as much of it as could advance to the attack. In Gen. R. E. Lee's detailed report of the bat tle, the only regiments mentioned by name are Cooke's North Carolina regiment, who held their ground without ammunition in the center, and the Second and Twentieth Georgia, who defended the bridge under command of Toombs. Between 9 and 10 o'clock in the morning, after a fierce cannonading, the enemy made an attempt to carry the bridge,by assault, but was repulsed with great slaughter, and up to i o'clock made four other

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191

attempts, with the same result. Then despairing of win ning a passage from the brave 400, Burnside sent a force across the river at fords below, and flanking Toombs compelled his withdrawal. But after the bridge had been abandoned by the Georgians, the enemy was so impressed with the necessity for caution that he con sumed two hours in getting across, and by that time A. P. Hill was up from Harper's Ferry and saved the Confed erate army from this flank attack. After supplying his brigade with ammunition, General Toombs returned to the line of battle with the Fifteenth and Seventeenth, Major Little's battalion of the Eleventh, part of Kearse's regi ment, and part of the Twentieth under Colonel Gumming, but found the Federals in the position he was ordered to occupy and in possession of Mclntosh's battery and part of the suburbs of Sharpsburg. Toombs decided instantly to attack, though he had but about a fifth of the strength of the enemy. Captain Troup, his gallant aide, rallied a part of Kemper's brigade and brought it into line with the Georgians. The enemy advanced first, but was thrown into confusion by an accurate volley, and a coun tercharge followed which swept the Federals from Toombs' front and brought the battery again into Con federate hands. The enemy did not stop short of the bridge, where a battery was hurried across to check the Georgians. But the Fifteenth and Twentieth, aided by Richardson's battery, soon cleared the enemy from the side of the river he had fought so hard to gain, and Toombs at nightfall was at liberty to reoccupy the position he had held in the morning. This gallant action was not without losses. Says General Toombs' report:
Colonel Millican, of the Fifteenth, who had distin guished himself both at Manassas and in this action, . . . fell while gallantly leading his regiment in the final charge. . . . Lieutenant-Colonel Holmes, who com manded the Second regiment, fell near the close of his heroic defense of the passage of the Antietam, and it is due to him to say that, in my judgment, he has not left in

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

the armies of the republic a truer or braver soldier, and I have never known a cooler, more efficient, or more skillful field officer. . . . Colonel Benning stood by his bri gade on the Antietam, guiding, directing and animating his officers and men with distinguished coolness, courage and skill; withdrew them from that perilous position and again led them, with equal skill and courage, in the final conflict with the enemy. He deserves the marked con sideration of the government. Colonel Gumming, with marked gallantry and skill, led his regiment throughout the day, and after the long, bloody conflict at the bridge, brought up one of its fragments to the last charge, and was among the foremost in it. Major [W. T.] Harris, of the Second, after the fall of Colonel Holmes, though suffering from a painful wound, stood firmly and gal lantly by his command during the whole day. Colonel Benning being in command of the brigade, and Lieut. Col. Wesley C. Hodges and Maj. J. H. Pickett both being absent on account of severe wounds received by them in former battles, Capt. John A. McGregor led the Seven teenth regiment with ability, courage and skill. Major Little led his battalion and the Eleventh Georgia with a dashing courage and success which won the admiration of his comrades. [Three times during the day Capt. J. R. Troup rendered very important service in rallying troops; and other aides, Capt. D. M. DuBose, Cadet W. T Lamar, Capt. A. A. F. Hill, and Lieut. J. J. Grant, and Courier Thomas Paschal were warmly com mended.]
Col. G. T. Anderson's Georgia brigade won new hon
ors fighting under D. H. Hill, but the gallant colonel
commanding reported that he could not discriminate by
mention of cases of individual bravery. The list of cas
ualties showed 894 killed, wounded and missing out of
about 2,200. The Georgians of Semmes' and Cobb's
brigades fought with McLaws. Col. C. C. Sanders,
Twenty-fourth Georgia, who commanded Cobb's brigade
during the first part of the engagement, carried it for
ward in good order, and the brigade maintained its posi
tion and drove the enemy for some distance, retiring only
after losing 43 per cent, of its strength. General

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

193

Semmes supported General Stuart and drove the Federals
from his front. The Nineteenth Georgia, Archer's bri
gade, Major Neal commanding, lost the gallant Capt.
T. W. Flynt at Sharpsburg. At Shepherdstown, sub
sequent to Sharpsburg, the regiment, with Thomas' Geor
gia brigade, participated in the defeat of the Federal
pursuit.
The report of the Maryland campaign by D. H. Hill,
contained the following further honorable mention of
Georgians:
Brigadier-General Colquitt reports as specially deserv ing notice for their gallantry . . . N. B. Neusan, color sergeant, J. J. Powell, W. W. Glover, H. M. James, and N. B. Lane, color guard, of the Sixth Georgia; and in the same regiment, Corps. John Cooper, Joseph J. Wood, Privates J. W. Tompkins, B. C. Lapsade, L. B. Hannah, A. D. Simmons, W. Smith, J. M. Feltman and J. C. Penn, and Capt. W. M. Arnold, who skillfully commanded a. battalion of skirmishers at South Mountain and Sharps burg; Capt. James W. Banning, Twenty-eighth Georgia distinguished for his intrepid coolness, fighting in the ranks, gun in hand, and stimulating his men by his words and example; W. R Johnson and William Goff, Twenty-eighth. The officers commanding the Twentyseventh and Twenty-eighth Georgia regiments report that it is impossible for them to make distinctions where so many acted with distinguished bravery. In the Twentyseventh every commissioned officer except one was killed or wounded at Sharpsburg, and this sole survivor was unwilling to discriminate among so many brave men. Colonel Doles, Fourth Georgia, who by the wounding of General Ripley attained brigade command, commended the gallant conduct of Capt. John C. Key, commanding Forty-fourth, and Captain Read, assistant adjutant-gen eral. Asst. Surg. William P. Young remained on the field after he was wounded, caring for the suffering, and was taken prisoner. Privates Thomas S. Carwright, who fell with the colors of the Fourth in his hands, Joseph L. Richardson, wounded, and Henry E. Welch were distinguished, and Privates R. Dudley Hill and Thomas J. Dingier, two lads in the Forty-fourth, attracted in a special manner the attention of their commander.
Cra 25

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Equally distinguished were Lieut.-Col. Phil. Cook, Capts. W. H. Willis and F. H. DeGraffenreid, and Lieuts. E. A. Hawkins, R. M. Bisel, W. W. Hulbert, J. T. Gay (wounded), J. G. Stephens, C. R. Ezell, F. T. Snead, L. M. Cobb (killed), and J. C. Macon (severely wounded).
Sharpsburg was the last of the terrible battles of the summer of 1862. In quick succession had followed Mechanicsville, Games' Mill Malvern Hill and the others of the bloody Seven Days, Slaughter's Mountain, Second Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg, all within ninety days. The army of Northern Virginia was ter ribly reduced in numbers. But this shattered army, by the tenacity with which it held its ground and the suc cess with which it recovered positions temporarily lost, had so impressed McClellan that he dared not risk another attack upon Lee, who remained defiant in his front throughout the iSth and then retreated unmo lested. Though Longstreet has expressed, the opinion that "at the close of the day 10,000 fresh troops could have come in and taken Lee's army and everything it had," Gen. Jacob D. Cox, of the Union army, has declared that McClellan was so impressed by the complete defeat of his own right wing that he held Porter's corps of fresh troops in reserve. Says Cox: "McClellan's refusal to use them was the result of his continued conviction through all the day after Sedgwick's defeat that Lee was overwhelmingly superior in force, and was preparing to return a crushing blow upon our right flank. He was keep ing something on hand to cover a retreat if that wing should be driven back. . . . McClellan estimated Lee's troops at nearly double their actual number." Indeed, he estimated them at much more than double their actual number, and it was this that kept him from attacking on the i8th, although he received that day 15,000 additional troops.
Lee, having returned with his army to Virginia, there began a period of recruiting. At home thousands of

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195

families were stricken with sorrow, but the great heart of the State, though overwhelmed with grief, was still loyal to the cause, and more brave men went forward to fill up the depleted ranks. November ist the Tenth bat talion of Georgia volunteers, Maj. John E. Rylander, at Macon, was ordered to report to General Lee at Winches ter, and the First regulars were ordered to Macon. The Tenth battalion, after some delay caused by other orders, went to Virginia and joined Lee's army at Hamilton's crossing, December 27, 1862, just two weeks after the battle of Fredericksburg, relieving the First regulars, who thereupon went to Georgia.
At the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, Georgia soldiers achieved no less fame than in previous encounters. With the two important epochs of that bat tle, the attempt to break the line of A. P. Hill's division and the assault upon Marye's hill, the names of Georgia commands are indissolubly associated.
It was the Nineteenth Georgia, of Archer's brigade, Lieut.-Col. A. J. Hutchins commanding, that after gal lantly foiling the direct assault of the Federals on the right of Lee's army, was pushed from position by the enemy moving to their rear through a gap unfortunately left between Archer's and Lane's brigades, and it was Gen. Edward L. Thomas who, in the words of A. P. Hill, "responding to the call of General Lane, rapidly threw forward his brigade of Georgians by the flank, and deploying by successive formations, squarely met the enemy, charged them, and, joined by the Seventh and part of the Eighteenth North Carolina, drove them back, with tremendous losses, to their original position.'' At the close of the struggle in this quarter, General Hill reported, "The enemy having been repulsed at all points, my brigades remained in their original positions, save General Thomas' (Fourteenth, Thirty-fifth, Forty-fifth and Forty-ninth Georgia), which was not recalled from the position it had so gallantly won in the front line." The

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

loss in killed and wounded was for the Nineteenth 54, Four teenth 132, Thirty-fifth 89, Forty-fifth 48, Forty-ninth 61. Among the killed were Lieuts. W. H. Putnam, C. John son, and W. J. Solomon.
Another column of the enemy encountered Hill's re serve, and Gen. Maxcy Gregg was mortally wounded while rallying his men. To the relief of this gallant command Lawton's old brigade went forward, now 2,000 strong, under the command of Col. E. N. Atkinson, who, being severely wounded in the midst of the battle, was succeeded by Colonel Evans, of the Thirty-first. . The brigade had been in line under fire during the morning, the Thirteenth regiment, Col. J. M. Smith, on the right; and thence to the left the Sixtieth, Col. W. H. Stiles; Sixty-first, Col. J. H. Lamar; Thirty-eighth, Capt Wil liam L. McLeod; Thirty-first, Col. C. A. Evans, and the Twenty-sixth, Capt. B. F. Grace. The brigade gallantly swept the enemy back, driving them at the point of the bayonet from the railroad cut and into the wood beyond, where the pursuit was carried with such energy by the regiments of Stiles, Lamar, McLeod and Evans, that both parties entered the ditches beyond almost together. At the railroad and in the ditches a large number of prison ers were captured and sent to the rear, among them one colonel and several officers of minor grade. A battery on a hill 200 yards distant tempted the Georgians still further, but after they had caused the guns to be aban doned and were about to take possession, a strong flank movement against them made it necessary to withdraw from a dangerously exposed position. Among the offi cers commended by Colonel Evans in his report were Colonel Lamar, wounded; Maj. C. W. McArthur, Capt. Peter Brenan, Col. W. H. Stiles, and Capt. Edward P. Lawton, adjutant-general of the brigade, distinguished for heroic activity at the close of the fight, when he received a dangerous wound, and was unavoidably left on the open plain. This brave staff officer died a few

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197

days later. The Twelfth Georgia, Col. Z. T. Conner, and Twenty-first, Col. J. T. Mercer, also participated in this movement. Lieut.-Col. T. B. Scott, of the Twelfth, was killed while nobly doing his duty, and Lieut. Thomas J. Verdery, of the Twenty-first, was also among the slain.
But the most famous incident of this battle, as often quoted among the glorious defenses of military history as is the charge at Cemetery hill among the assaults, was the performance of Cobb's brigade at Marye's hill. His heroic command was now composed of the Sixteenth regiment, Col. Goode Bryan: Eighteenth, Col. W. T. Wofford; Twenty-fourth, Col. Robert McMillan; Cobb's legion, Lieut. -Col. L. J. Glenn, and Phillips' legion, Col. W. Phillips, under the command of Brig.-Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb, who had succeeded Gen. Howell Cobb. On the night of December nth, the brigade had taken its position in the Telegraph road, a sunken highway at the base of Marye's hill, on the side of which, next the town, was a stone wall, shoulder high, against which the earth was banked, making an almost impregnable defense. When on the morning of the 13th the Federals in great masses of troops advanced from the town of Fredericksburg, they could not see the fatal sunken road, nor know that any Confederate troops were nearer than the sum mits of the hills. Marching in double-quick time, the United States troops swarmed up in the field in front of Cobb's brigade until the space was packed. The Confed erate artillery poured shot and shell into these devoted masses, causing great carnage, but they pressed forward steadily until they came within range of the Georgians behind the stone wall, when a storm of lead was poured into their advancing ranks and they were swept from the field like chaff before the wind. Another blue line was formed and sent forward to the carnival of death. It fell back shattered. Yet another; and when the fourth came, the ground was covered so closely with the dead and

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

wounded that it impeded the advance of the later aspi rants for glory or death. In this fourth charge a gallant Federal officer came within 100 feet of Cobb's line before he fell, but the great mass of the dead was piled at about 100 yards distance, beyond which no organized body was permitted to approach. In spite of these ter rible reverses, a fifth and a sixth charge were made before night came to end the terrible slaughter. The musketry alone killed and wounded about 5,000, to which the artil lery added enough to make 7,000 maimed, dead and dying, lying on that horrible field of destruction.
General McLaws has written that about i p. m. Gen eral Cobb reported that he was short of ammunition. "I sent his own very intelligent and brave courier, little Johnny Clark, from Augusta, Ga., to bring up his ord nance supplies, and directed General Kershaw to rein force General Cobb with two of his South Carolina regi ments, and I also sent the Sixteenth Georgia, which had been detached, to report to General Cobb." General McLaws also tells how a Georgia boy, William Crumley, an orderly of General Kershaw, seeing his chief's horse in a very dangerous position, rode the animal up a slope, exposed to the hottest fire of the enemy, left him in a safe place, and returning by the same way with an infe rior horse, rejoined the general, who, until Crumley's return, was ignorant of his daring feat. While Kershaw was moving forward, General Cobb fell mortally wounded during the third assault upon his line, and Kershaw took command of the line and Colonel McMillan of the bri gade. General Cobb's wound was by a musket ball in the calf of the leg. He was carried to the field hospital in the rear and given every attention, but he died soon afterward. Gen. R. E. Lee alluded to him as one of the South's noblest citizens and the army's bravest and most distinguished officers, and the whole nation joined with unaffected sympathy in the sorrow which overwhelmed his native State. As General McLaws has said, every one

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199

esteemed him warmly who knew his great intellect and
good heart.
The losses of Cobb's brigade were as follows: Staff, 3 wounded; Sixteenth regiment, 4 killed, 62 wounded, 4 missing; Eighteenth, n killed, 47 wounded; Twentyfourth, 5 killed, 31 wounded; Phillips' legion, 13 killed, 55 wounded; aggregate, 235. Among the killed were Lieut. J. S. Bowring, Capt. Walter S. Brewster and
Lieut-Col. R. T. Cook.
Capt. John P. W. Read's battery (Pulaski artillery), Capt. Henry H. Carlton's battery (Troup artillery), Capt. H. N. Ells' battery (Macon artillery), and Capts. H. M. Ross' and John Lane's batteries (Companies A and E of Cutts' Sumter battalion), were on the crest of the hills occupied by the division of General McLaws. One of Carlton's guns on this occasion was commanded by Lieut. W. F. Anderson of Ells' battery. These, with batteries from other States, 48 guns in all, were under command of Col. Henry Coalter Cabell. The fire of these guns upon, the charging columns of the enemy was, according to the reports of the officers commanding on both sides, very destructive to the Federals, as was also that of the guns on Marye's heights, under command of Lieut.-Col. E. P. Alexander, of Georgia. Capt. John Milledge's bat tery of eight rifled guns was sent to the support of Jack son's wing, and according to the report of Gen. W. N. Pendleton, "was useful on the river, and with Major Pelham in his successful dash upon the enemy when menacing our right flank." Of the batteries of Captains Lane and Ross, General Pendleton says that theirs, "as of best guns, were most in requisition and rendered most service." Capt. G. M. Patterson's battery (B of the Sumter battalion), with one section of Ross', tinder Maj. T. Jefferson Page, Jr., shared in the defense of General
Hood's front.
During the fighting at Fredericksburg the cavalry of
Cobb's Georgia legion accompanied Gen. Wade Hampton

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

on an expedition to Dumfries, which was completely suc cessful. In his report General Hampton spoke in the highest terms of the conduct of all his officers and men. "They bore the privation and fatigue of the march--three nights in the snow--without complaint, and were always prompt and ready to carry out my orders.''

CHAPTER IX.
GEORGIA IN 1863--FORT M'ALLISTER -- DESTRUCTION OF THE NASHVILLE -- ORGANIZATION ON THE COAST IN MARCH-THE DEFENSES OF SAVANNAH --LOSS OF THE ATLANTA--STREIGHT'S RAID AND CAPTURE--DISTRESS IN THE STATE.
WITH the beginning of 1863 the United States authorities were collecting at Charleston harbor a fleet of new ironclads, built after the pattern of the Monitor, and one of these, the Montauk, was sent down below Savannah by Admiral Dupont for a trial of its effectiveness against Fort McAllister. The latter work, constructed by Confederate engineers on Genesis point, guarded the approaches to Savannah by the Ogeechee river, and was in charge of Maj. John B. Gallic, supported by troops under Col. R. H. Anderson. The main part of its armament was one rifled 32-pounder and one 8-inch columbiad. Above the fort lay the block ade-runner Nashville, anxiously awaiting an opportunity to leave the Ogeechee. The Montauk, under command of John L. Worden, who fought the Virginia in Hampton Roads, steamed up near the obstructions on the Ogee chee, January 27th, followed by the gunboats Seneca, Wissahickon, Dawn and Williams, which anchored a mile astern. A combat ensued which raged for four hours between the gunners of the fort and the monitor. The gunnery of the Georgians was so excellent, according to the Federal accounts, that the monitor was repeatedly hit and all the shots came close to her, but her armor pro tected her from damage. On the other hand, the Fed erals could not see that their fire had produced any material effect on the fort, and they withdrew defeated after all the shells on board had been used.
201 Ga28

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

A fiercer engagement followed on February ist. Ac
cording to the report of Colonel Anderson, the attack
began at 7145 a. m., participated in by the monitor, three
gunboats and one ironclad. As the vessels approached,
Capt. Arthur Shaaff, commanding the First battalion
sharpshooters, lined the river bank with his men, pre
pared to annoy the enemy if the obstructions were passed.
Martin's light battery and Captain McAllister's troop
were held in reserve; two rifle guns of the Chatham
artillery, under Lieutenant Whitehead, were placed in
pits on a bluff a mile to the rear, and the guns of the
Nashville were taken out and mounted about seven miles up the river under the command of Captain Baker, while
the steamer was put in readiness to be sunk if necessary
to keep her from capture by the enemy. The Federal
monitor took position at a distance of 800 to 1,000 yards,
while the wooden boats lay two miles east. The fort opened fire and for five hours the combat continued.
According to the Federal report, the Confederate fire was accurate and the monitor was hit forty-six times, but the weight of metal thrown at her was not sufficient to do
harm. Colonel Anderson's official account of this fight
was as follows:
The enemy fired steadily and with remarkable precis ion ; at times their fire was terrible. Their mortar firing was unusually fine, a large number of their shells burst ing directly over the battery. The ironclad's fire was principally directed at the 8-inch columbiad, and at about 8:15 o'clock the parapet in front of this gun was so badly breached as to leave the gun entirely exposed. The detachment did not leave their gun or evince the slightest fear, but in a most gallant and determined man ner fought their gun to the close of the action, refusing to be relieved. The name of the brave officer who com manded this gun is First Lieut. W. D. Dixon, of the Republican Blues, First Georgia volunteer regiment. At 8:30 a. m. one of the 32-pounders was disabled, one of the trunnions being knocked off. The same shot also killed Maj. John B. Gallic, Twenty-second battalion

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203

Georgia artillery, the gallant commander of the battery. Prior to this he had been wounded in the face by a frag ment of shell, but refused to be relieved, and continued notwithstanding his suffering, inspiring the men with his own gallant and unconquerable spirit up to the time he was killed. Thus perished nobly a brave, good and gal lant soldier. Capt. G. W. Anderson, Jr., upon Major Gallie's death succeeded to the command of the battery, and displayed during the whole action the utmost cool ness and gallantry, as did Capt. Robert Martin, com manding the jo-inch mortar; Capt. G. A. Nicoll, Company F, Twenty-second artillery, and every officer of the bat tery. The whole fire of the Confederate battery was concentrated upon the ironclad.
Again the Federal gunboats had suffered defeat from
the plucky little Confederate fort.
On February z yth the Nashville, or Rattlesnake, as she
was frequently called, had the misfortune to run aground not far above the obstructions in the river. On the fol
lowing morning Worden, having observed this, steamed
down under the guns of the fort and to within a point about 1,200 yards from the cruiser. He then opened fire on her with is-inch shells, entirely disregarding the shot
which was hurled at him from Anderson's guns. In a
very few minutes the cruiser was doomed. Flames burst out from the exploding shells, and a black column of
smoke rose above her rigging. At 9:20 her pivot gun exploded, and half an hour later her magazine blew up,
tearing the vessel into smoking, blackened fragments.
But not without injury did the Montauk retire from striking this severe blow at the Confederate navy. As
she steamed down the river she encountered a. torpedo in
the channel, and was compelled to run upon a bank to
repair damages, her pumps keeping her afloat with
difficulty.
Yet another, and a still more formidable attempt to
subdue the gallant Georgia gunners in the sand and mud
batteries on the Ogeechee was made on MaJrch 3d, by
three new monitors, the Passaic, Capt. Percival Drayton-,

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the Patapsco, Commander Ammen, and the Nahant, Com mander Downes. The operation of these revolving float ing batteries was not familiar to the Confederate gunners, but the men stood manfully to their guns, and soon dis covered that the monitor was not such a formidable monster after all, particularly against sand batteries. For seven hours the 15 and n-inch shell and shot were hurled at McAllister, and the mortar boats kept up the din all night following, the only effect being to tempo rarily dismount the 8-inch gun and the 42-pounder and slightly wound two men. Next morning the fort was as good as ever. This experiment led Admiral Dupont, who was preparing for a naval attack at Charleston, to report that, " Whatever degree of impenetrability the mon itors might have, there was no corresponding quality of destructiveness against forts." Horace Greeley, in his "American Conflict," says that from this time the Union fleets "saved their ammunition by letting Fort McAllister alone."
At this period great apprehension was felt on the coast regarding the fleet which was known to be fitting out in the North for invasion of the South by sea. Either Charleston or Savannah, and more probably both, was to be the object of this expedition. On February i;th, Gen eral Beauregard issued a proclamation announcing that it was his solemn duty to urge all persons in the two threat ened cities unable to take an active part in defense to retire. "It is hoped," he said, "that this temporary sep aration of some of you from your homes will be made without alarm or undue haste, thus showing that the only feeling that animates you in this hour of supreme trial is the regret of being unable to participate in the defense of your homes, your altars and the graves of your kin dred. Carolinians and Georgians! the hour is at hand to prove your devotion to your country's cause. Let all able-bodied men, from the seaboard to the mountains, rush to arms. Be not exacting in the choice of weapons;

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pikes and scythes will do for exterminating your enemies, spades and shovels for protecting your friends."
The organization of Confederate forces in the district of Georgia, under Gen. H. W. Mercer, was reported in
March as follows:
Brigade of Gen. W. H. Taliaferro--Thirty-second regi ment, Col. George P. Harrison; Forty-seventh regiment, Col. G. W. M. Williams; Fourth Louisiana battalion, Col. J. McEnery.
Brigade of Gen. W. H. T. Walker--Twenty-fifth regi ment, Col. C. C. Wilson; Twenty-ninth regiment, Col. William J. Young; Thirtieth regiment, Col. Thomas W. Mangham.
Savannah river batteries and other defenses--First of Georgia, Col. C. H. Olmstead; Fifty-fourth regiment, Col. Charlton H. Way; Sixty-third regiment, Col. G. A. Gordon; First battalion sharpshooters, Capt. A. Shaaff; battalion Savannah volunteer guard, Maj. John Screven; Emmet rifles, Capt. George W. Andersori; Fourth cav alry, Col. D. L. Clinch; Fifth cavalry, Col. Robert H. Anderson; cavalry battalion, Maj. E. C. Anderson, Jr.; battalion partisan rangers, Maj. John M. Millen; Twentysecond battalion artillery, Col. E. C. Anderson; Chatham light artillery, Capt. Joseph S. Cleghorn; Chestatee light artillery, Capt. Thomas H. Bomar; Columbus light artillery, Capt. Edward Croft; Joe Thompson artillery; Capt. Cornelius R. Hanleiter; Martin's light artillery, Capt. Robert Martin; Read's light artillery, Lieut. J. A. Maxwell; Terrell's light artillery, Capt. E. G. Dawson.
The First regulars, under Colonel Magill, was on duty in Florida, under Gen. Howell Cobb; the Eighth battal ion, Maj. B. F. Hunt, was on James island, S. C.; the Forty-sixth regiment, Col. P. H. Colquitt, and the Twenty-first battalion of cavalry, Maj. William P. White, were at Charleston. The total number of effectives on duty in the State for coast service was a little over 12,000, while the forces in South Carolina and Florida, from which reinforcements might be hoped in emergency, were
about 17,000.
The defenses of Savannah at this time were quite elab-

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orate and extensive, but were weak in the guns of great penetration demanded already in the development of warfare which had been brought about since April, 1861. To oppose the passage of vessels up the river, there were obstructions at the head of Elba island, a mile and a quarter below Fort Jackson, and at the same place was the floating battery Georgia. Near Fort Jackson was Battery Lee, and opposite, across the river, were Battery Cheves and Battery Lawton. Still farther up the river were Fort Boggs and Fort Hutchinson, opposite, and the Bay battery on the edge of town. The total armament of the Savannah river defenses was 44 guns and 4 mortars.
On the southward coast region there were Fort McAllister, Rosedew battery, Beaulieu battery, Isle of Hope siege train, Thunderbolt battery, Greenwich battery, and Fort Bartow at Carston's bluff, mounting in all 49 guns, 3 mortars and 12 field guns. On the lines extending from the swamp west of the city, around from the south and east to Fort Boggs, were mounted 41 guns. But it appears from the report of the board convened at Oglethorpe barracks, consisting of Generals Mercer, Taliaferro and Walker, and Capt. W. W. Gordon, that many of the guns were ineffective, and that a large increase in the number of guns and gunners, as well as troops in reserve, was needed.
On June 8, 1863, two United States gunboats, and one transport towing two large boats loaded with troops, started from St. Simon's island in the direction of Bruns wick. The landing was disputed by Sergts. J. W. Taylor and Alexander Burney, with the Brunswick pickets, and after incessant firing for about three-quarters of an hour the boats withdrew. When Corp. A. E. Foreman, Cor poral Lamb and Corp. T. E. Hazzard saw the boats leave St. Simon's island, they had hastened with all the men they could spare and greatly aided Taylor and Burney in repelling the enemy. Capt. W. W. Hazzard, of Com pany G, Fourth Georgia cavalry (Col. D. L. Clinch),

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seeing two boats ascend the river, and fearing for the safety of the salt works some seven miles up, ordered Lieutenant Grant, with detachments from Sergeants Taylor and Burney and such other men as he could spare, about 30 in all, to take a good position and dispute every attempt at landing, while he hastened with the remainder of his command to the salt works. He found one boat lying at the mouth of the creek leading to the works, and another going back to Brunswick. After firing about fifty shots, the one threatening the salt works returned and joined the other at Brunswick: Upon the repulse of the Federals the largest boat returned to the sound, while the others again ascended the river. The detachment under Lieutenant Grant was now hurried to the salt works, while a squad under the guidance of Julian Burnett, who had that day shouldered his gun and volunteered his serv ices, hastened to the railroad bridge. This had just been fired by a party of the enemy, who retreated to their barge on the approach of the Confederates. The latter being conducted by Mr. Burnett to a point which the barge was obliged to pass, poured a well-directed fire into it at a distance of about roo yards. Two officers fell, and three oarsmen appeared wounded. As the gunboats returned to the neighborhood of the salt works, Captain Hazzard placed detachments under Lieutenants Scarlett, R. S. Pyles and H. F. Grant to watch the movements of the enemy. The Federals, however, made no further efforts and both boats returned to the sound. The Con federates lost one horse from a grapeshot; but not a man was wounded. It was reported that the enemy lost three killed, one officer severely and others slightly wounded. A few days later, Sergeant Burney was killed by the accidental bursting of a shell. The activity and foresight of Captain Hazzard and the gallantry of Lieu tenant Grant and command were mentioned in official orders.
On June nth two steamers and two gunboats, with 300

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or 400 men, appeared before Darien, and landing a strong party of negroes burned the town, whose white inhabit ants had all left it and were living at a place some dis tance in the rear, known as "the ridge." Capt. W. A. Lane of Company D, Twentieth Georgia battalion of cavalry (Maj. John M. Millen), not having force enough in hand to resist the landing, turned all his attention to the protection of the large number of families and valu able property at the ridge until reinforcements could arrive. The woods surrounding Darien were shelled during the burning of the town. The enemy consisted of negroes under white officers. They captured a pilot boat with sixty bales of cotton on board, and carried off some negroes, most of them free.
In addition to the land defenses and the floating battery Georgia, the ironclad Atlanta was still on duty in the Savannah river and adjacent passages. In January, Commodore Tattnall had proposed to attack the blockaders with the Atlanta, but on going down with the first high spring tide found that the engineer officers were unable to remove the obstructions for his passage. When the next high tide arrived he was stationed by Gen eral Mercer off Carston's bluff on account of the attacks on Fort McAllister. The government becoming impa tient, the gallant old commodore was relieved, and Lieut. "William A. Webb was ordered to take command of the Atlanta, with implied duty to do something with the least possible delay. Accordingly on June iyth he got the Ironclad tinder headway before daylight and entered Warsaw sound. There he found two monitors, the Weehawken, Capt. John Rodgers, and the Nahant, Com mander Downes, which had been sent for the express purpose of meeting the Atlanta. The monitors were two of the strongest of their class, fighting with a 15-inch and an n-inch gun behind ten inches of armor on the turrets. Webb gallantly sought to meet his formidable antagonists at close quarters, and it was reported that it

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was his intention to run into the Weehawken and blow her up with his bow torpedo. But he went aground about 600 yards from the monitor, and after backing off went aground again so hard and fast that it was impos sible for the engines to move his doomed vessel. The Weehawken came up within 300 yards and opened fire. Her first shot, a 15-inch spherical, struck the armor of the Atlanta at such an angle that it passed through about eleven inches of iron and four feet of wood. The effect was terrific. Great quantities of wood and iron splinters were scattered over the gun deck. Sixteen men were wounded and 40 more were made insensible by the shock. A second shot partly crushed the pilot-house, wounding both pilots and one helmsman, and stunning the other. The firing was continued with serious effect. Eight shots were fired from the Atlanta, none of which struck the Weehawken. The Nahant did not come into the fight at all. Webb found it impossible to bring his guns to bear effectively in his unfortunate position, and it was evident that lying there a fixed mark, it would be a mat ter of but a few minutes before his boat would be crushed and his men killed. Accordingly the unfortunate com mander hoisted the white flag, and sent Lieut. J. W. Alexander to inform Captain Rodgers that he had sur rendered. The Federals made prisoners of 165 men, including the officers, and these, with the exception of the wounded, were sent to Fort Lafayette, New York har bor. The captured boat was repaired and used in the United States navy. This sudden loss of the Atlanta, from which important service was expected, was a dis tressing blow to the South, but Webb and his men were net to blame for the misfortune. Even if they had escaped the sandbars, the armor of the Atlanta would have been ineffectual against the guns of the two mon itors.
In the spring of 1863 there occurred in north Georgia one of the most celebrated cavalry exploits of the war,
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the capture of Col. A. D. Straight by Gen. Nathan B. Forrest. Bragg at this time occupied with the army of Tennessee the Tullahoma line and Rosecrans was at Murfreesboro, both armies being quiet for the time, though their cavalry kept busy. On the night of April 26th, Colonel Streight set out from Tuscumbia, Ala., with 1,500 men, mostly mounted, with orders to cut the rail road in Georgia below Rome. He was promptly followed by a cavalry command under General Forrest. A battle was fought at Driver's gap, Sand mountain, in which Capt. W. H. Forrest, a brother of the general, was severely wounded--it was feared mortally, but he recov ered and was in the field again in 1864. Streight, driven from this position, pushed on toward the Georgia line; but on the next day he was overtaken at Black creek, where after heavy skirmishing he crossed and burned the bridge, thus placing a deep and rapid stream between himself and pursuit. It was here that a young Alabama girl, Emma Sanson, mounting behind Forrest, at immi nent peril of her own life, guided him to a ford, by which he crossed and pressed on in pursuit.
Near Gadsden there was a desperate fight between Forrest's men and Streight's command, in which the Federals were worsted, but they sent forward an advance guard to secure the bridge near Rome, and pushed on in the hope of placing the river between them and their pursuers. At the Chattooga they were delayed by the capture of the ferryboat, and after crossing it was found that Forrest was ahead of them in the race for Rome and the advance guard had failed to get possession of the bridge. On the morning of May 3d, Forrest, with his command reduced to about 500 men, overtook Streight again and forced a pitched battle upon his antagonists, who outnumbered him nearly three to one. Streight tells of his men being so exhausted that they fell asleep in line of battle, but although the pursuit had been as exhausting to the Confederates, they pressed the fight

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against the superior forces of the enemy. While the battle was progressing, Forrest audaciously dispatched an officer to Streight, demanding immediate and uncondi tional surrender of his whole force. Streight parleyed for awhile, but Porrest with an air of impatience, declaring that he could wait no longer, sent couriers and staff officers to a number of imaginary batteries and to four pretended regiments of cavalry with orders to form line and prepare for a charge. Though he had in fact only two field pieces and part of a regiment, his staff and couriers dashed off to obey his orders, as he had given them. Forrest then announced that within ten minutes the signal gun would be fired and the truce would end. There upon Streight surrendered his entire force of 1,500 men. The two commands had been engaged in five days and nights of constant fighting and riding. The Federals were carried as prisoners of war to Richmond.
The great drought of 1862 reduced the production of food so much as to create very considerable distress in Georgia. "The great question in this revolution is now a question of bread," said the governor. It was also found that the paper currency had declined in value until a bill purporting to be a dollar was worth but twenty cents. "It now takes," the governor said, "the whole salaryof a judge of the Supreme court for twelve months to purchase fifteen barrels of flour." It was recommended that the legislature make it a penal offense forany planter to plant more than one-fourth acre of cotton per hand, and the limit was actually fixed at three acres per hand.
The fund of two and a half millions appropriated for the suffering families of soldiers had been distributed during the winter and early spring for the relief of nearly 85,000 people. Of this number, 45,718 were chil dren, 22,637 kinswomen of poor living soldiers, 8,492 orphans, 4,000 widows of deceased and killed soldiers, and 550 were soldiers disabled in service. This was one result of two years of war.

CHAPTER X.
THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE.
THE ist of May, 1863, is signalized in American his tory as the beginning of the battle of Chancellorsville, the most brilliant of all Lee's victories. With 60,000 men he attacked and defeated Hooker's army, 130,000 strong. Into this struggle the Georgians of the army of Northern Virginia were led in seven splendid infantry brigades, besides the cavalry and artil lery commands, the organization of which at this time it will be interesting to cite:
In the First corps, the division of Maj.-Gen. Lafayette McLaws contained the brigade of Gen. W. T. Wofford-- Sixteenth regiment, Eighteenth, Twenty-fourth, Cobb's legion (infantry), Phillips' legion (infantry); and the brigade of Gen. Paul J. Semmes--Tenth regiment, Lieut.-Col. W. C. Holt; Fiftieth, Lieut.-Col. F. Kearse; Fifty-first, Col. W. M. Slaughter; Fifty-third, Col. James P. Simms. Brig.-Gen. A. R. Wright commanded a brigade of R. H. Anderson's division--Third regiment, Maj. J. F. Jones; Twenty-second, Lieut.-Col. J. Wasden; Forty-eighth, Lieut.-Col. R. W. Carswell; Second bat talion, Maj. G. W. Ross.
In Jackson's corps were four brigades: One in A. P. Hill's division, commanded by Brig.-Gen. E. L. Thomas --Fourteenth regiment, Col. R. W. Folsom; Thirty-fifth, Capt. John Duke; Forty-fifth, Lieut.-Col. W. L. Grice; Forty-ninth, Maj. S. T. Player; one in D. H. Hill's division, commanded by Brig. -Gen. A. H. Colquitt--Sixth regiment, Col. John T. Lofton; Nineteenth, Col. A. J. Hutchins; Twenty-third, Col. Emory F. Best; Twentyseventh, Col. C. T. Zachry; Twenty-eighth, Col. Tully
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Graybill; another in D. H. Hill's division, commanded by Brig.-Gen. George Doles -- Fourth regiment, Col. Philip Cook; Twelfth, Col. Edward Willis; Twenty-first, Col. J. T. Mercer; Forty-fourth, Col. J. B. Estes; and last, the Lawton brigade, in Early's division, now commanded by John B. Gordon, promoted brigadier-gen eral from the colonelcy of the Fifth Alabama infantry-- Thirteenth regiment, Col. J. H. Baker; Twenty-sixth, Lieut.-Col. J. S. Blain; Thirty-first, Col. C. A. Evans; Thirty-eighth, Col. J. D. Matthews; Sixtieth, Col. W. B. Jones; Sixty-first, Col. J. H. Lamar.
The artillery commands from Georgia at Chancellorsville were: Sumter battalion, Lieut. -Col. A. S. Cutts, (A) Ross' battery, (B) Patterson's battery, (C) Wingfield's battery; Fraser's battery (Pulaski artillery) and Carlton's battery (Troup artillery), of Col. H. C. Cabell's battal ion; and Milledge's battery of Col. William Nelson's battalion. Wingfield's and Milledge's batteries were in reserve and not actively engaged. The others were in the thickest of the fight. Capt. John Lane's battery (E), of the Sumter battalion, was at this time on detached service in North Carolina.
As this history chiefly concerns the part taken by Georg ians, we will not detail here the general circumstances of this famous battle--the crossing of the Rappahannock river near Chancellorsville by the United States army under Hooker, the brilliant flank movement of Jackson's corps, the rout of Howard's corps, the fatal wounding of Jackson after dark by his own men, the successful attack on Sunday under J. E. B. Stuart, the tenacious defense of Fredericksburg and the total defeat of Hooker.
Wright's Georgians were among the first to meet the enemy at Chancellorsville after he had crossed the river. Leaving Early to defend Fredericksburg, also menaced by the enemy, McLaws marched with Wofford, Semmes and Kershaw to reinforce Anderson, followed by Jackson. The part taken by Georgians on May ist is epitomized in

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the report of Gen. R. E. Lee as follows: "A strong attack upon General McLaws was repulsed with spirit by Semmes' brigade, and General Wright, by direction of General Anderson diverging to the left of the plank road, marched by way of the unfinished railroad from Fredericksburg to Gordonsville and turned the enemy's right. His whole line thereupon rapidly retreated, vig orously pursued by our troops until they arrived within about one mile of Chancellorsville.'' In order to reach the position from which they made their gallant fight of Friday, May ist, Wright's Georgians had marched 27 miles in less than twenty-one hours, part of the time in darkness almost impenetrable, and mainly in a heavy rain and through deep mud. They fought their way along the railroad to the Catherine furnace, where Lieu tenant-Colonel Carswell, commanding the Forty-eighth Georgia, and Lieutenant-Colonel Wasden, commanding Twenty-second Georgia, moved forward through the dense wilderness, and after a severe fight pushed back the enemy for nearly a mile. Early the next morning, Saturday, May 2d, the brigade, having retired to the plank road, was again ordered to the furnace to support General Posey, and necessarily left the Third Georgia to bear the brunt of a spirited attack by the enemy. Noth ing daunted, the Third not only held its ground against two brigades, but actually gained ground. Early Sun day morning, as the brigade was pushing forward in the Federal intrenchments, led by the Third regiment, Major Jones, commanding the latter, received a wound which caused the loss of his right arm, and Capt. C. H. Andrews took command. Going forward with great impetuosity, the brigade was the first to reach Chancel lor's, capturing first a battery and 300 prisoners and later an entire Connecticut regiment. On Monday the bri gade, having marched rapidly to the right, supported General Early near Fredericksburg, made an intrepid charge across a wheat field under a hot fire of grape,

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drove a battery from position, and pursued the discom fited enemy. For eight days this brigade was marching and fighting. Its loss was 273; among the killed, Capt. P. M. Heath, Twenty-second, and Capts. W. N. Kendrick and William A. Spier, Forty-eighth.
Semmes' brigade, as has been noted, fought on the line confronting the forward movement of Hooker from Chancellorsville. It was the chief participant in the defeat of Sykes' division of United States regulars on May ist, the Fifty-first Georgia bearing the brunt of the fight. Col. W. M. Slaughter, "the gallant leader of the Fifty-first," received his death-wound early in the action, and a little later Lieut.-Col. Edward Ball was wounded in the head. As the Federal lines gave way on Sunday morning, McLaws and Anderson pressed forward to a union with Jackson's corps, and Lieutenant-Colonel Holt, who with his entire regiment, the veteran and gallant Tenth Georgia, was on skirmish duty, sent forward Lieu tenant Bailey, Company A of his regiment, with a flag of truce and demanded the surrender of a party of the enemy still in their trenches. Three hundred and forty men and officers, considerably outnumbering the Tenth, were thus taken and sent to the rear. The brigade now received orders to move down the turnpike in the direc tion of Fredericksburg to meet the enemy under Sedgwick. Pushing forward they came under severe fire, and the two left regiments, the Fifty-third and Fiftieth, were hard pressed but held their ground without flinching. General Semmes said: '' This battle was one of the most severely contested of the war. Every regiment of the brigade came up to its full measure of duty. The brunt of the battle fell upon this brigade. Beyond my left there was only desultory firing, and beyond my right much firing did not extend far beyond and to the right of the road, whilst the roar of musketry raged furiously along my front." The Tenth and Twenty-first made a brilliant charge in support of Wilcox, driving the enemy

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until it was necessary to recall them, and the Fifty-third and Fiftieth after fighting with stubbornness finally drove him from the field, capturing the colors of the Sec ond Rhode Island regiment. The Fiftieth was no less distinguished by faithful fighting than its comrades. The brigade during the three days' battles captured 595 prisoners and nearly 1,500 small-arms, and inflicted ter rible casualties upon the enemy. Its own loss was very heavy, 577 killed and wounded.
Wofford's brigade was in the fight, especially on the evening of Stonewall Jackson's assault, winning great distinction, but at a loss of 553 killed and wounded. Of Sunday's battle, General McLaws said:
General Wofford threw a portion of his men across the valley between him and the Chancellorsville heights and thus prevented the escape of a considerable body of the enemy which had been opposed to his brigade and to his left and front during the morning. I directed a flag of truce to be sent them and they surrendered. I think that General Wofford is entitled to the most credit for their capture, although the Tenth Georgia, General Semmes, and General Wright of Anderson's division, claimed their share equally.
On May ad while McLaws and Anderson, with the Georgia brigades of Wofford, Semmes and Wright, held the attention of the enemy in front, Jackson made his famous flank march, taking with him among other gal lant commands the Georgia brigades of Thomas, Colquitt and Doles. The Twenty-third Georgia, of Colquitt's bri gade, under Colonel Best, was left near the furnace to protect the wagon train. As the rear of this train was passing the furnace, an attack was made by the Federals. Colonel Best, aided by artillery, held the enemy in check until the train was safe, but a renewed attack resulted in the capture of the greater part of the regiment. General Wright, then coming to the rescue, stopped the progress of the Federals in .that quarter. In the advance that evening by Jackson's corps, the Georgians of Colquitt's

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and Doles' brigades were at the front, while Thomas was with that line tinder A. P. Hill which Jackson ordered in as he was carried from the field. In the onslaught made by Jackson's corps that Saturday evening, May ad, Doles' brigade advanced through a heavy fire of grape, canister and shell, captured a battery, drove the enemy from a hill and across an open field, and then captured a second battery upon an eminence intrenched with riflepits. This fight lasted from 5130 to 9 o'clock and many gallant men lost their lives. Among the killed were Capt. R. M. Bisel, Fourth Georgia; Capts. G. G. Green and H. M. Credille, and Lieut. A. M. Burnside, acting adjutant Forty-fourth, and Capt. U. A. Alien, Twentyfirst. Col. Phil Cook was severely, and Capt. A. C. Watkins, Twenty-first, mortally, wounded. The brigade captured many prisoners on Sunday and continued skir mishing for three days afterward. Colonel Cook and Lieut.-Col. David R. E. Winn, Fourth; Colonel Willis and Maj. Isaac Hardeman, Twelfth; Lieutenant-Colonel Lumpkin, Forty-fourth; and Colonel Mercer and Maj. T. C. Glover, Twenty-first, were especially commended for gallantry. The brigade went into action with 126 officers and 1,468 enlisted men, and lost 66 killed, 343 wounded and 28 missing.
Colquitt's brigade was delayed in getting into the fight by a demonstration of Federal cavalry in flank, but reached the field in time to support Doles. Sunday morning it was sent from flank to flank, finally finding opportunity to take an important part in driving the enemy from the breastworks at Chancellorsville. Capt. William M. Arnold, in command of skirmishers, was particularly distinguished. The brigade was about 1,600 strong and lost 10 killed and 134 wounded outside of the Twenty-third, which, as has been noted, was mainly cap tured, involving a loss of 276 men. Thomas'brigade attacked the enemy at an early hour Sunday morning, drove the first line from breastworks, routed a second
Ga 28

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line, and then with Fender's North Carolinians defeated yet a third Federal line after a sharp conflict. Thomas had to withdraw his brigade some distance after this because he found himself beyond support on either flank. The loss of the brigade in killed and wounded was 177. Among the killed were Capts. Robert P. Harman and W. H. Shaw, and Lieut.-Col. James M. Fielder. Capt. T. T. Mounger and Lieut. H. A. Solomon fell mortally wounded within a few yards of the enemy's breastworks. General Heth reported that Generals Fender, Archer and Thomas deserved, for their successful attacks, to be specially mentioned.
When Lee moved with the main army to meet Hooker at Chancellorsville, he left Early with his division, Barksdale's brigade, and the reserve artillery under Gen eral Pendleton, to hold Sedgwick in check. On Sunday, while Hooker was being pressed back to Chancellorsville, Sedgwick crossed at Fredericksburg and made an attack upon Marye's hill. The first attack was repulsed, but a second one carried the trenches, capturing a large part of the Eighteenth Mississippi and part of the Twentyfirst, besides a company of the Washington artillery with its guns. Early, hastening up with his division, checked the progress of the enemy. The next morning General Early attacked Sedgwick in the rear, while McLaws and Anderson attacked in front. Early's attack began before that of McLaws and Anderson. As the brigades of Hoke and Hays crossed Hazel run to move toward the right, Gordon's brigade advanced toward Lee's and Marye's hills, followed by Smith and Barksdale. Col. C. A. Evans, of the Thirty-first Georgia, was in the lead in this attack of Gordon's brigade, recapturing Marye's hill and holding it, and subsequently, aided by the rest of the division, Gordon compelled the enemy to give up the only advantage he had gained in the three days' bat-

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ties. The loss of the brigade in killed and wounded was
161, including among the wounded Capt. James Mitchell-,
adjutant-general.
Brig. -Gen. William N. Pendleton, chief of artillery, in
his report speaks of the good work of several Georgia
batteries in the fighting on this part of the line. He
tells how Ross' battery (A of the Sumter battalion) ren
dered service in annoying the enemy during a charge of
Hoke's brigade, and how the guns of Captain Patterson,
(Company B of the same battalion) were fought until
ammunition failed. Again General Pendleton says:
Captain Fraser (Pulaski artillery), whom I saw under fire, enlisted warm approbation by his cool self-possession and ready power for emergency. Captain Carlton (Troup artillery) is also entitled to honorable mention for the persistent gallantry and efficiency with which he used his guns. While thus rendering tribute to fidelity, I take peculiar pleasure in directing attention to an instance, recorded by Colonel Cabell, of heroism in Richard W. Saye, a private of Captain Carlton's battery. A shell, with the fuse still burning, had fallen near and was pointed out to Saye. He unhesitatingly seized it and threw it over the parapet, probably saving lives thereby, as the shell exploded a moment after.

CHAPTER XL
BATTLE OF CHAMPION'S HILL--SIEGE OF VICKSBURG --THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN.
THE campaigns which mainly influenced the events of 1863 were those of Grant in Mississippi, which ended in the surrender of Vicksburg, and of Lee in Pennsylvania, which terminated at Gettysburg.
Barton's and Cumming's Georgia brigades had been sent to the defense of Vicksburg in December, 1862, and early in May, 1863, after Grant had landed south of the river city, Brig. -Gen. W. H. T. Walker was sent from Georgia to reinforce the command which Gen. J. E. Johnston was hastily gathering at Jackson. Under Walker's command were the Twenty-fifth regiment, Col. C. C. Wilson; Twenty-ninth, Col. William J. Young; Thirtieth, Col. Thomas W. Mangham; First battalion sharpshooters, Maj. Arthur Shaaff, and Martin's Georgia battery. In Gist's brigade, sent from South Carolina at the same time, were the Forty-sixth Georgia, Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, and the Eighth battalion, Capt. Z. L. Watters.
Walker was at Jackson in time to march to the support of Gregg's Tennesseeans at Raymond, May i2th, and par ticipate in the brief resistance to the Federal occupation of Jackson which immediately followed. In the action here Colonel Colquitt ably commanded Gist's brigade. General Johnston at once urged the promotion of General Walker to division command, as a necessity in the organ ization of an army, and he received a commission as major-general in the month of May. With headquarters at Canton, he had command of a division consisting of the brigades of Gist, Ector, Gregg, McNair and his own
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under Colonel Wilson, in all about 12,000 men present for duty. McNair's was subsequently detached. Thus began the famous career of Walker's division.
In the battle of Champion's Hill, May i6th, the Georgia brigades of Barton and Gumming fought with General Stevenson, where the combat was hottest. Barton on the right, Gumming in the center, and Stephen D. Lee on the left bore alone for some time the Federal assaults, and when they were forced to yield ground the battle was lost. The Georgia regiments engaged were the Fifty-sixth, Col. E. P. Watkins; Fifty-seventh, Col. Wil liam Barkaloo; Thirty-sixth, Col. Jesse A. Glenn; Thirty-fourth, Col. J. A. W. Johnson; Thirty-ninth, Col. J. T. McConnell--all of Gen. Alfred Cumming's brigade; the Fortieth, Col. Abda Johnson; Forty-first, Col. Wil liam E. Curtiss; Forty-second, Col. R. J. Henderson; Forty-third, Col. Skidmore Harris, and the Fifty-second, Col. C. D. Phillips--all of Gen. Seth Barton's brigade. These ten Georgia regiments, with Lee's four Alabama regiments, practically fought the battle against what Gen eral Stevenson reported was an army of four divisions, "numbering from their own statements, about 25,000 men.'' Gumming and Lee gallantly repulsed for some time the enemy's assaults, and being pushed back finally rallied on the line of the Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Georgia. Soon afterward the blow fell upon Barton, and despite his gallant endeavors he was forced back and cut off from the division. But he kept up the fight and held a position near Edward's depot until night. Corput's Georgia battery (the Cherokee artillery) was splendidly served. It was impossible to save the guns, but the gun ners fought to the last. Barton's brigade lost heavily, 58 killed, 106 wounded and 737 captured. General Bar ton reported Col. Skidmore Harris among the captured and wounded. In a report of a later date, General Stev enson states that Colonel Harris was killed at the head of his regiment. Others commended for gallantry were

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Cols. Curtiss, Phillips, Henderson and Abda Johnson. The latter, though sick, was present and cheering his men, who were commanded by Lieut.-Col. Robert M. Young. Majs. Raleigh S. Camp, William H. Hulsey and M. S. Nail; Capts. Max VanD. Corput and J. W. Johnston, and Lieutenant Sharkey, of the artillery; and the staff officers, Capt. A. C. Thom, Lieut. T. B. Lyons, R. F. Patterson, W. Norcum and C. L. Thompson, were specially mentioned.
Cumming's brigade was about 2,500 strong, and lost in killed 142, wounded 314, missing 539, total 995. Of the missing, General Gumming estimated that about 200 were killed or wounded. As they fell back fighting desper ately against the flanking attacks of the enemy, Colonels McConnell and Watkins were severely wounded. Colo nel Watkins had left his sick room at Vicksburg to com mand his regiment in this fight Capt. Henry P. Osborne, the youngest officer of his rank in the Thirty-ninth Georgia, not yet twenty-one years old, was particularly distinguished by the courage and skill displayed in hold ing his company together and securing their orderly with drawal, for which he was complimented by General Gumming on the field. During the subsequent siege he showed remarkable skill in the construction of the part of the line under his supervision. This promising young officer died soon after the fall of Vicksburg at his home in Augusta, Ga., and at his funeral a great outpouring of citizens honored his memory.
During the siege of Vicksburg, soon afterward begun, and continued until the surrender July 4, 1863, the rem nants of the ten Georgia regiments shared the heroic serv ices and uncomplaining endurance of Pemberton's little army. There was not much opportunity for those sallies which enliven the history of famous sieges in romance. The only ones mentioned by General Stevenson were made by Georgians. Lieut.-Col. C. S. Guyton, of the Fifty-seventh Georgia, went out one night with portions

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of that regiment and of the Forty-third Tennessee. Guyton was successful in driving the enemy from three forti fied points on the Hall's Ferry road, inflicting considerable loss. The other event worthy of record was the reconnoissance made on the Warrenton road under Colonel Curtiss, Forty-first Georgia, resulting in the capture of 107 of the enemy's pickets. General Stevenson compli mented this officer with the following special mention: "The reconnoissance was conducted in a manner which reflects credit upon that able officer.''
Another of the heroes of the siege was Lieut. George D. Wise, ordnance officer of Cumming's brigade, who before the opening of the land campaign had made dar ing reconnoissances, was distinguished in the battle of Champion's Hill, and after the Federal lines had been drawn about the fated city, carried dispatches between Pemberton and Johnston, seeming to be able to go and come at will, as if he bore a charmed life.
Walker and his Georgians took part in the ineffectual defense of Jackson, Miss., against Sherman, after the fall of Vicksburg. Here also Marcellus A. Stovall, former commander of the Third battalion, was present, with the rank of brigadier-general, commanding among other regiments the Forty-seventh Georgia.
Turning attention from the western to the eastern fields of conflict, it is observed that almost simultaneously with the fall of Vicksburg occurred the deadly grapple of the Northern and Southern armies at Gettysburg, from which the army of Northern Virginia returned shat tered and bleeding, after having struck the enemy so heavy a blow that he could make no effective pursuit.
Ewell's corps led the way in the forward movement of the army of General Lee in the invasion of Pennsylvania, first taking the fortified post of Winchester, Va., with 23 guns and 4,000 prisoners, a splendid achievement in which Gordon's Georgia brigade took an active part. In Early's report the fact is mentioned that "Gordon's bri-

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gade, which first reached the fort and pulled down the flag over it, preceded the rest of the division.'' The brigade lost about 75 men killed and wounded, among* the former Capts. C. A. Hawkins and J. B. Colding. After this success the Confederate army crossed the Potomac and passing through Maryland entered Pennsylvania.
Gordon's brigade, marching in advance, entered Get tysburg on June 2 6th, and on the next day marched toward York, which they occupied on the morning of the 28th. Thence they marched the same day to the Colum bia bridge over the Susquehanna river, at Wrightsville, where General Early hoped to cross, cut the Pennsylva
nia railroad, march upon Lancaster, lay that town under contribution, and then attack Harrisburg, the capital of the State. But when Gordon and his brigade reached the Susquehanna, he found a militia body intrenched at the tete-de-pont, who retreated when artillery was opened upon them, and running across the bridge, were able to fire it so effectively that Gordon was checked. The bridge was entirely destroyed, and from it the town of Wrightsville caught fire and several buildings were con
sumed. But the further progress of the flames was arrested by the exertions of Gordon's men. General Evans relates that while he was fighting the flames to save the town, he read in a paper the brief special dis patch which announced the recent burning of Darien in Georgia by the Federals. Referring to the threatened destruction of the Pennsylvania city, General Early wrote:
All the cars at Wrightsville were destroyed, but the railroad buildings and two car manufactories, as well as the hospital buildings, were not burned, because after examination I was satisfied that the burning of them would cause the destruction of the greater part of the town, and notwithstanding the barbarous policy pursued by the enemy in similar cases, I determined to forbear in this case, hoping that it might not be without its effect even upon our cruel enemy. This example has been lost

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upon the Yankees, however, as, so far from appreciating the forbearance shown, I am informed that it has actually been charged by some of their papers that Gordon's com mand fired the town of Wrightsville, whereas the exer tions of his men saved the town from utter destruction.
The great battle of the. Pennsylvania campaign at Get tysburg began with the collision of Heth's and Fender's divisions with Buford's Federal cavalry, supported by Wadsworth's division, and rapidly reinforced by Rey nolds' corps. The only Georgia brigade in this conflict, which beginning early culminated in the storming of Seminary ridge, was that of Gen. Edward L. Thomas, and this was retained by Lieut.-Gen. A. P. Hill to meet a threatened advance of the enemy from the left.
After this first day's fight had begun, Ewell, with the Georgia brigades of Gordon and Doles among his other brave fighters, arrived from the Susquehanna and closed in upon the Federals, who had now been reinforced by the corps of O. O. Howard. Pushing down from the north as A. P. Hill was pounding the enemy back from the west, about 3 p. m., Doles and Gordon encountered the Federals strongly posted, with infantry and artillery, but drove them back with heavy loss. Doles' flank being threatened, Gordon made a gallant charge over the fences, rocks and ravines, and carried this position, after a desperate resistance by the enemy, who only gave way when less than fifty paces separated the colors. Many prisoners were taken, and Major-General Barlow, of Howard's corps, was desperately wounded. This onset enabled Doles to advance against the flank of the Feder als, who were still defending Seminary hill, compelling them to give up this important position to A. P. Hill. Doles kept on as rapidly as his tired men could go, hop ing to cut the Federals off from the town, but was not successful in this. He then formed in line of battle on the main street, running east and west. Gordon's brigade occupied a part of the town. Except that Gordon was in
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a night attack on the second day, he and Doles did not take a conspicuous part in the subsequent struggle; but they were engaged in heavy skirmishing during July 2d and 3d on the Confederate left wing.
Gordon's brigade, after Lee's withdrawal on the night of the 4th, was rear guard of the corps. On the 5th.it held the enemy in check at Fan-field, the Thirty-first and Twenty-sixth Georgia, under Colonel Evans, being mainly engaged. In Gordon's brigade the loss at Gettysburg, incurred chiefly on the first day, was 71 killed, 270 wounded and 39 missing, the Thirteenth regiment having the heaviest loss, 20 killed and 83 wounded. The brigade captured a large number of prisoners in the first day's battle. In the charge of that day, Colonel Evans was wounded in the left side and temporarily disabled, but he resumed command on the second and third days.
Doles' brigade carried into action a total of 1,369 and lost 24 killed, 124 wounded, and 31 missing. On the ist of July, Lieut.-Col. D. R. E. Winn was killed and Lieut. Col. S. P. Lumpkin received a wound that caused the loss of a leg, while gallantly leading their regiments, the Fourth and Forty-fourth. General Doles mentioned with especial gratitude the services of Col. Edward Willis and Maj. Isaac Hardeman, of the Twelfth; Col. J. T. Mercer, Lieut.-Col. T. W. Hooper and Maj. T. C. Glover of the Twenty-first; Maj. W. H. Willis, Fourth; Maj. W. H. Peebles, Forty-fourth, and the company officers in command of sharpshooters; Capt. S. G. Pryor, Twelfth; Capt. J. B. Reese, Forty-fourth; Lieut. J. G. Stephens, Fourth, and Lieut. J. S. Wilder, Twenty-first. One flag was captured by the Twelfth.
When Longstreet's corps took position on the field to the south of A. P. Hill, on the second day of the battle, four more Georgia brigades were brought into action. In McLaws' division were the brigade of Gen. P. J. Semmes--Tenth regiment, Col. John B. Weems; Fifti eth, Col. W. R. Manning; Fifty-first, Col. E. Ball; and

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the brigade of Gen. W. T. Wofford--Sixteenth regiment, Col. Goode Bryan; Eighteenth, Lieut.-Col. S. Z. Ruff; Twenty-fourth, Col. Robert McMillan; Cobb's legion, Lieut.-Col. Luther J. Glenn; Phillips' legion, Lieut. E. S. Barclay. In Hood's division were the brigade of Gen. George T. Anderson--Seventh Georgia, Col. W. W. White; Eighth, Col. John R. Towers; Ninth, Lieut.-Col. John C. Mounger; Eleventh, Col. F. H. Little, and Fiftyninth, Col. Jack Brown; and the brigade of Gen. Henry L. Benning--Second regiment, Lieut.-Col. William T. Harris; Fifteenth, Col. D. M. DuBose; Seventeenth, Col. W. C. Hodges, and Twentieth, Col. John A. Jones.
McLaws' division got into position opposite the Fed eral left about 4 p. m. Hood's division was moved on farther to the enemy's left, which it partly enveloped. That evening these two divisions, half Georgians, the other half mainly South Carolinians, Mississippians, Alabamians and Texans, made a successful assault upon Sickles' corps, driving it back from the wheatfield and almost gaining possession of Little Round Top. As the gray line pushed forward it was exposed to artillery fire from the heights and musketry fire from the troops at their front before the base of the ridge. General Hood was wounded and Gen. E. M. Law took command of that division. But the gray swept on until, as General Law has described it, "the blue line in front wavered, broke, and seemed to dissolve in the woods and rocks on the mountainside." As the Confederates followed up among the rocks of Devil's Den, Benning's and Anderson's brigades, until then in the second line, were brought forward, and the four brigades pushed their way up the hill, fighting from boulder to boulder, and sometimes mounting the rocks to fire with better effect. Not an hour had elapsed from the beginning of the attack before the Georgians, Texans and Alabamians had taken Round Top and a spur before Little Round Top, where they intrenched with rocks that night.
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McLaws' division was severely engaged at the wheatfield and peach orchard. Semmes followed Kershaw's South Carolinians, but soon was ordered to the front line, and just as he was about to take that position he fell mortally wounded. As the desperate fight progressed with varying fortune, Wofford rode up at the head of his splendid brigade and turned the flank of the enemy, who was pushing back Kershaw and Semmes. Wofford's men attacked with great effect, said General Kershaw, and drove the Federals back to Little Round Top. Con cerning the fight of Wofford's and Semmes' brigades, there is unfortunately little information in the official reports. The losses are reported at 55 killed, 284 wounded and 91 missing for Semmes' brigade, and at 30 killed, 192 wounded and 112 missing for Wofford's. The regi ments which suffered most were the Tenth and Fiftythird. The service of Benning's brigade is well described in detail in the report of the brigadier-general command ing. The regiments moved first through a wood, not seeing the enemy, but feeling his shells. Emerging they confronted at 600 yards distance a steep and rough mountain spur, while to the right about 500 yards was the summit of the eminence on which artillery was posted, as well as on the top of the spur. The Georgians pushed right up among the rocks in spite of a deadly fire, took the spur and three of the cannon on it, with 300 prisoners, and then held this exposed position while shells were con stantly bursting over them and every head that showed itself was a target for a minie ball; repulsing all at tempts to dislodge them until they were ordered to retire next day, following the failure of Pickett's and Pettigrew's charge.
The loss was heavy among the best and bravest. Col. John A. Jones, Twentieth, was killed late in the fight, after the enemy had been driven from the lower emi nence, and had opened fire from the upper hill with shell, a fragment of which glanced from a rock and passed

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through his brain. He had been conspicuous for cool ness and gallantry. Colonel Harris, of the Second, equally distinguished, was killed by a ball through the heart as he and his regiment passed through a gorge swept by the fire of infantry and artillery. Lieut. -Col. J. D. Waddell succeeded to the command of the Twenti eth, and Maj. W. S. Shepherd to that of the Second. The captured guns were taken by the Twentieth and the Seventeenth, aided by a part of the First Texas which had joined the brigade; but as General Benning says, "they could not have taken, certainly not held the guns if the Second and Fifteenth had not by the hardest kind of fighting at great loss protected their flanks." Colonel DuBose's men were particularly distinguished in the capture of prisoners. On the evening of the third day, an order from General McLaws improperly con veyed caused Colonel DuBose to be sent with his regi ment to an exposed position, from which he was able to extricate himself by gallant fighting but at great loss. This regiment had the most killed, wounded and missing --70 on the 2d and 101 on the jd, in all over half the regiment. The loss of the brigade was given at about 400 on the 2d, and in all 509.
Anderson's Georgians made three charges upon the enemy, at the base of the hill, marked by desperate fight ing, and in the second of these, General Anderson was severely wounded, the command devolving upon Lieut. Col. William Luffman, Eleventh regiment. LieutenantColonel Mounger, of. the Ninth, was killed by a piece of shell soon after the advance commenced, and for about an hour Maj. W. M. Jones was in command, when he and Capt. J. M. D. King were both wounded, and carried from the field, leaving the regiment in charge of Capt. George Hillyer. Lieut. E. W. Bowen was among the killed. Eleven officers were wounded; of the enlisted men, 25 killed, and 119 wounded, with 32 missing, mak ing a total loss of 189 out of 340. Col. F. H. Little of

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the Eleventh, was severely wounded, and after Luffman took command of the brigade, Maj. H. D. McDaniel was in charge of the Eleventh. Among the killed of this regiment were Capts. M. T. Nunnally and John W. Stokes, and Lieut. W. H. Baskin. The total loss was 204. On the 3d the Eleventh, under Capt. W. H. Mitchell, and the Fifty-ninth, under Capt. M. G. Bass, all com manded by Major McDaniel, and supported by the Eighth, Capt. D. Scott, and the brigade skirmishers under Capt. S. D. Cockrell, repulsed the effort of the Federal cavalry
to turn the flank of Hood's division. During this combat the Ninth Georgia, under Capt. George Hillyer, moved at double-quick and saved a battery frow. the cavalry of the gallant Farnsworth, who fell in his desperate charge upon the Confederate right. The Fifty-ninth lost 116 men. Col. Jack Brown was wounded, and Capt. M. G. Bass was next in command.
While two of Longstreet's divisions were fighting at Little Round Top, Wright's Georgia brigade of Anderson's division, A. P. Hill's corps, had the honor of gain ing the crest of the famous eminence where, on the fol lowing day, the "high tide of the Confederacy" dashed in vain. Anderson struck the Federal line just north of McLaws, and Wright's Georgians were on the north end of Anderson's line, the extreme left of the fighting line on the right of the army. They marched for more than a mile across an open plain, swept by the enemy's artillery, drove the infantry and artillery from the Emmitsburg turnpike, capturing several guns; routed them from behind a stone wall, their next place of defense, and finally, by a well-directed fire, drove the gunners from the crest of Cemetery hill, and by an irresistible charge swept the infantry also from the crest and into a gorge
beyond. They had gained the key to the enemy's whole line, the master position that Pettigrew and Pickett tried in vain to secure on the following day. But as the Geor gians looked around they found that they were supported

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neither on the right nor left, and that their thinned ranks
were hardly sufficient to hold this advanced position.
Under cover of the rocks and woods, strong detachments
of the enemy were at once sent from both sides to cut
them off. General Wright, in his report of this daring
advance of his brigade, says:
We were now in a critical condition. The enemy's converging line was rapidly closing upon our rear; a few moments more and we would be completely surrounded; 'still no support could be seen coming to our assistance, and with painful hearts we abandoned our captured guns, faced about, and prepared to cut our way through the closing lines in our rear. This was effected in tolerable order, but with immense loss. The enemy rushed to his abandoned guns as soon as we began to retire, and poured a severe fire of grape and canister into our thinned ranks as we retired slowly down the slope into the valley below. ... I have not the slightest doubt that I should have been able to maintain my position on the heights, and secure the captured artillery, if there had been a protecting force on my left, or if the brigade on my right had not been forced to retire. We captured over twenty pieces of artillery ... by the Third Georgia, eleven pieces; Twenty-second, three; Fortyeighth, four, and Second battalion, five or six.
The loss was very heavy, 335 killed and wounded, and
333 captured or missing. The Third regiment, com
manded by Col. Edward J. Walker, fought superbly and
lost 196 men. Col. Joseph Was den, commanding the
Twenty-second, was killed at the turnpike. The service
contained no truer or more devoted officer. The adjut
ant was wounded and left on the field; of seven captains
that went in, only one came out; the color-bearer and
five color-guards were shot down. Capt. B. C. McCurry
was left in command. Col. William Gibson, of the
Forty-eighth, was wounded and left on the field. This
regiment fought exposed both to enfilade and direct fire,
and suffered more than any other, losing 212 in all, in
cluding 5 captains out of 6, and u lieutenants out of 17.

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The colors were shot down seven times. Maj. George W.
Ross, Second battalion, a splendid disciplinarian and
accomplished gentleman and soldier, was shot down
while endeavoring to remove some of the captured can
non, and died in the hands of the enemy. The gallant
Capt. C. R. Redding was left on the field for dead. The
battalion fought along the whole line of the brigade, hav
ing been first deployed as skirmishers. Capt. Charles J.
Moffett succeeded to command.
In Col. H. C. Cabell's artillery battalion, attached to
McLaws' division, were two Georgia batteries, the Troup
artillery, Capt. H. H. Carlton, and the Pulaski artillery,
Capt. J. C. Fraser; also McCarthy's Virginia battery and
Manly's North Carolina battery. This battalion, which
opened the fight of McLaws' division, July ad, was
placed in position near the crest of a hill on the edge of a wood, the right resting near the road leading from Get
tysburg to Emmitsburg. Exposed themselves to a flank
ing fire from the enemy's mountain batteries, their posi tion gave them a similar advantage in firing upon a large part of the Federal line. Colonel Cabell says:
The battalion being the first to open fire received for a short time a concentrated fire from the enemy's batteries --the loss of my battalion was very heavy during this cannonading. Captain Fraser (Pulaski artillery), who had always in previous engagements, as in this, set an example of the highest courage, coolness and gallantry, fell dangerously wounded by the bursting of a shell. The same shell killed two sergeants and one man. Lieut. R. H. Couper of the same battery was wounded during the same engagement. The batteries in the peach orchard were driven off. The next day, finding that Capt. Fraser's command was so much crippled by the loss of men, I placed two of his guns (3-inch rifles), in charge of Capt. B. C. Manly, and two Parrott guns of Captain Fraser's battery, under command of Lieut. W. J. Furlong, were ordered to take position on the new and advanced line of battle. Capt. H. H. Carlton's battery (Troup artillery) and a section of Captain McCarthy's

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battery (two Napoleons) were ordered to the left of the line in front of Picket't's division.
The fire of the artillery opened about i p. m., and for two hours the cannonading was almost continuous. Mc Carthy's and Carlton's batteries were opposite the ceme tery position of the enemy. The artillery ceased firing as a part of Pickett's division passed over the ground occu pied by them in the celebrated charge. "During the can
nonading, '' says Colonel Cabell. '' Lieut. Henry Jennings, a brave and gallant officer, fell wounded, and later in the day Captain Carlton, who has in action so gallantly com manded his battery, fell, also wounded. The command of the battery fell upon and was at once assumed by First Lieut. C. W. Motes.'' After the repulse of Pickett, Captain McCarthy and Lieutenant Motes of the
Troup artillery were ordered to move forward upon a line with the sections commanded by Lieutenants Anderson, Payne and Furlong, the latter commanding two guns of the Pulaski artillery. These guns fired upon an ap
proaching line of the enemy's infantry and drove it back. They remained in their advanced position until night, when they were withdrawn. The loss in the Troup artil lery at Gettysburg was \ killed and '6 wounded, while that in the Pulaski artillery was 4 killed and 14 wounded.
The Sumter battalion of artillery was, during the battle
of Gettysburg, attached to Gen. R. H. Anderson's divi sion and was commanded by Maj. John Lane, who re ported as follows:
Early on the morning of July ad, in compliance with an order, I sent Capt. G. M. Patterson's battery, consisting at that time of two Napoleon guns and four 12-pounder howitzers, with one 12-pounder howitzer of Capt. H. M. Ross' battery, to report to Brigadier-General Wilcox; while with the battery of Capt. John T. Wingfield, con sisting of two 2o-pounder Parrotts and three 3-inch navy Parrotts, and the five remaining pieces of Captain Ross' battery, embracing three lo-pounder Parrotts, one 3-inch navy Parrott and one Napoleon, I went into position on
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a ridge east of the town of Gettysburg, fronting the enemy's guns on Cemetery hill, and distant therefrom nearly 1,400 yards. With these guns immediately under my command, I took part in the actions of the 2d and 3d instant, being at all times during the engagement sub jected to a very heavy fire, chiefly from Napoleon guns. In these two days' actions Captain Ross' battery sustained a loss of i man killed and 7 wounded. Captain Wingfield's battery had 9 men wounded, besides 8 or 10 others struck but not disabled. Captain Wingfield had a very severe bruise on the leg by a piece of shell, but did not leave the field. From Captain Patterson's report I learn that he went into action only on the second day's battle, then with the brigade of General Wilcox, and though engaged but a short while, sustained a loss of z'men killed and 5 wounded.
The reports show that the battalion lost in the whole
campaign 3 men killed, 21 wounded and 6 missing; also
lost 53 horses. Lane's report speaks in high terms
of the gallantry displayed by officers and men, "as well
as of their patient endurance of the hardships of the march
and the gnawings of hunger caused by being without
rations for several days consecutively." "We interred
our dead decently," he continues, "and brought every
wounded man of the battalion across the Potomac, for which Chief Surg. W. A. Green is entitled to praise.''
The operations of the cavalry during the Gettysburg campaign may be considered as beginning with the bat
tle of Fleetwood (Brandy Station). In this hard-fought
battle Cobb's Georgia legion, commanded by Col. P. M.
B. Young, was complimented by General Stuart, who said in his report that at a critical moment, "the leading
regiment of Hampton's brigade (Col. P. M. B. Young's
Georgia regiment) came up and made a brilliant charge
upon the flank of the enemy, supported by Black's South
Carolina cavalry, thus checking his advance up the hill.''
In the great cavalry battle on the third day at Gettysburg and in the preceding and succeeding movements, Cobb's
and Phillips' Georgia legions bore a gallant part. The

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loss in Cobb's legion at Gettysburg was 8 killed, 6 wounded and 7 missing. Phillips' legion suffered a loss of i killed and 9 wounded. Hampton's brigade, to which these two commands belonged, had a greater loss than any other brigade of Stuart's command, and Cobb's legion lost more in killed than any other regiment of the division except the Seventh Virginia, which lost an equal number. Hampton had a fight of his own with the enemy on July ad at Hunterstown, where the Cobb legion, in front of the Phillips legion and the Second South Carolina regi ment as supporting forces on the flanks, met a charge of the enemy with a countercharge, and not only repulsed but drove them back.

CHAPTER XII.
THE COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA AND FLORIDA, JULY TO DECEMBER, 1863.
THE operations on the south Atlantic coast during the summer of 1863 were mainly concentrated at Charleston, where General Colquitt and his bri gade were on duty. Col. C. H. Olmstead's regiment (the First of Georgia), the Fifty-fourth and the Nine teenth were on duty'at Battery Wagner previous to the assault of July nth. On that day there were in the gar rison, consisting of South Carolina and Georgia troops, four companies of the First volunteer regiment of Georgia, Col. C. H. Olmstead; four companies of the Twelfth Georgia battalion, Lieut.-Col. H. D. Capers, and three companies of the Eighteenth Georgia battalion, Maj. W. S. Basinger. The three detachments numbered about 500 men, all under the command of Colonel Olm stead. The assault of the enemy was quickly repulsed. Col. R. F. Graham, of the Twenty-first South Carolina, commanding, reported as follows: '' My loss was i officer killed and 5 privates, i officer wounded and 5 privates, all from the Georgia troops. The whole garrison stood to their posts firmly and without flinching."
On Saturday, July i8th, came the second and most determined assault of the enemy on Battery Wagner. The garrison for the day consisted of commands from North and South Carolina infantry and Georgia and South Carolina artillery, numbering in all about 1,000 men, all under the command of Brig.-Gen. W. B. Taliaferro. The artillery consisted of companies under Capts. W. T. Tatom and Warren Adams, Third South Carolina artil-
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237

lery; J. T. Buckner and W. J. Dixon, Sixty-third Geor gia, heavy artillery, and Captain De Pass, commanding light artillery--all tinder the general command of Lieut. Col. J. C. Simkins, chief of artillery. The enemy sub jected the fort to a furious bombardment by their land batteries, supported by their entire fleet, consisting of the Ironsides, five monitors and a large number of other warships. General Taliaferro said in his report: "With this immense circle of fire by land and sea, he poured for eleven hours without cessation or intermission a storm of shot and shell upon Fort Wagner which is perhaps unequaled in history. My estimate is that not less than 9,000 solid shot and shell of all sizes, from 15-inch down ward, were hurled during this period at the work. About 2 o'clock p. m. the flag halyards were cut, and the Con federate flag blew over into the fort. Instantly Major Ramsay, Charleston battalion, Lieut. William E. Readick, Sixty-third Georgia artillery, Sergeant Shelton and Private Flinn, Charleston battalion, sprang forward and replaced it on the ramparts." At 7:45 p. m. the assault was made by more than 6,000 Federals, who suffered a disastrous repulse, losing more than 1,500 men.
Among those especially commended for gallantry were Captains Buckner and Dixon of the Sixty-third Georgia and Corporal Conneway of the Twenty-second Georgia battalion. General Taliaferro also commended the bravery and zeal of the Georgians under Col. C. H. Olmstead, Lieut-Col. H. D. Capers, Maj. G. M. Hanvey and Maj. W. S. Basinger, which, together with several South Carolina commands, had formed the garrison during the first part of the week.
During a large part of August, Col. George P. Harrison, of the Thirty-second Georgia, commanded Battery Wag ner, having in garrison, besides his own regiment, the Twelfth Georgia battalion. Other Georgia commands engaged at Charleston were the Sixth, Nineteenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Col-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

quitt's brigade; the Thirty-second and Fifty-fourth regi ments, and Anderson's brigade, which arrived in Sep tember, including the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh and Fifty-ninth. Capt. J. R. Haines, commanding the Twenty-eighth, was killed September 5th by a mortar shell, and General Colquitt's aide, Lieut. James Randle, was mortally wounded August agth. Others killed were Capt. C. Werner, First volunteers, July nth, and Capt. A. S. Roberts, August 24th. Two batteries of the Twentysecond artillery were also there, and the Chatham and Chestatee batteries, light artillery. The Fifth regiment and Twenty-first and Twenty-fourth battalions of cavalry were likewise on duty in the vicinity of Charleston dur ing the active siege operations of 1863.
In the memorable defense of Fort Sumter, which was maintained after the walls had been pounded into dust piles, defying the utmost capabilities of the powerful guns of the Federal fleet, Georgians had equal honors with South Carolinians, and the blood of the two States mingled on that historic spot. On the December day when the magazine exploded and a destructive fire raged in which many of the killed and wounded were burned, the Sixth, Nineteenth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-seventh Georgia regiments furnished half the victims. On one occasion, when Fort Sumter was undergoing a heavy bombardment, the flagstaff was cut in two and the flag came down. Sergt. William M. Hitt and Private Bob Swain, both of the Twelfth Georgia battalion, witnessed the fall of the colors. At imminent risk of their lives, they restored the flag to its proper position, the sergeant standing by the pole while Swain mounted upon his shoulders in order to get a good start on his perilous climb. This exploit was mentioned in general orders. Another member of the Twelfth battalion, Private Hood Hitt, risked the fire of the enemy to get a little piece of the flag for a memento of his service in Fort Sumter.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

239

. At the close of 1863 the following was the assignment
of Georgia troops in the department of General Beaure-
gard--South Carolina, Georgia and Florida:
In Gen. R. S. Ripley's (First) district, South Carolina: Eighteenth battalion, Maj. W. S. Basinger; Chestatee artillery, Capt. Thomas H. Bomar. In Gen. B. H. Robertson's (Second) district, South Carolina, Fifth cavalry, Maj. R. J. Davant. In Gen. W. S. Walker's (Third) district, South Carolina: Twelfth battalion, Maj. G. M. Hanvey; Thirty-second regiment, Maj. W. T. Holland; Fifty-fourth regiment, Maj. William H. Mann. In Gen. J. H. Trapier's (Fourth) district, South Carolina,Twentyfirst cavalry battalion, Maj. William P. White. In Gen. Johnson Hagood's sub-district, South Carolina: Twentysecond battalion, Company G, Capt. Joseph A. Beals; Twenty-seventh regiment, Col. Charles T. Zachry; Twenty-ninth regiment, Company A, Capt. W. W. Bilopp; Chatham artillery, Capt. John F. Wheaton. In Gen. A. H. Colquitt's sub-district, South Carolina; Sixth Georgia, Col. John T. Lofton; Twelfth battalion, Com pany C, Capt. George W. Johnson, attached to siege train; Nineteenth regiment, Col. James H. Neal; Twenty-third regiment, Maj. M. R. Ballenger; Twentyeighth regiment, Col. Tully Graybill.
In Gen. W. M. Gardner's (middle Florida) district; Sixty-fourth regiment, Col. John W. Evans; Echols (Georgia) artillery, Capt. J. H. Tiller; Georgia siege artillery, one company, Capt. C. G. Campbell, and in Col. William J. Magill's sub-district (middle Florida), the First regulars, Maj. R. A. Wayne; Twenty-eighth battalion, four companies, Maj. A. Bonaud, and three companies, Capt. J. A. Gotten.
In district of Georgia, Brig.-Gen. H. W. Mercer commanding--Second Confederate engineers, Company D, Capt. J. W. McAlpine; First Georgia, Col. C. H. Ohnstead; Twenty-second battalion, Lieut.-Col. W. R. Pritchard; Twenty-ninth regiment, Company G; Thir teenth regiment, Company K; Fifty-fourth, four com panies, Maj. George L. Buist; Fifty-seventh, Col. W. Barkaloo; Sixty-third, Col. George A. Gordon, Jackson guards, Capt. John Tanner; Fourth cavalry, Col. Duncan L. Clinch; Twentieth cavalry battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Millen; Twenty-fourth cavalry battalioi?, Maj.

240

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

E. C. Anderson, Jr.; Hardwick mounted rifles, Capt. J. L. McAllister; Joe Thompson artillery, Capt. C. R. Hanleiter; artillery company, Capt. N. B. Clinch; artil lery company, Capt. John M. Guerard; Battery A, Capt. T. A. Maxwell; Battery B, Capt. Charles Daniell; Terrell artillery, Capt. John W. Brooks.

CHAPTER XIII.
THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN--ROSECRANS' ADVANCE IN NORTHWEST GEORGIA -- BRAGG EVACUATES CHATTANOOGA--THE MANEUVERS IN THE MOUNT AINS--THE TWO DAYS' BATTLE ON CHICKAMAUGA CREEK--ROSECRANS DEFEATED AND PENNED IN AT CHATTANOOGA.
THE operations in Tennessee in the summer of 1863 resulted in the pushing back of Bragg's army to the line of the Tennessee river, or practically the north line of Georgia. Before this was brought about there was sharp fighting in the hills of Tennessee, nota bly at Hoover's gap, June 24th, where the Thirty-seventh (then known as the First) Georgia regiment, Col. A. F. Rudler, and Maj. T. D. Caswell's battalion of sharp shooters (Fourth Georgia battalion) participated. The Georgians fought all day, forming with the Twentieth Tennessee that part of General Bate's brigade, less than 700 men, who "successfully fought and held at bay until nightfall the battalions of the advancing foe." Among those severely wounded were Capt. W. M. Carter and Adjt. John R. Yourie of Caswell's battalion, and Capt. W. A. Quinn and Lieuts. William Hutchison and John W. Murphey of the Thirty-seventh. The loss of the Thirtyseventh was 48, and of the sharpshooters 43 killed and wounded.
The battle of Chickamauga, as well as the incidents immediately preceding it, will here be described more fully than other engagements for the reason that it was the greatest conflict of hostile forces on the soil of Georgia, as well as one of the great battles of the war.
On August 2oth, Gen. Braxton Bragg, with headquar-
241
GA31

242

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

ters at Chattanooga, had to defend the line of the Ten

nessee river with an effective force of about 35,000 men,

infantry and artillery, embraced in the corps commanded

by Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas Polk, and the corps lately under

Hardee, but to which Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill had just

been assigned by President Davis. About 10,000 cavalry

were under command of Gens. Joseph Wheeler and N. B.

Forrest. The divisions of Folk's corps were commanded

by Maj.-Gens. Benjamin F. Cheatham and Thomas C.

Hindman; the divisions of Hill's corps by Maj.-Gens.

;;H|||

Patrick R. Cleburne and Alexander P. Stewart. Brig.-

lilH

Gen. John K. Jackson, of Georgia, commanded a brigade

:H:sfl

of Cheatham's division, including besides two Mississippi

J;;;;||

regiments the second battalion of the First Confederate,

;;;;;:;||

Maj. James Clark Gordon; Fifth regiment, Col. Charles

Wjj

P. Daniel, and the Second battalion sharpshooters, Maj.

::t|f

Richard H. Whitely. Another brigade in which there

::||:

were Georgia commands at that time was Bate's of

:.;';;;;|l;

Stewart's division, which included the Thirty-seventh

:;;|fl

regiment and Fourth sharpshooters. The division of

Hsfl

Maj.-Gen. John C. Breckinridge soon came up from

::H||

Mississippi, bringing with it one Georgia regiment, the

;::;||

Forty-seventh, Capt. W. S. Phillips, in the brigade of

: :H:||

Gen. Marcellus A. Stovall. Another reinforcement from

s|||

the same region was the division of Maj.-Gen. William

. ; ||||

H. T. Walker, in which the brigade of S. R. Gist was

.;!||

half Georgian, and that of Col. C. C. Wilson was almost

Jl|l

entirely so. These two divisions added 12,000 men to

Hill

Bragg's army. The division of Brig.-Gen. William

m:

Preston, also being ordered up, brought 4,500 -men,

:||f|

including the Sixty-fifth Georgia, Col. R. H. Moore, in

;J1||

the brigade of Col. John H. Kelly.

1|||

In Major-General Wheeler's cavalry corps was a bri-

|||;j

gade commanded by Col. C. C. Crews, Second Georgia,

:||i;

including his regiment under Lieut.-Col. F. M. Ison, the

|l|i

Third under Col. R. Thompson, and the Fourth, Col.

|||

I. W. Avery. Brigadier-General Forrest's cavalry corps

lift

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

243

contained the First Georgia, Col. J. J. Morrison, and Sixth, Col. John R. Hart, in H. B. Davidson's brigade of Pegram's division. Company G, Second cavalry, Capt. Thomas M. Merritt, had the post of escort for General Cheatham.
Scogin's Georgia battery was attached to Melancthon Smith's battalion; Capt. Evan P. Howell's battery to Walker's division; Dawson's battery, Lieut R. W. Anderson, and Company E, Ninth battalion, Lieut. W. S. Everett, to Stewart's division. The batteries of Capts. Tyler M. Peeples and Andrew M. Wolihin came with Leyden's battalion from east Tennessee, and in the reserve artillery under Maj. F. H. Robertson, were the Georgia batteries of Capts. M. W. Havis and T. L. Massenburg.
The Federal army which appeared before Bragg at Chattanooga was commanded by Maj.-Gen. W. S. Rosecrans, who had gained fame by spirited fighting in West Virginia, by his desperate defense of Corinth against Van Dorn, and the stubbornness with which he had refused to consider himself beaten at Murfreesboro. In his army were the Fourteenth army corps, 20, ooo strong, commanded by Maj.-Gen. George H. Thomas; the Twentieth corps, n,ooo strong, under Maj.-Gen. A. D. McCook; the Twenty-first corps, 12,000 strong, Maj.-Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden; the reserve corps, Maj.-Gen. Gordon Granger, with 4,000 men, and the cavalry corps commanded by Brig.-Gen. Robert B. Mitchell, 10,000 strong. In round numbers the force was estimated at 57,000 men, mainly from Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.
The Northern army was encouraged by the progress it had made, had confidence in its general commanding, and was well supplied with provisions, arms, ammunition and clothing. The army of Tennessee, on the contrary, was pervaded by discouragement on account of the retreats it had made, and the bloody battles it had fought without apparent results. Though in its own country, it

244

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

must depend on the railroad to Atlanta as a base, for northern Georgia was nearly destitute, as has been pointed out in another connection.
On the i6th of August, Rosecrans put his army in motion to pass the Cumberland mountains and marched southward. Having crossed the Tennessee river in the vicinity of Stevenson and Bridgeport, Ala., the Federals found themselves confronted by Sand mountain, the northern extremity of which is known as Raccoon mount ain. At the eastern base of this ridge runs Lookout creek, separating from Sand mountain the parallel ridge known as Lookout mountain, whose abrupt termination, where Lookout creek empties into the Tennessee, looms up in the sky just southwest of Chattanooga. Beyond Lookout mountain a valley runs in the same general direction, drained by Chattanooga creek, east of which is another parallel ridge, more passable, called Missionary ridge, the northward termination of which is east of Chattanooga and is pierced by the tunnel of the Georgia State railroad. East of Missionary ridge lies the most important of these valleys, McLemore's cove, which is traversed by the west branch of Chickamauga creek, and ends 25 miles below Chattanooga in a junction of the mountain ridges. Pigeon mountain is the next running a parallel course of 40 miles, and still further east are the ranges of Chickamauga hills and Taylor's ridge. These must all be traversed by Rosecrans, six ridges separated by valleys and creeks, before he could reach the rail road communications of Bragg.
On September 8th, Rosecrans, having determined to flank his opponent out of Chattanooga, ordered an advance on the right and center of his 45-mile line, up to this time hid behind the Lookout range. General Bragg perceiving these movements evacuated Chatta nooga after he had telegraphed the president, "Rose crans' main force attained my left and rear. I followed and endeavored to bring him to action and secure my

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

245

communications. This may compel the loss of Chatta nooga, but is unavoidable."
Crittenden marched his advance guard around the northern verge of Lookout mountain, occupied the city of Chattanooga, and on the next day placed his main body at Rossville. Thomas' corps was consuming four days in crossing Lookout mountain at the passes 25 miles southward, while Bragg was transferring his army to a new line, northward and southward along the east side of Pigeon mountain. D. H. Hill's corps reached Lafay ette, the left flank of the new Confederate position, and Cleburne's division was posted at the three passes of Pigeon mountain near Lafayette, Catlett's gap, Dug gap, and Blue Bird gap, from which the Confederates could see Thomas' men marching into the valley on the west.
Rosecrans believed at first that Bragg was retreating to Rome, and instructed Crittenden to leave one brigade at Chattanooga and "follow the enemy's retreat vigorously" by way of Ringgold and Dalton. This brought Crittenden's advance to Ringgold on the loth, on the Confed erate right flank. Near there Pegram's cavalry brigade encountered his mounted pickets and captured 59 prison ers. On the nth, Crittenden, having found Bragg, began moving west from Ringgold, and on the 12th he was at Gordon's mill on Chickamauga creek with his corps. Wilder's mounted brigade, covering the move ment, had a severe skirmish at Leet's tanyard with the Sixth Georgia cavalry, Col. John R. Hart, and Racket's legion, in which the Federals lost about 30 and the Con federates 50 men. '' It would be impossible,'' said General Pegram, "to pay too high a tribute to the daring gallantry of my small force in this unequal conflict with the picked brigade of General Crittenden's corps."
The orders of General Bragg indicate that he was plan ning attacks in detail upon the enemy, scattered along a 40-mile line in the mountains, and the period when this was not done and the enemy escaped destruction might

246

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

be called the first epoch of the campaign. In pursuance of this plan, General Bragg first sought to strike the portions of Thomas' corps at the gaps of the Lookout range and that movement failing, he directed his atten tion to Crittenden, who was supposed to have one division at Gordon's mill and one at Ringgold; but this further attempt to destroy the Federal forces in detail also proved impracticable. In both cases the enemy slipped away from attack.
Rosecrans now more clearly saw Bragg's position and McCook was ordered to hurry back from Alpine. Thomas pushed all his corps over the mountain and down into the cove and along Chickamauga creek north ward, and Crittenden was ordered to post Wood at Gor don's mill, and with the rest of his corps take position on Missionary ridge so as to command the roads to Chatta nooga on either side of the ridge, while Wilder estab lished connection with Thomas. On the iyth, after a forced march of 67 miles by way of Valley Head, Ala., McCook had most of his corps in the cove and connecting with Thomas near Pond spring. Thus on the evening of the 17th the army of Rosecrans was in a degree concen trated in a long line along the Chickamauga from Stevens' gap to Lee & Gordon's mill.
In the meantime Bragg had made no attack, but hav ing failed to cut off detachments of the enemy, he now resolved to isolate the whole Federal army by moving his army by the right flank sheltered by Pigeon mount ain so as to intercept Rosecrans' communications with Chattanooga. In this design he was encouraged by the near approach of veteran reinforcements, a portion of Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia, the removal of which by railroad from the Rappahannock to the Tennessee was the most notable feat of military transportation on the Southern side in the war.
On the i ?th, when Rosecrans' army stretched along the west side of the Chickamauga, Bragg had so disposed his

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

247

forces that while Polk confronted Wood's division at Lee & Gordon's mill, the extreme Federal left on Chickamauga creek, his own right extended further northward, threatening the roads to Chattanooga. Buckner was next north of Polk; then Walker's corps; and the extreme north of the Confederate line was Bushrod Johnson's division near Ringgold. Rosecrans was made aware of these dispositions to some extent by cavalry skirmishing near Reed's bridge, and observing that his left was about to be enveloped, he ordered Crittenden to form on the Rossville road to the north of Lee & Gordon's mill. Thomas was ordered from the center to the left, leaving one division at Crawfish spring, and with the others mov ing past Widow Glenn's to Kelly's, on the Rossville road, at the1 eastern foot of Snodgrass hill. McCook was to close up on Crawfish spring, forming the Federal right. This concentration toward the left Rosecrans ordered to be made secretly, beginning on the morning of the i8th.
Bragg also had his plans for that morning, and they were all designed to bring on a battle. He had issued orders the previous night for a movement to begin on the right at 6 a. m., at Reed's bridge, where Johnson was to cross and sweep to the south while Walker crossed at Alexander's bridge, and Buckner at Thedford's ford, and all together were to flank, surround and push the enemy up the valley while Polk attacked in front at Lee & Gordon's mill, and Hill covered the left flank. This was all entirely practicable so far as the position of Rosecrans' infantry would affect it. It was not until Thomas had marched all night of the i8th that he was in the position assigned him by Rosecrans.
But again the fatality which had attended the orders of General Bragg intervened, and the defeat of the Fed eral army was prevented. Bragg said: "The resistance of the enemy's cavalry and the difficulties arising from the bad and narrow country roads caused unexpected delays in the execution of these movements. Though

248

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

the commander of the right column (Polk) was several times urged to press forward, his crossing was not effected until late in the afternoon." Johnson reported that he left the vicinity of Ringgold at 5 a. m. with the brigades of Johnson, McNair, Gregg and Robertson, leaving Law's and Benning's brigades, which had just arrived, to cook rations before following. After marching three miles he was ordered back to take another road, which brought him to Peeler's mill about n a. m. Forrest's cavalry, assisted by infantry, then pushed back the Fed eral cavalry of Minty across the bridge, but it was not until 3 p. m, that the command began crossing the Chickamauga at Reed's bridge. At this moment Gen. John B. Hood arrived and a little later took command of the column. These four brigades, the only Confederate commands to cross that day, marched down within two miles of Lee & Gordon's mill, confronting the north flank of the Federal army, and slept there that night on their arms, while Thomas was marching past to Kelly's farm. General Walker's passage at Alexander's bridge was contested by Federal cavalry, who destroyed the bridge before they were driven away, compelling Walker to cross that night at Byram's ford. He then reported to General Hood.
On the morning of the ipth, a line of battle was formed with Buckner's left resting on the creek about a mile below Lee & Gordon's mill, next Hood with his own and John son's divisions, and Walker on the extreme north. In reserve Cheatham's division of Folk's corps was formed as it crossed.
Soon after 'getting into position at Kelly's with two divisions, about 9 a. m. of the igth, Thomas was told that there was but one brigade of Confederates across the river, and he ordered Brannan to seek the lone brigade and capture it. Croxton's brigade of Brannan's moving toward Reed's bridge, drove back Forrest's cavalry upon Ector's and Wilson's small brigades, and these charged

f* * C HI C KTAMAU Gi
WALKER Ca.GSORGIA,
._ _ Federal Lin <*., ,, IstPosit/or, SOih \
From RoltCflfiWMaps. \

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

249

and pushed back Croxton. Brannan reported that Croxton encountered two divisions of the enemy, who made a furious attack. Other brigades of Brannan's advancing toward Daffron's ford, drove back the Confederates in their front; Baird's division came up to the support of Brannan, and Walker was being hard pressed when Liddell's division swooped down on two of Baird's brigades, Scribner's and King's, and sent them flying to the rear, with their batteries left behind them. As Liddell pur sued he was met by part of Brannan's division, supported by R. W. Johnson's division of McCook's corps, and was forced back, losing heavily and parting with his freshly captured guns. 'Then Cheatham came into the fight with his division, and was advancing brilliantly until he was checked by Federal reinforcements, and Wright's brigade lost its battery. A. P. Stewart's division dashed in and rescued the battery and pushed back the enemy. All of Hood's line was engaged, and in the evening Cleburne's division took part in the battle. In a brilliant and successful assault after dusk Brig.-Gen. Preston Smith was killed.
To sustain Thomas' corps in this combat, Palmer's division, then VanCleve's and finally Wood's, were sent up by Crittenden, and the divisions of Davis and Sheri dan of McCook's corps were also in the fight, being hur ried up from Crawfish spring and beyond.
Rosecrans on that evening learned that Longstreet's corps had made a junction with Bragg, and contemplating the events of the day, it is evident that he began to fear his campaign had failed and it was no longer possible for him to defeat the Confederate army. The arrival of Longstreet had not yet equalized the strength of the two contending armies, but this reinforcement, together with the progress of the battle, encouraged the Confederates to make those aggressive movements of the next day by which they gained the victory. All the Federal com mands except two brigades had been engaged in the fight
Ga 32

250

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

of the ipth, while Bragg yet had Breckinridge, Hindman and Preston to put in, and Kershaw and Humphreys of McLaws' division were expected next day. It is esti mated that the Federal strength was 45,855, and Confed erate 33,897, actually engaged on the i9th.
That night Longstreet arrived, and he was assigned to command the left wing of the army, consisting of the commands of Buckner, Hood, Bushrod Johnson and Hindman. Polk retained charge of the right wing, including the commands of D. H. Hill, Walker and Cheatham. Hill, who had been but slightly engaged on the igth, was ordered up to the right. Lee & Gordon's mill, two days before an important point, was now left to the south of the battlefield.
Notwithstanding the changes in position, General Bragg's orders give the impression that he was still determined to drive Rosecrans up the valley. Longstreet relates that he was informed Saturday night that the action would be brought on at daylight Sunday upon the right or north, and be taken up successively to the left, the general movement to be a wheel upon Longstreet's extreme left as a pivot.
Polk did not attack at early dawn as expected. A mis carriage of orders caused a provoking delay. Finally during the early morning Polk sent officers directly to Breckinridge and Cleburne, directing them to attack immediately. Bragg came up at 8 a. m. to D. H. Hill's line, and presently the attack was begun by Breckin ridge, soon followed by Cleburne.
The Federal army was well posted during the night of the i gth. Thomas arranged the divisions of Baird, Johnson, Palmer, Reynolds and Brannan on a ridge east of the Rossville road, with his flanks drawn back. From his right, the Federal right wing, the divisions of Negley, Davis and Sheridan, with Wood and VanCleve in reserve, extended southward behind the Rossville road. In general course the line followed the foot of the spur

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

251

of Missionary ridge. The Snodgrass house, Rosecrans' headquarters, was near the southern end of the line. The northern end should have been, according to Thomas' intention, the cross road to Reed's mill, but Baird could not stretch out that far, and advised Thomas to that effect. This was the weak place in the Federal front. Thomas asked for Negley's division, to be put in at his left, early in the morning, before the Confederate attack. It appears that Negley was ordered up and Wood was to take his place, but neither of these two movements was made promptly or effectively, and before such part of Negley's division as did arrive was at hand, part of Walker's division had swept round the Federal left to'Thomas' rear, and part of Breckinridge's division had similar success. But these were forced back by the Fed eral reinforcements. At the same time, Sunday morning, September aoth, the remainder of Folk's wing attacked Thomas' line for two hours with great gallantry but without success, largely on account of the breastworks of felled trees which had been built during the previous night to protect the Federal line. In this part of the battle the gallant young brigadier, James Deshler was killed while leading his Arkansas brigade.
The fighting of the Confederate left wing is described by its commander, Lieut.-Gen. James Longstreet. He states that as soon as he was ready to attack he notified the general commanding, and asked permission to go in without waiting, as contemplated in the original plan. Before an answer could be received, orders were sent from General Bragg to some of his division commanders to attack. On learning this, Longstreet ordered forward the left wing, holding Preston in reserve, and on account of the practically unchanged position of the right wing, he abandoned Bragg's plan of movement, and arranged that Stewart should halt at the Rossville road, as the pivot of the wing, while it made a right wheel to the northward. A. P. Stewart's division did not, in fact,

252

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

assume this inactive function until it had at n o'clock
made a most gallant and bloody assault upon the Fed eral center, which was found in considerable disorder on
account of the moving of brigades and divisions to sup port Thomas. Brown's brigade, supported by Clayton
and Bate, pushed to the west of the Rossville road, driving
the enemy into their log works, but were compelled to
retire from this advanced position. Gen. Bushrod John son's line was supported by Gregg's brigade, and by
Hood's division under Law, in a third line. The unusual
depth of this column of attack and the force and power
with which it was thrown upon the enemy's line, com pletely broke the Federal center, and cast the shattered
fragments to the right and left. As Johnson emerged
from the woods into the open fields between the two
roads to Chattanooga, near the Dyer house, he says "the
scene presented was unspeakably grand. The resolute
and impetuous charge, the rush of our heavy columns sweeping out from the shadow and gloom of the forest
into the open fields flooded with sunlight, the glitter of arms, the onward dash of artillery and mounted men,
the retreat of the foe, the shouts of our army, the dust, the smoke, the noise of firearms, of whistling balls and
grapeshot and of bursting shell, made up a battle scene of unsurpassed grandeur.'' Here General Hood gave his
last order: "Go ahead, and keep ahead of every thing."
Hood's column broke the enemy's line near the Brotherton house and made it wheel to the right [says Longstreet's report]. In making this movement MajorGeneral Hood fell severely, and it was feared mortally, wounded by a minie ball breaking his thigh. He had broken the enemy's line, however, and his own troops and those to his right and left continued to press the enemy with such spirit and force that he could not resist us. Brigadier-General Law succeeded to the command of Hood's division, and Brigadier-General Kershaw to the command of the two brigades of McLaws' division. General Kershaw, having received no definite orders

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

253

himself, being under the command of General Hood, was not advised of the wheel to the right, and gained more ground to the front than was intended in the move
ment of his two brigades. Johnson's division followed the movement made by Hood and gained the Crawfish spring road, having a full share in the conflict. MajorGeneral Hindman, in command of my left division, first met the enemy near the Viniard house, and drove him
back upon his strong position near the Glenn house. By a well-directed front and flank attack, he gained the position after a severe struggle. The enemy's dead at this point mark well his line of battle. Hindman was then ordered to move by his right flank and reinforce Johnson near the Vidito house, who was pressing for ward against great odds. . . . The heights extending from the Vidito house across to the Snodgrass house gave
the enemy strong ground upon which to rally. Here he gathered most of his broken forces [right wing] and rein forced them. After a long and bloody struggle, Johnson and Hindman gained the heights near the Crawfish spring road. Kershaw made a most handsome attack upon the heights at the Snodgrass house simultaneously with Johnson and Hindman, but was not strong enough for the work.
At this point it is of interest to quote General Rose-
crans' report:
Thus Davis' two brigades, one of VanCleve's, and Sher idan's entire division were driven from the field, and the remainder, consisting of the divisions of Baird, Johnson, Palmer, Reynolds, Brannan and Wood, two of Negley's brigades, and one of VanCleve's, were left to sustain the conflict against the whole power of the rebel army, which, desisting from pursuit on the right, concentrated their whole efforts to destroy them. At the moment of the repulse of Davis' division I was standing in rear of his right, waiting the completion of the closing of McCook's corps to the left. Seeing confusion among VanCleve's troops and the distance Davis' men were falling back, and the tide of battle surging toward us, the urgency for Sheridan's troops to intervene became imminent, and I hastened in person to the extreme right, to direct Sher idan's movement on the flank of the advancing rebels. It was too late. The crowd of returning troops rolled

254

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

back and the enemy advanced. Giving1 the troops direc tions to rally behind the ridge west of the Dry Valley road, I passed down it, accompanied by General Garfield, Major McMichael. Major Bond and Captain Young of my staff and a few of the escort, under a shower of grape,, canister and musketry, for 200 or 300 yards, and attempted to rejoin General Thomas and the troops sent to his support, by passing to the rear of the broken por tion of our lines, but found the routed troops far toward the left, and hearing the enemy's advancing musketry and cheers, I became doubtful whether the left had held its ground, and started for Rossville. On consultation and further reflection, however, I determined to send General Garfield there, while I went to Chattanooga to give orders for the security of the pontoon bridges.
By 2 o'clock Longstreet had broken Rosecrans' right
wing into fragments, part of which hastened to Chatta
nooga with their general commanding, over the road
which was protected by Thomas' position, and part
rallied upon Thomas and were posted as described above.
Longstreet continues:
It was evident that with this position gained I should be complete master of the field. I therefore ordered General Buckner to move Preston forward. Before this, however, General Buckner had established a battery of twelve guns, raking down the enemy's line which opposed our right wing, and at the same time having fine play upon any force that might attempt to reinforce the hill that he was about to attack. General Stewart, of his corps, was also ordered to move against any such force in flank. The combination was well-timed and arranged. Preston dashed gallantly at the hill. Stewart flanked a reinforcing column and captured a large por tion of it. At the same time the fire of the battery struck such terror into a heavy force close under it, that we took there also a large number of prisoners. Pres ton's assault, though not a complete success at the time of onset, taken in connection with the other operations, crippled the enemy so badly that his ranks were badly broken, and by a flank movement and another advance the heights were gained. These reinforcements were the enemy's last, or reserve corps, and a part also of the

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line that had been opposing our right wing during the morning.
As General Rosecrans described it, this was the small
reserve corps under Maj.-Gen. Gordon Granger, who without orders had hurried to the gap near Snodgrass
hill where Longstreet's.men were pouring around Bran-
nan's right, and taking possession of the road in the rear
of Thomas. "General Steedman, taking- a regimental
color, led the column. Swift was the charge and terrible
the conflict, but the enemy was broken. A thousand of
our brave men, killed and wounded, paid for its posses
sion, but we held the gap." Thomas reported:
This opportune arrival of fresh troops revived the flag ging spirits of our men on the right, and inspired them with new ardor for the contest. Every assault of the enemy from that time until nightfall was repulsed in the most gallant style by the whole line. By this time the ammunition in the boxes of the men was reduced on an average to two or three rounds per man, and my ammu nition trains having been unfortunately ordered to the rear by some unauthorized person, we should have been entirely without ammunition in a very short time had not a small supply come up with General Steedman's command. This being distributed among the troops gave them about ten rounds per man.
About 4 o'clock the Confederate right wing was
ordered forward again, and the part near the center swept victoriously over the Federal works and met Long-
street's wing advancing with equal success. Gen. Wil liam Preston's division gained the heights, driving the
enemy back to a second ridge, and firing the last shots of the battle by moonlight. In the shade of evening a tre
mendous shout went up along the Confederate lines tell
ing" the story of victory and thrilling the entire Confed
erate army. No one who heard that inspiring shout that
arose as the Confederates swept forward and occupied
the whole field has ever doubted the completeness of the
victory.
During the night Thomas, who had bravely held his

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

main position, withdrew to Rossville and awaited attack in a strong position on Missionary ridge. Great quanti ties of arms and ammunition were abandoned on the field. Monday morning was devoted by the Confederate army to burying its dead, caring for its wounded, and gathering up the spoils of victory.
General Bragg has been criticised for not following up his victory instantly and fighting his men on the aist. Bragg's defenders say that it should be considered whether that were within the limits of human endurance. Part of his soldiers had just been brought from Virginia; the others were wearied by maneuvers in the mountains. They had fought a great battle and had driven back the enemy only by the most desperate exertions and with heavy losses. On the other hand, leading officers of the army of Tennessee urged that nothing was needed but to advance on the sist and reap the full fruits of victory. General Forrest, who was early in the saddle, reported the rout complete--disorganized masses of men hurrying to the rear, batteries inextricably mixed with trains of wagons, disorder and confusion everywhere. Observing this condition of the army of Rosecrans, this ready-fight ing cavalry general sent word to Bragg that "every hour is worth a thousand men." Yet Bragg did not think it proper to pursue.
Rosecrans spent the day and night of the 2ist in hurry ing his trains out of Chattanooga. Then, finding that he was not pressed, he remained in and near the city with his army. Chickamauga was more -a Confederate victory than Gettysburg was a Federal victory, and the weight of proof bears out the view that the full fruits could have been reaped by immediate pursuit on the aist.
Both armies had suffered terribly. The Federal report of losses was 1,644 killed, 9,262 wounded, 4,945 missing, which with a cavalry loss of 500 made a grand total of 16,351. The Federal ordnance officer, Capt. Horace Porter, reported a loss of 36 pieces of artillery, 8,000

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257

rifles and over 700 smaller arms, nearly 6,000 sets of infantry accouterments and 150,000 rounds of infantry ammunition. This report .was evidently hurried, as the more detailed list prepared by Ordnance Officer O. T. Gibbes shows that 51 pieces of Northern artillery fell into the hands of the Confederate army, and 23,000 smallarms.
The Confederate loss has been stated in detail at 2,389 killed, 13,412 wounded, 2,003 captured or missing, total 17,804. General Bragg's field return a week later showed an effective strength in round numbers of 11,000 in each of Folk's and Hill's corps, and 17,000 in Longstreet's, a total of 38,989 infantry and 2,983 artillery. Brig.-Gens. Preston Smith, B. H. Helm and James Deshler were killed; Major-General Hood and BrigadierGenerals Gregg, McNair and Adams wounded.
The general outlines of the battle having been traced it remains to notice more particularly the part of Georgi ans in it, leaving to others the proud duty of detailing the heroic deeds of the sons of their respective States.
John K. Jackson's brigade had its first fighting about noon on the i9th, driving back the Federal line which was pursuing Walker and taking three pieces of artillery. Supported by the remainder of Cheatham's division and the artillery, including Scogin's Georgia battery, Tackson held his ground, and at 6 p. m. was one of the two brigades in that attack in which General Smith was killed. On Sunday his was the only brigade of Cheatham's in action before evening, being ordered to a posi tion on Cleburne's right. The brigade made a gallant charge and drove the enemy from his breastworks. The Georgia battalion of sharpshooters lost 30 out of 108 engaged, Scogin's battery 13 out of 89, the First Georgia 83 out of 194, and the Fifth regiment 194 out of 353. The Forty-seventh Georgia, Captain Cone commanding, after W. S. Phillips was wounded, shared the service of Breckinridge's division Saturday morning and evening,
Ga 33

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

and in the final taking of the Federal breastworks. The regiment went into battle 193 strong and lost 75.
But the main strength of Georgia in the right wing was in Gist's and Wilson's brigades of Walker's division. This division, which also included Ector's brigade, was commanded by Gist, and the latter's brigade by Col. Peyton H. Colquitt. Joined to Liddell's division-- Govan's Arkansas brigade and Walthall's Mississippians --the "reserve corps" was formed, which was commanded by Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker, one of Georgia's most valorous sons. As before noted, Walker and his corps were on the Federal side of Chickamauga creek Friday night. Early next morning the battle was opened by the attack on Forrest and Wilson's Georgians and Ector's brigade, who were supporting him. Wilson's brigade was immediately under a destructive fire, to which it replied with such vigor as to break the enemy's first line. Pressing forward after a bloody struggle, the second line was forced, and finally the Georgians stood facing the breastworks under a galling fire. Then being flanked by Federal reinforcements, the brigade was forced back, but the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-ninth regiments soon after ward joined in the advance of Ector's brigade. About.. noon on Sunday the brigade was ordered forward again, but only to suffer heavy loss. On the evening of Sunday it bivouacked on the Federal position. The brigade car ried into the fight 1,200 men and lost 99 killed, 426 wounded and 80 missing, or over half its number. Lieut.-Col. A. J. Williams, Twenty-fifth regiment, a brave and gallant officer, received wounds from which he died. Capts. A.W. and A. H. Smith, Twenty-fifth; Cap tain Spencer, Twenty-ninth, and Lieuts. Alfred Bryan and N. B. Sadler, First battalion sharpshooters; and A. H. Harrell, Twenty-ninth, though wounded, fought the battle to the end. Lieuts. Robert Wayne and R. E. Lester, of Colonel Wilson's staff, were conspicuous in the combat, riding fearlessly wherever called by duty,

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259

and both were seriously wounded, Lester also having two horses killed under him. Adjt. G. R.. MacRae, Twentyninth, gained honorable mention by the brave and ener getic way in which he led the remnant of his regiment, when left in command as senior officer.
Gist's brigade was called for by D. H. Hill to support Breckinridge when it came upon the field Sunday morn ing after an all-night's march from Ringgold. Under command of Col. P. H. Colquitt, Forty-sixth Georgia, it marched forward until confronted by the log breastworks of the enemy, and met with a destructive fire that shat tered its ranks. For nearly half an hour the brigade stood its ground, until the lamented Colquitt had fallen mortally wounded, and in quick succession Colonel Stevens and Lieut. -Col. Ellison Capers, of the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, had been seriously wounded. When a third of the command had been killed or wounded, it fell back. At 4 o'clock, reinforced by seven companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, under Maj. A. M. Speer, the brigade, under Lieut.-Col. Leroy Napier, of the Eighth battalion, supported the advance of General Liddell. "The gallant Forty-sixth Georgia, occupying the right of the brigade, eager to avenge their beloved regiment, with a loud cheer charged through the wood before them, driving the enemy and capturing some forty prisoners."
Nothing is more creditable in the two days' fight at Chickamauga than the fight made by Walker's little corps of about 5,000 men. As General Walker said, the unequal contest they waged against overwhelming odds was "unparalleled in this revolution, and the troops deserve immortal honor for the part borne in the action. Only soldiers fighting for all that is dear to freemen could attack, be driven, rally, and attack again such superior forces.''
In Bate's brigade of A. P. Stewart's division, Maj. T. D. Caswell's sharpshooters began the fighting on the 18th at Thedford's ford. The sharpshooters and the

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Thirty-seventh regiment fought on the right of the bri gade on the afternoon of the i9th, and under a heavy artillery fire lost both Major Caswell and Col. A. F. Rudler, and a fourth of their numbers killed and wounded. Capt. Benjamin M. Turner was also dangerously wounded, leaving Lieut. Joel Towers in command of the sharpshooters, while the command of the Thirtyseventh devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Joseph T. Smith. On Sunday morning General Deshler was killed on their right while waiting orders to advance. After lying under fire until about i o'clock, the Thirty-seventh Georgia and Twentieth Tennessee charged forward through the dense smoke and attempted to capture the enemy's battery in front, but were not supported and failed, with severe loss. In the evening they went into the Federal works. Maj. M. Kendrick was distinguished in command of the left wing of the Thirty-seventh. This regiment took into battle 425 men and lost 19 killed, 168 wounded and 7 missing. The sharpshooters had 92 engaged and lost 35, mainly wounded. The Sixty-fifth Georgia, Col. R. H. Moore, was mainly engaged as a support to Maj. A. Leyden's artillery battalion, also a Georgia command.
Of Longstreet's corps, Anderson's, Wofford's and Bryan's Georgia brigades did not arrive in time to par ticipate in the battle. The brigade of Gen. Henry L. Benning, however, took a prominent part in the fight of both days. On Saturday, fighting on the Rossville road against Rosecrans' right, they pushed back the enemy and held their ground with dogged resolution, unsup ported by artillery, but under fire both of artillery and infantry. On Sunday, in the victorious advance of Longstreet, they were conspicuous for gallantry, capturing and holding eight pieces of artillery. The Second Georgia was commanded by Lieut. -Col. William S. Shep herd, the Fifteenth by Col. Dudley M. DuBose, the Seventeenth by Lieut.-Col. Charles W. Matthews, and

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261

the Twentieth by Col. J. D. Waddell. On the first day Lieut.-Col. E. M. Seago of the Twentieth was killed, DuBose and Shepherd were seriously wounded, as also was Capt. A. McC. Lewis, acting major of the Second; and on Sunday, Colonel Matthews was mortally wounded while on heroic duty. Colonel Benning's staff were all wounded or lost their horses, and in fact, hardly a man or officer of the brigade escaped without a touch of his person or clothes, while many were killed or seriously wounded. The only field officers left were Colonel Waddell, Twentieth; Major Shannon, Fifteenth, and Major Charlton, Second.
The Georgia cavalry, with Crews and Davidson, Porrest and Wheeler, shared the important service of their commands. "Among the badly wounded," says Brig.Gen. John Pegram, "was the gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Fain, of the Sixth Georgia cavalry.'' Capt. T. M. Merritt and his command, Company G of the Second Georgia cavalry, were Cheatham's escort, and were compli mented by that officer for the efficient service rendered. The various Georgia artillery commands were prominent . in such operations as this battle in the woods permitted. Capt. John Scogin's battery, Griffin light artillery, did good service. Dawson's battery had i man killed and 6 wounded. Capt. W. W. Havis' battery lost i killed and i wounded. In Capt. Evan P. Howell's battery 3 men were killed and 4 wounded. Capt. T. L. Massenburg lost in his battery i officer and 3 men wounded. Capt. T. M. Peeples, of Company D, Leyden's Ninth battalion, was engaged on Saturday, and he reported First Lieut. Thomas H. Lovelace seriously wounded in the thigh by a piece of shell, and Privates John Edmonson and W. H. Suddarth slightly wounded. Company E, of the Ninth artillery (Leyden's) battalion, commanded by Lieut. William L. Everett, was slightly engaged on Saturday the i gth, losing one horse. On the next day it was actively engaged. It fired upon the enemy's train

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

of wagons, checking their movement through the gap,
dismounting one cannon, and compelling the Federals to
abandon 30 wagons and several pieces of artillery; also
repulsing three successive charges. The loss of the bat
tery was 3 men slightly wounded and 5 horses disabled.
Forrest led the pursuit on Monday morning, capturing
many prisoners and arms; attacked Thomas' line at Ross-
ville gap, and continued the demonstration for several
hours, aided by artillery. That night Thomas withdrew
to Chattanooga, and on the 23d Forrest gained the point
of Lookout mountain.
The operations following the battle are thus described
by General Bragg:
The whole cavalry force having been dispatched to press the enemy and cut off detachments, orders were given for the army to move to a point near the railroad and convenient to water, still interposing between the enemy and our large number of wounded, our trophies and our wounded prisoners, whose removal from the field occupied many days. Our supplies of all kinds were greatly reduced, the railroad having been constantly occupied in transporting troops, prisoners and our wounded, and the bridges having been destroyed to a point two miles south of Ringgold. These supplies were replenished, and as soon as it was seen that we could be subsisted, the army was moved forward to seize and hold the only communication the enemy had with his supplies in the rear. His most important road, and the shortest by half to his depot at Bridgeport, lay along the south bank of the Tennessee. The holding of this all-impor tant route was confided to Lieutenant-General Longstreet's command, and its possession forced the enemy to a road double the length, over two ranges of mountains, by wagon transportation. At the same time our cav alry, in large force, was thrown across the river to oper ate on this long and difficult route. These dispositions faithfully sustained insured the enemy's speedy evacua tion of Chattanooga for want of food and forage. Pos sessed of the shortest road to his depot, and the one by which reinforcements must reach him, we held him at our mercy and his destruction was only a question of time.

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263

This statement by Bragg of the result to be anticipated from the siege of Chattanooga appears reasonable, and it was verified so far as the reduction of the army with Rosecrans to the verge of starvation. But the position assigned to or .taken bv Longstreet did not keep the Bridgeport route closed. Maj.-Gen. U. S. Grant, who had been given general control of Federal operations in the West, replaced Rosecrans with Thomas, arrived at Chattanooga over the mountains on the 2oth of October, and about a week later, two corps from the Federal army in Virginia, Howard's and Slocum's, under Hooker, took possession of Bridgeport and the river almost up to Lookout mountain. Supplies immediately began pour ing into Chattanooga. Generals Bragg and Longstreet examined the Federal operations from the summit of Lookout on the 28th, and Geary's division being seen approaching, the divisions of Jenkins and Law, four bri gades, were sent against it to make a night attack. This was a failure, and the Federals remained in control up to within range of the guns on Lookout mountain. About the last of October, Longstreet, Hardee and Breckinridge were ordered to examine the situation on Look out creek with a view to a general battle, but they decided that the difficulty of crossing the mountain pre vented all hope of success. "Our position was so faulty that we could not accomplish that which was hoped for. We were trying to starve the enemy out by investing him on the only side from which he could not have gathered supplies," was Longstreet's expression of the situation after Hooker occupied Lookout valley.

CHAPTER XIV.
THE KNOXVILLE CAMPAIGN--BATTLE OF MISSIONARY RIDGE--BATTLE OF RINGGOLD GAP--RETREAT TO DALTON--GEN. J. E. JOHNSTON GIVEN COMMANDCLOSE OF 1863.
ON November 3, 1863, General Bragg summoned Longstreet, Hardee and Breckinridge, then his infantry corps commanders, in consultation. Longstreet had an inkling that it was proposed to send him against Burnside at Knoxville, Tenn. At a much earlier date he had advocated a campaign north of the Tennessee river, to compel the surrender of Rosecrans, but a division of the army at this later period did not appear to him as practicable. The advance against Knoxville being decided on, Longstreet was given for the expedition his two divisions, McLaws' and Hood's, with Wheeler's cavalry, to which Buckner's division was added. Ransom's Southwest Virginia division, mainly cavalry was ordered to co-operate. It was ten days later before Longstreet was able to cross the Tennessee at Loudon and begin active field operations, as transpor tation was very limited and the weather inclement. On the i yth the enemy was driven into Knoxville, and on the morning of the agth the famous but unsuccessful assault was made upon Fort Loudon.
The four Georgia brigades were conspicuous in every important encounter of this ill-fated campaign, and sus tained the heaviest brigade losses. Gen. Goode Bryan's brigade--the Tenth Georgia, Col. John B. Weems; Fifti eth, Col. Peter McGlashan; Fifty-first, Col. Edward Ball; Fifty-third, Col. James P. Simms--was selected for duty on the picket line of Hood's division on the 27th, Lieu-
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265

tenant-Colonel Holt, of the Tenth, having expressed the
opinion that he could take the works. The final orders for
the assault directed that a regiment from Wofford's bri
gade (Phillips 1 Georgia legion) and one from Humphreys'
Mississippians should lead the assaulting columns, one of
which should be composed of Wofford's brigade and the
other of two regiments of Humphreys' and three of Bry-
an's. The assault was gallantly made and persisted in
as long as there was any hope of success. Wofford's
brigade did not fall back until Colonel Ruff and Colonel
Thomas had both been killed and the next in command
wounded, and they rallied within 400 yards of the fort.
"Adjt. T. W. Cumming, of the Sixteenth Georgia," said
General Longstreet in his report, "with great gallantry
marched up to the fort with 10 or 12 of his men and made
his way through an embrasure to the interior, where the
party was finally captured.'' General McLaws reported
concerning this fight:
The conduct of General Bryan during the siege and afterward, and especially at the assault, is worthy of all praise. He led his brigade to the work, and after seeing that all was done that could be done, was the very last to retire. Col. E. Ball, of the Fifty-first Georgia, and Colo nel Simms, of the Fifty-third, who was wounded in the assault; Lieut.-Col. W. C. Holt, Major McBride, Adjutant Strickland and Lieut. J, T. Stovall, of the Tenth, were distinguished for gallantry and good conduct during the siege. Captain Ellis, adjutant-general of the brigade, who was wounded during the assault,. . . I recommend for pro motion ; Major Hartsfield and Captain Vandegriff, Fiftythird . . . and Captain Norris, Phillips' legion, deserve especial mention. Captain Dortch, of the Twenty-fourth Georgia, drove in the enemy's pickets with his regi ment on the night of the 2 8th; Lieutenant-Colonel Hutchins, commanded the sharpshooters on that occasion, and afterward the brigade; Major Hamilton, who com manded Phillips' legion and led the assault on the left of the line against the northwest bastion of Fort Loudon, and who was wounded in his efforts to get his men into the work, is an officer of great gallantry, fine intelligence and a good disciplinarian. . . . Colonel Ruff, of the
Ga34

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Eighteenth Georgia, who commanded Wofford's brigade and led it to the assault, was shot while cheering on his men. He was a gallant and accomplished officer, whose merit was concealed by his modest and unobtrusive man ner, but who was fast becoming known as occasions forced a display of his zeal and worth. I knew of no one whose career promised to be more useful. Colonel Thomas, of the Sixteenth Georgia, a -brave and determined officer, was also killed while leading his regiment and attempting to scale the work. He was found sitting in the corner of the ditch facing the enemy.
The report by Lieutenant-Colonel Hutchins indicates that Wofford's brigade advanced in column of regiments, and in the following order: Phillips' legion, Maj. Joseph Hamilton; Eighteenth regiment, Capt. John A. Crawford; Sixteenth, Lieut.-Col. Henry P. Thomas; Cobb's legion, Maj. William D. Conyers. The brigade moved forward with enthusiasm through fallen timber and tan gled bushes, while the Third battalion of sharpshooters kept the enemy under cover at the start; but when the fort was reached, it was found that the ditch had been underestimated in depth, that the parapet was eighteen feet from the bottom of the ditch to the summit, the berme was narrow and soon worn away in the effort to obtain a foothold, and the surface of the earth was slip pery with ice. Some men succeeded in getting on the slope, but not in sufficient force to venture over the parapet into the fort. The loss of the brigade was 246 wounded and missing.
Col. Edward Ball, commanding Bryan's brigade, report ed that the Tenth Georgia volunteers, commanded by Lieut.-Col. W. C. Holt, drove the enemy from his riflepits to the works on the night before the assault. The three other regiments, Fifty-third, Fifty-first and Fifti eth, took part in the assault, and suffered a loss of 212 men. In Hood's division, under Jenkins, the only bri gades participating in the assault were those of Anderson and Benning, Anderson leading and taking the main part.

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267

The experience of these Georgians was the same as has
been briefly related. Their loss was 187. More than
three-fourths of the loss of November apth was borne by
the brigades of Wofford, Bryan and Anderson.
The Georgia cavalry in the department of East Ten
nessee during these movements acted a gallant part. On
November 6th near Rogersville, Tenn., Col. H. L. Gilt-
ner, had a successful fight with the enemy, in which he
said that the Sixteenth Georgia, under Maj. E. Y. Clark, being ordered to pursue and overhaul the flying enemy,
performed that work "in the most praiseworthy manner.'' Gen. William T. Martin, in his report of cavalry opera
tions in east Tennessee, says that in a successful fight at Russellville "the First and Sixth Georgia and Third Ala
bama cavalry were conspicuous for gallantry,'' and that
"Col. C. C. Crews deserves mention for his skill and
bravery." On the 24th of December a spirited cavalry battle occurred between Dandridge and New Market.
Speaking of the Georgia troops, General Martin says:
In the meantime four regiments of Crews' brigade (in all 600) moved in the rear of the enemy. Two of the regiments in advance made a spirited charge on the enemy and captured his battery of artillery. Support being too far off, the brave men who made the charge were driven from the guns, and Major Bate, commanding the Sixth Georgia, was left dead in the midst of the bat tery. Two pieces of artillery and the two remaining regiments of the brigade coming up, and the whole com mand being dismounted, the enemy was pushed from one position to another until, finally routed, he abandoned one gun and caisson, his dead and wounded, and under cover of night escaped capture. I have never witnessed greater gallantry than was displayed by Colonel Crews and the officers and men of the First, Second, Third and Sixth Georgia cavalry. The Fourth Georgia cavalry was on detached service.
Longstreet's army remained in east Tennessee during
the winter of 1863-64, enduring hardships comparable
to those of Valley Forge. In the spring he and his corps

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

were recalled to Virginia to join again the army of Lee. Meanwhile events of great importance had occurred at
Chattanooga. On the 2oth, General Bragg had notified the President that Sherman had reinforced Grant, "and a movement on our left is indicated. The same game may have to be played over. Our fate may be decided here, and the enemy is at least double our strength." It was soon apparent, however, that the for mer Federal movement would not be repeated, as Sherman moved, according to observations from the heights, into Chattanooga. This first disposition preceded and partly covered the march of Sherman's main body in a circuit northward behind the hills, prepared to bridge the river and attack Bragg's right at the northern extremity of Missionary ridge. On the 23d of November an advance was made in front in which Grant pushed his lines nearer to the rampart of Missionary ridge. On the 24th Look out was taken, exposing the Confederate left, while Sher man suddenly appeared on the right, crossing the river and making a resolute assault. Hooker crossed Lookout and forced the gap at Rossville. From either flank there came to the Confederate lines the news of overwhelming numbers, and when the brave but weary veterans on Missionary ridge, November 25th, saw yet other strong columns drawn up in their view and moving upon their front, they gave way before an assault they were unable to resist. Yet it should not be concluded that the Fed eral charge up the slope of Missionary ridge, or that Hooker's fight on Lookout mountain, or Sherman's as sault on the Confederate right, was unattended by losses. As an example of Federal casualties, it may be noted that one Indiana regiment in Thomas' charge lost 202 killed and wounded out of a total of 337, in forty-five minutes. It was General Grant's estimate: "In this battle the Union army numbered in round figures about 60, ooo men; we lost 752 killed, and 4,713 wounded, and 350 captured and missing.'' The records show that General Grant had

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269

in and around Chattanooga, 80,822 effectives present for duty.
Gen. Alfred Gumming's brigade, Stevenson's division, was distinguished for gallantry in the fight against Sher-
man at the tunnel. After the Federal skirmishers ap
peared at the base of the ridge, the Thirty-ninth Georgia,
Col. J. T. McConnell, and Fifty-sixth, Lieut.-Col. J. T.
Slaughter, went down the hill and briskly engaged them.
About the same time Col. J. A. W. Johnson, of the Thirtyfourth, and Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, of the Thirty-
sixth, were seriously wounded. The Thirty-ninth made
a second advance to the foot of the hill and burned some buildings which the Federals were occupying. The re
mainder of the service of Gumming's brigade on the 25th
is well described by General Cleburne, the hero of the
fight on the right, about the railroad tunnel near the northern extremity of Missionary ridge. He had on the
previous day gallantly held his position, and was now assailed again by the divisions of Jeff. C. Davis, Sher-
man's corps from Vicksburg, and Howard's corps from Virginia, all under command of Sherman. Smith's
Texas brigade, supported by part of Govan's Arkansans
and Swett's and Key's batteries, were struggling des perately to hold their position, even rolling down heavy
stones where artillery was ineffective. General Cle
burne says:
At this point of the fight Colonel McConnell, command ing a Georgia regiment of Cumming's brigade, came up to the threatened point, and moved his regiment for ward to where Warfield's men were fighting. McCon nell was shot through the head, and his regiment fell back or was withdrawn. Brigadier-General Gumming now reported to me with the remainder of his brigade, and was posted in rear of the threatened point. [A charge being suggested] Brigadier-General Gumming gallantly proposed to lead it with two of his regiments. I immediately consented, and directed General Gumming to prepare for the charge, and went to the left to see that a simultaneous charge was made on the enemy's right

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

flank. ... In the meantime, General Gumming, having placed the Fifty-sixth Georgia in line for the charge, and supported it by placing the Thirty-sixth Georgia ten paces in the rear, moved forward to the charge; twice he was checked and had to reform.
In the last effort Termesseeans, Arkansans and Texans
joined and the enemy was driven back with a loss of 500
prisoners and eight stand of colors, of which two were taken by the Georgia regiments. "Colonel McConnell,
of Cumming's brigade, and other gallant soldiers who fell in front of my works, I can but lament,'' said the
heroic Cleburne. "I did not personally know them, but I saw and can .bear witness to their gallant bearing and noble death."
In General Sherman's account of the fight he says: "The enemy at the time being massed in great strength in the tunnel gorge, moved a large force under cover of the ground and the thick bushes, and suddenly appeared on the right and rear of this command. The suddenness of the attack disconcerted the men, and exposed as they were in the open field, they fell back in some disorder to the lower edge of the field and reformed." General Sherman contends that his main attacking columns were not repulsed. "They engaged in a close struggle all day, persistently, stubbornly and well." But at 3 o'clock Sherman's command remained in stain, quo, and he did not gain the hill until the Confederate center had yielded to Thomas, when Gen. Morgan L. Smith's division advanced and found the heights before him vacant except for the mingled Northern and Southern wounded and dead. In this splendid fight Colonel Slaughter, the last regimental commander of Cumming's brigade, was wounded. Captains Morgan and Grice commanded the Fifty-sixth and Thirty-sixth regiments in the charge. In the last advance Captain Cody and Lieutenant Steiner, of Cumming's staff, were badly wounded.
The Georgians of Bate's brigade shared in the distin-

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271

guished service of Breckinridge's division under Bate's command, in repelling the attacks upon their front, and in forming a second line after the first was abandoned. Colonel Rudler, Thirty-seventh Georgia, took command of the brigade after Colonel Tyler was killed, and was himself badly wounded and carried from the field, during the heroic struggle after dark which saved the rear guard of the army. Lieut.-Col. Joseph T. Smith was men tioned for special gallantry.
Hardee did for Bragg at Missionary Ridge what Thomas had done for Rosecrans at Chickamauga, and deserves just as much fame for it. Hardee's corps was the last to leave the field at Missionary Ridge, and Cleburne's divi sion covered the retreat.
The following Georgia batteries were in the battle of Missionary Ridge: Captain Corput's Cherokee artillery, Capt. John B. Rowan's, Stephens'light artillery, Captain Dawson's battery under Lieut. R. W. Anderson, the Griffin light artillery of Capt. John Scogin, Captain Havis' battery under Lieut. James R. Duncan; Capt. Thomas L. Massenburg's Jackson artillery, and Capt. Evan P. Howell's battery, two guns of which were on Lookout mountain under Second Lieut. R. T. Gibson. Major-General Stevenson, in his order to his division (Brown's, Pettus' and Cumming's brigades and the artillery,which included the Cherokee and Stephens' light artillery), congratulated them on the fact that whatever happened elsewhere, they had held their ground, repuls ing every assault, and that Cumming's brigade had actu ally charged and routed the enemy in their front, captur ing several colors. The army was soon in Georgia, whence it did not again enter Tennessee until a year later.
Cleburne halted on the night of the 26th on the banks of the ice-cold waters of the main branch of Chickamauga creek at Ringgold. There he received orders to take a strong position in the gorge of Taylor's ridge at that

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place, and check the pursuit of the enemy and punish him until the trains and the rear of the army were well advanced. This brought on the battle of Ringgold Gap, for which Cleburne and his heroes received the thanks of Congress. It was Cleburne's battle, and though he only had Hooker to whip, it was a glorious performance, con sidering that the Union army had just achieved the great est victory on their record. Indeed, it would have been a splendid and memorable achievement for troops in the course of unchecked triumphs. The following account of it is substantially that given by General Cleburne, abbreviated somewhat that the more personal references given in the narratives of Arkansas, Texas, Alabama and Mississippi soldiery engaged may not be unnecessarily repeated here.
The town of Ringgold stands on a plain between the east Chickamauga creek and Taylor's ridge, on the West ern & Atlantic railroad, about 20 miles southeast of Chat tanooga. Taylor's ridge, which rises up immediately back of the town, runs in a northerly and southerly direction, parallel to Lookout mountain about 18 miles west. Back of the town the ridge is intersected by a narrow gap, which admits the railroad, a wagon road, and a good sized creek, a tributary of the Chickamauga. The creek hugs the southernmost hill, and the wagon road and railroad run close to the creek. At its western mouth, near Ringgold, the gap widens out to a breadth of over 100 yards, leaving room for a patch of level wooded land on each side of the roads. The gap is about a half mile through, but the plain into which it opens to the east is so cut up by the windings of the creek that three bridges or fords have to be crossed in the first half mile out toward Dalton. Consequently it was a dangerous position if the enemy should succeed in turning either flank. The gap and adjacent hills were thinly wooded, and the only heavy shelter of timber was a young grove running northward 300 or 400 yards at the foot of the hill

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next to Ringgold. Behind this grove Cleburne placed Granbury's and Kennard's Texas regiments, Taylor's Texas regiment on the right, and the Seventh Texas on top of the hill, to watch the north flank of the troops in front. This brought in play all of Smith's brigade, Granbury commanding, on the north side of the gap. On the south side he concealed Ashford's Alabama regiment, supported by three Arkansas companies. In the ravine itself he posted four short lines of Govan's Arkansas bri gade, which also furnished skirmishers for the mouth of the gap, in front of which he posted two Napoleon guns tinder Lieutenant Goldthwaite, concealed by screens of withered branches, with shelter for the artillerymen in a ravine close by. The remaining three regiments of Lowrey's Mississippi brigade were held in reserve in the center of the gap, and a portion of Folk's Tennessee and Arkansas brigade was placed temporarily at the rear mouth of the gap.
Cleburne had scarcely half an hour to make these dis positions, when he was informed that the enemy's skir mishers were pushing his cavalry across Chickamauga creek, and immediately afterward the cavalry retreated through the gap at a trot, and the valley in front was clear. But close in rear of the ridge the immense army train was still in view struggling through the fords of the. creek and the deeply cut roads leading to Dalton. Cleburne's division, silent, but cool and ready, was the only barrier to the eager advance of Hooker's corps, the divi sion of Osterhaus in front, Geary following, and Cruft in the rear.
The Federal skirmishers were in view advancing shortly after 8 a. m., and under their fire Hooker formed his lines of battle and moved with the utmost decision and celerity against the ridge on the north.
The attack was so quick and confident that Cleburne felt that the Federals had guides familiar with the region. But, nothing daunted, the artillery opened upon the flank
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of the Federals as they moved toward the ridge, and they broke and took shelter under the railroad embankment. Farther to the north, however, the line of attack went on in the face of a deadly fire from Taylor's regiment, as if to turn the flank of the Texas brigade. Taylor thwarted this by deploying skirmishers up the side of the hill, and charging with three companies, routing the enemy and capturing over 60 prisoners and the colors of the Twentyninth Missouri regiment.
This effective resistance led Osterhaus to send the Sev enty-sixth Ohio to attempt the ridge further north, and supported it with the Fourth Iowa. Observing this, Cleburne notified Brigadier-General Polk, in reserve, to meet the movement, but Polk was on the lookout for an opportunity and had sent the First Arkansas up the hill. They met the Federal skirmishers within a few yards of the top, and, supported by the Seventh Texas, repelled the attack. But the massing of the enemy in that quarter continued and Lowrey's brigade was sent to support Polk. At a critical moment two regiments of his Mississippians came up at a rush and sent the enemy flying down the hill. All of these two brigades were now massed on the crest. Colonel Williamson, commanding the Federal col umn, sent in two more Iowa regiments. Three regi ments of the Twelfth corps also entered into the fight, and (Williamson relates) unheeding the warnings of the soldiers who had already encountered the Confederates, marched up as if on parade, declaring they would show the Westerners how it was done, when Folk's and Low rey's men opened a terrific fire on them. "They stood manfully for a minute or two," said Williamson, "when they gave way and came down like an avalanche, carrying everything before them, and to some extent propagating the panic among my regiments." General Cleburne mentions an attack of a heavy column, probably the same, in which the enemy lost many killed, several pris oners and the colors of the Seventy-sixth Ohio. The col-

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ors and most of the prisoners were captured by the First Arkansas. The fight had been so close that many of Cleburne's men used pistols and rocks, finding the latter missiles effective in making prisoners. Williamson con cluded he could not carry the hill without reinforcements, and in the lull Polk rapidly threw up slight intrenchments.
It was Creighton's brigade of Geary's division that charged the hill as mentioned by Osterhaus, and the Seventh Ohio, which sustained a flank attack by the Sec ond Tennessee, lost 12 out of 13 officers and nearly half its men disabled. General Creighton was mortally wounded, and Colonel Crane, of Ohio, was killed. Two regiments of the brigade held an advanced position under shelter, but could not advance "without almost total anni hilation. " Geary's other brigades, Cobham's and Ire land's, also came up about this time. The advance bri gade of Cruft's division entered the town, but did not participate in the fight.
During the main attack on the north the Thirteenth Illinois took possession of some houses and barns from which they annoyed the Confederates in the gorge. Cle burne's skirmishers held them in check, and finally Oster haus made a charge which was badly repulsed by the infantry and Goldthwaite's battery, the Federals leaving killed and wounded and a stand of colors between the lines. The battery then shelled the houses with good effect. Both Geary and Osterhaus tell of a charge made by the Confederates which is not mentioned by Cleburne. Osterhaus said that "seeing their artillery threatened, and with it the key to their position, the enemy rallied a strong force and dashed from the gorge and down the hill with great energy." Geary relates, that Osterhaus was sorely pressed, and he sent in Cobham's and Ire land's brigades; Cobham crossed the railroad, under severe fire, and lay down in position; Ireland advanced under a murderous fire of grape, canister and mus-

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ketry, and "compelled the enemy to recoil in the zenith of his audacious charge.'' So the fight raged for two hours and a half.
At noon General Hardee sent word that the train was safe, and after consultation with Generals Breckinridge and Wheeler, who were present, Cleburne withdrew from the ridge, hauled back his cannon by hand, and undis turbed except by the Federal artillery, just arrived, took up a position a mile to the rear. Cleburne had 4,157 men in this fight, and lost 20 killed, 190 wounded and 11 missing. Among the killed and wounded were some gallant regimental officers. Of the Federal losses no official report is available for Osterhaus' division, but it is stated that the Seventy-sixth Ohio suffered a loss of forty per cent, of the men engaged. Geary reported that he had 1,870 men engaged and lost 34 killed and 169 wounded. Grant reported that the loss was heavy in valuable officers and men. General Grant was at Ringgold at the close of the fight and ordered Sherman to send a brigade down east of the ridge to flank Cleburne, but* changed .his mind a half hour later, decided not to pursue further, and directed Thomas to send Granger to relieve Knoxville if Longstreet was there. A rumor was afloat that Longstreet would make a junction with Bragg at Dalton the next day.
Grose's brigade advancing to reconnoiter, the Confeder ate position found a line strongly posted at Tunnel Hill, which remained the northern outpost of the army of Tennessee during the winter. Heavy rains set in and the roads were rendered impassable.
So far, the fighting in north Georgia had been confined within the territory enclosed by the Oostenaula and Coosa rivers. Outside of those boundaries, the district of Northwest Georgia was in command of Maj.-Gen. Howell Cobb. As commander of the State Guard he had suffered much embarrassment on account of lack of staff officers, and up to November ist he had had 5,000 men

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in the field at various points without a commissary or surgeon.
In the midst of these military movements threatening Georgia, the State legislature was in session, and concur red in the recommendation of Governor Brown for a fast day December ioth, "in view of our national calamity and distress.'' The legislature adopted resolutions re affirming the resolutions of 1861, declaring that the separa tion of those States now forming the Confederate States of America from the United States is and ought to be final and irrevocable, and that Georgia would under no circum stances entertain any proposition from any quarter which might have for its object a restoration or reconstruction of the late Union on any terms or conditions whatever.
At Dalton, December ad, General Bragg issued an address of farewell to the army of Tennessee, and turned over the command temporarily to Lieut.-Gen. William J. Hardee. In the address issued by the latter, he declared that there was no cause for discouragement. "Tie over whelming numbers of the enemy forced us back from Missionary ridge, but the army is still intact and in good heart. Our losses were small and will be rapidly replaced. Let the past take care of itself; we can and must secure the future."
On the next day Gen. R. E. Lee addressed President Davis a letter stating that he had considered with some anxiety the situation in Georgia and Tennessee, and believed that there were grounds to apprehend that the enemy might penetrate Georgia and get possession of the depots of provisions and important manufactories. Allud ing to the proble,m of permanently replacing General Bragg. he said only that if General Beauregard were con sidered suitable for the position, General Gilmer could take his place at Charleston. More force, he thought, should be sent into Georgia, and it could only be had, so far as he knew, in Mississippi, Mobile and the depart ment of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Closing,

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he said: "I think that every effort should be made to concentrate as large a force as possible under the best commander to insure the discomfiture of Grant's army. To do this and gain the great advantage that would accrue from it, the safety of points practically less important than those endangered by his army must be hazarded. Upon the defense of the country threatened by General Grant depends the safety of the points now held by us on the Atlantic, and they are in as great danger from his successful advance as by the attacks to which they are at present directly subjected.'' Beauregard, greatly unlike Lee, but nevertheless a military genius, also offered a plan of campaign. It was his judgment that all other operations must be subordinated to the defense of Atlanta against Grant, holding such places as Richmond, Weldon, Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, etc., merely as forti fied posts with garrisons strong enough to hold out until they could be relieved after Grant had been cared for. Twenty thousand men should be drawn from Virginia and a like number from other sources, forming with Hardee and Longstreet a force of 100,000. Let this army take the offensive at once, and properly handled it should crush any force that Grant could assemble in time, in his scattered and unprepared condition. " It is concentration and immediate mobility that are indispensable to save us."
Hardee's force was increased after the battle of Mis sionary Ridge by Baldwin's and Quarles' brigades from Mississippi, about 4,000 men; and in addition to that there was a clear gain in twenty days of over 3,500. Though a general and liberal system of furloughs had been adopted, the effective strength of the two infantry corps and artillery was over 35,000, December aoth. Gen. H. R. Jackson had by energetic efforts brought about a system of co-operation among the railroads, which improved the commissariat.
There was a general desire on the part of the country

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and of the army that Gen. Joseph E. Johnston should be put in command. Gen. Leonidas Polk wrote to the President, "I think your friends and history would jus tify you in this, and that magnanimity perhaps may re quire it at your hands.'' General Johnston was assigned to command December ifith, and assumed this position of tremendous responsibility December 27, 1863. On arriving at Dalton he found a "letter of instructions" from Secretary Seddon, which in brief expressed a hope that he would be able to provision the army and inspire in the people and authorities "a more willing spirit," that as soon as the condition of the forces permitted, it was hoped he would be able to resume the offensive, and if the enemy ventured to separate his army, the detach ments might be struck with effect. These "instructions'' were prefaced by the statement that "it is apprehended the army may have been by recent events somewhat dis heartened, and deprived of ordnance and material,'' and the hope was expressed that Johnston's presence would "do much to re-establish hope and inspire confidence. ... It is desired that your early and vigorous efforts be directed to restoring the discipline, prestige and confi dence of the army, and increasing its numbers; and that at the same time you leave no means unspared to restore and supply its deficiencies in ordnance, munitions and transportation." It was feared that he would have "seri ous difficulties in providing the supplies required for the subsistence of the army.''
A few days later another letter of instructions, from the President, arrived, of a different tone. It stated that Colonel Ives, of the President's staff, had reported the army well armed and provided with artillery; that the transportation was in reasonable condition, and the troops in good spirit and tolerably well supplied with clothing and with thirty days' provisions. With stragglers and convalescents rapidly coming in, two brigades from Mis sissippi and the cavalry back from Longstreet, said the

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President, "the army would perhaps exceed in numbers that actually engaged in any battle on the Confederate side during the present war." The President continued that it was unnecessary to suggest that there was an "imperative demand for prompt and vigorous action," to recover the territory from which the army had been driven, and restore the prestige of Confederate arms.
In his answer to the President, Johnston stated that to assume the offensive he must either invade middle or east Tennessee. The obstacles to the first course were Chattanooga, now a fortress, the Tennessee [river, the rugged desert of the Cumberland mountains, and an army outnumbering his more than two to one. The sec ond course would leave open the road to Atlanta. There was neither subsistence nor field transportation enough for either march. "I can see no other mode of taking the offensive here," he said, "than to beat the enemy when he advances, and then move forward. But to make victory probable, the army must be strengthened.'' He made the suggestion that negroes be substituted for sol diers on detached or daily duty, as well as company cooks, pioneers and laborers for engineer service, which would relieve 10,000 or 12,000 men for active duty.
The army of Tennessee spent the winter in the posi tions taken when the Federal pursuit stopped, Johnston fearing to remove to a better strategic line in the rear lest he might create an injurious impression. Cleburne held Tunnel Hill; Stewart, Mill Creek gap; Breckinridge lay between the gap and Dalton; Hindman was mainly southwest of Dalton; Stevenson near Hindman; Walker east of Dalton, and Cheatham south of Walker. Grant's army, 80,000 strong, occupied Chattanooga, Bridgeport and Stevenson.
During 1863 two regiments of Georgia State troops were organized with E. M. Gait as colonel of the First, and R. L. Storey of the Second. These were on duty at Charleston and Savannah, and late in the year on the

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State railroad, guarding bridges. Several more regi ments had been completed for the Confederate service: The Sixtieth, Col. William H. Stiles; Sixty-first, Col. John H. Lamar; Sixty-second, Col. J. R. Griffin; Sixtythird, Col. George A. Gordon; Sixty-fourth, Col. John W. Evans, and Sixty-fifth, Col. John S. Fain.
Four cavalry regiments had already been formed, the First under Col. J. J. Morrison; Second, Col. W. J. Lawton; Third, Col. Martin J. Crawford; Fourth, Col. Isaac W. Avery; and in 1863 a second Fourth was organized under Col. Duncan L. Clinch; the Fifth under Col. R. H. Anderson; the Sixth under Col. John R. Hart; the Sev enth, Col. E. C. Anderson, Jr.; the Eighth, Col. J. L. McAllister, and the Ninth, Col. J. Taliaferro.
On the 22d of June, Governor Brown, in obedience to a requisition of the national government, issued a procla mation calling for the organization of a force of 8,000 men over the age of forty-five years, or otherwise not subject to military duty, to be mustered in for six months from August ist, for home defense. "To hold in check the mighty hosts collected for our destruction by the abolition government," said the governor, "the President is obliged to mass the provisional armies of the Confed eracy at a few important key points, and cannot, without weakening them too much, detach troops to defend the interior points against sudden incursions. He therefore calls upon the people of the respective States who are otherwise not subject to be summoned to the field under the conscription laws to organize, and while they attend to their ordinary avocations at home, to stand ready at a moments warning to take up arms and drive back the plundering bands of marauders from their own immedi ate section of country. The governor requested the citizens of the various counties to assemble at their court houses on the first Tuesday of-Afuly, and organize the number required of them by counties, and he closed his proclamation with this appeal: Gray-headed sires! your
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influence and your aid are invoked. The crisis incur affairs is fast approaching. Georgia 'expects every man to do his duty.' Fly to arms and trust to God to defend the right!"
The response to his call was very creditable to the patri otism of the State. Not only 8,000, but 18,000 men offered themselves for this service. The command of this force was conferred upon Howell Cobb, promoted to majorgeneral with headquarters at Atlanta, and under him were Brig.-Gens. Alfred Iverson, Jr., with headquarters at Rome, and Henry R. Jackson at Savannah. Maj.Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, who had resigned from the Confederate army, entered the service of the State with especial charge, at this time, of fortifications.
At the close of the year 1863, according to the statement published by authority of the government at Richmond, Georgia had lost a greater number of soldiers than any other State of the Confederacy. The list as published is: Georgia, 9,504; Alabama, 8,987; North Carolina, 8,361; Texas, 6,377; Virginia, 5,943; Mississippi, 6,367; South Carolina, 4,511; Louisiana, 3,039; Tennessee, 2,849; Arkansas, 1,948; Florida, 1,119.
During the fall of this year the fortification of Atlanta was begun, under the direction of Col. M. H. Wright, commanding.

CHAPTER XV.
THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1864 --BATTLE OF OLUSTEE -- OPERATIONS NEAR SAVANNAH--THE WILDERNESS TO COLD HARBOR--GEORGIA TROOPS ENGAGED-- EARLY'S VALLEY CAMPAIGN.
THE first conflict to which Georgia troops were called outside the State in the momentous year 1864 was the famous battle of Olustee, in which the Federal column of invasion of middle Florida, designed in addition to important military ends to aid in the estab lishment of a friendly government in that State, was entirely defeated. The invasion was made by a force under the command of Gen. Truman Seymour, and included such able officers as Cols. J. R. Hawley and Guy V. Henry. General Colquitt's brigade was ordered from Charleston to repel the invasion, and the force organized near Lake City to meet the Federals was composed of two brigades. The First, including the Sixth, Nine teenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-seventh and Twentyeighth Georgia regiments, the Sixth Florida and the Chatham artillery, was commanded by General Colquitt. The Second, composed of the Thirty-second and Sixtyfourth Georgia, First regulars, First Florida battalion, Bonaud's battalion and Guerard's battery, was com manded by Col. George P. Harrison, Thirty-second Georgia. The Fourth Georgia cavalry was assigned to cover the left of the little army, and faithfully performed its duty. Colonel Clinch was severely wounded in the first onset.
The battle was brought on near Olustee by the advance of the Sixty-fourth Georgia, promptly supported in suc cession by Colquitt's brigade and Harrison's. General Colquitt commanded the line of battle, with Colonel Har rison in charge of the left. The battle began at 3 o'clock and continued until dark. From the first the Georgians
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pushed back the enemy, and when ammunition gave out
halted and held their line without replying to the-
enemy's fire, though some of the men had never before
been in battle. When the ammunition was replenished,
General Colquitt struck the enemy on the flank with the
Sixth and Thirty-second regiments; the Twenty-seventh,
under Colonel Zachry, pushed forward with great vigor
upon the center, and the whole line went in with a yell,
whereupon the enemy gave way in confusion. The Fed
eral force retreated during the night, and middle Florida
was no longer troubled. The forces engaged were about
5,500 on a side, but about 600 Confederate cavalry,
counted in this, were not actively engaged. The Fed
eral loss was 1,861 killed, wounded and captured. The
Eighth United States, colored, lost in line of battle 300
out of 550, illustrating the effectiveness of the Confed
erate fire. Colquitt's brigade lost 43 killed and 441
wounded; Harrison's, 50killed and 406 wounded; which,
with a few missing, made a total of 946. In his report
General Colquitt said:
The gallantry and steady courage of officers and men during this engagement are beyond all praise. For more than four hours they struggled with unflinching firmness against superior numbers, until they drove them in confusion and panic to seek safety in flight. Col. George P. Harrison, who commanded on the left, dis played skill, coolness and gallantry. The commanding officers of the various regiments did their duty nobly. Col. J. W. Evans, commanding Sixty-fourth Georgia, and Captain Crawford, commanding Twenty-eighth Georgia, both gallant officers, were wounded. LieutCol. James Barrow, Sixty-fourth Georgia, a brave and gallant officer, received a fatal shot while gallantly attempting to rally his men. Captain Wheaton and the officers and men of his battery (Chatham artillery) are entitled to especial commendation for their cotirage, cool ness and efficiency. [Captain Grattan, assistant adjutantgeneral; Lieut. Hugh H. Colquitt, aide-de-camp; Major Ely and Lieutenant Estill of the staff, and Lieutenant Thompson and Sterling Turner, volunteer aides, were also commended.]

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Colonel Harrison reported that a detachment of the Thirty-second regiment, Companies H and E, under Captain Mobley, won for itself much honor in charging and capturing three pieces of the enemy's artillery, and he particularly commended Colonel Lofton, of the Sixth regiment; Corporal Buchanan, Company E, Sixty-fourth, and Sergt. Thomas Battle, color-bearer First regulars. Of his staff, Lieut. R. F. Daney, ordnance officer, was instantly killed; Lieut. H. P. Clark had his horse shot under him; Lieut. George M. Blount, acting assistant adjutant-general, was shot from his horse while riding after ammunition. Capt. E. L. Guerard, acting brigade quartermaster, was distinguished as a staff officer. Among the killed and mortally wounded not previously mentioned were Lieut. R. J. 'Butler, Thirty-second; Capt. H. A. Cannon, commanding First regulars when killed; Lieut. P. A. Waller, Sixty-fourth; and among the wounded were Capt. W. D. Cornwell, Lieut. W. D. Moody, Lieut. W. L. Jenkins, Lieut. J. H. Pitman, Lieut. Morris Dawson, Thirty-second; Lieut. P. H. Morel, regulars; Maj. Walter H. Weems, Capt. R, W. Craven, Lieut. J. S. Thrasher; Lieut. M. L. Raines; Capt. J. K. Redd, Lieut. T. M. Beasley, Capt. R. A. Brown, Lieut. J. F. Burch, Sixty-fourth; Lieuts. J. W. Hall and Cader Pierce, Bonaud's battalion.
During these operations in Florida a demonstration was made on Whitemarsh island, near Savannah, by a considerable Federal force, which landed on the morning of February 22d. The enemy was repulsed after a brisk skirmish by a detachment of the Fifty-seventh Georgia under Captains Tucker and Turner, and a section of Max well's battery under Lieutenant Richardson.
The Confederate naval forces afloat at Savannah during 1864 were under the command of Capt. W. W. Hunter, a native of Philadelphia, who had espoused the cause of . the South, and had been on duty on the Texas coast and in Virginia. Commodore Tattnall remained at the

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head of the naval forces. During the year the Savan nah, an armored ship, was completed, and the Milledgeville was launched.
After the abandonment of the attacks on Fort McAllister, Ossabaw sound was usually guarded alone by the Federal gunboat Waterwitch, a famous side-wheel steamer which had taken part in the Paraguay war of 1855, and fought against Commodore Hollins in the Mis sissippi passes. Captain Hunter detailed 7 boats, 15 officers and 117 men to attempt the capture of this vessel, under Lieut. Thomas P. Pelot, on May 3ist. -They could not find the Waterwitch that night, but hearing the next day of her presence in Little Ogeechee river, they renewed the search and came alongside in the midst of a thunderstorm on the night of June 3d. On being hailed, Lieutenant Pelot answered, "We are rebels," and imme diately gave the command, "Board her!" Though the Waterwitch had steamed up and was at once put in motion, the port and starboard columns of attack, headed by Lieutenant Pelot and Lieut. Joseph Price, got on board, and a desperate fight with pistols and cutlasses at once ensued, which lasted for some ten minutes. The enemy's fire with small-arms was very effective while the boats were coming alongside, and while the boarding netting was being cut through. Lieutenant Pelot was the first to gain the deck, and was engaged in a combat with swords with Lieutenant Pendergrast. The latter was laid upon the deck by his antagonist, but at that moment the paymaster of the Waterwitch, catching a glimpse of Pelot by the glare of lightning, fired upon and instantly killed him. Then Lieutenant Price took com mand and the boarders pressed forward with such vigor that the ship was soon surrendered. Besides Lieutenant Pelot the Confederates lost in killed Moses Dallas (col ored), Quarter-gunner Patrick Lotin, Seamen W. R. Jones, James Stapleton and Crosby, Lieutenant Price, Midshipman Minor and Boatswain Seymour; and Stew-

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287

ard Harley and nine seamen were wounded. Of the
Federals, 2 were killed, 12 wounded and 77 captured. A
negro escaped and gave the alarm to other Federal ves
sels, so that Price was compelled to abandon his intention
to make further captures, and to take his prize back
tinder the guns of Beatilieu battery, where Lieut. W. W.
Carnes took command of the Waterwitch, which was
added to the Confederate flotilla.
According to the report of Maj.-Gen. Lafayette
McLaws, in command on the Georgia coast, the follow
ing was the strength of the Confederate posts and garri
sons in that department in August:
At Thunderbolt, 85 men. At Fort Bartow, 51 men. At Whitmarsh island, one company Twenty-second Georgia, in charge of heavy battery; three companies Twenty-seventh battalion, two companies reserves, one company Bonaud's battalion, one company light artillery, effective total 382. At river batteries, Forts Jackson and Lee, Battery Cleves and Battery Lawton, three com panies Twenty-second battalion, and Mercer artillery, effective total 253; at Isle of Hope, three light batteries, 176 men; at Rosedew, two companies Cobb guards, 135 men; at Beaulieu, Hanleiter's light artillery and two companies Twenty-seventh battalion, 218 effective; at Fort McAllister, Brooks' light battery and Company A, Twenty-seventh battalion, '93 men, and the First Georgia regulars, 238 effective, in charge of Federal officers imprisoned; at Oglethorpe barracks, three com panies reserves, 145 men; at White Bluff, Guerard's light artillery, 93 effective. Colonel Arthur Hood's Twentyninth Georgia battalion, 302 strong, and three companies South Carolina cavalry, 134 men, were on coast guard from the Ogeechee to St. Mary's.
General McLaws stated that to be relieved from guard
duty for an entire day was an uncommon occurrence with
any soldier of his little command. On August i7th, one
of the companies of South Carolina cavalry was surprised
and mostly captured by a Federal force near South New
port.
In October, 1864, after the close of the Atlanta and

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Richmond campaigns, there were still on duty in South
Carolina the following Georgia troops: The Thirty-second
infantry, Bonaud's artillery battalion, Forty-seventh
infantry, Chatham artillery. Col. George P. Harrison was in command at Florence, where the Fifth regiment, Col. Charles P. Daniel, was also stationed; and in Florida were two companies of the Twenty-second battalion.
On October 3ist the Georgia troops under command of Major-General McLaws on the coast, including the Fifth district of South Carolina, were as follows:
First regulars, six companies Second battalion and Barnwell's battery, under Col. R. A. Wayne; Twentyseventh battalion, Capt. Charles Daniell; Twenty-ninth battalion cavalry, Capt. A. W. Hunter; Bonaud's artil lery, Capt. M. T. McGregor; Capt. J. W. Brooks' bat tery; Cobb guards, Maj. A. L. Hartridge; Daniel's, Guerard's and Maxwell's batteries, under Capt. J. A. Maxwell; Hanleiter's battery; Mercer artillery, Maj. T. D. Bertody, and McAlpine's engineers. In addition there were the Third South Carolina cavalry, ten com panies South Carolina reserves, and six South Carolina batteries.
Although the year 1863 had closed in despondency, before the spring campaigns opened in Georgia and Vir ginia the hopes of the Southern people had been revived by a series of brilliant successes. Olustee, the first of these, has been described. Two days later Forrest gained a decisive victory in Mississippi, followed by one brilliant victory after another. Then came the defeat of Banks in Louisiana and of Steele in Arkansas, and the recovery of much lost territory. So when the armies in Virginia and Georgia stood up for battle in the early days of May, 1864, they entered upon their campaigns with the confidence of victory. The army of Tennessee fully believed that under Joseph E. Johnston they would recover all that had been lost, while the army of North ern Virginia had implicit confidence in Robert E. LeeIn each of these grand armies Georgia was well repre-

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sented in the number and quality of her troops in every arm of the service.
The campaign of the spring and summer in Virginia affords one of the most remarkable instances on record of a successful defense against tremendous odds and skillful combinations. Lee's conduct of the campaign excited the wonder of the world, and would have secured his fame if it had nothing else on which to rest. We will give a sketch of the part played by Georgia commands in this wonderful campaign, in which Lee with 64,000 men met and baffled Grant's 118,000, with all their bounteous resources and desperate efforts. In the army of Northern Virginia, four of the nine brigades of Longstreet's corps were Georgians--the brigades of William T. Wofford, Goode Bryan, George T. Anderson and Henry L. Benning. In Ewell's corps, John B. Gordon's brigade was a third of Early's division, and one of the five brigades of Rodes' division was George Doles' Georgians. In A. P. Hill's corps were the brigade of Ambrose R. Wright, Anderson's division, and the bri gade of Edward L. Thomas, Wilcox's division. Callaway's and Carlton's Georgia batteries were in the artillery of Longstreet's corps, commanded by a Georgian, Gen. E. P. Alexander. Milledge's battery was with the Sec ond corps, and an entire artillery battalion from Georgia under Col. A. S. Cutts was with A. P. Hill. In the cav alry, Georgia was represented by a brigade under Gen. P. M. B. Young, containing the Seventh regiment, Col. W. P. White; Cobb's legion, Col. G. J. Wright; Phillips' legion; Twentieth battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Millen; and, after July, by one Georgia company with the Jeff Davis legion.
After Grant crossed the Rapidan, Lee marched to strike his column in the Wilderness. The battle of that day was desperate, each side holding its ground. The Georgians of Doles' and Gordon's brigades were the first to win success, regaining the ground lost upon the first
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Federal attack; Gordon, by a dashing charge, capturing several hundred prisoners and relieving Doles, who though hard pressed had held his ground.
On the 6th of May it was upon the suggestion of Gordon that the attack was made upon the Federal right, and his brigade, supported by Johnston's North Carolinians and Hays' Louisianians, charged with such vehemence as to take a mile of the Federal works, and capture 600 prisoners, including Generals Seymour and Shaler. Gen eral Ewell in his report says that General Gordon sent word to him by General Early at 9 o'clock that morning, urging this very attack. Early did not think it safe, and Ewell did not order it until he had examined the ground himself. As soon as he had examined the ground, he ordered Gordon to make the attack; but it was then nearly sunset. If it had been made in the morning, much more decisive results would have followed. On the same day this marvelous army, tinder the immortal Lee, was not only pounding the enemy, over twice its number, on the froiit and right flank, but Longstreet, coming up5 sent Andersen's and Wofford's Georgians with Mahoiie's Virginians to attack his left flank and rear, while Benning and Bryan fought in front. The movement was a complete success, and the Federal line was routed with heavy loss. It seemed at this moment that the defeat of Grant's army was within the grasp of the Confederates, but as Longstreet was preparing to follow up his success, he fell wounded from the fire of some of his own men in the flanking column, and in the respite thus gained the Federal officers were enabled to secure their line.
On the 8th, Wofford's and Bryan's brigades fought their way to Spottsylvania Court House and occtipied it. Gordon, temporarily in command of Early's division, after a distressing march through dust and smoke, reached there in the evening. On the intrenched line Doles occupied one of the salients, and suffered severely

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from the assault on the loth. But the remnant of Doles' brigade, supported by other commands, including Gordon's division, soon regained the works. Anderson at the same time repulsed a direct attack. On the xath, when Edward Johnson's division was overwhelmed in the salient by Hancock's corps, Gordon's brigade, now commanded by Col. Clement A. Evans, was directly in the rear of the left of Johnson, and moved in at doublequick through the dense fog to the point of danger. Pegram's Virginians came up with them and the two brigades were ordered to attack. The situation was extremely critical. General Lee himself rode up and proposed to lead the advancing line. The two brigades, according to General Gordon's report, "charged with the greatest spirit, driving the enemy with heavy loss from nearly the whole of the captured works, from the left of Wilcox's division to the salient on General Johnson's line, and fully a fourth of a mile beyond." In the same terrible fight the Georgia brigades of Wofford and Doles were engaged with great credit.
On the 2oth, General Gordon was put in command of a division composed of his own brigade, under Evans, and the remnant of the Stonewall division. In the desperate attempt of Grant to break the Confederate lines at Cold Harbor, July ist and ad, the Georgians of Longstreet's corps took a prominent and valiant part. Assault after assault was repulsed at Kershaw's salient, with terrible loss to the enemy.
The Sumter Eleventh artillery battalion, under Colonel Cutts and Major Lane, consisting of Ross', Patterson's and Wingfield's batteries, did excellent service during this Overland campaign. On the ioth of May, in con junction with Pegram's battalion of artillery, it repulsed an infantry attack upon the Confederate right at Spottsylvania. Again at Cold Harbor, June 3d, the Sumter battalion with others materially assisted in checking the enemy's advance. Cabell's battalion, embracing among

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

other batteries the Pulaski and the Troup artillery, also bore a gallant part in all these battles.
At Hawe's shop the Georgia brigade of Gen. P. M. B. Young fought with great credit. Again at Trevilian Station Young's brigade made a splendid record. The loss in Hampton's division was 612, of whom 59 were killed. Among the killed, Hampton greatly regretted the loss of Lieutenant-Colonel McAllister of the Seventh
Georgia, and Capt. Whiteford D. Russell of the same regiment, who at the time was acting major. Captain Russell had been in service from the beginning of the war, having been a lieutenant of the Walker light infantry of Augusta, Company I, of Ramsey's First
Georgia.
Early in May, Gen. A. H. Colquitt had been ordered to Richmond, and on May isth the Fifty-sixth regiment was ordered up from Macon, and the Twelfth battalion and Forty-seventh and Fifty-fifth regiments from Savan nah. Colquitt's Georgia brigade and Ransom's North Carolina brigade formed a division under General Col quitt, in Beauregard's forces for the defense of Peters burg. The brigade bore a creditable part in the battle near Drewry's Bluff, May i6th, which resulted in the bottling up of General Butler. Its loss was 11 killed and
146 wounded. In the June battles before Petersburg,
Colquitt's brigade fought in Hoke's division. Through
out the long siege which followed, the Georgians did their
whole duty on the Petersburg lines and before Richmond. Toward the last of June, Hampton's cavalry utterly
defeated the expedition of Wilson and Kautz, to the south and west of Petersburg. Again the Georgians of Young's brigade, under Col. G. J. Wright, had their full share of hardships and glory. Hampton in his report
says:
The pursuit of the enemy which ended near Peters' bridge closed the active operations which began on June 8th, when the movement against Sheridan commenced.

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293

During that time, a period of twenty-two days, the com mand had no rest, was badly supplied with rations and forage, marched upward of 400 miles, fought the greater portion of six days, and one entire night, captured upward of 2,000 prisoners, many guns, small-arms, wagons, horses and other materials of war, and was com pletely successful in defeating two of the most formidable and well-organized expeditions of the enemy. This was accomplished at a cost in my division of 719 killed, wounded and missing.
After Grant's disastrous repulse at Cold Harbor, the Second corps under Early was detached to strike Hunter, who was moving upon Lynchburg; then to move down the valley, cross the Potomac and threaten Washington. Maj.-Gen. John B. Gordon commanded one of the divi sions of this corps. His old brigade was now commanded by Brig.-Gen. Clement A. Evans. It embraced the Thirteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-first, Thirty-eighth, Sixtieth and Sixty-first Georgia regiments and the Twelfth Georgia battalion. In Phil Cook's brigade of Rodes' division were the Fourth, Twelfth, Twenty-first
and Forty-fourth Georgia regiments. Hastening to
Lynchburg, Early chased Hunter for more than sixty miles, capturing prisoners and artillery. Then Early moved rapidly northward, crossed the Potomac and marched toward Washington. In the brilliant victory at the Monocacy, Gordon made a gallant charge which broke the Federal lines. In this charge Gen. C. A. Evans, who commanded the leading brigade, fell from his horse
severely wounded through the body. The Georgians also shared in Early's victory at Kernstown, July 24th. These movements of Early had caused Grant to send two corps to Washington city and to keep them in that vicinity, and McCausland's cavalry expedition to Chambersburg caused him to send additional troops to Washington. In the battle of Winchester, September igth, the Georgians maintained a good reputation.
In addition to the Georgia commands already men-

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tioned as being with Early, there were at the battle of Cedar Creek: in Kershaw's division, Wofford's brigade, consisting of the Sixteenth, Eighteenth and Twenty/ fourth Georgia regiments, and Third Georgia battalion, also Cobb's Georgia legion and Phillips' legion; in Bryan's brigade; commanded by Col. James P. Simms, the Tenth Georgia, Col. W. C. Holt; Fiftieth Georgia, Col. P. McGlashan; Fifty-first Georgia, Col. E. Ball, and the Fifty-third Georgia. The division which included Gen. Phil Cook's brigade was now commanded by General Ramseur, General Rodes having been killed at Winchester.
At early dawn of October igth, the divisions of Gordon, Ramseur and Pegram, under the command of Gordon, attacked the Federal rear; while Kershaw and Wharton, with all the artillery, attacked the front and flank. The Federal army was surprised and routed, losing much artillery and many prisoners. But late that after noon, rallied by the example of Horatio Wright's corps and the cavalry, which had retreated in order, they returned under Sheridan, whose cavalry force alone out numbered Early's infantry. The Confederates were routed in turn, losing the guns captured in the morning and twenty-three of their own. But they carried off with them 1,500 prisoners, who were sent to Richmond. Even after these defeats Early advanced again, and for two days, November nth and i2th, confronted Sheri dan's whole force north of Cedar creek without being attacked. He even sent out expeditions, which captured prisoners and guns. In all these movements of Early, Capt. John Milledge's battery, of Nelson's battalion, participated, doing with gallantry and fidelity whatever was required of them.
In the engagement following the mine explosion at Petersburg, July 30, 1864, Wright's Georgia brigade was conspicuous. Corp. F. J. Herndon, Company F, Third Georgia, captured the regimental flag of the Fifty-eighth

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Massachusetts in the charge by Mahone's division. Cor poral Herndon's name was one of those inscribed upon the roll of honor read to every regiment in the service at the first dress parade after its receipt. Slaton's Macon artillery shared also in the honors of this fight.
In all the fighting around Petersburg and Richmond, Georgia was nobly illustrated by her gallant sons. Had the Confederate armies been as successful everywhere else as they were in Virginia through all the summer of 1864, that year would have witnessed the triumph of the Southern cause.
Let us now see what was happening on other parts of the general field, in the same period as the important events just described in Virginia.

Note: The Twenty-first Georgia infantry was detached from.

Doles' brigade in January, 1864, and temporarily assigned to Hoke's

brigade for the campaign in North Carolina. It participated in the

operations against the Federal forces at New Bern, in February,.

and the capture of Plymouth, N. C., April 17-20, and in the follow

ing month served under General Beauregard on the Swift Creek and

Drewry's Bluff line, in Virginia, after which it was re-united with.

Doles' brigade. The Sixty-fourth Georgia infantry began its ser--

vice in Virginia in the Drewry's Bluff campaign, and afterward was

attached to Wright's brigade.

\

CHAPTER XVI.
THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN--FEBRUARY FIGHTING NEAR DALTON--ORGANIZATION OF JOHNSTON'S ARMYCAMPAIGN FROM DALTON TO THE CHATTAHOOCHEE--RESACA, NEW HOPE CHURCH AND KENESAW MOUNTAIN--BATTLES ABOUT ATLANTA--WHEEL ER'S RAID--JONESBORO AND THE EVACUATION.
EFORE the beginning of the Atlanta campaign, sev eral affairs, in which the army of Tennessee was successful, helped to revive the spirits of the
troops. Probably the principal event which cheered them and nerved their hearts to renewed efforts was the appointment of Joseph E. Johnston as their commander. Under his leadership they hoped for great results. Their hardships were great; but from boyhood they had read and heard of the trials endured and bravely borne by the patriots of the revolution, and though poorly clad and .scantily fed they bore their privations with brave hearts ,-and hoped for better things. The exhaustion of the . country was evidenced during the winter of 1863-64 in the deprivations of the soldiers. There was a great deficiency in blankets, and many were without shoes. The horses also, though sent to the valley of the Etowah to graze and be fed, remained so feeble from lack of forage that early in February teams of the Napoleon guns were unable to draw them up a trifling hill. Under Johnston's management there was soon great improvement in the commissariat. Men and animals began to fare better. The winter of 1863-64 was mainly devoted to discipline . and instruction of the troops. Intrenchment was indus triously continued for protection of the railroad bridges Tback to Atlanta, as well as about :that city. Military
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297

operations otherwise consisted in little more than skir mishes of scouting parties.
On January 28, 1864, however, a considerable Federal force, under General Palmer, advanced from Ringgold in reconnoissance and drove in the cavalry outposts before Tunnel Hill, but retired as soon as it was discovered that that position was still held by Cleburne. On the i7th of February, on account of Sherman's Meridian expedition, the divisions of Cheatham, Cleburne and Walker, under General Hardee, were forwarded to Mississippi to assist Gen. Leonidas Polk, but they were soon recalled, Sherman having retreated from Meridian to Vicksburg.
Commencing a campaign in earnest, Grant directed Thomas to utilize his well-prepared army of the Cumber land by gaining possession of Dalton and as far south of that as possible. In compliance with this order, Johnson's and Baird's divisions, of Palmer's corps, occupied Ringgold on the 2ad of February, and Cruft's division went to Red Clay on the railroad to Cleveland, Tenn. Davis' division reinforced Palmer at Ringgold. Long's brigade of cavalry advanced toward Dalton. The whole Federal strength in this movement was twelve brigades of infan try, one of cavalry, and several batteries. To meet them Johnston posted Stewart's and Breckinridge's divisions before Mill Creek gap, northeast of Dalton, and Steven son north of Dalton. On February 24th, Palmer advanced in three columns, the center directed against Wheeler's cavalry. As Thom*as reported, the center " met with a fire at long range from a. battery of Parrott guns, the enemy's practice being excellent and succeeding in checking the column.'' But the flanking columns advanced and com pelled Wheeler to retire, and the Federals encamped that night in the valley immediately before the pass called Buzzard Roost, through which the railroad passes. On the next day two Federal divisions held the position at Buzzard Roost, and two others, with the cavalry, were sent around by the north to make an attack in the rear
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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

of the pass in Crow valley. Major-General Hindman met this flank movement very skillfully, posting Clayton's brigade of Stewart's division, and Reynolds' bri gade, near the base of the mountain, and Brown's, Pettus" and Gumming's brigades on the opposite heights to the east, and maintained a brisk skirmish with the enemy all day. Late in the afternoon a sharp attack was made upon Clayton, which was repulsed. During the greater part of the day the Thirty-ninth Georgia was exposed to a lively fire of shells, which failed to move them. Cumming's brigade suffered a loss of i killed and 25 wounded.
Meanwhile a serious attack was made at the gap against Stovall's brigade. His skirmishers fell back until the enemy was in range of the artillery on the ridge, which opened, and in co-operation with the Forty-second Geor gia, Col. R. J. Henderson commanding, made a vigorous charge, which drove back the enemy's line in great con fusion. The Federals left 30 dead on the field and 15 prisoners. The Forty-second lost i man killed and 14 wounded. Colonel Curtiss, of the Forty-first Georgia, was severely wounded.
The Thirty-ninth Indiana held a pass six miles south which threatened the Confederate position, and Granbury's Texas brigade, the first of Hardee's to return from the trip toward Meridian, was sent to drive them out at dawn of the 26th. Granbury executed this move ment skillfully and promptly, and the enemy hastily retired.
Palmer's forces withdrew during the night of the 26th and were pursued to Ringgold bj Wheeler. The Confed erate strength in this creditable affair was seven brigades on the 2 5th and eleven on the 26th. The Federal loss was reported at 43 killed, 267 wounded, 35 missing. The Confederate loss was about 270 killed and wounded.
On March sth, General Wheeler with 600 men passed through Nickajack gap and attacked an Indiana cavalry regiment at Leet's tanyard, contemplating its capture,

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but the Federals escaped, leaving their camp, wagons and stores, and a number of prisoners in Wheeler's care.
In reply to an inquiry from General Johnston he was informed by General Bragg, now acting as military ad viser with office at Richmond, that he was desired to have everything in readiness for a forward movement at the earliest practicable moment, but a definite increase of his army, which Johnston requested, was not promised^ General Johnston was furnished a plan of campaign by the war department, brought by Colonel Sale, General Bragg's military secretary, in which it appeared that the great result desired by the Confederate government was the reclaiming of the provision country of Kentucky and Tennessee, and an increase of the army by recruits. To aid in taking the offensive there would be sent him 5,000 men from Polk and 10,000 from Beauregard, as soon as he was ready to use them, giving him a total strength, including Longstreet's corps, of 75,000. In acknowledging the receipt of this plan of campaign, John ston declared that he expressly accepted taking the offensive, but wanted his full strength assembled first.
At this juncture Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant was assigned to the duties of commander of the armies of the United States, Maj.-Gen. William T. Sherman to command of the military division of the Mississippi, and Maj.-Gen. James B. McPherson to command of the department of the Tennessee; Maj.-Gen. George H. Thomas retaining his position as commander of the department and army of the Cumberland. Prom Washington, Grant wrote to Sherman a private and confidential letter, saying: "I propose for you to move against Johnston's army, to break it up and to get into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the damage you can against their war resources.'' About the same time Sherman received a map marked to show the contemplated movements, in dicating that he was expected to advance to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah. On April 24th he reported that he

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

was ready except getting up McPherson's command from
Cairo, mostly on furlough. He also stated his opinion
that in the coming campaign Johnston would be "com-
pelled to hang to his railroad, the only possible avenue of
supply to the Southern army, estimated from 45,000 to
65,ooo men." Sherman's army numbered nearly 100,000
men.
About the middle of April, Johnston sent his adjutant-
general, Col. B. S. Ewell, to Richmond to state the situ
ation and his own position of readiness to advance if he
could be reinforced. But this mission .did not result in
definite arrangements.
The Confederate army of Tennessee on May ist was
composed of two infantry corps, under Lieut. -Gen. Will
iam J. Hardee and Lieut.-Gen. John B. Hood, and one
cavalry corps under Maj.-Gen. Joseph Wheeler. The
organization of the corps was as follows:
Hardee's corps: Major-General Cheatham's division, composed of the brigades of Maney, Strahl, Carter and Vaughan, all from Tennessee. Major-General Cleburne's division, composed of Folk's Arkansas and Tennessee bri gade, Govan's Arkansas brigade, Lowrey's Alabama and Mississippi brigade, and Granbury's Texas brigade. Major-General Walker's division, composed of J. K. Jack son's Georgia and Mississippi brigade, Gist's Georgia and. South Carolina brigade, and C. H. Stevens' Georgia bri gade. Maj.-Gen. William B. Bate's division, composed of Lewis' Kentucky brigade, Bate's (Tyler's) Georgia and Tennessee brigade, and Finley's Florida brigade.
Hood's corps: Maj.-Gen. T. C. Hindman's division, including Deas' Alabama brigade, Tucker's Mississippi brigade, Manigault's Alabama and South Carolina bri gade, and Walthall's Mississippi brigade. Maj.-Gen. C. L. Stevenson's division, composed of Brown's Tennessee brigade, Reynolds' North Carolina and Virginia brigade, Alfred Cumming's Georgia brigade, and Pettus' Alabama brigade. Maj.-Gen. Stewart's division, com posed of Stovall's Georgia brigade, Gibson's Louisiana brigade, Clayton's Alabama brigade, and Baker's Alabama brigade.

\ ':; ; : '-. "-.' : ; !; ;
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301

Wheeler's cavalry corps: Maj.-Gen. W. H. Martin's division, including the Alabama brigade of Gen. J. T. Morgan and the Georgia brigade of Gen. Alfred Iverson; Brig.-Gen. J. H. Kelly's division, composed of the Con federate brigade of Gen. W. W. Alien, and the Tennes see . brigade of Col. G. G. Dibrell; Brig. -Gen. W. Y. C. Httmes' division--Humes' Tennessee brigade, Arkansas and Texas brigade of Col. Thomas Harrison, Kentucky brigade of Col. J. W. Grigsby, and Alabama brigade of Col. M. W. Hannon.
The artillery of Hardee.'s corps consisted of four battal ions under Col. Melancthon Smith; of Hood's corps, three battalions under Col. R. F. Beckham; of the cavalry corps, one battalion under Lieut. -Col. F. H. Robertson.
The Georgia brigade of Gen. H. W. Mercer, composed
of the First volunteer regiment, Col. C. H. Olmstead;
Fifty-fourth, Lieut.-Col. Morgan Rawls; Fifty-seventh,
Lieut.-Col. C. S. Guyton; Sixty-third, Col. G. A. Gor
don, was afterward added, from Savannah, and assigned
to Walker's division. Cantey's brigade was brought
from Mobile to Rome.
The strength of the army of Tennessee, according to
the abstract of returns for April 3oth, was as follows:
Hardee's corps, 25,782; Hood's corps, 24,379; Wheeler's
corps, 10,058; artillery reserve, engineers, etc., 1,500.
The aggregate present was 61,947. Of this there were
reported present for duty, 4,524 officers and 48,333 men.
The effective total present was reported at 41,434. The
addition of Cantey's brigade brought in about 2,000 effec
tives, Mercer's brigade about 3,000. Dibrell's and Har
rison's brigades of cavalry were not counted, being in
the rear recruiting horses.
The strength of the Federal armies is stated in General
Sherman's report:
On the 2 7th of April I put all the troops in motion toward Chattanooga, and on the next day went there in person. My aim and purpose was to make the army of the Cumberland 50,000 men, that of the Tennessee 35,000, and that of the Ohio 15,000. On the first of May the

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

effective strength of the several armies for offensive pur poses was about as follows: Army of the Cumberland, Major-General Thomas commanding; infantry, 54,568; artillery, 2,377; cavalry, 3,828; total 60,773; guns, J 3; Army of the Tennessee, Major-General McPherson com manding; infantry, 22,437; artillery, 1,404; cavalry, 624; total 24,465; guns, 96; Army of the Ohio, Major-General Schofield commanding; infantry, 11,183; artillery, 679; cavalry, 1,697; total 13,559; guns, 28. Grand aggre gate, troops 98,797, guns 254.
As for the supplies, "a very respectable quantity" had been accumulated at Chattanooga, and during the entire campaign, says the Federal commander, stores were sent forward in "wonderful abundance." Sherman made his forward movement during the first week in May by orders from Grant, skirmishing steadily at Stone church May ist, Lee's cross-roads the 2d, and daily afterward at vari ous points more or less severely through the entire month, gaining ground only to the south of the Etowah.
Johnston was in a rough and partially mountainous country, which, while partly available for defense, also
aided his antagonist in movements to the flank. The moun
tainous region in which the campaign began did not fur
nish formidable ranges lying across the avenues of attack,
with flanks remote from convenient approach. It was true that Dalton and the Confederate line lay back of Rocky Face, an inaccessible ridge, but an inconsiderable detour would bring the enemy into the north end of the valley, and as the ridge lay parallel to the railroad essen tial to the safety of Johnston's army, a flank attack at the south would at once compel his retreat. At the beginning of the campaign, two Federals to one Confed erate was approximately the relative strength of the opposing forces. After Polk united with Johnston, the difference was not so great, but was always sufficient to permit Sherman to take advantage of the topography, and while covering Johnston's front, to move his surplus force against the Confederate flank. Sherman's aggre-

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gate of 98,797 men was increased to 112,819, according to the returns of May 3ist.
On the 5th of May, Johnston's army was -concen trated near Dalton. Stewart's and Bate's divisions were in Mill Creek gap, Stewart on the north of the stream and Cheatham on his right, extending about a mile on the crest of the ridge. Walker was in reserve. Steven son faced north across Crow valley, his left touching Cheatham's right on the mountain. Hindman extended Stevenson's right, and Cleburne lay in front of Dalton, facing in the direction of Cleveland.
Thomas was about Ringgold, Schofield at Red Clay on the railroad to Cleveland, and McPherson at Gordon's mills. A glance at the map will show the general posi tions of the armies. Sherman's report states that the pass between Tunnel Hill and Dalton, known as Buzzard Roost, was narrow, well obstructed, and strongly defended by artillery, preventing an attack in front against Dalton. An attack from the north was likewise to be avoided on account of "a strong line of works behind Mill creek." Hence McPherson was ordered to advance to Snake Creek gap, at the southern extremity of Rocky Face, whence it was a short march to Resaca, on the railroad 18 miles south of Dalton. Johnston was aware of this, but hehad decided to make no fight to hold the Dalton position, and did not attempt effectively to hold Snake Creek gap. He reckoned on the length of time it would take his enemy to reach Resaca, and knowing that he could get his own army there in one night's march, held on at Dal ton until compelled to let go.
On the evening of the 7th, the Federal line had advanced past Tunnel Hill to Mill Creek gap. On the 8th there was sharp fighting on Rocky Face before Dalton, in one place Petttts' Alabamians, and at Dug gap, Reynolds' Arkansans and Grigsby's Kentuckians, handsomely repel ling all assaults.
On the next day there was a vigorous Federal attack^

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which fell upon the brigades of Pettus and Brown at the angle on Rocky Face, on Stovall's and Baker's on the ridge, and on Bate in the gap, but the gallant Confeder ates held their ground with firmness, and the enemy suffered severely. The fight, said Sherman, "attained the dimensions of a battle.'' The Federals repeatedly charged and were as often repulsed.
Meanwhile McPherson's army reached Snake Creek gap, and his cavalry advance encountered some Confed erate forces, including Grigsby's Kentucky cavalry and the cadets of the Georgia military institute, supported by Cantey's brigade. The cadets made reputation in this fight, which was among the earliest of their engage ments, and did in fact delay McPherson materially, though driven back into the works at Resaca. After skirmishing until nearly dark, and finding that he could not succeed in cutting .the railroad that afternoon, Mc Pherson decided to withdraw the command and take up a position for the night between Sugar valley and the entrance to the gap.
Johnston had sent Hood, with Hindman, Cleburne and Walker, to Resaca, but learning of McPherson's retreat, withdrew Cleburne and Walker to Tilton, midway, and being advised that General Polk had arrived at Resaca with Loring's division, army of the Mississippi, he calmty maintained his position at Dalton. During the nth and 12th he annoyed the enemy with tentative movements, one of these being a reconnoissance around the north end of the mountain by General Wheeler, in which that offi cer defeated Stoneman's cavalry and caused the enemy considerable loss in men and wagons.
On the 14th of May, Sherman found the Confederate army in a strong position behind Camp Creek, occupying the forts at Resaca with its right on some high chestnut. hills, to the north of the town. Thus ended the first stage of the campaign which changed the Confederate front from the mountains before Chattanooga to Resaca on the Oostenaula river.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

305

Before Resaca, Loring had held back the enemy until Hardee's and Hood's corps arrived and took position. Then the army was formed in two lines, Polk and Hardee facing west, with Folk's left on the Oostenaula, while Hood faced northwest, his right extending to the Connesauga river. Sherman's army approached these lines on the i3th, and on the i4th skir mishing began all along the Confederate front. The only advantage the enemy gained was on Folk's front, where Logan reached a ridge the Confederates had held, in trenched, and resisted the attempt to drive him out. With his cannon he commanded the Confederate pontoon bridges. Hood attacked the Federal left in the after noon, striking Howard and Stanley. In this combat the larger share of the fighting fell to Stevenson's division, in which was the Georgia brigade of Alfred Gumming, which won from General Stevenson the remark, "I was much gratified by the gallantry with which the move
ment was made." The fight on the isth was inaugurated by the advance of
Hooker, which Hindman's line bravely met. Although several vigorous assaults were made, they were all repelled by Hindman's first line alone. Major-General Stevenson . had early in the day assumed the position from which he had been recalled the night before. Here, by the order of General Hood, he placed a four-gun battery in position some 80 yards in front of his line of infantry. Be fore it could be properly supported, its fire was opened and this drew upon it so fierce an attack that the guns could not be drawn back to the main line of the division. But Brown's and Reynolds' brigades opened an effective fire upon the Federals, driving them back from the guns. General Hood was now under renewed orders to advance, and Stewart had actually assailed the Federal left, when the order was countermanded upon positive information that the Federals had crossed the Oostenaula to the west ward, at Lay's or Tanner's ferry, and pushed back Mar-
Ga39

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

tin's cavalry. Near this point Jackson's Georgia brigade made a fierce assault upon the greater part of Sweeney's division under Corse, and met a blood)^ repulse. The Confederate army crossed the river at midnight while the Federals were asleep, and the main body marched south of Calhoun while Hardee held back the advance of Thomas. On the i6th, while Thomas' main army con fronted Johnston near Calhoun, McPherson was march ing toward Rome, and Schofield and Hooker on the left toward Cassville.
Johnston, not finding a good position at Calhoun, with drew the following night to Adairsville, and took position while Cheatham and Wheeler held back the enemy, who skirmished actively throughout the day in his front. On that day the cavalry division of Brig.-Gen. William H. Jackson, 3,700 strong, arrived from Mississippi, and on the next day French's division, of Folk's corps, joined the army. Johnston does not state that he was aware that he was being flanked on each side while at Adairsville, but he says: "The probability that the Federal army would divide gave me a hope of engaging and defeating one of the columns before it could receive aid from the other.'' On the morning of the 18th, the Federals at Adairsville again found Johnston gone. Hardee's corps had marched to Kingston, Folk's and Hood's to Cassville.
Johnston intended to turn, back and overwhelm the col umn following him from Adairsville. On the ipth Hood was directed to advance on a country road parallel to the main road to Adairsville, and east of it, while Polk took that road straight back. While Polk attacked in front, Hood would turn the enemy's flank. News that a battle would be fought was received by the troops with exul tation, as it had been at Resaca. But when General Hood had advanced two or three miles he was informed that the enemy was approaching the rear of the right of the position he had just vacated, and he fell back and took position across the Canton road. General Thomas

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307

reported to Sherman that the Confederates "had fallen back in echelon of divisions steadily and in superb order into Cassville."
Johnston placed his army along the ridges near Cassville, in what he regarded as the best position he occu pied during the campaign. Hood's and Folk's and half of Hardee's corps in that order from north to south, in double lines. The remainder of Hardee's corps extended the line beyond the railroad toward the river. On the evening of the igth the Federal artillery was engaged in firing on the Confederate line until night. The contest about Cassville was very severe, especially between the batteries on the opposing ridges. Sharp skirmishing occurred on the streets. The fine college buildings and many others were riddled with balls. Some of them were fired and consumed, and afterward the beautiful little city was wantonly burned. Johnston intended to give battle at Cassville, but again the expected struggle did not occur, and the reason for the retreat is in dispute. As General Johnston relates it, Generals Hood and Polk "expressed their opinion very positively on the night of the r gth that neither of their corps would be able to hold its position next day; because, they said, a part of each was enfiladed by Federal artillery;" and they advised that the army retreat across the Etowah. General Hardee remonstrated, being confident that his corps, though less favorably posted, could hold its own. Hood's state ment is that he declared the position unsuited for defense, but he was ready to attack if so ordered. General John ston admits that he was aware that a part of General Folk's line could be swept by artillery, if posted on a hill a mile distant, but he considered the danger trifling. At any rate, the army again retreated on the 2oth, crossing the Etowah river, "a step," Johnston reported, "which I have regretted ever since.''
In the fighting of this day (May igth), Mercer's bri gade was thrown out in Walker's front and the Sixty-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY. HISTORY.

third Georgia was put in advance of the brigade to sup port the skirmish line. The skirmishers of the brigade were commanded by Maj. J. V. H. Alien, of the Sixtythird. In the spirited skirmish which occurred, his scab bard was dented and his clothing pierced by minie balls, but he was unhurt. When orders came to retire the brigade to the line of battle, the Sixty-third was nearly surrounded by the enemy. The regiment was skillfully extricated from its perilous position by Lieutenant-Colo nel Black and the acting adjutant, Lieut. George W. McLaughlin, of Company A (the Oglethorpes of Au gusta) , and marched in order to the position assigned it in line of battle. Among the killed was Legare Hill, son of Hon. Joshua Hill, of Madison, Ga. Two of his comrades took up the lifeless body, conveyed it to a little abandoned cottage, pinned his name upon his jacket and left him there. Although this was done in full view of the Federal skirmishers, not a shot was fired at the two men until they had rejoined their comrades. The Fed erals coming up, took the body of young Hill, buried it, and marked the grave by a headboard on which they cut the name which they found pinned to his jacket.
On the rpth a Federal division occupied Rome, captur ing a large amotfnt of commissary and quartermaster stores, hospital supplies and ammunition, and the valua ble iron works, which were partly destroyed before the town was abandoned by the small Confederate guard; and early next day Howard occupied Kingston.
Sherman had now taken two weeks to advance from Dalton to Cassville, during which the casual ties of the Confederate army were 441 killed and 2,943 wounded. The corps which suffered most was Hood's; the division, Cantey's. Sherman says he lost 2,747 at Resaca alone. After leaving Cassville, Johnston encamped his corps not far from the Etowah river and watched for the enemy's next move.
The gallant Wheeler, commanding the cavalry on the

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309

east, made a dash around + fl

.oft, and on the

24th drove the guard from a large supply train near Cass-

ville, capturing 200 wagons, all of which he burned

except 70 loaded wagons and teams, which he brought off

with 300 equipped horses and mules, and 182 prisoners.

In the meantime Gen. W. H. Jackson, commanding the

cavalry on the other wing, observed that the Federal

troops were still moving to their right, and were crossing

the Etowah near Stilesboro. Information from Wheeler

and Jackson given Johnston near the pass of Alla-

toona, satisfied him that Sherman was making a detour

toward Dallas, and he promptly took advantage of two

strong lines extending thence toward Dallas, and facing

nearly northwest. One of these lines capable of defense

was on Allatoona creek, the front line on Pumpkin Vine

creek, running southwest from the vicinity of Allatoona.

The Federal forces crossed the Etowah at Rome and

other points between there and Stilesboro, and, to meet

this movement, Johnston on the 256. sent Hardee's corps

toward Dallas, Polk moving in the same direction on the

left, and on the next day Hood followed Hardee. Hood's

corps was placed with its center at New Hope church,

Polk and Hardee between that corps and the highway to

Atlanta from Dallas, which Hardee's left was to cover.

On the 25th the enemy approached through Dallas and

along Pumpkin Vine creek, skirmishing with the Con

federate advance guard, and spread out northeastward in

a line parallel to that of Johnston. The two armies were

now farther from the railroad than at any other period

of the campaign.

Hooker pushed across Pumpkin Vine creek toward New

Hope church, and was met by Col. Bush Jones with his

Alabama regiment and sharpshooters, of Stewart's divi

sion, in all 300 men, who for some time made a resolute

resistance. But Hooker crowded them back, and an hour

and a half before sunset the Federal cannon opened oppo

site Hood's center. Shortly after, in the midst of a ter-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

rific thunderstorm, the Federals, struggling on through the mud, struck the Confederate line. Two divisions assailed Stewart, in such deep order that their front only equaled that of the three brigades of Stewart's first line. "After opening their fire," says Johnston, "the Federal troops approached gradually but resolutely, under the fire of three brigades and sixteen field pieces, until within fifty paces of the Confederate line. Here, however, they were compelled first to pause, and then to fall back, by the obstinate resistance they encountered.'' Again and again they marched up against Stewart's men, who had the shelter of such hastily-constructed log works as Thomas employed at Chickamauga. Stovall's Georgia brigade, though without that protection, stoutly held its ground. This battlefield is remembered by Federal veterans as the '' Hell Hole.''
Sherman changed his tactics at dawn of the next day, and pushed forward on his left flank, requiring Johnston to transfer Folk's corps to Hood's right toward Acworth. The Federals intrenched and allowed the day to pass without combat except a gallant cavalry episode on the right flank, in which Avery's Georgia regiment held its ground for some time unaided against a large body of Federal cavalry. Colonel Avery was desperately wounded in the outset, but supported by a soldier in his saddle, continued in command, and maintained the contest until relieved by a more adequate force.
Despite the rain, which was nearly incessant for seven teen days, Sherman pushed on his intrenched line toward the railroad, compelling the transfer of Cleburne's divi sion in that direction. On the evening of the 27th, near Pickett's mill, Howard, thinking he had reached the extreme right of the Confederate line, sent the divisions of Wood and R. W. Johnson to attack. Kelly's cavalry, fighting on foot, bore the first attack, supported by Granbury's Texans and two regiments of Govan's brigade. Wheeler sent in part of Humes' cavalry, and Lowrey's

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

311

brigade was hurried up. The fighting was severe, and the Federals were repulsed with heavy loss. According to the count of officers and men who went over the ground, the Federal slain alone numbered 700. About 10 o'clock at night Granbury charged and captured 232 prisoners, a third of whom were severely wounded. Cleburne's loss was 85 killed and 363 wounded. Johnston estimated the Federal total loss at about 3,500. On the next day McPherson attempted to withdraw from in front of Dal las, and General Bate's division, supported by Armstrong's brigade of cavalry, made a spirited assault upon the Fed eral corps of Dodge and Logan in an intrenched position, and were of course repulsed.
The heavy engagements at New Hope church, Pickett's mill and Dallas were only a part of the fighting on this line. The daily skirmishing all along the front of the armies greatly swelled the list of casualties in this ten days' fight. On the skirmish line every regiment in the army was represented, and many unrecorded deeds of daring were performed. On the front of Mercer's Geor gia brigade, near Ellsbury ridge, the Sixty-third regiment was thrown forward, and Company A of that regiment placed still farther in the front. For twenty-four hours the devoted men of this company remained in that posi tion without rations, which reminded them of some of their experiences in West Virginia in the days of 1861. Here Capt. Louis Picquet lost a leg and was disabled for further duty in the field.
In all the fighting on the New Hope church line, the Confederate loss exclusive of the cavalry, which was small, and prisoners, is reported by Foard as follows: Hardee's corps, 173 killed, 1,048 wounded; Hood's corps, 103 killed, 679 wounded; Folk's corps, 33 killed, 194 wounded; total, 309 killed and 1,921 wounded. The cav alry on the right, commanded by General Wheeler, lost from May 6th to 3ist, 73 killed and 341 wounded, and

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

captured from the enemy more than 500 prisoners, as many horses, and 5 standards.
Sherman now grew anxious to get to the railroad with his main command. Stoneman and Schofield worked their way down on that line as far as Acworth on June 3d, and Sherman finally established connection. From Dallas, he had been fighting his way backward. After a delay of ten days and heavy loss, he had not gained a step toward Atlanta, and with the single exception of the fight at Dallas, had received a bloody repulse at every point.
Johnston's position had become untenable on account of the advance on his right, and consequently, on the 4th of June, he gained and established a new line, still more defensible, along the Brush, Pine and Lost mountains, across the railroad and before Marietta near Kenesaw mountain. Here he held Sherman for a month.
At this time the three divisions of Folk's army of Missis sippi with Johnston were Loring's, French's and Cantey's, with artillery. The army under Johnston thus increased, numbered, according to the return of June roth, 6,538 officers and 63,408 men present for duty. The effective total was returned at 60,564; aggregate present 82,413, guns 187. About 12,000 of the effective force were in the cavalry. Sherman's army was also stronger than at the opening of the campaign, by the reinforcements sent him from the rear. The return of May 3ist showed an infantry strength of 4,651 officers and 89,659 men; cavalry, 12,908 officers and men; artillery, 5,600; total, 112,819. Blair's corps, about 9,000, was not with Sherman on the New Hope line, and several bri gades were engaged in guarding communications at the rear.
About the time that the army crossed the Etowah, Gov ernor Brown ordered the militia and civil officers of the State to assemble at Atlanta. These were exempt from conscription by the Confederate States government, but

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

313

were now required by the State to enter the military serv ice. Three thousand in number, they were organized into two brigades by Adjt.-Gen. H. C. Wayne. Those not elected officers were required to take places in the ranks on pain of being sent to the conscript camp of the Confederate army. Still later, the men of the State up to fifty-five years were called out, and the boys down to sixteen, armed with such firearms as were to be obtained. Under the command of General Wayne, part of the militia guarded the crossings of the Chattahoochee from Roswell to West Point, while 1,000 were in camp of instruc tion at Atlanta. On June ist, Maj.-Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, who two years before had had the duty of com manding the army before Richmond during the brief interim between Johnston and Lee, was elected by the militia as their major-general.
On June 8th, up to which time there had been constant but not extensive skirmishing, especially by the cavalry along the railroad, Johnston's army was formed on a line extending across the railroad north of Kenesaw mount ain. Hardee's left was at Gilgai church, Bate's division occupying the summit of Pine mountain, a hill about 300 feet high and considerably to the front of the main line; Folk's right was near the Acworth and Marietta road east of the railroad, covered by Noonday creek; and Hood was massed on the right of the Acworth road. The cav alry extended this line to the right and left. Between the ist and 4th of June, Wheeler's troops captured about 100 prisoners. After a succession of skirmishes, they drove the enemy before them beyond Big Shanty.
Sherman, meanwhile, was establishing a secondary base at Allatoona, building a bridge over the Etowah and completing the railroad in order to bring up supplies. On the 8th of June, Gen. Frank P. Blair arrived at Acworth with about 9,000 men of the Seventeenth corps and a brigade of cavalry. '' This accession of force,'' said Sherman, "about compensated for our losses in battle,
Gafi

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

and the detachments left at Resaca, Rome, Kingston and Allatoona."
On the gth of June, Sherman, having made his commu nications to the rear secure and obtained ample supplies, moved forward to Big Shanty. "On approaching close to the enemy," he wrote, "I found him occupying a line full 12 miles long, more than he could hold with his force. General McPherson was ordered to move toward Marietta, his right on the railroad; General Thomas on Kenesaw and Pine mountains, and General Schofield off toward Lost mountain; General Garrard's cavalry to the left and General Stoneman on the right, and General McCook to our rear and communications." Gen. W. H. Jackson held Stoneman in check for several days, aided by the line of intrenchments between Lost mountain and Gilgal church, and Wheeler and Garrard engaged in daily and strenuous contests.
On the i ith, Sherman prepared to attempt to break the line between Kenesaw and Pine mountains, and on the morning of the i4th, it being feared that Bate (posted on the latter hill) might be easily isolated, Johnston, Hardee and Polk rode to the summit to survey the country before them from that eminence. Just as the officers had finished their inspection and concluded to abandon the mountain, a Federal battery opened fire upon them, the group having- become conspicuous by the addition of a party of soldiers. The third shot passed through the body of Lieutenant-General Polk, causing his instant death. "The death of this eminent Christian and soldier, who had been distinguished in every battle in which the army of Tennessee had been engaged," says General Johnston, "produced deep sorrow in our troops." Maj.Gen. W. W. Loring, the ranking officer in the corps, took temporary command, and was later succeeded by A. P. Stewart, promoted to lieutenant-general.
Before daybreak on the isth, Pine mountain was aban doned, and Bate placed in reserve. The Federals, fol-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

315

lowing up closely, pressed the Confederate skirmishers .vigorously. McPherson, overlapping Hood, captured prisoners of the Fortieth Alabama regiment. Loring's skirmishers, being far in front and attacked by a line, were forced back. Schofield, penetrating between Lost mountain and Gilgal church, where the line was held by skirmishers, put his artillery in position to take Hardee in reverse. Mercer's Georgia brigade, near Gilgal church, by a strange oversight came near being cut off and captured. As they made their escape, Olmstead's First volunteer regiment suffered considerable loss in killed and wounded.
On the night of the i6th, Johnston abandoned the Gil gal church and Lost mountain line with all the intrenchments, drawing Hardee's corps, his left, back behind Mud creek, the remainder of the line holding its ground. This disposition made an angle at the junction of Har dee's right and Loring's left, and exposed the troops near the angle to an enfilade fire. The Federal right approached Hardee's position, resisted by Jackson's cav alry division as well as 2,500 men could contend with 25,000. Johnston set his engineer, Colonel Prestman, to preparing a new line (the third before Marietta), the famous one which included the crest of Kenesaw mount.ain. On the i8th there was heavy skirmishing while the new line was being prepared. On that day six com panies of the Sixty-third Georgia charged and retook some abandoned rifle-pits, holding them all day against a heavy fire of infantry and artillery, and suffering consid erable loss.
On the i gth, the Confederate army took the new posi tion, which in its full extent, including the thin lines of cavalry on the flanks, formed a semi-circle about Marietta on the west and north. Hood was massed on the north between the railroad at the foot of Kenesaw and the Canton road, Loring on the mountain, and Hardee south ward between the branches of Nose's creek. Of Loring's

316

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

corps, Featherston's division lay between the railroad and eastern base of the mountain, Walthall and French along the crest of the short ridge, French's left reaching its southwestern base. Walker's division of Hardee's corps was next the mountain on the southwest, then Bate, Cleburne and Cheatham in order. This was an admirable position, with Kenesaw as a salient from which all the movements of the enemy could be observed. The Federals moved up close to the Confederate position, intrenching as they advanced, and working south toward the Chattahoochee past Hardee, who was held inactive by high water in Nose's creek. This made it necessary to transfer Hood to the Confederate left, beyond Cheatham, on the Powder Spring road. During these move ments for position, the same incessant skirmish firing which characterized the campaign continued not only throughout the day, but into the night, when the flash of the guns in the woods had, it is said, the semblance of "swarms of fireflies." On the 2oth, General Wheeler repulsed an attack by Garrard on the right, and then charging in turn routed the enemy with heavy loss, and captured many prisoners. This was the most consider able cavalry affair while Johnston had command of the army. Wheeler was invincible, and he and Jackson were indispensable to the operations of the infantry, which, when necessary, they reinforced on foot.
The Confederates were not able to place many guns to advantage on the precipitous heights of Big Kenesaw, but on the lower hill General French planted nine can non, which were dragged up by hand at night, the road being commanded by Federal artillery. On the 226. a furi ous fire was opened from these guns upon the Federals in front and below, causing much confusion among them; and at night the cannonade was continued, presenting a magnificent spectacle. Sherman concentrated, it is said, over 100 guns against this battery, the terrific fire of which cut down the trees on the summit of the mountain and swept over the heights toward Marietta.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

317

On the zzd of June, Hood, on the left, was involved in a bloody fight with troops of Hooker and Schofield. Hood reported that Hindman and Stevenson had been attacked, while Sherman reported that Hood suddenly sallied and opened the fight. It seems from the testi mony of officers and men that the Confederates repulsed an attack, and then, driving- in the Federal advanced line, attempted to capture some intrenched artillery on a hill. In moving for that purpose they came under a destruc tive fire of artillery, which compelled them to withdraw, with the loss, says Johnston, of about 1,000 men. This was known as the battle of Kolb's Farm. On the 23d, Sherman reported: "Our lines are now in close contact and the fighting is incessant, with a good deal of artillery fire. As fast as we gain one position, the enemy has another ready." On the 24th an unusually severe attack was made upon the skirmishers of Hardee's corps, who unaided repelled the assault. The Second Georgia bat talion of sharpshooters held the rifle-pits on Walker's front against furious and repeated attempts of the enemy.
It was at this stage of the fighting that Sherman deter mined to try a direct front attack on Johnston's line. He says: "The enemy and our own officers had settled down to.a conviction that I would not assault fortified lines. All looked to me to outflank.'' Consequently he gave the order which caused the slaughter of his troops before the impregnable defenses of Kenesaw. In the plan of battle, McPherson was to attack near Little Kenesaw and Thomas about a mile south. "On the ayth of June," says Sherman, "the two assaults were made at the time and in the manner prescribed, and both failed, costing us many valuable lives, among them those of Generals Harker and McCook, Colonel Rice and others badly wounded, our aggregate loss being nearly 3,000, while we inflicted comparatively little loss on the enemy, who lay behind his well-formed breastworks.'' Sherman believed that by a sacrifice he could break the Confed-

318

CONFEDERATE MILITARY tilSTORY.

erate line somewhere near the center, and, forcing in a strong column, overwhelm half of Johnston's army while the other was held in check by the remainder of his.
The assault was made at 9 o'clock in the morning after a furious cannonade, and amid a musketry fire which extended along the whole front of ten miles. The brunt of the attack by McPherson was borne by the right and left of Loring's corps, and the force of Thomas' blow mainly fell upon the left of Hardee. On the right, next the railroad, the Twelfth Louisiana, deployed as skir mishers, held its ground until the enemy was within twenty-five paces, and then fell back to its brigade, Scott's of Featherston's division. The Federal troops in three lines, preceded by skirmishers, advanced steadily and met the fire of Scott's brigade and artillery in the flank, and, unable to advance, halted and remained under fire an hour before they would consent to fall back. A single line of Federal infantry attacked Wheeler and the skirmishers of Featherston's, Adams' and Quarles' brigades, all in rifle-pits, and it also failed, although a daring body of the enemy gained the rifle-pits in front of Quarles, where most were killed or captured. In this assault Logan lost seven regimental commanders.
The heaviest fighting was in front of Thomas, who sent forward two columns--one, Newton's division supported by Stanley; the other, Davis' division supported by Baird. One of these attacks, near the southwest extrem ity of Kenesaw, on the Burnt Hickory road, fell upon Cockrell's Missouri brigade on Loring's left and on Sears' brigade, and was pressed through the skirmishers of Walker's right. Lieut.-Col. Robert A. Fulton, of the Fifty-third Ohio infantry, says that the skirmishers encountered by his regiment were from the Sixty-third Georgia, and reports that his command had with them "a hand-to-hand fight, in which bayonets and butts of mus kets were used." About 80 of these skirmishers were killed, wounded or captured. Many of the wounds were

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

319

from bayonets. The Sixty-third had been thoroughly drilled in the bayonet exercise, and they made splendid use of their knowledge on this occasion. One little Irishman encountered a tall, stout Federal soldier, who seized his gun by the barrel. The two had quite a struggle for the prize, when Pat, perceiving that the Federal soldier was about to get the best of him, with the exclamation, "To hell with you and the gun! " gave his opponent a sudden shove which threw him to the ground, and then taking to his heels made his escape. Lieutenant Polhill escaped capture by shooting one of his enemies, bringing another down with his sword, and thrusting a third out of his way. His clothing was riddled, but he came off unscathed. On the evening before, the Sixty-third regiment had been posted in the rifle-pits, about 40 men of the "Oglethorpes" had been kept in reserve in a little ravine, and when the skirmish line was broken, next morning this reserve force charged and retook the rifle-pits and fought from them until Lieutenant McLaughlin gave the timely order for every man to escape as best he could. In this charge and retreat the company had 2 killed and 12 -wounded (2 fatally), while g were cut off in an angle of the works and. captured. A little more than a third of them reached unharmed the brow of the hill, along which the Sixtythird halted and renewed the fight. This position was. held throughout the day, assisted by the furious fire from French's guns on Kenesaw, which stopped the enemy before he reached Walker's line of battle, and at last drove him back to the edge of the woods. The Sixty-third was complimented on the next day in general orders by Gen. W. H. T. Walker. It is impossible to get a statement of the losses of the entire regiment, but Lieut. Walter A. Clark, of Augusta, who was at that time orderly sergeant of Company A, and who still has in his possession the roll of the company with full list of casual ties, states that from Dalton to Jonesboro his company

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

lost 10 killed and mortally wounded, 29 wounded and 10 captured, 49 in all. Of this number, 14 were killed and wounded, and 9 were captured in the battle of June 2-jth at Kenesaw. Only half of the company present for duty were in the skirmish line on the day of the battle. The rest were with that part of the regiment which was on Walker's line of battle.
French's artillery kept the enemy at bay south of the road, but the main body pressed steadily on under fire until checked by the steady courage of the Missourians within twenty or thirty paces of their line. "The most determined and powerful attack," according to General Johnston, "fell upon Cheatham's division and the left of Cleburne's." It was here that Davis and Baird made their effort, and lost, according to the report of General Thomas, 1,580 killed, wounded and missing, some of the men being shot while on the parapets of the Confeder ate works. The close nature of the fighting was indi cated by the fact that the Federals took 130 prisoners. The deadliest place to the enemy was the salient on Cheatham's line, held by a portion of Maney's brigade. This was called the "dead angle" by the Federal sol diers. Davis succeeded only in taking position and intrenching about 75 yards from the Confederate works, where he maintained himself against a midnight assault on the 2 gth.
As has been quoted, Sherman gave his total loss in the assault at about 3,000. Hardee's corps lost 286 killed, wounded and missing, mainly the latter; Loring's corps, 236 killed, wounded and missing. The heaviest losses were by the divisions of Cheatham and French.
Sherman, having made this failure in a direct attack, at great cost to his army, resumed his flanking tactics, ordering McPherson from the north front of Kenesaw to extend Schofield's line toward the Chattahoochee. Mc Pherson began this movement on the night of July 2&, and next morning Johnston abandoned Kenesaw mount-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

321

am for a line he had been preparing at Smyrna Station. .Thus ended the twenty-six days of fighting before Mari etta, in which the total Confederate loss was 3,948.
When Johnston took this last position at Smyrna, across the railroad, Gen. G. W. Smith's division of Georgia militia was ordered to support Jackson's cav alry on the left. Smith brought with him R. W. Anderson's battery of light artillery, and took position in the open country until pushed back to the crest of Nickajack ridge, about three miles north of Turner's ferry. Sherman followed the Confederates, and on the 4th of July made what he called "a noisy but not desperate demon stration' ' against the line at Smyrna, and another demon stration against the position of the Georgia militia. Gen eral Smith resisted the assault, but sent word that he would retire at daylight unless his position must be held as long as possible, and received in answer orders to withdraw at dawn.
During the night, Johnston fell back from Smyrna and took position in the line of redoubts, or tete-de-pont, covering the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee, the cavalry being sent to the south bank of the river. The Federal lines were now pushed forward cautiously, until Johnston's position was found to be impregnable, when a flank movement to the left was ordered by Sherman, by which Schofield successfully crossed the Chattahoochee east of Smyrna, and made a strong lodgment. In the same general movement, Garrard raided Roswell, destroyed the factories there which had supplied much cloth for the Confederate soldiers, and held the ford near that place for the crossing of McPherson's and part of Thomas' armies. These aggressive dispositions of Sherman's required Johnston to fall back beyond the Chatta hoochee.
Johnston next occupied a line convex to the enemy, behind Peachtree creek and Chattahoochee river. There was comparative quiet until the i ;th, except for the cav-
(iail

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Hooker's and Palmer's corps and Newton's division of Howard's, perhaps 30,000 to 35,000 men, partly north of Peachtree creek. Hood embraced the opportunity to strike with the two corps of Hardee and Stewart, and ordered a carefully planned attack at i o'clock on the zoth. Hardee and Stewart were each to hold a division in reserve, and move forward the other divisions, com mencing on Hardee's right, successively in echelon at intervals of some 200 yards, to attack the enemy, drive him back to the creek, and then press down the stream to the west. Should the enemy be found intrenched, his works were to be carried, everything on the south side of the creek was to be taken, and crossing to the north side was to depend on the success of the battle. This well planned but hazardous assault failed by one of those incidents which often occur in battle. It happened that Cheatham was compelled to withdraw a division from his left to meet Schofield, and Hardee and Stewart were instructed to close to the right far enough to cover the space vacated. At i o'clock Hardee began the change eastward and found that Cheatham's flank was two miles distant, and Hood being in Atlanta, he felt im pelled to strictly obey orders. Stewart, believing that the change was not important, and that the attack should be made at once, attempted to obtain orders from the commanding general for immediate advance. "The result was," continues Stewart, "that to keep up con nection with,the other corps, my line moved fully a mile and a half or two miles to the right, and my right divi sion did not move forward following the one on its right in the prescribed order until near 4 o'clock." When the forward movement finally began, Stewart sent into the field the divisions of Loring on the right and Walthall in the center; French, on the left, being held in supporting distance.
Loring had but two brigades, Featherston's and Scott's, numbering 2,700 men, and charged a ridge on

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which the enemy had already "begun earthworks. They halted under fire to adjust their distance from Maney of Hardee's corps, who was advancing on their right, and then sweeping on with a deafening yell planted their colors on the breastworks at different places on a half mile front. Scott's Alabamians captured, lost and recap tured a four-gun battery and the flag of a New Jersey regiment, forcing the enemy back with the loss of some prisoners and many killed and wounded. But a deadly enfilading fire, made possible by want of adequate sup port, soon compelled Featherston and Scott to fall back to the cover of a ridge, where they kept up the fight till dark. Loring's other brigade, Adams', then arrived, and the division was ordered to fall back after removing the greater number of its dead and wounded, which was accomplished by 9 o'clock; but many brave men were left in and before the Federal works. Featherston lost 616 killed, wounded and missing out of 1,230 first taken into the fight, and the losses of Scott ran the total for Loring's division up to 1,062.
Walthall had a similar experience. Cantey's brigade on the right swept everything before it until it struck the enemy's works, when in emerging from the woods and thickets it came under a flank fire, which caused the brigade to retire; but it was rallied and sent in again, yet without success. It, however, captured 293 prison ers, but lost 279 killed, wounded and missing. A portion of the left of Reynolds' brigade also entered the Federal works, and here again an enfilading fire forced this bri gade back, but it continued its attacks until dark, losing 67 out of 540 engaged.
At 4 o'clock Hardee advanced Bate on the right, Walker in the center, Maney on the left, and Cleburne in reserve. Bate had such a difficult task getting through the thickets, and was so far to the east of Thomas' line, that his advance was not effective. Walker struck the east flank of Newton's position, where the

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Federal line was partly intrenched with rails and logs, and his vigorous assault soon alarmed Thomas, who, being yet behind Peachtree creek, used his reserve bat teries so effectively that he forced Walker back. Maney and Cleburne were ordered to renew the assault in Walker's place, but the orders were withdrawn and the contest abandoned. On the extreme left another divi sion, French's gallant men, had had no opportunity to engage in the fight, except a little skirmishing.
Schofield's army during this time had come up on the northeast of the city, and though opposed by brisk skir mishing, took position on the aist near the Howard house on the hills in that vicinity.
General Wheeler, meanwhile, was making a heroic resistance against the advance of McPherson. The lat ter, leaving a brigade of infantry at Decatur, and send ing his cavalry on a raid to Covington, was slowly mov ing toward Atlanta from the east. Wheeler's men fought dismounted "behind successive lines of breastworks, inflicting heavy losses upon the enemy, and repulsing several assaults of the skirmish lines, which were almost dense enough to make them lines of battle and were always strongly supported." On the igih and 2oth he was so strongly pressed as to be obliged to call for rein forcements, but none could be spared him. Behind Wheeler, occupying trenches north and south of the Georgia railroad, supporting artillery, was Gen. G. W. Smith with about 700 Georgia militia. Cleburne, who had been withdrawn from Peachtree creek, reached Bald hill on the morning of the zist, and while he was occupy ing Wheeler's line, in order that the latter might extend to the south, the divisions of Gresham and Leggett attacked. On the right General Ferguson gave way in some con fusion, exposing the right of Alien's brigade, which, with the Georgia brigade, nevertheless fought brilliantly, repulsing a desperate assault by hand-to-hand fighting. On the enemy's second assault both the Georgia and Ala-

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bama brigades, with the right brigade of Cleburne's division, were forced back, but rallying they charged the enemy and retook the works, with over 20 prisoners. "This was a most brilliant feat," said Wheeler, "and the Georgia brigade deserves great credit for its conduct on that day." Cleburne described this fight as "the bitter est of his life.'' It ended with the two Federal divisions, which constituted the Seventeenth or Blair's corps, about 8,000 strong, occupying Bald hill, where they immediately intrenched as strongly as possible during the night. Their loss for the day was 728 men.
McPherson, from the position he had now gained, in sight of Atlanta and about two and a half miles from the car-shed, observed that Hood was rapidly moving troops to the south, and in his report that afternoon, the last of his life, he warned Sherman that he had no cavalry on his flank, and said: "The whole of the rebel army, except Georgia militia, is not in front of Thomas." On that night McPherson's army lay in a north and south line, Blair's corps in the extreme southern position just described, with Smith's (Gresham's) division to the south of Bald hill, his left refused along the McDonough road; Dodge's corps next north, across the railroad, and Logan's corps north of the railroad connecting with Schofield.
"The position and demonstration of McPherson's army,'' said Hood in his official report, ' 'made it neces sary to abandon Atlanta or check his movements.'' On the night of the 2ist he ordered General Wright, in charge of the defenses of the city, to be prepared for an evacuation should it become necessary. In his report he said;
Unwilling to abandon, the following instructions were given on the morning of the 2ist: The chief engineer was instructed to select a line of defense immediately about Atlanta, the works already constructed for the place being wholly useless from their position; Stewart's

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and Cheatham's corps to take position and construct works to defend the city, the former on the left, the lat ter on the right. The artillery, under the command of Brigadier-General Shoup, was massed on the extreme right (east). Hardee was ordered to move with his corps during the night of the 2ist south on the McDonough road, crossing Intrenchment creek at Cobb's mills, and to completely turn the left of McPherson's army. This he was to do, even if it became necessary to go to or beyond Decatur. Wheeler with his cavalry was ordered to move on Hardee's right, both to attack at daylight or as soon thereafter as possible. As soon as Hardee suc ceeded in forcing back the enemy's left, Cheatham was to take up the movement from his right, and continue to force the whole from right to left down Peachtree creek, Stewart in like manner to engage the' enemy as soon as the movement became general.
Accordingly, on the morning of the 22d, the Federal
army found the intrenchments in their immediate front
empty and they advanced to occupy them.
Of McPherson's army of the Tennessee, the Federal force mainly engaged in the battle of the 226., Logan's
corps, stretched across the railroad, advanced into the Confederate works, and began reversing them and plant
ing batteries. Blair held his position on and beyond Bald
hill, only advancing skirmishers and working parties. One brigade of Dodge's corps had been sent to his rear,
and in the morning Sweeny's division of Dodge's corps
had moved from the north of the railroad toward his
rear, for the purpose of relieving him on Bald hill, and extending the line further south. This move was made
by a road nearly a mile in the rear of Blair, and about
noon Sweeny was to the right and left of a bend in the
road, the head of his column toward Blair. Blair's south
flank was refused a little as if to connect with Sweeny,
but there was a great gap open. Thus it happened that
when Hardee arrived to make his attack in the rear, he
found himself faced by a Federal line entirely unconsid-
ered in Hood's plan, with only a gap in the line to his

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329

advantage, and this was speedily filled in part by rein forcements from Logan and Dodge.
Hardee's troops gained the rear and flank of McPherson unobserved, and were marching northward and westward against the enemy when the divisions of Bate and Walker encountered Sweeny's division and a brigade of Fuller's division of Dodge's corps, faced directly to meet them. Fuller not only delivered a disconcerting fire, but made a headlong charge, which resulted in the capture of a considerable number of the Sixty-sixth Georgia, including the colonel and adjutant. But though momentarily checked by this unexpected line of battle, the Confederates rallied and advanced again in repeated assaults upon the enemy's lines.
In one of these attacks, when the Confederate line was broken by an enfilading fire, Maj. -Gen. W. H. T. Walker rode out from the woods, and swinging his hat, cheered his men. forward, but in the next moment he was shot from his horse. Here the slaughter was fearful, as many as thirteen of Walker's men being found dead in one corner of a rail fence behind which they formed. Soon after the death of Walker, Major-General McPherson, the equal of Walker in courage, rode toward Blair's southernmost division, and was soon unexpectedly con fronted by the Confederate line. Being called on to sur render, he turned away, and fell dead under the volley that immediately followed. The Confederates renewed the fight from that direction, and though an Illinois regi ment was able to rescue McPherson's body, it was soon driven pellmell from the woods. A Federal battery coming through the woods to the assistance of Fuller was captured near the place where McPherson fell. Fuller's men, though fiercely attacked, lay down behind a ridge, and aided by artillery from their rear, managed to hold their ground until withdrawn at night. Sweeny's division that day lost 208, and Fuller's 653, killed,
wounded and missing.
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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Meanwhile the divisions of Cleburne and Maney struck
the left flank of Blair's corps fronting west, and swinging
round through the wide gap to the southeast, occupied
the breastworks that Leggett and Smith had.constructed
in their advance on Bald hill the previous day, and then
assailed the rear of those divisions. In this first impetu
ous assault the Sixteenth Iowa regiment, 245 men, on
the extreme left of the Federal line, was captured entire,
as well as a section of a battery.
The description by Gen. Frank P. Blair of the fight
that resulted, is as vivid a picture as can be obtained
from the official records, in the absence of reports from
Confederate commanders. He wrote:
If the enemy had concerted his attacks from front, flank, and rear, so as to strike' my line at the same mo ment "with his different lines, of battle, it would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible to hold our ground, but this was not done, and as his first assault fell upon our rear, both divisions took the opposite of the breastworks. . . . The attack was renewed from the same direction upon Leggett's division. . . . This was followed by an attack upon Smith's division, which came upon his flank and rear as his troops stood on the reverse side of their works, with their backs to the city of At lanta. Both brigades of this division were immediately formed to meet this attack, at right angles with our works, facing to the southwest, in the open field. . . . The third attack made upon Leggett came from the direction of Atlanta. A skirmish line, followed by a heavy force, advanced from that direction with great impetuosity. The division changed front and got on the east side of the breastworks, . . . repulsing the enemy who rallied, reformed their lines, and returned to the charge, but were again repulsed. . . . About four o'clock in the evening the enemy renewed their attack upon the divi sion from the east side of the works, on what was origi nally our rear. The men again jumped over the breast works and received the assault. This attack is described by General Smith and his officers as the most fierce and persistent made upon them during the day. The enemy approached under cover of the woods to within less than

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331

forty or fifty yards without being perceived, and pressed forward under a deadly fire from the entire division and two regiments of Leggett's division, up to the breast
works occupied by our troops, and until the men could reach one another across them with their bayonets, and
the officers used their swords in hand-to-hand encounter.
. . . This assault lasted three-quarters of an hour. In a short time the enemy again advanced from the direction
of Atlanta, and at the same time attacked from the flank
and rear, using grape and canister and heavy musketry,
rendering it necessary to abandon a large portion of the works which had been held by the Fourth division and by
part of the Third division. A new line was now formed facing south and extending east from the crest of Bald hill. . . . These dispositions of the two divisions were made under a heavy fire of musketry and artillery from the
advancing enemy, composed of fresh troops, selected
doubtless for the occasion. It was Cheatham's division, of Hardee's corps, commanded by Brigadier-General
Maney. They made a determined and resolute attack, advancing up to our breastworks on the crest of the hill,
planted their flags side by side with ours, and fought hand to hand until it grew so dark that nothing could be seen but the flash of the guns from the opposite side of the same works. The enemy seemed determined to take the hill, which was the key-point to the whole of the line, and
controlled, to a great extent, the position held by the
other corps.

About 3 p. m. Cheatham and G. W. Smith's Georgia State troops were ordered to attack the Federal position from the Atlanta side.
The assault by Cheatham's corps from the direction of Atlanta fell in part upon the Federal position abotit Bald hill, and with equal severity further north upon Logan's corps, then under Morgan L. Smith. A Federal division on the north of the railroad in the old Confederate works was driven back in confusion, and DeGress' artillery bat talion and other guns near the railroad were captured. The Confederates turned the guns on the Federals now attempting to rally in their former line. But Wood's division of Logan's corps, and Mersey's brigade, came

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

into the fight; Sherman. put in a cross-fire of cannon, a dozen or more; and after a terrific hand-to-hand struggle the Confederates were compelled to abandon most of the captured battery.
The fight here, one of the most famous incidents of the Atlanta campaign, was maintained on the Confederate side by Stovall's brigade, commanded by Col. Abda Johnson, consisting of the Forty-second Georgia, Lieut.Col. L. P. Thomas; First State troops, Col. John Brown (mortally wounded), Lieut.-Col. Albert Howell; Fortythird, Colonel Kellogg; Fifty-second, Capt. R. R. Asbury; Forty-first, Maj. M. S. Nail; Fortieth, Captain Dobbs. The Forty-second regiment had the honor of capturing a number of guns supposed to be part of the DeGress battery; the First regiment captured the line in its front with two guns, and the remaining regiments took the Federal lines up to a point near Bald hill. In the same fight Manigault's South Carolina brigade bravely participated, capturing the guns of DeGress' bat tery on the north side of the Georgia railroad. *
At the time of Cheatham's advance the Georgia State troops under General Smith moved from their works more than a mile against the enemy's works, and sup porting Anderson's battery took position 400 yards from the Federals, silencing the effective fire from an embrasure battery in their front. Though eager to

*The location of these guns was described as follows by the adjutant-general of M. L. Smith's division (Official Records, serial No. 74, p. 189): "Friday, July 22d--pushed forward and occu pied [Confederate] works with our main line at 6:30 a. m., the First brigade on the left and Second brigade on the right [north] of the railroad. The skirmish line was pushed forward, supported by a section of Battery A, First Illinois light artillery. Then the works were reversed, and Battery A, First Illinois light artillery, placed in position, two guns on the right and two on the left of the railroad, which at that place runs through a deep cut, and Battery H [DeGress'] of the same regiment, on the extreme right [north] of the line." The attack of Clayton's division (Stewart's corps), which included Stovall's brigade, was made on the left, or north, of Hindman's division (Cheatham's corps), which included Manigault's
brigade. The captors of Battery A withdrew four of its six guns.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

333

charge, there was no opportunity for effective work in that way, and they held their position two hours, losing about 50 killed and wounded.
About the time that Hardee attacked, Gen. Joseph Wheeler made one of his irresistible assaults upon the Federal intrenched force at Decatur and carried the line, capturing about 225 prisoners, a large number of smallarms, one gun and a few wagons, but was prevented from destroying a large part of the Federal wagon trains by being urgently called to the support of Hardee.
The battle closed with Hardee and Cheatham in pos session of part of the Federal line. Logan's division had been pushed back on the right of the army of Ten nessee, and about half a mile of its left had been bent back at right angles. But the center held fast, and the position finally taken, it would have been a waste of men to attack. Besides, the armies of Thomas and Slocum, further to the north, had not been engaged except in skirmishing with Stewart.
Hardee bore off as trophies eight guns and thirteen stand of colors, and remained in the presence of the enemy, while Cheatham captured five guns and five or six stand of colors. Hood claimed that the partial suc cess was productive of much benefit to the army, improving the morale, infusing new life and fresh hopes, arresting desertion, defeating the flank movement to the southeast, and "demonstrating to the foe our determi nation to abandon no more territory without at least a manful effort to retain it.''
Bragg telegraphed President Davis, "The moral effect of the brilliant affair of the 22d is admirable on our troops, and I am happy to say our loss was small in comparison to the enemy's. He was badly defeated and completely foiled in one of his bold flank movements, heretofore so successful.'' Gen. R. E. Lee, informed that it was a great victory, expressed the hope that lines of communication would now be opened for bringing supplies to Richmond.

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Full Confederate returns of casualties are not available, but from such as can be had, it appears that Walker's division lost heavily, in consequence of which the rem nants of its brigades were assigned to other divisions. Lowrey's brigade, Cleburne's division, lost 578; Govan's brigade, 772 strong, which reported the capture of 700 prisoners and eight guns, also reported a loss of 408 killed and wounded and 91 missing, including many officers; J. A. Smith's brigade lost 198, including Col. R. Q. Mills wounded; Mercer's Georgia brigade lost 168; one regi ment of Manigault's brigade lost 97. This is over 1,500 from a small part of the forces engaged.
Logan reported the capture of 18 stand of colors, some thing over 5,000 stand of small-arms, and, in addition to a large number of wounded left on the field, including 33 officers of rank, 1,017 prisoners; and that his three corps had buried and delivered under flag of truce 1,822 dead, with many remaining unburied. His loss was 430 killed, 1,559 wounded, and 1,733 missing; aggregate, 3,722. After destroying the railroad from Decatur, Logan intrenched a line to the north of the same, and then entirely abandoning the position he had fought upon, withdrew on the night of the 26th to the northwest of Atlanta, where he was relieved by General Howard.
General Wheeler with his cavalry relieved General Hardee's line on the morning of the ayth, and at the same time discovered the withdrawal of Logan, and was informed that Federal cavalry had started on a raid south from the east side of the city. He pursued vigorously, got ahead of them on the road to Jonesboro, and drove back a column under Garrard. Then learning that a heavier column under Stoneman had started for Covington, about 50 miles southeast of Atlanta, with the reported intention of continuing toward Macon, while a simultaneous raid was made from the west flank of the Federal army, he sent General Iverson, with his own Georgia brigade and the brigades of General Alien and

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335

Col. W. C. P. Breckinridge, to take care of Stoneman. Wheeler himself went to Jonesboro with Ashby's (Hurries') brigade to reinforce W. H. Jackson, ordering Andersen's brigade to follow, and Dibrell to remain to hold Garrard in check. In the midst of these cavalry ma neuvers which engaged the attention of Wheeler and Jack son, Sherman began his movement by the west flank to destroy the two remaining railroads, running south and west via West Point and Macon, which connected Atlanta with the outside country. He had in use the Western & Atlantic, which he had put in running order to Chatta nooga and protected by garrisons at various points; and held the line of the Georgia railroad east by strong intrenchments on his right flank.
Bragg had organized cavalry movements to protect the West Point railroad in Alabama, and Gen. Stephen D. Lee --who had won distinction by the repulse of Sherman before Vicksburg, had been surrendered there over his protest, and had since been active in command of cav alry in Mississippi and Alabama--was promoted to lieu tenant-general and assigned to the command of Hood's corps, in the interim under Cheatham, who now resumed command of his gallant division of Hardee's corps. Lee went on duty on the 26th, and with his corps held the west flank of the Confederate line south of Proc tor's creek, where Howard was now stationed. On the next day he was advised to prepare for a forward move ment of the enemy against his position.
Howard pushed on southwest, parallel to the single line by which the West Point and Macon roads enter the city. On the syth, Dodge, skirmishing briskly, took a line below Proctor's creek, facing the Confederate works around the city; Blair formed south of him, and Logan was near the line of the Lickskillet road, facing south, prepared to advance to take the road next day. Near noon on the iSih, Hood, having been informed of the aggressix^e movements by Jackson, sent orders to Lee if

336

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

the enemy should make an assault upon the left to strike him in flank, and Hardee was informed that Lee was directed to prevent the enemy from gaining the Lickskillet road, and not to attack until the enemy exposed himself. Hood in his official report stated that General Lee was ordered "to so move his forces as to prevent the enemy from gaining that road. He was ordered to hold the enemy in check on a line nearly par allel with the Lickskillet road, running through to Ezra church. General Lee, finding that the enemy had already gained that position, engaged him with the intention to recover it. This brought on the battle of the 2 8th. Gen eral Stewart was ordered to support General Lee. The engagement continued until dark.''
General Lee reported that, having moved out on the road named, he "soon found that the enemy had gained the road, and was gradually driving back our cavalry. Brown's division [formerly Hindman's, later Patton Andersen's] was at once formed on the left of and oblique to the road, with Clayton's division on the right, connecting by a line of skirmishers with the main works around the city. As soon as Brown was formed he moved forward, handsomely driving the enemy across the road and to a distance half a mile beyond, where he encountered temporary breastworks, from which he was driven back with considerable loss. Clayton's division [formerly Stewart's] moved forward as soon as formed, about ten minutes after Brown's advance, and met with similar results. I found it difficult to rally Brown's division and move it against the enemy a second time. The consequence was that one or two brigades of this division, as also of Clayton's division, sustained heavy losses because of the failure in the attack of portions of their lines. Walthall's division of Stewart's corps had moved out on the Lickskillet road, while Brown's and Clayton's divisions were engaging the enemy. At my suggestion this division was thrown against the enemy

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

337

where Brown had attacked. The enemy was still within easy range of the Lickskillet road, and I believed that he would yield before a vigorous attack. The effort, how ever, proved a failure; the troops were formed on the 'road, and during the night were withdrawn by order of the commanding general to a more suitable position, connecting with the works immediately around Atlanta. The enemy had two corps engaged in this affair; still, I am convinced that if all the troops had displayed equal spirit, we would have been successful, as the enemy's works were slight, and besides they had scarcely got into position when we made the attack.''
This attack in succession by the divisions of Brown, Clayton and Walthall, which constituted the battle of Ezra Church, July a8th, was borne by Logan's three divisions, reinforced at critical moments by four regi ments from Blair and Dodge. Other reinforcements by Palmer were held in check by Jackson's cavalry. The Federal force engaged was at least 10,000. Logan reported: "Just as my command had gained the ridge upon which was situated Ezra chapel, the enemy sud denly and with the greatest fury assaulted the right [west] and center of my line. The troops had not had a moment to construct even the rudest defenses. The position we occupied, however, at the moment of attack, was one of the most favorable that could have been chosen by us, it being on the crest of a continuous ridge, in front of the greatest portion of which a good and extensive fire line was opened.'' Logan testified that the Confederates moved forward rapidly and in good order, and with evident confidence, but were repulsed after an hour of terrific fighting. Another desperate assault was made, and repeated four successive times. "During temporary lulls in the fighting, which did not at any time exceed from three to five minutes, the men would bring together logs and sticks to shield themselves from the bullets of the enemy in the next assault. The
Ga '43

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

engagement lasted from 11130 a. m. until darkness com pelled a cessation. My losses were 50 killed, 439 wounded and 73 missing, aggregate 562." He further reported that he had captured five battleflags, 106 pris oners, mostly wounded, 1,500 to 2,000 muskets, and that over 600 Confederates were found buried in his front.
According to Gen. John C. Brown's report, his division, consisting of the brigades of Johnston (formerly Deas'), Brantley and Sharp, with Manigault in reserve, met Logan advancing toward the road and drove him back 500 to 600 yards to intrenchments which the Confeder ates did not observe in the thick woods until they were upon them. '' In many places the works were carried, but the enemy reinforced them so rapidly and with such an immensely superior force that my troops were driven with great slaughter from them. Brig.-Gen. George D. Johnston was severely wounded in the first onset; Col onel Coltart, who succeeded him, was also wounded in a few minutes, and his successor, Colonel Hart, was also struck down." Rallying the division, Brown was soon compelled to fall back before the advance of the Fed erals. The loss of the division was in killed, 583 wounded and 113 missing, total 807.
Clayton's division, unfortunately, through a confusion of orders, attacked consecutively by brigades, on the right, against the angle at Logan's left--first Gibson's brigade, then Baker's, both of which were repulsed with loss of half their numbers, including a number of gallant officers. Walthall, with the divisions of Reynolds and Cantey, attacked with great vigor and persistence, and lost 152 officers and nearly 1,000 men, considerably more than a third of his strength, without gaining any advantage. Quarles' brigade, his reserve, sent in next to Lee, lost 514, including all the regimental commanders but one. Twenty-nine line officers were killed or wounded. Rey nolds reported a loss of 167 killed and wounded out of about 400 in action; Gholson's brigade, attached to Rey-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

339

nolds, lost 144 out of 450, and Youngblood's Georgia bat talion, from Augusta, lost 9 out of 150.
Loring's division, of Stewart's corps, took position along the Lickskillet road and held that line on the left of Lee after Walthall was withdrawn. Here General Loring and General Stewart were both wounded. On the previous day Brigadier-General Ector, while in the works about Atlanta, was so severely wounded by a fragment of shell as to cause the amputation of his left leg. This bloody battle of July 28th, which might have been successful if fought as planned, but instead, on account of the aggressiveness of Howard's advance, was fought by brigades and divisions in detail, was the last outside the Confederate works at Atlanta. Following it the Federals pushed forward cautiously with frequent severe fights on the skirmish lines, while Lee with Bate's division, replacing Stevenson's temporarily, ran out a line of intrenchments along the Sandtown road to the southwest, covering the single line of railroad upon which the West Point and Macon traffic entered the city.
Meanwhile the two..great. cavalry..raids __Qf_ .the..Federals, one under General McCook down the right bank of the Chattahoochee and thence across the West Point road to the Macon road below Jonesboro, and the second under General Stoneman from the east flank of the Federal army toward the railroad from Macon east to Augusta, were well under way. Nearly 10,000 cavalry were in these two formidable columns, but the genius of Wheeler and Jackson was equal to the emergency. / McCook crossed the Chattahoochee near Campbellton, pushing back Harrison's cavalry brigade, and rode rapidly to Lovejoy's Station south of Jonesboro, destroying mules, wagons, live stock and provisions as he went, and, reach ing the railroad, destroyed a portion of the track and some rolling stock. Ross' brigade, called from the Lickskillet road during the fight of the 28th, made a hot pursuit, and with Harrison attacked McCook near Love-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

joy's. McCook then started back toward Newnan, leav ing 20 dead and wounded and 50 prisoners on Ross' hands, and taking 300 Confederate prisoners. Wheeler, reaching Jonesboro with Ashby's brigade, pushed on all night of the 29th, and with 400 men attacked the Fed eral rear guard in the small hours of the 3oth at Line creek, where the bridge had been destroyed. After a stubborn fight the enemy was dislodged from barricades commanding the passage, and a bridge was constructed over which Wheeler passed, and continued his headlong pursuit though frequently encountering barricades and volleys from the enemy in the intense darkness. Finally, with the single small brigade with which he started, Wheeler found the enemy in force and attacked, routing McCook and capturing 200 prisoners and horses, with a loss to the enemy of more than 40 killed. Not satisfied, he kept pushing McCook's rear guard, capturing 20 more prisoners near Newnan, on the West Point railroad. At Newnan, McCook cut the West Point railroad in three places, but the halt was fatal. Wheeler, reinforced by part of Cook's regiment and two regiments under Gen eral Ross, increasing his force to 700 men, sent one col umn under Colonel Ashby to cut off McCook's retreat, while he struck him in flank. The result was that McCook conceived that he was surrounded by "an over whelming force of the enemy's cavalry, supported by a large infantry force." The assaults of Wheeler and Ashby were irresistible, and a large part of the Federal force retreated in great confusion. But another part swept over Ross' dismounted men, capturing a number of men and horses, and at the same time Wheeler's com mand was attacked and repelled in confusion. The blow was returned successfully and Ross' loss was retrieved. The fight had lasted two hours and Wheeler had gained the Federal position and 400 prisoners, including three brigade commanders. General Anderson's brigade now came up, 400 strong, and while going into position

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341

Anderson was wounded. Soon afterward Roddey
brought up 600 men. The enemy had taken a strong position in the edge of a wood behind a ravine, but Wheeler flanked them out and then pressed them on the retreat, cutting off and capturing two nearly entire regi
ments, with all their artillery and wagons. The pursuit
continued for nearly four miles, during which many more prisoners were taken and the Confederate prisoners were recaptured. On the next day, 200 or 300 scattered Federals were gathered up in the woods. The remainder of the Federals in two columns managed to make their escape across the Chattahoochee near Franklin. Wheeler pursued beyond the river next day, and well nigh com pleted the entire destruction of McCook's cavalry com mand.
The expedition under Stoneman met the same fate.
Gen. Howell Cobb reported from Macon, August ist: "General Stoneman, with a cavalry force estimated at 2,800 with artillery, was met two miles from this city by our forces, composed of Georgia reserves, citizens, local companies and the militia which Governor Brown is organizing here. The enemy's assault was repulsed and his force held in check along our entire line all day. Retiring toward Clinton he was attacked the next morn ing by General Iverson, who, having routed the main body, captured General Stoneman and 500 prisoners. His men are still capturing stragglers.'' Stoneman was expected to perform the task, self-solicited, of going as far as Andersonville and releasing the 34,000 Federal prisoners there, but utterly failed in that, although he burned the railroad bridges at Walnut creek and Oconee and damaged the railroad. Sherman reported:
He seems to have become hemmed in, and gave consent to two-thirds of his force to escape back, while he held the enemy in check with the remainder, about 700 men and a section of light guns. One brigade, com manded by Colonel Adams, came in almost intact;

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

another, Capron's, was surprised on the way back and scattered. Many were captured and killed, and the bal ance got in mostly unarmed and on foot, and the general himself surrendered his small command and is now a prisoner in Macon.
During the month following- the battle of Ezra Church, Sherman, continuing to hold the intrenched position from the Georgia railroad east of the city round by the north to the Lickskillet road on the west, a full half circle, kept up a continual fire on the Confederate intrenchments. Pushing on slowly toward the south west, Schofield's army of the Ohio was sent to the south of Howard. Schofield moved August ist, and Palmer's corps of Thomas' army followed at once, taking a line below Utoy creek, and Schofield prolonged it nearly to East Point, the junction of the Macon and West Point railroads. To meet these movements General Hood was compelled to stretch out his line to a length of fifteen miles. Both Federal and Confederate positions were instantly intrenched or protected by rail or log piles as they were taken, and the deadly skirmish firing was con tinuous. On August 6th a fierce attack was made from Schofield's command upon the intrenched line of Gen eral Bate on the Sandtown road, which was repulsed with heavy Federal loss. Said General Lee:
Much credit is due General Bate and his division for their conduct. The enemy was exceedingly cautious in his movements after this affair. His extension to our left was gradual, and he seemed determined to push his lines more closely to ours in my front, with the view of making an assault. The skirmishing along Patton Anderson's and Clayton's divisions amounted almost to an engagement for a week.
Finally Hardee's corps was withdrawn from Atlanta and extended to the south of Lee, leaving to the Georgia State troops still greater responsibility on the main lines of fortifications. Though poorly armed, two-thirds of them without cartridge boxes, these heroic men per-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

343

formed every service required of them. Immediately after the battle of the 2 ad they had been ordered to Pop lar Springs, and soon afterward to the trenches on the west of the Marietta road. From that time until the close of the siege they were under close fire, night and day, and moving from one station to another had their full share of all the hardest places, from the Marietta road to the extreme right.
Sherman, finding that he could not push his lines closer immediately south of Atlanta, determined to move his whole army further south, beyond the stretching capacity of Hood's army, and ride over opposition by sheer force of concentrated strength. But before beginning he ordered down from Chattanooga four 4 J^-inch rifled guns to try on the city. They were put to work night and day, and he observed that they "caused frequent fires and created confusion, yet the enemy seemed determined to hold his forts even if the city was destroyed.'' During this furious cannonade, we are told by General Hood, "women and children fled into cellars, and were forced to seek shelter a greater length of time than at any period of the bombardment,'' which continued from the pth to the 25th of August. "It was painful," continued Hood, "yet strange, to mark how expert grew the old men, women and children in building their little underground forts, into which to fly for safety during the storm of shell and shot. Often amid the darkness of night they were constrained to seek safety in these dungeons beneath the earth. Albeit, I cannot recall one word from their lips expressive of dissatisfaction or willingness to surrender."
On the i6th of August, Sherman issued his orders pre paratory to the grand movement by the right flank, to begin on the i8th. In the meantime General Wheeler had been ordered to move upon the Federal communica tions; destroy them at various points between Marietta and Chattanooga; then cross the Tennessee river and break the lines of the two railroads running to Nashville;

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

leave 1,200 men to operate on those roads; return and again strike the railroad south of Chattanooga and rejoin the army. This long-desired and long-delayed movement could not have been intrusted to a better leader.
Though his men were much worn and his horses were suffering from scarcity of forage, Wheeler started August roth with 4,000 troopers, and first tore up the railroad above Marietta, next near Cassville, and then near Calhoun. At the latter place Hannon's brigade captured i, 700 head of beef cattle, a number of prisoners, wagons and horses, with which he returned in safety to the army, though pursued by a superior force of Federal cavalry. On August i4th Humes' and Kelly's commands attacked and captured Dalton, with a large amount of stores and government property, their trains, 200 horses and mules and 200 prisoners, the balance of the garrison being driven from the town to a strong fortification near at hand. A blockhouse and water-tank were destroyed south of town, and the railroad track torn up for a considerable dis tance. On the following day Wheeler was attacked in the absence of Martin's division by infantry and cavalry under General Steedman, and the enemy suffered con siderable loss, including General Steedman slightly wounded and one colonel killed. Williams' brigade destroyed the road at various points between Tunnel Hill and Graysville, and the enemy were kept from making any repairs until August aoth, when Wheeler pushed on into Tennessee with his main force. But he left 200 picked men to raid the railroad every night at several places, and they succeeded in running off twenty trains during his absence. In Tennessee, Wheeler destroyed the railroad from Cleveland to Charleston, crossed the Hiwassee and captured Athens with a large quantity of valuable supplies, and tore up the railroad from Charles ton to Loudon, all the time being harassed by the Fed eral cavalry, who, however, were not able during his whole expedition to capture one of his men or take any

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

345

property from him. High water compelled him to cross Holston and French Broad above Knoxville, fighting each time for the right of way and defeating a column of cavalry from Knoxville. General Williams was here detached for a side expedition, and Wheeler kept on with a depleted force. He went on nearly to Nashville and thence south to Alabama, repulsing the attacks of Major-Generals Rousseau, Steedman and Brigadier-Gen erals Croxton and Granger, near Nashville and at Frank lin, Lynnville, Campbellville and other points; captur ing McMinnville and other depots, burning stores of sup plies, destroying bridges and burning trains, and so thor oughly tearing up the Nashville & Decatur railroad that it was never completely repaired by the enemy. His entire loss in the expedition was 150 killed, wounded and missing, while he brought out more than 2,000 recruits and 800 absentees. In the battle of Franklin, September 2d, the gallant General Kelly was killed and Colonel Hobson was badly wounded.
Sherman, relieved by Wheeler's absence, suspended his contemplated infantry movement in order to send General Kilpatrick with 5,000 cavalry to move from Sandtown and break the West Point and Macon roads, Kilpatrick succeeded on the first road, and brushing Ross away after skirmishing at Camp creek, Red Oak, Flint river and Jonesboro, held the Macon road for five hours and did it some damage, but was soon driven away, a detachment of infantry being sent down by rail to co-operate with Jackson's cavalry, and was repulsed again at Lovejoy's Station, July zoth. Kilpatrick then continued around Atlanta to the east. Sherman was not satisfied with this, and renewed his order for a general movement, to begin on the 26th. The sick and surplus wagons and incumbrances were sent back to the Chattahoochee. Stanley's corps abandoned the works on the east and marched around south of Proctor's creek. The Twentieth corps, General Slocum, fell back to the Chat-
Ga 44

346

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

tahoochee. The movement continued on the night fol lowing, Howard moving out by a long circuit well back toward the river and thence to the West Point railroad near Fairburn, while Thomas closed up on the railroad about Red Oak, and Schofield was near by. Then, says Sherman, "I ordered one day's work to be expended in destroying that road, and it was done with a will. Twelve and a half miles were destroyed, the ties burned, and iron rails heated and twisted by the utmost ingenuity of old hands at the work. Several cuts were rilled up with trunks of trees, logs, rocks and earth, intermingled with loaded shells prepared as torpedoes to explode in case of an attempt to clear them out." "Having personally inspected this work, and satisfied with its execution,'' he ordered his whole force, now almost entirely south of the Confederate line of intrenchments, forward to the Macon railroad, Howard farthest toward Jonesboro, Thomas to Couch's and ,Schofield on the north flank to Morrow's mills. This meant a new battle line extending from Rough and Ready to Jonesboro, and gave Sherman the interior lines.
Meanwhile the attention of Hood had been arrested on the 24th by a cavalry raid to tear up the Georgia railroad toward Stone mountain. On the 25th it was noticed that the enemy's batteries were silent and embrasures were filled with brush in front of French's division. At an early hour on the 26th, the scouts brought in word that the Federals were leaving their works, even falling back to the river--had Wheeler caused this? Then Stewart and Lee marched out and occupied the deserted works. Some prisoners were brought in, but none of them would give any information. The only hostile force at hand was in front of a part of Hardee's line. The pre vailing impression was that Sherman was falling back across the Chattahoochee. The mournful news arrived of the surrender of Fort Morgan, Mobile harbor. On the 27th still no knowledge of what the enemy was really

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

347

doing, but the prisoners brought in said that Sherman intended to retreat to Chattanooga. Orders were issued to the cavalry officers to be on the alert and obtain informa tion. G. W. Smith's division was sent to the left flank, where Stevenson was, and the latter was to hold himself in readiness at a. moment's notice. General Maney was also ordered to be ready for instant action. At last, on the aSth, came news that quite a large force of the enemy had appeared at Fairburn, and that Generals Armstrong and Ross had been skirmishing with them. General Morgan was ordered to report to General Jackson at East Point. Adjutant-General "Wayne was ordered to arm and send the militia up as rapidly as possible. The enemy seemed to be moving down the river, their wagons on the opposite side. Yet another day, the 29th, passed without appreciation of Sherman's tactics, though it was known that a considerable Federal force was mov ing toward the Macon railroad. The general command ing believed that he had taken all necessary precautions. General Adams at Opelika, Ala., was warned of danger; General Hardee, at East Point, was instructed to act on his own discretion, and Generals Lee and Armstrong were both asked to find out where the enemy was. Yet during this day (2<)th) the armies of Schofield and Thomas took their designated positions on the line selected by Sherman, and Howard going still further, drove away the plucky Confederate cavalry and artillery at Shoal creek, saved the Flint river bridge, and on the night of August 3oth took and began intrenching a posi tion a half mile from Jonesboro. On the same night Hood called his corps commanders in consultation, and finally determined to send Hardee's and Lee's corps, under Hardee, that night to Jonesboro to drive the Fed erals across Flint river. "This, I hoped," Hood says in his report of February, 1865. "would draw the attention of the enemy in that direction, and that he would aban don his works on the left, so that I could attack him in

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

fiank. I remained with Stewart's corps and the militia
in Atlanta.'' Hardee immediately put his corps in motion, under the
gallant Cleburne, but of course he was too late. Hardee
in person reached Jonesboro by rail from Atlanta by day
light, but his corps encountered the enemy in force on
the road it was instructed to take, and was compelled to
open another road, so that it was 9 a. m. of the 3ist
before it was in position before Jonesboro. Lee came
soon afterward, except three brigades left on picket,
which arrived at i .-30 p. m. Early in the day Hardee
foresaw that the contemplated attack could not be made
until afternoon, and as he reported, '' I telegraphed these
facts to General Hood, and urged him to come to Jones
boro and take command. Communication with Atlanta
by rail was then still open, but he did not come." His
report continues:
As soon as the lines could be adjusted, I ordered the attack. Lee's corps was on the right. Cleburne, on the left, had orders to turn the enemy's right flank, and Lee to begin the attack on our right when he heard Cle burne's guns. Lee, mistaking the guns of Cleburne's skirmishers for the main attack, began the movement before Cleburne became seriously engaged. He encoun tered formidable breastworks which he was unable to carry, and after considerable loss was driven back in con fusion. Cleburne had carried the temporary works of the enemy, and a portion of his command had crossed Flint river and captured two pieces of artillery, which he was unable, however, to bring over the river. Immedi ately after this I was informed by another staff officerthat the enemy were preparing to attack Lee. In view of the demoralized condition of Lee's troops, as reported by the same officer, I withdrew a division from Cleburne to support Lee. It now became necessary for me to act on the defensive, and I ordered Cleburne to make no more attempts on. the enemy's works. It is proper to state that the enemy were strongly intrenched and had one flank resting on Flint river and both well protected. The fortifications were erected during the day and night preceding the attack and were formidable.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

349

In his report General Lee stated that he delayed his attack after he heard firing on Cleburne's line, until the right division of Hardee's corps became engaged, when, being satisfied that the battle had begun in earnest, he ordered his corps forward. "The attack was not made by the troops with that spirit and inflexible determina tion that would insure success," although several brigades behaved with great gallantry. '' The attack was a feeble one and a failure, with a loss to my corps of about 1,300 men in killed and wounded." Among the wounded of the army were Gens. Patton Anderson and Gumming.
Hardee at this time learned the real disposition of Sherman's army from a captured officer of Howard's staff. On the following night he received an order from Hood to return Lee's corps to Atlanta, also Reynolds' brigade, and a brigade or so of his own, if possible, and with the remainder and Jackson's cavalry protect Macon and the communications in rear. "There are some indi cations," said Hood, "that the enemy may make an attempt upon Atlanta to-morrow.'' The latter apprehen sion was due to the fact that Slocum had been ordered to advance from the Chattahoochee on a reconnoissance. General Hardee remarks in this connection that General Hood, "with a marvelous want of information," evi dently still believed the enemy to be in front of Atlanta.
At 4 p. m. on the 3ist, Sherman was informed that Howard had repulsed the attack at Jonesboro, that Schofield had reached the railroad near Rough and Ready, and was working up the road, destroying it as he went, and Stanley and Baird were similarly occupied working south. He at once ordered the whole army to turn toward Jonesboro and envelop Hardee. On the fol lowing morning, September ist, says Hardee, "Hood was at Atlanta with Stewart's corps and the Georgia militia; my corps was at Jonesboro, and Lee's corps was half way between, in supporting distance of neither." Har dee did not have a strong position and had little time to

350

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

intrench, but considered it absolutely necessary to hold it long enough to insure the evacuation of Atlanta, which he saw was necessary. To add to his embarrassment, he was encumbered with the immense subsistence and ordnance trains of the army, which had been sent to Jonesboro for safety, because the absence of Wheeler made it necessary to guard them with infantry. He was evidently justified in saying, "If the enemy had crushed my corps, or even driven it from its position at Jones boro on the ist of September, no organized body of the other two corps could have escaped destruction.''
Fortunately, only Davis' corps, formerly Palmer's, was able to unite with Howard and Kilpatrick in time. About 4 p. m. of the ist, Davis assaulted Hardee's posi tion from the north, but as Hardee reports, "through the splendid gallantry of the troops the position was held against fierce and repeated assaults.'' At night Hardee fell back to Lovejoy's Station. Davis reported that he finally carried the Confederate line after "very heavy fighting," in which he lost 222 killed, 945 wounded and 105 missing, and captured General Govan, probably about 1,000 prisoners, 8 cannon and several flags. The success of the Federals here spoken of occurred about the middle of the afternoon; but Granbury's Texans and Gordon's Tennessee brigade charging into the breach rectified Hardee's line, which was then successfully held until night against heavy odds. Hardee's gallant fight secured Hood's safe retreat from Atlanta. The brave stand made by Hardee's men in the battle of Jonesboro was one of the most gallant deeds of the war.
At 5 p. m., September ist, the evacuation of Atlanta was begun, the troops falling back toward McDonough. Preparations for the removal of stores had begun on the previous day. It appears that all the ordnance might have been removed safely, but on account of some con fusion there were destroyed or abandoned a small quan tity of quartermaster's and medical stores, some subsist-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

351

ence stores, 13 heavy guns and carriages, 28 carloads of ordnance, 81 cars and 5 engines. The subsistence stores were distributed among the citizens, and the heavy guns were unavoidably lost. At Jonesboro Sherman heard the explosions at 2 a. m. and 4 a. m. of the zd, and thought that perhaps Slocum was making a night attack on the city. But that officer postponed his tri umphal entry until later in the morning of the 2d.
Stewart and Lee's corps marched all night of the ist, and the advance of the wagon train reached McDonough, 10 miles east of Lovejoy's Station, at 2 p. m. next day. Stewart was ordered to the latter place to support Hardee; Lee, who reached McDonough on the sd, was sent to the same destination; General Smith's State troops were ordered to Griffin, and Jackson kept his scouts out well in the direction of Greenville. Sherman on the ad moved his army down before Hardee's position at Lovejoy's, but did not make a determined attack, and then being advised of the evacuation of Atlanta, and perceiv. ing that he was too late to prevent the concentration of Hood's forces, abandoned his position on the 5th. Thomas' army was grouped about Atlanta, Howard's at East Point, and Schofield's at Decatur. Hood united his forces at Lovejoy's Station and Jonesboro. So closed the Atlanta campaign.
Johnston, in his report of October zoth, estimated the loss of infantry and artillery from May 5th until he relinquished command, at "about 10,000 in killed and wounded, and 4,700 from all other causes, mainly slight sickness produced by heavy cold rains in latter June. . . . The effective force transferred to General Hood was. about 41,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry." Medical Director A. J. Foard's reports corroborate General Johnston's estimate, giving the killed at 1,358 and wounded 8,614; and according to the same authority, the losses from July 4th to September ist were: In Hardee's corps, 4,456 killed and wounded; Lee's corps, 4,638 killed

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

and wounded; Stewart's corps, 3,244; Wheeler's cavalry,

185; engineers', 23; total, 12,546.*

The effective strength of Sherman's army was reported

June soth at 106,070; on July 3ist, 91,675; on August

3ist, 81,758. The Federal medical director reported that

between May ist and September 6th there were received

in hospital 19,557, of whom 1,718 died in the field hos

pitals. The total Federal loss in the campaign has been

estimated by Northern authorities at 4,423 killed, 22,822

wounded, 4,442 missing; total, 31,687.

;

*Hood reported, February 15, 1865, that his effective strength September zoth was 27,094 infantry, 10,543 cavalry, 2,766 artillery, and that he had sent 1,600 men to Mobile and Macon; total, 43,503, counting the militia at 1,500. As the effective total turned over to: him July i8th was 48,750, he said, this showed a total loss of 5,247 men. But Hardee comments on this: "The casualties in my corps; alone during that time considerably exceeded 7,000 in killed;; wounded and captured." Hood estimated the loss under Johnston, including missing, at 22,750.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE PATE OF ATLANTA--HOOD'S ADVANCE IN NORTH GEORGIA--ATTACK ON ALLATOONA --SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA--FALL OP FORT McALLISTER
; : --EVACUATION OF SAVANNAH--GEORGIANS IN THE : NASHVILLE CAMPAIGN.
^IMMEDIATELY after his return to Atlanta from j Jonesboro, Sherman determined to make that city a military camp, and issued orders accordingly. " The
;icity of Atlanta," these orders read, "being exclusively required for warlike purposes, will at once be vacated : by all except the armies of the United States and such ;eivilian employes as may be retained by the proper department of government." The chief quartermaster ; was instructed to take possession of buildings of all kinds, and of all staple articles, such as cotton and to bacco. The chief engineer was to reconnoiter the city and suburbs for a more contracted line of defense, and desig nate such buildings as should be destroyed to make room for his operations. The remaining buildings would be set apart for different military uses, and under the direc tion of the quartermaster the troops were to be permitted to pull down buildings and use the materials for construct ing shanties and bivouacs. The mayor, James M. Calboiin, was compelled to issue the following proclamation, September 8th:
To the Citizens of Atlanta: General Sherman instructs me to say to you that you must all leave Atlanta; that as saany of you as want to go North can do so, and that as :many as want to go South can do so, and that all can take ;:with them their movable property, servants included, if tliey want to go, but that no force is to be used; and that he will furnish transportation for persons and prop-

:-;

353

Ga 45

354

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

erty as far as Rough, and Ready, from whence it is ex pected General Hood will assist in carrying it on. Like transportation will be furnished for people and property going North, and it is required that all things contem plated by this notice will be carried into execution as soon as possible.
In a letter to General Hood, Sherman wrote that he considered "it to be to the interest of the United States that all citizens now residing in Atlanta should remove," to which Hood replied: "This unprecedented measure transcends in studied and ingenious cruelty all acts ever before brought to my attention in the dark history of war." He agreed, for the sake of humanity, to assist in the removal of the citizens, and a truce of ten days, applying to the vicinity of Rough and Ready, was ar ranged for that purpose. At the same time negotiations were opened for the exchange of prisoners. On the loth, Governor Brown addressed General Hood in behalf of the militia, stating that they had left their homes with out preparation, expecting to serve but a short time, and should be permitted to visit them.
Hood's return for September loth showed an effective total of 8,417 in Hardee's corps, 7,401 in Lee's, 8,849 in Stewart's, aggregate 24,667 infantry. Jackson had 3,794 effective cavalry, and Wheeler was in north Ala bama. The artillery with the army included 3,382 men, making the total effective force (excluding Wheeler's command, absent on an expedition), 31, 843. The aggre gate present was reported at 60,000, but deducting Wheel er's 11,237, shows present with Hood on above date 49,137 of all arms.
On the nth Hood telegraphed Bragg, now at Rich mond, that he wished to move by the left flank as soon as possible, so as to interrupt the communications of Sherman. In accordance with this plan, Wheeler was directed to enter north Georgia again, destroy the rail road south of Dalton, and connect with Jackson, who was to be sent across the Chattahoochee. Wheeler promptly

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

355

obeyed the orders and again caused an interruption of a week or two on the Western & Atlantic railroad. On the 18th, having caused the iron to be removed from the railroads running into Atlanta, for a distance of forty miles, and directing railroad stock to be restored to the West Point railroad, Hood began his movement to the left. Taking position from Palmetto to the Chattahoochee river, he waited there ten days for the accumulation of supplies. In this position he exposed Augusta and Macon, but he hoped to save them by his proposed flank march. On the zad he advised General Bragg that if Sherman did not move south he would cross the Chattahoochee and form line of battle near Powder Springs, which would prevent Sherman from using the railroad in his rear, "and force him to drive me off or move south, when I shall fall upon his rear."
During this month Sherman conceived the idea that Georgia might be politically isolated from the other States in the Confederacy. Knowing that Vice-President Stephens and Governor Brown, both influential leaders in Georgia, had opposed the President in some matters of policy, Sherman conceived the idea that there was such hostility to Mr. Davis in Georgia that he could induce these eminent men to entertain a proposition for peace, or even to advise the State to withdraw from the Confederacy so as to avoid further destruction of its material interests. Acting on this idea, Sherman sent ambassadors to Stephens and Brown, but while they were willing to promote an honorable peace, they declined to consider any dishonor ing proposition for independent State action, and refused peremptorily to visit the Federal commander on the terms stated by him. They were fully determined to remain true to the Confederacy, though the prospect of its affairs was very gloomy.
President Davis, accompanied by Senator Hill, now came to Georgia, and made a speech at Macon in which he endeavored to communicate to his hearers his own indom-

356

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

itable spirit. On the 2$th and 26th the President visited the army and was enthusiastically received by the troops.
During this visit Lieutenant-General Hardee was sup planted by Major-General Cheatham, and on October 5th was given command of the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, which had been under the charge of Maj.-Gen. Samuel Jones since April aoth. Gen. Howell Cobb was put in command of the district of Georgia.
September zgfh, Hood began his northward movement with the entire army, crossing the Chattahoochee, and the next day moved toward the line of Dallas and Mari etta, with Jackson's cavalry at Powder Springs.
Sherman was fully aware that he could not remain at Atlanta with his great army depending on the Western & Atlantic railroad for supplies. Neither did he feel able to move south against Hood. He supposed Forrest would cut his railroad, but it could not be helped, he said, for Forrest could travel 100 miles while his own cavalry went 10. "I have sent two divisions up to Chat tanooga and one to Rome, and Thomas started to-day to clear out Tennessee.'' As soon as advised of Hood's crossing of the Chattahoochee toward his rear, Sherman left General Slocum and his corps to guard Atlanta and the Chattahoochee bridge, and started northward in pur suit of Hood with five corps.
Hood reached the vicinity of Lost mountain on the jd, and on the 4th General Stewart's corps struck the rail road at Acworth and Big Shanty, capturing 400 prisoners and some stores. Major-General French's division, about 3,000 strong, was sent against Allatoona, one of Sherman's most important depots, where were stored about 1,000,000 rations. The Federal garrison of 890 men, under Colonel Tourtellotte, had been reinforced by Gen. John M. Corse with one brigade, 1,054 strong, from Rome, the orders being transmitted mainly by the signal stations established on the summits of the hills and mountains along the Federal line of communication.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

357

Corse reached Allatoona about i a. m. of the 5th. French arrived about 3 a, m,, tminformed of the Federal reinforcements, and before daylight, while skirmishing was going on with the pickets, endeavored to gain the ridge commanding the town. At dawn he resumed his march, and by 7:30 the head of his column was on the ridge about 600 yards west of the Federal works, which consisted of three redoubts on the west of the deep rail road cut, and a star fort on the east, with outer works, abatis, stockades and other obstructions. Meanwhile General Corse had disposed his forces in and before his fortifications, with Tourtellotte in command on the east of the cut. French sent General Sears' brigade to the north of the works, while Major Myrick opened fire with his artillery. The plan was for Sears to begin the fight, upon which Gen. F. M. Cockrell's Missouri brigade would attack from the other side, supported by four Texas regi-' ments under Gen. W. H. Young. At 9 o'clock, when the troops were in position, General French sent in a sum mons for unconditional surrender, to avoid "the needless effusion of blood," and gave five minutes for reply. General Corse declined and the attack began.
The Missourians and Texans struck the line on the west of the cut commanded by Colonel Rowett, and after severe fighting, says Corse, swept part of his line back like so much chaff. Corse was only able under cover of a heavy fire from Tourtellotte to send an aide over for reinforcements. Before they could arrive both Sears and Young, according to Corse's report, assaulted with so much vigor and in such force as to break Rowett's line, and "had not the Thirty-ninth Iowa fought with the des peration it did, I never would have been able to bring a man back into the redoubt." After a desperate struggle, Rowett brought his force, the Thirty-ninth Iowa, Sev enth and Ninety-third Illinois into the redoubts, where they were reinforced by the Twelfth and Fiftieth Illinois from the east side of the cut. The Confederates gained

358

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

two of the redoubts held by Rowett, and then surrounded this last work with a storm of fire. Tourtellotte, on the east side, though badly wounded, managed to hold his main works, while Sears fought close up to the strong position.
About 10 a. m. Sherman had reached Kenesaw mount ain, and seeing the smoke and hearing the artillery, sig naled Corse to hold the fort, and ordered J. D. Cox's corps westward to threaten French's connection with the main Confederate army. Corse himself was severely wounded, but his men fought on under the assurance of relief, until French, early in the afternoon receiving intelligence of the threatening movement by General Cox, despaired of reducing the Federal garrison before night, and withdrew to rescue his command; but before leaving the place, he captured the blockhouse at Allatoona creek, and burned the bridge. General French reported a capture of 205 pris oners and two flags, and gave his loss at 122 killed, 443 wounded, and 233 missing, total 798. General Young was wounded and captured, and nearly 70 other gallant officers were either wounded or killed. These casualties were suffered by the Confederate assaulting force of only a little over 2,000. Corse reported his own loss at 142 killed, 352 wounded, and 212 missing, total 706.
Hood now moved rapidly toward Rome, and Sherman followed through Allatoona pass to Kingston, and thence to Rome, but Hood crossed below that city and marched into the valley of the Oostenaula, escaping any collision ex cept between cavalry. The Confederate advance attacked Resaca and demanded its surrender, but the Federal gar rison was reinforced in time for safety. Sherman also followed to Resaca, but before his arrival on the i4th, Hood had destroyed the railroad thence to Tunnel Hill and captured the garrisons at Dalton, Tilton and Mill Creek gap, about 1,000 prisoners in all. Sherman moved into Snake Creek gap, through which he had passed in the opposite direction five months before, and

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359

was delayed there by the Confederate rear guard. At Ship's gap, Col. Ellison Capers, with his South Carolina regiment, held back the Federal advance until part of his force was captured. Thus Hood managed to move south from Lafayette down the Chattooga valley before Sherman could intercept him, and the latter followed down to Gaylesville, Ala., where he remained about two weeks from the igth, watching the Confederate army at Gadsden, and foraging from the rich country into which Hood had led him.
On the 17th General Beauregard took command of the new military division of the West, east of the Mississippi, comprising Hood's department of Tennessee and Geor gia, and Lieut.-Gen. Richard Taylor's department--Ala bama, Mississippi and East Louisiana.
By the last of the month, Hood had moved his arm)' across Alabama to Tuscumbia, and Sherman, sending the corps of Stanley and Schofield and all the cavalry except Kilpatrick's division to Chattanooga to report to Thomas, who was given chief command of all Federal troops in Tennessee, moved his remaining three corps back to Kingston, whence he sent all the impedimenta back to Chattanooga, and prepared for the long march which he now contemplated. On the nth of November he ordered Corse to destroy everything at Rome that could be useful to an enemy, as well as the railroads in and about Atlanta, and northward to the Etowah. All garrisons from Kingston northward were ordered back to Chattanooga. Thus having cut himself off from the rear, he concentrated around Atlanta, on the i4th of November, four corps of infantry, the right wing under Howard and the left under Slocum, embracing 60,000 infantry, and 5,500 cavalry under Kilpatrick.
Under Sherman's orders Capt. O. M. Poe "thoroughly destroyed Atlanta, save its mere dwelling-houses and churches.'' The destruction was by fire purposely applied to buildings, and permitted to spread, as was expected,

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from house to house until the defenseless city was almost entirely reduced to ashes. No efforts were made to pre vent the spread of the conflagration, and scarcely any structure was designedly spared. Only about 450 buildings escaped this ruthless burning, among them many churches, which in those days generally stood apart from other buildings. The thoroughness of the destruction can be realized, when we consider that by the census of 1860 Atlanta had a population of 10,000, which in 1864 had increased to 14,000. More than 4,000 houses, including dwellings, shops, stores, mills and depots were burned, about eleven-twelfths of the city. Capt. Daniel Oakey, of the Second Massachusetts volunteers, says: "Sixty thousand of us witnessed the destruction of Atlanta, while our post band and that of the Thirty-third Massachusetts played martial airs and operatic selections.'' Sherman himself noted the rising columns of smoke as he rode away from the city. Considering that he had been in possession of the city since the 3d of September, he had had ample time to utterly destroy everything in it that could be of advantage to an enemy, without the wanton and inexcusable method to which he resorted. It was no more necessary from a military point of view to destroy mercantile establishments than private dwellings or churches. The destruction of Atlanta can never be excused. The name of the Federal commander will always be associated with this barbarous act.
On November i5th the Federal right wing and cavalry started toward Jonesboro and McDonough to make a feint at Macon, but crossed the Ocmulgee river near Jackson, and reached Gordon in seven days. Slocum with one corps moved out eastward via Decatur, with orders to burn the Oconee bridge, east of Madison, after which to turn south and' reach Milledgeville in seven days. Sherman himself left Atlanta on the i6th with Jeff C. Davis' corps, and moved via Lithonia and Covington, directly on Milledgeville. His object was to inter-

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pose his army between Macon and Augusta, and thus divide the Confederate forces.
Gen. G. W. Smith, in command of the First division, Georgia reserves, had at Lovejoy's Station a force num bering about 2,800 effective infantry, 200 or 300 cavalry, and three batteries. Brigadier-General Iverson with two brigades of cavalry covered his front. On the lath, Major-General Wheeler arrived in person and his cavalry division soon followed from Alabama. After the cavalry had skirmished with Howard's advance, Smith fell back to Griffin, and there learning of the Federal movements eastward, moved rapidly to Macon. Wheeler notified Generals Bragg and Hardee, General Beauregard at Tuscumbia, Gen. Howell Cobb, General Taylor at Selma, General Hood and others, of the enemy's movements and evident intentions, and General Cobb also advised those high in command of the danger that was threatening. General Cobb, at Macon, had but a small force, and reinforcements were urgently called for. But there were few that could be spared. Beauregard could only send Gen. Richard Taylor to take command, and himself fol low, but he had no forces to take with him. The war department extended Hardee's command to the Chattahoochee, but he could only spare the Fifth Georgia with out stripping the coast. President Davis instructed General Cobb to get out every man who could render service, and promised that Colonel Rains, at Augusta, would furnish torpedoes to plant in the roads. Stirring appeals were made to the people of Georgia by Senator Hill and the Georgia congressmen to fly to arms, remove all subsistence from the course of Sherman's army, and destroy what could not be carried away; burn all bridges, block up roads, and assail the invader night and day.
Meanwhile Sherman marched on, creating a charred avenue over 40 miles wide through the unprotected State, destroying the railroads, seizing all provisions, pillaging, plundering and burning. There was no force
Ga46

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available to obstruct his onward course. He had. simply to accomplish the military feat of "marching through Geor gia." The forces of Generals Wheeler, Smith and Cobb being concentrated at Macon on the igth, General Hardee took command, and sent Wheeler up to Clinton to reconnoiter. Six of his men dashed into Clinton and captured the servant of General Osterhaus, corps commander, with in twenty feet of headquarters. Charging and counter charging followed, ending in the repulse of a Federal cavalry command by Wheeler's escort. On the 2oth there was active skirmishing by Wheeler. Kilpatrick advanced as far as the redoubts about Macon, held by the infantry and dismounted cavalry, and the head of his column entered the works but were repulsed. On the zz&, How ard having approached Gordon, sent Wood's division and Kilpatrick's cavalry toward Macon for another demonstra tion. This force was met by Wheeler's men, who charged early in the morning and captured one of the Federal picket posts, causing the loss of about 60 to the enemy. A considerable cavalry fight followed, and in the after noon Walcutt's Federal brigade behind barricades was attacked by the Confederate infantry and a battery with great vigor. Walcutt was wounded, but managed to hold his ground with the assistance of cavalry.
On another part of the line of invasion the Federal Twentieth corps, opposed only by desultory skirmishing of small Confederate bands, had made a path of destruc tion through Madison and Eatonton. Geary's division destroyed the fine railroad bridge over the Oconee, and the mill and ferryboats near Buckhead. On the ipth he also destroyed about 500 bales of cotton and 50,000 bush els of corn, mostly on the plantation of Col. Lee Jordan. This corps entered Milledgeville on the 2oth, and Davis' corps, accompanied by Sherman, arrived next day.
The State legislature hastily adjourned, and under the direction of Gen. Ira R. Foster, quartermaster-general of the State, great efforts were made to remove the State

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property and archives, but on account of the scarcity of wagons and the demoralized condition of the people, adequate help could not be obtained. As the peniten tiary had been used for the manufacture of arms, and was expected to be destroyed, Governor Brown released all the convicts and organized them into a regularly mustered-in and uniformed battalion under Captain Roberts, which subsequently did good service in removing prop erty and in battle.
Upon the arrival of the Federals, two regiments under Colonel Hawley, of Wisconsin, occupied the capital city, and according to his own report, burned the railroad depot, two arsenals, a powder magazine and other public buildings and shops, and destroyed large quantities of arms, ammunition and salt. A general pillage followed these acts of war. Then the two Federal corps pushed on by way of Hebron, Sandersville, Tennille and Louis ville, and Howard's wing crossed the Oconee at Ball's ferry and advanced in two columns by the ist of Decem ber to the neighborhood of Sebastopol.
Howard at this date reported that he had destroyed the Ocmulgee cotton mills, and had supplied his army from the country, which he found full of provisions and forage. "I regret to say that quite a number of private dwellings which the inhabitants have left have been destroyed by fire, but without official sanction; also many instances of the most inexcusable and wanten acts, such as the break ing open of trunks, taking of silver plate, etc. I have taken measures to prevent it, and I believe they will be effectual. The inhabitants are generally terrified and believe us a thousand times worse than we are.'' The wanton destruction went on, however, with rarely such efforts to restrain the soldiery from depredations.
As Howard advanced, Gen. H. C. Wayne, with the cadets of the Georgia military institute and part of the reserves, fell back across the Oconee. Maj. A. L. Hartridge in a gallant fight defended the Oconee railroad

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bridge. The Federals by the feint at Macon had man aged to hold General Hardee there with some forces in their rear, and the similar feint toward Augusta detained Gen. B, D. Fry, with about 4,000 troops. On the 23d, Austin, with the cadets, successfully held the railroad bridge against the enemy, and Hartridge, at the ferry, drove back across the river a Federal detachment which had forced its way over. This permitted the removal of the stores from Tennille. Gen. A. R. Wright took com mand in this quarter under authority of a telegram from President Davis, all communication between the east and the west sides of the State being broken. Augusta was reinforced by troops under Generals Chestnut and Gartrell from South Carolina. Beauregard, arriving at Macon, where Lieutenant-General Taylor also was, reported that Sherman was doubtless en route to the sea, thence to reinforce Grant, and he instructed Hood that he should promptly crush Thomas in middle Tennessee, to relieve Lee.
On the 24th, Wayne reported to General McLaws that the Federals were shelling him at Oconee bridge, but he kept up a gallant fight till night, holding one end of the bridge while the enemy set fire to the other. Finally parties crossed the river to his right and left, and he was compelled to withdraw his few hundred men. Wheeler crossed the river to the south on the same day and moved to the support of the Confederates.
On the 25th General Bragg reached Augusta and took command. Wheeler, pushing on to Sandersville, rein forced the local troops which were skirmishing with the Federal cavalry advance, and drove, the latter back with some loss. On the same evening, learning that Kilpatrick had started out toward Augusta, he left Iverson before the Federal infantry, and overtaking Kilpatrick at midnight, drove him from the main Augusta road. Push ing on rapidly he struck the enemy several times during the early morning, capturing prisoners. The way was

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lighted with the barns and houses, cotton gins, and corncribs fired by the Federals. Kilpatrick was forced to turn off by way of Waynesboro, where he destroyed the bridge and set fire to the town, but Wheeler arrived in time to extinguish the flames. Beyond Waynesboro, Kilpatrick hastily barricaded a line .which Wheeler assailed with great spirit, Humes and Anderson attacking on the flank. The enemy was routed, losing a large number in killed, wounded and prisoners, General Kilpatrick himself escap ing with the loss of his hat In a swamp the fight was renewed, and the enemy again stampeded with the loss of about 200. Retreating over Buckhead creek, Kilpatrick fired the bridge but could not hold his ground long enough to see it burned, and Wheeler repaired the structure and crossed in pursuit. His worn-out troopers had now been riding and fighting a night and a day, but before night again arrived he attacked the Federal line behind their barricades and again sent them flying. "During the night," Wheeler reported, "Kilpatrick sought the pro tection of his infantry, which he did not venture to for sake again during the campaign.''
The third period of Shermaii's advance, in the first ten days of December, was toward Savannah in five columns: The Fourteenth corps immediately south of the Savannah river, the Seventeenth corps on the north side of the Ogeechee, the Twentieth midway between, and the Fif teenth in two columns south of the Ogeechee, the south erly column passing through Statesboro. On December zd Sherman sent Kilpatrick out toward Waynesboro again, supported by Baird's division of infantry. Wheeler checked the advance at Rocky creek, but was flanked from this position. Next day he attacked the enemy in force, and renewed the attack at midnight. On the 3d the Feder als advanced, and Wheeler threw up barricades and fought desperately, but was pushed back to Waynesboro. Here lie was so warmly pressed that it was with difficulty he succeeded in withdrawing from his position, but a gal-

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lant charge of Texans and Tennesseeans enabled him to retreat in safety. The remainder of his operations mainly consisted in persistent attacks upon the Federal rear. After approaching Savannah closely, he left Iverson to watch the enemy on the Georgia side, while he crossed into South Carolina and held the line of communication from Huger's landing to Hardeeville, protecting the New ^River bridge, east of the Charleston railroad.
Wheeler reported that in this campaign his force never exceeded 3,500 men, and he seldom had more than 2,000 in his immediate command. "The enemy had been falsely informed by their officers that we took no prison ers, which caused him to fight with desperation and to run very dangerous gauntlets to escape capture, which frequently accounts for the large number of killed. In every rout of their cavalry, and in the. many fights that ensued, they continued to flee, refusing to surrender, not withstanding the demands of our men in close pursuit. Consequently no alternative was left but to shoot or saber them to prevent escape." In approaching Savannah, Sherrnan's left wing struck the Charleston railroad near the bridge over the Savannah river, and established bat teries. The right wing arriving promptly, the Confed erate outer works, beginning about 4 miles above the city on the Savannah and extending southwest to the Little Ogeechee, were closely invested.
Gen. G. W. Smith, by presenting a bold front at Griffin, Forsyth and Macon, successively caused Howard to pass those places unmolested. At Griswoldviile the State troops, contrary to Smith's orders, made an attack upon an intrenched Federal division, and were repulsed with a loss of 51 killed and 472 wounded. Yet they remained close to the Federal line until dark. Then they were withdrawn to Macon and sent on the cars by way of Albany and Thomasville to Savannah.
Though the troops of General Smith had not enlisted for service outside the State, they marched in the latter

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part of November to Grahamville, S. C., to defend the railroad to Charleston from the operations of General Foster, who advanced from Broad river. There they fought gallantly November soth, in the battle of Honey Hill, beating back the repeated Federal attacks. Gen eral Smith in his report particularly commended the serv ice of Colonel Willis, commanding First brigade of Georgia militia; Major Cook, commanding the Athens and Augusta battalions of reserves, and LieutenantColonel Edwards, commanding the Forty-seventh Geor gia regiment. After this brilliant affair the Georgia mili tia returned to the State. A notable feature of this battle was the presence in the ranks of the Confederates of some boy volunteers, even under the age subject to conscription. Some of these boys were not tall enough to shoot over the parapet. But they curiously and enter prisingly so arranged that one would get upon his hands and knees, making a bench on which another would stand, deliver his fire and then change places with his comrade, so that he in his turn might get a shot at the "Yankees."
Vigorous fighting continued in the vicinity of Coosawhatchie, threatening Hardees only avenue of escape,, and a fleet of sixty vessels was reported at Hilton Head. These carried supplies for Shermans men, who were sub sisting mainly on rice and finding it inadequate. Hardee saw that retreat was inevitable, and entertained reason able fears that delay would render escape impossible. On the 8th General Beauregard advised him, as there was no army of relief to be expected, whenever it became necessary to choose between the safety of his army and that of the city of Savannah, to sacrifice the latter.
One of the precautions taken by Hardee to prevent Slierman from cutting off his retreat into South Carolina was the sending of Flag-Officer W. W. Hunter up the Savannah river to destroy the Charleston and Savannah railroad bridge. Taking his flagship Sampson, the gun-

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boat Macon and a small transport steamer laden with sup plies, Hunter siiccessfully accomplished his mission and then returned to Savannah. As he approached the city, however, he found the Federal batteries in position, and after a g-allant attempt to pass, in which the transport was disabled and captured, he was compelled to take his two small wooden gunboats up the river. Taking advan tage of unusually high water, he was enabled to pass the obstructions and reach Augusta, where he and the most of his command were finally surrendered under General Johnston's capitulation.
To open up communications with the Federal fleet, Howard marched farther south and rebuilt King's bridge, while Kilpatrick reconnoitered Fort McAllister, upon which fire was opened by DeGress' battery on the i3th. Hazen's division, which, with J. E. Smith's division, had marched by Statesboro where a number of their foragers had been killed and, captured by Confederate cavarry, and later had forced a passage across the Canouchee opposed by Confederate infantry and artillery, was sent against Fort McAllister, the vicinity of which was reached about u a. m. on December ijth. They were delayed by the picket line and torpedoes in the road, and it was not until 4:45 that the assaulting column of nine regi ments closed up around the fort, which was held by Maj. George W. Anderson and 250 men. General Hazen reported that the fort was carried at precisely 5 p. m. "At close quarters the fighting became desperate and deadly. Just outside the works a line of torpedoes had been placed, many of which were exploded by the tread of the troops, blowing many men to atoms, but the line moved on without checking, over, under and through abatis, ditches, palisading and parapet, fighting the gar rison through the fort to their bomb-proofs, from which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered." The report of General Hazen is as high a compliment as the brave Confederate

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garrison of Fort McAlHster could desire. The Federal loss in the assault was 24 killed and no wounded.
Sherman, who was watching the assault from the rice mill, as soon as he saw the United States flag hoisted, went down the river in a boat, and observing a Federal vessel farther down the Ogeechee, went on and for the first time communicated with Dahlgrens fleet. Next day he met Dahlgren at Warsaw sound, and ar ranged that he should be furnished with siege guns for the reduction of the lines before Savannah. On the i?th he sent in from Slocums headquarters on the Augusta road a demand for surrender, and on the following day received a refusal from General Hardee, who had about 15,000 troops, besides General Smiths 2,000 Georgia State troops occupying the intrenched line west of the city. Sherman, having next arranged for the assault by Slocum, went to Port Royal by boat to urge the move ment against the Charleston & Savannah railroad. On the sist he was informed, to his great disappointment, that Hardee had escaped into South Carolina.
A pontoon bridge, about half a mile in length, having been constructed from Hutchisons island across the Savannah, Hardee moved his army out in safety on the 2ist, taking with him his artillery and baggage wagons, and made a secure retreat, one of the most successful in the course of the war. General Smiths command brought up the rear and was then transferred to Au gusta.
Commodore Tattnall had been prevented from making a dash seaward with his fleet, the main strength of which was the armored ship Savannah, by the placing of seven monitors in the Savannah river and other channels of escape. The remainder of Admiral Dahlgrens fleet had bombarded Battery Beaulieu on Vernon river and other works on the Ogeechee and Ossabaw. Before the evac uation, Commodore Tattnall destroyed the ships and naval property, blowing up the water battery Georgia,
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burning and sinking the Milledgeville and Waterwitch, and destroying the navy yard and a large quantity of ship timber. An unfinished torpedo boat, the small steamers Beauregard and General Lee, 150 pieces of ordnance and 32,000 bales of cotton fell into the hands of the Federals. The Savannah was still in the river when the United States flag was hoisted over Fort Jackson, and Captain Brent, its commander, at once opened fire, driv ing the troops from the guns of the fort, and defiantly flying the stars and bars until night of the 2ist. Brent then ran the Savannah over to the South Carolina shore, disembarked, that his crew might join Hardee's column, and at 10 o'clock the ironclad was blown up. General Slocum had discovered the evacuation at 3 a. m. on the aist, and his command at once occupied the city.
In his report of the march to the sea, General Sherman declared that he had destroyed the railroads for more than ioo miles, and had consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country 30 miles on either side of a line from Atlanta to Savannah, as also the sweet potatoes, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry, and carried away more than 10,000 horses and mules, as well as a countless num ber of slaves. "I estimate the damage done to the State of Georgia and its military resources at $100,000,000; at least $20,000,000 of which has inured to our advantage, and the remainder is simply waste and destruction." After admitting that "this may seem a hard species of warfare,'' he comforted himself with the reflection that it brought the sad realities of war home to those who supported it. Thus condoning all the outrages commit ted by an unrestrained army, he further reported that his men were "a little loose in foraging, and did some things they ought not to have done.''
Howard, evidently ashamed of the manner of the march ing through Georgia, claims that the "Sherman bum mers" were not with his wing. He reported the capture of about 1,200 prisoners, 10,500 cattle, about $300,000

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worth of subsistence, 931 horses, 1,850 mules, about
5,000,000 pounds each of corn and fodder, and the de
struction of 3,500 bales of cotton and 191 miles of rail
road. Slocum reported a similar amount of subsistence
taken, 119 miles of railroad wrecked, 17,000 bales of
cotton destroyed. The limits of this chapter do not
permit of an adequate description of the ruin wrought
throughout Georgia. The imagination, acting upon the
basis of the outline here given, cannot exceed the reality.
In his message of February 17, 1865, Governor Brown,
after recounting the destruction wrought by Sherman, said:
In these misfortunes Georgia has been taunted by some of the public journals of other States because her people did not drive back and destroy the enemy. Those who do us this injustice fail to state the well-known fact that of all the tens of thousands of veteran infantry, including most of the vigor and manhood of the State, which she had furnished for the Confederate service, but a single regiment, the Georgia regulars, of about 300 effective men, was permitted to be upon her soil during the march of General Sherman from her northeast bor der to the city of Savannah, and that gallant regiment was kept upon one of our islands most of the time and not permitted to unite with those who met the enemy. Nor were the places of our absent sons filled by troops from other States. One brigade of Confederate troops was sent by the President from North Carolina, which reached Georgia after her capital was in possession of the enemy. For eight months the Confederate reserves, reserve militia, detailed men, exempts, and most State officers, civil as well as military, had kept the field almost constantly, participating in every important fight from Kenesaw to Honey Hill. If the sons of Georgia under arms in other States had been permitted to meet the foe upon her own soil, without other assistance, General Slierman's army could never have passed from the mountains to the seaboard.
In conclusion, Governor Brown claimed that Georgia
during the fall and winter had a larger proportion of
her white male population under arms than any other
State in the Confederacy.

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We will now describe the gallant' but fruitless effort of General Hood to restore the fortunes of the Confederacy in the West.
In the ill-fated army that marched into Tennessee under General Hood, there were four brigades of Geor gians, and parts of two others. In S. D. Lee's corps were Ctimming's brigade--the Thirty-sixth, Thirtyfourth, Thirty-ninth and Fifty-sixth regiments--of Ste venson's division; and Stovall's brigade--the Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty-second, Forty-third and Fifty-second regiments--of Clayton's division. In Cheatham's corps were Gist's brigade--the Forty-sixth, Sixty-fifth, Eighth battalion, Second sharpshooters, and two South Carolina regiments--of Brown's division; and J. A. Smith's bri gade--First volunteers, Fifty-fourth, Fifty-seventh and Sixty-third regiments--of Cleburne's division; and in Bate's division, Tyler's brigade under Brig.-Gen. Thomas B. Smith, partly composed of the Thirty-seventh Geor gia regiment and the Fourth sharpshooters; and Brig. Gen. H. R. Jackson's brigade, the First Georgia Confed erate, Sixty-sixth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-ninth and Thir tieth, and First sharpshooters. Corput's and the Ste phens batteries were in the artillery.
The Georgians of Cheatham's corps were full partici pants in the terrific fighting at Franklin, Tenn., Novem ber 3oth. Brown's division gained the ditch and part of the Federal works, and fought on the crest, but lost terribly. At the close of the battle Captain Gillis, Forty-sixth Georgia, was the senior officer of Gist's bri gade. Gist was killed and Capt. H. A. Garden alone remained of his staff. The front line of Bate's division was Jackson's and Tyler's brigades, and Major Caswell, Georgia sharpshooters, had charge of the skirmish line. Jackson's brigade gained the second line of Federal works, and remained there until after the Federal retreat. Among the killed was Colonel Smith, First Georgia Con federate, who fell while most gallantly putting his regi-

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merit into the interior works of the enemy. After the death of Cleburne, who was succeeded temporarily by Gen. James A. Smith, Col. C. H. Olmstead took com mand of the brigade of that officer (formerly Mercer's). When the army moved from Florence, Smith's brigade was detached and left behind for the purpose of guard ing a supply train. It did not rejoin the army until December 6th, in front of Nashville.
Following the battle of Franklin, Bate's division was with Forrest in the investment of Murfreesboro. In the battle at that place, December 7th, Tyler'sand Jackson's brigades won the Confederate honors of the day, driving back in gallant style that part of the enemy's line which confronted them. Lieutenant-Colonel Billopp, Twentyninth Georgia, died gallantly at his post of duty. At Nash ville, December i sth and i6th, the Thirty-seventh Georgia, Tyler's brigade, fought with conspicuous gallantry, hold ing the extreme left of Bate's line defending the Granny White pike until most of the command had fallen. "The breach once made," says General Bate, "the lines lifted from either side as far as I could see almost instantly and fled in confusion. Two regiments, the Twentyninth and Thirtieth Georgia, then my extreme right, commanded by Colonel Mitchell, Jackson's brigade, did not break, but remained fighting until surrounded." General Jackson was among the captured.
Olmstead's brigade, at Murfreesboro during the Nash ville catastrophe, marched to Columbia, the barefooted and ill-clad men suffering terribly in the intense cold, and during the subsequent retreat fought in the rear guard. Their successful charge upon the enemy's ad vance near Pulaski on Christmas day, is remembered as an example of heroic devotion. The whole Confederate rear guard was engaged in that charge, and captured a number of cavalry horses and one cannon, a ra-pounder Napoleon. The conduct of the Confederate rear guard tinder Porrest and Walthall excited the admiration of the

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enemy, General Thomas declaring that it did its duty bravely to the last. Colonel Olmstead in his report called special attention to Privates P. Murner and A, Vicary, color-bearers of the First and Fifty-fourth Geor gia respectively.
At the close of 1864 the polls of the State had decreased from 52,764 to 39,863. The State's expenditures for the year had been as high as $13,288,435, and bank capital had decreased nearly one-half. It required $49 of Con federate States paper money to buy $i gold, and the pri vate soldier continued to receive his $n a month in paper money.
The Georgia legislature convened February 15, 1865, at Macon, and was addressed by Governor Brown in a message in which he severely criticised the Confederate States administration. He urged the calling of a conven tion of Southern States to consider the crisis and provide a remedy, but the legislature declined to do this, and resolutions were passed sustaining the continuance of the war. One of Governor Brown's recommendations, however, the appointment of a commander-in-chief for the Confederate armies, was justified by the elevation of Gen. Robert E. Lee to that position.
On January 23d, Gen. William T. Wofford assumed command in north Georgia, where great desolation had been wrought, not only by the regular armies and by the necessary evils of war, but by the heartless depredations of the worst elements of both armies. General Wofford called in and organized several thousand men, and obtained corn and distributed it among the people, in which he was assisted by General Judah, commanding the Federal forces.
In Savannah, now in the hands of the Federal army, a meeting of citizens, called by Mayor R. D. Arnold, understanding that further resistance was useless, unani mously adopted resolutions favoring submission to the United States authority, and asking the governor to call

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a convention of the people for the purpose of an expres sion of opinion as to whether the war should be contin ued. In the latter part of January, the main body of Sherrnan's army crossed into South Carolina.
The return of Confederate forces in South Carolina, January 2, 1865, shows in McLaws' division: Harrison's brigade, 1,612 men; Cumrning's brigade, 505. Col. John B. Gumming was commanding Georgia reserves at Hardeeville. Maj. -Gen. Howell Cobb continued in com mand of Georgia reserves with headquarters at Macon.
On January 23d, Governor Brown notified President Davis that he had ordered out the reserve militia over fifty years of age, who were at home, and the whole patrol force of the State, to arrest and send forward deserters and stragglers. Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill was put in command of the district of Georgia in January. Gen eral Iverson was put in command of a cavalry division, including the brigades of Hannon and Lewis, about: 1,500 men. Troops began reaching Augusta from Hood's army late in January, and D. H. Hill was ordered to take command of them.
In January, Major-General Hoke's division, including Colquitt's Georgia brigade, was sent from Richmond to assist in the defense of Fort Fisher, below Wilmington, N. C., where they came under the command of General Bragg. Unfortunately, they were not permitted to take part in the gallant defense of that stronghold. General Colquitt was sent with his staff in a small row-boat to the fort on the evening of the 15th, to assume com mand, but on landing he found that the garrison had been compelled to leave Fort Fisher, and was about to surrender to greatly superior numbers. He and his staff fortunately escaped capture.

CHAPTER XVIII.
FINAL CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA--GEORGIA COMMANDS AT APPOMATTOX--CAMPAIGN OF THE CAROLINAS-- WILSON'S RAID.
THE Georgia brigades in the army of Northern Vir ginia bore an honorable part in the military opera tions of 1865. Though reduced in numbers, they maintained their relative strength in an army where all suffered.
John B. Gordon, of Georgia, promoted to major-gen eral, and later acting lieutenant-general, honored the State as commander of the Second army corps. Longstreet, closely connected with the State and now one of its citizens, led the First corps with the same grim earnest ness that had characterized his four years' service. George T. Anderson, Henry L. Benning and E. L. Thomas continued in command of their gallant brigades. Brig.-Gen. Clement A. Evans, first succeeding Gordon in brigade leadership, was now promoted to acting majorgeneral, in command of the division including his old Georgia brigade, the remnant of the Stonewall division, and York's Louisiana brigade. His own brigade was commanded by Col. John H. Lowe. The gallant George Doles, killed in the Wilderness battle, was succeeded in brigade command by Gen. Philip Cook; Wofford's brigade was led by Gen. Dudley M. DuBose, Bryan's by Gen. James P. Simms, Wright's first by Gen. G. M. Sorrel, and afterward by Col. George E. Taylor.
In the fighting on Hatcher's run early in February, Evans' brigade was distinguished. The two brigades of Georgians in Gordon's corps were also participants in the desperate attack on Grant's lines March 25, 1865, of
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3?7

which Gordon had charge. The corps moved forward before daylight with the division of Evans in front, cap tured a half mile of breastworks with Port Stedman, and turned the guns upon the other Federal works. Several batteries to the right and left were also cleared of their defenders and occupied by the enthusiastic Georgians. It was intended that a supporting column of 20,000 men should follow up and secure the ground thus won, but they did not arrive in time to go promptly forward. So the Federals were able to concentrate against the Con federates in such force that they were compelled to fall back to their own lines with heavy loss.
Two days later, Sheridan with 10,000 cavalry reinforced Grant, who now rapidly concentrated the main body of his army to the south and west of Petersburg, with the purpose of assailing the Confederate right. Without waiting to be attacked, Lee fell upon the Federals with so heavy a blow that he forced his enemy back. On the same day, March gist, Sheridan was repulsed near Dinwiddie Court House, but on the next day, reinforced by two corps of infantry, he overwhelmed Pickett's smaller force at Five Forks. On the following morning the Federals attacked all along the line, which was very thin, there being in many places only one man to every seven yards. The gallant defense of Forts Alexander and Gregg checked the Federals until Longstreet came up and inter posed his corps. That night Lee withdrew from the lines of Petersburg and Richmond, which he had held so long and skillfully. Lee's retreat was conducted with his usual skill, but the failure to secure supplies at Amelia Court House caused a delay which was fatal to his plans. The -men of the Seventh Georgia cavalry, with M. W. Gary's brigade, were among the last to leave the Confed erate capital just before the last bridge was destroyed.
At Sailor's creek, where Ewell's corps was surrounded and forced to surrender, the brigades of Simms and DuBose, and Humphreys' Virginia brigade, fighting
Ga48

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

tinder Gen. J. B. Kershaw, repulsed repeated attacks until Simms' command was surrounded and mostly cap
tured.
Gordon's corps, escaping this disaster, took part in the last assault upon the enemy on the morning of April gth, and was in line of battle when the surrender was announced. After a truce had been made to arrange the terms of capitulation, General Evans, who commanded the left division, ignorant of what was occurring else where, had pushed out his skirmishers under Capt. Kaigler. Suddenly a Federal force appeared, advancing on his flank, and a small battery opened fire. Immedi ately forwarding his skirmishers under Kaigler, and sup porting them with his command, Evans led a charge, capturing the battery with a number of prisoners and driving his assailant from the field. A few minutes later he received official notice of the surrender and slowly withdrew his command toward Appomattox. This suc cessful charge shed a parting glory over the last hours of the illustrious army of Northern Virginia.
Following is the organization of the Georgia commands in the final operations:
LONGSTREET 3 CORPS.
In C. W. Fields' division: Brigade of Gen. George T. Anderson--Seventh regiment, Col. George H. Carmical; Eighth, Col. John R. Towers; Ninth, Maj. John W. Arnold; Eleventh, Capt. W. H. Ramsey; Fifty-ninth, Col. Jack Brown. Brigade of Gen. Henry L. Benning --Second regiment, Capt. Thomas Chaffin, Jr.; Fifteenth, Maj. Peter J. Shannon; Seventeenth, Maj. James B. Moore; Twentieth ...
In J. B. Kershaw's division: Brigade of Gen. Dudley M. DuBose--Sixteenth regiment, Lieut. W. W. Mont gomery; Eighteenth, Capt. J. F. Espy; Twenty-fourth, Capt. J. A. Garrard; Third sharpshooters; Cobb's legion, Lieut. W. G. Steed; Phillips' legion, Lieut. A. J. Reese; last commander of brigade, Capt. J. F. Espy. Brigade of Gen. James P. Simms--Tenth regiment, Lieut; John B. Evans; Fiftieth, Capt. George W. Waldron;

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Fifty-first, Capt. H. R. Thomas; Fifty-third, Capt R. H. Woods; last commander of brigade, Capt. Waldron,
GORDON'S CORPS.
In Bryan Grimes' division: Brigade of Gen. Philip Cook--Fourth regiment, Col. Edwin Nash, Capt. John M. Shiver; Twelfth, Capt. JosiahN. Beall; Twenty-first, Capt. Edward Smith; Forty-fourth, Capt. John A. Tucker; Patterson's battery; last commander of brigade, Colonel Nash.
In Clement A. Evans' division: Evans' brigade, Col. John H. Lowe--Thirteenth regiment, Lieut. -Col. Richard Maltby; Twenty-sixth, Capt. James Knox; Thirtyfirst, Capt. Edward C. Perry; Thirty-eighth, Lieut.Col. Philip E. Davant; Sixtieth and Sixty-first, Col. W. B. Jones; Ninth battalion artillery, Sergt. Horace L. Cranford; Twelfth battalion artillery, Capt. Samuel H. Crump. Eighteenth battalion infantry, Capt. George W. Stiles.
A. p. HILL'S CORPS.
In C. M. Wilcox's division: Brigade of Gen. E. L. Thomas--Fourteenth regiment, Col. Richard P. Lester; Thirty-fifth, Col. Boiling H. Holt; Forty-fifth, Col. Thomas I. Simmons; Forty-ninth, Maj. James B. Duggan.
In William Mahone's division: G. M. Sorrel's brigade, Col. George E. Taylor--Third regiment, Lieut.-Col. Claiborne Snead; Twenty-second, Capt. George W. Thomas; Forty-eighth, Capt. Alexander C. Flanders; Sixty-fourth, Capt. James G. Brown; Second battalion, Maj. Charles J. Moffett; Tenth battalion, Capt. Caleb F. Hill.
In R. H. Anderson's corps: Georgia battery, Capt. C. W. Slaton.
In Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry corps: Brigade of M. W. Gary--Seventh Georgia, Capt. W. H. Burroughs.
The aggregate present of these commands on the
Petersburg and Richmond lines previous to the evacua
tion was as follows: Anderson's brigade 1,242, Benning's
849, DuBose's 1,012, Simms' 824, Evans' 1,328, Cook's
702, Sorrel's 1,329, Thomas' 1,159; total infantry 8,445.
The grand total present for the army at that time was

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51,014 infantry. Hence it appears that one man in six in
General Lee's army in 1865 was a Georgian.
At Appomattox, the following numbers of officers and
men were paroled in the Georgia brigades: In Ander-
son's 987, Benning-'s 809, DuBose's 347, Simms' 190,
Cook's 350, Evans' 841, Sorrel's 1,033, Thomas' 513, a
total of 5,070 out of the 22,349 paroled infantry of the
army, or nearly one-fourth.
Early in February, General Sherman began his march
northward from Savannah. He moved in two columns,
one threatening Augusta and the other Charleston. On
the day that he entered Columbia, Hardee evacuated
Charleston, retiring toward North Carolina.
On February 22$, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was again
called upon to take command of the army of Tennessee,
transferred to the Carolinas, Hardee's command, Hoke's
division, Hampton's cavalry, and such other forces as
could be gathered to resist the advance of Sherman, who
was reinforced by Schofield's corps at Wilmington.
In the organization of the army under Johnston (as
reported after April 9th), the following Georgia commands
were included:
In Brig.-Gen. James A. Smith's brigade, Cleburne's old division--First Georgia (consolidated First, Fifty-seventh and Sixty-third), Col. C. H. Olmstead; Fifty-fourth (con solidated Thirty-seventh, Fifty-fourth and Fourth battal ion sharpshooters), Col. Theodore D. Caswell.
In Brig.-Gen. A. H. Colquitt's brigade, Hoke's division --Sixth regiment, Maj. James M. Culpeper; Nineteenth, Lieut.-Col. Ridgeway B. Hogan; Twenty-third, Col. Marcus R. Ballenger; Twenty-seventh, Lieut.-Col. Hezekiah Bussey; Twenty-eighth, Capt. George W. Wartlien.
In Gist's brigade, Col. William G. Foster--Forty-sixth Georgia, Capt. Abe Miles; Sixty-fifth regiment and Sec ond and Eighth battalions, consolidated, Lieut.-Col. Zachariah L. Watters.
In Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott's brigade, Patton Anderson's division, Stewart's corps--Twenty-second battalion artillery, Maj. Mark J. McMullan; Twenty-seventh bat talion, Maj. Alfred L. Hartridge.

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381

Col. George P. Harrison's brigade, Walthall's division, Stewart's corps--First regulars, Col. Richard A. Wayne; Fifth regiment, Col. Charles P. Daniel; Fifth reserves, Maj. C. E. McGregor; Thirty-second regiment, Lieut. Col. E. H. Bacon, Jr.; Forty-seventh regiment and Bonaud's battalion.
Artillery, Stewart's corps--Batteries of Capts. Ruel W. Anderson, John W. Brooks and John F. Wheaton.
Brig.-Gen. Robert J. Henderson's brigade, Stevenson's division, S. D. Lee's corps--First Georgia Confederate battalion (consolidated with First sharpshooters and Twenty-fifth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Sixty-sixth regiments), Capt. W. J. Whitsitt; Thirty-ninth regiment (consolidated with Thirty-fourth and part of Fifty-sixth), Lieut.-Col. W. P. Milton, Col. C. H. Phinizy; Fortieth battalion (consolidated with Forty-first and Forty-third), Lieut. W. H. Darnall, Capt. James E. Stallings; Fortysecond Georgia (consolidated with Thirty-sixth and parts of Thirty-fourth and Fifty-sixth), Lieut.-Col. Lovick P. Thomas.
In Gen. Wade Hampton's cavalry were the First, Sec ond, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Twelfth Georgia cavalry regiments; Phillips' legion, under Maj. W. W. Thomas; Cobb's legion, Capt. R. B. Roberts; Tenth Georgia, Capt. E. W. Moise. Brig.-Gen. R. H. Anderson had a brigade command in Hampton's cavalry.
In the foregoing infantry organizations are represented
the consolidated fragments of the brigades of Brig.-Gens.
John K. Jackson, H. R. Jackson, H. W. Mercer, Alfred
Gumming and M. A. Stovall, which had participated in
the operations up to that time in their original organiza
tions, but in very reduced numbers. Stovall's and Jack
son's brigades of Clayton's division were together but 416
strong in the battle of Kinston, March roth, and lost 70.
Curntning's brigade had 213 effectives. Under the com
mand of Col. Robert J. Henderson, during the fighting at
Bentonville, March igth to 226., it was warmly commended
by General Stevenson for gallantry in repulsing a flank
attack of the enemy, and received upon the field the
thanks and compliments of General Johnston. In the
same combat J. A. Smith's brigade was in the front line

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

of battle and in the corps command of General Bate. In the charge on the Federals, Frank Stone, of the Oglethorpes of Augusta (then a company of Olmstead's First Georgia), bore one of the old Pat Cleburne battleflags and was wounded. At the time of the surrender he con cealed the flag about his person and carried it home in safety. It was. afterward lost in the burning of a resi dence, where it had been placed for safekeeping. This company lost i killed and 3 wounded at Bentonville.
Brigadier-General Iverson in command of 1,500 cavalry operated on the Georgia side of the Savannah during the advance of Sherman and kept on guard against raids into Georgia. Gen. Joseph Wheeler performed a great service when he defeated Kilpatrick at Aiken, February, 1865, and thus saved Augusta from the fate of Atlanta and Columbia. At Averasboro Wheeler defeated a movement of the enemy upon Hardee's right flank, and covered the retreat when Hardee withdrew.
In the engagement at Rivers' bridge, February 3d, the Thirty-second and Forty-seventh regiments, Fifth re serves and Earle's battery, under Lieutenant-Colonel Bacon, were engaged and suffered a loss of 97 killed, wounded and missing.
Hoke's division took a prominent part in the battle of Bentonville, and the heaviest losses in killed and wounded were sustained by the Georgians of Colquitt's brigade, the totals being 41 killed, 178 wounded, 23 missing.
The last considerable military event in Georgia was the cavalry raid of Gen. James H. Wilson in April, 1865. He left Chickasaw, Ala., March 226., with about 10,000 men, and after defeating and capturing a large part of what was left of General Forrest's cavalry at Selma, en tered Georgia. Upton's division marched through Tuskegee toward Columbus, and Colonel LaGrange, with three regiments, advanced on West Point by way of Opelika. Colonel LaGrange found a garrison of 265 devoted Con federates under Gen. Robert C. Tyler in possession of a

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

383

small fort at West Point. The work was 35 yards square, surrounded by a ditch, supplied with four cannon, and situated on an eminence commanding the Chattahoochee bridge at that point. One assault was repelled by the garrison, but in the second the Federal soldiers swarmed over the little fort and captured the entire command of Tyler, who was killed with 18 of his officers and men, while 28 were severely wTounded. The Federal loss was 7 killed and 29 wounded. At West Point, two bridges, 19 locomotives and 245 cars loaded with quarter master's, commissary and ordnance stores, were reported destroyed by the Federal commander.
At Columbus on the same day, April i6th, a week after General Lee's surrender, Gen. Howell Cobb made a gal lant attempt to defend the bridges over the Chattahoo chee, fighting on the Alabama side, but was overwhelmed by the Federal forces, who took possession of the city, capturing 1,200 prisoners and 52 field guns. Col. C. A. L. Lamar, of General Cobb's staff, was among the killed. The Federal loss was 24 killed and wounded. The ram Jackson, which had been built for the defense of the Chattahoochee, now nearly ready for service, with an armament of six y-inch guns, was destroyed, as were also the navy yard, foundries, arsenal, armory, sword and pistol factory, shops, paper mills, cotton factories, 15 locomotives, 200 cars, and a large amount of cotton.
Wilson's forces now took up the march from Columbus for Macon, destroying much property en route and' wrecking the railroads. Within 13 miles of the city they were met by Brigadier-General Robertson, of Wheeler's corps, under a flag of truce, bearing a letter from Gen. Howell Cobb announcing an armistice between Generals Johnston and Sherman. Before General /ilson could reach the front to make investigation, Colonel White dashed into the city and received its surrender, although General Cobb protested that the Federal troops should acknowledge the armistice. Generals Cobb, G. W. Smith

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

and Mackall and the garrison were held as prisoners of war. When informed of the armistice by Sherman, Gen eral Wilson issued the necessary orders to carry it into effect, and General Cobb gave every assistance in his power in the collection of supplies for the large Federal command, before any terms of capittilation had been made known to either of the generals commanding. On April soth Wilson received notice of the final capittilation of the Confederate forces east of the Chattahoochee by General Johnston, and was directed to resume hostilities and capture the Confederate States officials about to enter or make their way through the State. For this purpose the various brigades were disposed throughout the State. General Upton, who was ordered to Augusta, caused the arrest of Vice-President Stephens, Secretary Mallory and Senator Hill.
President Davis arrived at Washington, Ga., the home of Gen. Robert Toombs, May 4, 1865, and remained there about thirty-six hours. His family was with him, consist ing of Mrs. Davis and four children, accompanied by her sister, Miss Howell, and Midshipman Howell, her brother. General Bragg, Gen. I. M. St. John, Gen. A. R. Lawton, Postmaster-General John H. Reagan, General Brecldnridge, secretary of war, and a considerable number of other Confederate officials and officers, also arrived at Washington. On the 5th this party, the last represent atives of the Confederate States government, separated, General Reagan alone accompanying the President in a westward direction. At Irwin's cross-roads and at Dublin they were threatened by strolling bands, but escaped danger. At daylight on the morning of May loth, a de tachment of Michigan cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Pritchard, striving to cut off the party in advance, col lided with a body of Wisconsin cavalry under LieutenantColonel Harnden, which was in pursuit, and before there could be a mutual recognition, several Federal soldiers were killed by their comrades. At the same time Pres-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

385

ident Davis was discovered, and he and his entire party were made prisoners. Those captured were the Presi dent, Mrs. Davis and children, Miss Howell, waitingmaids and servants, Postmaster-General Reagan, Col. Burton N. Harrison, the Presidents secretary, Colonels Lubbock and Johnston, aides-de-camp to the President, four subordinate officers and thirteen private soldiers. No attempt at resistance was made.
The South had failed in the heroic fight for separate independence. Georgias gallant sons, who had so grandly illustrated their State on the many battlefields of the four 3ears conflict, wasted no time in idle repining over a lost cause and ruined fortunes. With patience, industry and the same indomitable spirit displayed by them on many a bloody field, they faced the adverse circumstances that confronted them, and bravely went to work to repair the desolation wrought by war. How well they have suc ceeded is evinced by the proud position which Georgia occupies in the restored Union.
In the late war with Spain, the sons of Confederates responded with enthusiasm to the countrys call, and Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, the renowned Confederate cavalry leader, twined new laurels around the brows of Georgia and Alabama, his native and adopted States.

Gs 49

BIOGRAPHICAL
387

MAJOR-GENERALS AND BRIGADIER-GENERALS, PRO VISIONAL ARMY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES, ACCREDITED TO GEORGIA.
Brigadier-General E. Porter Alexander, a native of Georgia, was appointed to the United States military academy from that State, and was graduated in 1857 as brevet second lieutenant, corps of engineers. He served at West Point as assistant instructor in practical military engineering from October, 1857, to March, 1858, when he went on duty in the field with the Utah expedition. Returning to the military academy near the close of 1858, he remained until 1860, first as assistant instructor, next as assistant professor of engineering, then as instructor in the use of small-arms, military gymnastics, etc., and finally was attached to a company of engineer troops at West Point. Afterward he was a member of the board for the trial of small-arms, and assistant engineer in the construction of the defenses at Alcatraz island, San Francisco harbor. In 1861, when it became evident that war could not be avoided, Lieutenant Alexander resigned his commission in the army of the United States, and on April 3d entered that of the Confederate States as cap tain of engineers. He was on the staff of General Beauregard as engineer and chief of signal service from July ist to August, 1861, acting in this capacity at the first battle of Manassas. Subsequently, until November 8, 1862, he was chief of ordnance of the army of Northern Virginia. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of artillery in December, 1861, and colonel of artillery in December, 1862. From November 8, 1862, to February 26, 1864, he commanded a battalion of artillery of Longstreet's corps, composed of the batteries of Eubanks, Jordan, Moody, Parker, Rhett and Woolfolk. At Fred-

390

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

ericksburg he so arranged the artillery of Longstreet's corps as to sweep every approach to Marye's hill. To General Longstreet he remarked, "We cover that ground so well that we will comb it as with a fine tooth comb. A chicken could not live on that field when we open on it.'' The artillery did do fearful execution on the dense masses of Federal troops who tried to carry that position. At Chancellorsville he was present in command of his bat talion of artillery. At Gettysburg he commanded the reserve artillery of Longstreet's corps, and with his bat talion prepared the way for Pickett's great charge on the third day of that fateful battle. When Longstreet went to Georgia in September, 1863, Colonel Alexander was with his forces, but did not reach Chickamauga in time to take part in the battle. He acted as chief of artillery for'Longstreet in the Knoxville campaign, and in subse quent movements in east Tennessee until ordered back to Virginia. On February 26, 1864, he was commissioned brigadier-general, and he served as chief of artillery of Longstreet's corps until the surrender at Appomattox, participating in the battles of the Overland campaign, and in those of the long protracted siege of Richmond. After the war he was professor of mathematics and of civil and military engineering in the university of South Carolina from January, 1866, to October, 1869, and presi dent of the Columbia oil company from October, 1869, to May, 1871. He then began a successful career in rail road management, as superintendent of the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta railroad until October, 1871; as president of the Savannah & Memphis railroad company until 1875, and subsequently as president and general manager of the Western railroad of Alabama, and of the Georgia railroad and banking company. He was vicepresident of the Louisville & Nashville railroad, 1880-82, capital commissioner of the State of Georgia, 1883-88, and from 1887 to 1893 president of the Central railroad and banking company and Ocean steamship company.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

391

He is the author of a treatise on "Railway Practice," and historical papers, such as "The Great Charge and Artil lery Fighting at Gettysburg," and "Longstreet at Knoxville."

Brigadier-General George T. Anderson is a native of Georgia and before the war was a man of considerable property. He did not have the advantage of a military training at West Point, but did acquire practical knowl edge of warlike affairs during the conflict with Mexico, where he served as a captain. When the Eleventh Georgia regiment was organized in 1861, he was elected its colonel and went with his regiment to Virginia. During the Seven Days' battles around Richmond, he led a brigade consisting of his own regiment, the First regulars, Eighth, Ninth and Eleventh Georgia, and was engaged in all the operations of Magruder's command during those eventful days. Speaking of the battle of Malvern Hill, Gen. D. H. Hill says: "I never saw anything more grandly heroic than the advance after sunset of the nine brigades under Magruder's orders." Still holding the rank of colonel, he led this brigade through the fiery ordeals of Second Manassas and Sharpsburg, conducting himself with such gallantry and showing such skill in the handling of his troops that on the ist of November, 1862, he received the commission of brigadier-general, the duties of which position he had performed so faithfully throughout the year. The next battle in which he was engaged was at Fredericksburg. At the time of the bat tle of Chancellorsville, he was with Longstreet in south east Virginia. In the desperate struggle for the posses sion of Round Top on the afternoon of July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg, more than 2,000 officers and men of Hood's division were killed or wounded, and among the severely wounded were Generals Hood and G. T. Anderson. In September following he had sufficiently recovered to go with Longstreet to the assistance of Bragg in north

392

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Georgia, and after the investment of Chattanooga he and his brigade marched under Longstreet into east Tennessee and took part in the siege of the city of Knoxville and the assault upon the Federal works. Here Anderson's bri gade was again called upon for desperate fighting. True to its record, it bravely seconded the efforts of the commanding general, adding to its already brilliant rep utation. In the second day of the battle of the Wilder ness, Anderson's was one of the four brigades tinder Mahone which attacked the Federal left wing in flank and rear, and rolled it up in confusion toward the plank road and then back upon the Brock road. At Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor and throughout the protracted struggle around Richmond, Anderson and his brigade continued their faithful and heroic work. He was in Field's division of Longstreet's corps in the final scene at Appomattox Court House. After the return of peace, General Ander son returned to Georgia and served in several important official stations. For awhile he was local freight agent of the Georgia railroad at Atlanta. He became chief of police of that city and brought the force to a high state of efficiency. He afterward moved to Anniston, Ala., where he resided in 1898.

Brigadier-General Robert H. Anderson was born in the city of Savannah, October i, 1835. He received his early education in the schools of his native city, and entered the United States military academy, where he was grad uated in 1857 as brevet second lieutenant of infantry. In December of the same year he was promoted to second lieutenant of the Ninth infantry. He served at Fort Columbus, N. Y., in 1857-58, and on frontier duty at Fort Walla Walla, Wash., from 1858 to 1861. The great sec tional quarrel between the North and South culminated while he was absent on leave. Imbued with all the sen timents of the people of the South, and believing that his paramount allegiance was due to his State, he resigned

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

393

his commission in the United States army and offered his services to the new Confederacy, of which his State had become a member. He was immediately appointed first lieutenant of artillery, his commission dating from March 16, 1861. In September he was promoted to the rank of major and was acting adjutant-general of troops on the Georgia coast. June 30, 1862, he was still on the Georgia coast as major of the First battalion Georgia sharp shooters. This command was brought by him and its other officers to a high state of discipline and efficiency. In February and March, 1863, he won general attention and commendation by his plucky and successful defense of Fort McAllister against the Federal monitors, in which combat it was demonstrated that Georgia gunners behind sand embankments were more than a match for the new and much vaunted revolving ironclads. Major Anderson had been promoted to the rank of colonel of the Fifth Georgia cavalry on January 20, 1863, and commanded the troops in the neighborhood of Fort McAllister. General Beauregard in his official report to the war department, commended very highly the conduct of officers and men engaged in this affair. The Fifth cavalry was transferred to the army of Tennessee before the opening of the Atlanta campaign of 1864, and assigned to the brigade of Gen. W. W. Alien, composed of the Georgia cavalry regiments known as the Third, Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth Confederate. Of this brigade, including the Fifth, Colonel Anderson was soon in command, and on July 2 6th he was commissioned brigadier-general. This gallant brigade and Dibrell's composed Kelly's division, one among the very best divisions of Wheeler's splendid cavalry corps, which followed the fortunes of the army of Tennessee to the surrender near Durham's Station in North Carolina, April 26, 1865. At the close of the war General Anderson returned to Savannah, and was chief of police of that city from 1867 to his death, February 8, 1888. He was a member of the board of visitors to the
Ga50

894

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

United States military academy in 1879 and 1887. He had as well drilled and disciplined a body of police as could be found in any city of the Union.

Brigadier-General Francis S. Bartow, a native of Geor gia, was at the beginning of the war a prominent lawyer of Savannah and recognized as one of the leading mem bers of the Georgia legislature. Of high social standing and great personal magnetism, he was a rising man in Georgia politics, and could have held prominent positions in the councils of the Confederacy had he not chosen service in the field. He was a member of the provisional Congress which met at Montgomery, February 4, 1861, and at its second session he was chairman of the military committee. He was also captain of a volunteer company in the city of Savannah, known as the Oglethorpe infantry, which had been organized in 1856 and consisted almost entirely of sons of the old and honored families of the city. A detail from this popular company formed part of the detachment that under the orders of Governor Brown had seized Fort Pulaski near the mouth of the Savannah river before the secession of the State of Georgia. Cap tain Bartow was in communication with his company, and as soon as the act authorizing war troops was passed, he informed his company of the fact by telegraph. A meet ing of the "Oglethorpes" was promptly called, and amid the wildest enthusiasm a resolution passed tendering their services to the Confederate President for the war. The tender was immediately flashed over the wires and as promptly accepted. This company is claimed to have been the first in the Confederate States that offered its services for the entire war. It was attached to the Eighth Georgia regiment, of which Bartow was elected colonel; was ordered to Virginia, and beginning with the First Manassas, it went through the greatest battles of the most stupendous conflict of modern times. The "Oglethorpes" left for Virginia on May 21, 1861,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

395

escorted to the train by all the military organizations of the city and by an immense throng of citizens, amid the thundering salutes of artillery. The fact that their cap tain was so prominent a member of the Confederate Con gress and such an eminent Georgian, gave special eclat to him and his company. They carried off with them their arms belonging to the State, and the fact that this was done without the consent of the executive of Georgia, led to some sharp correspondence between Governor Brown and Captain Bartow. It was in one of these communi cations that Bartow uttered the memorable saying, " I go to illustrate Georgia.'' And he did illustrate his native State gloriously on the field of Manassas, where he poured out his life's blood for the cause of the South. General Beauregard, after describing the final charge at Manassas, which swept the Federals from the Henry house plateau, securing to the Confederates full posses sion of the field, says: "This handsome work, which broke the Federal fortunes of the day, was done, how ever, at severe cost. The soldierly Bee and the impetu ous Bartow, whose day of strong deeds was about to close with such credit, fell a few rods back of the Henry house, near the very spot whence in the morning they had looked forth upon Evans' struggle with the enemy." Beauregard, in his official report, speaking of the death of General Bartow, Colonel Fisher and Lieutenant-Col onel Johnson, says that they, "in the fearless command of their men, gave earnest of great usefulness to the service had they been spared to complete a career so brilliantly begun."

Brigadier-General Henry Lewis Benning was born in Columbia county, Ga., April 2, 1814. After thorough preparation in the best schools of his native State, he entered the university of Georgia, at Athens, in August, 1831, where he was graduated in August, 1834, being awarded the first honors in a class noted for men of emi-

396

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

nence and distinction in after life. In September of the same year he began the study of law at Talbotton, in the office of George W. Towns, afterward a member of Congress and governor of the State, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1835, at Columbus, where he then made his home. Being a young man of fine intellectual endowments, honorable ambition, and the most indefat igable industry, he quickly began to rise in the profession. In 1837 he was appointed by Governor McDonald, solic itor-general of the Chattahoochee circuit to fill a vacancy, and in 1838 was elected by the general assembly'for a full term of four years. Upon his marriage in the fall of the next year with Mary Howard, only daughter of Col. Seaborn Jones, a very eminent lawyer of Columbus, he resigned his position and formed a partnership with Col onel Jones in the practice of law. In 1850, he and Martin J. Crawford and James N. Ramsey were delegates to the Southern convention at Nashville, Tenn. In the fall of 1853, when less than forty years of age, he was elected one of the justices of the Supreme court of Georgia, a position he held for the full term of six years. His decisions are noted for clearness, ability and loyalty to the best settled legal principles. "He was a man of absolutely crystal truth. He had a candor and directness proverbial. He spoke with a low, guttural tone and a syllabic precision, that heightened the idea of his manly force of character. He was able to take unpopular posi tions without loss of respect, so strong was the confidence in his sincerity." In December, 1860, he was elected by the people of his county a member of the convention of Georgia, which adopted the ordinance of secession, and he was an earnest and able advocate of that measure. He was sent as commissioner to the Virginia convention in January, 1861. In a speech of great zeal, ability and eloquence, he urged upon that body the adoption of a similar ordinance. In August, 1861, he entered the Con federate service as colonel of the Seventeenth Georgia.

Brig.-Gei

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397

regiment, and for some time was in command of Toombs' brigade of the army in Virginia. In little more than a year from his enlistment he was promoted to brigadiergeneral, and he was frequently in command of Hood's famous division of the First corps, participating with gallantry in the battles of Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chickamauga, Wilderness, Thorough fare Gap, Malvern Hill, Lookout Valley, Fort Loudon, Knoxville, Petersburg, Farmville and other bloody engagements.* He was greatly distinguished for cool ness and daring, and particularly for a sturdy steadfast ness, which won for him the admiring title of "Old Rock." In the second day's fight at the Wilderness he was severely wounded through the shoulder. He was in command of his Georgia brigade at the surrender of Gen eral Lee's army, and though greatly reduced in numbers, it was in fine discipline and ready for duty, "all present or accounted for." At the close of the war he returned to Columbus and resumed the practice of his profession, which was large and lucrative. During the remainder of his life he was as loyal to his oath of allegiance as he had been true to his convictions of right and his sense of duty in espousing the Confederate cause. General Benning was one of Nature's noblemen, formed in her very finest mould and most lavish prodigality. As an attor ney he was open, candid and fair; as a jurist, spotless and impartial; as a warrior and patriot, brave, disinter ested and sincere; and as a man and citizen, his whole life produced in those who knew him the constant vibra tion of those chords which answer to all that is true and noble and generous and manly. He was a fine specimen
* Col. James W. Waddell, of the Twentieth Georgia, states in a touching and eloquent tribute to his friend and old commander that "Later on in the war he rose to the rank of major-general. Among the last official autographs of John C. Breckinridge was his signa ture, as secretary of war" to Benning's commission. Alas! both of them have crossed over the river now, but it is a consolation to believe that neither wars nor rumors of wars are known or heard of beyond its banks.''

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of physical manhood, quite six feet tall, of noble pres ence and bearing. After a short and sudden illness he died on July 10, 1875. His wife had died on June 28, 1868.

Brigadier-General William R. Boggs was born in Georgia, was appointed to the United States military academy in 1849, and upon graduation four years later entered the army as brevet second lieutenant, topograph ical engineers. After serving on artillery duty at the academy in 1853, he was in the topographical bureau of the Pacific railroad surveys until transferred to the ord nance corps. He was made second lieutenant of ordnance in 1854, and first lieutenant in 1856. Being stationed in Louisiana and Texas, he participated in the combat with Cortina's Mexican marauders near Fort Broome, in December, 1859. When Georgia seceded from the Union he resigned his commission in the army of the United States, and was appointed captain, corps of engineers, C. S. A. His first service was at Charleston, S. C. Early in March, at the call of the governor of Georgia, Captain Boggs and Major Whiting were sent to Savan nah, and General Beauregard, regretting the loss of these "two most reliable and efficient officers," earnestly requested their immediate return or the assignment of others of equal ability. In April, Captain Boggs was sent to the assistance of Bragg at Pensacola. His skill in mounting artillery on fortifications was highly praised by both Beauregard and Bragg. He was warmly com mended by General Bragg, in his report of the fight on Santa Rosa island, for the "close reconnoissances on which the expedition was based, and the secret and com plete organization which insured its success." General Bragg, in a letter to Richmond in October, named Cap tain Boggs among others from whom the President might select two brigadiers. On December aist Captain Boggs resigned his position in the Confederate army to accept that of chief engineer of the State of Georgia, but at the

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request of General Pemberton he acted under the orders of that officer at various points in Georgia and Florida. On November 4, 1862, he was commissioned brigadiergeneral. He accompanied Gen. E. Kirby Smith to the Trails-Mississippi department, where he acted as chief of staff to the close of the war. Subsequently he was architect at Savannah, from 1868 to 1870 chief engineer of the Lexington & St. Louis railroad, thence until 1875 civil and mining engineer at St. Louis. Since 1875 he has been professor of mechanics and drawing at the Virginia agricultural and mechanical college, Blacksburg, Va.

Brigadier-General William M. Browne was born in England. After coming to America he edited for awhile a daily paper at Washington, D. C. Uniting his fortunes with those of the Confederate States, he was appointed an aide on the staff of President Davis, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. He served with such fidelity and ability in the department of organization as to win the friendship and high regard of the President, who had such a good opinion of his ability as an organ izer that he commissioned him brigadier-general in December, 1864, and sent him to Savannah, where he commanded a brigade in the division of Gen. Hugh W. Mercer during the siege of that city by Sherman's forces. Lieutenant-General Hardee, who was in command, did not expect to be able to hold Savannah against a deter mined attack, but did hope to hold it long enough to compel Sherman to pass by the city, in order 'to commu nicate with the Federal fleet and obtain the supplies which he was sure to need after his long march from Atlanta to the sea. This, Hardee thought, would give time for the arrival of hoped-for reinforcements from Virginia. General Browne, in the organization of his brigade, made up of government machinists from the public shops of Augusta, convalescents from hospitals

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and detailed men from various quarters, showed that the confidence of Mr. Davis in his aptness for this kind of work had not been misplaced. After the close of the war General Browne engaged in planting near Athens, Ga., at the same time editing and publishing a periodical called "The Farm and Home."- He was a member of the first political State Democratic convention held after the surrender. It met in Macon on the 5th of Septem ber, 1867. He was also a member cf the Democratic convention of 1870, and was appointed on the executive committee of which Linton Stephens was chairman. General Browne was about this time elected professor of history and political economy in the university of Geor gia, which chair he filled at the time of his death at Macon in 1884. He was a journalist of note and the author of an interesting biography of Alexander H. Stephens.

Brigadier-General Goode Bryan, born in Georgia, was a cadet at the military academy at West Point from 1829 to 1834, when he graduated and entered the United States army as brevet second lieutenant of the Fifth infantry. He served in garrison at Augusta arsenal, Ga., from 1834 to 1835, then resigned and engaged in civil engineering on the Augusta & Athens railroad until 1839. Removing to Alabama he engaged in planting, and was colonel of militia from 1842 to 1846, and mem ber of the house of representatives of that State, 1843-44. He served in the war with Mexico as major of the First Alabama volunteers from June, 1846, until the regiment was disbanded in May, 1847, and continued Jn service as volunteer assistant quartermaster on the staff of General Worth until September, 1847. Returning to Alabama, he was a planter in that State until 1849, when he moved back to Georgia. He resided in Jefferson county, Ga., from 1849 to 1853, and from 1853 to 1861 in Rich mond county. From 1853 to 1861 he was a captain of

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Georgia militia. When the war of 1861-65 began, he entered the service of the Confederate States as captain in the Sixteenth regiment Georgia infantry, of which he was commissioned colonel in February, 1862. The regi ment was assigned to the brigade of Gen. Howell Cobb, of Magruder's division, with which it participated in the Seven Days' battles around Richmond. Bryan com manded his regiment in the battles of the Maryland cam paign and at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Get tysburg. At the latter battle the gallant General Semmes lost his life, and Colonel Bryan was commis sioned brigadier-general, and given command of a bri gade composed of his regiment, which had belonged to Wofford's brigade, and the Tenth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first and Fifty-third Georgia, formerly of Semmes' brigade. When Longstreet came west in September, 1863, Bryan's brigade formed part of the force he brought, but the train which bore this brigade reached Chickamauga too late to share in the battle. They were with Longstreet, however, in his siege of Knoxville, and shared in the desperate and unsuccessful attack upon Fort Saunders. Going to Virginia in 'the spring of 1864, Bryan led his brigade through the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in the operations before Rich mond and Petersburg until September 20, 1864, when he resigned on account of failing health. After the war he returned to Georgia and engaged in various honorable occupations until his death at Augusta.

Major-General Howell Cobb, a distinguished son of Georgia, was born at Cherry Hill, Jefferson county, Sep tember 7, 1815. His father, Col. John A. Cobb, was from Greenville, N. C., and his mother was Sarah Rootes, of Fredericksburg, Va. Howell Cobb was grad uated at the university of Georgia in 1834, and in 1836 was admitted to the bar. He began at the same time a career of great distinction in politics, as an elector on the
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Van Buren presidential ticket. He was elected solicitorgeneral in 1837, and served in Congress four consecutive terms from 1842, being chosen speaker of the House in 1849. In Congress he won general attention as a bold champion of Southern views, an ardent believer in State rights, and at the same time an earnest advocate of the Union. In the heated contest which resulted in the compromise of 1850, Mr. Cobb demanded the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico. Upon the compromise of 1850, he boldly antagonized the extremists of his State, accepted the nomination of the Union party for governor, stumped the State vigorously, and after a hot contest was triumphantly elected over Gov. Charles J. McDonald, who was the candidate of the ultra State rights men. At this time Robert Toombs also stumped the State for the Union ticket. In 1854, Cobb was again a representative in Congress. In 1856 he traveled in the North, speaking in behalf of James Buchanan, Demo cratic nominee for President, and when Mr. Buchanan entered upon the duties of his office in 1857, he called Howell Cobb to his cabinet as secretary of the treasury. His able administration of the duties of this office con tinued until his resignation. After the election of Mr. Lincoln to the presidency, Mr. Cobb, like many other hitherto Union men, feeling that a purely sectional party had gotten possession of the government, came to the deliberate conclusion that there was no longer hope for peace or equality for the South in the Un'on. He declared, "The hour of Georgia's dishonor in ,r.' Union should be the hour of her independence ou<; of the Union." He and his brother, T. R. R. Cobb, aided largely in bringing about the secession of Georgia. The Congress of the seceded Southern States, which met in Montgomery, Ala., elected Howell Cobb permanent president of that body. He was spoken of for President of the Confederate States, but Mr. Davis was elected. At the time of the organization of the permanent gov-

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eminent of the Confederate States, February 22, 1862, he had withdrawn from political affairs, and held a com mission as brigadier-general in the provisional army of the Confederate States. He had been commissioned a colonel of the Sixteenth. Georgia infantry, July 15, 1861, and on the i3th of February, 1862, was promoted to brig adier-general. In the campaigns of 1862, in Virginia and Maryland, he and his command participated with credit. In 1863 he was sent to Georgia to take charge of the reserve forces of that State, and on September pth of that year was commissioned major-general. He was in command of the force which defeated Stoneman at Macon in 1864, and part of his command, pursuing the defeated raider, received the surrender of Stoneman and 500 of his men. After the close of the war General Cobb vigorously opposed the congressional plan of reconstruc tion, and in company with Toombs and B. H. Hill, at the celebrated "Bush Arbor" gathering in Atlanta, July 4, 1868, aroused the people of Georgia to make a manly effort to control by every constitutional method the destinies of their State. He died at New York City on the 9th of October, 1868. Georgia never had a citizen of greater administrative ability. On the hustings and in the assembly he was pre-eminent, both as orator and statesman.

Brigadier-General Thomas Reed Rootes Cobb was born at Cherry Hill, Jefferson county, Ga., on the loth of April, 1823. His grandfather, Howell Cobb, of Virginia, was a distinguished congressman from 1807 to 1812. His father was John A. Cobb, of North Carolina, who mar ried Sarah Rootes, of Virginia, and moving to Georgia, settled at Cherry Hill, where his illustrious son was born. Thomas graduated with first honor at the university of Georgia in 1841, with the highest mark ever taken there. He was admitted to the bar at Athens, Ga., in 1842, and soon built up a large law practice. He was thoroughly

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versed in legal lore, was authority on all questions of law, and stood in the front rank of advocates. He was not only a man of brilliant intellect, but of wonderful oratorical powers. His arguments were weighty, and as the great epic poet said of Nestor, "from his lips flowed words sweeter than honey." He did not enter the polit ical field until after the election of Mr. Lincoln. Then, feeling that Southern institutions and the equality of the South in the Union were in great danger, he threw himself with all his wonderful powers into the effort for a separation. He was perfectly sincere in his belief that this was the only way to save the South from utter ruin. Alexander H. Stephens, who opposed secession just as earnestly, compared Cobb to Peter the Hermit, and said that the success of secession in Georgia was in great measure due to his remarkable influence as an orator. On the aSth of August, 1861, he was commissioned col onel of Cobb's legion. In the battles around Richmond in 1862, at Second Manassas, and in the Maryland cam paign the legion was actively engaged. On November i, 1862, he was promoted to brigadier-general. At the great battle of Predericksburg, December 13, 1862, after a day of heroic fighting at the celebrated stone wall, he fell mortally wounded, dying in a short time within sight of the house where his father and mother were married. Gen. Lafayette McLaws, in an account of this battle, which appears in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," said: "General Cobb, who was wounded by a musket ball in the calf of the leg, died shortly after he was removed to the field hospital in rear of the division. He and I were on intimate terms, and I had learned to esteem him warmly, as I believe every one did who came to know his great intellect and his good heart Like Stonewall Jackson, he was a religious enthusiast, and, being firmly convinced that the South was right, believed that God would give us visible sign that Providence was with us, and daily prayed for His interposition in our

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behalf. General Cobb was a zealous member of the Presbyterian church and a very earnest Christian worker. His religious exhortations were full of fervor and power. None who ever heard him on the great theme of salvation can ever forget his words that burned and kindled in the heart of the hearer the desire for a, better life. He also felt a profound interest in education, and was the founder of the Lucy Cobb institute at Athens, one of the best of schools for the higher education of young women. It was.named in memory of a beloved and departed daugh ter. His death, like that of Francis Bartow, on a great battlefield and in the zenith of a useful and brilliant career, produced a profound impression.

Brigadier-General Alfred Holt Colquitt was born in Walton county, Ga., on the aoth of April, 1824. After preparatory study in the schools of his State he entered the celebrated college at Princeton, N. J., where he was graduated in 1844. He was admitted to the bar in 1845, but had practiced but a short time when the Mexican war came on, in which he served as a staff major. Upon the return of peace he resumed the practice of law, and in 1855 was elected to Congress, where he served one term. In 1859 he was elected to the State senate, and in 1860 he served as an elector on the Breckinridge and Lane presi dential ticket. He was an ardentSoutherner, and after the presidential election of 1860 he felt that the hour for action had come, and earnestly favored the secession of Georgia from the Union. At the very beginning of the war he became captain of a company which was assigned to the Sixth regiment infantry, of which he was elected colonel at the organization, and commissioned May 27, 1861. In October, 1861, he was in command of a brigade near Yorktown, and he and his command were engaged in the battles around Richmond in the spring and sum mer of 1862. After the departure of McClellans army for the defense of Washington, the division of D. H.

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Hill, to which. Colquitt's brigade belonged, hastened to join Lee, who was preparing to cross the Potomac into Maryland. On September i, 1862, Colonel Colquitt was promoted to brigadier-general. His command was engaged in the battles of Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and was sent into North Carolina under the orders of Gen. D. H. Hill. When the Federal forces began the invasion of Florida in 1864, Colquitt's brigade was hurried down to assist in the defense. On the field of Olustee, Colquitt was in actual command, and gained an overwhelming victory, which completely defeated the Federal scheme for the conquest of that State. When the campaign of 1864 opened in Virginia, Colquitt's brigade was hurried back to Richmond, reach ing Petersburg just in time to share in the victorious defense of that city. General Colquitt continued to serve his country faithfully until the close of the war. After returning to his home he soon became prominent as a statesman. In 1876 he was chosen governor of Georgia for four years. In 1883 he was elected to the United States Senate, and again in 1888, serving until his death at Washington in 1893. For thirty-five years Senator Colquitt was a Democratic leader, upholding the principles of his party with courage, eloquence and abil ity. His public career and his public life were alike stainless. He was in all the walks of life a Christian gentleman of the highest type.

Brigadier-General Philip Cook was born July 30, 1817, on his father's farm in Twigg county, Ga. He attended the old-field schools of his county, at the age of fifteen entered the academy of Milton Wilder, at Jeffersonville, and afterward was a student at Forsyth, Ga., until 1836, when he adventurously enlisted in Capt. W. A. Black's company, one of the five raised for the Seminole war. He was in that part of General Scott's command that rescued General Gaines when surrounded by the Semi-

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holes. At tlie expiration of his term of enlistment he entered Oglethorpe university, Baldwin county, and after three years entered the university of Virginia, which he attended until 1841, when he returned home on account of his father's death. He practiced law at Forsyth three years and then moved to Oglethorpe, where he resided until 186 r. Being an honorary member of the Macon county volunteers, he went with that company when it responded to Governor Brown's call, and with nineteen other companies was mustered into service at Augusta, Ga., in May, 1861. They were sent to Portsmouth, Va., and his company was assigned to the Fourth Georgia infantry. Private Cook was then appointed adjutant of the regiment, and he served as such until after the Seven Days' battles around Richmond, when he was, upon the unanimous recommendation of the officers of the regi ment, commissioned lieutenant-colonel. He was pain fully wounded at Malvern Hill by the fragment of a shell. After the campaigns of Second Manassas and Sharpsburg he was commissioned colonel, November i, 1862. He commanded his regiment at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, in the latter battle receiving a wound in the leg by a minie ball which disabled him for three months. During this period he was in hospital at Richmond and subsequently at his home, and was elected to the State senate, in which he served forty days. Upon recovery he rejoined his command at Orange Court House. He returned to Georgia to serve out his term in the senate during the session of 1864, and then went back to the army. Upon the death of General Doles at Cold Harbor, Colonel Cook was promoted to brigadiergeneral, his commission bearing date August 5, 1864. He was in Early's Valley campaign, at the close of which he went down to Petersburg, where he was wounded in the right elbow and captured. He lay in the Petersburg hospital until July 30, 1865. Upon his recovery he returned to Oglethorpe, Ga., resumed his law practice,

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and in 1870 removed to Americus, where he practiced for ten years. He then withdrew from his profession and retired to his farm. In 1882 he was appointed by Govern or McDaniel,^ one of five commissioners to superintend the erection of the present State capitol. The appropri ation for the erection of this building was $1,000,000. Out of this, $20,000 was paid for a portion of the site, and when the building was completed, the commissioners returned to the treasury $118.50. General Cook then returned to his farm, where he remained until 1890, when Gov. John B. Gordon appointed him secretary of state to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Maj. M. C. Barnett. To the same office General Cook was elected in 1890 and 1892. He was elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress, but was denied his seat. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-second Congress from the Third district, and was returned three times, serving until 1882. General Cook died at Atlanta, May 22, 1894, at the home of his daughter Lucy, wife of W. L. Peel.

Brigadier-General Charles C. Crews was in 1861, on the organization of the Second Georgia cavalry, appointed lieutenant-colonel of that regiment, and was holding this position in the fall of 1862, when he was captured in a raiding expedition into central Kentucky. He was soon exchanged and in the saddle again; for the records men tion him one month later leading his regiment in middle Tennessee, in Wharton's brigade of Wheeler's cavalry. Wheeler's troops were very active during the Murfreesboro campaign, capturing prisoners and wagon trains in the rear of the enemy. This activity continued during the spring of 1863, while the two main armies lay quiet after their death grapple at Murfreesboro. During the Tullahoma campaign the cavalrymen were ever on the watch to report the movements of, the enemy, and their diligence and ubiquity are testified to by the Federal officers, in whose reports the name of Crews' Confeder-

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ate cavalry frequently occurs. Just before the battle of Chickamauga he was commanding a brigade in Wharton's division of Maj.-Gen. Joseph Wheeler's corps. During the Atlanta campaign he led his own regiment part of the time in Iverson's brigade of Martin's division, Wheeler's corps. In a report of the operations of the cavalry in the Georgia campaign of 1864, General Wheeler, after recounting the brilliant exploits and long series of triumphs of his troopers, among those whom he thanks for assistance names Colonel Crews, as "brave and faithful." In a report of General Wheeler's, made on the i5th of April, 1865, concerning the campaign in the Carolinas, the distinguished cavalry general says: "Generals Robertson, Harrison and Ashby, Colonels Crews, Cook and Pointer are disabled from wounds received in the same manner." He had just given a list of generals whom he had seen "twice wounded while most nobly carrying out my orders upon the field." After this report, but before the final capitulation of Gen eral Johnston, Colonel Crews was promoted to brigadiergeneral.

Brigadier-General Alfred Cumming, a native of Augusta, Ga., was appointed to the United States mili tary academy in 1845, and graduated in 1849, with pro motion to brevet second lieutenant of the Eighth infantry. He was on duty in convoying a train to Pecos, Tex., was stationed at Fort Lincoln in 1850, subsequently at Jefferson barracks, and again in Texas at Browns ville. He was aide-de-camp to General Twiggs, 1851-53, subsequently on frontier duty, engaged in escorting the Mexican boundary commission, and in the Utah expedi tion. When Georgia seceded, he promptly sent in his resignation January 19, 1861, and then entering the mili tary service of his State, was elected lieutenant-colonel commanding the Augusta volunteer battalion, a wellequipped and admirably-disciplined body of five infantry
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companies, with a battery attached. A few weeks later he resigned this position and became major of the First regiment Georgia volunteers, one of the two which the State first undertook to organize. He assisted in the formation and instruction of this regiment as its acting commander in the absence of its colonel, W. H. T. Walker, and lieutenant-colonel, Chastain, until, report ing for orders to Gen. R. E. Lee, commanding the forces of Virginia, he was commissioned in June, 1861, lieuten ant-colonel in the provisional army of the Confederate States, and assigned to the Tenth Georgia regiment, Col. Lafayette McLaws commanding. The latter being speedily advanced to higher duties, Gumming was in command of the regiment on the Yorktown line, and in October was promoted to colonel. The regiment shared the service of Magruder's command in the Seven Days' campaign of 1862, fighting mainly at Savage's Station and Malvern Hill, where Colonel Gumming was wounded. During the Maryland campaign he was detached from his regiment and assigned to the command of Wilcox's bri gade of Anderson's division. He regretted to part with the Tenth Georgia, a splendid regiment, whose character is well described in his own words: "Illustrated on many a subsequent field of carnage, its record growing brighter and ever brighter as its members withered away in the livid flame of battle, it should pass into history with a role equaled by few, surpassed by none. To no one better than their first commander is known the fact that this glorious record is attributable to the innate char acter of the men, who rushed forth singly, as it were, and at the first trumpet call to war, and as he followed their after career with tears and pride, it was ever a source of keen satisfaction that he had contributed in some part to their soldierly character." Colonel Gumming com manded Wilcox's brigade most ably at Sharpsburg, and received a wound which disabled him for several weeks. While convalescent at his home in Georgia he was pro-

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moted to brigadier-general, October, 1862, and on return ing to duty was assigned to command of an Alabama brigade stationed at Mobile, where he remained until ordered to join the army of Tennessee, April 15, 1863. A few days later, under the legislative action requiring brigades to be commanded by officers of their own States, Generals Jolmston and Bragg, after vainly seeking a revocation of the order, were compelled to request Gen eral Gumming to turn over his brigade to the senior col onel, and report to General Pemberton in Mississippi. There he took command of a brigade composed of the Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Georgia regiments. These gallant men had their first serious fighting at the battle of Baker's Creek, where a crushing defeat was sustained by General Pemberton, upon whom battle was forced at a time when he did not have his army in position to make even a cred itable defense against overwhelming forces. The bri gades of S. D. Lee, Barton and Gumming, though they twice rallied and fought with great gallantry, were broken and compelled to leave the field. During the subsequent siege of Vicksburg, General Gumming and his brigade performed their part and endured their share of the suffering with credit. Lieutenant-Colonel Grayton, of Barkaloo's regiment, was especially distinguished as a leader of night attacks upon the enemy's battery before the brigade. After the capitulation the brigade was paroled with the other "Vicksburg prisoners." In Octo ber, 1863, it was reorganized at Decatur, Ga., and then joining the army before Chattanooga, was assigned to Stevenson's division. Being ordered into east Tennes see, it returned to Missionary ridge in time to partici pate in the disastrous battle, where the conduct of the brigade and its commander is a source of pride and sat isfaction to Georgians. Ordered to reinforce General Cleburne on the extreme right, Gumming obtained per mission to advance and engage the enemy on his own

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lines. Twice he led his men forward, and finally suc ceeded in silencing a threatening demonstration of the enemy, claiming for his men the credit of capturing four Federal flags. During the Georgia campaign of 1864, the brigade was under almost continuous exposure to fire, with almost daily duty of a dangerous character, and took a conspicuous part in the battles of Resaca, New Hope church, and near Marietta, in all positions serving with intrepidity and devotion. On August 3ist, while leading his men in the bloody assault upon the Federal fortified position at Jonesboro, General Gumming fell with a wound which terminated his military career. At the last, when General Johnston reorganized his army in North Carolina, and consolidated Cumming's brigade with two others, General Gumming was named as com mander, but he was still upon crutches and unfit for duty. He afterward made his home near Rome, Ga., and engaged in farming. He was a member of the United States military commission to Corea. Of late he has resided at Augusta.

Brigadier-General George Pierce Doles was born in Milledgeville, Ga., May 14, 1830, and was educated in the schools of his native city. Until the opening of the civil war he was an active business man and quiet citizen of Milledgeville, where he was highly esteemed for his integrity and many good qualities of head and heart. Being somewhat fond of military affairs, he was for some time a member of the Baldwin Blues, one of the crack companies of Milledgeville, and in 1861 its captain. When it was certain that there would be war, he and his command offered themselves to Governor Brown, were accepted, and in May assigned to the Fourth Georgia regiment and ordered to Virginia. Of this regiment Doles was made colonel, May 8, 1861. They were, during the first year of the war, stationed near Norfolk, Va., anxious to get into a battle and very uneasy lest the war

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should end before they could get a chance at the enemy. There were many others in the Confederacy who felt the same way, not in a spirit of bluster or bravado, but because they were really eager to serve their country and to prove their devotion to the cause of the South. When 1862, the year of battles, opened, Doles and his brave men soon found plenty to do. Those who followed the fortunes of the army of Northern Virginia lacked no hardship or danger, and had a wide field on which to manifest the qualities of heroes. Well did Doles and his Georgians stand this test; they were never found lacking on any field. Gen. R. S. Ripley, in his report of the battles of South Mountain and Sharpsburg, speaks of the gallantry of Doles and his officers and soldiers. Gen. D. H. Hill, in his report of the battle of Fredericksburg, alludes to Doles as a "tried veteran and brigade com mander," under whose leadership "the men always do well." On Novembers, 1862, Doles was commissioned brigadier-general in the provisional army of the Confed erate States. At Chancellorsville and Gettysburg he led his brigade in such a manner as to receive the plaudits of his division commander. At length 1864 came, of which, so far as the main armies were concerned, it may be said it was not like 1862, a "year of battles," but a continuous battle with unremitting slaughter. For the armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee there was hardly an intermission. During this year especially the endurance and steady valor of the American soldier were shown in a manner that astonished the world and won its admira tion. Pressed on every side by the overwhelming num bers and bountiful resources of their powerful adversary, there were few Confederate soldiers who lacked steady employment near the flashing of the guns. Part of the time during the Overland campaign, Doles was in com mand of a division; and, had he lived, beyond doubt he would have won a major-general's commission before the close of 1864. But on the 2d of June, at Bethesda church,

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this gallant soldier offered up the life which had from the very first sound of arms been devoted to his country. His loss was sadly felt by the gallant men whom he had led, and by whom he was fondly loved, and in his native city, where he was known as a modest gentleman and earnest Christian, his death was deeply deplored.

Brigadier-General Dudley M. DuBose was a native of Tennessee, born at Memphis in November, 1834. Enjoy ing the advantages of good schools, he prepared for col lege and entered the university of Mississippi, and after completing his course there studied at the Lebanon law school and was admitted to the bar. He soon afterward removed to Georgia and settled at Washington, Wilkes county, where he married a daughter of Robert Toombs. When Georgia seceded, there was no doubt as to where Dudley DuBose would stand. Entering the Confederate army as a lieutenant in one of the Augusta companies, he served in the Virginia and Maryland campaigns of 1862 in a subordinate position in Toombs' brigade, and
in January, 1863, was commissioned colonel of the Fifteenth Georgia. At Gettysburg, DuBose for the first time led his regiment in battle, under the brigade com mand of General Benning, in Hood's division. Late in the afternoon of July 3d, after Pickett's immortal but unsuc cessful charge, General Law was ordered to withdraw Hood's division from the line it had held at Round Top since the evening of the 2d, to the ridge near the Emmitsburg road, from which it had advanced. McLaws' divi sion retired first, and the courier who delivered the order to General Benning holding the left of the divi sion, in designating the position to which he was to retire, pointed to the line McLaws had just abandoned. Gen eral Law, in describing what followed, says: "Benning, supposing that McLaws had been moved for the purpose of reinforcing our line on some other part of the field, dispatched Colonel DuBose with the Fifteenth Georgia

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; regiment in that direction. McCandless' Federal brigade had, in the meantime, advanced to the ground previously held by McLaws, and attacked the Fifteenth Georgia when it attempted to take up that position. Colonel DuBose made a gallant but fruitless attempt to hold his ground, expecting support from the other regiments of his brigade. Being attacked in front and on both flanks by McCandless' brigade, reinforced by Nevins', he was driven back with considerable loss. He retired from one position to another, fighting as he retreated, and finally succeeded in extricating his regiment and rejoining his brigade. The loss of the Fifteenth Georgia in this affair was very heavy.'' Thus creditably began his career as colonel. Through the Overland campaign of 1864 and around Richmond he continued to lead his regiment, until on November i6th of that year he was commissioned brig adier-general. On the retreat from Petersburg he was with Swell's corps, and shared in the disastrous battle of Sailor's Creek, in which, according to the Federal reports, the gallantry of the Confederates excited the admiration of their enemies. Here General Ewell's corps was cap tured, General DuBose and his brigade included. He was carried a prisoner to Fort Warren, Boston harbor,, where he remained several months. Then being released,, he returned to his home in Washington, Ga., and resumed his law practice, devoting himself to that, except during the time that he served his State in the Forty-second. Congress. He died at his home on the 4th of March, 1883.
Brigadier-General Clement A. Evans began his mili tary service in the .secession movement by aiding in the organization of a company of infantry in his native county in December, 1860, which subsequently joined the Second Georgia regiment. Resigning his position in that com pany, he enlisted in Company E, Thirty-first Georgia in fantry, and was commissioned major. In April, 1862., he.

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was elected colonel, whereupon he tendered his command to Gen. A. R. Lawtbn, and from that date his regiment served in the brigade successively commanded by Lawton, Gordon and himself. With the exception of a few months on the defensive lines below Savannah, his entire military service was rendered in the Virginia campaigns with the division commanded by Stonewall Jackson, Early and Gordon. He was commissioned brigadier-gen eral May 19, 1863, and when Maj.-Gen. J. B. Gordon was assigned to command of the Second.army corps as acting lieutenant-general, in November, 1864, he was at the same time promoted to the command of the division. In this position he served at first on the right of Lee's army at Hatcher's run, and subsequently in the trenches immediately opposite Petersburg. In the retreat of Lee, his division was in some kind of fighting almost daily, and in the final attack at Appomattox he led it into action, being engaged at the moment of the actual surrender. General Evans was in nearly all the battles in Virginia, and was five times wounded, twice severely. His military training for the war was obtained in the volunteer com panies to which he belonged in his youth. Previous to the war he was a lawyer, having been graduated by the Augusta law school, and admitted to the bar in the nine teenth year of his age. He practiced in his native county of Stewart, in Georgia, was elected judge of his county court at the age of twenty-one, State senator at twentyfive, was on the Breckinridge electoral ticket which car ried Georgia in 1860, and while senator entered the Con federate army. After the war he was engaged in the ministry of the Methodist church for twenty-five years, but being troubled by his old wounds, retired. He then employed himself in business affairs, and is so engaged at the date of this writing. General Evans has also been frequently charged with public trusts. He is trustee of three colleges, president of an educational loan fund association which he originated and which has aided over

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a hundred young men in gaining college education, pres ident or treasurer of a number of other institutions, and one of the Georgia commissioners in charge of the new penal system of the State. With unabating regard for his Confederate comrades, he has taken great interest in the work of the United Confederate Veterans and other organizations of like character. His residence is Atlanta, Ga.

Brigadier-General William M. Gardner was born in Georgia, from that State was appointed to the United States military academy, and was graduated in 1846, just in time to serve in the war with Mexico as brevet second lieutenant of the First infantry. He was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz and in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, in the last receiving a severe wound, and by his gallantry in both winning the brevet of first lieutenant. Recovering from his wound he was subse quently on garrison duty and scouting expeditions and other service of a soldier in the regular army, rising to the rank of captain. He resigned January 19, 1861, when his native State seceded from the Union, and was with the first troops that went to Virginia in 1861, as lieutenant-colonel of the Eighth Georgia regiment, of which the lamented Bartow was colonel. In his report of the battle of First Manassas, General Beauregard, speaking of the time when the Confederates were hard pressed, says: "Heavy losses had now been sustained on our side, both in numbers and in the personal worth of the slain. The Eighth Georgia regiment had suffered heavily, being exposed, as it took and maintained its position, to a fire from the enemy, already posted within a hundred yards of their front and right, sheltered by fences and other cover. It \vas at this time that Lieuten ant-Colonel Gardner was severely wounded, as also several other valuable officers.'' Toward the close of that day, while leading his brigade in a victorious charge, the colGo, 53

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onel of the same regiment, Francis S. Bartow, was slain. His commission as brigadier-general had already been made out, but had not reached him. From the day of this battle, July 21, 1861, is dated Gardner's commission as colonel. His wound was thought to be mortal, and some of the histories written years afterward speak of him as killed on that memorable day. He did linger long between life and death, and was never afterward able to take the active part that would have been his preference. On November 14, 1861, he was commissioned brigaadier-general and put in command of the district of mid dle Florida, holding that position until November u, 1863. He participated in the battle of Olustee, a fair, square, stand-up fight, in which the forces were nearly even, there being a little preponderance on the Federal side. The Confederate victory was decisive, the loss of the Union army being double that of its adversary. This battle saved Florida temporarily from invasion and ranks as one of the most complete Confederate victories during the war. On July 26, 1864, General Gardner was as signed to the command of military prisons in States east of the Mississippi, excluding Georgia and Alabama. On November 28th, he was in command at Salisbury, N. C., and from January, 1865 to April 2d, he commanded the post at Richmond. After the return of peace he lived for a time near Augusta, Ga., and afterward moved to Rome, in the same State. Subsequently he moved to Memphis, Term., where he now resides with his son.

Brigadier-General Lucius J. Gartrell was born in Wilkes county, Ga., January 7, 1821. The family was of Scotch descent, and originally settled in Maryland. Joseph Gartrell, grandfather of the general, came from Maryland to Wilkes county, and his son, Joseph Gar trell, prominent as a planter and merchant, married a daughter of Dr. Josiah Boswell, a physician and planter, who also coming from Maryland, had settled in Colum-

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bia county. Their son. Lucius Gartrell, was educated at Randolph-Macon college, Va., from 1838 to 1841, and at the university of Georgia for one year. He studied law in the office of Robert Toombs, at Washington, Ga., and was admitted to the bar by the Lincoln superior court in 1842. Forming a partnership with Isaiah T. Irwin, he began the practice at Washington, the county seat of Wilkes. For four years from 1843 he was solicitor-gen eral of the Northern judicial circuit, and was for some time a partner of Garnett Andrews, for many years judge of the superior court of the Northern judicial circuit. In 1847 and 1849 he was elected to the State legislature, where he introduced the celebrated "Southern rights resolution," which set forth succinctly and vigorously the doctrine of State rights. In 1855 ^e canvassed Georgia in opposition to the "Know Nothing" party; in 1856 was an elector on the Buchanan ticket, and in 1857 and 1859 was elected to represent his district in Con gress. There he took a prominent stand in defense of the Southern position on all the political questions that agi tated the country. When Georgia seceded from the Union he withdrew from Congress with the entire dele gation from Georgia, with the single exception of Joshua Hill. He organized the Seventh Georgia regiment, was elected its colonel; at First Manassas led this celebrated regiment, and was by the side of General Bartow when the latter received his mortal wound, catching him in his arms as he fell from his horse. Colonel Gartrell's son, Henry Clay, a youth of sixteen years, had insisted on following his father to the field and was killed in this battle. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston mentioned Colonel Gartrell in his official report as greatly distinguished in this battle. In October, 1861, he was almost unanimously elected to represent the Fourth congressional district of Georgia in the Confederate Congress. At the expiration of his term he returned to the army and was made brig adier-general August 22, 1864. He organized four regi-

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ments of Georgia Reserves known as Gartrell's brigade, the command of which he held until the close of the war. At Coosawhatchie, S. C., this command did some good fighting against General Hatch, helping to thwart the latter's attempt to intercept General Hardee on his re treat from Savannah. On the last of the four days of fighting at this point General Gartrell was wounded, and sent back to Augusta. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of law at Atlanta. In 1877 he was a member of the constitutional convention of Georgia, in which he bore a very prominent part. No lawyer in Georgia Stood higher in general practice, and he hardly had an equal as a criminal advocate. After a life of eminent public service, he died at Atlanta, April 7, 1891.

Brigadier-General Victor J. B. Girardey, a native of Georgia, and residing at Augusta at the formation of the Confederacy, was a very quiet citizen, and not a politician, but his heart was entirely with the South in the great sectional quarrel. He gave himself to the cause of his State, and went with the Third Georgia regiment to Virginia in 1861, and for the greater part of that year was in North Carolina. When Colonel Wright became brigadier-general, he appointed Girardey his adjutantgeneral with the rank of captain. In the spring of 1862, when the great army was being concentrated at Rich mond to attack McClellan and raise the siege of that city, General Wright's brigade formed a part of the gallant host. On the morning of Wednesday, June 25th, a large Federal force advanced against Wright's position at Oak Grove or King's schoolhouse, but was repulsed, and General Wright, in giving his report of the affair, said: "I was greatly assisted during the entire day's fight by my assistant adjutant-general, Capt. V. J. B. Girardey, whose coolness, courage and daring intrepidity through out the hottest of the fight entitle him to receive the warmest commendation of the department.'' Again, in

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his report of the operations of his brigade during the Seven Days, General Wright said: "I am again called upon to acknowledge the valuable services of my assistant adjutant-general, Capt. V. J. B. Girardey, during the protracted movements of my brigade." During the Chancellorsville campaign Wright again complimented his adjutant-general. After Gettysburg, when the army had returned to Virginia, a spirited affair occurred at Manassas gap, and in the first skirmishing Colonel Walker, commanding the brigade, was wounded. Captain Girardey commanded the mox^ements on the left, while Capt. C. H. Andrews, the ranking officer on the field, commanded the right. Captain Andrews, in reporting the engagement, said: "Great credit is due Capt. V. J. B. Girardey, assistant adjutant-general, who superintended the movements of the left of the brigade. His gallant behavior nerved the weakest soldier to the full discharge of his duty." On July 30, 1864, Gir&rdey was appointed brigadier-general with temporary rank, and during the brief remainder of his service he led Wright's brigade. In August he was killed in battle near Petersburg. No more valiant soldier that Victor Girardey laid down his life for the Southern cause.

Brigadier-General George P. Harrison was born near the city of Savannah, Ga., March 19, 1841.' His boyhood life was passed in Georgia, and he was educated at the military institute of that State, at Marietta, where he was graduated with first honors and the rank of captain of Company A. Before completing his course, however, with the Georgia troops he participated in the seizure of Fort Pulaski, January 3, 1861, and in the same month became regularly enrolled in the service of the State as second lieutenant of the First Georgia regulars. In the following spring he was detailed by Gov. Joseph Brown as commandant at the military institute, and in this capacity he finished his studies and received his

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diploma. In May he rejoined his regiment and accom panied it to Virginia, receiving about the same time promotion to adjutant of the regiment. He served in Virginia, participating in the fighting at Langley's farm, until the winter of 1861-62, when he was elected and commissioned colonel of the Fifth regiment Georgia State troops. This regiment he commanded on the coast of Georgia during the six months' enlistment, and then organized a regiment, of which he was commis sioned colonel, which was mustered in as the Thirty-sec ond regiment Georgia infantry. He continued to serve in this rank, but in command of a brigade, from July, 1863, for about fifteen months, until the winter of 1864, when he was promoted to brigadier-general. With his regiment he took a prominent part in the defense of Charleston during the operations of 1863, participating in several skirmishes on James island, one of the most important avenues to the city, which he zealously de fended, part of the time being in command of Fort John son. He also alternated in command on Morris island with Gen. Johnson Hagood, of South Carolina, and Gen. Alfred Coiquitt, of Georgia, as long as the Confederates held the island. During the assault upon Fort Wagner, July 22, 1863, he arrived with his regiment to the rein forcement of the. garrison at a critical moment and pre cipitated the disastrous defeat of the enemy. He was also in command on John's island, during the fight which continued for several days, and in all these positions manifested great ability and stubborn valor. After the fall of Port Wagner, he was transferred to Christ Church parish, with headquarters at Mount Pleasant, and he remained at that post for some time, part of his command garrisoning the ruins of Fort Sumter, where the Confed erate flag still floated until February, 1865. During part of 1864 he was in command at Florence, S. C., where he built a stockade for Federal prisoners, and had charge of about 25.000 captives, who were so humanely treated

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under his directions, that when Savannah fell, the family of General Harrison, then residing in that city, was specially mentioned for protection in the general orders of the Federal commander. In February, 1864, Colonel Harrison took a conspicuous part in the campaign in Florida against the Federals under Seymour, who ad vanced into the interior from Jacksonville and endeavored to isolate Florida from the Confederacy. He was put in command of one of the two brigades of Confederates, the other being commanded by Gen. A. H. Colquitt, and in the decisive battle of Olustee, aided materially in the defeat of the Federal expedition. He was then promoted brigadier-general, and with this rank continued in the command of his brigade, attached to A. P. Stewart's corps, during the campaign in the Carolinas. He fought at Honey Hill and Pocotaligo, and for several weeks com manded the line on the Coosawhatchie, with continual skirmishing against vastly superior forces, until Hardee could evacuate Savannah, "one of the neatest achieve ments of the war." General Harrison was subsequently engaged at Rivers' bridge, Broxton's bridge, at Cheraw, S. C., and kept up a running fight on the march to Averasboro, covering the retreat of Hardee. Finally, at the battle of. Bentonville, he participated honorably in the last important battle in the Carolinas. General Har rison was a brave and daring soldier, and in action shared the dangers of his men. He was twice wounded in battle on John's island, and at Olustee was again wounded and had his horse killed under him. At the close of the war he had just passed his twenty-fourth birthday. He re moved to Alabama, where he has ever since made his home, at Opelika. Having studied law during the war, he was soon licensed to practice. Meanwhile he had been elected commandant of cadets at the university of Alabama. This position he declined but subsequently accepted, and served one year in the same position at the State agricultural college. Resuming the practice of

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law, he gained a worthy prominence in his profession, and in political life became an active worker for the best interests of the people. He was a member of the con stitutional convention of 1875; Vi*as elected State senator in 1876 and re-elected in 1880; was president of the State senate from 1882 to 1884, and was a delegate to the national Democratic convention of 1892. In 1894 he was elected to Congress to fill the unexpired term of Hon. W. C. Gates, and at the same time elected to the full term in the Fifty-fourth Congress.

Brigadier-General Alfred Iverson was born at Clinton, Ga., February 14, 1829, the son of Senator Alfred Iver son, who married Caroline Goode Holt. Young Iverson spent his childhood in Washington City and in Columbus, Ga. He was at the military institute in Tuskegee, Ala., when the Mexican war began. Though only seventeen years of age he was so eager to go to the war that his father allowed him to leave school and enter a Georgia regiment that he had been largely instrumental in equip ping. After his service in Mexico he commenced to study law in his father's office at Columbus, Ga., but soon grew tired of that and began contracting on railroads in Georgia. In 1855 he received the appointment of first lieutenant in the First United States cavalry, a regiment just then authorized by Congress. He recruited a com pany, mostly from Georgia and Kentucky, and reported for duty to Col. E. V. Sunnier at Jefferson barracks, Missouri. He was sent into Kansas during the troubles in that territory in 1856. While stationed at Carlisle, Pa., he married Miss Harriet Harris Hutchins, daugh ter of Judge N. L. Hutchins, of Gwinnett county, Ga. He was in the expedition against the Mormons and on frontier duty at Fort Washita, Indian Territory, and engaged in expeditions against the Comanches and Kiowas. When Georgia seceded from the Union, Lieu tenant Iverson resigned his commission in the United

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States army, and going to Montgomery, then the capital of the Confederacy, offered his sword to the new republic. He was appointed captain in the provisional army of the Confederate States, and ordered to report to General Holmes at Wiimington, N. C. Here he was put in com mand of companies at the mouth of the Cape Fear river. Upon their organization in a regiment known as the Twentieth North Carolina, he was elected colonel and commissioned August 20, 1861. His command remained in the Cape Fear region until a few days before the Seven Days' battles at Richmond. Gen. D. H. Hill, in a description of the battle of Games' Mill, said: "We dis covered that our line overlapped that of the Federal forces and saw two brigades (afterward ascertained to be under Lawton and Winder) advancing to make a front attack upon the regulars. Brig. -Gens. Samuel Garland and G. B. Anderson, commanding North Carolina brigades in my division, asked permission to move forward and attack the right flank and rear of the division of regulars. The only difficulty in the wa)T was a Federal battery with its infantry supports, which could enfilade them in their advance. Two regiments of Elzey's brigade, which had g-ot separated in going across the swamp, were sent by me, by way of my left flank, to the rear of the battery to attack the infantry support, while Col. Alfred Iverson, of the Twentieth North Carolina, charged it in front. The battery was captured and held long enough for the two brigades to advance across the open plain." This referred to the battle around the McGehee house. Col onel Iverson was wounded during the Seven Days' battles, but when Hill's division reinforced Lee after the Second Manassas, he was in the field again, and participated in the battles of South Mountain and Sharpsburg. ' General Garland having been killed in Maryland, Colonel Iverson was made brigadier-general, November i, 1862. At Chancellorsville and Gettysburg he led this brigade. He was after these battles ordered to relieve Gen. H. R.

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Jackson at Rome, Ga., where all the State forces were collected. When these were sent to other points and Bragg had fallen back upon Dalton, Iverson was put in command of a Georgia brigade of cavalry in Martin's divi sion of Wheeler's corps. He shared the arduous duties and brilliant victories of the cavalry during the campaign of 1864. Near Macon, with 1,300 men, he defeated Stoneman's force of about 2,300 men, and at Sunshine church cut off and captured Stoneman himself with 500 of his men. After the war.he settled in Macon, where he engaged in business until 1877. He then moved to Orange county, Fla., in which State he has since resided, engaging in orange culture. In 1878 he married the second time Miss Adela Branham, daughter of Dr. Joel Branham. He at present (1898) resides at his orange grove near Kissimee, Osceola.county, Fla.

Brigadier-General Henry Rootes Jackson was born at Savannah, Ga., June 24, 1820. His father was Henry Jackson, youngest brother and adopted son of Gen. James Jackson, of revolutionary fame, and was one of the ablest professors at the State university, the presi dency of which, being repeatedly tendered him, was as often declined. Henry R. Jackson was educated at Yale college and graduated there with high honors in 1839. He studied law and vvras admitted to the bar at CoVarnbus, Ga., in 1840. He then settled at Savannah and began a remarkably successful career. In 1843 he was appointed United States district attorney. Upon the occurrence of the Mexican war he was elected colonel of the First Georgia regiment, which served in 1846-47. He was judge of the Superior court of Georgia from 1849 to 1853. In iSsshewas appointed United States minister to Austria. This position he resigned in 1858. The next year he de clined the chancellorship of the State university, which had been offered to him. He was a delegate to the Charleston Democratic convention in 1860, where the

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great breach occurred that led to secession and to civil war, and was elector for the State-at-large on the Breckinridge and Lane ticket. He was appointed judge of the Confederate courts in Georgia in 1861, but resigned in the same year to accept the rank of brigadier-general in the army of the Confederate States, his commission bear ing date of July 4, 1861. He reached the field of opera tions to which he had been assigned just about the time of the defeat and death of Gen. Robert S. Garnett in West Virginia; gathered together at Monterey the de feated and disorganized forces of Garnett, and in a short while had restored their organization and discipline and infused into them a spirit, not only of readiness, but of anxiety, to enter upon a new campaign for the recovery of what had been lost in Northern Virginia. When Lee made his advance upon Cheat mountain in September, Jackson's brigade was in a high state of efficiency. On October 3, 1861, the Federal forces from Cheat mountain made an attack upon Jackson's camp at Greenbrier river, but were repulsed after a short combat of about four hours. Toward the close of autumn General Jackson received a telegram from Governor Brown, of Georgia, asking him to accept the command of a division of State troops enlisted for six months. Contrary to the wishes of President Davis, he accepted this position and went to Georgia. The very first person to greet him, as he entered the Pulaski house at Savannah, was General Lee, at that time commanding the department of South Carolina and Georgia. Lee said: "I am happy to meet you here in any capacity, but I deeply regretted your resignation from the army. At the date of it I was negotiating for you with the department of war. I asked for but two men, and you were one of them.'' While in command of the State troops he at one time prevented an attack upon Savannah by the rapid concentration of his troops near that city. Upon the passage of the conscript act, the division was turned over to the Confederacy, leaving General Jackson

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without a command. At this time he offered to enlist as a private in the Irish Jasper Greens, in command of which company he had gone to the Mexican war. When Gen. W. H. T. Walker was reappointed to the army, General Jackson became a volunteer aide upon his Litaff. During the Atlanta campaign Governor Brown employed the services of General Jackson in organizing the State troops that were being assembled tor the de fense of Atlanta. On September 21, 1864, after the fall of Atlanta, when Hood was preparing for his march into Tennessee, Jackson was reappointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and participated in the bloody battles of Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. In the last named his brigade repulsed and held at bay with great slaughter the enemy in its immediate front, while the Confederate line was being broken on each side of it, and fought until it was surrounded and captured. Gen eral Jackson was taken to Johnson's island, thence to Fort Warren, and was not released until the close of the war. After the return of peace he resumed the practice of law. He was always averse to office-seeking and to the personal rivalries of politics. From 1875 until his death he was president of the Georgia historical society, from 1885 to 1887 United States minister to Mexico, for years a trustee of the Peabody educational fund, and in 1892 a director of the Central railroad and banking com pany, of Georgia. His death occurred at Savannah, Ga., May 23, 1898. A Savannah correspondent in making the sad announcement said of him: "A connoisseur in art and letters, gloriously eloquent, of dauntless chivalry and immovable convictions, a man of affairs, and endowed with exalted home qualities, General Jackson was a type of the best Southern manhood."

Brigadier-General John K. Jackson was born February 8, 1828, at Augusta, Ga. He was educated at the Rich mond academy and at the South Carolina college at Col-

Brig.-Gen. DVDLRY M. DuBosE.

. ALEXANDER.

Bri.-(ieii. A. K. LAWTON.

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umbia, where he was graduated with honors in 1846. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1848., and followed his profession, with the exception of the four years of the Confederate war, until his death. In 1849 he was married to Miss Virginia L. Hardwick, of Columbia county, by whom he had three sons, Thomas M., William E., and Hardwick. His fondness for mili tary experience led him to join the Oglethorpe infantry upon its organization, becoming first lieutenant of the company, and at the death of Capt. Andrew J. Miller was elected captain. He served in this position until elected lieutenant-colonel of the battalion of the companies in the city of Augusta. Upon the call of the State for troops to enter the Confederate army, he was among the first to respond, and was elected colonel of the Fifth Georgia regiment, at Macon, at its organization in May, 1861. The regiment was ordered to Pensacola, Fla., and Colonel Jackson remained in command of the regiment and of the post of Pensacola until January, 1863. On October 8, 1861, he was in command of one of the three detachments which fought the battle of Santa Rosa Island. He was promoted to brigadier-general in January, 1862, and com manded a brigade at Pensacola until some time in Febru ary, when he was ordered to Grand Junction, Tenn., put in command of the post there, and charged with the organ ization of troops which were arriving and being sent for ward in brigades to Corinth, Miss. This was the begin ning of the organization of the army of Tennessee. In the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, he com manded a brigade of infantry, composed in part of two Alabama regiments (Colonel Wheeler's and Colonel Shorter's), one Texas regiment (Colonel Moore's) and Girardey's Georgia battery from Augusta. He com manded a brigade composed of the Fifth Georgia, Fifth and Eighth Mississippi, and Coxe's Sharpshooters, in General Bragg's army during the campaign in Kentucky in the autumn of 1862. Subsequently his brigade was

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ordered from Knoxville to Bridgeport, Ala., where it successfully guarded the railroad communications from Chattanooga to Murfreesboro, while the balance of the army moved forward to Murfreesboro. On. Christmas day, 1862, he received orders from General Bragg to bring tip to the front all of his brigade that he could spare from guarding the bridges, and promptly obeying, his brigade was posted first on the right as part of the reserve and afterward was ordered to report to General Polk, at Duck river, near the Cowan house. General Polk ordered him into the fight at Cowan's house, where "Withers' division had been repulsed. As Breckinridge's command, composed of three brigades, was coming up in the rear, General Jackson asked if it would not be better to wait until Breckinridge was in line, as the enemy was very strong; but General Polk replied, "Jackson, there's the enemy, go in.'' He went in, accordingly, and his brigade was cut to pieces. After the battle he was ordered back to Bridgeport and from there to Chattanooga, where he had charge of the communications from Atlanta to Tullahoma. Jackson's brigade, composed of the Fifth and Forty-fourth Georgia, and the Fifth and Eighth Mis sissippi regiments, fought with distinction at Chickamauga in Cheatham's division. The Fifth Georgia lost sixty-one per cent in that battle, the second heaviest loss of all the regiments engaged. He commanded his brigade in the battle of Missionary Ridge, and his, with General Moore's brigade, was the first to check the enemy after the Confederate lines were broken. When the army fell back to Dalton he was transferred to General Walker's division, with which he participated in the Georgia cam paign up to July i, 1864. He was then ordered with the Fifth and Forty-fourth Georgia regiments to report to Maj.-Gen. Sam Jones at Charleston, S. C.; was ordered to relieve Gen. Patton Anderson, in command of the district of Florida, at Lake City; later reported to Gen eral Mercer at Savannah in General Hardee's division;

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and in the siege c Savannah he commanded the center of the line. After the evacuation of Savannah he was ordered to Branchville, S. C., to establish a depot of ordnance and other stores, intended to supply Gen eral McLaws' division along the Salkehatchie river and to assist General Hood's army as it came through; from Branchville he was ordered to Cheraw, from there to Goldsboro, and finally to Augusta, but before he reached the latter city General Lee surrendered. After the sur render, as soon as he was permitted by the Federal authorities, he resumed the practice of law. He was employed by several State banks to obtain from the Georgia legislature relief for their stockholders from per sonal liability for bank bills which had been issued; and while at Milledgeviile on this mission he was taken sick with pneumonia, and died on the 27th of February, 1866.

Brigadier-General A. R. Lawton, prominently associ ated with the military organization of Georgia in 1861,.. and the record of her gallant troops in Virginia and Mary land in 1862, at Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry and Sharpsburg performing the duties of a major-general, subsequently administered the office of quartermastergeneral of the army of the Confederate States. A sketch. of his career appears in the first volume of this work., with those of other government officials.

Major-General Lafayette McLaws was born at Augusta, Ga., January 15, 1821. He was prepared for college in the city schools, and entered the university of Virginia in 1837. Before the conclusion of his first year he received notification, of his appointment to a cadetship at West Point, and accordingly, in 1838, he entered the United States military academy, where he was graduated four years later. His first experience in army life was on the frontier. Then came the Mexican war. Before the actual opening of hostilities he was sent to the Texas

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frontier to join the army of General Taylor. He was present at the occupation of Corpus Christi, and when Taylor was on the march to Point Isabel and back, and while he was fighting the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, the young lieutenant was assisting in the defense of Fort Brown (May 3-9, 1846). He was also engaged at the battle of Monterey and at Vera Cruz, after which, on account of failing health, he was sent to the United States on recruiting duty. In the last year of the war he was employed in convoying trains to the city of Mexico. He was afterward on frontier duty, was in the Utah expedition of 1858, and also engag-ed in escorting Mormons to California and in protecting emigrants. In 1851 he was commissioned captain of infantry, the rank he held when the great civil war began. Upon the seces sion of Georgia, Captain McLaws resigned and offered his services to his State. He was gladly accepted and immediately appointed major, C. S. A., May 10, 1861. On June 17, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the Tenth Georgia regiment, and on September 25, 1861, was promoted to brigadier-general. His bravery and excel lent ability in the discipline and leadership of soldiers soon won the esteem of his superior "officers. This was especially noticeable at Lee's mill, on the retreat from Yorktown to Richmond and at the battle of Williamsburg. Accordingly, on May 22, 1862, he was promoted to major-general in the provisional army of the Confed erate States. He proved that the honor conferred upon him was well deserved by the manner in which he led his division in the battles of Savage Station and Malvern Hill. After the retreat of the Union army from the Virginia peninsula, his division was left in observation of the move ments of the Federals about Harrison's landing, while Lee, with the main body of the Confederate army, was on. the march to "bowl over Pope." As soon as it was cer tain that the Union forces had all been withdrawn to the defense of Washington, McLaws led his division to rejoin

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the army of Northern Virginia, then on the march into Maryland. He had the hardest part of the work to do at the capture of Harper's Ferry and Maryland heights, being for the time tinder the command of Stonewall Jack son. After the fall of Harper's Ferry, he marched for Sharpsburg and reached the field just as Jackson and Hood were being forced back before the overwhelming strength of the enemy. Throwing his division immedi ately to the front, and reinforced soon after by John G. Walker's division, the repulse of the Federals on the Confederate left was made complete. At Fredericksburg, one of his brigades (Barksdale's Mississippians) kept the Federal army from crossing the Rappahannock until Lee was ready for them to come, and it was his division that made the magnificent defense of Marye'shill. At Chancellorsville, he formed the right wing of the Confederate army, and when Sedgwick, having succeeded in running over Marye's heights, was advancing upon Lee's rear, McLaws defeated him at Salem church and forced him to recross the Rappahannock. At Gettysburg his divi sion assailed and drove back Sickles in the second day's fight. He and his troops went with Longstreet to Georgia in September, 1863, and participated in the Knoxville campaign. Against his own judgment he made the assault on Fort Sanders, by Longstreet's order, and desisted from the attack when he found success impos sible. Longstreet made complaint against him, but his conduct was justified by the court martial. In 1864, be ing placed in command of the district of Georgia, he opposed Sherman's march through the State as well as possible with the limited means at his command. He commanded a division under Hardee at the battle of Averasboro, March 16, 1865, and was afterward sent back to resume command of the district of Georgia. The surrender of General Johnston included his com mand. General McLaws then went to Augusta and en tered the insurance business. In 1875 he was appointed
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collector of internal revenue at Savannah, afterward post master and later postwarden of the city of Savannah. He continued to reside in that city until his death in 1898.

Brigadier-General Hugh W. Mercer, a grandson of Gen. Hugh Mercer, of revolutionary fame, was born in Virginia in 1808. In 1824 he was appointed a cadet at the United States military academy, and graduated in 1828 as second lieutenant, Second artillery. He served at Fortress Monroe, Va., in the artillery school for prac tice, then at Savannah, Ga., and at the arsenal in Au gusta. From December, 1832, to February, 1834, he was aide-de-camp to Major-General Scott, being commissioned first lieutenant of artillery October 10, 1834. He was at Charleston, S. C., during the nullification excitement (1832-33), at Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. (1833-34), and on quartermaster duty at Savannah, Ga. (1834-35). On April 30, 1835, he resigned. He was first lieutenant of the Chatham artillery from 1835 to 1845, and cashier of the Planters' bank at Savannah from 1841 to 1861. When Georgia seceded from the Union he entered the service of the Confederate States as colonel of the First Georgia volunteer infantry, and on October 29, 1861, was commissioned brigadier-general. He was in command of Savannah during the greater part of the Avar, with a brigade composed of his own and the Fifty-fourth, Fiftyseventh and Sixty-third Georgia regiments. Part of the Sixty-third had served in Virginia in the First Georgia twelve months' troops, and in Tennessee under Gen. E. Kirby Smith. During 1863 General Mercer brought these troops to a high state of efficiency in drill and dis cipline, and when ordered to Dalton in the spring of 1864 he commanded the largest brigade in the army. Just before this the Confederate government had made a new issue of Confederate money. When the command reached Dalton, the other soldiers dubbed them "New Issue," but on the first occasion that called for fighting they con-

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ducted themselves so gallantly that their comrades cheered them heartily, and said, "Well, the 'New Issue' will fight." Another nickname for them was the "Silver Fork brigade," but after they proved their "metal" to be genuine that name also was dropped. In the fighting around Marietta, especially in the great battle of June ayth at Kenesaw mountain, the men of Mercer's brigade won the plaudits of their division commander, W. H. T. Walker. After the death of General Walker at Atlanta, Mercer's brigade was assigned to General Cleburne's division. On the death of. that officer Maj.-Gen. John C. Brown took command of the division. In the Ten nessee campaign and in that of the Carolinas, that ended at Bentonville, Brig.-Gen. James A. Smith commanded the brigade, General Mercer's health being in such con dition that he was relieved of active duty and sent to Savannah with General Hardee. On the retreat from Savannah he accompanied General Hardee, but was not afterward actively engaged. He was a gallant soldier, but physically unable to endure the strain of a severe campaign. After the war he returned to Savannah, and was a banker in that city from 1866 to 1869. He then removed to Baltimore, Md., where he was a commission merchant from 1869 to 1872, when he went to Baden Baden, Bavaria, and died there on the gth of June, 1877.

Brigadier-General Paul J. Semmes was before the war a prominent citizen of Columbus, Ga., and captain of one of the best drilled companies of that city. When the Second Georgia regiment was organized, he was elected its colonel, and when the regiment was sent to Virginia in the summer of 1861 and stationed on the peninsula, he accompanied it in command. In the spring of 1862 he was promoted to brigadier-general (March nth), and later was assigned to McLaws' division of Longstreet's corps. At the battle of Williamsburg, Semmes was in Magruder's command, as he was also at Seven Pines, and during the

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memorable Seven Days, his command suffering most at Savage Station and Malvern hill. After McClellan had left the vicinity of Richmond, the division to which Semmes was then attached (McLaws') was hurried north ward to join Lee just before he entered Maryland. They crossed the Potomac while Jackson was capturing Harp er's Perry, and delayed as much as possible the advance of McClellan at Crampton's gap and South mountain. Again at Sharpsburg Semmes' brigade was engaged with the rest of McLaws' division in some of the hardest fight ing of the day. At Fredericksburg the brigade of Semmes was a part of the force at Marye's hill that hurled back the hosts of Burnside with such fearful slaughter. At Chancellorsville again General Semmes led his brigade into the fierce conflict, first with Hooker, then with Sedgwick at Salem church. In the fighting of the first day at Gettysburg, General Semmes fell mortally wounded. General Lee said in his report that Semmes was leading his brigade "with the courage that always distinguished him," and that he "died as he had lived, discharging the highest duty of a patriot with devotion that never faltered and courage that shrank from no danger." He was carried back to Virginia, and among friends who admin istered to every want and did all that human skill could to save his life, he passed away from the sphere of earthly duties, July 10, 1863. His memory is enshrined in the hearts of his countrymen, who never fail to appreciate fidelity to duty, and knightly valor. To P. W. A., the noted war correspondent, Paul J. Semmes, in the agony of his death wound, his bright blue eyes filling with tears of exultant joy, said, "I consider it a privilege to die for my country.''

Brigadier-General James P. Simms was before the war a prominent lawyer in Newton county, living in the pleas ant little city of Covington. He entered the Confederate army as major of the Fifty-third Georgia regiment and

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serving in Virginia through the battles around Rich mond, the Maryland campaign and Fredericksburg, attained at the period of the battle of Chancellorsville the rank of colonel of his regiment. General Semmes, his brigade commander, in accordance with a request of General McLaws that each brigadier should report colors captiired or lost by his command during the engagements around Chancellorsville, said: "I have the honor to state that no colors were lost by my brigade, but that the Fiftythird Georgia volunteers, Col. James P. Simms, captured the national colors of the Second Rhode Island volun teers. " He was present at the head of his regiment on the second day at Gettysburg, when the gallant Semmes received his mortal wound. Colonel Simms was at Knoxville with Longstreet in November, 1863, Gen. Goode Bryan being then his brigade, and McLaws his division commander. During all the Overland campaign he was still at the post of duty and danger. At the battle of Cedar Creek he commanded the brigade. At Petersburg he was again in command of his regiment, and on Decem ber 8, 1864, after General Bryan had returned to Georgia, he was again put in command of the brigade and com missioned brigadier-general. Faithful to the last, he was on hand in the Appomattox campaign and surrendered with Ewell at Sailor's creek, only a few days before the sad occasion when the gallant army of Virginia laid down its arms and furled the banners that had floated in tri umph over so many glorious fields. After the war Gen eral Simms returned to his home and resumed the practice of law- He served his county in the legislature and took an active interest in everything that concerned the honor and prosperity of Georgia until his death in 1888.

Brigadier-General William Duncan Smith was born in Georgia in 1826, and from that State was appointed to the United States military academy in 1842. Four years later he was graduated as brevet second lieutenant and

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immediately entered upon service in the war with Mex ico. He was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco and Molino del Rey, in the last being severely wounded. He afterward served on the frontier and on garrison duty, and by 1858 had attained the rank of captain. He re signed his position in the United States army on January 28, 1861, and entering the service of the Confederate States, was commissioned captain of infantry, to date from March i6th. On July i4th he became colonel of the Twentieth Georgia regiment. He exhibited such fitness for command that on March 7, 1862, he was com missioned brigadier-general and ordered to report to J. C. Pemberton, at that time commanding the department of South Carolina and Georgia. In June he was placed in command of the district of South Carolina, with head quarters at Charleston. He was placed in charge of all the troops, infantry, cavalry and artillery on James island. On June i6th he commanded one wing of the forces under Gen. Nathan G. Evans at the battle of Secessionville, a very brilliant affair, which resulted in the complete tri umph of the Confederates. Before that battle William Porcher Miles, of Charleston, had urged the Confederate government to remove General Pemberton, and suggested that Smith be put in his place. But General Smith's career of usefulness in the Confederate army was soon to close. Attacked by fever, he died on October 4, 1862, in the city of Charleston, in the defense of which he had rendered efficient and gallant service. The dispatches that passed between General Lawton at Savannah and General Pemberton at Charleston, in which each exhibits great desire to have the services of General Smith, indi cate the estimate of his worth by his commanding officers, while the letter referred to, urging his appointment to department command, shows what the people of Charles ton thought of him. His career in the Confederate army, though brief, reflects credit on his native State.

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Brigadier-General G. Moxley Sorrel,a native of Georgia, when the war between the Northern and Southern States of the Union began, entered the Confederate service as captain on the staff of Gen. James Longstreet, and was present at the first battle of Bull Run. On September ist he was appointed acting adjutant-general of Longstreet's brigade. In this capacity he acted throughout the winter of 1861 in Virginia, and in the campaign of 1862, includ ing the battles of Williamsburg and Seven Pines and the battles around Richmond. On July 24, 1861, he was com missioned major and was appointed acting adjutant-gen eral of Longstreet's division. At the battle of Sharpsburg, when the Confederate center had been stripped of troops to help their hard-pressed left, General Longstreet noticed that a strong column of the enemy was advancing against this very point, held by one small regiment, Cooke's Twenty-seventh North Carolina, which was with out cartridges. Two pieces of the Washington artillery were there, but most of the gunners had been killed or wounded. Longstreet and his staff dismounted, and, while the general held the horses, the staff officers, Majors Fairfax and Sorrel and Captain Latrobe, served the guns, keeping the enemy in check until help came, when the Federals were repulsed and the center saved from an attack which would have ruined Lee's army. Not long before the battle of Gettysburg (June 23, 1863), Major Sorrel was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. As acting adjutant-general of Longstreet's corps he was in the battle of Gettysburg, and in September followed his chief to Georgia. A thrilling incident and narrow escape dur ing the Chick,amauga campaign are thus narrated by Gen eral Longstreet: "As soon as our horses could be saddled we started, Lieutenant-Colonels Sorrel and Manning and myself, to find the headquarters of the commanding general. We were told to follow the main road, and did so, though there were many men coming into that road from our right bearing the wounded of the day's battle.

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The firing was still heard off to the right, and wagons were going and coming, indicating our nearness to the field. Nothing else occurring to suggest a change of the direction given us, we followed the main road. It was a bright moonlight night, and the woodlands on the sides of the broad highways were quite open, so that we could see and be seen. After a time we were challenged by an outlying guard, 'Who comes there?' We answered, 'Friends.' This answer was not altogether satisfying to the guard, and after a very short parley we asked what troops they were, when the answer gave the number of the brigade and the division. As Southern brigades were called for their commanders more than by their numbers, we concluded that these friends were the enemy. There were, too, some suspicious obstructions across the road in front of us, and altogether the situation did not look in viting. The moon was so bright that it did not seem prudent to turn and ride back under the fire that we knew would be opened on us, so I said loudly, so that the guard could hear, 'Let us ride down a little way to find a better crossing.' Riding a few rods brought us under cover and the protection of large trees, sufficiently shading our re treat to enable us to ride quietly to the rear and take the road over which we had seen so many men and vehicles passing while on our first ride." At the battle of the Wilderness, Colonel Sorrel, chief of staff, was ordered to conduct three brigades, George T. Anderson's, Mahone's and Wofford's, to a position whence they could march against Hancock'sleft. On October 31, 1864, he was com missioned brigadier-general and put in charge of a brigade consisting of the Second, Twenty-second, Forty-eighth and Sixty-fourth regiments and Second and Tenth battal ions of Georgia infantry in Mahone's division, A. P. Hill's corps. He led this brigade ably, and was considered by General Longstreet one of the best brigadiers of the

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army. Since the end of the war General Sorrel has been a merchant in the city of Savannah, and connected with a steamship company.
Brigadier-General Marcellus A. Stovall was born at Sparta, Ga., September 18, 1818. Both of his grandfathers were officers in the Revolution of 1776, the maternal grandfather, Capt. John H. Lucas, being present at the surrender of Cornwallis. His father was Pleasant Sto vall, a wealthy and successful merchant of Augusta, who sent his son to school in Massachusetts. In the winter of 1835, though only seventeen years old, Marcellus enlisted for the Seminole war, being the youngest man in the Rich mond Blues of Augusta, Ga., and never missed a day of service in the entire expedition. In 1836 he entered the United States military academy at West Point, but was prevented from finishing his course by a. severe and con tinued attack of rheumatism. After leaving West Point he made a tour of Europe. Returning to Augusta in 1839 he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and was a ruling spirit in the volunteer military companies of Georgia. In 1842 he married Sarah G. McKinne, of Augusta. In 1846 he moved to Floyd county, and was living upon his beautiful estate near Rome when the civil war broke out. Being at the time captain of the Cherokee artillery, he offered his services to Governor Brown. His record as a military man was such that he was made colonel of artillery and attached to the Second brigade of Georgia volunteers. On the 8th of October, 1861, he was commissioned lieu tenant-colonel of the Third Georgia battalion of infantry, and was ordered to Richmond, Va. After performing garrison duty a short time at Lynchburg, Va., and Goldsboro, N. C., he was ordered to east Tennessee to guard bridges and protect the Southern men of that section. In the summer of 1862 he took part in the engagement at Waldron's ridge, and in August accompanied Kirby Smith into Kentucky. While stationed at Lexington,
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Ky., the evolutions of his command upon parade were always witnessed by large and appreciative crowds. Though a battalion of only seven companies it always had more muskets for service than any of the regiments with which it was associated, while its discipline and morale were equaled by few and surpassed by none. After the Kentucky campaign this brigade, commanded by the gallant James E. Rains, of McCown's division, was assigned to the army of General Bragg. At the battle of Murfreesboro, which closed the year 1862 and opened the new year 1863, the commander of the brigade, Gen. James E. Rains, was shot through the heart and fell dead from his horse early in the action. In charging through a dense cedar thicket, the Third and Ninth bat talions got separated from the other commands of the brigade, and under Colonel Stovall and Major Smith were hotly engaged in front and on the right flank, driv ing the enemy from his position. On January 20, 1863, Colonel Stovall was promoted to brigadier-general. At the battle of Chickamauga he and Gen. Daniel W. Adams got upon the left flank and rear of the enemy and materi ally assisted in winning the day. General Breckinridge, the division commander, said in his report: "To Briga dier-General Stovall, to Colonel Lewis, who succeeded to the command of Helm's brigade, and to Col. R. L. Gibson, who succeeded to the command of Adams' brigade, the country is indebted for the courage and. skill with which they discharged their arduous duties." Col. W, L. L. Bowen, commanding the Fourth Florida, one of the regiments of Stovall's brigade, bears the following testimony: "Much of the credit and success accorded the Fourth Florida regiment is ascribed to General Sto vall and staff for the efficient and prompt manner in which' he conducted his brigade.'' During the Atlanta campaign we find the same testimony borne to the effi ciency and gallantry of Stovall and his command. In the battle of the 22d of July, at Atlanta, Stovall's bri-

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gade crossed the enemy's works and captured a battery, but the Confederates were so hard pressed by the fresh troops that came to that part of the enemy's line, that they had to fall back without securing the enemy's guns. This brigade, which embraced the Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty-second, Forty-third and Fifty-second Georgia, was also in the Tennessee campaign. At the battle of Nashville it was one of the few left in efficient organiza tion, and helped to save the army of Tennessee. Stovall and his brigade were also with Johnston at Bentonville, and were surrendered with the rest of the army in North Carolina, April 26, 1865. After the war General Stovall returned to Augusta and engaged in the cotton business and in the manufacture of fertilizers. He organized and for many years successfully operated the Georgia chem ical works. His first wife having died, he was married in 1873 to Courtney Augusta Peck, of Augusta. He died on the 4th of August, 1895, mourned by his family and the State.

Brigadier-General Bryan M. Thomas was born in Geor gia and from that State was appointed to the United States military academy at West Point in 1854. There he graduated in 1858 as brevet second lieutenant of infantry. He served in garrison at Fort Columbus, N. Y., then on frontier duty, conducting recruits in the Utah expedition, and also in the Navajo expedition. When his State seceded, he resigned his commission and cast his lot with the South, receiving a commission in the regular army of the Confederate States as lieutenant. He participated in the battle of Shiloh as one of the staff of Brig.-Gen. Jones M. Withers, who said in his report, that" Lietit. B. M. Thomas discharged his duties on both days of the battle with active zeal and gallantry.'' Con tinuing on the staff of General Withers, he participated in the Kentucky and Murfreesboro campaigns, was pro moted to the rank of major, and was with General With-

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ers in Alabama, when General Polk recommended that he be appointed a colonel and assigned to the cavalry brigade of General Clanton. A regiment of reserves was formed and Thomas put in command. This com mand was extended, and on August 14, 1864, he was com missioned brigadier-general. He commanded a brigade of Alabama reserves under General Withers, consisting of the First, Second and Third Alabama reserves, after ward called the Sixty-first, Sixty-second and Sixty-third Alabama regiments, of the Confederate States provi sional army, also the Seventh Alabama cavalry, Abbey's Mississippi battery, Wade's Louisiana battery and Winston's Tennessee battery. General Thomas served in the department commanded by Gen. Dabney H. Maury and Gen. Richard Taylor until the close of the war, and participated in the defense of Spanish Fort and Blakely. After peace he returned to Georgia and engaged in the business of planting in Dooly county until 1887. Then he moved to Dalton, where he adopted the profession of a teacher.

Brigadier-General Edward Lloyd Thomas was born in Clark county, Ga., a lineal descendant of the famous Thomas and Lloyd families of Maryland. His grand father moved from Maryland to Virginia and later to Georgia, having with him a young son, whose Christian name was Edward Lloyd. This son grew up to be an influential and useful man in his adopted State, and a devout Christian, and he and his noble wife were blessed with a number of children, all of whom became promi nent in their native State. The youngest son received his father's full name. After receiving an academic education he attended Emory college, where he gradu ated with distinction in the class of 1846. In 1847 he enlisted as a private in one of the Georgia regiments that went to the Mexican war, that training school for so many young men who afterward rose to distinction in both the

Brig.-Gen. M. A. STOVALL. Krig-.-Gen. H. C. WAYXK. Brig-.-Geji, WM, D. SMITH. Brig.-Gen. II. W. MKRCER.

3Ia].-Gen. DAVID E, TWIGGS. Briy.-Gen. EDWARD WILLIS. Bri^.-Gen. ISAAC M. ST JOHN. Erig.-Gen. PAUL J. SRMMES.

Maj.-Gen. "W, H. T. WALKER, Sria'.-Gen. C. C. WILSON. Brig.-Gen. W. T. WOFFORI>. JIa.1.-Gen. A. R. WEIGHT.

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Confederate and Union armies. He fought in the bat tles between Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico, and by his conspicuous gallantry won a lieutenant's commission. In one of the engagements he captured an officer on the staff of Santa Anna, named Iturbide, a member of a family conspicuous in Mexican history. The legislature of Georgia in 1848 adopted resolutions commending the young officer for his gallantry in the Mexican war. Hon. George H. Crawford, at that time secretary of war, offered him a lieutenancy in the regular army of the United States, which for domestic reasons he declined. Returning home at the close of the war he married a beautiful and accomplished young lady of Talbot county, Jennie Gray, a member of one of the leading and wealthy families of the State. He settled down on his plantation, refusing many solicitations to enter the field of politics, for which he had no taste. When the war between the States began, he at once espoused with all his heart the cause of the South. President Davis, knowing his worth and his fitness for military command, authorized him to raise a regiment for the Confederate service. This he did, and when the Thirty-fifth regiment of Georgia infantry was mustered in, Edward L. Thomas was commissioned as its colonel, October 15, 1861. Both the regiment and its commander were delighted when orders came to go to Virginia, at that time the goal of the ambition of many of the spirited officers and soldiers of the South. When this regiment marched into the bat tle of Seven Pines, it was armed with the old remodeled flint-lock guns, the very best that the majority of the Southern soldiers could procure; but when it came out it was provided with the very best arms of the enemy. During the battle Brigadier-General Pettigrew was shot from his horse and the command of the brigade devolved upon Thomas, as the ranking colonel. At the time of the battles around Richmond he was assigned to command of the brigade of Gen. J. R. Anderson, who had been trans-

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ferred to the control of the Tredegar iron works, and at Mechanicsville he was ordered to open the battle. Although wounded in the first combat of the Seven Days he remained in the saddle and fought through the entire series of battles. He was in every battle fought by Lee in Virginia, and only missed that of Sharpsburg, Md., by reason of being detached at Harper's Ferry to receive the parole of the nearly 12,000 prisoners captured. The Count of Paris, in his history of our civil war, states that in one of the battles, when the front line of the Confed erates had been broken by the Federal forces, General Thomas struck their advancing column in such a way as to turn their expected victory into defeat. After the conclusion of the war he lived a retired life on his planta tion until 1885, when President Cleveland appointed him to an important office in the land department, and in 1893 to a still more important one in the Indian depart ment, which position he held at the time of his death, March 10, 1898. His private life was pure, that of a true Christian gentleman. It is said to his honor that in all the exciting scenes through which he passed, no profane expression ever soiled his lips.

Brigadier-General Robert Toombs, born in Wilkes county, Ga., July 2, 1810, died December 15, 1885, whose career has already been noticed in connection with the political history of the Confederate States, entered the military service after he had been a prominent candidate for the presidency of the new republic, and had served a short time as secretary of State under President Lincoln. He was commissioned brigadier-general July 21, 1861, and was at the organization of the department of North ern Virginia, in October, assigned to command of a bri gade to consist of four Georgia regiments. The regiments of his command were the First regulars, Second, Fif teenth a.nd Seventeenth infantry, with Blodgett's bat tery. Under General Magruder on the peninsula of

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Virginia he commanded a division, including his own and Andersen's brigades, and he was a participant in the bat tle of Dam No. i. This division was commanded by D. R. Jones in the Seven Days' campaign, and Toombs and his gallant brigade were distinguished in the combats at Garnett's farm and Malvern hill. In the Second Manassas campaign he led his men in the fight at Thor oughfare gap, and throughout the battles which followed. It was in this campaign that he was put under arrest tem porarily by General Longstreet. As the latter relates the story, the corps commander having, in Toombs' ab sence, ordered the brigade to guard a ford on the Rapidan, the impetuous brigadier-general, on his return from a good dinner with a Virginia friend, found his troops, and ordered them back to their former position. He had a great dislike for the systematic and apparently slow methods of the West Pointers, and after this incident Longstreet ordered him to remain at Gordonsville. But a letter of explanation soon reached the superior officer, and Toombs was promptly ordered back on duty. As Longstreet says: "When he rode up and took command, of his brigade there was wild enthusiasm, and everything being ready, an exultant shout was sent up, and the men sprang to the charge. I had no more trouble with Toombs.'' At Antietam the brigade under his command won fame by the intrepid defense of the lower bridge against Burnside, winning the warm approval of General Longstreet in his official report. Subsequently he re signed his commission, and his brigade, in which the Twentieth regiment had now been substituted for the First, came under the command of General Benning. In 1864 he was adjutant and inspector-general of the Georgia division of State troops, under Gen. G. W. Smith, and in, this capacity he participated in the defense of the Chattahoochee line, and of the cities of Atlanta and Macon. It is said that at the close of the war the four men the. Washington government, or a part of it, most desired to.

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punish personally were President Davis, Toombs, Slidell and Howell Cobb. General Toombs' escape was accom plished only after thrilling adventures, and he passed two years in Cuba, France and England, but returned in 1867 to his native State, and there ended his days. He was a man of great mental strength, and powerful as an orator, and though his faults, such as he possessed, were patent to the world, he was regarded as one of the great figures of his time, and will remain a distinctive charac ter in history.

Major-General David Emanuel Twiggs was born in Richmond county, Ga., in 1790. His father, Gen. John Twiggs, was a soldier of the revolution. In the war of 1812, young David E. Twiggs, then twenty-two years of age, vol unteered, and on March 8th was appointed captain of the Eighth infantry. He soon showed such marked ability that he was appointed major in the United States army. He distinguished himself in the Black Hawk war, and served in the Seminole war under Generals Jackson and Gaines. In 1836 he was commissioned colonel of the Second regiment of dragoons, which under his admirable training became the best cavalry regiment in the army. He was colonel of this regiment at the commencement of the Mexican war, and was with General Taylor's army of occupation which marched into the disputed territory. When Taylor moved to the Rio Grande, Colonel Twiggs was in the advance and captured Point Isabel. For gal lant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palrna he was brevetted brigadier-general. At Monterey he was put in command of a division. After the capture of that city he was put in command of it, and remained there until ordered to join General Scott at Vera Cruz. This he hastened to do, reaching the army before that city in time to share in the attack, and to win new laurels. He led the main attack at Cerro Gordo, was distinguished again at Contreras, and led one of the

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columns in the final assault upon the city of the Montezumas. After the war with Mexico, Congress gave him a magnificent sword with jeweled hilt and a scabbard of solid gold. He was presented another beautiful sword by the Georgia legislature, and yet another by the city of Augusta. His subsequent service was in command of the department of the West, with headquarters at St. Louis until 1857, and then in charge of the department of Texas, with headquarters at San Antonio. In 1861, holding the rank of brevet major-general, he was the second officer of the army in seniority, and in case of the death or disability of General Scott, would have been the ranking officer. But upon the secession of Georgia he resigned his commission, and decided to share the for tunes of his native State. He was immediately appointed major-general in the Confederate States army, his com mission bearing date May 22, 1861. He commanded at New Orleans during the first part of the war, but was soon compelled to resign on account of age and infirmity. When he left New Orleans he gave his beautiful swords into the keeping of a lady of that city, from whom General Butler, when he took command of the city, seized them, and turned them over to the United States government. They were for years on exhibition in the treasury at Wash ington, but in 1889 were returned to the Twiggs family. General Twiggs died at Augusta, Ga., September 15, 1862.

Major-General William H. T. Walker, one of the most valiant soldiers of the South, achieved fame as a fearless fighter many years before the civil war. He was born in Georgia in the year 1816, received his early education in the schools of Augusta, and entered the United States military academy at West Point in 1832, where he was graduated in 1837 as second lieutenant of the Sixth infan try. He served in the campaign against the Indians in Florida, 1837-38, and at once came to the front as one of the most brilliant young officers in the army. In the,
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fierce battle of Okeecho"bee, where the Seminoles were completely overthrown, Walker was wounded three times, and by his gallant conduct won the brevet of first lieu tenant. Again, in 1840-42, he served against the Indians in Florida. In 1845 he became a captain. By the time of the opening of the Mexican war he had already gained great experience as a soldier, and was thoroughly familiar with all the discomforts and perils of army life. He parti cipated in the principal engagements of the Mexican war; for heroic conduct at Contreras was promoted to major, and for similar gallantry was made lieutenant-colonel at Molino del Rey, where he was desperately wounded. For a long time it was thought that he would die, but his life was spared for service in a more stupendous conflict. In 1849 the State of Georgia presented a sword to Colonel Walker as a tribute to his gallantry in Florida and Mexico. He was commandant of cadets and in structor of infantry tactics at West Point from 1854 to 1856. In 1860 he resigned his commission in the United States army. The mutterings of the coming storm could then be plainly heard. He regretted sincerely the rupt ure between the North and South, as did all those who had ever served in the army of the United States. But he did not hesitate as to his duty or his inclination, and threw his whole soul into the tender of service which he made to the Confederate government. At first he served his own State as major-general of the First division of Georgia volunteers, being appointed by the State, April 25, 1861. One month from that time he accepted the commission of brigadier-general in the army of the Con federate States. He served at Pensacola during a part of 1861. He was not of great physical strength, and his arduous military services had told on him, so that for more than a year from October, 1861, he was out of the conflict, but on the 5th of February, 1863, he re-entered the army as brigadier-general, and was placed in com mand at Savannah. On May 23d he was promoted to

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major-general and sent to command a division in the army operating in Mississippi under Gen. Joseph. E. Johnston. After the fall of Vicksburg he was ordered to Georgia, in time to share in the battle of Chickamauga. In this great conflict General Walker commanded the Reserve corps, composed of the divisions of Generals Gist and Liddell. On Sunday morning he attacked the Fed eral left with part of his command, Walthall's brigade having been detached to another part of the line. Gen eral Walker reported that when ordered forward Sunday morning, Gist's division moved with Govan, of Liddell's division, on right, Breckinridge and Cheatham "in the rear and on General Gist's left." He continued: "I owe it to myself and to the gallant command under me to state that when I reported to General [D. H.] Hill, had he permitted me to fight my Reserve corps according to my own judgment, and had not disintegrated it, as he did, by sending it in by detachments, I would have formed my five batteries on the left flank of the enemy, toward the Chattanooga road, and opened fire upon the enemy's flank, and would have either pushed them for ward, supported by infantry, or have marched past them with my combined force; and I feel satisfied that the enemy's left would have been carried much easier than it was, and many a gallant man been saved, and his retreat intercepted.'' From, this time General Walker's career was one with that of the army of Tennessee, until his death in the charge upon the Union left at Atlanta, July 22, 1864. On the day before going into this battle Walker had expressed to Hood his appreciation of the task that had been assigned the latter, and had assured him of earnest co-operation and support in every effort to check the further advance of the Federal army toward the heart of the Confederacy. A vigorous attack upon Sherman had been Walker's desire from the opening of the cam paign. No more gallant life was offered upon the altat of his country than that of Gen. William H. T, Walker.

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Brigadier-General Edward Willis, at the beginning of the civil war, was a cadet at West Point, having received his appointment through General Toombs, then United States senator from Georgia. When Georgia seceeded, young Willis resigned and returned home to defend his native State. In July, 1861, he was appointed adjutant of the Twelfth Georgia regiment, which was sent into West Virginia just after the defeat of the forces of Garnett and the successful invasion of McClellan. At Trav eler's Repose, near the Greenbrier river, the regiment was camped for several months. From there it marched to the intended attack upon the fortified Union camp on Cheat mountain, and returning, was at this camp on the Greenbrier where the battle of October 3d took place which ended in the repulse of the Federals. While in winter quarters at Alleghany summit they were attacked by a large Federal force, which after a severe battle was completely beaten and forced to retreat. After this bat tle Adjutant Willis was appointed to a place on General Lee's staff, which he occupied during the year 1862. At the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, Colonel Scott, of the Twelfth Georgia, was killed, whereupon every officer in the regiment signed a petition asking President Davis to appoint Willis their colonel. It was promptly done, and under his gallant leadership the already famous regiment gained new laurels. At the battle of Chancellorsville, Colonel Willis commanded the skirmish line of Rodes' division. The historian of the Eleventh army corps (Union) says that so skillfully were these skirmishes handled by Willis and so deadly was their fire that it was an easy victory for the Confederates. He led his regiment in the Gettysburg campaign and in subsequent movements of the army of Northern Virginia during 1863. In the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania he was in the forefront with his command. At the North Anna river, in May, 1864, while in command of a brigade, he was mortally wounded by a grapeshot. While he lay

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dying, word was sent to his regiment that all who desired to see him could do so. It was a sad spectacle to see the grief of his men as they viewed the gallant colonel in his last moments, while his life blood ebbed away. Lieut. J. A. Walker, of the Twelfth Georgia, writing of Colonel Willis, feelingly says: "He died as he had lived, dis charging the highest duty of a patriot with devotion that never faltered and courage that shrank from no danger. His heart never knew one beat not in unison with the honor, interest and glory of his country." Lieutenant Walker also says that while a prisoner at Fort Delaware he saw a copy of an English paper in which a correspond ent, speaking of the death of Colonel Willis, said that he was one of the most promising young officers of the army of Northern Virginia. His commission as briga dier-general came the day after his death.

Brigadier-General Claudius C. Wilson, of Georgia, at the beginning of the war was one of the leading young men of the State. In his enlistment for military service he was not among those who hastened to swell the ranks of the first regiments that were mustered in, but with equal patriotism and expecting a long and bloody strug gle, was more deliberate in getting ready for it. Such as he, when they did buckle on that armor, fought as zeal ously and risked their all as cheerfully as the more impet uous. By the ist of November, 1861, Georgia had fifty regiments in the field, of which she had herself armed and equipped thirty. Of the Twenty-fifth regiment Claudius C. Wilson was elected colonel and commissioned on the 2d of September, 1861. This regiment after being equipped and drilled was assigned to the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and throughout 1862 served on the Georgia and South Carolina coasts. In 1863 it was sent to North Mississippi, and after the fall of Vicksburg was ordered to Georgia. At Chickamauga, Colonel Wilson commanded a brigade in W. H. T. Walk-

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er's Reserve corps. During the first day's battle Croxton's brigade of Brannan's Federal division met Forrest's cavalry on the Reed's bridge road and drove it back upon the two small infantry brigades of Ector and Wilson. These advanced with the "rebel yell," pushed Croxton back, captured his battery, and then in turn were driven back by the forces of Brannan and Baird. The fighting of the first day was disjointed, and hence nothing decisive was accomplished. But the second day's work was very different. The Confederate troops were well in hand, and though Thomas made a bold resistance, the rout of the Federal right was decisive of the battle, and the night of September 2oth came down upon one of the most com plete Confederate victories of the war, the brilliancy of which was not dimmed by the fact that the failure to follow it up properly prevented the reaping of its legiti mate fruits. The good conduct of Wilson in this battle caused his promotion, and he was commissioned briga dier-general on the i6th of November, 1863. He did not, however, long enjoy his honors; for on the 24th of the same month he died, leaving to his State the precious legacy of a noble record of valor and devotion to duty.

Brigadier-General William T. Wofford had learned something of the art of war before the great conflict of 1861-65, having served as a captain in the Mexican war. Returning home, he soon became a prominent lawyer and member of the legislature. He was a delegate to the Southern convention of 1858, and a member of the secession convention of 1861. He was opposed to seces sion and voted against it to the last; but yielded to the expressed decision of his State, and was among the first to forego the pursuits of peace, going to Virginia as colonel of the Eighteenth Georgia. During part of 1861 and 1862 he served in North Carolina. In the spring of 1862 he was with his regiment in the various battles around Richmond, his command at that time being a

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part of Hood's celebrated Texas brigade. At Second Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg, Wofford commanded Hood's brigade, that general being in charge of the division embracing his own and Law's brigades. At Fredericksburg the Eighteenth Georgia formed a part of T. R. R. Cobb's brigade. After the death of that noble officer, Colonel Wofford was promoted to brig adier-general and assigned to the command of Cobb's brigade, embracing the Sixteenth, Eighteenth and Twenty-fourth Georgia regiments, Cobb's Georgia legion, Phillips' Georgia legion, and the Third battal ion of Georgia sharpshooters. He led this gallant bri gade through the battle of Chancellorsville, and did mag nificent service in Longstreet's battle of July 2d at Get tysburg. Wofford's brigade drove back the brigades of Ayres and Barnes, gained the wheat fields and struggled toward the summit of Little Round Top, inflicting upon the enemy a loss double their own on that part of the field. When Longstreet went to help Bragg in Septem ber, Wofford's was one of the brigades that went with him. It did not reach Chickamauga in time to take part in the battle, but was frequently engaged in the Knoxville campaign, and always with credit. In speaking of the attack at Knoxville, General Longstreet said: "The assault was made by the brigades of Generals Wofford, Humphreys and Bryan at the appointed time and in admirable style.'' Its failure was not on account of any lack of valor on the part of the assailants. General Wofford led his command through the Overland cam paign of 1864 and in much of the fighting around Rich mond and Petersburg, and was in Kershaw's division in Early's day of alternate victory and defeat at Cedar creek'in the Shenandoah valley, October 19, 1864. On the 23d of January, 1865, at the request of Governor Biown and the people of Georgia, he was assigned to command of the department of North Georgia. This part of the State was at that time in a deplorable condi-

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ticra Outside the protection of either government, its helpless and impoverished people were the prey of stroll ing bands of deserters and robbers. General Wofford went to work vigorously. He called in and organized over 7,000 men, large numbers of them deserters and stragglers; obtained corn and distributed it among the starving people in his own lines, and in a personal con ference with General Judah, the Federal commander in North Georgia, obtained that officer's consent to distrib ute food to the starving people within his lines. At the close of the war General Wofford was elected to Congress. Though refused his seat he presented to Judge Kelly of Pennsylvania the destitute condition of the people of this section of Georgia, and through that gentleman's influence assistance was rendered by the government. He was one of the Greeley electors in the campaign of 1872, and on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket of 1876, and was a mem ber of the Georgia constitutional convention of 1877. During the last part of his life he was a planter near Cassville, Ga.

Major-General Ambrose Ransom Wright was born in Louisville, Jefferson county, Ga., in April, 1826. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and soon built up a lucrative practice. In politics he was a Democrat until the rise of the American party. He united with this organization, which in 1860 took the name of the Consti tutional Union party, and nominated for the presidency John Bell of Tennessee, and for the vice-presidency Edward Everett of Massachusetts. This ticket Mr. Wright ardently supported, but when the election re sulted in raising to the presidency Mr. Lincoln, he at once took ground in favor of secession. After the Geor gia convention had decided in favor of that policy, Mr. Wright was sent as commissioner to Maryland, in order to induce the people of that State to join the other Southern States in this action. When the Third Georgia

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regiment was being formed, he enlisted as a private, but was elected its colonel and received his commission on the 8th of Majr, 1861. This command was for awhile stationed upon Roanoke island, in which vicinity, in the early part of October, 1861, he attracted general attention by his co-operation with Flag Officer W. F. Lynch, in the capture of the Federal steamer Fanny, and his defeat of Federal forces at Chicarnacomico. In April, 1862, he commanded the Confederate forces in a spirited little battle at South Mills, in which the Union loss was 127 to a Confederate loss of 28. On June 3, 1862, he was com missioned a brigadier-general and assigned to the com mand of the Third, Twenty-second, Sixty-fourth and Forty-eighth regiments of Georgia infantry, and the Sec ond Georgia battalion. At first they were in Huger's division, but were afterward assigned to Anderson's divi sion of A. P. Hill's corps of the army of Northern Vir ginia. At Malvern hill, Wright's brigade participated in the fierce attack of Magruder upon the Union position, of which Gen. D. H. Hill wrote: "I never saw anything more grandly heroic." At Second Manassas and in the battles of the Maryland campaign, Wright and his brigade continued to valorously illustrate Georgia. At Second Manassas General Wright's son, William, serving on his father's staff, was severely wounded, losing a leg, and at Sharpsburg the general himself was borne from the field wounded. He recovered in time to lead his brigade in the battle of Fredericksburg, and again at Chancellorsville in the attack upon Hooker and afterward upon Sedgwiek. In the second day's fight at Gettysburg, Wright broke through and seized the Union batteries, but not being properly supported was obliged to fall back. During the Overland campaign of 1864 and in the fighting around Richmond and Petersburg, Wright and his noble brigade were ever at the post of duty. On November 26, 1864, he was commissioned major-general and sent to command in Georgia, his division being cora-
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posed of the brigades of Mercer and John K. Jackson. After the war had ended General Wright made his home at Augusta, and edited for awhile the Augusta Chroni cle and Sentinel. In 1872 he was elected to Congress, but died shortly after, December 21, 1872. In him Georgia lost one of her most illustrious sons.

Major-General Pierce M. B. Young was born at Spartanburg, S. C., November 15, 1836. His father, Dr. R. M. Young, was a son of Capt. William Young, a gal lant soldier under Washington. When Pierce was a small boy his father removed to Bartow county, Ga., and at the age of thirteen years he entered the Georgia mili tary institute at Marietta. Five years later he was ap pointed to the United States military academy, but he did not conclude his course there on account of the seces sion of his State. Returning to Georgia and promptly ten dering his services to the State, he was appointed second lieutenant in the First Georgia infantry regiment, but de clined that commission for the same rank in the artillery. In July he was promoted to first lieutenant. He was at tached to the staff of General Bragg at Pensacola, at the same time was aide-de-camp to Gen. W. H. T. Walker, was appointed adjutant of the Georgia legion commanded by Thomas R. R. Cobb in July, promoted to major of the same command in September, and to lieutenant-colo nel in November, 1861. In command of the cavalry of the legion he was attached to Hampton's brigade of Stuart's cavalry, army of Northern Virginia, in 1862, and at once became distinguished for "remarkable gal lantry, '' as Stuart expressed it, in the Maryland campaign. He did brilliant service at Fleetwood, or Brandy Station, June 9, 1863, and participated in the cavalry operations attending the Gettysburg campaign until early in August, when he was wounded in another fight of his brigade near Brandy Station. At that time he held the rank of colonel, and in October following he was promoted to brigadier-

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general and assigned to the command of Hampton's old brigade, consisting of the First and Second South Caro lina regiments, the Cobb legion, Jeff Davis legion and Phillips legion, and forming a part of Hampton's division of cavalry. He was actively engaged during the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns, on October i2th, by fearless fighting and adroit maneuvers, compelling a division of the enemy to recross the Rappahannock. Said Stuart in his report: "The defeat of an expedition which might have proved so embarrassing entitles the officers who effected it to the award of distinguished skill and gener alship." In the great struggle beginning in the spring of 1864 his command was mainly composed of Georgians, the two Carolina regiments being replaced by the Seventh Georgia cavalry and Millen's Twentieth battalion, later the brigade consisting of the Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Georgia regiments and the Davis legion. General Young played a prominent part in the campaigning of 1864 in Virginia, and when Hampton succeeded Stuart in gen eral command of cavalry, he temporarily took the place of the famous South Carolinian as division commander. In November he was sent to Augusta to gather reinforce ments and aid in the defense of that city, threatened by Sherman. Subsequently, with promotion to major-gen eral, December 30, 1864, he was actively engaged in the defense of Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas under General Hampton until the close of the war, when he retired with a record as one of the most dashing cav alry leaders developed in the great conflict. His civil career, which followed, was no less conspicuous. He was the first representative in Congress admitted from the Seventh Georgia district, and was re-elected three times successively; was a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1868, 1876 and 1880; in 1878 was appointed commissioner to the Paris exposition; in 1885

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was sent to Petersburg as consul-general; and in 1893 \vas appointed minister of the United States to Guate mala and Honduras. "While holding the latter office he was taken sick, and endeavored to reach his home, but died in New York city enroute July 6, 1899; In 1892 he was appointed major-general commanding the Georgia division, United Confederate veterans.

Brigadier-General Peter McGlashan was born in Edin burgh, Scotland, May 16, 1831. The family emigrated to America in 1848 and settled in Savannah. At the beginning of the war he was a resident of Thornasville, in southwest Georgia. In August, 1861, he volunteered in tlie Twenty-ninth Georgia regiment and served on the coast as a private. When the Fiftieth Georgia regiment was organized, March 4, 1862, he was transferred to Com pany E of that command, of which he was elected first lieutenant, his commission dating from March n, 1862. After serving a short time on the coast below Savannah, the regiment was ordered to Virginia and reached Rich mond in time to participate in the closing scenes of the Seven Days' battle. The Fiftieth Georgia was brigaded with the Fifty-first Georgia, Phillip's Legion, and the Fifteenth South5 Carolina, under Brig.-Gen. Thomas F. Drayton, in the division of Maj.-Gen. D. R. Jones. Lieu tenant McGlashan served with his regiment in the battles of Thoroughfare Gap, Second Manassas, Chantilly, South Mountain a<nd Sharpsburg. On October i, 1862, he was promoted to captain and as such served through the Fredericksburg campaign. Becoming major February 24, 1863, he held this position through the Chancellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns, after which he was promoted' to lieutenant-colonel, his commission dating from July 2, 1863. At the time of the Gettysburg campaign his regi ment was in the brigade of Paul J. Semmes. After the death of the gallant Semmes, Gen. Goode Bryan succeeded

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to the command of his brigade, and led it to Georgia, reaching the field of Chickamauga just at the close of the fight Lieutenant-Colonel McGlashan, then promoted to colonel, led his regiment in the storming of Fort Sanders at Knoxville, his brigade being in McLaws' divi sion and Longstreet's corps. He also commanded his regiment in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Hanover Junction, Second Cold Harbor, Petersburg (June i8th) and Deep Bottom (June ayth). At Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864, he led the right of Simms' (formerly Bryan's brigade), then in the division of Gen. J. B. Kershaw, and was shot through both legs. After a short absence he was again with his regiment on the line below Richmond, attached to Swell's corps, which on the retreat from Richmond, was cut off and captured at Sailor's Creek. Just before the fall of Richmond, President Davis had signed the commission of Brig.-Gen. Peter McGlashan, this being, as Mr. Davis told Maj. A. H. McLaws, the last commission signed by him before the evacuation. General McGlashan was carried a prisoner to Johnson's Island, where he remained until his release on parole August 25, 1865. Since the war he has resided in Savannah, Ga.

ADDITIONAL SKETCHES ILLUSTRATING THE SERVICES
OF OFFICERS AND PRIVATES AND PATRIOTIC CITI ZENS OF GEORGIA.
Colonel George W. Adair, late of Atlanta, was born in Morgan county, Ga., and reared in DeKalb county, locating in Atlanta in the early days of that city. While still a youth he was employed as a railroad conductor and ran the first passenger train of the Western & Atlantic railroad into Atlanta. He was editor and proprietor of the Southern Confederacy, a staunch, influential and able advocate of the Southern cause, and for this reason was exempt from field service in the first part of the war. As the war cloud drew nearer to Atlanta he sold this property and from that time to the close of the war was a confidential friend and companion of Gen. N. B. Forrest, by whom he was ap pointed aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel. As such he served through Forrest's brilliant campaigns in the clos ing years of the war. Many important and delicate re sponsibilities were entrusted to Colonel Adair by this great cavalry leader of the South, who placed implicit confidence in his friend and aide. After the war had ended Colonel Adair accepted with sincerity the true results, although firmly maintaining the principles of the great struggle. He devoted his rare energies to the restoration of his city and section from the disasters of the prolonged contest, and to the expansion of business, and his example encouraged his people to fresh energy and renewed hope in the future of Atlanta. Joining with other enterprising Southerners, he promoted railroads, telegraphs, street railways and whatever could contribute to the extension of business, not only in Atlanta, but throughout the State. He established a strong and reliable real estate business, through which Atlanta's population and weath steadily grew. In short, he possessed the confidence and great esteem of all Atlanta to such a high degree that he was an active participant in nearly every great and worthy enterprise of his times. His death" in 1899 at his old home, surrounded by his wife and children, was widely lamented as the passing away of a genial, hospitable and influential Christian gentleman.
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James F. Alexander, M. D., an eminent physician at Atlanta, formerly in the medical service of the Confederate States, was born in old Pendleton district, South Carolina, May 28, 1824, and was reared from infancy at Lawrence-' ville, Ga. Beginning the study of medicine in early man hood he was graduated at the Augusta medical college in 1849, and at once made his home at Atlanta, being attracted to that city by the prevalence of smallpox, to which he devoted his first efforts as a physician with a remarkable success, that made bjm famous throughout the State. He was a man of prominence in public life before the Con. federate era, and was one of the delegates to the State convention which decided upon the momentous question of secession. When the roll was called he was the first one to vote aye upon the secession ordinance. As soon as war became inevitable and troops were organized he entered the military service as surgeon of the Seventh regiment, Geor gia infantry, under Col. Lucius J. Gartrell, with which he participated in the battle of First Manassas, July 21, 1861. Subsequently he was ordered back to Atlanta for duty in the hospitals, and he served in that branch of the medical work until the close of the war. He is now the Nestor of his profession-at the capital city, and a man whom all Atlantians and his fellow-physicians throughout the State, delight to honor. He has served for many years as a member of the city board of health, and is the only survivor of the organizers of the State Medical Association, of which he has been president. Dr. Alexander was married in 1855 to Georgia, daughter of Richard Orm, and after her death he married, in 1877, Ada, daughter of Permedas Reynolds, a fellow-member of the secession convention. A son and two daughters are living.

Major James Hillhouse Alexander, of Augusta, was born at Washington, Ga., in 1840-. Soon after the commence ment of hostilities he went to Atlanta and enlisted as a private in the Ninth Georgia infantry (June, 1861), serving in the ranks until January, 1862, when he was detailed for duty in the signal and telegraph corps at General Beauregard's headquarters until the spring of 1862. He was then commissioned as captain in the signal service, for which, by order of the government at Richmond, he proposed a manual, .remaining in that city until this task was completed. He was then sent to take charge of the signal service at

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Cape Fear, where during his year's stay he gave great assistance to the daring men engaged in running the block ade into Wilmington, N. C. Being next assigned to the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, with headquarters at Charleston, he served there until July, 1863, when he was ordered to report at the headquarters of Gen. Joseph E, Johnston at Mo'rton, Miss. After a brief service at this point he was promoted to the rank of major and as acting adjutant general was assigned to duty with Gen. Jeremy F. Gilmer, then commanding the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, with headquarters at Savannah. Later as chief of staff to General Gilmer he accompanied that officer to Richmond, where he remained until the evacuation of that city, immediately preceding the close of the war. Returning then to Washington, Ga., he practiced law from 1866 to 1869. In the latter year he removed to Augusta, Ga., where he has been active in commercial life. Major Alexander is a public-spirited citi zen, highly esteemed by the people of Augusta, where he has served as a member of the city council and for three years as mayor.

James W. Alexander, of Blakely, a prominent citizen and public official of Early county, was born in that county in 1844. He entered the Confederate States service early in 1863, as a private in Capt. R. W. Wade's company of the Twenty-ninth battalion, Georgia cavalry, under the com mand of Lietit.-Col. A. Hood. He served with this com mand on the coast of Georgia and Florida, performing faithfully the duties assigned him, though it was not his privilege or that of his command to participate in any of the great battles of the war. At the close of hostilities he was sick in hospital at Tallahassee, Fla. After his return home Mr. Alexander engaged in farming until 1880,. when he was elected clerk of the superior court of Early county. Seven times he was re-elected, serving in all six teen years, and with marked ability in this responsible posi tion. Since 1896 he has been a member of the board of county commissioners, by election in 1896, 1898 and 1900.. He is cne of the leading men of his county and retains a. lively interest in Confederate affairs.

Joseph S. Alford, adjutant of W. H. T. Walker camp, United Confederate Veterans, at Atlanta, was born at

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Fayetteville, Ga., December 25, 1841, son of James and Dorcas (Pegg) Alford. He was reared chiefly at Jonesboro and received his education in the old-fashioned village schools. In 1857, at the age of fifteen years, he went to Mississippi and thence to Texas, where he was living when the war between the States began. In April, 1861, he enlisted in a company of cavalry, which had been raised by Captain Winston, and which became Company E, of the Sixth Texas cavalry regiment. The first movement of this command was toward Indian Territory for the purpose of capturing a fort occupied by Indians who were unfriendly to the Confederate government, but on receipt of news that it had already yielded, the regiment returned to Marshall, where young Alford was transferred to a company of cadets from the university at that town, which had been organized by Professor Bass, who led it to New Orleans. Here the c'ompany was obliged to wait for the organization of the First Texas regiment of infantry, in which it became Com pany E. There being considerable delay at this point, young Alford began to be impatient lest the war should come to an end before he had an opportunity to participate in the fighting, so instead of tarrying in New Orleans, he proceeded at once to Richmond, Va., paying his own way. Going to Yorktown, he enlisted in Company E of the Tenth Georgia infantry, serving at first as a private, but rising; from that position to that of first sergeant of his company. His regiment rendered gallant service in McLaw's division, Longstreet's corps, Army of Northern Virginia. During the Peninsula campaign he took part in the combats and skirmishes about Yorktown and at Young's Mills, Warwick Court House, Dam No. i, Hickory Point, Williamsburg, West Point and Seven Pines. As soon as General Lee was placed in command of the army of Northern Virginia and began the series of operations which ended in raising the siege of Richmond and forcing McClellan to the protection of his fleet, young Alford shared with his regiment in the desperate fighting of the Seven Days battles, being most "hotly engaged at Savage Station and Malvern Hill. He marched with Longstreet's corps to the relief of Jackson at Second Manassas, and with his regiment crossed the Potomac into Maryland and was in battle at Crampton's Gap, Sharpsburg, and Shepherdstown, performing bravely a sol dier's part. Later he participated'in the battles' o"f Fredericksburg and Gettysburg and was with Longstreet's corps

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in East Tennessee in the battles and skirmishes at Lenoir Station, Philadelphia and Campbell's Station, Knoxville, Rocky Knob and Bean's Station. In the fall of 1864 he shared in the victory and defeat at Cedar Creek, being at that time slightly wounded, as he had previously been at Berryville. Serving faithfully to the end, he surrendered with Lee at Appomattox. Since the war he has resided in Alabama and Georgia, living in Atlanta most of the time since 1872. Since its organization in 1897 he has been adjutant of Walker Camp, and he is also acting adjutant general with the rank of major on the staff of Brig.-Gen. A. J. West, commander of the North Georgia brigade of United Confederate Veterans. His father, James Alford, served in the Florida war, and his son, H. J. Alford, was a non-commissioned officer of the Second Georgia regiment in the war with Spain.
\
Cornelius A. Alien, a popular railroad man residing at Rome, was born in Madison county, Miss., in 1841, where he enlisted in 1861 as a private soldier in Company G of Col. E. R. Hurt's regiment, the Eighteenth Mississippi infantry. He soon afterward went to Virginia with this command; was at Harper's Ferry under J. E. Johnston, was transferred to Manassas Junction, in D. R. Jones' brigade, and later was under the brigade command of Gen. N. G. Evans, of South Carolina. On October 21, 1861, he took part in the battle of Ball's Bluff, or Leesburg, in which the Federals were badly defeated and driven, into the Potomac river. The Eighteenth was distinguished by its bril liant charges against the enemy, in one of which its gallant colonel was mortally wounded. Private Alien was also among the wounded, receiving a wound in the right arm which caused the removal of a portion of the radius bone. He was incapacitated for further military service, and has never recovered the use of his arm. After this sacrifice for the South and the cause of the Confederacy, he returned to the pursuits of civil life, and gave his attention to rail roading, his occupation to the present time. He served first with the Mississippi Central railroad, afterward with the Selma, Rome & Dalton, and from March, 1873, to 1875, was with the Louisvile & Nashville as assistant superin tendent and conductor. After this he was a conductor on the Selma, Rome & Dalton; Louisville & Nashville; Chat tanooga, Rome & Southern, and Rome & Decatur, succes-

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sively until 1890, when he became a conductor on the Nash ville, Chattanooga & St. Louis road, his present position.

Joseph Henry Alien, late of Americus, a line officer of the Ninth Georgia infantry, was born in Warren county, Ga., January 30, 1833, son of Freeman Alien, a Georgia planter of Virginian and Revolutionary ancestry. He en listed for the Confederate service at Americus, in June, 1861, as a private in Company K of the Ninth regiment, Georgia infantry, and served with that command throughout the war, at the last having the rank of lieutenant and command of his company, an honorable advancement that was fully earned by gallant and faithful behavior. The regiment was first at the front at Harper's Ferry, under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and participated in the operations against General Patterson in support of Stonewall Jackson, under the brigade command of General Bartow. They did not reach Manassas Junction in time for the battle of July 21, 1861, but subsequently served in northeast Virginia, near the Potomac river, until the opening of the Peninsular campaign. Lieu tenant Alien, under the brigade command of Gen. George T. Anderson, participated in the battles of Garnett's Farm, Peach Orchard and Malvern Hill, in the Seven Days battles before Richmond, and af terward was in the battles of Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In the latter fight, July 2, 1863, the bri gade made repeated charges upon the enemy at Little Round Top, and suffered heavy loss. General Anderson was wounded, and three commanding officers of the Ninth were killed or wounded in rapid succession. Lieutenant Alien was also wounded and fell into the hands of the enemy, by whom he was imprisoned at Fort Delaware for thirty days. Subsequently he was paroled on account of serious illness, and about four months later was exchanged. Then he returned to his regiment, and shared its service in the cam paign from the Rapidan to the James, and about Richmond and Petersburg, until the surrender at Appomattox, when he was in command of his company. After the war Lieu tenant Alien was an honored citizen of Americus until his death, February 14, 1901. In 1873 he was elected clerk of the superior court, an office in which he was retained by the suffrages of his fellow-citizens during the remainder of his life, entering upon a new term in January, 1901. In 1865 Mr. Alien was married to Mary Ann Stanford, and

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subsequently, upon the demise of his first wife, he wedded Ella Adams, of Talbot county. Eight children were born to him, of whom survive one son, H. E. Alien, deputy clerk of the superior court, and two daughters.

Brigadier-General Charles D. Anderson, of the State
troops, was born in DeKalb county, Ga., May 22, 1827. He is a descendant of two families of identical name, one Scotch and the other Welsh, who were among' the early immigrants to South Carolina, where their descendants
largely populated the districts of Anderson, Abbeville and Pendleton. During the revolution the families were staunch rebels, and rendered distinguished service. Subsequently many of them emigrated to Ohio, Kentucky and Georgia, one of those going to the latter State being W. R. Anderson, who married Annie Coker, and had twelve children, the youngest of whom was Gen. C. D. Anderson. The latter began business life as a clerk at Fort Valley at the age of fifteen years, and forming a partnership with his brother a few years later, he had by the time of the secession of the State accumulated by planting and trading a considerable fortune. He had also1 held the offices of captain of militia and judge of the inferior court. In 1861 he was among the first to answer the call of Governor Brown, organizing a company of eighty men, which was mustered in as Com pany C, Sixth regiment of volunteers, Col. A. H. Colquitt. The regiment being ordered to Virginia, he served as cap tain on the Yorktown lines, on the retreat fought at Williamsburg, and later took part in the battles at Seven Pines and on the Chickahorniny, his company suffering severely at Games' Mil!. After Second Manassas, they went into Maryland and at the battles of South Mountain and Sharpsburg nearly all of the company were killed or wounded. He was himself wounded and taken prisoner, and was im prisoned a short time at Fort Delaware, but was exchanged in time to take part in the battle of Fredericksburg. He
was then promoted to major and shortly afterward to lieu tenant-colonel. He commanded his regiment, the leading one in the flank movement at Chancellorsville, and was in command of the picket not far from General Jackson when that heroic leader was wounded. Next morning while driving the enemy through the burning woods he was frightfully wounded, one shot entering his shoulder, another shattering his left hand, and a third lacerating his bowels.

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After he had partially recovered, he was with his command at James Island and Fort Sumter, though not in condition to be assigned to duty. While at Charleston harbor he was unanimously elected to the legislature of Georgia, and on reaching Milledgeville was appointed aide-de-camp to Governor Brown. When the State troops were called out to the assistance of Gen. J. E. Johnston he aided in their organization, was elected colonel of the Fifth regiment, and soon afterward unanimously elected brigadier-general, commanding the Third brigade. His command was in serv ice north of the Chattahoochee on the left of Johnston's army; had a heavy skirmish, repulsing Sherman's flanking party, at Pine Ridge; and then taking position on the hill opposite Turner's Ferry, protected the rear of the army as it crossed the river. After performing this trying duty, they withdrew in, order under heavy artillery fire, winning the compliments of General Smith and others, and the admi ration of the veteran troops. Thence Anderson moved with his brigade to West Point to meet a cavalry raid, and from there to Atlanta, where he was actively engaged during the entire siege. At the evacuation they withdrew to Griffin and thence to Macon, and when Sherman passed that place they were ordered out with McCoy's Fourth brigade, all under General Phillips, to follow the Federals. At Griswoldsville they made a daring fight against a large body of the enemy, and suffered severely; General Anderson's horse was wounded, his hat shot off and clothes riddled with bul lets. Moving then to Savannah by way of Thomasville, they went out to meet Foster's troops approaching from the north at Pocotaligo, and defeated them with considerable loss. After the evacuation of Savannah Anderson and his men were ordered to Augusta, and later to Macon, where the command was disbanded. The close of the war left General Anderson penniless, but he resumed the duties of civil life with undaunted courage and patient fortitude. Since then he has been a resident of Fort Valley.
i;
Captain Ruel W. Anderson, a prominent citizen of Hawkinsville and commander of Manning camp, United Con federate Veterans, is a native of Pulaski county, Ga., where he was reared and educated. He left his occupation as a farmer in July, 1861, in answer to the call of the State, and enlisted as a private in Company C, First regiment Georgia volunteers, commanded by Col. John N. Ramsey. Joining

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the regiment at Monterey, Va., after the Laurel Hill retreat, he shared the hardships and battle experience of his com mand in the mountains of West Virginia. He fought under Henry R. Jackson at Greenbrier river, campaigned under Robert E. Lee at Cheat Mountain, and subsequently was sick at Stanton with typhoid fever. The regiment, after one year's service, returned to Georgia and was mustered out, and then Private Anderson came home and organized a company of artillery, of which Thomas H. Dawson was elected captain and he first lieutenant. Subsequently, upon the resignation of Dawson, he was promoted to captain, a rank in which he proved himself a skillful and able officer. While in camp of instruction at Griffin his battery was made Company B of the Fourteenth battalion, Georgia artil lery, Lieut.-Col. J. T. Montgomery commanding. After ward they were at Camp Randolph, Calhoun, until October, 1862, when Anderson's battery was sent to Gen. N. B. Forrest by order of Gen. Sam Jones. Joining Forrest at Murfreesboro, they were subsequently attached to the division of Gen. John C. Breckinridge. In command of his battery Captain Anderson performed important service in a most gallant manner in the six days of battle at Murfreesboro, and was commended in the official report of General Pillow, to whose brigade he was attached, afterward the command of Gen. John C. Brown, of Tennessee. Subsequently he took part in the Tullahoma campaign and the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and throughout the Atlanta campaign, from Dalton to Jonesboro, served with Palmer's battalion, at first in the reserve artillery and later attached to Hardee's corps. In the operations on the Chattahoochee river he was with Gen. Gustavus W. Smith's command, the Georgia State troops, and on July 226, in the battle of Atlanta, he volunteered to advance with Smith's command against the Federal lines, and taking a position within four hundred yards of the enemy, supported by the militia, in ten minutes silenced the Federal fire. After the fall of Atlanta, Captain Anderson and his battery continued on duty with General Smith and took an active part in the fighting with Sherman's army through Georgia, having two horses shot under him at Griswoldville. They were also on duty in the Carolinas, having their last battle at Bentonville, and surrendered with Johnston's army at Greensboro, N. C. During this distinguished career Cap tain Anderson was three times wounded--at the battles of

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New Hope Church, Chickamauga and Nickajack Ridge-- but was seldom absent from his command. His career since the war has been equally distinguished in manly strength and generous public service. After farming for about eighteen years he engaged in the warehouse business at Hawkinsville in 1880, and he also conducts a mercantile business there, and is interested in banking, in addition to managing his extensive agricultural interests. He was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1877, has represented his county three terms in the Georgia legisla ture, and is chairman of the board of county commissioners. On February 4, 1864, he was married to Agnes Merritt, who died September 2,, 1900, leaving seven sons and three daughters. Captain Anderson is a Baptist, having joined the church in 1854, and has been a consistent member ever since. He was made a deacon in 1866 and is now senior deacon of his church.

Uriah Anderson, of Eastman, one of the gallant Con federates who defended the gateway to the Middle South under the leadership of Bragg and Joseph E. Johnston, is a native of Emanuel county, and was reared in Pulaski county, Ga. He entered the Confederate States service in May, 1862, as a private in the Jackson Artillery, of Macon, one of the most famous of the light batteries of the State. Soon afterward he accompanied his battery to Chattanooga, and in the following winter took part in the battle of Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863. He was in the Tullahoma campaign and the retreat to Chatta nooga, the battle of Chickamauga, siege of Chattanooga, and the fight at Missionary Ridge, followed by the retreat to Dalton, his battery taking an active and honorable part in these great combats. In 1864 he participated in the bat tles from Dalton to Atlanta, served in the intrenched lines during the siege of that city, and after its evacuation, upon the departure of Hood's army to Tennessee, went into win ter quarters at West Point. Early in 1865 the battery was sent to Mobile, to resist the formidable land movement upon that city from Pensacola. He was one of the gallant men who held the works at Spanish Fort, from March 27th to April 8th, against an overwhelming army under General Canby, constantly under fire from the batteries and gun boats. Finally the garrison withdrew under cover of the night, and Private Anderson retreated with his comrades to

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Meridian, Miss., where they surrendered with the army of Gen. Richard Taylor. During most of the years since the war Mr. Anderson has devoted himself to farming and stock raising, in which he has been quite successful, now ranking as one of the most extensive farmers in that part of the State. His home was in Jefferson county until 1900, when he removed to Eastman and engaged in business as a mer chant. He has two children living--Minnie Belle, wife of }. W. Foy, of Surnmertown, Ga., and S. J. Anderson, asso ciated with his father in business at Eastman.

Colonel William F. Anderson, of Macon, a Confederate officer in Virginia, Georgia and the Carolinas, is a native
of Twigg county, Ga., and was reared there and in Bibb, being left an orphan at eight years of age. In 1858 he was married to Ada F. Hardeman and making his home at
Macon was engaged in business as a grocer when the war began. Sacrificing home ties and the interests of his busi ness when his country was in peril, he enlisted in the spring of 1861, with the Macon Light Artillery, with which he entered the Confederate States service as first lieutenant. The battery was sent to Virginia and stationed at Drewry's Bluff, an important position on the James river, where he served with his command for a long time, guarding the river against the Federal gunboats. They joined the army of General Lee at Fredericksburg, where they participated in battle under the command of Col. H. C. Cabell, attached to Longstreet's corps. Subsequently they returned to
southeast Virginia with General Longstreet, and were with General Pickett in the North Carolina campaign, taking part in several engagements. Later Lieutenant Anderson was transferred to the army in Georgia and assigned to the staff of Maj.-Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, commanding the Georgia State troops, with the rank of colonel. In this capacity he participated in the operations on the Chattahoochee river and in the battles around Atlanta and at Jonesboro and Lovejoy's Station. During Sherman's march to Savannah he was on constant duty, skirmishing with the enemy, and
at Savannah he was with the troops holding the Confederate intrenchments until the city was evacuated by General Hardee. Then he fell back with the troops through So-uth Caro
lina, was in the last battle o-f the army of Tennessee at Bentonville, N. C., and surrendered under the capitulation

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of General johnston at Greensboro, N. C, April 26, 1865. In all capacities he conducted himself as an able officer and devoted patriot. During most of the years since the war Colonel Anderson has been the proprietor of a brick yard near East Macon, and has prospered in his business. He has two children living, John R., and Lizzie G., wife of W. T. Anderson, of the Macon Telegraph.
ii Francis M. Arnau, Sr., of Sandersville, is one of five brothers in the Confederate army, the names of the others being William, Michael, James and Robert Arnau, sons of Michael Arnau and Mary A. Culbert. The father was a native of Florida and the mother of Charleston, S. C. Francis was born at Charleston, S. C., February 18, 1830, and came to Georgia in 1851. He volunteered for the Confederate service in the spring of 1861, and become sec ond sergeant in the Sandersville Volunteers, under Capt. T. J. Warthen. The company was ordered to Richmond, and there was enrolled as Company B of the Twenty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, of which Captain Warthen was elected colonel. Sergeant Arnau soon resigned his office in the company, and was frequently detailed for special service, but participated in nearly all the battles of his regi men and of Colquitt's brigade, of which it was a gallant part, in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Caro lina and Florida. These battles of the Twenty-eighth Geor gia were Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Frayser's Farm, Malvern Hill, Second Manassas, South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville, James Island, Morris Island, Fort Stimter, Olustee, Second Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Appomattox, Wilmington and Bentonville. He finally surrendered with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, at Greensboro, N. C. At the close of the war Mr. Arnau was one of the two men of his gallant and hard-fighting company that had neither
been killed nor wounded in the four years' war. His record since the war has also been of honor and the faithful per
formance of duty. He is one of the industrious and respected people of his county, and is held in warm regard by his fellow-veterans. Mr. Arnau was married in 1852 to Mary A. Jernigan, and they have four children living-- Claire Duncan, Isabella S. Smith, Mary H. Hudson, and F.
M. Arnau, Jr.

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Lieutenant-Colonel Reuben Arnold, of Atlanta, was born in east Tennessee, near Greenville, August ~j, 1833, son of Thomas D. Arnold, a native of Virginia, who repre sented Tennessee for two terms in the congress of the United States, and fought under Gen. Andrew Jackson at the battle of New Orleans. He was also for several years a general in the militia of Tennessee, and a friend and neighbor of Andrew Johnson, whom he often supported for office, and who supported him in both of his campaigns for congress. Though on opposite sides during the, civil war, their friendship was not broken, and while Mr. John son was president of the United States he gave substantial proof of his friendship for the Arnold family. The mother of Colonel Arnold, whose maiden name was Loretta Rose, was of Virginia lineage, and both she and her husband were of Revolutionary descent. George Arnold, the great-grand father of Colonel Arnold, was an intimate friend of Bishop Francis Asbury, who died at his home in Spottsylvania, Va., and was temporarily buried in the family cemetery of the Arnolds. Later, at the request of the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, held at Baltimore, the body was exhumed, placed in another coffin and with great ceremony deposited in a vault at Baltimore. Upon the death of George Arnold he was, in accordance with his express wish, buried in the coffin which he had formerly caused to be made for his friend. Colonel Arnold was reared in east Tennessee and received his diploma at the university of Tennessee at Knoxville before attaining his majority. Having studied law at the Lebanon law school, he was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one, and at once entered upon his practice at Greenville, Tenn. At the opening of the war he was commissioned by Gov. Isham G. Harris to raise a regiment in east Tennessee for Confed erate service, which he proceeded at once to do, enlisting eleven hundred men for the Twenty-ninth regiment Ten nessee infantry. At its organization Samuel Powell was made colonel on the ground of seniority and Arnold accepted the position of lieutenant-colonel. In this capacity he was in battle at Rockcastle and at Fishing Creek, Ky., where Felix K. Zollicoffer was killed and Colonel Powell seriously wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Arnold thereupon took com mand of the regiment, leading it in the battles of Shiloh and luka, and. from luka to Eastport, Miss., had command of the whole division. His horse was shot under him at Rock-

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castle and again at luka. At the time of the reorganization in 1862 he was so disabled by illness that he was obliged to return home, and though elected about this time to the Tennessee legislature, his broken-down physical condition did not permit him to serve. Early in 1863 he assisted his brother, John Quincy Arnold, and Capt. James G. Rose, to raise a cavalry regiment of partisan rangers, which he joined as a private, serving with it to the end of the war, in east Tennessee, West Virginia and North Carolina. He surrendered in the latter State at the close, having rendered important service both in infantry and cavalry, and yet escaping wounds and captivity. The war having ended, Colonel Arnold located in Atlanta, where he has attained prominence in the legal profession and has served as city attorney. He is a member of the Atlanta and Georgia State bar associations, takes a great interest in everything per taining to the prosperity of Atlanta, and is a member of Atlanta Camp, U. C. V. In 1863 he was married to Vir ginia, daughter of Col. William M. Lowry, founder of the Lowry Banking Company, of Atlanta. His wife died in 1878, leaving three sons and two daughters. In 1897 he married Isabella, the accomplished daughter of Dr. Samuel Hape, of Hapeville, Ga., and they have a son and daughter. One of his sons, Reuben Rose Arnold, is a prominent young lawyer and partner of his father. Colonel Arnold's younger brother, John Quincy Arnold, entered the war as captain of Company F, Twenty-ninth Tennessee infantry, of which he was promoted major. After faithful service to the Con federacy he was killed at Bristol, Term., on the day of Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

Eli M. Averett, of Columbus, a line officer of the Fifth Georgia infantry, was born in Muscogee county, Ga., Octo ber 26, 1841; received his education at Columbus, and when the war began was engaged in farming. His enlistment, early in 1861, was in Company I of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry7, and after two years' service as a private and non-commissioned officer he was promoted to a lieu tenancy in his company. The regiment was one of the best that Georgia contributed to the Confederate armies, and won distinction on many important fields. After nine months' duty at Pensacola, as provost guards of the city, the Fifth was sent to Tennessee, and for a short time served at Cumberland Gap. After the battle of Shiloh they were

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on duty at Corinth, Miss., and there took part in the engage ment called the battle of Farmington. This was followed by the retreat to Tupelo, and the movement of Bragg's army to Chattanooga. Then came the march into Kentucky and the campaign there, in which Lieutenant Averett took part in the battle of Perryville. After the army returned to Tennessee he participated in the battle of Murfreesboro and the Tullahoma campaign, and the battles of Chickamanga and Missionary Ridge. In 1864 he was in the cam paign from Dalton southward as far as Marietta, when Gen. Sam Jones, in command at Charleston, telegraphed General Johnston for assistance, and the Fifth and Forty-seventh Georgia were sent to that city. They were on active duty, resisting the operations of the enemy on John's and James island, near Charleston, and continued in that region until the evacuation of Charleston, when they again united with their comrades of the army of Tennessee in North Carolina and took part in the last great battle of Bentonville, March 19-20, 1865. Finally the worthy military career of Lieu tenant Averett was ended by the surrender of the army at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. He was once slightly wounded, at Chickamauga, but did not leave the field. After the war Lieutenant Averett was a farmer in Stewart county for fifteen years. In 1880 he moved to Columbus and em barked in business, in which he has prospered. He is a man of ability and integrity, and highly regarded by his acquaintances, and particularly so- by his old comrades, with whom he is yet fraternally associated as a member of Benning camp, United Confederate veterans. By his marriage to Lydia N. Cole, Lieutenant Averett has two sons and three daughters living.

Colonel Isaac W. Avery was born at St. Augustine, Fla., in 1837. It is said that his father could trace his ancestry back in England as far as 1359. The first Avery in America came over in 1631, to the Massachusetts colony. The grandson of this pioneer married the granddaughter of Governor V/inthrop, and from this couple Colonel Avery was lineally descended. He was graduated at Oglethoroe university in 1854, at nineteen years of age was legislative correspondent of two leading daily papers, and in 1860 was admitted to the practice of law. As a Confederate soldier he made a devoted and highly honorable career, from his participation in the capture of Fort Pulaski until he was

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disabled by wounds. He organized a company of cavalry known as the Mountain Dragoons, which he commanded at Pensacola and with distinction at the battle of Shiloh. Soon afterward he became lieutenant-colonel of the Twentythird cavalry battalion, and finally colonel of the Fourth Georgia cavalry regiment, which he led in the Chickamagua and Knoxville campaigns, and with Wheeler's corps in the Hundred Days' battles in Georgia. He was captured by Sheridan in 1862, and specially exchanged under flag of truce at Corinth; was complimented in the reports of Gen erals Johnston, Beauregard, Wharton and Wheeler, and at New Hope Church, May, 1864, was shot through the stom ach and spine, a wound declared mortal at the time, which kept him on crutches most of his life afterward. During part of the last year of his service he was in command of a brigade. After the war Colonel Avery practiced law for a time, but was mainly devoted to journalism and literature. He was one of the most brilliant and aggressive of the early editors of the Constitution, and on that paper the Herald and the Evening Capital, rendered valuable service to the State in bringing its resources to the attention of the world. In 1881 he published a history of Georgia concerning the period 1850-1880. He was for several years secretary of the State executive department, held office in the United States treasury department, and in 1895 was the commissioner of the Cotton States exposition to the southern continent. By the death of Colonel Avery one of the most chivalric, intelligent and useful of the sons of the South passed away.

Chas. B. Baggett, of Douglasville, Ga., was born and reared in Campbell county, Ga., the son of Stephen Bag gett, a native of North Carolina. In 1862 he entered the Confederate service at Cartersville as third lieutenant of Company D, First regiment Georgia cavalry. His com mand was sent directly to Chattanooga and was employed in guarding the gaps between Tennessee and Kentucky, being engaged also in numerous skirmishes and with Forrest in the capture of a Federal garrison at Murfreesboro. After participating in these affairs, Lieutenant Baggett served with his command under Bragg in Kentucky, but on account of sickness was sent to Cumberland Gap, where he rejoined the army upon its return to Tennessee. Dtiring and after the great battle of Murfreesboro (December 31, 1862, to

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January 2, 1863) he was with the rest of the cavalry engaged in the operations against the enemy's communica tions, being in constant movement for thirteen days, during which time the horses of the cavalry were not unsaddled. Lieutenant Baggett was with the army only a part of the time during the campaign of 1864, having been sent home to attend to his duties as deputy sheriff of Paulding county,
and was thus engaged at the time of the surrender. After the close of hostilities he resumed his farming operations
and in 1895 removed to Douglasville, where he has since resided. In 1897 he added merchandising to his farming operations and became a member of the firm of Watson, Baggett & Co. Before his removal to Douglasville he was for twenty years justice of the peace in his district and deputy sheriff of Paulding county. He takes great interest 'in everything pertaining to the interests of his Confederate comrades, and is a member of Thomas C. Glover camp, United Confederate veterans.

Richard B. Bagwell, a merchant and farmer, residing at Lytle, Walker county, of which he is a native, entered the Confederate service in 1863 as a private in Company B of the Sixth Georgia infantry, the original command of Gen. A. H. Colquitt, and then a part of General Colquitt's bri gade, on duty on the South Carolina coast. He joined the regiment there and served about Charleston until the bri gade was ordered to Florida early in 1864. On February 20th he took part in the famous battle of Olustee, or Ocean Pond, defeating the Federal expedition against Lake City. Early in May they were hurried to Virginia, and were soon in battle against Ben Butler at Drewry's Bluff and other points on the Richmond and Petersburg line. Private Bagwell served throughout the great conflict about the Con federate capital until December 23, 1864, fighting at Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill, siege of Petersburg, Fort Harrison and various points on the Petersburg line, until December 23, 1864, when they were ordered to the rescue of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N. C. They operated about that fortress, skirmishing at Sugar Loaf hill, and after its sur render fell back to Kinston, and were in battle at Kinston, Goldsboro and Bentonville. Toward the last he was detached as provost guard at Company Shops, N. C., and Greensboro, and at the time of the surrender was with the Twenty-second Mississippi regiment, which was on provost
Ga 60

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guard at Greensboro, N. C. In the course of his service he was once wounded, in front of Petersburg. He was a true and faithful soldier, and is held in high esteem by his com rades of Chickamauga camp, United Confederate veterans. After the war he engaged in milling for eighteen years, and then gave his attention to agriculture and merchandising, in which he has been quite successful. Mr. Bagwell has four children living: William Oscar, residing in Georgia; Arthur Lee, a farmer in Walker county; Edna, wife of E. W. Wright, of Atlanta, and Ida Elma.

Japhet H. Bailey, of Camilla, a gallant private soldier of Colquitt's brigade, was born in Dougherty county, Ga., Sep tember 7, 1839. He enlisted at Newton, Ga., in Company H of the Sixth Georgia infantry, April 27, 1861, and was mustered in at Atlanta, May 27th. Soon afterward he accompanied his regiment to Virginia, and in the spring of 1862 began his battle record on the Yorktown line. On the retreat he fought at Willianisburg, and he was a par ticipant in the battles of Seven Pines and the Seven Days before Richmond; at Malvern Hill, July 1st, falling with three wounds, one through the right thigh. He was disa bled until October following, when he joined his regiment at Gordonsville. He fought at Hamilton's Crossing, December 13, 1862 (the Fredericksburg battle), and at Chancellorsville in May, 1863, after which the brigade was sent to the Carolinas. He was in a fight on James Island, near Charleston, July 9, 1863, was one of the garrison of Battery Wagner, and served for twenty-six days in Fort Sumter during the great bombardment that reduced that fortress to ruins. On February 20, 1864, he was in the battle of Olustee, Fla., and was severely wounded in the left leg. Returning to duty on May I7th, he joined his regiment near Drewry's Bluff, Va., and participated in the battles of Second Cold Harbor, and Fort Harriscn, receiving a slight wound there, and served in the intrenchments before Richmond until December 24th, when the bri gade was sent to Wilmington. His last battle was Bentonville, N. C., where he was shot in the Avrist and crippled for life. This worthy soldier has been a citizen of Camilla since 1871, and is one of the leading merchants of the town.

Alfred Baker.--The name of Alfred Baker is indissolubly associated with the splendid Confederate military service of

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the Baker volunteers, and Caswell's Georgia battalion of sharpshooters, as will appear by this sketch of his special devotion to the brave boys of that command and his gen eral warm support of the Confederate cause, lie lived sev eral years after the war ended, enjoying the honor in which he was held by Confederate soldiers, and remaining true to their memories and proud of their fame to the last. Alfred Baker was born in Warren county, Ga., February 8, 1811, and died June 16, 1896, in Summerville, Richmond county, near Augusta, Ga. Re was the son of Edwin Baker, who was born in Virginia in 1782. His grandfather was John Baker, an Englishman, one of three brothers, who came to America some time before that date and fought with dis tinction in the Revolutionary war. This grandfather mar ried Miss Patty Harris, of Virginia. The family then moved to Warren county, Ga., and there Edwin Baker mar ried, in 1809, Miss Nancy Darden, of Georgia, and repre sented Warren county in the legislature for twenty-five years consecutively. He was a very popular and prominent man and highly educated for that time. The subject of this sketch came to Augusta in 1829, and even at that early age he gave substantial proof of the fine business qualifications and indomitable energy which characterized him throughout his life and made him later on in his career one of the most careful, wise and reliable financiers of his time. His wis dom and forethought were applied, not alone toward the upbuilding of his own success, but he was deeply interested in the improvement of the city of his adoption. He was so reserved and reticent as to his benefactions that few, even of his close associates and friends, ever knew all of his many and continued acts of generosity, for he gave during his life as the "Lord had prospered him," not suffering the right hand to know what the left hand had given. For many years he was a member and strong supporter of the First Presbyterian church of Augusta, to which he gave largely of his wise counsel and abundantly of his means. At the breaking out of the Confederate war he felt that his always delicate constitution and his age, then beyond fifty years, would prevent his taking an active part in the field, hence he determined to equip a company of the young sol diers now pressing for service in the army, called in his honor the Baker volunteers. He furnished the uniforms and equipments, except arms, in full, and while the company was organizing and drilling, a period of time extending

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over several months, he fed the men, and after they went into active service he watched over them with great inter est, often sending them supplies of food and clothing. To the families of these soldiers during their absence he gave at stated intervals flour from the mills which he owned in the city. Captain A. F. Rudler was first captain of the Baker Volunteers, then T. D. Caswell, who became major of the battalion of sharpshooters, and finally T. R. Kendall, who was a young cadet from the Georgia Military Insti tute, and probably the youngest captain, at that time, in the army (the fall of 1862). He is now Dr. Kendall, a promi nent Methodist minister, for many years serving the princi pal churches of Georgia, and now of Owensboro, Ky. He remained captain throughout the war and surrendered with 'the company in North Carolina. Dr. Kendall writes that "Lieutenant William Holmes, of Georgia, was the only other commissioned officer with the company at the time of the surrender. The other officers had* been captured or killed some time before the war closed, and the ranks of the company had become so thinned by death that it was not thought necessary to have other officers elected. The company acquitted themselves most nobly in all of the many battles they fought and indeed throughout their entire hard service. They went first to Virginia, then to the coast of North Carolina, back to Virginia, again then to Tennessee. In all the battles of the Western army they had a share, being' in the army of Kirby Smith invading Kentucky, and afterward in the campaign of General Hood in Tennessee. At the last the company lost so heavily, killed and captured, that very few were-left to surrender in the closing struggle of April, 1865, with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army at Greensboro, N. C. Mr. Baker's memory," adds Dr. Ken dall, "was greatly revered by the officers and men of the company." In June, 1863, the company was merged into Caswell's battalion Georgia sharpshooters. At that time the battalion had a dress parade flag and a battle flag. The former was surrendered, but the latter, the battle flag, which had led those valiant soldiers through all the fifteen impor tant battles hereafter mentioned, was secreted around the body of the devoted color-bearer, Sergeant A. W. Collins, who was evidently more loyal to the flag that he had carried through so many battles than to militar)r orders, and it was thus brought back and returned to the little girl, Lizzie Baker, Mr. Baker's only child, in whose name it had been

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presented to the company. Major Caswell's letter accepting it, June 22, 1863, is as follows: Headquarters Caswell's Battalion Sharpshooters, Fairfield,
Tenn., June 22, 1863.
Miss Lizzie Baker. My Dear Little Friend: The handsome Confederate bat
tle flag presented by you to the Battalion of Sharpshooters was received on yesterday. I trust it is unnecessary to say
the members of the battalion feel highly honored with this beautiful and appropriate present. And as.it came from a young lady from the city of Augusta (although unknown to all but myself), they prize it more highly, and desire to express through me their appreciation of the compliment. You may rest assured that as long as a single man remains to defend it, "its folds will never trail in the dust." To-day it proudly waves over the battalion headquarters; to-mor row it may be in the front rank on the battlefield. Wher
ever it may be placed, there will be strong arms and willing hearts to defend it. As to myself, I feel highly honored with this mark of respect, and whether or not my past mili
tary service could guarantee such a reward, the pride with which I shall ever refer to it will at all times inspire me to my duty. Let fortune smile on my future career, or let the withering tongues of scandal attempt to tarnish the fair rec ord, I shall always refer to this as a bright page in my his tory. Again permit me, in the name of myself and the bat talion, to thank you for the compliment.
Truly yours,
THOS. D. CASWELL,
Major Batt'n S. Shooters. Bates' Brigade, Stewart's Division, Hardee's Corps. The flag of such thrilling memories now hangs in the family residence at Augusta, an honored relic of troublous
times happily past. This cherished relic of the patriotism of Mr. Baker and the brave battalion was borne in the follow ing great battles from June, 1863, to December, 1864: Hoover's Gap, Tenn.; McLemore's Cove, Ga.; Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Moun tain, Pine Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Right of Atlanta,
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin, Murfreesboro, Nashville. One of the few of Mr. Baker's generation still left untouched by the Grim Reaper bears this personal testimony to his worth. He says in a recent communication: "For sixty years I knew Mr. Baker intimately, and a truer, better friend

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never lived to those who knew him well. In many respects he was a remarkable man, displaying great force of char acter. He never seemed willing to shake off the burden of responsibility. Up to the very last his mental activity re mained. With bodily strength impaired, his mind was clear and forceful to the last. Like a shock of ripened wheat, he was ready for the Reaper, and when the summons came he fell upon sleep almost at his post of duty."

John E. Baker, of Thomasville, a veteran of the Georgia cavalry in the Confederate service, was born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1833, and in 1852 was graduated at Oglethorpe university. He left the occupation of farming in Liberty county to enlist in the spring of 1862 as a private in Company B of the Twentieth battalion Georgia cavalry, under the command of Lieut. Col. John M. Millen; was made orderly sergeant of the company, and after the bat talion went to Virginia was promoted to second lieutenant. Lieutenant Baker shared the service of his command on the coast during 1862 and 1863, including a fight with Federal gunboats on James island, near Charleston, and accompa nied the battalion to Virginia in the spring of 1864, when they were made part of Gen. Pierce M. B. Young's brigade of Wade Hampton's division. Later, Lieutenant Baker's company was assigned to- the Jeff Davis legion, in the same brigade. He participated in the battles of Hampton's cav alry in Virginia, including Second Cold Harbor, Trevilian's Station and Ream's Station, and at the close of the war was paroled at Blackshear, Ga. Mr. Baker has been a resident of Thomasville since 1865, and from 1869 has been the efficient president of the Young Female college at that city.

Captain Charles W. Baldwin, a gallant officer o>f Cobb's Legion, and now commander of Morgan county camp, No. 617, United Confederate veterans, was born in Greene county, Ga., October 25, 1841, son of Thomas B. Baldwin, a native of the same county, planter and merchant, who served a number of years as sheriff of his county. He received an excellent education in his youth, graduating at Emory college in the spring of 1861, and went from school directly into the Confederate States service, enlisting and serving as a private in Company G of the Georgia legion, commanded by that famous orator and statesman, Thomas R. R. Cobb. He was mustered in at Richmond, Va., and

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went on duty on the peninsula, under the brigade command of Gen. Howell Cobb. In May, 1862, he was elected to a lieutenancy and in less than a month he was promoted to captain of his company, which he led in the battles of the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and the
Wilderness. At Fredericksburg he served with his brigade in the sunken road at Marye's Hill, repelling the repeated
assaults of the Federal army. At the battle of the Wilder ness, in May, 1864, he was seriously wounded, a minie ball shattering the bone in his left arm, and in consequence he was disabled for several months. Returning to Georgia he
was captured at Madison by Sherman's troops, and though still sick and incapacitated for service as a soldier was sent as a prisoner of war to Fort Delaware and held until after the surrender of the Confederate armies. He reached home
in July, 1865. Captain Baldwin is remembered by his comrades as a soldier of unflinching courage and an officer of more than ordinary ability. As his military record evi denced, he is a man fitted for leadership and positions of trust, and this was recognized again in 1883 by his fellow citizens of Morgan county, who elected him to the office of clerk of the superior court. He has been retained in this position ever since, and in 1900 was re-elected. Captain Baldwin was married October 25, 1865, to Annie M. Shep herd, of Morgan county, and has five sons living.

Captain James A. Bale, of Rome, Ga., a well-known busi ness man and the pioneer manufacturer of commercial fer tilizers in north Georgia, is a veteran both of the armies of Tennessee and Northern Virginia. He is of South Caro lina descent, born in Greenville, in that State, April 12, 7828. When the war began Captain Bale was in the gro cery business in Atlanta. He enlisted in 1861 in one of the companies of the legion organized by Thomas R. R. Cobb, and going to Virginia was mustered into the Con federate service at Richmond the following August. He served with the cavalry of this command, under Col. P. M. B. Young and Gen. J. E. B. Stewart, in Virginia and Mary land until the close of 1862, participating in the Peninsular campaign, the battle of Seven Pines and the Seven Days' fight before Richmond, and Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, and Fredericksburg. In February, 1863, he was made first lieutenant of cavalry and assigned to Company H of the

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Sixth Georgia cavalry, a newly organized regiment under the command of Col. John R. Hart. Shortly afterwards Lieutenant Bale was promoted to captain. He served in east Tennessee through the spring and summer of 1863; fought in the battle of Chickamauga and several other engagements in that campaign, under Gen. N. B. Forrest, and following the investment of Chattanooga was in the cavalry operations of Longstreet's campaign in east Ten nessee. After the campaign began from Dalton to Atlanta, Captain Bale was made commissary of the Second Georgia brigade of cavalry, and he performed that duty until after the fall of Atlanta, when he returned to duty with his regi ment as commissary. In August, 1864, Captain Bale set out with General Wheeler for the raid through north Georgia and middle Tennessee, and on the return from that famous enterprise he took part in Wheeler's opera tions against Sherman during the march to the sea and through the Carolinas. In the spring of 1865 he was in the battles at Aiken, Bentonville and Chapel Hill, among numerous others, and surrendered with his command at Charlotte, N. C. Captain Bale lost two noble and gallant brothers in the war. In the battle of Dandridge, Tenn., on December 24, 1863, one of these brave Confederates, Maj. Alfred F. Bale, while in command of the Sixth Georgia cavalry, was killed among the guns of a Federal battery which he had captured at the head of his men; and in the course of the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, another, Lieut. Charles R. Bale, was killed at Resaca, May 13, 1864, while fighting at Tanner's Ferry on the Oostanaula river, near the bridge of the Western & Atlantic railroad. At the close of the war Captain Bale resumed business pur suits, making his home at Rome, Ga., in January, 1866. He achieved honorable success in life, and enjoyed until the date of his death the high regard of his fellow citizens. He was married January 9, 1866, to Naomi, daughter of Judge Wesley Shropshire, of Chattooga county, Georgia. On December 6, 1900, Captain Bale was honored with visits from several of his old comrades in arms, among them Dr. R. Y. Rudisill, surgeon of the Sixth Georgia cav alry. On leaving him the two venerable men and veterans clasped hands and the old surgeon said, "Well, Captain, good bye. We old fellows are dropping off mighty fast now and it is a great pleasure for us boys to get together occasionally and talk over those terrible times." Shortly

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afterwards Captain Bale started home to dinner. He had
gone but two blocks when a large dog ran between his legs, knocking him to the pavement. He never recovered from this fall and at twilight on December 15, 1900, taps were sounded, and the old veteran quietly and peacefully lay down to the last, long sleep.
John W. Bale, son of the foregoing, is lieutenant-com mander of Montgomery Gardner camp, Sons of Confed
erate veterans, located at Rome, Ga. Mr. Bale was born in Rome, July 25, 1872, and is one of that city's most promi nent young men. He was educated in the public schools in Rome; Bingham military school, in North Carolina, under Maj. Robert Bingham, and Emory college. On leaving college he embarked in newspaper work, beginning on the Evening Herald in Rome. Later he was editor of the Southern Argus, which he disposed of in 1898 and com menced the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1899.
He was married in 1898 to Adel, daughter of J. H. Latimer, of Atlanta, who was in the Confederate service, and was conductor of the train on which President Davis jour neyed southward after the evacuation of Richmond. In 1899 Mr. Bale was elected a member of the board of trus tees of the Rome public schools, the only alumnus of that institution thus honored. In 1901 he was elected a member of the city council of Rome, Ga., being one of the youngest citizens that has ever served on that body. He is promi nent in Masonic circles and holds many offices of honor in different social organizations.

Henry H. Barefield, of Atlanta, a veteran of the Thirty-
fifth Georgia infantry, was born in Campbell county, Georgia, August 26, 1842, the son of John Barefield, who served as a private soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Barefield volunteered as a private in the Confederate service in the summer of 1861, joining Company C of the Thirty-fifth regiment Georgia infantry, under command of Col. Edward
L. Thomas. They reached Richmond, Va., just after the battle of First Manassas, and during the remainder of the war were associated with the career of the army of North
ern Virginia. The Thirty-fifth became a part of a Georgia brigade in A. P. Hill's famous light division, Jackson's corps, under the command of Colonel Thomas, who was promoted to brigadier-general. Private Barefield fought at the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, Cedar

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Mountain, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry and Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chanceflorsville, Gettysburg, the Wil derness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, and Petersburg, and throughout the siege of that city and Richmond, He was a faithful soldier, never missing a roil call except when detailed for special duty, and on many occasions was distin guished for gallantry. After the battle of the Wilderness, when a vote was taken to designate a member of each com
pany so conspicuous for bravery as to be entitled to a place on the roll of honor and a vote of thanks by Congress, pri vate Barefield was selected as the representative of his com pany by a unanimous vote. He was the first man of Com pany C to cross the enemy's breastworks in that memorable engagement. His career was full of adventures of which the limits of this sketch do not permit the recital. Among the most vivid scenes in his memory is the Sunday night at Chancellorsville, when he saw Stonewall Jackson mortally
wounded and being carried from the field on which he had achieved his last and most famous victory. Mr. Barefield has been a citizen of Atlanta since 1884 and now holds the position of sexton of Oakland cemetery, to which he was elected by popular vote in 1898. He was married in 1867 to Webby P. Carroll and has living three sons and two daughters.

James J. Barnes, of Atlanta, a veteran of Cobb's Georgia legion, was born in Fayette county, Ga., April 10, 1840, of Carolinian ancestry. He was reared upon the farm of his parents in his native county, and at the beginning of hos tilities in 1861 was a student at Bowden college, Carroll
county, where he had the advantage of instruction in mili tary tactics. When Georgia seceded, Rev. Charles A. McDaniel, president of this institution, a minister of the
Methodist Protestant church, a fine teacher and one of the most eloquent orators that the State has produced, organ ized the cadets in a company under his command, which became Company B of the infantry of Cobb's legion. Later, Captain McDaniel was made colonel o>f the Forty-
first Georgia regiment, and was killed at the battle of Perryville. Barnes entered his company of the legion as a pri
vate, and accompanied the command to Virginia, where he served throughout the war under the brigade command of Gens. Howell Cobb, Thomas R. R. Cobb and W. T. Wofford, in Longstreet's corps. On the Virginia peninsula he

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was in battle at Little Bethel, Darns No. i and No. 2, and Seven Pines, and during the Seven Days' battles before Richmond he fought at Mechanicsville, and Frayser's Farm. At South Mountain, Md., September 14, 1862, he was severely wounded. A ball struck his left knee as he stood in the firing line within twenty paces of the advancing enemy, but, as it caused little pain at the moment, he con
tinued firing until another bullet carried away the tip of
one of his fingers, which seemed so painful that he was put out of the fight. But the bullet which hit his knee shat tered the bones and he had to be left in the field hospital, and carried later to a German Lutheran church. A week later he and a comrade were taken to the home of a wealthy family in the vicinity, and he was kindly nursed to con valescence. Just as he was able to be about with the help of crutches he went driving with a young lady of the house, and by accident was thrown out, causing injuries that greatly delayed his recovery. In the spring of 1863 he
returned to his battalion, but was pronounced unfit for field duty and sent to Richmond and assigned to hospital service. Tiring of this presently, he left without leave or license, and rejoined his battalion, with which he fought during the remainder of the war, participating in the battles of Get tysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Winchester and Cedar Creek. On the retreat from Richmond he was captured at Sailor's Creek, and being taken to Newport News, Va., he was held there as a prisoner of war until July, 1865. Mr. Barnes has been a resident of Atlanta since August, 1865, and is one of the prominent wholesale merchants of the city. In public office he has served with credit as deputy sheriff of Fulton county in 1891-92; as sheriff two terms, 1892-96, and as member of the city council. He was married in 1868 to Cornelia Virginia Hall, and they have three sons and a daughter:
William Hilary, James J., Jr., and John S., business men of Atlanta, and Mary Hall Barnes.

John Wesley Barr, a prominent business man of Cedartown, Ga., is a native of Russell county, Ala., and enlisted
first at the age of 17 years, in 1864, in one of the companies made up of seventeen-year-old boys, and organized as the Second Alabama reserves, stationed at Pollard, Ala. This regiment was commanded by Col. O. F. Rice. In the fall of 1864 the regiment was reorganized and mustered into

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regular service as the Sixty-second Alabama regiment. Col. J. A. Law and Lieut-Col. John H. Echols, and was stationed on the defences of Mobile, Ala. In 1865 the Sixty-second was organized with the Sixty-first Alabama, Col. D. H. Huger, and the Twenty-third Alabama, in a brigade com manded by General Thomas. This brigade, together with the remnant of Cockrill's Missouri brigade, Ector's Texas brigade and Holtzclaw's Alabama brigade, were stationed
at Spanish Fort and Blakely, and bore the brunt of the fight against the large Federal army landed at Pensacola. Ser geant Barr served at both these forts, and on April 9, 1865 (the day of the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox), after two weeks under fire, Blakely yielded to the enemy's assault. In this fight Sergeant Barr was wounded and cap tured. He was sent as a prisoner of war to the Federal hospital at New Orleans, and as soon as he had recovered sufficiently to go home was paroled, the war having come to an end. The Confederate defense of Spanish Fort and Blakely is worthy of remembrance among the most signal
instances of valor of the Southern soldiery, and it is suffi cient honor for a veteran to have a record of service there. After his return home and recovery Mr. Barr engaged in
farming in Lee county, Ala., until 1872, when he began commercial life as a bookkeeper at Atlanta. Seven years later he removed to Cedartown, and for five years was in business there as a dry goods merchant. Afterward he was in Atlanta until 1888, when he again embarked in business at Cedartown as a partner in the hardware trade with Wil liam F. Hall, a Confederate soldier. In this he is yet engaged, having met with" creditable success. Mr. Barr has one son, William James, who is employed in the office of the
Atlanta railway and power company.

Captain Thomas G. Barrett, of Augusta, was born at that city in 1838, and there received his early education and preparation for college. He then entered the Georgia mili tary institute at Marietta, where he was graduated in 1858.
He was first lieutenant in the Irish Volunteers, one of the companies which, with the Oglethorpe infantry, Clinch
Rifles, and one or two others that were organized just before the beginning of the war, constituted the famous organiza tion known as the Augusta battalion, which, together with the Washington Artillery and the Richmond Hussars, made a military force of which for years before the war Augusta

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was justly proud. In May, 1861, the Irish Volunteers
became Company C of the Fifth Georgia regiment of infan
try. After several months' service as first lieutenant of this
company Mr. Barrett resigned and returned to Augusta,
but later went to Corinth, Miss., where, just after the battle
of Shiloh, he was made captain of Company C, Seventeenth
Alabama infantry. After serving two months with this
company he was transferred to the captaincy of Company B,
in the same regiment. Just before the beginning of the
Kentucky campaign he resigned this position and went upon the staff of Gen. John K. Jackson as a volunteer aide, acting also as assistant inspector-general throughout the Kentucky campaign. He continued to serve on the staff of Gen. John K. Jackson until after the battle of Murfreesboro, when he was appointed ordnance officer of the brigade, with the rank of lieutenant. At Fayetteville, N. C., he was appointed acting chief ordnance officer of Hardee's corps, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, but never received his commission in that rank, the war soon coming to an end. During his military career he participated in the following engagements: Santa Rosa Island, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church and Kenesaw Mountain. On July 4, 1864, he was sent to Charleston, S. C., and later to Florida to collect military stores, arms, etc., after which he was ordered to Savannah, where he assisted in mounting gttns on the land side of the city. He was there during the siege by Sherman, and upon the retreat of the Confederates under Hardee proceeded with ordnance stores to Branchville, S. C., where he supplied a depot for the supply of troops, being engaged in the performance of that duty and assisting in the equipment of Hardee's troops when they passed through Branchville on the march into North Carolina. At Cheraw, S. C., he established another ordnance depot, remaining there until sent still farther northward by General Hardee, who; at Fayetteville, N. C., appointed him acting chief ord nance officer and recommended that he be commissioned as lieutenant-colonel. In Hardee's corps he was present at the battle of Averasboro and Bentonville. After the close of hostilities he returned to Augusta, where he has had a successful career in business for a number of years past, being a stock and bond broker. He has been prominent also in municipal affairs, serving with ability on the city councils,

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for the past seven years as chairman of the finance commit tee of that body.

Mark W. Bates, of Bainbridge, was born in Caroline county, Va., January 4, 1839, and became a resident of Georgia at nineteen years of age. On April i, 1861, he enlisted at Bainbridge in the Bainbridge Independents, a volunteer organization, which proceeded toi Macon and was mustered in as Company G of Col. James N. Ramsey's First regiment Georgia volunteers. Ke shared the service of this command for one year, at Pensacola and in Virginia. He was one of the Confederate soldiers that held that remote outpost of the Confederacy, Laurel Hill, under the lamented Garnett, and participated in the skirmishing in that vicinity and the sufferings of the retreat down Cheat river and back through the valleys to Monterey, Va. Later, he served under Gen. Robert E. Lee in the arduous Cheat Mountain campaign, and with Stonewall Jackson's little army of the Valley in the winter expedition to Hancock on the Potomac river. The regiment was mustered out after a year of unusual hardships, and great suffering from inclement weather, and returned to Georgia, where Mr. Bates enlisted in the spring of 1862 in the Milton Artillery, a Florida bat tery commanded by Capt. J. L. Dunham. With this com mand he was on duty in Florida until the surrender at Chattahoochee in April, 1865. After the war he returned to Decatur county and was engaged in farming until 1882, when he made his home at Bainbridge. He was there engaged in mercantile employments until 1884, when he was made tax collector of the county, an office he held con tinuously until 1891. Subsequently, until January, 1899, he served on the police force, and since the latter date he has been tax collector again, by elections in 1898 and 1900.

Richard B. Baxter, of Sparta, an active member of Camp Clinch, United Confederate veterans, is a native of Athens, Ga., born November 27, 1840. He was educated at the State university at Athens, graduating in 1860. Enlisted as a private soldier in the Athens Guards, which became Com pany K of the Third regiment Georgia infantry, com manded by Col. Ambrose R. Wright, a command that was mustered into the Confederate States' service at Ports mouth, Va., May 4, 1861. He first met the enemy in bat tle at Chickamicomico, near Roanoke island, N. C., after-

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ward took part in the battle of South Mills, and after the evacuation of Portsmouth and Norfolk joined the army under Gen. Robert E. Lee, north of the James river, and fought at Seven Pines. At Sharpsburg, Md., September 17, 1862, he was severely wounded in the left hand, his middle finger being shot away, and he was out of active
duty in consequence for a period of three months. Rejoin ing the regiment at United States ford on the Rappahannock river, he participated in the three days' fighting of the
Chancellorsville campaign, in May, 1863, and two months later took part in the great conflict at Gettysburg, Pa. After the return to Virginia, Mr. Baxter, in August, 1863, was transferred to the Fifteenth regiment Georgia infantry, of Gen. Henry L. Benning's brigade, Hood's division, Longstreet's corps, and was with the brigade quartermaster until
captured near Dandridge, east Tennessee, January 8, 1864. This ended his service on the field, during which he had distinguished himself as a gallant and devoted soldier. Until after the surrender of General Lee's army he was a prisoner of war at Rock Island, 111. Returning to Athens upon his release from military prison he was married there, August 9, 1865, to Kate Rucker, of that city, a grand daughter of Judge Jephtha V. Harris. In January, 1867, he moved to Hancock county and engaged in farming, an occupation in which he has prospered ever since. Mr. Bax ter has six children living: John S., Edgeworth B., Rich ard B., Jr., Thomas W., Bessie and Georgia F. His wife died in 1882. In 1897 he married Mrs. Leila H. Mabbett.

Thomas N. Beall, of Talbotton, a prominent business man who served in his youth as a soldier of the Confederacy,
was born at Talbotton, December 27, 1845, and was reared and educated in his native county. He volunteered as a Confederate soldier at eighteen years of age, in 1863, becoming a private in Barnwell's Light Artillery, com manded by Capt. A. Smith Barn well. Subsequently he was
advanced to the grade of second sergeant. He was an intel ligent and capable officer, and was distinguished in the encounters with the enemy in which it was his fortune to
participate. His battery was stationed at Savannah under General McLaws, and when that city was invested by Sherman's army he was on duty on the fortified lines and at Isle of Hope, engaged with the Federal artillery. After the
evacuation o>f Savannah he was on duty with the army of

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Gen. J. E. Johnston in the Carolinas until the surrender at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. Mr. Beall, since the war, has mainly been engaged in business as a merchant. For seven years he was associated with the People's Bank, of Talbotton, and in 1873-74 he held the office of treasurer of Talbot county. He is one of the enterprising men who are doing much for the advancement of South Georgia. He was married in 1874 to Virginia Warrell, daughter of Judge
E. H. Warrell, and they have two sons, Thomas N. and Walter, and five daughters, Mary Leonard, Elinor Harper, Alice, Annette Scott, and Virginia Warrell.

James O. Beauchamp, of Jackson, Ga., entered the mili tary service during the great war as a drummer boy and came out with the rank of second lieutenant. He was born in Butts county May 2, 1846, son of John and Elizabeth Beauchamp. His father came to Georgia from Delaware in boyhood and made his home in Jasper county until 1820, when he removed to Butts, where he prospered as a farmer.
Too old himself to fight for the Confederacy he gave three sons to the cause, who honored the family name by their patriotic devotion. James O. enlisted in September, 1861, in Company I of the Thirtieth regiment Georgia infantry, organized at Fairburn, Ga., under Col. David J. Bailey, and though he was not yet of military age he went on duty with his regiment at Savannah. In August, 1863, he was discharged on account of his youth, and he was at home until the early part of 1864, when he enlisted with the State troops organized to meet the invasion by Sherman's army. He served at Andersonville, guarding Federal prisoners, until the fall of 1864, and then accompanied the Georgia
troops to Savannah, where they served under General Hardee. Crossing into South Carolina he was on duty on the Savannah and Charleston railroad, and participated in the engagements at Pocotaligo and Honey Hill. In the spring of 1865 he was with the troops that met the Federal
raider, Gen. James H. Wilson, in battle at Columbus, Ga., after the surrender of Gen. R. E. Lee, and soon afterward he was surrendered with his company at Macon. Lieuten
ant Beauchamp was a gallant and intelligent officer. He had the distinction of serving as adjutant of his regiment, and as a member of the staff of Gen. Lucius Gartrell, who was in command of the Georgia brigade in South Carolina. After the close of the war Lieutenant Beauchamp was bus-

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495

ily occupied as a farmer in Butts county until 1881, when he was elected sheriff. It is an unique testimonial to the favor in which he was held by his fellow citizens that he was retained in this office for eighteen years, consecutively, and at the end of that time elected clerk of the county com missioners, his present position. He has also served as mayor of Jackson one term. In 1868 he was married to Fannie P., daughter of G. W. Thornton, who served with
the rank of first lieutenant in the Confederate service and for a number of years was sheriff of Butts county. Mr. and Mrs. Beauchamp have three children living: two sons and a daughter. One of the sons, Charles O., Jr., has served as mayor of Jackson.

William A. Beckcom, of Arlington, Calhoun county, a gallant soldier of Stonewall Jackson's corps, was born in Twiggs county in 1843, a grandson of William Beckcom, one of the early settlers of Twiggs and a prominent mer chant and planter. Mr. Beckcom volunteered as a private soldier, September 9, 1861, in Greenbrier county, West Virginia, following the Twelfth regiment to that region. He became a member of Company D, of that regiment, under the command of the gallant old soldier, Edward Johnson, afterward a major-general, and had his first active service with it at Cheat Mountain, W. Va., in Gen. Robert E. Lee's first Confederate campaign. Afterward the Twelfth remained on guard in that wild and mountainous district, and repulsed the enemy's attacks at Greenbrier river, October 3, 1861, and at Alleghany mountain, Decem ber i3th. In the spring of 1862 they joined the forces of
Stonewall Jackson, and in the first battle of the famous Valley campaign Private Beckcom was wounded in the right arm, at McDowell, May 8th. Subsequently in this
campaign he fought at Bridgewater, Front Royal, Port Republic, Cross Keys and Winchester, and in June he par ticipated in the Seven Days' battles around Richmond. He
shared the fighting of Trimble's brigade, Ewell's division, at Cedar Mountain, Manassas Junction, Groveton, Second Manassas, and Ox Hill, and afterward participated in the
capture of Harper's Ferry, and the battles of Sharpsburg, September 17, and Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, and Chancellorsville, May 1-3, Winchester, June 13-15, and Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. He was severely wounded in the left hand on the second day of the battle of Gettysburg.
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In 1864 he fought under General Gordon at the Wilderness and Spottsylva'nia Court House, until he was badly wounded in the right arm on the occasion of the brilliant charge of his division at the Bloody Angle, May I2th, driving back the Federal forces under Hancock. His arm was ampu tated, in field hospital, May 24th, and he was sent to the general hospital at Gordonsville. Being granted a furlough he reached home June 27, 1864, his war service forever closed. In 1873 he made his home at Arlington, where he is now in business as a warehouseman. Despite his serious sacrifice for the cause of his country, he has been able to make a successful career in business life. For eleven years he has served as a justice of the peace of Calhoun county.

William Bedingfield, of Macon, entered the Confederate service at the age of seventeen years, in October, 1861, as a private in Captain Wolfe's company of Ross' battalion, for six months' service. He spent his period of enlistment on guard duty at Savannah,^ and then going to Virginia, joined the Floyd Rifles, of Hardeman's Second Ge'orgia battalion, at the battle of Seven Pines. With this com mand, attached to Gen. Ambrose R. Wright's brigade of the army of Northern Virginia, he served throughout the cam paigns in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, making a creditable record as a soldier and patriot. Among the battles in which he participated were the Seven Days before Richmond, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristoe Station, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and the fighting about Richmond and Petersburg, including the battles of the Crater and Hatcher's Run. After the Gettysburg campaign it was his misfortune to be afflicted with the small pox, and in hospital at Port Royal for several weeks. In March, 1865, not long before 'the evacuation of Richmond, Mr. Bedingfield was granted afurlough, the first one he had, and before its expira tion the war came to an end. Since then he has been engaged successfully in mercantile life, at first in Dooley and Pulaski counties, and for the past thirteen years' at Macon. He is one of the popular men of the city, and is a member of the United Confederate veterans, Knights Tem plar and St. Barnabas Episcopal church.

George W. Belcher, of Dublin, a veteran of Hood's divi sion, Longstreet's corps, a command famous among the

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497

hard fighters of the Confederacy, was born and reared in
Jefferson county, Ga. At the age of eighteen years he ran away from home to join the Confederate ranks and became
a private in Capt. Roger L. Gamble's company, C of the
Twentieth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded first by
Col. W. D. Smith. With this regiment he was- mustered,
into the Confederate service at Richmond, Va., .and .they
were then assigned to the brigade of Gen. Robert Toombs, and were on duty on the Virginia peninsula. When McCl.el-
lan brought his Federal army to that part of Virginia' early
in 1862 Private Belcher took part in the fighting about
Yorktown, and on the retreat participated in the battle of Williamsburg. He fought under Gen. J. E. Johnston in
the battle of Seven Pines, and was first under Robert E.
Lee in the Seven Days campaign before Richmond, in the course-of which he received his first wound. At the battle
of Second Manassas, in Longstreet's corps, he was again wounded, but continued on duty and was a participant in
the Maryland campaign and the battle of Sharpsburg.. Subsequently he took part in the battles of Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, and came with Longstreet's corps to north Georgia to reinforce Bragg in the fall of 1863, and shared the fighting of Benning's brigade at Chickamauga, where he was severely wounded. Ever since the war he has borne the bullet he received in his body on this famous battle field.. Being sent home on .furlough he missed the operations about Chattanooga and the Knoxville campaign, and.was next in battle with his comrades in the Wilderness, in May,. 1864. He served through the bloody campaign from the Rapidan to the James, fought in the trenches around Peters burg and Richmond from July, 1864, to April, 1865, and finally marched with his command to Appomattox and was surrendered with the army under Gen. Robert E. Lee. From Appomattox he walked to Waynesboro, Ga., where he was met by his father and taken to his home. Since the war Mr. Belcher has been a resident of Dublin, and for man}" years he was actively engaged in building and conT tracting, erecting many of the substantial business blocks of his city. He has also rendered valuable public, service as chief of police of Dublin. He has two children living: Allie, wife of Albert Gifford, of Macon, and .Anna Jack son, wife of Clarence Lewis, of .the same city.

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William H. Berrie, a Confederate veteran prominent as a public official of Glynn county since the Confederate era, was born in that county in 1846, and entered the service of the Confederate States at the age of seventeen years, in December, 1863, as a private soldier in Company B of the Fourth regiment Georgia cavalry. The regiment was then on duty about Charleston, S. C., but was soon ordered to Flor ida, where it served under the command of Col. Duncan L. Clinch, at the battle of Olustee, February 20, 1864. Private Berrie participated in this most important battle of the war in that region, and afterward, with his regiment, pressed after the retreating enemy to the vicinity of Jacksonville. While on picket duty near Fort Gates he was captured April I, 1864, and from that time he was a prisoner of war to the end of the struggle. After a month at Hilton Head he was sent to Fort Lafayette, N. Y., and ten months later transferred to Fort Delaware, Penn., where he was held until paroled, in June, 1865. He has been a resident of Brunswick since 1868, and is one of the leading men of the city and county. He has held the office of ordinary, and subsequently was elected sheriff, an office he has re tained to the present time by successive re-elections.

John H. Betting, a soldier of the army of Northern Virginia, and prominent after the war in educational work in Georgia, was born near Winston, N. C., and educated at the State university at Chapel Hill. After his gradua tion he removed to North Georgia, and there enlisted early in 1861, with the Dalton Guards, Capt. R. T. Cook, which became Company B of Phillips' legion, commanded by Col. William Phillips, ten companies of infantry and four of horse. They were sent to Lynchburg, Va., and from there to West Virginia, where they served at Sewell Mountain and on the Kanawha river, under Gen. John B. Floyd and Gen. R. E. Lee. They followed Lee to South Carolina, and thence to Richmond, and afterward formed a part of Gen. T. F. Drayton's brigade, D. R. Jones' division, Longstreet's corps of Lee's army, righting at Seven Pines, in the Seven Days' battles, Waterloo Bridge, Thoroughfare Gap, Second Manassas, Fairfax Court House, South Moun tain, and Sharpsburg. In December, 1862, Captain Cook having been promoted to colonel, they were transferred to the brigade of Gen. T. R. R. Cobb, with which they fought in the sunken road at Fredericksburg, where Cobb and

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499

Cock were both killed. Afterward, under the brigade com mand of General Wofford, in McLaw's division, they par ticipated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Salem Church, Gettysburg, Chickamauga and Knoxville. After the return to Virginia, early in 1864, the infantry of the legion, with which Mr. Betting had been serving throughout all these campaigns and battles, joined their comrades of Phillips' legion with the cavalry under Wade Hampton, and fought tinder Hampton in all his battles from the Wilderness until the close of the war, including many engagements in Vir ginia, and the operations against Sherman's army in the Carolinas. When this gallant service had ceased Mr. Betting returned to North Georgia and resumed his occupation as a teacher. Until his death, in 1881, he was president of the Joseph E. Brown university, at Dalton, where many prominent men of the South received their educational training under his intelligent and enthusiastic direction. His life throughout, as well as during his Confederate service, was characterized by unflinching devotion to high ideals. N. Kelly Betting, eldest son of the above, one of the leading business men of Surnmerville, was born and reared near Dalton. At the age of fourteen years the death of his father left upon him the care of the younger children, and he began at once his business career as an employe of a banking house at Dalton. Subsequently he was with a mining company at Birmingham, and at a later date was in charge of the material for the building of the Chattanooga, Rome & Southern railway from Carrollton to Chattanooga. After some further experience as a bank employe at CedaTtown and Rome, he came to Summerville in 1891 and was associated with Captain Cleghorn in founding the Bank of Commerce, of which he has been the cashier ever since. In 1899 he organized the Bank of Lafayette, of which he was president. In 1893 Mr. Betting was married to Susie, daughter of Crawford C. Scott, of Chattooga county, and they have two children, Martha and Carrie.

Robinson Pulaski Bird, of Waycross, a veteran of the Fifth Georgia cavalry, was born in Liberty county, Ga., December 12, 1842, son of James Robinson Bird and his wife, Mary Holmes Daniel. Both his grandfathers--Bird, a Pennsylvania!!, and Daniel, a Virginian--were soldiers in the war of the Revolution, and both came South, Daniel locating in Liberty county and Bird in Bryan county, Ga.

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At eighteen years of age, in April, 1861, Mr. Bird volun teered for the Confederate service, becoming a corporal in the Liberty Guards, which was made a company of the Fifth battalion Georgia cavalry and served on the Georgia coast until' April, 1862. The battalion was then dissolved, but the Liberty Guards contmuedin the serviceas anindependent company, and Corporal Bird remained with them on duty. In March, 1863, they were merged in the Fifth regiment Georgia cavalry, as Company D, under Col. Robert H. Anderson and Lieut.-Col. Edward Bird, and he served with this command until the close of the war, receiving his parole at Savannah, June 24, 1865. He served mainly on the coast during the first years of the war; early in 1864 participated in the Florida campaign, acting on the staff of General 'Anderson, and taking part in the fight at Cedar Creek, near Jacksonville, in April, 1864; and soon afterward joined Wheeler's cavalry at Kenesaw Mountain. Under General Wheeler's command his regiment was in battle at Noon day Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Flat Shoals Creek, Decatur, Atlanta (July 22d), Newnan, participated in the defeat and capture of Stoneman's raiders, and the famous raid through North Georgia and Tennessee, and was with Wheeler in the campaign against Sherman through Geor.gia and the Carolinas, taking part in many skirmishes and severe engagements. At the close of the war he was sec ond sergeant, having declined further advancement. He is now one of the few survivors of this gallant command, which was at the front in so many of the bloody combats for the defense of Georgia. For a number of years after the war he was engaged mainly in teaching, in Jefferson and Bullock counties. His work in education was very great, and its effects are yet seen. Also at intervals he was occupied in timber and milling business. In 1888 he made his home at Waycross and was engaged in contracting and building mainly until 1893, when he was elected clerk of the city council. He has been ' re-elected to this office nine times, and is yet ably performing its duties. With his comrades he is associated as a member of the local camp, United Con federate veterans, and aide to Major-General Evans, with the -rank of major. In 1866 he was married to Josephine Sarah, daughter of Judge Thomas R. Hines, of Savannah, a distinguished Georgian. They have three sons: Charles R., Thomas P. and Joseph Gordon. Of their three daugh ters, Sarah Lilian, Lizzie Mineola and Ophelia Georgia,

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501

two have died since he came to Waycross. Ophelia G., August 18, 1897, aged I r years, and Sarah Lilian, who was known as a young lady of piety, on January 20, 1901, aged 26 years. Major Bird still has the sword he carried in the great civil war, which he prizes very highly.

Major Thomas H. Blacknall, of Atlanta, a veteran of the Trans-Mississippi army, was born in Granville county,
N. C., January 23, 1833, son of Thomas Blacknall and Car
oline Booswell, his wife. He is a. direct descendant of Bishop George Blacknall, of England, of a noble family, pos
sessing a coat of arms. Major Blacknall was reared in his native State, and in 1858 removed to Arkansas and became
one of the most extensive cotton planters of the State.
He entered the Confederate States service in 1861 as first
lieutenant of a command which became Company E of the First Trans-Mississippi regiment, also known as the Thirty-
seventh Arkansas infantry. With this regiment he par-
.. ticipated in the principal campaigns west of the Mississippi river, making a highly creditable record as an officer. He was promoted to captain of his company, and after the bat tle of Prairie Grove, December 7, 1862, in which his colonel was killed, he was promoted to major. The regiment was afterward commanded by Col. Samuel S. Bell until the bat tle of Helena, July 4, 1863, where Bell and his lieutenantcolonel, with a hundred men, were captured in an attempt to enter one of the Federal forts. Major Blacknali then took command of the regiment, and General James F. Fagan said of him in his report of the battle: "Major Blacknall was intrusted by me with an important part on the field, and is entitled to my thanks for the successful manner in which he performed it." He continued in com mand of the regiment during the Little Rock, Red River and Saline River campaigns, and was wounded at the battle of Jenkins' Ferry, April 30, 1864. After the close of hos tilities Major Blacknall returned to North Carolina, having sacrificed his property and four years of his life to the cause he loved. In 1885 he came to Atlanta and for fifteen years acted as genera! agent for the Southern States for the Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco Company. He is now engaged in manufacturing and is one of the worthy and influential citizens of Atlanta.

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

John H. Blackwell, of the Thirty-second Georgia infan try, now a prominent citizen of Jasper county, Ga., is one of eight brothers who were soldiers in the army of the Confederate States, sons of Samuel H. Blackwell, a native of North Carolina, and Martha K. Malone, of Jasper county. He was born in Jasper county, May 30, 1843, an(i volunteered as a Confederate soldier in the fall of 1861, in Capt. Thomas W. Holland's company, which became Company A of the Thirty-second regiment Georgia infantry, com manded by Col. George P. Harrison. Of this company he was made a sergeant, the rank in which he served dur ing the war, his regiment being held in the coast depart ment, his service was mainly about Charleston and Savan nah and in Florida. The Thirty-second was one of the regiments most distinguished in the famo'as defense of Charleston, and in 1863 particularly he was in the most dangerous and arduous service, stationed at different times at Battery Wagner, in Fort Sumter, and on James and John's islands. On February 20, 1864, he participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., in which he was shot through the right thigh, causing a painful and troublesome wound. His next campaign was with General Hardee in the Carolinas, after the evacuation of Savannah, and he was a gal lant participant in the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville. In this last great battle of the army of Tennessee, March 19-21,1865, he was again wounded in the right thigh, and on account of this injury was granted a furlough, under which he returned home. Throughout he made the record of a faithful and true soldier of the South. Since the war he has been engaged in farming except as he has been called to public duties by his fellow citizens. He served as justice of the peace sixteen years and as school commissioner of the county three years, and in 1885 was elected judge of the county court, a position he filled with marked ability and discretion for a period of sixteen years. Judge Blackwell was married in 1865 to Addie E. Bowdoin and they have two sons and four daughters: W. S., John R., Julia H., Mary A., Sarah Kate and Dewitt C.

Andrew W. Blake, of Griffin, a veteran of the South Carolina troops in the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Abbeville county, S. C., January 4, 1835, son of William N. and Elizabeth (Wier) Blake, both natives of South Car olina. He was reared and educated at Greenwood in that

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

503

State, and entered the Confederate military service in April,
1861, in Captain Perriman's company, which became Com
pany F of the Second regiment South Carolina infantry,
commanded by Col. J. B. Kershaw. This regiment was sent
to Manassas Junction and on toward Washington, and
when the Federal army advanced into Virginia in July,
1861, Mr. Blake's company was in the first line of skirmish
ers thrown out in the face of the enemy at Fairfax Court
House. Retiring to Bull Run, they supported Kemper's
battery at Mitchell's Ford, the battery which fired the first
shot at the enemy on July i8th; and on the 2ist, the famous battle of First Manassas, Private Blake and his regiment were active participants in the great victory. In the spring of 1862 they met McClellan on the peninsula, and were engaged in battle at Williamsburg, and in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond they fought at Savage Station, Frayser's Farm and Malvern Hill. In September, 1862, Private Blake took part in the capture of Harper's Ferry and the battle of Sharpsburg; in December he fought at Fredericksburg, and in 1863 he was in battle at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga and Knoxville. While in east Tennessee with Longstreet's corps he was made ser geant major if his regiment, the rank in which he served during the remainder of the war. Returning to Virginia in the spring of 1864 he went into battle May 6th at the Wilderness, and continued in the gigantic struggle along that line and at Spottsylvania Court House, North Anna river and Cold Harbor; at Cedar Creek in the Shenandoah valley, and on the Richmond and Petersburg lines, in almost constant strain of battle, until January, 1865, when they were sent to South Carolina to meet Sherman. They fought the Federals at Pocotaligo, and were the last troops to leave Charleston, when it was evacuated February 18, 1865. Fall ing back to North Carolina Sergeant Blake had his last battles at Averasboro and Bentonville, and surrendered with General Johnston's army at Greensboro. Such, in brief, is the record of a gallant soldier of South Carolina. After his return home Mr. Blake moved to Pike county, Ga., the home of his wife, Jennie, daughter of David H. Peden, whom he had married in 1863. Twenty years later he made his home at Griffin, where he now resides. He has prospered in his occupation as a farmer, and is one of the leading men of his county. By his marriage four sons and a daughter

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are living. Their mother dying in 1887, he was subse quently married to Lucy Wrigley, of Macon, Ga.

Francis D. Bloodworth, of Savannah, a veteran of the Second Georgia battalion, Confederate States army, was born in Spaulding county, Ga., October 16, 1842. He com pleted his education at Marshall college, at Griffin, Ga., and there was a member of the Spalding Grays, one of the companies which were ordered to Virginia by Governor Brown in April, 1861, upon the call of Governor Letcher. They were sent to Norfolk to guard the stores abandoned by the enemy, and with the other Georgia companies that went at the same time were organized as the Second Inde pendent Georgia battalion, under the command of Colonel Hardeman, being the first troops from another State to arrive in Virginia. After a year's service about Norfolk his battalion joined the army under General Lee and participated in the Seven Days' battles about Richmond, and the Second Manassas, Maryland and Fredericksburg campaigns. In the summer of 1863 Mr. Bloodworth, who had risen to the rank of first sergeant of his company, was detailed, owing to his physical condition, as clerk in a hospital at Atlanta, where he was on duty until January, 1864. Then he returned to his battalion, in Gen. Ambrose R. Wright's brigade, Anderson's division, A. P. Hill's corps, army of Northern Vir ginia, and fought through the Wilderness campaign. His health failed under this arduous service, and he was again disabled until February, 1865, when he joined his command on the Petersburg lines. His last engagement was a fight between High Bridge and Farmville, on the retreat to Appomattox, April 7, 1865, when he was slightly wounded and captured. He was paroled at Burkesville, Va., shortly after General Lee's surrender and returned to Griffin, Ga., where he resided until 1871, when he removed to Savannah and embarked in business as a commission merchant. He has been a resident of Savannah ever since, except two years, 1893-95, when he was engaged in manufacturing at Atlanta, Ga. For several years he held the responsible and important position of cashier of the National bank of Savannah. At the time of his leaving Savannah for Atlanta in 1893 he was vice-president of the Confederate Veterans Association, a director in the Merchants National bank and a member of the sanitary board of the city of Savannah. For one term he held the position of president of the Cotton Exchange:

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L. J. Bloodworth, of Atlanta, widely known through his connection with the Kimball House, of that city, was one of eight brothers in the service of the Confederate States, sons of Solomon W. Bloodworth arid Lucy Thornton. L. J. was born in Monroe county, Ga., January i, 1837, and in 1854. he made his home, at Atlanta. In early manhood he gave his attention to railroading, and when the war began he was assistant freight agent at Griffin, Ga. There he enlisted on May 4, 1861, in the Griffin Light Guards, which became Company B of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, and he was made second lieutenant, and promoted to first lieutenant. He served with this command about nineteen months, much of the time on detached duty. In the early part of 1863, the government being in great need of expe rienced railroad men, he was permanently detached from his regiment and assigned to duty in the transportation de partment, with headquarters at Mobile, Ala., where he remained until that city was evacuated in the spring of 1865. He was in full charge at that city of the transportation of all government stores both by rail and boat. Since the war period Lieutenant Bloodworth has been engaged in railroad ing, cotton brokerage and hotel management. He is one of the most popular men of the capital city and enjoys a wide acquaintance throughout the State. With his Confederate comrades he maintains association as a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159. Lieutenant Bloodworth was married in 1859 to Marietta Akins.
\
Captain Edmund M. Blount, of Atlanta, a veteran of Gor don's brigade, army of Northern Virginia, was born in McIntosh county, Ga., November 24, 1837, son f Edmund M. Blount, Sr. and grandson of Luke Blount, an ensign in the war of 1812. He volunteered in the spring of 1861 as a private in Company B of the Twenty-sixth regiment Geor gia infantry, and in the spring of 1862 accompanied his regi ment to Virginia under the brigade command of General Lawton. He served as brevet second lieutenant in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, as second lieutenant at Second Manassas and Fredericksburg, and as first lieu tenant at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In the latter part of 1863 he was promoted to captain of Company B of the battalion of sharpshooters of Gordon's brigade, made up of forty picked men from each of Gordon's regiments. In this highly honorable rank he participated in the great

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battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House, until the famous battle of the Bloody Angle, May 12, 1864, in which he was seriously wounded, a rifle ball passing through his face, and causing extremely painful and trouble some injuries. After four months in hospital at Lynchburg, Va., he was carried home, and for eighteen months he was confined to his bed, unable to speak. When he had recovered from his injuries the Confederacy had ceased to be, and Captain Blount gave his attention for many years to steamboating on the Georgia coast, holding the position of cap tain. Since 1887 he has been a citizen of Atlanta, where he maintains a membership in Atlanta camp, No. 159 United Confederate veterans. Captain Blount was married in 1857 to Almira J. Doughty, who died thirty years later, leaving an only son, Chester A. Blount, of Atlanta.
I Thomas Butler Blount, of Darien, a veteran of Wheeler's cavalry, and for many years sheriff of Mclntosh county, was born at Darien in 1842, son of Edmund M. Blount, a native of St. Simon's island; of Virginian descent, a promi nent man in his day, who served as county judge of Mcln tosh county and was in business at Savannah. He was living in Chatham county when the war began and entered the military service with the Republican Blues, a famous volun teer company of Savannah, with which he served for several months in garrison at Fort Pulaski. After the company was mustered out he joined the United Rebels, a volunteer company at Darien, commanded by Capt. Augustus DuPont, which was enrolled with Gen. George P. Harrison's regi ment, the Fifth Georgia infantry. In this company he served as orderly sergeant until it was mustered out at the expiration of six months' enlistment. His next service was as private in Captain Walthour's cavalry company, the Lib erty Independents, which became Company G of "the Fifth regiment Georgia cavalry, commanded by Colonel Bird, With this command he saw much active and dangerous ser vice, participating in the famous battle of Olustee, Fla., Feb ruary 20, 1864, and pursuing the enemy to Jacksonville. Soon afterward they were ordered to join General Wheeler, whose cavalry they found near New Hope church, and served with during the remainder of the Atlanta campaign, including the battles on the Kenesaw Mountain line and about Atlanta. Mr. Blount participated in the engagements of his command in this campaign, and in the defeat of the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

507

Federal raiders, and rode with Wheeler through north Geor gia and Tennessee. In the latter State his command became separated from Wheeler, and he accompanied his regiment through east Tennessee and southwest Virginia, fighting at the battle of Saltville, under Gen. "Cerro Gordo" Williams.
Returning to Georgia they rejoined Wheeler and took part in all his operations against Sherman's army in its march to Savannah and through the Carolinas, finally surrendering at Greensboro, N. C. On his return to Darien Mr. Blount
was engaged in mercantile business until 1875, when he was elected sheriff of Mclntosh county, an office he has held ever since. Occasionally he has had opposition at the bien nial elections, but his service seems entirely satisfactory to his fellow citizens. Few public officers have had such an unbroken testimonial of confidence. He has also taken an active part in politics and served as a delegate in county and district conventions. He has one son living, William H. Blount.

John W. Bohannon, ordinary of Dodge county, is a native Georgian, born and reared upon a farm in Pulaski county, which he left early in 1861 to enter the Confederate service. He was one of four brothers who went to the field with the Pulaski Volunteers, a body of spirited young men which was enrolled as Company G of Francis S. Bartow's regi ment, the Eighth Georgia infantry. Of these, Henry D. Bohannon, now living in Telfair county, was badly wounded at the battle of the Wilderness; Joseph D. Bohannon, now deceased, lost his left arm, and a portion of his right hand, at Gettysburg; and James F. served through the war without wounds, but is since deceased. Judge Bohannon volunteered July 15, 1861, was mustered in at Richmond, and was first in battle at Frayser's Farm, of the Seven Days' battles before
the Confederate capital. He was subsequently identified with the record of Gen. "Tige" Anderson's brigade of Longstreet's corps, including the battles ending at Malvern Hill ;
the Maryland campaign, with the fighting at South Moun tain and Sharpsburg; and the December battle at Fredericksburg. During the battle of ChanceUorsville his company
was on duty at Manchester, Va., and did not reach the field in time to participate. He took part in the second and third days' fighting at Gettysburg, and accompanied his brigade to Charleston, S. C, and James island, thence being transferred to the field of Chickamausra a little too late for

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the battle. He was under fire on the lines about Chatta nooga until Longstreet moved into East Tennessee, and there took part in the battle of Knoxville, and other engage ments, and suffered the hardships of the winter encamp ment at Bull Gap. Returning to Virginia in 1864, he went into the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, and was severely wounded in the breast, an injury that kept him in hospital at Lynchburg for three weeks. AVhen able to rejoin his regiment he found it on the line before Richmond, north of the James, and was soon involved in the fighting there just after the time of the explosion of the Crater before Peters burg. There he was wounded in the left leg and captured, and taken to Fort Monroe, where the limb was amputated. He was held at Fort Monroe until the following January 26, and afterward at the military prison at Point Lookout, Md., until June 26, 1865. Returning then to Pulaski county, he resumed as best he could the work that he put aside to enter upon his patriotic service for the South. In 1870, when Dodge county was erected, he was elected tax-col lector, an office he held for two years. In 1874 he was made receiver of tax returns of the county, a position he filled with ability for twelve years. Since 1896 he has occupied the office of ordinary, to which he was elected for a second term in 1900. Since 1883 he has resided at Eastman. Judge Bohannon was married in 1866 to Mary F. Harrell, and they have eight children living: John M., cashier of the Citizens' bank at Eastman : James F., Eugenia, Henry T.; Oscar, who was a member of Company I, First Georgia volunteers, in the Spanish-American war, is now in the Fifteenth United States cavalry; Edgar, Annie May and Ethel Fay. Judge Bohannon is one of the leading men of his county, and is widely known among the Confederates of Georgia, who esteem him as a brave soldier and loyal Southern gentle-

Captain Caleb P. Bow en, of Douglasville, was born in Jackson county, Ga., where he was reared and educated. His father, Thomas J. Bowen, was major of a battalion in the war of 1812. At the beginning of the war Captain Bowen was a farmer in Campbell (now Douglas) county, Ga., and in 1861 he entered the Confederate service as first lieutenant of Company C, Thirtieth Georgia regiment, with which he served throughout the war. They were stationed at Savannah until the summer of 1862, were then ordered to

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Wilmington, N. C., and thence to Jacksonville, Fla. Being then sent to Mississippi to the relief of Pemberton, they reached the Big Black river about the time that.Pemberton surrendered, fell back to Jackson, and thence to Morion's Station, and after remaining there for some time, proceeded to Chickamauga, reaching there in time for their brigade to open that great battle. Lieutenant Bowen was promoted captain on the eve of the battle and led his company gal lantly. He was wounded in the hand and sent to the hospi tal at Atlanta, but rejoined his command at Dalton in time to participate in the campaign of the spring of 1864. He took part in all the battles of that memorable campaign, including Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, and Atlanta, July 20-22. He also took part in the Tennessee campaign and was engaged at Decatur, Ala., Columbia, Tenn., and in the severe fight at Franklin, where nine gen eral officers were killed or wounded. Captain Bowen's division was ordered to Murfreesboro and then to Nashville, where his entire brigade was captured. Captain Bowen was taken to Johnston's Island, held six months, and paroled in June, 1865. He returned to his farm, where he lived until 1879, when he removed to Douglasville, his present home. He has served as county treasurer two terms, and repre sented Douglas county in the State legislature in 1876. He was married in 1848 to Miss T. A. Bowen, who died in 1862, and on November 17, 1867, he was married to Malissa Morse. Captain Bowen retains his interest in Confederate affairs, and is commander of T. C. Oliver camp, United Confederate Veterans.

Robert V. Bowen, one of the leading citizens of Irwin county, and prominent among the Confederates of Georgia, entered the Confederate service in March, 1862, with Com pany E of the Forty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry. He wasrrrasteredinwith his regiment atCampDavis, and elected second lieutenant of his company. After a week in camp at Wilmington, N. C., and a short time at Goldsboro, N. C., they were ordered to Richmond, Va., and made a part of Gen. E. L. Thomas' brigade, A. P. Hill's division, Stonewall Jackson's corps. Lieutenant Bowen took part in the battle of Seven Pines, May 3ist and June I, 1862, and then was taken seriously ill, so that he had to accept a furlough and go to his home. A few weeks later he rejoined his com mand at Gordonsville, Va., and on August 9 shared the gal-

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lant fighting of his regiment at the battle of Cedar Moun tain. Here he commanded his company, taking twenty-two men into the fight, of whom but nine were left on duty at the close of the action. His health again gave way, and he was compelled to abandon hope of serving his country
on the field of battle. Returning home, he was not again fit for active duty during the progress of the war. He had served enough to show the mettle of his nature, and no one
is more highly regarded by his old comrades who fought with him in Virginia under Stonewall Jackson. After the war he was engaged for a number of years in farming and later in the lumber trade, in which he operated quite exten sively and successfully. He has also been prominent in commercial life as a merchant, and interested in railroad ing and the steamboat traffic on the Ocmulgee river. He organized and is president of the Bowen Banking company, of Fitzgerald, and is president of the Irwin cotton mills, and owner of several business blocks at Fitzgerald. He has represented his county creditably as a member of the Geor gia legislature in 1888-89. With his comrades of 1862 he is
associated as a member of Irwin county camp, United Con federate veterans. Mr. Bowen has one son living, William R., a banker at Fitzgerald, secretary and treasurer of the Irwin cotton mills, and owner of the Bowen telephone com pany.

Captain Byron B. Bower, of Bainbridge, a gallant officer of the Eighth Georgia cavalry, was born at Talbotton, Ga., September 26, 1839, son of Isaac E. Bower, a descendant of a colonial family at Providence, R. L, and Adeline E. Breedlove, of Talbot county. He was reared in Early county and at Cuthbert, where his father became prominent in the prac tice of law. Captain Bower began the study of law at sev enteen years of age, and after admission to the bar and some practice with his father made his home at Newton, Baker county, where he was elected ordinary six days before he had attained his majority. In April, 1861, he left this official position to enlist as a private soldier in the Con federate army, and at Pensacola joined the Cuthbert Rifles. This became Company B of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. John K. Jackson, with which he served at Pensacola, until they were ordered to east Tennessee. In that region he was on duty until prostrated by typhoidpneumonia at Cumberland Gap, in January, 1862. He was

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honorably discharged on account of this illness, at Tazewell, Term., in March, 1862, and returned home, but forty days later re-enlisted in Company B of the Sixty-second regiment Georgia cavalry, Col. J. R. Griffin. Three months later he was made orderly sergeant of the regiment, which was ordered on duty in North Carolina, and after a month as orderly sergeant he was appointed adjutant of the regiment, at Weldon, N. C. In 1863 he was made captain of Company B, a rank which he retained after his command and the Twentieth battalion were consolidated as the Eighth Georgia regiment. He participated in the operations along the coast and rivers of North Carolina, including the attack on New Bern, capture of Plymouth, and the siege of Washington, in 1863. In January, 1864, at Windsor, N. C., Colonel Grif fin, with two hundred men of his regiment, beat off and drove to their boats a force of 1,200 Federals with three pieces of artillery. He had an active and adventurous mili tary experience in North Carolina in addition to the engage ments named, and numerous minor combats. In the spring of 1864, under the brigade command of Gen. James Dearing, the Sixty-second was sent to Virginia, and stationed on the Weldon railroad. They met Ben Butlers advance against Richmond on the line of Drewrys Bluff and Swift creek, defeated Grants cavalry at Reservoir hill, June gth, and rendered services of the greatest value in contesting the Federal advance against Petersburg in the early part of that month. Captain Bower commanded his company in this arduous campaign, and in the summer of 1864 was appointed inspector-general on the staff of General Bearing. He served in this capacity on the staff of Dearings successor, Gen. W. P. Roberts, also, until early in 1865, when he was put in command of his regiment, then known as the Eighth Georgia. He performed this duty until within a week of the Appornattox campaign, when he was sent into North Carolina to investigate the quartermasters department, and take charge, if necessary, of the defense of Weldon. He was at Raleigh when General Lee surrendered. In the course of his service around Richmond and Petersburg he fought at Burgess Farm, Hatchers Run, and Fort McCrae, and participated in the famous "cattle raid" under Wade Hampton. Since 1868 Captain Bower has been a resident of Bainbridge, and prominent as a lawyer and judge. Being elected solicitor general of the Albany circuit in 1873 he served in that capacity for six years. In 1882 he was elected
Ga82

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judge of the superior court of the Albany circuit, and was upon the bench fifteen years, resigning to become a can didate for Congress. In 1898 he was made judge of the city court of Bainbridge, and in 1900 was reappointed.

Hamilton McDevitt Branch, a gallant soldier in Virginia and a line officer in the army of Tennessee, was born at Savannah, Ga., the youngest of three sons, March 17, 1843. He entered the military service of his State, while yet below the legal age, as a member of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, of Savannah, with which he was present at the seizure of Fort Pulaski, January 3, 1861. In the following May he entered the Confederate States service, with his company, soon to take a distinguished part in the tragic but triumph ant struggle in the first battle of Manassas, where his com mand formed a part of the indomitable Eighth Georgia regi ment. Subsequently he was on duty on the Virginia penin sula, in the vicinity of Yorktown, and the young soldier's gallantry and devotion were rewarded by a sergeantcy in a company where individual merit was too common to make distinction easy. Volunteering, on the desperately fought field of Dam No. i, to go alone and bring succor to his starving companions, he was wounded in the hand, and after being withdrawn to the hospital at Richmond was sent to his home. While there, the Savannah Cadets, organizing for the Confederate service, asked him to accept a lieuten ancy in their company, and he was accordingly elected and began his service with that command May 13, 1862. He remained with them in the coast service until the spring of 1864, when they were ordered to Dalton, Ga., as Company F of the Fifty-fourth regiment Georgia infantry, in Mer cer's brigade, Walker's division, Hardee's corps, army of Tennessee. The great battles of Chickamauga and Mis sionary Ridge had been fought, and now was to follow the masterly retreat of General Johnston's army, and a series of fierce conflicts behind intrenchments, seaming the country, but ineffectual because they could be turned by the enemy's superior forces. In those days he bore his gallant part unscathed until June 24, 1864, when he was severely wounded in the arm and forced to return to his home at Savannah. Here he remained until September, but before his wound had healed, against the advice of his physician, he promptly answered General Hood's appeal to the ablebodied officers and men for aid, and hurried to the rendez-

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vous at Jonesboro, Ga., with his wounded arm still in a sling. The crisis was soon past, and Ms arm giving him much trouble he returned home, later to rejoin his com mand at Tuscumbia, Ala., November 6, 1864. Taking command of his company, during the assignment of Capt. John W. Andersen to staff duty, he led the Cadets through the disastrous campaign in Tennessee, until the second day's battle at Nashville, December 16, 1864, when he was wounded in the thigh. He was again -furloughed and remained at home until April, 1865, when, with his wounds yet unhealed, he was assigned by Gen. P. M. B. Young to duty in the counties of Bullock, Effingham and Screven, to collect absentees from the army and send them to the camp of instruction at Augusta, Ga. While in this service he forwarded five hundred and nine officers and men to the army. General Johnston surrendered his army at Greens boro, N. C, April 26, 1865, and Lieutenant Branch, being yet on detached duty, at once attempted to join the army of Gen. Kirby Smith, in the Trans-Mississippi department, but before he could carry out his purpose, General Smith also surrendered his forces, and then, there being no Confederate army to report to, he turned his way homeward without surrendering or taking the oath of allegiance to the United States government. Having passed through these years of arduous and often desperate service, thrice disabled by wounds, and tried by multiplied privation and hardship, faithfully performing his duty to the cause he held sacred, he turned his brave, manly face to the unfamiliar burdens of peace, and, lifting them on his broad shoulders, went his strong but patient upward way to prosperity. He was active in the reorganization of the Savannah Cadets after the war, and was promoted to captain ii> 1882. He was also an earnest worker among the United Confederate vet erans, and was vice-president of Camp No. 756, the Con federate Veterans association of Savannah. To his" com rades he was especially dear because of his devotion to the cause for which they fought, and to the furled flag of their love. To the preservation of their ennobling memories he gave his time, his great energy and the best efforts of his life. He seemed to live in an atmosphere of Confederate memories, and to radiate them from his unique personality; was the embodiment of good fellowship and manly virtues; the friend to whom every Confederate could turn for sym-' pathy and aid. To do honor to our dead was a privilege

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which he never neglected; he knew every spot in our ceme teries where rested our dead, and under his lead on each recurring memorial day loving hands crowned those graves with wreaths of laurel. Captain Branch had faced sudden death in countless forms by field and flood, had several times risked his life to save others from watery graves, and so when the gates of death opened for him at last, he passed through the portal bravely, and on February 24, 1899, they closed forever upon his undaunted spirit.

Captain Wellborn M. Bray, a Confederate officer promi nent among the lawyers and orators of Georgia, was born in. Henry county, August 29, 1835. Since he was twelve years of age, when his parents removed to Atlanta, he has been a resident of that city. He was educated at the university of Georgia and Emory college, at Oxford, Ga., graduating at the latter in 1855, and iR ^57 he was admitted to the bar. As soon as it became probable that war would be necessary to maintain the Confederacy he took part in the organization of the Toombs Volunteers, of which he proposed the name, and he was offered the captaincy, but sickness prevented acceptance. On account of poor health he was not able to serve until the organization of the Fortieth regiment Georgia infantry, in which he enlisted as a private. His father, Dr. Banister R. Bray, a native of Virginia, a physi cian and clergyman of the Methodist Protestant church, was chaplain of this regiment, shared its service in the Ken tucky and Mississippi campaigns, and during the siege of Vicksburg contracted disease from which he died in August. 1863. Captain Bray found that his health would not permit him to endure the life of a private of infantry at that time, and after six months' service in 1862, at Big Creek and Cumberland Gap, he applied for permission to raise a com pany of siege artillery, which was granted. Accordingly he and Charles Wallace Howard organized the company, of which Howard was elected captain and Bray first lieuten ant, which for eighteen months was stationed at Thunder bolt battery near Savannah. On May-i, 1864, the company was transferred to the infantry, as Company I of the Sixtythird Georgia regiment, under Col. George A. Gordon, and assigned to the army of Tennessee. Lieutenant Bray par ticipated with gallantry in the battles of Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, and Atlanta (July 22d), serving as second in command of his company.

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Near Smyrna Church he experienced his nearest approach to casualty. One of the enemy's shells struck a small tree against which he was leaning, about six inches above his head, shattering the tree and knocking him senseless to the ground. He vividly remembers his feelings as he crawled away after recovering partial consciousness, temporarily blinded, vaguely speculating into which world he had been cast at his death. Fortunately he was not wounded by the shell, and in a few days he was able to return to duty. He commanded his company during the siege of Atlanta and throughout the disastrous Tennessee campaign which fol lowed, though not promoted to captain until later in the war. He took part in the battles of Franklin and Nashville and the desperate rear guard fighting on the retreat from Tennessee, under the command of General Walthall. Dur ing this period his company and one other sustained and repelled the attack of a negro brigade, the gallant Confed erates clubbing their muskets when ammunition was exhausted and literally beating off their assailants. During the campaign in the Carolinas he was on detail collecting stragglers, and he was on way to join the army with a party of men when the surrender came. His first occupation after the war was teaching school at Atlanta,, and he was in this profession nine years, becoming the first principal of the public schools of the city. In 1874 he resumed the prac tice of law, in which he has become honorably distinguished.. For ten years he rendered valuable public service as a mem ber of the city board of education. In 1886-87 he repre sented Fulton county in the State legislature, and gained . great commendation by his famous speeches against the con vict lease system and in support of the Technological school bill. He is widely known as one of the most eloquent ora tors of the South, being ranked by many as second onlv to Robert Toombs. Captain Bray is still associated with his comrades as a member of Atlanta camp, United Confederate, veterans.

M. W. Brett, of Rome, a veteran of the Twelfth Georgia infantry, in which he had the rank of sergeant, is a native of Georgia, reared mainly in Dooley county, and when the war began was occupied on a plantation on Flint river. He : enlisted early in 1861 in the Jeff Davis Rifles, of Dooley county, commanded by Capt. W. F. Brown, left home May o, 1861, and was mustered into service at Richmond, Va.,

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the Rifles becoming Company F of the Twelfth regiment, under Col. Edward Johnson. This was one of the best regiments that went to the front from Georgia, and periformed memorable deeds of gallantry under the leadership of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Early, and John B. Gordon. Its first service was in the mountains of West Virginia, in Lee's maiden campaign, operating against the Federals at Cheat Mountain, and taking part in the battles of Greenbrier River and Camp Alleghanv, in the fall and winter of 1861. In the spring of 1862 they left the moun tains and joined the troops under Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah valley. On May 8th, at the battle of McDowell, where Jackson gained the victory, the Twelfth Georgia bore the brunt of the fighting, and suffered about one-third of the total Confederate casualties. Private Brett, who had shared in all this service of his regiment, received his first wound at McDowell, a shot through the left arm. This disabled him until August, 1862, when he rejoined his regi ment near Culpeper Court House. He took an active part in the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, and at Chancellorsville, May 1-3, 1863, under the brigade com mand of Gen. George Doles. At Gettysburg he fought in Early's corps, and on the first day of the battle was shot through the right leg. His wound was of such severity that he was left in field hospital when the army retreated, and twenty days later was transferred to Federal hospital at David's Island, N. Y. In September, 1863, he was paroled, and returning to Camp Lee, Richmond, was sent home on furlough. Later, being exchanged, he rejoined his regi ment on the Rappahannock river. About Christmas, he was detailed, with his regiment, then under command of Colonel Willis, for duty at New Hope, where he remained until March. Returning to the brigade he fought with his brother Georgians under John B. Gordon at the Wilder ness, and was again wounded, through the right arm. After the battle of Cold Harbor he and his comrades took part in Early's campaign down the Shenandoah valley and through Maryland, fighting at Harper's Ferry, Maryland Heights and Monocacy, and occupying the Blair house near Washington, D. C. Returning to the Shenandoah valley they were at Snicker's Gap, and numerous other engage ments. Sergeant Brett served as a sharpshooter during the campaign against Sheridan, fighting at Winchester, Sep tember 19'ch, at Strasburg and Fisher's Hill, and at Cedar

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Creek, October 19, 1864, where he was severely wounded in the left thigh and was left at a house between the lines. Joining his command again at Newmarket he was sent to hospital at Staunton, remaining there until Early returned to Richmond. There, though badly disabled by his wounds, he served in the trenches in the early part of 1865, under the brigade command of Gen. Phil Cook, and participated in the battles of his regiment, including Hatcher's Run and Hare's Hill, or Fort Stedman, March 25, 1865. In the latter, a brilliant and successful attempt by John B. Gordon to break the Federal lines, but unsuccessful in holding them, he was captured, in the Federal works, and taken to Meade's headquarters, where he was among the prisoners reviewed by Grant and Lincoln. Refusing to take the oath he was held at Point Lookout, Md., until June 24, 1865. He reached home in August, walking much of the way from Richmond. Since the war Mr. Brett has given his atten tion to mercantile pursuits, and from 1869 he has been one of the prominent business men of Rome. He is an active member of Floyd county camp, United Confederate vet erans, and of the Doles-Cook brigade survivors association. His eldest son, William H. Brett, is a graduate of the uni versity of Kentucky, and is in the United States govern ment service in Alaska, preparing for the establishment of civil government.
Harland P. Brewer, of Waycross, a veteran of Wheel er's cavalry, was born in Effingharn county, Ga., March 28, 1838, and there reared and educated. He entered the mili tary service of the Confederate States at Savannah, Ga., September 7, 1861, in a cavalry company which was assigned to picket and courier duty on the coast, being sta tioned for a time at Tybee. Two months later they were recalled to Savannah, and assigned as Company I to the Fifth regiment Georgia cavalry, under Col. Robert H. Anderson. He served with this gallant regiment of troopers until the close of the war, gaining the rank of orderly ser geant of his company. At Kenesaw Mountain his regiment joined the cavalry corps of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, and he served under that famous leader during the remainder of the struggle, participating in many engagements with the enemy. He fought at Noonday Creek, near Marietta, and in the daily combats that followed, as Johnston withdrew across the Chattahoochee river and into Atlanta; partici-

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patecl in the battles about that city, and took part in the pursuit and defeat of the Federal raiders under Stoneman. During Sherman's march to Savannah he was in numerous engagements, the principal one being at Waynesboro, and afterward he was in the campaign through the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender of General Johnston he was paroled at Savannah, and then returned to his home in Effingham county, and soon engaged in farming. In November, 1870, he entered upon the prac tice of law, which he continued at Waycross, where he made his home in February, 1882. In 1877 he'represented Effingham county in the legislature, and since removing to Waycross he has held the office of city tax assessor and collector from 1883 to 1888 and that of judge of the county court of Ware county, and senior editor of the Waycross Reporter from 1884 to 1889. In September, 1888, he was appointed claim agent for the first and second divisions of the Plant railroad system, a position he yet occupies. He is a member of the board of education of Waycross and its president, taking an active part in all the educational enterprises of his county and city.

Tomlinson F. Brewster, of Atlanta, formerly in the med ical service of the Confederate States, is a native of Georgia, born in Cherokee county, June 10, 1834. He is the son of Dr. John Brewster and Louisa Downs, both natives of South Carolina. His mother was a daughter of Maj. Jonathan Downs, a hero of the Revolutionary battle of King's Mountain, where he was wounded. On account of the early death of his father Dr. Brewster was reared from the age of twelve years by his uncle, Dr. B. D. Brewster, of Talbot county, Ga., with whom he began the study of "medicine. In 1856 he was graduated at the Jefferson med ical college, Philadelphia, and in the same year he married Margaret Beal and made his home and the field of his early professional career in Harris county, Ga. The advent of war found him there, busily engaged in medical work, and he promptly tendered his services to the Confederate government, volunteering as a private, and was elected first lieutenant of Company H, Fifty-fourth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Charlton H. Way. The regi ment was part of General Mercer's command, and served during most of the war on the coast, participating in the defense of Battery Wagner in 1863. In 1864 it was part

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of Hardee's corps in the Atlanta campaign. Dr. Brewster, during the last year of the war, was on duty as assistant surgeon in the hospital service at Columbus, Ga. After the close of hostilities he returned to his practice in Harris county, and remained there until 1888, when he made his home at Atlanta. He has high rank among the. physicians of that city, and since 1893 has been superintendent of the Grady hospital. He has also, during his civil career, been active in public affairs, and served with ability for several terms in the State legislature.

Pinckney G. Britt, a Confederate veteran residing at Thomaston, was born at that place May 16, 1841, son of Capt. William Britt and his wife Sallie Futrell, and was reared and educated in his native county of Upson. On July I, 1861, he volunteered as a Confederate soldier, becom ing a private in Capt. James M. Smith's company, D of the Thirteenth Georgia infantry, first commanded by Col. Walker Ector. His first service in the field was in the wild and mountainous regions of West Virginia, under John B. Floyd. They made an expedition against the Federals at Gauley Bridge in October, and for several weeks occupied Cotton Hill, across New River from Rosecrans' troops, with constant exchange of hostilities, culminating in the battles of November 10-14, ar>d Floyd's retreat. The Thirteenth was next sent to the coast department, then commanded by Gen. R. E. Lee. That great leader had also been in com mand in the Kanawha valley, so that the Thirteenth Georgia has the unique distinction of being under General Lee's orders from the first to the last of the war. After Lee took command of the army at Richmond the Thirteenth followed him, as a part of the gallant Georgia brigade led by Alex ander R. Lawton, John B. Gordon and Clement A. Evans. " Private Britt fought under Stonewall Jackson in the battles of Games' Mill and Malvern Hill in the Seven Days cam paign before Richmond; participated in the victory at Cedar Mountain, the capture of Manassas Junction and the two days' battle of Jackson's corps at Second Manassas, the capture of Harper's Ferry and the battle of Sharpsburg; was at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, and at Chancellorsville when Jackson received his mortal wound, and afterward served under Ewell and Early and Gordon at Winchester (1863), Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, the pursuit of Hunter

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from Lynchburg, the raid through Maryland to Washing ton and the battle of Monocacy, and the campaign against Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley, including the battle of Winchester, September 19, 1864, until, three days later, he was captured in the fight at Strasburg. This ended his career as a soldier on the field. It was his misfortune to endure the sufferings of a prisoner of war at Point Look out, Md., until February, 1865, when he was exchanged at City Point. While he was at home on the usual furlough the war came to an end. Since then this worthy Georgia sol dier has given his attention to the quiet pursuit of agricul ture, up to the last eight years, when he has been engaged in the cultivation of fruit at Fort Valley. It is gratifying to know that he has prospered in his enterprises. In 1867 he was married to Miss M. L. Griffin of Mississippi, and they have two sons and three daughters living.

Colonel James A. Broome, of LaGrange, an officer of the Alabama troops, was born at the city where he now resides, November 27, 1839. He is the son of Rufus Broome, a native of North Carolina, who settled at LaGrange in 1832, and his grandfather, Burrell Broome, was a soldier of the Revolution. Through his mother, Nancy W. Pitts, Colonel Broome is also descended from colonial ancestors. He received a good education, attending the Virginia military institute. When hostilities began he promptly supported the cause of the South and raised a company near Milltown, Ala., of which he was elected captain. This became Company D of the Fourteenth regiment Alabama infantry, commanded by Col. Thomas J. Judge. The regiment was mustered in at Auburn, Ala., July 21, 1861, in the fall of that year was ordered to Virginia, and throughout the remainder of the war participated in the battles of the army under Gen. Robert E. Lee, from Seven Pines to Appomattox. It was at first under the command of General Pryor and afterward in Wilcox's brigade, and under the corps command of General Longstreet until Chancellorsville, and afterward under A. P. Hill. Captain Broome was a gallant participant in the service of his regiment, rising in rank to major and later to lieutenant-colonel. He passed unscathed through the great battles of Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, but at the Wilderness, in May, 1864, while in command of his regi ment, was seriously wounded, a minie ball crushing the knee

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of the left leg, and necessitating amputation of the limb. This ended his military service, and he returned to his home, and at the conclusion of hostilities was paroled at Macon, Ga. His Confederate career was highly honorable and his name will always be associated with the record of his gal lant regiment. After a residence of ten years in south Georgia, following the war, Colonel Broome came to LaGrange in 1878, where he has made his home since that date. He is a popular and influential citizen, and a steward in the Methodist church. At Blakely, Ga., after the war, he married Emma G. Robinson, who died, leaving an only daughter, and in i88r he married Mary Ida Gary, of LaGrange. They have a son and two daughters.

Captain William F. Brown, a gallant officer of the Twelfth Georgia infantry, was a native of Georgia and a planter before the Confederate era. When troops were called for to protect the South from invasion, he, though sixty years of age, and exempt from call, raised a company of men of which he was elected captain, and they were mustered in at Richmond, Va., with the Twelfth infantry, under command of a Mexican war veteran, Edward Johnson, afterward major-general. Captain Brown served with distinction through the arduous service of his regiment in the West Virginia mountains in the fall and winter of 1861, partici pating in General Lee's campaign on Cheat Mountain and the battles of Greenbrier River and Alleghany Mountain, and in the spring of 1862 campaigned with Stonewall Jack son in the Shenandoah valley, taking part in the battles of McDowell and Front Royal. In the latter fight, May 30th, the regiment was hotly engaged and closely pressed by the enemy, and superior officers proposed to surrender, but, as it is recorded in the official records, "the men refused to give up, and Captain Brown took command and brought the regiment safely to Winchester." The gallant captain served under Jackson in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, and at Cedar Mountain was specially commended for gal lantry by General Early, who said, in speaking of the Twelfth Georgia: "Its commander in this action, Capt. William F. Brown, who is over sixty years of age, displayed great coolness, courage and energy. He is eminently deserv ing the command of a regiment, and I recommend him for promotion to fill the first vacancy that may occur among the field officers of the regiment." On the second day of the

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battle of Manassas, August 2g, 1862, Gen. Isaac F. Trimble, commanding the brigade, was wounded, and by order of General Jackson, Captain Brown was put in command of the brigade, composed of the Fifteenth Alabama, Twelfth Georgia, Twenty-first Georgia and Twenty-first North Carolina regiments, and First North Carolina battalion. In this capacity he served with marked gallantry and ability during the desperate fight along the railroad embankment on July 3oth, and continued in charge of the brigade in the pursuit of the enemy, participating in the fight at Ox Hill, near Chantilly, where, about the time that Hays' Louisiana brigade was driven back, he was shot and instantly killed. In this battle, remembered in the North as the occasion of the death of the gallant Phil Kearney, Georgia should have a mournful interest, by reason of the loss of the brave old captain-brigadier, William F. Brown.
James M. Brown, of Montezuma, a son of the foregoing and a gallant soldier in the same command, was born in Monroe county, Ga., March 8, 1841, and enlisted in his father's company in the spring of 1861. He shared all the service of the regiment in West Virginia, and at the battle of Greenbrier River, October 3, 1861, was promoted to a lieutenancy and put in charge of the first corps of sharp shooters under Colonel Johnson. He served also in Stone wall Jackson's valley campaign from McDowell to Front Royal, and in the latter battle was among the captured, so that he was a prisoner of war, at Fort Delaware, during the Seven Days' battles. Returning to the regiment, he took part in the battle of Second Manassas and Ox Hill. .At the battle of Sharpsburg he was severely wounded, a minie ball passing through his side, but he was on duty again in time for the battle of Fredericksburg; fought at Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg received a second wound, a painful injury in the jaw by a fragment of shell. In 1864 he was in battle at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor, and participated in the campaigns of Early's corps in the Shenandoah valley and Maryland, until his left wrist was shattered in the battle of Winchester, September igth. While lying disabled in an old church near Harrisonburg he was captured, but soon released, as he was unfit for service. This ended his career with the army. After the war Lieutenant Brown engaged in farming in Dooley county until 1870, when he embarked in business as a cotton broker at Montezuma, his present

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vocation. He is one of the leading men of his county, and highly regarded by his old comrades and the entire com munity. In 1866 he was married to Mattie Wallace, and after her death he wedded her sister, Pleora Wallace. He has seven sons and two daughters living.

Samuel L. Brown, of Milledgeville, formerly of the army of Northern Virginia, is a native of Autauga county, Ala., born October 12, 1832. His parents were Turner T. Brown, a native of Washington county, Georgia, and Winifred Avery, of Johnston county, North Carolina. Mr. Brown entered the State service February 22, 1862, in a company organized in Washington county, Ga., for artillery service, and commanded by Capt. N. H. Hollifield, M. D. On going to Savannah, Ga., they served until May i, 1862, when the company disbanded and went home. Early in June they formed an infantry company, which was mustered in June 29, as Company D of the Fifty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. Jack Brown. The regiment remained on duty at Macon, Ga., until September 8th, when it was ordered to Virginia. Private Brown was on detail in the quartermaster's department until August 23, 1863, when he was detailed for railroad service at Richmond, where he remained until June 16, 1865, being captured with the city. He was incarcerated in the famous old Libby prison for two weeks, and paroled the next morning after the assassination of President Lincoln. Since 1865 Mr. Brown has been a worthy citizen of Georgia. He followed the trade of mill wright until 1882, and subsequently has been fanning and conducting a jewelry business at Milledgeville. He was married in 1856 to Teresa Gladden, and they have one daughter, wife of Jacob M. Stanley, of Milledgeville.

Thomas L. Brown, of Waycross, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Jefferson county in 1842. He entered the military service of the Confederate States in May, 1861, at Augusta, Ga., enlisting as a private soldier in Company D of the regiment commanded by Lafayette McLaws, the distinguished general, then a colonel. He served with this regiment during the period of the twelve months' enlistment, mostly in Virginia, and at the reorgan ization in. 1862 was transferred to the Twentieth regiment, commanded by Col. J. B. Gumming-, in Gen. Robert Toombs' brigade of D. R. Jones' division, Longstreet's corps. With

524

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this command he participated in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, closing at Malvern Hill; fought with Longstreet's army at Thoroughfare Gap and Second Manassas; and at Sharpsburg, September 17, 1862, was severely wounded in the hand and face during the splendid fight made by his command at the Burnside bridge over the Antietam. Here also he was captured, but after four days was paroled, and ninety days later exchanged. His next battle was Fredericksburg. He was with Longstreet in the Suffolk, Va., campaign, and then returning northward, marched into Pennsylvania, and fought at Gettysburg on the second day, receiving another severe wound in the hip. Left on the field, he fell into the hands of the enemy, and when sufficiently recovered was taken to David's Island, N. Y., and imprisoned for two months. He was exchanged in November, 1863, and he then returned to duty, but his wounds had seriously impaired his ability to serve on the field, and he was detailed by the secretary of war to the ordnance department at Macon under Colonel Cuyler. In this capacity he served until the close of hostilities. Private Brown was a gallant and honorable soldier, one of those who made the fame of Georgia on the great battle fields of the greatest war in history. After his return home he resided at Lewisville until 1882, afterward three years at McQuay, and since 1885 has made his home at Waycross, industrious and successful in business.

Dr. Walker G. Browne, a prominent professional man of Atlanta, served in his boyhood as a Confederate soldier in the Carolina campaign. He was born in Anderson county, S. C., August 23, 1847. His father, J. M. Browne, a native of the same State, was a grandson of William Browne, a captain in the Revolutionary war, and his mother, Lydia Lewis Coffin, a native of Nantucket Island, Mass., is a descendant of Tristran Coffin, a member of an English family who came to America in 1642. Dr. Browne was reared on a farm in his native county, and in August, 1864, being seventeen years of age, entered the military service in behalf of the Confederacy as a private in Company G, Second battalion South Carolina Reserves. He was private secretary of the commandant of the post at Columbia, S. C., and later sergeant of the prison, in which Federal officers only were confined. After peace was restored Dr. Browne began the study of dentistry, a profession in which he has

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become highly distinguished. Since 1877 he has been a citizen of Atlanta. His high professional standing has been recognized by his election as president of the Georgia State Dental society. He is also widely known as president of the Walker-Browne Dental company, and the originator of numerous inventions, a number of which are used in his own profession. During the past fourteen years Dr. Browne has been an active member of the Governor's Horse Guard of Atlanta and is particularly distinguished as a rifleman. He holds many medals won in sharpshooting contests, has the highest record made in rifle practice, of his command, and possesses a certificate as distinguished sharpshooter awarded by the State. Dr. Browne was married in 1868 to Lizzie Chandler, who died ten years later, and in 1880 to Amelia Owings, and has two daughters and a son living.

Lieutenant-Colonel B. F. Browne, deceased, a brother of the foregoing, was a gallant officer in the Sixth Georgia regiment of Wheeler's cavalrv corps. When hostilities began in 1861 he was editor of a newspaper at Clarksville, Ga,, and promptly organized a company which he tendered to Governor Brown. The governor replied that he had no arms and could not accept the company unless the men would arm themselves. Acting on this suggestion Colonel Browne made a model of a pike, and Governor Brown had them manufactured. This was the origin of "Joe Brown's Pikes," and thus armed, Colonel Browne's company was mustered into service. Colonel Browne fought throughout the war as a cavalry officer in General Wheeler's command and was distinguished as an independent scout attached to the Sixth Georgia cavalry. He was promoted through the grade of major to that of lieutenant-colonel, made a splen did record in every capacity, and after the war remained a true Confederate until his death in 1898 at Anderson, S. C. A. D. Browne, a brother of Col. B. F. Browne, was a mem ber of the crack company called Palmetto Riflemen, of the Fourth South Carolina volunteers and went direct to Vir ginia, saying at the time that he would never get back, and on the battlefield of First Manassas was almost the first man killed.

William Bryson, of Augusta, was born in that city in 1842 and there grew up to manhood and received his edu cation. On March 18, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the

526

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Oglethorpe infantry and on the first of April left with them for Macon, where it became Company D of Ramsey's First Georgia regiment of infantry. His first service was at Pensacola, Fla., whence, after a stay o about six weeks, the regiment was ordered to Virginia, and sent to reinforce General Garnett at Laurel Hill. Here Private Bryson first encountered the enemy and participated in the fighting at
Belington, Laurel Hill, and Carrick's Ford. He marched with the regiment to Winchester, Va., in December, 1861, and on January I, 1862, set out under the leadership of
Stonewall Jackson upon the winter campaign to Bath and Romney, which by reason of its privations and physical suffering was one of the severest of the war. The First regiment had enlisted for twelve months and on March 18, 1862, was mustered out at Augusta. Mr. Bryson then vol unteered again in the Richmond Hussars, Company I of the cavalry of Cobb's Legion, where he served until the close of the war. Going to Virginia with the command he took part in the Seven Days' battles around Richmond, Brandy Station, Sharpsburg, South Mountain, Federicksburg and Gettysburg. Later he was in the campaign of the Carolinas opposing the march of Sherman. He was at home on a two months' furlough when the war closed, and thus was not included in the general surrender. Since 1875 Mr. Bryson has been engaged in farming. He was at one time a member of the Augusta city council and for seven years chief of the volunteer fire department of that city.

Hon. Rufus Brown Bullock, of Atlanta, ex-governor o Georgia, was born in Albany county, N. Y., March 28, 1834, being the son of Volckert Veeder Bullock and Eliza
(Brown) Bullock, both natives o New York. Several members of the Bullock family served in the American army during the war of the Revolution, while one, a brother of the governor's grandfather, was an adherent of the king.
When the future governor of Georgia was six years old the family removed to Albion, Orleans county, N. Y., and at the academy of this town he was educated, being graduated at the age of fifteen. About this time his father was made
director of the first telegraph line passing through that section, having been one of its most zealous promoters, and young Bullock, having made himself proficient in teleg raphy, was employed by the company for several years. After he had been frequently promoted and in charge of

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527

important offices, his abilities attracted the attention of the Adams Express company, which invited him to go South and take control of its office at Augusta, Ga. Having accepted this offer, his authority was extended over a large stretch of Southern territory from Virginia to Texas. A few years later, and before the civil war, the Southern Express was organized, absorbing at the time all the inter ests of the Adams company south of the Potomac and Ohio
rivers, and of this new organization Mr. Bullock became the first secretary and general manager, as well as one of its trustees. The late Henry B. Plant was president, with headquarters at Augusta, and there Mr. Bullock had his office at the time of the secession of Georgia. For two or three years previous to this time he had been a member of the Oglethorpe infantry, one of the crack companies of the city, and when at the summons of Governor Brown this company, with the rest of the Augusta military, marched to the capture of the arsenal at Summerville, he participated in this enterprise which antedated the Georgia secession ordinance and was more than two months prior to the cap ture of Fort Sumter by the South Carolina forces. When the war began he volunteered with his company for Con federate service, but was immediately ordered to another field of duty, being appointed assistant quartermaster-gen eral with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, having charge of railway transportation and at the same time remaining an officer of the Southern Express company, which through
out the war rendered very important service to the Confed eracy, transporting all of its valuable shipments of every kind free of charge. In this dual capacity Colonel Bullock
rendered faithful and efficient service to the end of the struggle, being present at the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox and there receiving his parole. Returning to Augusta he resumed his position with the express company. In the fall of 1866 he was elected president of the Macon & Augusta railroad company. Of
this, the first new railroad built in Georgia after the war, some forty miles had been finished when the fund was exhausted. Colonel Bullock having made a trip to New
York city for the purpose of bonding the road and thus securing the money necessary for its completion, was told that nothing could be accomplished on this line so long as Georgia was under military rule, because of its rejection of
the congressional plan of reconstruction. Returning home.
GaSS

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he assisted in organizing the Republican party of Georgia, believing this to be the shortest road to a civil government and the rehabilitation of the State. He was elected a mem ber of the constitutional convention of 1867-8 and becom ing a candidate of the Republicans for governor, was declared elected over his Democratic competitor, Gen. John B. Gordon. While he was governor his New York friends furnished him with the money needed for the completion of his road, and he secured funds for the construction of about six hundred miles of railroad besides. Governor Bullock, having accomplished what he set out to do for the State in a business way and after having served as chief executive of Georgia for three and one-half years, resigned and retired to private life. He made his home in Atlanta, entered business pursuits and became treasurer and after wards president of the first cotton mill established in that city, with which he is still connected as a director. He was for two years vice-president of the chamber of commerce and for two years president of the same; is a member of the Old Time Telegraphers' association, and senior warden of St. Philip's Episcopal church; and is also a member of Atlanta Camp 159, United Confederate veterans. He was married in 1859 to Mary Elizabeth Salisbury of New York. They have two sons and one daughter living. Governor Bullock's father died in Atlanta, Ga., while on a visit to his son in 1889, at the age of seventy-seven years.

Henry Bunn, a gallant Georgia soldier in one of the first regiments enlisted for the period of the war, the Sixth Georgia, is deserving of remembrance among the heroes of the war in Virginia. He entered the service in Company I of the Sixth Georgia, under the command of Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt, then a colonel, and served in Virginia on the peninsula during the early months of the war. He was in battle on the Yorktown lines, and in the retreat toward Richmond, and on June 27, 1862, participated in the fight ing of D. H. Hill's division at Games' Mill or Cold Harbor, where his regiment suffered heavy loss. He was shot in the hand, but after he had gone to the rear and had this wound dressed he returned to the front and again joined in the attack upon the Federal works, when a ball pierced his heart, instantly putting an end to his heroic career. He was given a soldier's burial on the field of battle. - . . '
His family was devoted to the Confederate cause and yet

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

529

cherishes the sacred memories of the war for Southern inde pendence. A brother, William C. Bunn, residing at Cedar-, town, is now prominent as an attorney, and well known throughout the State. He was graduated at Mercer uni versity in 1881, and in 1882 began the practice of law at Cedartown. During the two decades which have elapsed he has rapidly risen in his profession, and is particularly prominent as a corporation lawyer, representing the East
ern & Western railroad company, the Alabama & Georgia
Iron company and Georgia & Alabama mining company and several of the leading mills and factories in northern Georgia. In 1898-99 he represented his senatorial district in the upper house of the Georgia legislature, Mr. Bunn was married in 1886 to Anna, daughter of Capt. W. C. Knight, a Confederate officer, and clerk of the court of Polk county.

John T. Burgess, of Rome, a well-known railroad man,
is a veteran of Colquitt's Georgia brigade. He is a native of Georgia and enlisted in 1861 at the age of fifteen years in. Company H of the Twenty-third Georgia infantry, which was organized at Big Shanty and sent directly to Richmond, Va. He first met the enemy in the Peninsular campaign in Virginia, and participated in the battle of Seven Pines and the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond. During the Maryland campaign he was in battle at South Mountain and Sharpsburg, under D. H. Hill, and after the return of the army to Virginia he took part in the battles of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, and Chancellorsville, May 1-2, 1863. As Stonewall Jackson was making his famous flank ing -march on the 2d the Twenty-third was left near the
Furnace to protect the wagon train, and being assailed by a largely superior force of the enemy, was almost entirely captured. In consequence of this misfortune Private Bur
gess was a prisoner of war three months at Fort Delaware. On being exchanged at City Point he rejoined his regiment at Charleston, S. C., where he served in Battery Wagner
and other duty until Colquitt's brigade was sent to Florida, early in 1864, to meet the Federal movement against Tallahassee. They defeated the enemy at Olustee, February
20th, and soon afterward were recalled to Virginia to pro tect the Confederate capital while Lee was fighting in the Wilderness. For several months Private Burgess was almost constantly under fire or in battle around Richmond

530

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

and Petersburg, taking part in the battles of Drewry's Bluff, Petersburg, Fort Harrison, and others, and serving in the trenches near the Crater. Near the close of the year 1864 they were sent to Wilmington to aid in the defense of Fort Fisher, and after the fall of that stronghold they fell back into the interior, participated in the last great battle at Bentonville, and surrendered with General Johnston at Greens
boro. Mr. Burgess has been devoted since the war to rail road engineering, first at Little Rock, Ark., afterward at Selma, Ala., as engineer of the Alabama division of the
Southern railroad, and from 1887 at Rome, with the Nash ville, Chattanooga & St. Louis railroad.

Joseph F. Burke, of Atlanta, a veteran of the South Caro lina troops in the Confederate States service, was born at Charleston, S. C, in November, 1845, son f Joseph F. Burke, and grandson of Joseph Burke, a kinsman of Judge Aedanus Burke, chancellor of South Carolina during the
war of the Revolution. He was reared at Charleston and as a boy of fifteen awaited with absorbing interest the verdict of his State upon the triumph of the anti-slavery party in the North in 1860. When South Carolina by her delegates in convention assembled adopted the ordinance of secession, December 20, 1860, he went on duty with the military of the State, within one hour, as a member of the Charleston Zouave Cadets. First as a member of the State forces and after the organization of the Confederacy, as a soldier of the united South, he served throughout the entire war. His company was retained in the vicinity of Charleston, as part of the defense of that city, and he witnessed the great mili tary events in that field from beginning to end, and partici
pated in a number of engagements with the enemy. He saw the bombardment of Sumter by the troops under Beauregard, and the lowering of the United States flag; witnessed the bloody fighting at Battery Wagner and the tremendous "bombardment of Fort Sumter by the Federals; the shelling of the city of Charleston by the swamp batteries, and the
defeat of the strongest naval power then in the world by the guns of Moultrie and Sumter. When the war closed,
after having worthily done his part as a boy soldier of the Confederacy, he removed to Augusta, Ga., and in 1868 was
married at Washington, Ga., to Louise, daughter of Judge David G. Cotting, former secretary of state of Georgia.
Soon after his marriage Mr. Burke made his home at

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

581

Atlanta, where he has been active and successful in busi ness and prominent socially. During the administration of Gov. Alexander H. Stephens he had the honor to be selected by that great Georgian as chief of the gubernatorial staff, with the rank of colonel. Colonel Burke is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, is one of the organizers of the Piedmont club, of Atlanta, and gen erally active in public affairs. He was one of the organizers and supporters of the Atlanta Charitable association, a movement resulting in the Grady hospital; was one of the ardent promoters of the Young Men's library association, which has grown into the Carnegie Library; founded and established the armory of the Gate City Guard, of which he was commandant for a number of years, and for fifteen years has been president of the Atlanta Humane society.

Henry Clay Burr, a prominent citizen of Griffin, was a Confederate soldier under Nathan B. Forrest during some of the famous campaigns in the West. He was born in Forsyth, Ga., January 18, 1842, son of Jason Burr, who came to Georgia from Hartford, Conn., in 1821, and after residing at Macon, Forsyth and other places, made his home at Griffin, in November, 1842. Four of the sons of Jason Burr fought for the South, and made honorable records. One, John H., a captain, was wounded at Petersburg, and another, G. H., was a lieutenant of Company B, Fifth Georgia infantry, and afterward adjutant of the regiment. Henry C. Burr entered the Confederate service March 19, 1862, as a private in Company E of the Second regiment Georgia cavalry, under Col. W. J. Lawton and Lieut.-Col. Arthur Hood. Accompanying the regiment to Chatta nooga, where it became part of the command of Gen. N. B. Forrest, he participated in the brilliant raid on Murfreesboro, and the capture of Crittenden's Federal brigade at that place, July 13, 1862, and was one of the four men particu larly distinguished for entering the Murfreesboro court house and hastening the surrender. Private Burr continued with Forrest after this famous achievement, participating in the rapid movements to Lebanon, Tenn., and to the vicin ity of Nashville, burning the railroad bridges across Mill Creek and skirmishing at Antioch. Then after a rest of a week Forrest's command advanced again, skirmishing with Buell's troops, and leading Bragg's advance into Kentucky, fighting at Lebanon Junction, Boston, and other places and

532

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pushing on to a point near Louisville, where a brisk skir mish occurred. During all this campaign in Kentucky and throughout the retreat back to Tennessee Private Burr par ticipated in the almost constant fighting of his command which was depended on both to lead the way in the advance and protect the rear on the retreat. He was in a gallant charge upon the enemy at Bardstown. After the return to
Tennessee he fought at Nolensville and vicinity for several days early in December, 1862, and on the 5th of that month
was disabled by the breaking of an arm. After partially recovering from this injury he rejoined his regiment at Oxford, Ala., and continued on duty with it until his retirement in August, 1864, in that time participating in the Chickamauga, Knoxville and Atlanta campaigns, under
Gen. Joseph Wheeler. His record as a soldier was a worthy one, and distinguished by devotion to duty and gallantry on
the field of battle. Since the war he has resided at Griffin, where he has served twenty-two years as an alderman of the city, and for fifteen years has been president of the City National bank. Mr. Burr is married to Lucilla, daughter of W. B. Nelms, and they have one son, who was captain of Company B, Second Georgia volunteers, in the United States service during the war with Spain, and is now lieutenant-colonel of the Second regiment Georgia State troops.

William B. Burroughs, M. D., of Brunswick, was born in Savannah, Ga., April 17, 1842, son of Joseph H. Burroughs, a prominent cotton merchant at that city, and his wife Vale ria G. Berrien. He is a grandson of Benjamin Burroughs,
notable in the commercial history of Savannah, and is descended from famous colonial families. He was a student at Oglethorpe college when the war began, and leaving that
institution in the summer of 1861, enlisted in the Randolph Rangers, a volunteer company that became Company B of the Seventh regiment Georgia cavalry. He was made first sergeant of his company, and after some service on the coast, went to Virginia as part of Gen. P. M. B. Young's
brigade of Gen. Wade Hampton's cavalry division, and shared the active service of that command during the Fed
eral operations about Richmond and Petersburg, fighting at Boykin's Plank Road, Dinwiddie Court House, Stony Creek, and numerous other combats, and finally surrendered at Appomattox. After the war he studied medicine and was

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

533

graduated at the Savannah medical college in March, 1867. He practiced his profession for fifteen years in Camden county, with marked success, and in 1881 moved to Bruns wick:, where he engaged in real estate and insurance busi ness. For a number of years he has been one of the lead ing business men of the city, with interests in many impor tant enterprises. He was appointed by Governor Northen a delegate to the Nicaragua canal convention at St. Louis in 1892, and by Governor Gordon to the Nicaragua canal con vention at New Orleans, and at each meeting was elected by the Georgia delegation a member of the national execu tive committee.

John Robard Burton, M. D., of Valdosta, formerly in the
medical service of the Confederate States army, was born in
Liberty county, Ga., in 1826, and was reared in Camden
county. In 1848 he was graduated at the College of Physi
cians and Surgeons at New York, and thereupon he engaged
in the practice at Lafayette, Ala., which was his place of
residence when the war began in 1861. He soon enlisted
for the Confederate service and at the organization of the Forty-seventh Alabama infantry, in May, 1862, was com missioned as surgeon. In this rank he served until the close of the war, participating in all the battles of his command in the army of Northern Virginia. His first battle was Cedar Run, August 9, 1862, in Stonewall Jackson's own division; and the heavy loss of his regiment taxed his skill and endurance to the utmost. In later battles--Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, with Longstreet at Chickamauga and Knoxville, and at the Wil derness, Spottsylvania Court House, and all through the long siege of Petersburg and Richmond, he continued to perform his duty as a surgeon with rare devotion and skill. At the last he surrendered with those of his men who were left, at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. Not long after his re turn, to Alabama he removed to Valdosta, where he has ever since made his home, and has been active in the prac tice of his profession. Professionally and socially he is one of the leading men of his county, and he is yet thoroughly devoted to his comrades of the great war of 1861-65. Fr thirty years he has labored effectively in the cause of edu cation as president of the school board of Lowndes county.

534

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Peter G. Burtim, of Augusta, a veteran of Jackson's Georgia brigade, was born in East Tennessee in 1839, where he grew up and received his education. At the age of twenty he removed to Augusta, Ga., and was living there in 1861 when Georgia called upon her sons to arm in her defense. There was great zeal among the young men of that city and Governor Brown received many more re sponses to his call than he thought necessary. The Oglethorpe Infantry and Clinch Rifles had received so many new members that each of these popular companies was double the size required. Finding that the governor would not ac cept them all, they passed resolutions to the effect that with the exception of the officers, none but the unmarried men should enlist on this first call. Mr. Burum was among those considered the fortunate ones, in that their services were ac cepted, and with the Clinch Rifles, which became Company A of the Fifth Georgia regiment, he went as a private in May, 1861. His first service was at Pensacola, Fla., and the first fight in which he was engaged was on Santa Rosa Island. In the spring of 1862 the Fifth was ordered to Mis sissippi, but did not reach there in time to take part in the battle of Shiloh. They were on duty at Corinth during the siege, and in the encounter with the enemy at Farmington, all the soldiers of the Fifth bore themselves gallantly. Pri vate Burum went with his regiment to East Tennessee in the early summer of 1862 and shared in the siege and cap ture of Cumberland Gap and in the Kentucky campaign. After the return to Tennessee he participated in the fierce battle of Murfreesboro and in the fall of 1863 fought at Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. He was then detailed on Gen. John K. Jackson's staff, acting in this capacity during the Atlanta campaign until General Jackson was ordered to Florida, when he accompanied that officer to his new field of duty. During the movements in Sherman's front after that commander had made his march through Georgia, Mr. Burum took part in the battles of Pocotaligo, Averasboro' and Bentonville. At the latter he was captured and sent to Point Lookout, Md., where he was held a prisoner for three months. After his release he went to his childhood home in East Tennessee, but did not find it pleasant at that time to live among the Union men of that region. Therefore, he returned to Augusta, Ga., which city he has since made his home, and of which he is an excellent citizen and successful business man. He is an

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

535

ardent Confederate and takes a lively interest in ever}rthing pertaining to the Veterans Association of Augusta, of which he is a member.

David K. Butler, a prominent citizen of Mitchell county,
formerly in the Confederate service, was born in Decatur
county, Ga., in 1838, and was there engaged in farming
when the Confederacy was organized. Among the first to en
list in answer to the call of his State he became a volunteer,
March 18, 1861, in the Bainbridge Independents, which be
came Company G of the First Georgia volunteers, under Col. James N. Ramsey, a regiment that was organized for service at Pensacola. From that locality they were ordered in the early summer of 1861 to Virginia, and sent out in the mountains of West Virginia to meet the army of McClellan. Mr. Butler participated in the operations about Laurel Hill, the retreat through the mountains by way of Carrick's Ford, and afterward served under Gen. H. R. Jackson at Greenbrier River and under Stonewall Jackson at Bath and Romney, W. Va. At the expiration of twelve months' service he was mustered out at Augusta, Ga., and soon afterward he reenlisted in Company K of the Second regiment Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. W. J. Lawton, with which he was on active duty during the remainder of the war. He fought under the command of Gen. N. B. Forrest at Murfreesboro, July, 1862; participated in the Kentucky campaign, including the battle of Perryville, and was in the great battles of Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and Atlanta, besides numerous smaller engagements. He was in the Knoxville campaign with Longstreet, with Forrest in the battles of Franklin and Murfreesboro in the latter part of 1864, and with Wheeler in the daily fighting and raiding during Sherman's march to Atlanta, Savannah and Raleigh. At Murfreesboro he was captured twice, at first soon gain ing his liberty, but being taken again while out foraging he was sent to Louisville and Baltimore, and two weeks after his capture was exchanged at City Point, Va. Throughout this extended career, which ended with the sur render at Greensboro, N. C., he made a worthy record as a private soldier. Returning to Decatur county he farmed there about ten years, and then, in 1871, made his home at Camilla and engaged in farming and mercantile business until his retirement in 1898. During the past twelve years

536

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

he has served efficiently as chairman of the board of com missioners of Mitchell county.

Robert Miller Butler, of Savannah, a veteran of Mercer's Georgia brigade, was born at Savannah in 1845, and entered the Confederate service at the age of sixteen years, enlisting May 17, 1861, in the Savannah Cadets, which afterward
became Company F of the Fifty-fourth regiment Georgia infantry. He began his service as second corporal, and later was promoted to orderly-sergeant of his company, the rank
he held during the last two years of the war. -He was on duty at Savannah and other points on the coast of Georgia and South Carolina, and in the spring of 1864 joined the army of Tennessee at Dalton. In the great Hundred Days' campaign he fought with Walker's division at Rocky Face ridge and Resaca, and with Cleburne's division at New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, At lanta and Jonesboro. During the Tennessee campaign Mer cer's brigade was detailed to guard General Forrest's supply train, and Sergeant Butler consequently missed the battles of Franklin and Nashville, but was in the desperate fight ing of the rear guard on the retreat across the Tennessee river. Upon retreating to Tupelo, Miss., they were sent to North Carolina, and in the battle of Bentonville, March 19-21, 1865, Sergeant Butler was for a time in command of his regiment, sadly reduced in numbers by the terrible hardships and desperate battles which it had experienced. After the surrender at Greensboro, April 26, 1865, he returned to Savannah and turned his attention to civil pur suits. For a number of years he has been active and suc cessful in the great cotton business of the city, and he enjoys a high rank among the commercial men of the city.

Judson A. Butts, M. D., of Brunswick, formerly surgeon
of Gen. Clement A. Evans' regiment, the Thirty-first Geor gia, was born in Hancock county, Ga., in 1838, and was graduated in medicine at the old Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, in 1860. He was establishing himself in the practice of his chosen profession at Bainbridge, Ga., when
the Confederacy was organized and hostilities began. Aban doning his professional ambitions for the time, he took part in the organization of a company at Bainbridge, of which he was elected first lieutenant, and this was mustered in as Company I of the Thirty-first regiment Georgia infan-

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try. He went to Virginia with Lawton's brigade in 1862, and served as a line officer in the Seven Days' battles, and at Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry and Sharpsburg. Just after the latter engagement, September 17, 1862, he was commissioned as surgeon of the Thirtyfirst, the capacity in which he served during the remainder of the war. He was in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania
Court House, Cold Harbor, Lynchburg, Monocacy, Win chester, Cedar Creek, and minor combats, and was on duty
on the Richmond and Petersburg lines, and on the retreat to Appomattox, where he surrendered with the army. After the battle of Gettysburg he was left on. the field in charge of the wounded of Gordon's brigade, and he served there until August ist, when he was sent to Fort McHenry, and exchanged in December, 1863. Dr. Butts practiced his pro fession at Bainbridge after the war until 1887, when he removed to Brunswick. He is one of the most estimable men among the survivors of the devoted medical service of the Confederacy.

Elbridge G. Cabaniss, of Savannah, a participant in his youth in the last campaigns of the army of Northern Vir ginia, was born in Forsyth, Ga., in 1845. He entered the Confederate States service in March, 1864, as a private in Company A of the Eleventh Georgia battalion, then sta tioned at Hanover Court House, Va. With this command he participated in the battle of the Wilderness and the cam paign from the Rapidan to the James river, and was on duty about Petersburg and Richmond throughout the siege of July, 1864, to April, 1865. When the heroic army of Gen eral Lee had been worn to a remnant that could no longer hold the extended line against the masses of Federal sol diery, he marched out with the army on the retreat to Appo mattox, and when surrender was seen to be inevitable
he and his command started out, just before reaching Lynchburg, to join the forces of Gen. J. E. Johnston. When that army also was surrendered, under the capitulation of Greensboro, April 26, 1865, he surrendered and was paroled at Lincolnton, N. C. Mr. Cabaniss has been a resident for many years of Savannah, is engaged in mercantile pursuits,
connected with the Southern Naval Stores company, and is held in hig'h esteem by his Confederate comrades and fel low-citizens.

538

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

Joseph W. Cabaniss, a prominent citizen of Macon, for merly a soldier of the army of Northern Virginia, is a native :' ;of Forsyth ce-mity-, and was a member of the senior class of Mercer university at the beginning of the war. He promptly enlisted in the Quitman Guards, Company K of the First regiment Georgia volunteers, Col. James N. Ramsey commanding. With this regiment he was soon on duty in West Virginia, having joined the command at Laurel Hill, and in June, 1861, was transferred to Virginia. He shared the arduous services of his regiment in West Vir ginia, at Laurel Hill, and in the memorable retreat through the mountains to Monterey; participated in the battle of Greenbrier river; campaigned with General Lee at Cheat Mountain, and with Stonewall Jackson in his expedition to the Potomac river in the winter of 1861-62. After the expi ration of his year's enlistment he joined the Forty-fifth regi ment Georgia infantry, of Gen. E. L. Thomas' brigade, A. P. Hill's division. Soon afterward he was detached and assigned to the signal corps attached to the headquarters of General Hill, with which he was connected until the siege of Petersburg. Then he rejoined his old regiment, and shortly afterward was detailed on the staff of General Thomas. Mr. Cabaniss participated in all the great cam paigns and battles of the army of Northern Virginia, from the Seven Days' battles to the evacuation of Richmond. At the last he took part in the gallant defense of Fort Gregg, on the Petersburg lines, on the fateful second day of April, 1865, when he was wounded and taken prisoner. He was sent to the hospital at City Point, and thence to Lincoln hospital, and after having sufficiently recovered from his wounds was imprisoned at the Old Capitol, Washington, and at Elmira, N. Y., until August, 1865, being one of the last of the Confederate prisoners of war to return home. Since the war Mr. Cabaniss has had a very successful career as a merchant and financier. He first carried on a business at Griffin, until 1869, when he made his home at Macon, and in 1871 he was elected teller of the Exchange bank at the latter city, with which he has been associated ever since, rising through various positions to the presidency in 1896. In the same year he was also elected president of the Union Savings bank and Trust association, with which he had been connected as cashier from its organization in 1889. He is also a director of the Central City loan and trust company, and of the Exchange cotton mills, and con-

If

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY:

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If::

nected with other successful and important business and

II

manufacturing enterprises, filling a very important place in

|s

the commercial life of the city.

Captain Andrew B. Cain, of Rochelle, a veteran of Cobb's brigade, McLaw's division, Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia, was born and reared in Gwinnett county, Ga., was married in 1859 to Martha Ann Autrey, and at the
beginning of hostilities in 1861 was engaged in teaching school. He promptly enlisted at the call of his State, for the defense of the Southern Confederacy, and was mustered in at Richmond, Va., as a private in Company H of the Six teenth Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Howell Cobb, one of Georgia's most distinguished statesmen. About four
months later Private Cain was elected third lieutenant, sub sequently was made first lieutenant, and in the fall of 1862
he was promoted to captain of Company H, his rank during the remainder of the war. With Cobb's brigade he took part in the fighting on the Yorktown lines, including the battle of Dam No. i, and on the retreat to Richmond he was in the engagement at Williamsburg. During the campaign about the Confederate capital which soon followed he was a.gal lant participant in the battles of Savage Station, Frayser's Farm and Malvern Hill. At the close of the arduous service in the Chickahominy swamps, he was disabled with rheu matism, and was sent to the hot springs in Virginia for treatment. Rejoining his regiment, then under the brigade command of Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb, he commanded his company in that gallant line that held the stone wall at Marye's Hill against the repeated assaults of the Federal
troops, December 13, 1862. At the battle of Chancellorsville, he fought in Hooker's front with McLaw's division, while Jackson gained Hooker's rear, and at the brick church his company fought gallantly. His brigade, then com
manded by General Wofford, had a distinguished part in the fighting on Little Round Top, on the second and third days of the battle of Gettysburg, which was fully shared by Captain Cain. After the return to Virginia, he accompanied Longstreet's corps to Georgia, and participated in the battle
of Chickamauga, and the campaign in east Tennessee. In 1864 he took part in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, and those before Petersburg in June, and continued on the Petersburg lines until August, when his brigade was sent to reinforce General Early in the

540

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Shenandoah valley. At the battle of Front Royal, August 15, 1864, he was captured, ending his career on the field. As a prisoner of war he was held a short time at the Old Capitol prison and at Fort Delaware until June 24, 1865. Since the war Captain Cain has been engaged in farming, residing in Milton county, Ga., until 1868, afterward in Texas seven years, and since 1882 in Wilcox county, Ga., where he was for six years also the proprietor of a sawmill. He has held public office as a member of the board of school trustees at Rochelle, as jury commissioner eight years and six years as registrar. In all capacities, as soldier and citi zen, he has faithfully performed his duties. Captain Cain has one son living: Virgil H., agent of the Seaboard Air Line at Rochelle.

George L. Cain, of Louisville, Ga., entered the Confeder ate service in the spring of 1861, as second sergeant in the Jefferson Grays, a company organized and commanded by his brother, J. G. Cain, and at the organization of the regi ment he was elected first sergeant. The Grays were enrolled as Company I of the Twenty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, Col. T. J. Warthen commanding, went to Vir ginia in the fall of 1861, and for several months were sta tioned in the vicinity of Manassas Junction. Under the brigade command of Gen. A. H. Colquitt the regiment par ticipated in the engagements on the Yorktown line, on the Virginia peninsula, and fought through the Seven Days' battles about Richmond. At Malvern Hill, July i, 1862, Sergeant Cain was promoted to brevet second lieutenant for gallantry on the field. In February, 1863, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. After the Seven Days' bat tles he was in nearly all the engagements of his famous bri gade, including Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville; the bombardment of Charleston, S. C., and the fighting on James and Morris islands; Olustee, Fla., Second Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Fort Harrison, and finally was in the North Carolina campaign, including the bombardment of Fort Fisher and the battles of Kinston and Bentonville. Briefly stated, his record embraces the great campaigns of 1862 in Virginia, the Chancellors ville campagn, the siege of Charleston, S. C., the Florida campaign, the siege of Petersburg and Richmond, and the final campaign of the army of Tennessee, ending with the surrender at Greensboro. He was adjutant of his regi-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

541

ment in the closing six months of the war. He fought under Gens. J. E. Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jack son, and P. T. Beauregard. Lieutenant Cain is a native of Georgia, born in Jefferson county, November 21, 1839, son of James Cain and Nancy Granbury. His father was born
in Sumter district, S. C, in 1794, son of William Cain, a soldier of the Revolution, and was reared in Georgia, where he became a successful planter and worthy member of the legislature. Since the war Lieutenant Cain has been
engaged in farming and mercantile business, and has made an honorable career, fitly supplementing his record in the great struggle for Southern .independence. He was mar ried in 1859 to Mary E. Stone, and has three sons: James G., of Memphis, Tenn.; W. Eddv, of Statesboro, Ga., and M. Phillips, and four daughters, Mrs. Mary L. Nettles, of Memphis, Tenn.; Mrs. Julia E. Grier of Sharon, S. C., and Annie H. and Jennie S.

Colonel James G. Cain, of Louisville, is a native of Jef
ferson county, Ga., born January 20, 1835, son of James Cain, who was born in Sumter district, S. C., and became a prosperous planter in Georgia and a member of the legisla ture from Jefferson county in 1832. The grandfather of Colonel Cain, William Cain, was a soldier of the Revolu tionary army. Colonel Cain was reared at the family home stead, in Jefferson county, and educated at Mercer college, then located at Penfield, in Greene county, graduating in 1856. He then entered upon the study of law at Sparta, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. In 1857 he began his prac
tice as a lawyer at Louisville, Ga., his home since that date, and the theater of his successful professional career. When hostilities began in 1861 he took a leading part in support of the Confederacy, and raised a company in Jefferson county, called the Jefferson Grays, of which he was elected captain. In August this company was ordered to Camp Stephens, near Griffin, and became a part of the Twenty-eighth regi ment Georgia infantry, of which T. J. Warthen was made
colonel, George A. Hall, lieutenant-colonel, and J. G. Cain, major. The Twenty-eighth was sent to Richmond, Va., in
the latter part of October, 1861, and thence to Manassas Junction, where they remained until the spring of 1862, when they were ordered to Richmond and sent out to meet McClellan's army on the peninsula. While at Yorktown, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall died, and Major Cain was soon

542

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afterward promoted to that rank. As second in command of his regiment he participated in the battles about Rich mond in June, 1862, until the bloody assault upon the Fed eral intrenched position on Malvern Hill, July 1st, when he was severely wounded, shattering the bones of the left leg, and disabling him for any further duty in the army. After
the close of this worthy and patriotic service Colonel Cain resumed the practice of his profession, and he is now one O'f the prominent attorneys of Southern Georgia. He has also rendered valuable public service, as representative in
the general assembly by election in 1872, and as senator from the Eighteenth district for four years, 1873 to 1876, inclusive. He served in the Senate as a member of the judiciary and other important committees, and as chair man of the committee on education, a position in which he labored effectively for the establishment of the school sys tem of the State. In 1877 he was a member of the State Constitutional convention. He has also been active in local
politics as a Democrat, and has held various local offices. Colonel Cain was married in 1860 to Janie M., daughter of Elisha and Margaret S. Cain. Six children were born to this union, of whom three grew to womanhood: Mrs. Marian C. Fryer, Mrs. Helen M. Kelley and Mrs. Maggie A. Roberson. The latter died in 1899, leaving him only two living children. In 1875 his wife died, and in 1878 he was again married, to his present wife, who was Miss Anna A. Stevenson, and whose excellent qualities of mind and heart have greatly blessed the later years of his life.

Captain William L. Calhoun, of Atlanta, an officer of the Forty-second Georgia infantry, is a son of Col. Jas. L. Cal houn, a soldier of the Creek Indian war, and grandson of William Calhoun, a first cousin of the celebrated South Car olina statesman. Captain Calhoun was born at Decatur,
Ga., November 21, 1837. When fifteen years of age he removed with his parents to Atlanta, where he is one of the oldest residents and president of the Pioneer Citizens Society. He studied law under his father and was admitted to the bar in 1857, becoming his father's partner. In March,
1862, he entered the Confederate service as first lieutenant of Company K, Forty-second Georgia infantry, and upon the organization of the regiment, the captain being elected lieutenant-colonel, Lieutenant Calhoun was elected captain. His company, which bore the name Calhoun Guards, had

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

543

*

been raised by himself, but in order to help his friend to the position of lieutenant-colonel, he had allowed him to be made captain, himself taking rank just below him. He led his company in the Mississippi campaign of 1863, par ticipating in the battle of Baker's Creek and the defense of Vicksburg and in the .Atlanta campaign of 1864 from Dalton to Resaca. In the latter battle he was so severely wounded that he was kept out of the service for several weeks; in fact, it was thought at times that he could not possibly recover. When Hood began his northward ad vance into Tennessee, Captain Calhoun, considering him self sufficiently strong to resume active duties, rejoined his command at Cave Springs, Ga.; but the exertion of march ing caused his wound to break out afresh and necessitated his return home. When the campaign of the Carolinas opened in 1865 he started again to the front, but at Newberry, S. C., received word that Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had surrendered and that the war east of the Mississippi was at an end. Returning home., he resumed the practice of law. He has rendered public service as a member of the Geor gia legislature, as mayor of Atlanta, and as ordinary and judge of the probate court of Fulton county and during three years held the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth battalion Georgia volunteer infantry. For five years he was president of the Fulton County Confederate Association, now Atlanta camp, United Confederate veterans, at one time was an aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. John B. Gor don, commander-in-chief, and is at present judge advocate general on the staff of Gen. Stephen D. Lee, commanding the army of Tennessee department. He also served as a member of the Jefferson Davis monument committee and as treasurer of the Jefferson Davis widow and orphan fund. Among the most valuable and notable of his public services is his persistent and at last successful advocacy of the Sol diers' Home, near Atlanta. He succeeded the famous Henry W. Grady, the originator of the worthy enterprise, as president of the board of trustees, and is now president of the new board constituted since the Soldiers' Home was received by the State. Judge Calhoun was married September 13, 1857, to Mary J. Oliver, of Columbia, S. C., and has three sons and three daughters.

Charles D. Camp, of Atlanta, a veteran of Stonewall Jackson's corps, army of Northern Virginia, is a native of
Gat>4

544

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Campbell county, Ga., born January 14, 1846. His father was Col. Benjamin Camp, an officer of the Florida war, who was born in Walton county, Ga., the son of Joseph Camp, a South Carolina soldier in the Revolution. The wife of Colo nel Camp was Winifred Washington, daughter of Benjamin Arnold, a South Carolinian and a Revolutionary soldier. She was a cousin of Stephen Arnold Douglas, the famous Democratic statesman of Illinois, who was a candidate for President in 1860. In June, 1861, at the age of fifteen years, Charles D. Camp volunteered as a Confederate soldier, becoming a private in Company A of the Twenty-first regi ment Georgia infantry. His company was organized and commanded by Capt. Thomas C. Grover, the husband of his eldest sister, Elizabeth S. Camp. Captain Grover served gallantly in the battles of the army of Northern Virginia, winning promotion to lieutenant-colonel, and was killed at the battle of Winchester, September 19, 1864, in his one hundred and seventh engagement. His widow, who is now living in Campbell county, is famed throughout the South as the originator of the annual Confederate reunion. Young Camp went with his regiment to northeast Virginia and thence, early in 1862, to the Shenandoah valley under the command of General Trimble. He fought at Front Royal and other engagements of Stonewall Jackson's famous val ley campaign, in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, and at Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Frederickfburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Early in 1864 his rtgiment was transferred to North Carolina, where he participated in General Pickett's expedition against New Bern, and General Hoke's capture of Plymouth. At the lat ter engagement his gallantry in capturing the garrison colors won for him a commission as first lieutenant. In Virginia, in the following month, May, 1864, he was severely wounded at the battle of Drewry's Bluff, a ball shattering his right wrist and another passing through his right side. He was unable to use his right hand for two years and was, of course, no longer in military service. The ball, which entered his right side, passed through a Testament in his pocket, which checked its force and doubtless saved his life. Notwithstanding his serious disability, he was on detached duty in the war department at Richmond during the final days of the Confederacy. On returning home the young veteran gave his first attention to education and in 1870 was graduated by the State University at Athens. Subse-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

645

he read law under his former commander, Col. Thomas W. Hooper, of Atlanta, and was admitted to the bar in 1874. Since then he has been actively and successfully engaged in the practice of his profession at Douglasville and Atlanta. He is a member of Thomas C. Grover camp, United Confederate veterans, at Douglasville, and of the Doles-Cook Brigade Survivors' association. Mr. Camp was married in 1870 to Annie Wharton, who died in 1898, and in 1899 to Annie Mitchell, of Montgomery, Ala. He has three daughters living.

James H. Camp, a prosperous farmer of Floyd county, is a native of Walton county, where his father was one of the early settlers. His ancestor, John Camp, a native of Vir ginia, was a soldier of the Revolution under George Wash ington. In 1861, leaving his farm interests in Walton county, he volunteered for the military service of the Con federacy, and was elected first lieutenant of his company at its organization. This became Company F of the Sixteenth Georgia infantry, Howell Cobb's old regiment, in which he performed gallant and devoted service until disabled by wounds. His command went to Virginia and was mustered in at Richmond, in July, 1861, and rendered its first service on the peninsula, tinder General Magruder. They were in battle on the Yorktown line, at Seven Pines, and in the Seven Days' campaign, closing at Malvern Hill, and remain ing for some time before Richmond, were again engaged with the enemy at Malvern Hill August 6th, Their next battle was at Crampton Gap, in the South Mountain, Mary land, September 14, 1862, in which Cobb's brigade fought with great gallantry against enormous odds. Here Lieuten ant Camp was severely wounded, being shot through the right arm, lung and knee. Necessarily left upon the field as his comrades fell back over the mountain, he was taken by the enemy, and after lying three months in a private house, was sent to Fort McHenry, Baltimore. A month later he was exchanged at City Point, and being yet disabled by his wounds, was sent home on furlough. Subsequent!}? he was on detail in the enrolling department under Gen.W. M.Browne, commissioner of conscripts of Georgia for nine months, after which he reported in person to Gen. Robert E. Lee, and was told to report to the provost marshal of the army, and was stationed at Gordonsville,Va., guarding army supplies. This was his duty until the surrender of the army. After the war

546

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

he resided in Walton county until 1874, when he removed to Floyd, his home since that time. Lieutenant Camp has two sons and two daughters living. His sons, James E. and Albert H., are among the leading citizens of the same county. James Edward Camp, eldest son of the foregoing, was born in Walton county, Ga., and at about twelve years of age removed to Floyd county, his present home. He com pleted his education at Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and then engaged in farming, an occupation in which he has met with, notable success. His plantation, on the Coosa river, is one of the most fertile and best managed in the county. In 1881 he was married to Gallic, daughter of Henry H. Richards, a Confederate veteran, and they have six children living: Marvin, Pearl, Alta, Gladys, Roy and Eddie. Mr. Camp was the candidate of the Democratic party in his county for sheriff in 1896, and was defeated by a small majority. Nominated again in 1898, he was elected, and in 1900 he was chosen for a second term by the lagest major ity given his ticket, and the largest ever given a candidate for sheriff in Floyd county.

James Joseph Camp, of Griffin, a veteran of the Thirtieth Georgia regiment, was born in Clayton county, Ga., August 13, 1845, son of Seaborn Camp and his wife, Mahala Bea vers, both natives of the Empire State of the South. Though under the legal age for enlistment in 1861, he volunteered in Company E of the Thirtieth regiment, was mustered into the Confederate service at Fairburn, and went on duty on the coast. For a long time they served in that region, stationed at Thunderbolt, on Whitmarsh island, Smith island and Skidaway island, doing picket duty and various other serv ice, such as hauling tree-tops to block Wassaw sound below Thunderbolt against the Yankee gunboats, building breast works and mounting guns, and occasionally making trips to threatened points, as to Wilmington, N. C., and Jackson ville, Fla., and to Charleston, S. C. In May, 1863, a brigade was formed under the command of Gen. W. H. T. Walker, and sent to Jackson, Miss., to reinforce General Johnston. They skirmished with the enemy at Jackson and later ad vanced toward Vicksburg, as far as the Big Black river, when they were informed of the surrender of General Pemberton. Falling back to Jackson, they were on duty there during Sherman's demonstration against Johnston, and fell back to Milton Station. From that place they were

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

547

ordered -to Georgia, and they fought their first great battle at Chickamauga creek, September 19-20, 1863, under Brig.Gen. C. C. Wilson, Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker and Gen eral Bragg. No troops were more distinguished in this greatest battle of the West than Wilson's brigade of Geor gians. Afterward they were on duty on Missionary Ridge until the battle and retreat, November 25th. They spent the
winter at Dalton and in May began the Atlanta campaign, in which they were engaged mainly at Resaca, Calhoun, Kenesaw Mountain, and the battles of Atlanta, July 21 and 22, 1864. They served in the trenches until the end of
August, and then met Sherman's flank movement at Jonesboro, participating in the charge upon the Federals, in which
Mr. Camp made a narrow escape from death, a shot cutting loose his sword, tearing away his clothing and painfully
injuring his left side. Later in the year Mr. Camp partici pated in the march through north Georgia and Alabama, was in the engagement at Decatur, Ala., and after crossing the Tennessee river fought at Franklin, Murfreesboro, and Nashville. During part of the march northward they were out of provisions, and subsisted on parched acorns. On December 16, 1864, before Nashville, almost the entire com mand, including Gen. Henry R. Jackson, who was then their brigade commander, were captured. Mr. Camp was held at Nashville until January, 1865, and afterward at Camp Chase, Ohio, until June 15, 1865, when he was paroled. After the war Mr. Camp was for many years in the railroad service, with the Central railroad of Georgia twenty-two years, and a few months with the East Tennes see, Virginia & Georgia. In 1890, when the chain-gang
system was introduced in Spalding county, he was appointed superintendent, a position he yet holds. He was married in 1871 to Margaret T. McMichael, and they have four sons and a daughter living.

Captain Charles G. Campbell, of Bainbridge, was born in Walterboro, S. C., in 1831, and reared from infancy in Geor
gia, receiving his education principally at Macon and Milledgeville, Ga. He was graduated atOglethorpe university in 1852. Removing to Bainbridge in 1856 he engaged in prac ticing law until the war period, when he was among the first to take up arms for the Confederacy. At the organiza tion of the Decatur Guards, Company D, Seventeenth regiment Georgia infantry, he was elected captain, and he

548

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

served in that rank with the regiment until just after the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, when he resigned on account of physical disability, and returned home. A few weeks later he raised another company, which was known as Campbell's Siege Artillery, and of which he served as captain, in the Florida campaigns, until the close of the war. He surrendered at Fort Marks, where he was in command for a long time, in the spring of 1865. After the war Captain Campbell was engaged in the practice of law until his retire ment in 1897. He was reading clerk of the Georgia house of representatives in 1859, served five terms as mayor of Bainbridge, and for twenty-five years, from 1872 to 1897, was county judge of Decatur county.

James L. Campbell, of Monticello, a veteran of George Doles' old regiment, the Fourth Georgia, is one of four brothers in the Confederate States service, sons of Obediah Campbell and his wife Elizabeth Edwards. He was born in Elbert county, Ga., April 4, 1836, and enlisted early in 1861 in the company of Capt. G. T. Bartlett, which became Company G of the Fourth Georgia infantry, under the com mand of Col. George Doles, of Milledgeville. They were mustered in at Augusta, and sent thence to Portsmouth, Va. ; where they arrived in April, 1861, before the fires were ex tinguished in the navy yard. After spending a year in south east Virginia they were ordered to Richmond, and on June 25, 1862, they opened the Seven Days' battles on the battle ground of Seven Pines. Mr. Campbell was on duty through those days of carnage ending at Malvern Hill, and afterward shared the splendid record of Wright's Georgia brigade, participating in the battles of Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Kelly's Ford, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House. In the latter battle, in May. 1864, he was captured, and being sent to Fort Delaware, he was held there as a prisoner of war for nearly a year. Finally released April 14, 1865, a few days after the sur render of General Lee, he made his way home from Rich mond, Va., the greater part of the way on foot. He made a fine record as a soldier, and his brigade had the reputation of being one of the most stubborn fighting commands in the army. His career since the war has been an honorable and successful one. For some time he did an extensive business in tanning and manufacturing leather, also conducting a mercantile business, but in 1899 he disposed of his patents

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

549

in the harness manufacturing line, and has since then given his attention entirely to his mercantile interests. In 1872 Mr. Campbell was married to Martha A. Elder, who is also living. With his Confederate comrades he is still asso ciated as a member of Camp Key, United Confederate veter ans, at Monticello.

Hon. Alien Daniel Candler has rendered the State of Georgia and the communities where he has resided many valuable civil and military services. With well directed earnestness he has addressed his talents in the discharge of every public trust with the ability and honesty which have gained for him the confidence of the people of his State. Looking back upon the characteristics of his ancestors it is found that he has an inheritance of the sturdy qualities which he has employed so well in his useful life. Beginning with William Candler who was born, 1736, of an Irish mother and English father in Callan castle, county Kilkenny, Ire land, and came to America prior to the Revolutionary war, whom we may place as the founder of the Candler family in the United States. This ancestor came to Richmond county, Georgia, in 1765, settling in that part of it now called Columbia county, where he died in 1784. His name appears as holding the office of deputy surveyor and captain of mili tia, but this official position did not prevent him from be coming an open and defiant opponent of the Royalists from *775- HC joined the patriot army and was so conspicuous as a rebel that the Royalists officially marked him for special punishment when the rebellion was put down. He espoused the cause of the Liberty Boys and was the comrade of such men as George Walton, Telfair, Few, Glascock, Bryan, Milledge, Hall, Kell, of Darien, and the younger Habersham and Jas. Jackson. He fought for independence at the siege of Augusta, at King's Mountain, in the campaigns of the intrepid Sumter, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He served as legislator and judge in Georgia, dying at the age of forty-eight. The next in the line of descent is Daniel (the youngest son of William) who was born in Columbia county, 1779, and growing up after American Independence was won, led the honorable life of a farmer in his native county, where he died, 1816, at the early age of thirty-seven years. His son, Daniel Gill, born in Columbia county, Feb ruary 22, 1812, married October 8, 1833, to Nancy Caroline Matthews, and during a life of seventy-five years in this State

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was farmer, lawyer, judge, mayor and soldier, serving in all positions with the characteristic earnestness and intelligence of his family. His military service was rendered in two In dian wars and in the Confederate army. In this latter patri otic service he was captain of Company A, "Banks County Guards" and Georgia regular infantry--Col. Paul J. Semmes. He died October 17, 1887, in Gainesville, Ga., where he had served as mayor three times. Alien Daniel follows in this distinguished line as the first born son of Daniel Gill Candler, grandson of Daniel, and great-grand son of William, the Revolutionary soldier.
Hon. Alien Daniel Candler, Governor of Georgia, is a native of Lumpkin county, born November 4, 1834. Some years later the family moved into Franklin county, where he was reared in the home life of that day and acquired a primary education on the basis of which he went to Mercer university and was graduated in 1859. From this univer sity training he entered the academy in Jonesboro as teacher. Meanwhile events brought on the great battle in the South for Constitutional free government, and in October, 1861, he entered the Confederate service in Company H, Thirtyfourth regiment, as a private. A month afterward he was commissioned lieutenant and a year later was promoted cap tain. Further promotion followed to lieutenant-colonel, Fourth Georgia Reserves, May, 1864, and to colonel of same regiment in January, 1865. The brevity of this sketch for bids an account in detail of his services for the Southern cause as a soldier in the Thirty-fourth Georgia infantry, and in the Fourth Georgia Reserves, but the records trace him through the campaigns in the West, and Georgia, in the battles of Bridgeport, Tenn., Richmond, Ky., Baker's Creek, Vicksburg, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Cassville, Kenesaw and in the fierce struggles around Atlanta and Jonesboro. Every good soldier knows what that career of campaigning included. The result to Colonel Candler was the answer of a good conscience, promotion by the voice of his comrades, two wounds, the loss of an eye, three years well spent, and poverty. With these advantages supplementing his univer sity education and honored at that time with the degree of A. M. he resumed teaching at Jonesboro and by the special call of the citizens in 1866 was made mayor. In 1870 he moved to Gainesville and entered into the lumber trade and began business as a contractor in railroad building. The Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern railroad, sixty-five miles,

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was built under his direction, of which he was made presi dent. He also constructed a part of the Gainesville and Dahlonega railroad and the Gainesville street railroad. While engaged in these important enterprises and interested in every movement which benefited northeastern Georgia, where he lived, he was made mayor of Gainesville in 1872,
and sent to the legislature from his county from 1872 for three terms in the house of representatives and one term of two years in the senate. The race for Congress which he
was called by his party to make in 1882 against the Hon. Emory Speer, one of the most brilliant orators of the time, excited great interest. Mr. Speer represented the opposition to Democracy with great energy and ability as the rec ognized leader of independentism. He had been successful in twice securing his election to Congress over Democratic nominees, but suffered signal defeat in 1882. Colonel Candler entered Congress with the glow of this triumph around him and sustained himself with distinction during his four terms, retiring voluntarily by declining in 1890 to become a candidate for the fifth term, in order that he might resume his business, which required his attention. In 1894 the death of the gallant Gen. Philip Cook, secretary of State, made a vacancy in that office which Governor Northen filled by the appointment of Colonel Candler. The people elected him the second time to the office of secretary of State, which he re signed when he became a candidate for governor. His elec tion to the office of governor in 1898 by a majority of sixtysix thousand votes over his opponent evinced the high regard
in which he is held by the people, and his administration since his inauguration has confirmed him in the confidence
of the whole State. Governor Candler had no opposition to nomination for the second time and at the election held in October, 1900, was re-elected by more than sixty thousand votes majority over his opponent. His inaugural address before the general assembly presented a strong view of the political dangers that threaten the Constitutional safeguards of popular liberty and States government, and set forth
clearly his purpose to administer the affairs of the State with justice to all people. The message which soon followed the inaugural address gave an elaborate portrayal of the present conditions in Georgia, showing improvement in its finances and in the management of its various institutions. The governor advised a more equal distribution of the bur dens of taxation and especially urged legislation that would

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enable tax officers to reach hidden property. With sincere regard for the public school system he broadly and boldly discussed measures required for its greater efficiency, in sisting among other suggestions on the advantages of co operation between the counties and the State at large in increasing the school fund. As a Confederate soldier, but also as a citizen and the governor, he advocated the acceptance by the State of the Soldiers' Home, and recommended liber ality in pensions upon the basis that the pension list should be maintained as a "roll of honor" for the true Confederate soldier. He also favored the support of the military, the proper care of all public institutions and commended the present prison system. In denouncing the perversion of the ballot throughout many parts of the Union, the message dealt ably with ballot reform and recommended an amend ment to the State Constitution providing for qualified suf frage based on an educational and property qualification, or both. Among the features of legislation pursuant to the suggestions of the message it was exceedingly gratifying to Confederates, and indeed to the people generally, that the State accepted the Soldiers' Home as a gift from the trustees on behalf of the contributors who erected it. The Home is now occupied by Confederate beneficiaries, under a State appropriation for the year of fifteen thousand dollars. Gov ernor Candler's administration will be commended in history for straightforward, progressive and economical features, and will have a prominent place in Georgia history.

J. K. P. Carlton, of Atlanta, a veteran of Colquitt's Georgia brigade, was born in Campbell county, Ga., Janu ary 15, 1842. His father, John Carlton, a native of South Carolina and an early settler of Campbell county, was a dis tinguished Georgia legislator and for some time was in the United States service in connection with the transfer of the Georgia Indians to the West; and was devoted to the cause of the Confederacy, sacrificing his property and giving three sons to the army--J. M. B., J. C. C., and J. K. P. Carlton. The last volunteered as a private in Company C of the Nine teenth regiment Georgia infantry, in June, 1861. The regi ment was organized at Big Shanty under Col. W. W. Bovd, and went to Virginia just after the battle of First Manassas. On the way Private Carlton narrowly escaped death by the derailing of a freight car, on top of which he was riding, his companion being killed, and on reaching camp at Lynch-

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burg he became a victim to that dread disease of the soldier, the measles. After the transfer of the regiment to Manassas Junction he was prostrated by a relapse of the measles, and his father was hastily summoned in the fear that he was about to die. He pluckily remained in the army, however, and in the early summer of 1862 fought at the battle of Seven Pines, where his regiment was distinguished in a desperate assault upon a Federal battery, and took part in the arduous Seven Days' campaign in the swamps of the Chickahominy until broken down, when he was sent to hos pital. Going home on furlough he was able to return to duty in time to take part in Stonewall Jackson's campaign at Harper's Ferry and Sharpsburg. Subsequently his regi ment was sent to Kinston, N. C., and while there, by unani mous vote, he was elected orderly sergeant of his company. About Charleston, S. C., he served on Morris and James Island, took part in the famous defense of Battery Wagner, and was under fire at Fort Sumter while that historic for tress was being battered to dust by the Federal guns. On February 20, 1864, he fought with Colquitt's brigade in the battle of Olustee, Fla., and just as victory was gained was shot through the body. This serious wound disabled him for some time, but he was on duty again in time to take part in the fighting about Petersburg, Va., including the battle on Weldon railroad, where he was captured. As a prisoner of war he was held at Point Lookout, Md., three months, and then sent to Savannah on parole. Making his way home by a circuitous route, to avoid Sherman's army, he reached his friends in such an emaciated condition that he was not recognized. It was not long, however, before the devoted soldier was on duty again, at the post of Newnan. The last service of Sergeant Carlton for the Confederacy was carrying the last dispatch from the Trans-Mississippi de partment from Newnan to Augusta, where he delivered it to General Fry and learned that Richmond had been evacu ated. He made his home at Atlanta in 1866 and has resided there ever since with the exception of three years in Cali fornia. He has had a successful career as a retail and wholesale merchant, and real estate dealer; was formerly part owner, secretary, treasurer and general manager of the Collins Park and Belt line street railway, and is now member of the board of directors of the Atlanta Rapid Transit com pany, vice-president of the Mutual Loan and Banking company, and president of the Palmetto cotton mills.

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Captain J. M. B. Carlton, of Atlanta, a veteran of Hardernan's Georgia battalion, was born in Campbell county, Ga., October 14, 1839. His father was John Carlton, member of the Georgia legislature for thirty consecutive years before and during the war, who was the son of Blake Carlton, a native of Ireland, and his wife, a native of Scotland, both of whom came to America before the Revolution and lived to a great age, the former to one hundred and fifteen years and the latter to one hundred and fourteen. Captain Carlton was
reared upon the home plantation in his native county, and when the war began was a clerk in a dry goods store at Fayetteville. He supported Bell and Everett in the political campaign of 1860, but when it became a question of war he promptly went to the front as a soldier. He reached Nor folk, Va., on the night the Portsmouth navy yard was burned, and joined the Spaulding Grays, a company from Griffin, that had been sent to Virginia at the request of Governor Letcher, and this was soon made Company B of the Second Georgia independent battalion, under Col. Thomas Hardeman. Mr. Carlton served with this command about three years as a private. During his first year, at Norfolk, he was a witness of the battles of the famous iron clad Merrimac, and was one of the volunteer landsmen, sub ject to call for service on board the battleship. From Norfolk his command was sent to Wilmington, N. C., and thence they were brought back to Richmond, Va., in the latter part of May, 1862, riding on flat cars hauled at the rate of a mile a minute, and in forty minutes after reaching the Confeder ate capital they were five miles away, on the fighting line at the battle of Seven Pines. In this fight the Second bat talion suffered very heavy loss, entering the battle with four or five hundred men, of whom but sixteen came out un
injured. Colonel Hardeman was severely wounded, the color bearers were shot down repeatedly, and the Private Carlton himself was among the slightly wounded. Follow ing this he participated in the campaigns under Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, fighting at the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Shepherdstown. In the spring of 1864 he was commis
sioned captain with authority to return home and raise a company, which he did inside of twenty days, enlisting a hundred and twenty-five men. They made their rendezvous at Palmetto until ordered to Andersonville, where Captain Carlton was assigned to the work of transferring and parol-

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ing prisoners. During the last year of the war, it is be lieved that as many as fifty thousand prisoners passed through his hands. When hostilities ceased Captain Carlton made his home at Atlanta, and built the first house on Mari etta street after the town was left in ashes by Sherman. He embarked in business as a retail merchant, prospered in his enterprises, and at one time conducted six stores. He was also for six years associated with his brother, J. K. P. Carlton, in the ownership and operation of the Collins Park and Belt line street railway. A gallant soldier, and a notably successful business man, he is highly deserving of mention among the Confederate veterans whose works in peace have been as creditable to the South as their valor in war.

Colonel Harry Cassil, of Brunswick, archdeacon of south ern Georgia, was born in Union county, Ohio, in 1838. Ten years later his family removed to Carthage, Mo. He re ceived his literary education at the Ohio^ Wesleyan college, at Delaware, graduating in 1858, and afterward took courses in medicine and law at Cincinnati, graduating in the latter in 1859. Returning to his home in Missouri, he became engaged in newspaper work in that State, and at the time of the secession movement was publishing a newspaper at Liberty, Mo. When the State was threatened with invasion he promptly enlisted in April, 1861, in the State Guards, as a private in Capt. H. L. Root's company of General Steen's division, and was made a corporal. He served with this command in an action at Rocky Creek, between Kansas City and Independence, and participated in the famous vic tory over the Union troops at Wilson's Creek, and the siege and capture of Colonel Mulligan's troops at Lexington. Subsequently his command was transferred to the First regiment Missouri cavalry, as Company I, of which he was sergeant and later promoted to first lieutenant. While con nected with the First cavalry he took part in the hard fought battle of Elkhorn Tavern, Ark., March 7-8, 1862, received two wounds, in the left elbow and right breast, and was cap tured by the enemy. As a prisoner of war he was sent to St. Louis and thence to> Alton, 111., and after a short deten tion, exchanged. Returning to the Confederate lines he was made captain of a company of partisan cavalry, and at the organization of a regiment was made major, and subse quently promoted to lieutenant-colonel and finally to colonel. While serving in this capacity he was captured in a skirmish

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in southern Missouri in October, 1864, and sent north again as a prisoner. After a short time at Camp Morton, Indian apolis, he was transferred to Cincinnati, and a month later released on parole, to report weekly. Going to Chicago, he found employment on a newspaper until December, 1864, and then returning to Cincinnati, worked on the Enquirer of that city until January 8, 1865, when he was rearrested and held in confinement until the following April. He was finally released from parole in October, 1865. After this for many years he was engaged in newspaper work, first for several months on the Indianapolis Journal; from May, 1867, until after the great fire in 1871, in Chicago; and during the political campaign of 1876 on the Indianapolis Sentinel, the Democratic organ of Indiana. In November, 1876, he was married at Indianapolis to Harriet Virginia, daughter of J. H. Smith. In January, 1877, Colonel Cassil removed to Texas, where he made his home until 1896. In that State he was editor of the Houston Age one year, reporter on the Galveston News two years, with the Daily Sentinel of Brenham until 1882, and subsequently in charge of the LaGrange Journal until 1883, and of the Austin County Times, at Bellville, until 1884. In February, 1884, he was confirmed in the Protestant Episcopal church, on March 27th licensed as a lay reader, and on April 28th ad mitted as a candidate for holy orders. He was ordained as deacon at Bryan, Tex., May 23, 1885, by Bishop Gregg, and as priest, May 24, 1886, at Christ church, Houston. He served in the ministry in Texas, first in charge of the parish of Calvert until 1890, next in charge of the work from Brownwood to San Angelo, later at Brownwood, and on October i, 1893, was given charge of St. Andrew's church at Dallas, where he remained until called to Sanford, Fla., by Bishop Gray, October i, 1896. He was put in charge of the missions in Camden county, Ga., in December, 1897, an<i in 1898 was appointed archdeacon of southern Georgia. He made his home at Brunswick in September, 1899. Mr. Cassil is one of the most earnest workers in the church, and his scholarly attainments, ripened by broad and varied contact with the world, make him a most effective worker for the holy cause to which he has devoted his life.

William H. Castellan, of Macon, entered the Confederate service ini86ias a private in the Jackson artillery, of Macon, under the command of Capt. G. A. Dure. After six months'

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

567

service with this battery, mainly on St. Simon's island, he re-enlisted for three years or the war in a cavalry company which was attached to the Sixty-second Georgia, and later to the Eighth regiment Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. Joel R. Griffin. When his company was ordered to camp of instruction at Garysburg, N. C, he went across country with the stock, and subsequently he was much of the time on detached service in ATorth Carolina and east Tennessee. He served with the regiment in Virginia and North Carolina, also, and in the spring of 1864, when his company was mainly captured, he and three others escaped under a shower of bullets, losing their horses and equip ments. After this misfortune -he returned to his home, and joined the Sixth Georgia cavalry, under Col. John R. Hart, with whom he participated in the campaign in the Carolinas in 1865, including the battle of Bentonville, and surren dered near Raleigh, April 2ist. At the close of his service Mr. Castellan had the rank of a non-commissioned officer. When the war ceased he returned to his native place in Houston county, Ga., and took charge of his father's busi ness. In 1866 he was married to Catherine E. McCook, and subsequently followed farming until 1871. After this he was in the railroad service and teaching school until he made his home at Macon in 1882 and engaged in contracting and building. Of recent years he has been engaged in mer cantile business in Macon, where he is a highly respected citizen. He has living a daughter, Mary E., wife of J. S. Hightower, and a son, G. E. Castellan.

John W. Chafee, of Augusta, prominent among the Georgians who have been leaders in the great industrial de velopment of recent years, was born at Charleston, S. C., May I, 1848. He was reared at that city, the cradle of the Confederacy, and as a boy followed with intense interest the military operations of the great conflict, some of the most important of which centered about the city of his birth. He was too young, however, for enlistment as a soldier. In January, 1864, he entered the South Carolina military acad emy and during the greater part of that year he pursued his studies with the junior class, stationed at the State Arsenal at Columbia. On January i, 1865, his class was transferred to the Citadel academy at Charleston, and when General Johnston surrendered the academy was discontinued. With his battalion of Citadel academy cadets, Mr. Chafee was in

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the field in South Carolina, prior to, and during the invasion by Sherman's army, engaging in various skirmishes and con testing the advance of the enemy through the State. While there was no general engagement during the-operations of this period in South Carolina, there was considerable im portant skirmishing, in which the cadets acted their part to the satisfaction of the commanding general and it was in these combats that young Chafee had his experience as a
soldier in behalf of the Confederacy. Before the army reached North Carolina he was detailed by Governor McGrath to convey the archives of the State from Columbia
to some place of safety. The long and bloody struggle which for four years had desecrated the fairest section of America came to an end when the army under Gen. Joseph Johnston laid down its arms at Durham's Station, near
Greenboro, N. C., and at that date Mr. Chafee was not yet seventeen years of age. Subsequently he was engaged in commercial pursuits at Charleston until the fall of 1868, when he removed to St. Louis, where he lived one year. Then, finding the climate uncongenial, he made his home at Augusta, Ga. At that city in January, 1881, he became connected with the Sibley Manufacturing company as ac countant, a position from which he was gradually promoted until he became president and treasurer, April 29, 1896.

Thomas T. Chapeau, of Savannah, is a native of Charles ton, S. C., born in 1838, and during the war of the Con federacy was in the military service with the troops of that State. He enlisted at Charleston in September, 1861, with the battery of Capt. George H. Walter, the Washington Artillery, with which he served as a private and non-commis
sioned officer until the close of the war. He was on duty for a time in portions of the Charleston defences and along' the coast, and faithfully aided in the performance of the duty assigned his battery. Finally, when Charleston was evacu ated, he joined the forces under General Hardee, and was surrendered with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, April 26,
1865. Since 1875 Mr. Chapeau has been a resident of Savannah and engaged in business as a broker in naval stores. He has a very successful business career and is one of the prominent men of the city.

Walter H. Chaplin, a prominent business man of Savan nah, is a native of South Carolina, born at Beaufort, January

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28, 1847, and served in his youth as a soldier with the South Carolina troops in the Confederate States service. He and seven brothers were members of the Beaufort Volunteer Ar tillery, commanded by Capt. H. M. Stuart, one of the effi cient South Carolina commands who held the coast of that State against the enemy throughout the four years' war. One of the brothers lost the fingers of one hand in battle, one died from sickness at Raleigh before the close of the war, and another died at Greensboro, N.C., about the time of the surrender. Walter H.Chaplin enlisted in the Beaufort ar tillery early in 1863, and was on duty about Charleston during the memorable bombardment of Fort Sumter and the city in 1863 and 1864. On November 30, 1864, he partici pated in the engagement of Honey Hill, S. C., and after the evacuation of Charleston he was with the army under Gen. J. E. Johnston at the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville. Finally he was surrendered with the army at Greensboro, April 26, 1865, after which he returned to his home at Beau fort. In 1866 he made his home at Savannah, where he has had a highly successful and honorable career as a business man. Beginning as a railroad clerk, he was soon able to gain positions in the business world, and for a number of years has been doing- an extensive business as a cotton broker. He is a genial Southern gentleman, popular with his fellow citizens, and warmly attached to the heroic ideals of the Confederacy.

John P. Chapman, of Americus, Ga., a veteran of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, is a native of Meriwether county, Ga., son of John A. Chapman, a planter and native of Georgia, and grandson of Henry Chapman, a veteran of the war of 1812. He was born March 15, 1841, educated at Buena Vista, Ga., and when the Confederate war began was in business at Columbus, Ga. There he enlisted in the Georgia Grays, which later became Company I of the Fifth Georgia regiment, under Col. J. K. Jackson; and beginning as a private he went through the non-commissioned grades, at Bridgeport, Ala., July 23, 1863, being promoted to orderly sergeant. The Fifth was mustered in at Macon, Ga., May 7, 1861, and for nine months was on duty at Pensacola, Fla. Mr. Chapman was in the fight at Santa Rosa Island, October 9, 1862, and under fire during the bombardment by the con tending artillery at Fort Pickens and the navy yard. After that the Fifth was sent to Cumberland Gap, Tenn., and while

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there had a fight with the enemy, and drove them off, with but little loss to the command. Thence they were ordered to Shiloh; reached there too late for the fight, but were in the retreat to Corinth, where they took part in the battle of Farmington. Colonel Jackson having been promoted to brigadier-general, this regiment was part of his command at Corinth, and thereafter they fell back from Corinth to Saltillo, Miss., and a few days later were ordered to Chatta nooga, Tenn. At Harrison's Ferry, above Chattanooga, Chapman was detailed in command of sixty men, and or dered to report to General Withers, who sent him with his men to Chattanooga to command the rear guard of the wagon train, on the march into Kentucky. There was no trouble until they reached Bearwallow, Ky., where Wolford's cavalry made a charge on the rear of the train, which Chap man repulsed, with heavy loss to the enemy, and saved the train, with the loss of only five wagons. Next day he caught up with the main army, which moved to Bardstown, and then to Perryville, Ky. In the battle there his command was on the extreme right, and cut off a brigade of the enemy coming in from Lexington; and captured a great many of them and their commissary train. The others escaped by burning the bridge across Salt river. On the march out of Kentucky, at Harrodsburg, the enemy pushed close on Jack son's brigade, until it formed a line of battle, and stayed in line one night. Before reaching Cumberland Ford, Chap man's command captured thirteen bushwhackers; hanged twelve and shot one, at the Ford. Crossing Cumberland Gap, they moved by the way of Knoxville, and there took train for Bridgeport, Ala., where he was detailed in com mand of twenty men, to go up the Tennessee river, to the mouth of Battle creek, and guard a pontoon bridge, that was thrown across the river, for Brag-g's army to cross over, in case it should be defeated at the battle of Murfreesboro, At that battle of Murfreesboro he fought with his regiment, which charged a railroad cut, but failed to take it, and lost the colonel in the attempt. Subsequently they were ordered back to Bridgeport, and took charge of the railroad and pon toon bridges. There they remained until the army crossed in the movement to Chattanooga, when they were ordered to that place and were occupied in its fortification until the battle of Chickamauga, where they were in the fight both Saturday and Sunday. On Sunday afternoon they drove the enemy from his last stronghold. Sergeant Chapman was

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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one of the first men over the enemy's breastworks, and re ceived a badge of honor for gallantry on the field. Following the enemy to Chattanooga, his regiment stopped on Mission ary Ridge and fortified that line, thence moved to the foot of Lookout Mountain, where he was in the fight called "The Battle Above the Clouds." That night they returned to Mis sionary Ridge again and when that position was carried by Grant's army, Chapman was made a prisoner. For sixteen months he was kept a prisoner at Rock Island, 111., until the order came for the exchange for Andersonville prisoners, when he came out with the sick and wounded, and was paroled at Richmond, Va., in March, 1865. He returned to Columbus in time to be there at the time of Wilson's raid and when the war ended, soon afterward, engaged in busi.ness at Columbus, where he remained until 1870. On Nc*vember 27, 1866, he was married to Anna T. McCrary, and they have five girls and three boys living. In 1870 he moved to Americus, Ga., and engaged in business there, where he has since resided. Sergeant Chapman is quarter master of Camp Sumter, United Confederate veterans.

Columbus L. Chesnutt, of Savannah, a prominent business man, was born in Sampson county, N. C., in 1837, and en tered the Confederate States' service at Wilmington, N. C., in April, 1861. His enlistment was in the Wilmington Rifle Guards, which became Company I of the Eighteenth regi ment North Carolina infantry. He was on duty with this command one year, and then was transferred to the State quartermaster's department at Raleigh, where he was on duty about two years. In the latter part of the war he served as assistant quartermaster of Starr's battalion of ar tillery, with which he participated in the eastern North Carolina campaign. He was finally surrendered with the army of General Johnston, at Greensboro. About a yearafter the close of his military experience Mr. Chesnutt em barked in a commercial career as proprietor of a little store at Magnolia, N. C., but he did not continue there long, and after a residence at Wilmington came to Savannah in 1875,. and engaged in business as dealer in naval stores. In June,. 1900, he was elected superintendent and secretary of the Savannah board of trade, a position of honor that clearly indicates the high esteem in which he is held as a business man and gentleman. He is an honored leader among his Confederate comrades, and was elected commander of La-

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fayette McLaws camp, No. 596, United Confederate veter ans, in 1898, i8og, 1900 and 1901.

Timothy B. Chisholm, M. D., of Savannah, a veteran of the cavalry corps, army of Northern Virginia, was born in Columbus, Ga., in 1839, and reared from infancy at Savan nah. He received his principal academic education at LaGrange and Athens, and in 1861 was graduated in medicine at the Atlanta medical college. Abandoning for the time his plans for professional life, he accompanied Company A of the Georgia Hussars, of which he had been a member for some time, to Virginia, and throughout the war served as a private in this troop of cavalry, which became Company F of the Jeff Davis Legion. With the Legion, under the brigade command of Gen. Wade Hampton, and later of that gallant Georgian, Pierce M. B. Young, Private Chis holm participated in the campaigns of the cavalry under J:. E. B. Stuart, including the Seven Days before Richmond, the raid around McClellan's army, the Pennsylvania raid and battle of Gettysburg, the campaigns along the Rappahannock, the famous battle of Brandy Station, June 9, 1863, where he was slightly wounded, and the cavalry battles of 1864 in Virginia. In the latter part of 1864 he came to South Carolina with his brigade and served under General Hampton until the end. At the close of this gallant and selfsacrificing service Dr. Chisholm returned to Savannah, and was occupied in the drug business until 1872, when he em barked in the practice of medicine. He has had a very suc cessful career in his profession, and is prominent among the medical men of the city. In 1878-80 he held the office of coroner of Chatham county, from 1880 to 1885 he was city physician, and since 1885 he has been county physician and physician to the United States jail.

John W. Clark, of Augusta, an efficient staff officer of the Confederacy, and subsequent to the great war a valuable officer of State troops, rising to the rank of lieutenantcolonel, was born in Edgefield district, S. C., April 26, 1844, where he lived until 1858, when the family removed to Augusta, Ga. He entered the service of the Confederate States August i, 1861, enlisting as a private in the Rich mond Hussars, of the cavalry of Cobb's Legion. In this command he served until December ist of the same year, when he was detailed as a courier for Col. T. R. R. Cobb,

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commander of the legion. In November, 1862, Colonel Cobb was promoted to brigadier-general and he appointed Mr. Clark as aide-de-camp on his staff with the rank of first lieutenant, which office Clark held until the death of his chief at the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. On that memorable day, at Marye's hill, as Meagher's Irish brigade was making its third charge on the Confederate line, Cobb sent Lieutenant Clark to the superior officer, with com pliments and request for ammunition, and the assurance that "if the ammunition was received in time, he would hold his position against the whole Yankee nation." This was the general's last message to McLaws and Lee. An hour later he received his fatal wound. After this, not having re ceived a commission, Clark returned to his company as a private, and served as such until the winter of 1863-64. During his service in the legion he participated in the Seven Days' battles around Richmond, Cedar Mountain (where his horse was wounded), Crarnpton's Gap, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg. Early in 1864 he was or dered to report to Gen. Howell Cobb at Atlanta, Ga., and was by him assigned to duty in the medical department of the State, under Dr. E. J. Eldridge. In the spring, Mr. Clark followed Gen. Howell Cobb to Macon, where that officer made his headquarters, and he soon asked permission to rejoin his command in Virginia, which was granted. At Danville, where he found the long bridge burned, he met Gen. P. M. B. Young, who had been severely wounded, and the latter, who was on his way to Georgia, carried Mr. Clark back with him. After reaching Augusta he was appointed aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. William M. Browne, an officer of President Davis' military family, who had com mand of the local brigade and was head of the Georgia conscript bureau. In this capacity, as aide-de-camp, Mr. Clark served on the lines around Savannah during the siege of that city by General Sherman, in December, 1864, and was complimented by General Browne in- his official report to General Hardee as follows: "The officers of my present staff, especially Lieut. John W. Clark, aide-de-camp, and Capt. T- C. Campbell, of the Fifth Louisiana infantry, volun teer aide, are entitled to my commendation for the zeal, activ ity and ability which they displayed on every occasion where their services were employed." During these operations he established a picket line three miles long on Lawton's farm and had charge of it for fifteen days. Lieutenant Clark sur-

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rendered at Athens, Ga., in April, 1865. After the war he returned to Augusta, where he has since resided, except from 1894 to 1897, during which time he served by appoint ment of President Cleveland as allotting land agent to the Indians in Wyoming. For sixteen years he was engaged in flour milling in Augusta and later in commission business, and since 1899 has been connected with the Georgia Chem ical works. He was one of the first police commissioners of Augusta elected by the legislature, serving as such for five years. For seventeen years he was captain of the Rich mond Hussars and was then promoted lieutenant-colonel, commanding the First battalion of Georgia cavalry, holding that rank until 1895, when he retired.

Matthew Clark, of Eastman, a veteran of the Tenth
Confederate cavalry regiment, is a native of Dodge county,
Ga., and was reared upon the farm of his parents. He was
one of the gallant troopers of the Tenth Confederate cavalry,
a command that included Goode's Georgia battalion and an
Alabama cavalry battalion that had been part of Hilliard's legion. The regiment was commanded by Col. Charles T. Goode was under the brigade command of General Pegram, and later of Wade, Humes and Anderson, and fought under both the great Western cavalry leaders of the Confederacy, Nathan Bedford Forrest and Joseph Wheeler. Private Clark was with his regiment in numerous raids and skir mishes in Tennessee and Kentucky, and fought under For rest at the battle of Chickamauga. Subsequently he shared the services of Wheeler's cavalry during the siege of Chatta nooga, in numerous skirmishes with the enemy and daring raids; participated in the Knoxville campaign, and was with Wheeler all through the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, in almost continual fighting. He was again under Forrest in Hood's Tennessee campaign, taking part in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and in the. spring of 1865 partici pated in the campaign in the Carolinas under Wheeler, finally surrendering at the Floyd house, near Raleigh, N. C. At the close of this gallant career Mr. Clark returned to his native count}', and resumed farming, which has been his occupation since the war. During the past nineteen years he has been a resident and one of the leading citizens of Eastman.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

565

Walter A. Clark, of Augusta, entered the Confederate
service July 31, 1861, at Monterey, Va., joining the Ogle-
thorpe infantry, of Augusta, Company D, of Col. James N.
Ramsey's regiment, the First Georgia volunteers. With this
regiment he underwent arduous service in that inhospitable
region, and participated in the Cheat Mountain campaign
under Gen. Robert E. Lee, the battle of Greenbrier river,
under Gen. Henry R. Jackson, and the Bath and Romney
campaign in the winter of 1861-62, under Gen. Stonewall
Jackson. The regiment was returned to Georgia and mus
tered out in March, 1862, and on May 1st following he reenlisted in the same company, which was enrolled as Com pany A of the Twelfth Georgia artillery battalion. Being ordered to join General Bragg at Chattanooga, they were transferred to the infantry service, and thus participated in the east Tennessee campaign of 1862. Again returning to Georgia, Company A was transferred on October 9, 1862, to the Thirteenth Georgia battalion, commanded by Maj. George A. Gordon, at Savannah, a command which at a later date was merged in the Sixty-third regiment Georgia infantry, of Gen. H. W. Mercer's brigade. With this regi ment Mr. Clark, in the rank of orderly sergeant, participated in the Atlanta campaign of 1864, from Dalton to Jonesboro, and the Tennessee campaign under General Hood, and fought with the rear guard on the retreat. He was captured in hospital at Oxford, Ga., July 22, 1864, but overlooked and left there, so that he escaped the suffering of a prisoner of war. At the last he participated in the North Carolina campaign, including the battle of Bentonville, and in March, 1865, was made first lieutenant of the consolidated Com pany K of the First Volunteer regiment of Georgia, in cluding the remnants of Companies E, F and G of the Sixtythird regiment. At Greensboro, April 26, 1865, he was sur rendered and paroled. In the course of his service Lieuten ant Clark was hit four times by the Federal bullets, but never seriously injured. At the close of this gallant military career he returned to Richmond county, where he was born in 1842, and in 1870 was elected to the legislature. Twice he was re-elected. In 1888-90 he served as superintendent of roads and bridges of Richmond county, afterward was superintendent of the county home one year, and eighteen months coroner of his county. Four and a half years he served as assistant postmaster, and in August, 1897, he was

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appointed to his present position of county treasurer, to which he has been twice re-elected.

Robert M. Clayton, of Atlanta, a veteran of the North
Carolina troops in the Confederate service, was born in Mc-
Dowell county, N. C., March 31, 1845, son f Ephraim
Clayton and Nancy McElroy. His father, a native of North
Carolina, was a building contractor before the war, erecting
many important structures in both the Carolinas, and after
the war he engaged in railroad contracting, constructing a
great part of the Air Line railroad and others. The father
of Ephraim Clayton was Lambert Clayton, born January 22, 1755, who was a Revolutionary soldier, fought at King's Mountain and was wounded at Eutaw Springs. Robert M. was reared in Buncombe county, N. C., and educated under Stephen Lee, a famous educator of the time, an uncle of Gen. Stephen D. Lee. He was among the first to volunteer for the Confederate service in 1861, becoming a private in Company E of the First regiment North Carolina troops, commanded by Col. D. H. Hill, afterward lieutenant-general, and Lieut.-Col. Charles Lee, a cousin of S. D. Lee, and Maj. Joseph H. Lane, afterward brigadier-general. He was with this regiment during its six months' service in Virginia, during which it fought the famous first battle of the war, at Big Bethel on the Peninsula. After the expiration of this service he worked for several months with his father, manu facturing guns for the army. In the summer of 1862 he reenlisted in Company B of the Sixtieth regiment North Carolina infantry, with which he served until the end of the war, winning promotion through the various grades to first lieutenant in 1863. With this regiment he went to Missis sippi in the spring of 1863, and took part in the fighting about Jackson, and later in the year they joined Bragg's army and participated in the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. In 1864 he served in the Atlanta cam paign, and after participating as second in command of his company in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, and New Hope Church, he took command upon his captain being wounded in the last battle, and afterward led his company in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, At lanta, and Jonesboro, Ga., Columbia and Murfreesboro, Tenn., and Bentonville, N. C., finally surrendered at Greens boro, N. C., April 26, 1865. Three brothers of Lieutenant

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

567

Glayton were in the Confederate service: Edwin M., a cap
tain of the Sixtieth North Carolina regiment; T. L., a lieu tenant of engineers on the staff of Gen. Stephen D. Lee,
and G. !W., who was a cadet at West Point when the war began and became colonel of the Sixty-second North Carolina
regiment. The subject of this sketch engaged in civil engin
eering after the war, and was associated with the construction
of various railroads in the Carolinas and Tennessee. Since
1879 he has been a resident of Atlanta, and with the excep
tion of two years has held continuously the position of city engineer. He is treasurer of Atlanta camp, United Con federate veterans, and is chief engineer of the Georgia divi sion, on the staff of General Evans, with the rank of lieu tenant-colonel. Several years ago, when a committee was appointed by his camp to mark the lines of battle about Atlanta, Engineer Clayton directed the work, and prepared an accurate and useful map, which will always be consulted as authority. This was the first movement to preserve these historic lines of the eventful battles resulting in the fall of Atlanta.

C. T. J. Claxton, of Johnson county, Ga., a veteran of Mercer's Georgia brigade, volunteered for the Confederate States service as a private in 1862, enlisting in Capt. A. S. Roberts' company from Screven county, which was enrolled as Company D of the Fifty-fourth regiment, under Col. Charlton H. Way. His regiment was stationed at coast points, mainly Savannah and Charleston, and in 1863 Private Claxton was a participant in the fighting in defense of Charleston, during the memorable bombardment of the city and of Fort Sumter and Battery Wagner, and the fighting on James Island. At Battery Wagner Captain Roberts was killed and Joseph Miller was promoted to the captaincy. In the spring of 1864 his brigade was ordered from Savannah to the support of General Johnston against the advance of Sherman, and after that he was a participant in the cam paigns and battles of the army of Tennessee, including Resaca. New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Ga., and Franklin, Murfreesboro, Nashville, Tenn. He was one of the gallant rear guard in the retreat from Tennessee, and soon afterward he was granted a furlough, and was not able to rejoin his command before the surrender. Private Clax-

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ton is a native of Edgefield district, S. C., born July 25, 1844, son of Zachariah and Linceley Claxton, and was reared in Georgia from childhood. On September 7, 1861, he was married to Eady Anderson. He has ten children living: Joseph B., Henry B., James M., Milledge J., Lovett J., Charles L., Zachariah, Fannie R., Liney F., and Charlesey. Since the great war Mr. Claxton has had a successful career as a farmer, and he is .one of the prominent men of his county. In public office he has rendered honorable service as treasurer of Johnson county in 1887-89.

Captain John S. Cleghorn, of Summerville, commander of Chattooga camp, United Confederate veterans, is a native of Chattooga county, and son of William H. Cleghorn, who came to that region as Indian agent, before its settlement by the whites. The Cleghorns are an old colonial family, and were honorably represented in the army of Gen. George Wash ington. Captain Cleghorn entered the Confederate service in March, 1862, as a lieutenant of Company H, Thirty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. J. T. McConnell, and had his first active service in defence of Chattanooga, meet ing the enemy at Bridgeport and Jacksboro, Ala. Subse quently the Thirty-ninth was sent to east Tennessee, and they formed a part of Reynold's brigade of C. L. Steven son's division, in the campaigns of E. Kirby Smith. Late in 1862 they went with Stevenson's division to Mississippi, to reinforce General Pemberton, and participated in the fightng about Vicksburg. At the battle of Baker's Creek, or Champion's Hill, May 16, 1863, Lieutenant Cleghorn was captured, but he made his escape into a swamp with eight of his men, and after four days of hiding within the Federal lines they managed to reach Jackson, where he was made temporary provost marshal, and later adjutant of a large camp near the city. After serving in this capacity for some time he was sent to Richmond in charge of the captured raiders who had been sent from the Federal army to cut the railroads. Then the brigade was reorganized under Gen. Alfred Gumming, and joined General Braggs' army on Mis sionary Ridge, during the investment of Chattanooga. The regiment fought with great gallantry in the battle of No vember 25th, under Cleburne and Hardee, and Lieutenant Cleghorn was in the heat of that memorable conflict. Soon afterward he was promoted to captain and quartermaster of his regiment, the capacity in which he served during the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

569

Atlanta campaign and Hood's campaign in North Georgia and the march through Alabama to Florence. At the latter place he was transferred to special duty with the Georgia cavalry under General Forrest, by special order of the war department. He was with the cavalry at Franklin, Murfreesboo and Nashville, Tenn., and under the command of General Wheeler took part in the operations against Sherman's army through Georgia and the Carolinas. At Greens
boro, a short time before the surrender he was made brigade quartermaster in the cavalry, a duty entitling him to the rank of major. In this rank and duty he was surrendered with the army of General Johnston at Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1865. Upon his return to Georgia he resumed the commercial occupations that had had his attention before en listing, and after a year at Atlanta he returned to Summervine, and embarked in business as a dealer in general mer chandise. In this he has continued with much success, also organizing the Bank of Commerce, of which he is president. He is president of the Raccoon cotton mills and a stockholder and director in the Trion cotton mills, one of the largest establishments of the kind in Georgia. In 1870 he was mar ried to Octavia, daughter of R. W. Jones, and they have five children: C. C., and John S., prominent in business at Summerville, Alice, wife of John R. Pettner, of Chatta nooga, Minnie and Annelizabeth.

J. E. Cloud, of Gwinnett county, was born January 18, 1847, near Buford, the son of Benton Cloud. At seventeen years of age, in April, 1864, he enlisted for the Confederate service as a private soldier in Capt. E. P. Beddell's cavalry
company, of the Thirtieth battalion, and later Company B of the Eleventh regiment Georgia cavalry. Captain Beddell, a gallant officer, was killed at the battle of Lovejoy's Station, Ga., early in September, 1864. Young Cloud was taken ill with fever in July, 1864, during the fighting about Atlanta, and was out of the service until December, follow ing. Then being unable to rejoin his battalion on account of the movements of Sherman's army, he temporarily was as
sociated with Graham's Scouts, and participated in engage ments at Athens, Ala., and Tunnel Hill, Ga. In February, 1865, he joined the Eleventh cavalry at Waynesboro, Ga., and accompanied it to Columbia, S. C., and thence across the Pedee river to Camden and Statesboro, at the latter point engaging in battle with the enemy. On their return to Co-

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

lumbia they were informed of the surrender of General Johnston, and Mr. Cloud and his comrades returned to their State, and were paroled at Augusta. During this service of one year for the Confederacy he had evinced the qualities of a soldier and patriot, and he is held in high esteem by his surviving comrades. A still younger brother, Robert Cloud, enlisted in the Sixteenth Georgia battalion at the age of fifteen years, and died in December, 1864. After the close of the war J. E. Cloud attended school, and presently found employment in mercantile pursuits. For fourteen years he did business as a general merchant, but in recent years he has been engaged in farming and dealing in cotton, with his home at Buford. He has rendered able public service as member of the school board two years, justice of the peace in 1892-96, and commissioner of Gwinnett county for eight years. In political affairs he is active and enthusiastic as a Democrat, and in 1892 he was honored with the chairman ship of the convention of the ATinth congressional district. In 1869 Mr. Cloud was married to Louisa, daughter of B. F. Vel, who died in 1871, leaving one child, Dr. R. B. Cloud, head physician of the Vel sanitarium at Lithia Springs, Ga. In 1872 Mr. Cloud married Miss M. E. Vel, sister of his first wife, and they have five children. The eldest son, Burton, is an attorney at Homer, Ga.

Cornelius Coffey, of Albany, a veteran of the Sumter Artillery, is a native of County Kerry, Ireland, born in 1836. In 1853 he came to Georgia, and in the few years that elapsed until the great secession movement began he grew thoroughly in sympathy with the South, and became thor oughly identified with the life and ambitions of his fellowcitizens. He entered the Confederate service in July, 1861, as a private in the Sumter Artillery battalion, under the command of Col. A. S. Cutts, and soon afterward accom panied the battalion to northeast Virginia, where he was first in battle at Dranesville, Va., December 20, 1861, under the command of the famous J. E. B. Stuart. In 1862 he took part in the battles of Seven Pines, near Richmond; South Mountain and Sharpsburg, Md., and Fredericksburg, Va. Afterward, being disabled by illness, he was sent to Richmond, and on recovery was detailed for duty in the Georgia hospital at the Confederate capital, and retained there, at the request of Dr. Habersham, until the evacuation of the city. When the war closed he returned to Georgia,

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

571

made his home at Arnericus until 1867, and then settled at Albany, where he has since resided. For nineteen years he served as city sexton. Mr. Coffey has many friends at Albany, and is highly regarded by his Confederate com rades.

John W. Collier, a well-known public official at Atlanta, in his boyhood a Confederate soldier, was born at Decatur, Ga., September 4. 1846, son of Judge John Collier, an emi nent lawyer and colonel of militia. From infancy Mr. Collier was reared at Atlanta, where he joined Company A of the Second regiment Georgia reserves in 1863, and soon afterward was detailed as a courier at the headquarters of Gen. Lucius J. Gartrell, commanding a brigade of reserves. In this capacity he took part in the campaign against Sherman's army during the march from Atlanta to Savannah, and made an honorable record. At the close of hostilities he was eighteen years of age. Subsequently he was occupied as a mercantile clerk until 1886, when he was appointed acting examiner for the United States patent office at Wash ington, a position he held for sixteen months. Resigning, he returned to Atlanta to accept the office of assistant cityclerk, which he held for two years. Afterward he was deputy tax collector and in July, 1896, he was elected street improvement collector, his present office. Mr. Collier was married in 1872 to Sallie E., daughter of Rev. Arminius Wright, and they have one son, Albert W. Collier.

M. L. Collier, of Atlanta, a veteran of Leyden's artillery battalion, was born in DeKalb county, Ga., August 23, 1844, son of Judge John Collier and his wife, Henrietta Eliza Wilson. He is directly descended from Richard Collier, who, with his sister, Rebecca, emigrated from England in the seventeenth century and settled in Connecticut. Thence the family drifted to Virginia, and Merrill Collier came to Georgia from that State. His son, Judge John Collier, was a prominent lawyer, served in the quartermaster's department during the war of the Confederacy, and subse quently was judge of the superior court in Fulton county. M. L. Collier was preparing for entrance to the university of Virginia when the Confederacy was organized, but the advent of war changed his plans, and, like other generous youth of the south, he gladly forgot his ambitions'and took up arms for his country. He volunteered in 1861 as a pri-

572

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

vate in Company E of the Ninth battalion Georgia artillery, under Major Arthur Leyden, and served with this com mand throughout the war, coming out with the rank of third sergeant. He was first on duty in southwest Virginia, campaigned with Gen. Humphrey Marshall in eastern Ken tucky, served under Kirby Smith and Buckner in east
Tennessee, and participated in the battle of Chickamauga under General Bragg, and the siege of Knoxville under General Longstreet. In 1864 he took part in the Shenandoah campaign under General Early, and subsequently was
stationed at Chapin's Farm, below Richmond, Va., during the siege. Though often in places of danger, he was never wounded, his most serious injury being when he was knocked from his horse during the battle of Chickamauga by a tree-top which had been cut off by a shell. He was in the retreat to Appomattox Court House, with the army of Gen. Robert E. Lee, but did not surrender, making his way through the Federal lines, and returning to Georgia. He was paroled at Atlanta, in May, 1865. Since the war Mr. Collier has been in the employment of the Western & Atlanta railroad, rising from the lowest positions to that of master mechanic in charge of the shops at Atlanta, a posi tion he has ably filled since 1884. He is an active member of Atlanta Camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, and highly regarded by his comrades. By his marriage to Luta Zachry, Mr. Collier has three sons living.

Eli J. Collins, commander of West Point camp, United Confederate veterans, is a native of Chambers county, Ala., born July 29, 1843, atld is the grandson of a soldier of the Revolution. His father, Terry Collins, a native of middle Tennessee, is yet living, in 1891, in Lee county, Ala., at the age of eighty-six years. Mr. Collins' first military service was with the six months' troops of Georgia under Colonel Wright, and subsequently he enlisted for the Confederate service in Hilliard's Legion, an Alabama command, and was made orderly sergeant of Company C, Third battalion, with this command he served in east Tennessee until the north Georgia campaign of 1863, when he participated in the great battle of Chickamauga. Subsequently he was with Longstreet's command in east Tennessee, fighting at Knoxville and Beans' Station. About this time the legion was reorganized in regiments and Sergeant Collins became lieutenant of Company K of the Sixtieth Alabama infantry,

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HISTOR Y.

573

which was made a part of Gracie's brigade of Bushrod Johnson's division. They were ordered to Petersburg, Va., in the spring of 1864, and did gallant service in repelling Butler's army at Drewry's Bluff. In June they were again in battle before Petersburg with Grant's army, and through out the siege which followed no command had more ardu ous service or more bravely performed the duty assigned. They were active participants in the bloody battle of the Crater, fought in various engagements about Petersburg, including Hatcher's Run, and on the retreat to Appomattox were in the battle at Farmville. At Appomattox Lieu tenant Collins was wounded in the left side by a ball that passed through his blanket, and was thereby prevented from doing serious damage. He was surrendered and paroled with the army, and then returned to his home. He soon made his home at West Point and was for many years engaged in farming and in mercantile pursuits. Since 1893 he has been actively occupied in contracting and building, erecting five hundred buildings in that period. He is one of the leading men of his city and has served ten years as alderman and four years as mayor of the city. Mr. Collins was married at West Point to Georgia Belle Erwin, and has one son, Thomas Erwin, treasurer of the Rapid Transit company at Atlanta, and a daughter, Mrs. Will Lanier, o West Point.

John Wesley Colyer, of Perry, Houston county, a vet eran of Morgan's cavalry, was born near Somerset, Ky., May 8, 1834. His parents were John Colyer, a Virginian of Revolutionary ancestry, and Lydia, daughter of John Purvis, of South Carolina, a soldier of the Revolution. Mr. Colyer, a resident of Kentucky when the war began, and engaged in mercantile business, joined the famous cavalry man, John H. Morgan, when the latter was in command of a squadron in 1861, and served with him for nearly a year in Kentucky and Tennessee, participating in the dar ing exploits in middle Tennessee that first made the name of Morgan familiar throughout the country. In. the sum mer of 1862 he took part in Morgan's first great Kentucky raid, from Knoxville, Tenn., and was in battle at Tomkinsville, Lebanon, and Cynthiana, where he was wounded July 17, 1862. After his native State was occupied by the armies of Bragg and Kirby Smith he organized a company of cav alry, of which he was elected first lieutenant, and M. B.

574

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

Perkins captain. This was made Company C of the Sixth Kentucky cavalry, under the command of Col. J. Warren Grigsby. On the return to Kentucky he served about Murfreesboro under General Buford, and took part in the battle of December 3ist and the raid to Lavergne. Joining Mor gan again, he participated in the battles of Milton, Snow's Hill and others, early in 1863, and in June set out on the memorable raid through Ohio. Before reaching the Ohio river he was in battle at Green river bridge and Lebanon, and after riding through Indiana and Ohio, around Cincin nati, he. took part in the fight near Biiffington's Island, on the Ohio river, July 19, 1863, where the greater part of Morgan's command was captured. Here he was wounded and made a prisoner. After some time in hospital at Covington, Ky., he was held at Camp Chase three months and subsequently at Johnson's island, Lake Erie, until June, 1865. During this imprisonment of nearly two years he had frequent opportunities to gain his liberty by swearing allegiance to the United States, but this he steadfastly refused to do as long as the Confederate government was yet maintained. Lieutenant Colyer came to Georgia in December, 1865, and made his home at Fort Valley, where he engaged in farming and merchandising. He served two terms as alderman of Fort Valley, and in 1883 was elected sheriff of Houston county. He was retained in this office six years, and since then he has made his home at Perry, busying himself with farming. Recently he assumed the management of the Wells Hotel, a popular hostelry. Mr. Colyer was married in 1868 to Mary C. Lowman, and they have a son and two daughters.

Wesley O. Connor, superintendent of the Georgia School for the Deaf, at Cave Spring, is a veteran of one of Geor gia's most famous Confederate commands, the Cherokee Light Artillery. Mr. Connor was born in South Carolina, and came to Floyd county, Ga., at the age of eight years. When the Confederacy was organized, crystallizing the hope and ambition of the Southern people, he was a teacher in the same institution of which he is now the head. Resign ing this position in June, 1861, he entered the Confederate service as a private in the Cherokee Light Artillery, an old military organization at Rome, under the command of Capt. J. G. Yeiser. After some time in camp at Big Shanty, they were sent to Richmond, and thence ordered back to

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

575

east Tennessee, and attached to the division of General 1 Stevenson, in the army of Gen. E. Kirby Smith. In July,
1862, Captain Yeiser having been promoted to major, the command fell to Lieut. M, V. D. Corput, as captain. Late in 1862 they were sent to' Vicksburg- with Stevenson, to reinforce General Pemberton, and in 1863 they fought with distinction at the battles of Baker's Creek and Big Black river, and served faithfully in the works about Vicksburg during the siege. At the surrender, July 4th, they and their guns fell into the hands of the enemy, but they were imme diately paroled, and in the fall of the same year, exchanged. Being supplied with new guns they joined General Bragg's army, besieging Rosecrans at Chattanooga, and were posted on the point of Lookout Mountain, overlooking the city and river, with the ground of the "battle above the clouds" immediately beneath them. They were in action during that fight, and at Missionary Ridge, and in 1864 participated in the campaign from Dalton to< Atlanta, including the battles around the latter city, in one of which Mr. Connor was wounded by a fragment of shell, causing his disability for several weeks. He took part in the Tennessee campaign under General Hood, fighting at Franklin and Nashville, and after the return from Tennessee started out to join the army of General Johnston in North Carolina, but was captured by Stoneman's Federal raiders. He was a pris oner of war at Camp Chase, Ohio, until June, 1865. On his return home he busied himself at farming for a year, after which he was elected principal of the Georgia State school for the deaf, of which he has continued in charge to the present time. In this work he has attained honorable dis tinction, being widely known as one of the most successful instructors of the unfortunate people to whom he has devoted his life.

William Buchanan Conway, M. D., of Athens, in his youth a soldier in the cavalry corps of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Madison county, Va., January 3, 1845, son of Battaile Fitzhugh Taliaferro Conway, a wealthy planter, and his wife, Cornelia, daughter of Dr. William Buchanan, of Fredericksburg, Va., a native of Pennsylvania and a kinsman of President James Buchanan. Paternally, Dr. Conway is connected with some of the most famous families of Virginia, including the Washingtons, Fitzhughs and Lees. His grandfather, Catlett Conway,
Ga66

576

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

married a niece of President Zachary Taylor, and a more remote ancestor, Col. Edwin Con way, was married in 1704 to Anna Ball, a half-sister of the mother of George Wash ington. A great-great-great-grandmother, Nellie Conway, was the mother of President James Madison. Dr. Conway was reared in his native county in Virginia, and when hos tilities began in 1861 was a student at the Virginia military institute, at Lexington. He enlisted in the same year, though a mere boy, as a private in Company C of the Fourth regiment Virginia cavalry, a gallant command which had for its colonels, at different times, Generals Beverly Robertson, W. C. Wickham and William H. Payne. He served as private and corporal under J. E. B. Stuart and Fitzhugh Lee, through all the campaigns of the cavalry corps of the army of Northern Virginia, making a splendid record as a soldier. For a time he acted as courier attached to the headquarters of General Wickham. His battles were many in number, including practically all those of his regi ment and brigade, and notable among them in his own expe rience were Kelly's Ford, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Winchester and those of the campaign in the Shenandoah valley. At Spottsylvania Court House, May 9, 1864, he was severely wounded. After the close of the war the young veteran began the study of medicine under Dr. Alfred Taliaferro, of Culpeper Court House, Va., and in 1869 was graduated in the medical department of the Washington university at Baltimore. He practiced at the Mount Vernon iron works, in Rockingham county, Va., a year, and subsequently at Blacksburg, Va., where he was married, December 14, 1870, to Julia E., daughter of Col. William Thomas, a former mem ber of the Virginia State senate. From 1875 he served thir teen years as physician and surgeon of the Virginia agricul tural and mechanical college, now known as the Virginia polytechnic institute, and in 1892 he made his home at Athens, where he is now one of the leading members of his profession. He holds the positions of president of the Athens board of health and city physician, and is surgeon of Cobb-Delony camp, United Confederate veterans.

Jeff F. Copeland, a prosperous farmer of Hancock county, Ga., born in Greene county, Ga., July 31, 1835, volunteered for the Confederate States service May I, 1861,, in the Stephens Light Guards, of Greene county, which

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTORY.

577

became Company I of the Eighth Georgia infantry, com manded by Col. Francis S. Bartow. Soon afterward he was on duty in the Shenandoah valley, in the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, and on July 21st his regiment participated in the famous battle of First Manassas. Subsequently he was in an engagement at Mason's Hill, in sight of AVashington, and in June, 1862, he participated in the opening fight of the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, at Mechanicsville, June 26th, when he was painfully wounded in the side. Returning to duty, he was again wounded in the charge of Eongstreet's men at Second Manassas, August 31, 1862, being shot through the right hip, and was not able to resume active service in time to fight at Sharpsburg, Md. Subsequently he was in the battles of General "Tige" Andersen's Georgia brigade, at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, and participated in the fighting about Petersburg and Richmond until he was severely wounded in the desperate battle at Fort Harrison, before Richmond, A ball crushed the bones in his left arm, permanently disabling the arm, and putting an end to his service as a soldier. He was honorably discharged and started home December 7, 1864. Since then he has been a citizen of Hancock county, where he is highly regarded by his fellow-citizens and the firm friend of his Confederate comrades. On February 2, 1865, he married Mary Jane Bridges, by whom he has four children living: one son. Clarence B., and three daughters, Eizzie Lee, Ada Eou, and Claudine. After the death of his first wife he married Annie Smith, and they have five children: Ernest, Jeffer son, Dewitt, Eunice and Susie.

__ John P. Copelancl, of Henry county, Ga., a veteran of Colquitt's brigade, was born in the county where he has passed his life, May 7, 1832, the son of William Copeland, a descendant of colonial families of South Carolina. His mother was Nancy Bryan, of the same State. Mr. Copeland was reared as a farmer, and was so occupied when Georgia seceded from the Union in 1861, and united her fortunes with the Confederacy. He promptly enrolled him self with the State troops in 1861 and served for six months at Savannah. Subsequently he entered the service of the Confederate States, as a private in the Twenty-seventh regi ment Georgia infantrv. first commanded bv Col. Eevi B.

578

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Smith and later by Col. C. T. Zachry. The regiment was a part of the gallant brigade commanded by Gen. A. H. Colquitt, disinguished for gallant service in Virginia, South Carolina and Florida. Private Copeland was with the Twenty-seventh in the great battle of Cold Harbor, in June, 1864, in which the repeated assaults of Grant's army were repelled with terrible slaughter of the enemy. Not so many Confederates fell, but among those seriously wounded was Private Copeland, who lost his right arm. Thus disabled for service as a soldier, and sadly crippled for life, he returned to his home, and a few months later the war came to an end. He resumed farming, and was honored by his fellow-citizens with two terms as tax collector of the county, in 1866-67 and 1873-74. In 1869 he was married to Margaret E. Cagle, and two children have been born to them, both deceased. Mr. Copeland is now one of the suc cessful and prosperous farmers of his county, and is held in high esteem by his comrade veterans of the great war, and the entire community.

William H. Crane, of Augusta, was born in Monticello, Ga., in 1833 and was in business in Augusta when the war between the States began. On May II, 1861, he entered the Confederate service with his company, the Clinch Rifles, which became Company A of the Fifth Georgia regiment, and in this he served as a private for over two years, being engaged in combats at Santa Rosa Island, Fla.; Farmington, Miss.; Cumberland Gap, Term., and participating in the Kentucky campaign and sharing the other services of his regiment until 1864. At that time he was appointed second lieutenant and assigned to the Fifth Georgia reserves for defense at that time of the Georgia coast, being under General Hardee at Thunderbolt, near Savannah, where he remained during the siege by Sherman and until the evac uation of the city by General Hardee in December, 1864. During the campaign of the Carolinas he was again brought into connection with the army of Tennessee, which since his assignment to service at Savannah had endured the hard ships and perils of the final weeks of the Atlanta campaigns, had marched into Tennessee, fought the fierce battles of Franklin and Nashville, and endured the terrible retreat amid the snows of winter across the State of Tennessee to Corinth, Miss., whence some of its divisions were sent by rail into North Carolina in time to share in the final cam-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

579

paign under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. Just before the close of the war Lieutenant Crane was sent from North Carolina to report to Gen. Howell Cobb, whose headquarters were at that time at Macon, Ga. While on his way he received news of the surrender of the armies in Virginia and North Carolina. Returning to Augusta, he embarked in business at that city, where he has for a number of years ably represented the New York Life insurance company. In all the affairs of life he has so conducted himself as to win and hold the high esteem of the community in which he lived.
James H. Cranston, of Augusta, Ga., in the beginning of hostilities, accompanied his father, Maj. Henry Cranston, below Savannah, where they were stationed, thence moving to Calhoun, Ga., and afterwards to Decatur. He then returned to Augusta, and at the age of seventeen years enlisted as a private in the Washington Light Artillery, of Charleston, S. C. With this command he participated in several combats on James Island, at Honey Creek, and at King's Creek, near Charleston, and was on duty during all the active operations about that important seaport of the Confederacy. When Charleston was evacuated, he marched with his company under General Hardee into North Caro lina, sharing in the final battles in that State and firing the last gun of his battery. He was one of the gallant little army that laid down its arms and furled its banners near Goldsboro, N. C., April 26, 1865. Though the list of his engagements is not so long as that of some who served in other parts of the Confederacy, it must be remembered that those who did duty in the defense of Charleston were engaged in one continuous battle from the fall of 1863 until the time when the gallant defenders of South Carolina's fair city by the sea regretfully left the scene of so many perils and of so great glory to join in the last struggle of the Confederacy in North Carolina. As soon as hostilities carne to an. end, Mr. Cranston returned to Augusta, Ga., where he has since resided, being engaged most of the time in the cotton business and acting at present as bookkeeper for the firm of Alexander & Alexander. He is a very capa ble business man and an ardent church worker, and is held in high esteem by his Confederate comrades, with whom he is associated as a member of Camp 435, United, Confed erate veterans.

580

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

MEMORIAL ADDRESS ON THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF Miss WINNIE DAVIS, THE DAUGHTER OF THE CONFEDERACY, UPON RECEIPT OF THE NEWS OF HER DEATH AT MASONIC HALL, AUGUSTA, GEORGIA, TUESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 20, 1898.
I had the pleasure of shaking hands with Miss Davis at Atlanta during the reunion in July. I was inexpressibly shocked at the news of her illness and death. On that occasion I was impressed by her personality. She seemed to me to have attained the loftiest eminence to which virtue can aspire in this life. Her life was no unmeaning struggle. She was filled with that piety which crowned her with the noble purposes for which she was created.
She possessed fame, intelligence, and accomplishments that this world can lavish upon her. But her nature was blessed with a fervent piety, the Star of Bethlehem shone amid all her other graces; that was the ship upon the storm ocean, the pilot and compass which guided her into the port of Safety.
I believe that religion was the chart of her destiny, the soul of her life, the soil of her faith and the beacon light of her hope. She blessed it and it blessed her. She took it to her fondest embrace, and it gave her the bliss for which she sighed.
She was called upon, and filled with consideration the high posi tion that she was called to. She was the connecting link that binds our memories of want and suffering for a great cause with all that was brightest, best and tenderest in it. We loved her with a great love, and we mourn with our whole Southland her loss. Our hearts go out in tender sympathy to her great, good mother in the loss of her darling child. May He who stilled the stormy sea of Gennersaret with the word of His mouth speak peace to her heart.
JAMES H. CRANSTON. Reflections at the memorial services of Miss Winnie Dayis, held at Thomas & Barton's Hall by the Ladies' Memorial Society, the Daughters of the Confederacy, the Veterans of Camp 435 and 1035, U. C. V. and citizens, gathered together in one place to pay the last tribute of respect to the Daughter of the Confederacy. The sad occasion called forth the most poignant expressions of grief. Personally, I feel as if one of my own household had been summoned to that "Bourne from which no traveler returns"-- the better home beyond. Our Lord, on the eve of his departure, said to his sorrowing friends, "Let not your heart be troubled; you believe in God, believe also in me. In my Father's house are many mansions. If it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. I will come again, and receive you unto mys_elf, that where I am, there ye may be also." These are sweet, precious promises to us, my com rades, Ladies of the Memorial Association and Daughters of the Confederacy. So extremely sad was the news of Miss Winnie Davis' death to me, personally, that I found it absolutely necessary to give vent to my feelings, for my own peace, at least. Therefore I at once wired as follows: Mrs. Jefferson Dayis, Narragansett Pier, R. I.: Participating sincerely in your affliction, may you be divinely comforted.

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

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I consulted no one about this. I voiced the expression of my own

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This gray uniform will hereafter have a new and tender associa

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home above. Wherefore, seeing we
cloud of witnesses (the

also are compassed about with Daughter of the Confederacy

so is

great a another

rfetathhiindngeeddihseutrshdraieehncrtdaeonwottdthfhhheiaaocottfhcurctriohsldoseofsusat,dehtiht)tdhrseboo;msenpyfeeiowsaCrioshneifooglym,Gutsrhofb,aodeedr.lseoessotth,Mhkauelimaesn,ytegjoauyyanusondnuldtathoylaaeinsttaJdesnuwisdsoIua,ewssr,meuvsnstyeheetrtewCydo"biwtoamehuwferotinhaprgdoaehaertittseh,aanit_mnhbcndeeed,

ready to May
presence

obey the summons which must come to all. the peace that passeth all understanding, the of our Saviour, comfort and be with her illustrious

abiding mother,

Mrs. Jefferson Davis.

We will pray.

Faithfully yours, JAMES H. CRANSTON

Camp 435, U. C. V.

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

William Crenshaw, D. D. S., a prominent professional man of Atlanta, was born in Limestone county, Ala., Janu ary 2.2, 1846, son of William Crenshaw, a planter and river transportation captain, who rendered valuable services to the Confederate forces by furnishing transportation, mainly to Generals Hood and Wheeler. In September, 1863, being in his seventeenth year, young Crenshaw made his way through the Federal lines, north Alabama bring then in the hands of the enemy, and mounted upon a fine horse which was his especial pride, gained the Confederate headquarters at Courtland, Ala., where he joined Captain Jarman's com pany of the Tenth Alabama cavalry. His company, com posed entirely of boys, except the officers, acted as escort to Brig.-Gen. Philip D. Roddey, the cavalry officer in charge in that region, and were jocularly known as "Roddy's Bull Pups," "Buttermilk Rangers," etc. He was detailed from his company and regiment to' go as guide with Gen. N. B. Forrest on the last raid made north of the Tennessee river, on which occasion General Forrest captured Athens, the home of young Crenshaw, and eleven hundred Federal sol diers, among whom were negro slaves belonging to the Crenshaw estate. Dr. Crenshaw was on active duty with his command, campaigning and raiding in Alabama, Ten nessee and Georgia, to the close of the war. He was paroled at Wheeler's, Ala., in May, 1865, and then returned to the occupations of civil life. He has had an eminently success ful career in the profession of dentistry. After receiving bis degree at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, he made his home at Atlanta in 1875. During the past four teen years he has been the official head of the school of dentistry in Atlanta, and during seven years dean of the Atlanta Dental college. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans. In 1874 Dr. Cren shaw was married to Alberta Hansell, of Roswell, Ga., who died in 1889, and in 1895 he .wedded Alice Cox, of La Grange, Ga. A son and three daughters by the first mar riage are living.

Benjamin B. Crew, of Atlanta, was born in Chattanooga, Tenn., October 23, 1844. His father, Pleasant Crew, was a Virginian, who removed to Tennessee and made his home 5n Chattanooga. When young Crew was only two years old his father died. He was reared in Chattanooga, receiving his education in the schools of that city. In 1863 he was

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in the employ of the Chattanooga Daily Rebel, of which paper Francis M. Paul, of Nashville, was owner and pub lisher. Mr. Crew showed such aptitude for journalism that he was placed by Mr. Paul as his assistant in charge of the paper. When the Confederates evacuated Chattanooga, in September, 1863, the proprietor and staff of the Rebel went southward and renewed the publication of the paper
in Marietta, Ga., where it soon reached the circulation of 21,000 copies daily, going into every part of the South and
being a great favorite in the army of Tennessee. Among its editors were Henry Watterson, now of the Louisville Courier-Journal; Albert Roberts (John Hoppy), of Nash ville, and Charley Faxon, of Clarksville, Tenn. The office of the Rebel was a favorite resort of noted men, and young Crew was thrown into personal relations with Gov. Isham G. Harris and such prominent officers as Nathan B. For rest and Basil Duke, and others of Confederate fame, who
resorted to the Rebel office as a kind of Tennessee head quarters. When in the summer of 1864 the Federals approached Marietta, the paper again moved southward to
Griffin, Ga. About this time Mr. Crew resigned his position and joined the Fourth Tennessee cavalry and was ordered by General Forrest to report to a camp in southwest Geor gia, near Fort Gaines, where he remained only a few weeks, when he was ordered to report at the headquarters of Gen eral Forrest, then in north Mississippi. From there General Forrest dispatched him as a special courier with important papers for General Hardee at Savannah, Ga. En route he was taken off the train and sent to meet the Federals, who had just then landed two gunboats and were endeavoring to cut the coast railway. Two fights occurred, in the first of which the Confederates, though losing several in killed and wounded, held their position. In the second combat the Federals were driven to their gunboats, leaving in the hands of the Confederates two pieces of .artillery, many rifles, and
a lot of commissary stores. Mr. Crew was engaged in both of these actions. Under General Hardee's orders he reported
to the general in command at Augusta, Ga. Here he was
when hostilities ceased, and here he was paroled. The war having ended, he returned to his home in Chattanooga. After a few weeks he removed to Atlanta, where he has since resided and engaged in commercial pursuits. Com
mencing business in Atlanta in 1865 he bought a newspaper stall, which business steadily grew to a large store, selling

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CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

books and stationery, also publishing sheet music and Scott's Literary Magazine, until a business of over $100,000 per annum was the result. In 1888 the firm of Phil lips & Crew sold this business and continued as dealers in pianos and organs, in 1892 enlarging into a corporation called the Phillips & Crew company, with a capital stock of $92,000, of which Mr. Crew is president. This firm is one of the best known in the South and has un
questionably high credit. Mr. Crew has served in the city council of Atlanta, was one of the first board of the Young Men's Library association, now Carnegie Library, was for several years on the board of Young Men's Christian asso ciation ; has served on the city board of education, as county registrar, trustee of two Methodist churches and a church college, for several years as chairman of board of stewards of the First Methodist church and was often honored by this mother of Atlanta churches as delegate to annual confer
ences, and elected by the annual conference as a delegate to the general (quadrennial) church conference at St. Louis which met in 1890. In 1872 Mr. Crew was married to Tillie Maffitt. She died in 1887, leaving two daughters and a son. The elder of the daughters, Roberta S., married Henry A. Inman, of Atlanta. The other two children are Benjamin Lee and Helen, both college graduates. Mr. Crew was mar ried a second time in 1894 to Virginia Fowler, of Atlanta. He is a member of Atlanta Camp, No. 159, United Con
federate veterans.

Charles Frederick Crisp was born in Sheffield, England, January 29, 1843, while his parents were on a visit to that country. He was educated in the common schools of
Georgia, and was admitted to the bar at Americus, in 1866, after his return from a gallant service as a Confederate soldier. His first practice was at Ellaville, where he remained
for several years, serving as solicitor-general in 1872-73. In the latter year he removed to Americus, and in 1877 was ap pointed judge of the superior court, and elected to the same
office by the general assembly in 1878 and 1880. He was first elected to the United States Congress in 1882, and con tinuing in that body by successive re-elections became
speaker of the house in 1891. In that exalted position he confirmed the good opinion of the people of the South and earned the admiration and respect of the entire nation. While still a representative in Congress he died, October

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585

26, 1896. His military career was well described in a memorial address delivered in the House, January 16, 1897,
by Henry St. George Tucker, of Virginia. He said: "The State of Virginia has always felt the deepest interest in the life and career of Judge Crisp. In those days which tried men's souls he freely spilled his hlood on her soil, and from
May, 1861, until May, 1864, when Virginia was 'a looming bastion fringed with fire,' he mingled with her people, en listed with her sons, and fought by their sides. As a soldier Judge Crisp exhibited the highest qualities of excellence. With a cheerful temper he bore the privations of war in the camp, on the field, or on the march, and he was ever obedient to command, and ready to respond to his country's call. He enlisted at Luray, in the Valley of Virginia, in Company K of the Tenth Virginia infantry, while his father and his brother Harry enlisted in an artillery company in the county of Shenandoah. He served first under Col. S. A. Gibbons in the brigade of the gallant Elzey, afterwards commanded by Gen. W. H. Taliaferro, and subsequently by Gen. George H. Steuart." In speaking of his services as a soldier, his old captain, R. S. Parks, of Luray, Va., says: "In the spring of 1862 our regiment was transferred from Joe Johnston's command, on the Rappahannock, to Jackson's command, in the Valley, and remained in that command until the sun set at Appomattox. Most of the regiment was captured with Ed Johnson's division in the 'bloody salient' on the nth of May, 1864, where perhaps occurred the fiercest struggle and more blood was spilled than at any place during the war. Crisp was captured at that time and was not released until after the war. He en listed at the age of eighteen as a private, and was second lieutenant when he was captured. He was quite small, not disposed to be corpulent, as he grew to be in after life. He was very quiet and unobtrusive, in fact, retiring in his man ner ; a great reader, he was never without a book. He car ried one in his knapsack always, if he had one (but 'Jackson's Foot Cavalry' did not like to carry superfluous baggage), or in his blanket. Often when the regiment was halted to rest on the march, he would immediately sit down and read from his book. He had a most remarkable memory, and could read a book and then relate everything in it, giving, in many instances, the exact language. Like all the members of Com pany K, he was a soldier from head to foot, for no man ever

586

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

commanded a better set of men or harder fighters than those who composed that company."

Abraham M. Crosby, ordinary of Appling county, was
born and reared in that county, of which he is now one of
the leading citizens. He volunteered for the Confederate
States service August 25, 1861, as a private in Company I
of the Twenty-seventh regiment Georgia infantry, com
manded by Col. Levi B. Smith, and a part of Gen. A. H.
Colquitt's brigade. He served faithfully throughout the
war, taking part in most of the campaigns and battles of the regiment, though his health was much of the time in a deli cate condition. He was first in battle on the Yorktown line, on the Virginia peninsula, and went through the arduous campaigning before Richmond, including the battles of Williamsburg, Seven Pines and the Seven Days' battles, ending at Malvern Hill, where he was knocked down by the explo sion of a shell and supposed to be killed. Fortunately, how ever, he escaped serious hurt, but for some time afterward he was in hospital at Richmond, and was not able to rejoin his command until early in 1863. He took part in the battle of Chancellorsville, and subsequently accompanied the bri gade to Charleston, S. C., and was under fire during the bombardment of Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter. Thence they were ordered to Florida early in 1864, and he was a participant in the famous victory at Olustee. From Florida they were called to Virginia again, and Private Crosby took part in the battles of Drewry's Bluff, under Beauregard, and fought before Richmond and Petersburg under General Lee until the latter part of 1864, when the brigade, always in demand for positions of danger, was sent to the relief of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N. C. He was a partici pant in that campaign and in the engagements on the retreat from Wilmington, until prostrated by illness and sent to hospital at Greensboro, where he was when General Johnston surrendered. At the close of his service he had the rank of second sergeant. Mr. Crosby was disabled for a long time after the war, by the illness which he had contracted in the service. He has had a quite successful career as a farmer in Appling county, and has rendered efficient public service as county tax receiver and judge of ordinary. With his comrades of 1861-65 he is associated as a member of R.
E. Lee camp, United Confederate veterans.

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

587

Captain Madison F. Crumley, of Oglethorpe, was born in Florida, in 1840, son of Rev. William M. Crumley, a min ister of the Methodist church, and a native of South Caro lina. His mother was Sarah McLain, of Georgia. Both the Crumleys and McLains were honorably represented in the patriot army of the Revolution. Captain Crumley was prepared for the practice of medicine before the war, gradu ating at Augusta in 1861, and taking a course of lectures at Atlanta. Early in 1861 he volunteered for the Confeder ate service and was elected second lieutenant of a company from Conyerj, county, which became Company B of the Eighteenth Georgia regiment, when that was organized at Big Shanty. This regiment, first commanded by General Wofford, had a noted career in the army of Northern Vir ginia, as a part of Hood's Texas brigade until the close of 1862, and afterward in Wofford's brigade of Longstreet's corps. Early in 1863 Lieutenant Crumley was promoted to captain, and he was transferred to the Third battalion Georgia sharpshooters, under Col. L. N. Hutchins, in which he commanded a company in the forefront of some of the hardest fought battles of the war. His first engagement was at Eltham's Landing, on the retreat from Yorktown, in May, 1862, and there he was wounded in the right foot by a minie ball. He rejoined his regiment in time to participate in the famous charge of his brigade at Cold Harbor, June 27, 1862, and subsequently participated in all the battles of the regiment, including Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor and Petersburg. From the Petersburg lines his command was sent, with Kershaw's division, to reinforce the army of General Early in the Shenandoah valley, and Captain Crumley was a participant in the famous battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864, where, during the reverse which overtook the Confederate army late in the day, he was made a prisoner. He was held at Fort Delaware until July 19, 1865, long after the actual close of organized war. His service was marked throughout by gallantry and ability as an officer. The wound mentioned is not the only one that he received, but the only one that compelled him to leave the field. After his return to Georgia Dr. Crumley devoted himself to the practice of medicine, first at Macon, where he was one of the city physicians for a year during the small pox epidemic. After a year's practice at Atlanta he made

588

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

his home at Oglethorpe, where he has been actively engaged in the practice of medicine and in business as a druggist, since 1869. He has served two years as mayor of the town. In Macon county camp, United Confederate veterans, he holds the rank of surgeon.

Benjamin F. Gulp, of Athens, a veteran of the Troup Artillery, one of Georgia's gallant contributions to the army of Robert E. Lee, was born in Jackson county, Ga., March 15, 1844, a son of Capt. Peter Gulp and his wife, Martha Bennett. His father, who was born in Chester district, S. C, came to Georgia in 1854, and was one of the patriotic Geor gians who bore arms in the State troops during the war of the Confederacy. He was captain in command of a company of reserves, and led his men in several combats with the enemy during Sherman's march to Savannah, one of the most important being the fight at Ogeechee Swamp, where his son-in-law, Boles Parr, a member of his company, was killed. Benjamin F. Gulp was reared on the farm of his parents, residing in Clarke county, Ga., from ten years of age, and was employed in a mercantile establishment at Athens when hostilities began in 1861. Promptly answer ing the call of his State for troops to defend the Confederacy against invasion, though not yet of full military age, he en listed on April 24, 1861, as a private in the Troup Artillery, the battery attached to Thomas R. R. Cobb's legion. After two months at Savannah they were ordered to Virginia, and thereafter Private Gulp shared the fortunes of the heroic army led by Robert E. Lee, his battery being attached to Colonel Cabell's battalion, with McLaws' division, Longstreet's corps. His first service was on the Yorktown lines, and afterward he participated in the campaigns in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, under all circum stances making the record of a true and devoted soldier of the South. Among the famous battles in which he partici pated were Elk Run, Dam No. i, Dam No. 2, Winn's Mill, the Seven Days before Richmond, Crampton's Gap, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Totopotomoy, Hanover Junc tion, Second Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and the service in the intrenchments about Petersburg until the evacuation. In the second battle at Fredericksburg, during the Chancel lorsville campaign, he was wounded, and promoted to second corporal of Ms battery. He was with his gallant command

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

589

in the retreat from Petersburg, and was engaged with the enemy on the morning of the surrender at Appomattox, after which he and his comrades, not participating in the sur render, disbanded and sought to join the army in North Carolina. Corporal Gulp reached Lincolnton Court House,
N. C, and there was paroled after the surrender of General Johnston. Since the war Mr. Gulp has been one of the most valuable members of the Athens police force, with which he has been connected for thirty-three years, during the last six years as chief. He was married in 1867 to Selina A. Moore.

Colonel Joseph B. Gumming, a distinguished and eloquent attorneyj of Augusta, and a resident from his earliest years of the beautiful suburban village of Summerville, en tered the Confederate service as a private in Company A,
Fifth Georgia infantry, stationed at that time at Pensacola, Fla. Being appointed sergeant-major he served four months in that capacity and was then made second lieutenant of Company I, of the same regiment. In October, 1861, he was detailed as adjutant of the post at Pensacola, and in January, 1862, was assigned to John K. Jackson as brigade adjutant with the rank of captain. Captain Gumming went with General Jackson to Grand Junction, Tenn., and on his staff participated in the battle of Shiloh, the Kentucky campaign and the battle of Murfreesboro. At Shiloh he was slightly wounded and at Murfreesboro had a horse killed under him. In February, 1863, he resigned, but was immediately reappointed with the same rank and ordered to report to Gen. Wm. H. T, Walker, whose brigade was at that time serving on the coast near Savannah. In the spring the brigade was ordered to Mississippi, becoming part of the army of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, assembling for the at tempted relief of Vicksburg. General Walker being pro
moted to major-general, Captain Gumming now commis sioned major, was made adjutant-general of Walker's
division and corps in the summer of 1863, participating with his chief in the battles of Chickamauga and Mission ary Ridge and the Atlanta campaign until the death of Walker in the charge upon the enemy's line at Atlanta, July 22, 1864. He was then detailed by General Hardee as in
spector of G. W. Smith's division of State troops and at the evacuation of Atlanta was placed in command of the rear guard. Subsequently he was assigned to the staff of Lieu-

590

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

tenant-General Hood, as assistant adjutant-general and in that capacity took part in the Tennessee campaign, including the battles of Franklin and Nashville and the terrible winter retreat to Corinth. Upon Hood's retirement, he acted upon the staff of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, but at the reorganiza tion of the army in April, 1865, was appointed to the com mand of a battalion of eight companies with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and with the promise of two more com panies and rank of colonel. Before this promotion could come the war ended and Colonel Gumming was paroled at Greensboro as a member of General Johnston's staff. Since the war he has made a brilliant success in the practice of law and has served as a member of the legislature of Georgia. He is commander of the Augusta camp of Confederate veterans and a trustee of the Soldiers' Home at Atlanta.

Henry C. Cunningham, of Savannah, a staff officer in the Confederate States service, was born at Savannah in 1842, son of Dr. Alexander Cunningham, who practiced medicine for many years at Augusta and Savannah. Mr. Cunningham completed his academic education at the South Caro lina college, at Columbia, S. C., graduating in 1861, in the midst of the exciting events of secession and confederacy. He accompanied the cadets of Ms college to the coast and was on duty with them about a month, after which he re turned to Savannah and enlisted in the Savannah Volunteer Guards. Not long afterward he presented himself before the examining board for promotion to second lieutenant, Confederate States army, and being commissioned was as signed to the ordnance department and ordered to report to Gen, W. B. Taliaferro, commanding at Savannah. When Taliaferro was ordered to Battery Wagner, Morris island, S. C., in July, 1863, Cunningham accompanied him and was on duty there during the memorable bombardment and assault of July i8th, and the continued battering of the fort, which finally resulted in its abandonment. He con tinued on duty about Charleston, with promotion to first lieutenant, until the evacuation by General Hardee, when he went out with the brigade under command of Gen. Stephen Elliott, and participated in the battles with Sherman's army at Averasboro and Bentonville, and finally was paroled with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston. After this worthy career as a Confederate officer Lieutenant Cunningham re turned to Savannah and at first found employment with the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

591

Central railroad of Georgia. He was married in 1867 to Vir ginia W., youngest daughter of Dr. Richard Wayne, of Savannah. In 1872 he was admitted to the practice of law, in which he has a notably successful career at Savannah. For a number of years he was the law partner of Gen. A. R. Lawton, of the Confederate States army, whose daughter, Nora, was his second wife. Mr. Cunningham has devoted himself entirely to the work of his profession, having held no public office except that of corporation counsel of Savan nah from 1880 to 1887.

M. Howard Cutter, of Macon, entered the military of the Confederacy April 20, 1865, when his militia company, the Floyd Rifl.es, set out from Macon for Norfolk, Va., in answer to the call of Governor Letcher, of the Old Domin ion, and under the orders of Governor Brown, of Georgia. Leaving home with but a day's notice, he continued in the military service until the close of the war, and made a worthy record as a faithful soldier and patriotic son of the South. While stationed at Norfolk and vicinity he witInessed the famous encounters between the Merrimac and the Federal vessels. His command was made Company C of the Second Georgia battalion, with which he re-enlisted at the expiration of his first year's service. They were on duty a short time near Wilmington, N. C., and joined the army under Gen. Robert E. Lee in time to take part in the battle of Malvern Hill, July i, 1862. Afterward they were sta tioned at Rapidan Station, guarding stores, and their next battle was Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. Subse quently Private Cutter fought at Chancellorsville, Gettys burg, at the Wilderness, and on the Spottsylvania line, and about Richmond and Petersburg, with Gen. A. R. Wright's brigade of Anderson's division, A. P. Hill's corps. During Grant's advance on Richmond, his company and one other, while on vidette duty, surprised and captured a Federal cavalry company. He was with his battalion in its severe fight on the Weldon railroad, June 22, 1864, and remained on the Petersburg lines until August, when they were trans ferred to the works north of the James river, below Rich mond. There, in the engagement at Deep Bottom, he was captured with several others of his battalion. As a prisoner of war he was held at City Point and Point Lookout, Md., until early in 1865, when he was returned to the Confederate lines. The war soon came to an end, and when the stir-
G&6^

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render at Appomattox occurred, he was in hospital at Macon, Ga. He escaped without wounds in his service ex cept a slight injury at Chancellorsville. After the war Mr. Cutter found employment in the railroad service for several years, and then embarked in contracting and building, in which he has had a very successful career. He is large
holder of real estate in East Macon, and a prosperous and influential citizen, prominent in the Methodist church and a valued member of the United Confederate veterans. Mr. Cutter's wife is living, and two sons: Howard D., a civil
engineer; William H., a carpenter, and one daughter.

Colonel Alien Sherrod Cutts, a prominent artillery officer of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Pulaski county, Ga., December 4, 1827. His father was a native of North Carolina, and a soldier of the war of 1812. Colonel Cutts served as a private in an artillery company during the war with Mexico, and after his return from that war began life as a business clerk. As a merchant and planter, finally residing at Americus, he was quite successful until he again answered the call to arms in the spring of 1861. At the organization of the Sumter Flying artillery he was made captain, and on reaching Virginia his command was sup plied with guns captured at First Manassas. He was dis tinguished at the battle of Dranesville, was promoted to major, and other batteries being added to his command, it was known as the Sumter battalion. He was promoted successively to lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and served with honor in all the battles of the army of Northern Vir ginia. As a citizen of Americus he served as county sheriff,
member of the State constitutional convention, member of the legislature, and for many years as mayor of the city. Always held in highest esteem in Georgia, and reflecting in peace the glory of his achievements in war, he died in Americus, Ga., in ripeness of age and honors.

Captain George J. Dallas, of Atlanta, was born in Augusta county, Va., of a colonial family, the name, before
his day, being spelled Dalhouse. His father was Samuel Dalhouse, whose brother, William, was a soldier in the war of 1812, and his mother was Sophia Huston, a native of
Rockingham county, Va. Captain Dallas was reared upon his father's farm, and in early manhood began a commercial career as a clerk at Staunton, Va. This employment he left

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early in 1861, upon the secession of his State, and volun teered as a soldier of the Confederacy. He was at once assigned to duty in the quartermaster's department, an im portant branch of the service for which his business training had fitted him, and late in the year 1862 he was commis sioned as captain-quartermaster. In this rank he served under the orders of the quartermaster-general of the Con federacy until the close of the war, on duty in Virginia and Georgia, and stationed at Macon, Gav when hostilities ceased. Remaining in Georgia, he made his home at Atlanta in 1865, and has ever since been actively and honorably identified with the building of that flourishing city from the ashes left by Sherman's army. Until 1884 he was engaged in mercantile business, which he abandoned on account of failing health, and since then his work has been in the line of real estate dealing. For a number of years he has been one of the prominent factors in that department of the city's business life. He is a member of the Atlanta camp, United Confederate veterans, No. 159, and is popular with his comrades. In public office he has served two years as city councilman. Captain Dallas was married in 1867, to Martha Gardner, of Atlanta, and they have one daughter, Leta Vir ginia.

Charles D'Alvigny, of Atlanta, a veteran of Cobb's legion, was born at Charleston, S. C., September 13, 1840, and came to Atlanta with his parents in 1848. In the spring of 1861 he volunteered for the Confederate service in the Atlanta Volunteers, but was at once detailed for hospital duty with his father, Dr. Noel D'Alvigny, at that time surgeon of the African Church hospital at Atlanta. Dr. Noel D'Alvigny was born at the city of Paris, France, April 13, 1800, was graduated as a surgeon in the French army, and continued as surgeon in that army until the political revolution of 1830, when he was exiled to America. He served with ability as surgeon of the Ninth Georgia battalion during the Confederate war, and died at Atlanta, July 7, 1877. The wife of Dr. D'Alvigny was Emeline La Foye, also a native of Paris, who died at Charleston in 1848. Young Charles D'Alvigny, after a few months' hospital service, in 1861, enlisted in Company G of the cavalry battalion of Cobb's legion, with which he went to Virginia. He served under Gen. Robert E. Lee throughout the war, participating in numerous cavalry engagements and great battles, among-

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them Mechanicsville, Seven Pines, Cold Harbor, Malveni trill, Carter's Farm, Second Manassas, Frederick City, 'Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Second Cold Harbor, Jack's Shop, Trevilian's Station. In the latter part of 1864 he was detailed to return to Georgia with Gen. P. M. B. Young's command, and was captured February 14, 1865, twenty miles below Augusta. A few days later he was given a field parole, and on his return to Augusta this was taken from him by General Frye, provost marshal of Georgia. Rejoining his command he fought at Bentonville, where he was slightly wounded, the second time in his military career; was in another en gagement at Raleigh, and at the last was one of the hundred men composing the escort of Gen. J. E. Johnston at the time of the surrender at Greensboro. After a gallant and faithful service in the cause of the South Mr. D'Alvigny returned to Atlanta, and resumed the occupations of peace. For eight years he was engaged in the practice of dentistry, and in later years he has held the office of inspector of street im provements for the city. In Atlanta camp, No. 159, he holds the rank of fourth lieutenant-commander. Dr. D'Alvigny was married in 1868 to Elizabeth Holroyd, and they have two daughters living.

Benjamin Whitaker Daniel, M. D., of Boston. Ga., for merly in the medical service of the Confederate States, was born in Sumter county, Ga., in 1832, and was there reared and given his academic education. After attending the col lege at Penfield, Ga., he took up the study of medicine and was graduated at the university of Pennsylvania in 1858. When the war began in 1861 he had embarked in the prac tice in Thomas county, and was laying the foundations of a successful professional career. Early in 1862, in willingresponse to the call of his State, he enlisted as a private in Company A of the Fifty-seventh regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. William Barkaloo, and after three months' service in this capacity he was made assistant sur geon of the regiment, which had been ordered on duty in east Tennessee. For two months he performed the duties of assistant surgeon and then was prostrated by illness, and honorably discharged on account of physical disability. During his service Dr. Daniel manifested a patriotic devotion to his country that has made him popular among his sur-

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viving comrades. After the war he was engaged in the practice of his profession in Thomas county until 1888, when he removed to Boston, and retired from the active duties of a physician.

M. J. Daniel, M. D., of Griffin, one of the prominent phy
sicians of that flourishing city, was born in Pike county,
Ga., October 12, 1828, son of Gen. Egbert Powell Daniel
and his wife Catherine Roland Howe. Gen. Egbert Powell
Daniel was born in what is now Jasper county, Ga., in 1800, and settling in Pike county when a young man became one of its most prominent citizens ; was for many years clerk of the superior court, and had the rank of major-general in the State troops. Dr. Daniel received his literary education in Pike county, and began the study of medicine at Augusta, graduating in 1850 at the Jefferson medical college, Phila delphia. He had established a lucrative practice by the time of the beginning of the Confederate era, and" was willing to abandon this and enter the active military ser vice when the South was invaded, but after he had volun teered he was rejected on account of physical disability. At a later date he again proposed to enlist in the Griffin Light Guards, but was again rejected for the same cause. Consequently he served throughout the war period as examining surgeon in the enlistment or conscript ser vice, rendering valuable service to the Confederate cause, and aiding diligently and unweariedly in caring for the sick and wounded at home and the families of fallen heroes. A brother of the doctor, Charles P. Daniel, born in 1839, entered the service as a member of the Griffin Light Guards, Company B of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, was promoted to captain ten months later, was elected major at Tupelo in 1862, and afterward was promoted to colonel; was wounded three times at the battle of Missionary Ridge, and participated in all the great battles of the army of Tennessee. Since the war Dr. Daniel has been devoted to the work of his profession, maintaining a high rank among the physicians of his city. He was married in 1853 to Virginia Towns, and two of their children are living: Judge E.. T. Daniel, a leading lawyer, and Milton J. Daniel, Jr., for a long time cashier of the Griffin Savings bank and now associated with the management of the Rushton cotton mills, at Griffin.

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Horace Dart, commander of Jackson camp, No. 806, at Brunswick, was born at that city April 7, 1837, son of Urbanus Dart and Eliza R. Moore. His grandfather, Cyrus Dart, a native of Connecticut, served with the army in the Creek Indian war, lived for a time on St. Simon's Island, and afterward at Brunswick. Urbanus Dart was a prom inent citizen in his day, serving as county sheriff, repre sentative in the legislature, and delegate to the first consti tutional convention after the war. Early in 1861 Horace Dart entered the Confederate service as a private in the Brunswick Riflemen, a volunteer organization previously formed, which became Company A of the Twenty-sixth regi ment Georgia infantry, of Lawton's Georgia brigade. After some artillery service on the coast his company joined the Twenty-sixth in Virginia following the close of the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, and were soon in active cam paigning with Stonewall Jackson's corps. Private Dart was a gallant participant in the battles of Cedar Mountain, Sec ond Manassas, Sharpsburg, and Fredericksburg, in the latter receiving a severe wound in the leg during the brilliant re pulse of the enemy by his brigade, at the railroad cut, De cember 13, 1862. He was sent to hospital at Richmond, and after lying there six weeks was granted a furlough of thirty days. At the expiration of this period he was detailed for hospital service at Waynesville, Ga., being yet unfit for duty in the field, and he continued on that duty there and at No. Seven hospital on the Gulf road, until the Southern armies surrendered. Since the war he has resided at Brunswick, caring for his extensive land ownings, and steamboat in terests. He has also rendered honorable public service as tax receiver, sheriff and deputy sheriff, and since 1890 as ordinary of Glynn county. He is held in high regard by his fellow citizens, and particularly by his comrades of the Confederate service. Throughout the State he is known as a true and loyal member of the United Confederate veterans.

Urbanus Dart, of Brunswick, a veteran of Lawton's bri gade, army of Northern Virginia, was born at Brunswick in 1840, a descendant of Cyrus Dart, a native of Connecticut, who served as surgeon in the colonial army, and afterward settled at Brunswick. He attended school at the military academy at Milledgeville, Ga., and assisted in organizing the Brunswick Rifles in 1860, of which he was made first corporal. With this command he entered the Confederate

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597

service in the spring of 1861, and for a time was temporarily attached to the Second regiment. The company was detailed for heavy artillery duty and stationed at the south end of Cumberland island until that post was abandoned by General Lee in the spring of 1862. Then they were sent to Battery Lawton at Savannah. Meanwhile they had been assigned as Company A to the Twenty-sixth Georgia infantry, Col, C. W. Styles commanding, which was ordered to Virginia with Gen. A. R. Lawton's brigade in June, 1862. His company joined this regiment, then a part of Stonewall Jackson's division, just after the battle of Malvern Hill, July i, 1862, and was thereafter associated with its entire record in the army of Northern Virginia, under the command of Lee, Jackson, Lawton, Gordon and Evans; Corporal Dart rose to the rank of first lieutenant of Company A, and made in every respect the record of a gallant and patriotic soldier. He was a participant in sixty-two engagements in the course of his service in general battles and upon the skirmish line, and in every instance did his full duty, worthily and fear lessly. His first battle with Lawton's brigade was Cedar Mountain, and the second Stonewall Jackson's stubborn fight at Second Manassas, where he was severely wounded, no less than seven bullets penetrating his body or clothing. At Marye's Heights, in the battle of Fredericksburg, he was slightly wounded, and during the famous march through Maryland to Washington, in July, 1864, he was wounded at the battle of Monocacy, but not so1 severely as to keep him from duty. In the fall of 1864 he was detailed to the com mand of a company of sharpshooters selected from the bri gade, then under the command of Gen. C. A. Evans, and he served in this honorable and dangerous rank until an arm was broken by a Federal bullet in the action at Mine Run, before Petersburg. On account of this disability he was sent home on furlough, and soon afterward the war came to an end. Mr. Dart has been a citizen of Brunswick since the war, and from 1880 has been engaged in steamboat transpor tation. For some time he has been captain of the steamer Egmont. In a public capacity he has served worthily in county and municipal offices.

Tames A. Dasher, adjutant of the camp of United Con federate veterans at Valdosta, is a native of Georgia and a veteran of one of her gallant cavalry commands. He was born in Stewart county, Ga., in 1837, and from seven years

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of age was reared in Lowndes county. In December, 1862, he entered the Confederate service as a private soldier in the Third Georgia cavalry battalion, commanded by Maj. Duncan L. Clinch, a veteran of the Indian wars. At a later date the battalion was merged in the Fourth regiment Georgia cavalry, commanded by Colonel Clinch, in which Dasher's company was Company H, ^.nd he was promoted to second lieutenant, his rank during the remainder of the war. He was on duty in Georgia and Florida, and participated in a number of skirmishes, including one at Jonesboro. Finally being paroled at Thomasville, Ga., May 6, 1865, he returned to Lowndes county and resumed his former vocation as a farmer, in which he has been quite successful in the subse quent years. Since 1896 he has been a citizen of Valdosta, where he is held in high esteem not only by his old comrades, but by the entire community.

James E. Deaton, of Columbus, Ga., a prominent business man. was a soldier of the Confederacy in his youth, and is now an active member of Camp Benning, No. 511, United Confederate veterans. He was born at Columbus, Ga., August 2, 1845, the son f L. D. Deaton, a native of Vir ginia, who was for many years a leading merchant at Colum bus. When the war began he was a boy in school, but in the spring of 1862 he left his books and volunteered as a private in Capt. Loren Little's cavalry company, which be came Company C of the Twenty-ninth battalion Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. Arthur Hood. The battalion was on active and arduous duty during the war, but was not a participant in many battles, Olustee, Fla., February 20, 1864, being its most considerable engagement. The bat talion's field of duty was mainly in south Georgia and Florida and along the coast, and it honorably performed the work assigned it. Private Deaton was with his battalion throughout its career, and made a worthy record as a sol dier. In the spring of 1865, while at home on furloughs he was captured at Columbus by Wilson's raiders, a week after the surrender of General Lee, and was taken to Macon and paroled. Since the war he has had a successful career in mercantile life, first as the partner of his father, and in recent years as a wholesale merchant. By his marriage to Mary Meyer, of Talbot county, he has a son and one daughter.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

599

John Mitchell Dekle, of Thomasville, born in Thomas county, Ga., in 1845, was but sixteen years of age when Georgia summoned her sons to strike for Southern rights and honor, but his youthful enthusiasm and patriotic ardor would not permit him to remain at home. He volunteered as a private in Company F, Twenty-ninth Georgia infantry, at Sapelo and served in the ranks to the close of the war. The first duties of his regiment were in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, in which much care was given to the guarding of threatened points, the building of breastworks and daily drills. In the spring of 1863 the Twenty-ninth was ordered to Jackson, Miss., to assist in repelling the invasion of Grant, and our young soldier par ticipated in the fighting at that point. Afterward, in the army of General Bragg he took part in the victory of the Confederates at Chickamauga and the losing fight at Mis sionary Ridge. When the armies were arrayed for battle in the spring of 1864 young" Dekle was present for duty and endured the hardships and perils of the Hundred Days from Dalton to Atlanta. After the fall of the Gate City he marched with Hood into Tennessee, fought at Franklin and Nashville and suffered the terrible privations of the retreat to Corinth. In the spring of 1865 he served again under Joseph Johnston in the campaign of the Carolinas, closing with the battle of Bentonville, the skirmishing near Goldsboro, and the surrender near the latter place. Three times during his long service he was slightly wounded. Peace having returned to bless the land, he returned home and commenced farming. Locating at Thomasville in 1878 he has since then been associated with the commercial and banking business of the city.

Thomas S. Dekle, M. D., of Thomasville, is a native of Thomas county, Ga., born in 1843,and began his military ser vice in the. spring of 1861, as a private in the Thomasville Guards, a volunteer command which became Company F of the Thirteenth and later of the Twenty-ninth regiment Geor gia infantry. He was made a corporal of the company at the organization and in the spring of 1862 was appointed ser geant. During the early part of the war his service was at Savannah, Brunswick, Darien, Sapelo Island, between Savannah and Charleston, and at Wilmington, N. C., guard ing the coast, and his first important campaign was in Mis sissippi, whither he accompanied the brigade commanded by

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Gen. W. H. T. Walker and afterward by Gens. C. C. Wilson and C. H. Stevens. Sergeant Dekle took part in the summer campaign from Jackson to the Big Black river, and the re treat to Jackson and the skirmishing there which followed the capture of Vicksburg. After that the brigade was transferred-to Bragg's army, in which it fought at Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863. In this, his first great battle, Ser geant Dekle was badly wounded in the head, and left upon the field for dead. Recovering consciousness, he was picked up after the battle and sent to hospital at Atlanta, and thence to his home, and after about two months' absence he was again ready for duty. Rejoining the army in winter quarters at Dalton, he served a few months later in the Hundred Days' campaign from Dalton to Atlanta. At Kenesaw Mountain he was slightly wounded, and he was again badly wounded at the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. This ended his service in the field. After some time in the convalescent camp at Macon he was transferred in January, 1865, to Thomasville, and put in charge of the ordnance depot. There, after the capitulation of the armies of Lee and Johnston, he surrendered with the stores which he had on hand. Subsequently he entered upon the study of medicine, and in 1868 was graduated professionally at Augusta, Ga. Be ginning the practice in Thomas county at once, he removed, in 1879, to Thomasville, where he has lived ever since, suc cessful in his profession and honored by his fellow citizens.

William T. Dennis, of Talbotton, a veteran of Colquitt's Georgia brigade, was born in Talbot county, Ga., July 9, 1842. He went to Virginia in May, 1862, and after having taken part as a volunteer in the battle of Seven Pines en listed in Company K of the Twenty-seventh regiment Geor gia infantry, under Col. Levi B. Smith. He soon gained attention by his coolness and gallantry in battle and before long was made second lieutenant of his company. Through out the war he shared the notable service of his brigade, under Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt, in Virginia under Robert E. Lee, at Charleston under Beauregard during the siege of that city, in Florida at the famous victory of Olustee, February 20, 1864, and back in Virginia again with Beauregard at the battle of Drewry's Bluff, with Lee at Cold Harbor and on the Petersburg and Richmond lines, and with Bragg at Wilmington operating for the relief of Cold Harbor.- No other brigade in the Confederate service had a more varied

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601

service, or more gallantly performed the duties assigned. In Virginia in 1862-63 Lieutenant Dennis served in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, South Mountain and Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and after the return to Virginia in 1864, he was actively on duty until the brigade was sent to' North Carolina in the latter part of the year. While serving'in the vicinity of Fort Fisher he was prostrated with fever and narrowly escaped death. Being sent to hospital at Salisbury, N. C., he was captured there by Stoneman's raiders, but was undisturbed, and after the surrender of General Johnston he came to his home, walking from Salisbury, N. C., to Washington, Ga. His career has been, an active and enterprising one since the war. For twelve years he was in the mercantile business, and sub sequently he gave his attention to farming and milling until recent years, when his time has mainly been taken up by the duties of superintendent of the Talbotton railroad. For the past seven years he has been a member of the county board of commissioners. Lieutenant Dennis was married in 1868 to Virginia A. Stallings, and they have one son, Wil liam S., and a daughter, Carrie Virginia.

Joseph T. Derry was born at Milledgeville, Ga., December 13, 1841. His childhood was spent in that city and in Putnam county until 1851, when his parents removed to Charles ton, S. C. In 1853 they returned to Georgia and settled in Augusta. After thorough preparation in the best schools of that city he entered the junior class of Emory college and graduated at that institution in July, 1860, sharing the first honor. In January, 1861, he joined the Oglethorpe in fantry, one of the favorite companies of Augusta, and served with it through the war as a private. The Oglethorpes assisted in the capture of the Augusta arsenal and, when the First regiment of Georgia Volunteers was organized at Macon, became Company D of that command, their captain, J. O. Clark, being elected lieutenant-colonel. After six weeks' service at Pensacola, the regiment was ordered to Virginia and was placed in the command of Gen. Robert Garnett, participating in the fighting at Laurel Hill and Carrick's Ford (or battle of St. George), and sharing the severe hardships of that memorable retreat which terminated at Monterey just before the first battle of Manassas. Ad vancing again to the Greenbriar river, the First Georgia was in the division of Brig.-Gen. Henry R. Jackson, being part

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of the army commanded by Gen. Robert E. Lee in that field of operations. In all the marches and engagements just mentioned Mr. Derry participated with his company. When the advance was made against the Federal post on Cheat Mountain he was a member of the advance guard of about one hundred men, selected from the First and Twelfth Geor gia regiments, to whose lot fell most of the fighting done by H. R. Jackson's troops on this expedition. He was also at the battle of Greenbriar river, October 3, 1861, and bore his full share of the picketing, skirmishing and scouting in the little valley lying between Traveller's Repose on the Greenbriar river and the base of Cheat Mountain, by which flowed the river of that name. The regiment being sent to Stonewall Jackson in December, he shared in the winter campaign to Bath and Hancock along the upper Potomac. The regiment was disbanded at the expiration of its twelve months' service. The Oglethorpes with three other com panies of the First Georgia re-enlisted and formed the Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery. Mr. Derry re-enlisted with his company and served during the summer of 1862 in east Tennessee under Gen. Kirby Smith, taking part in an expedition against the Unionist of Scott county led by Colonel, afterward Brigadier-General Grade. In crossing the Cumberland Mountains, being still feeble from a recent illness and not being able to keep up with his stronger com rades, he was captured by bushwhackers who threatened to shoot him if he did not take the oath of allegiance. He re plied that if that was the only condition on which he could have his life, they could shoot. One woman who was pres ent was very persistent that he and two other prisoners should be shot. He was carried into Kentucky and put in chains because it was reported that John Morgan was com ing to rescue the prisoners. But a Federal officer interfered, had the chains taken off and sent him back with other pris oners to Jacksboro, Tenn., where he was exchanged after nine days' experience as a captive. The man who placed him in chains seemed very much ashamed of the part that he had to perform. Seeing this, Mr. Derry said to him, "Don't worry about it. I am proud to wear chains in the cause of Southern independence." In the fall the Oglethorpes were ordered to the Georgia coast and became Company A of the Sixty-third Georgia regiment, serving as both infantry and heavy artillery. After a year of service in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, being on duty near

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Savannah, the regiment was sent to Dalton in time to take part in the Atlanta campaign. Mr. Derry participated with his company in the marching and fighting of this campaign, being in many skirmishes and engagements, including Cass Station, New Hope Church, Ellsbtiry Ridge, near Gilgal Church, and Lost Mountain, a heavy engagement on June i8th, some two miles beyond Kenesaw Mountain, and was
captured on June 27th, in a desperate hand to hand fight on Walker's skirmish line. He was carried to Camp Douglas, Chicago, where ne remained a prisoner until June n, 1865,
his health being greatly impaired by the hardships there endured. On July 5, 1865, he reached his home in Augusta. There he recovered his health and for fourteen years taught school, being principal of the Houghton Institute for two and a half years and head of the classical department of the Academy of Richmond county for nine years. He resigned the latter position to take the chair of languages in Wesleyan Female College at Macon, Ga., which position he held for seventeen years. In 1896 he removed to Atlanta, where he has been engaged in teaching a private school and in literary pursuits. He is the author of a "School History of the United States," "The Story of the Confederate States," has contributed articles to the Century and other magazines, and prepared the Georgia volume of this Library of Confederate History.

Captain James E. DeVaughn, of Montezuma, an officer of the Second Georgia cavalry, was born in Henry county, Ga., in December, 1840, son of Elijah DeVaughn, a native of North Carolina, who, with six brothers, served in the war of 1812. Captain DeVaughn's first military service in the Confederate era was as a member of the Clinton Dragoons, an independent company that went to Savannah as escort for General Capers. After six months this command was mustered out, and he then was elected first lieutenant of Company F of the Second Georgia cavalry, organized at Griffin, Ga.. in the spring of 1862, under Col. W. J. Lawton. Later in the war he was promoted to captain. Early in his service he was on provost duty at Atlanta, and it was his duty to make the detail of men to hang those of the Andrews' raiders and bridge-burners, who were executed in the spring of 1862. The regiment was ordered to Chattanooga, and under the command of Gen. N. B. Forrest participated in the brilliant raid to Murfreesboro and the capture of the Federal

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garrison there, in June, 1862, and after that they rode into Kentucky as the advance guard of Bragg's army. Lieutenant DeVaughn made a handsome fight at Mt. Washington, with twenty men, contending against a Federal regiment. He also participated in the battle of Perryville, under the bri gade command of General Wharton, in the advanced line of cavalry that first encountered the enemy. On the retreat he was in frequent combats with the enemy to Cumberland Gap, and after the return to middle Tennessee was in the battle of Murfreesboro, the fight at Nolensville and the attack of Forrest and Wheeler on Fort Donelson, in Febru ary, 1863. Subsequently his command was on picket duty on the Tullahoma line until the retreat to Chattanooga, and at the battle of Chickamauga, in September, 1863, he shared the service of his brigade, under Col. C. C. Crews, in Wheeler's cavalry. Just after this campaign he was captured in north Alabama, and sent to Johnson's Island, Lake Erie, where he was held a prisoner of war until June, 1865, experiencing the miseries of two winters, insufficiently housed and clad, in that inhospitable climate. Captain De Vaughn made his home at Montezuma in 1866 and embarked in business as a general merchant. He has been notably successful in this vocation, and now has the largest establish ment in Macon county. He has been twice married: to Miss S. V. McLendon, of Montezuma, and Mary E. Porter, of Griffin, and has three sons and two daughters living. Cap tain DeVaughn is an enthusiastic member of the United Confederate veterans, and is commander of Macon county camp, No. 655.

William Jasper Dibble, of Atlanta, was born December 12, 1841, at Charleston, S. C., where he was reared and in the celebrated high school of that city received his educa tion. He is the son of Andrew C. Dibble. His maternal grandfather was Samuel J. Wagner, for thirty-eight years a custom-house officer in Charleston, and his mother's stepgrandfather was Sergt. William Jasper, of Revolutionary fame, for whom he was named. In his youth Mr. Dibble was a spectator in the national Democratic convention at Charleston in 1860, which nominated Breckinridge and Lane for the offices of president and vice-president of the United States. Early in 1861, as a member of the Phoenix fire engine company, which entered the State service as the Phoenix Rifles, he went on duty on one of the islands in

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Charleston harbor, and there witnessed the reduction of Fort Sumter by the Confederate and State forces under General Beauregard. Subsequently, his term of enlistment having expired, he became engaged as clerk in, a store. But when the news came of the great Confederate victory of First Manassas, his enthusiasm caused him to go at once to Vir ginia, where he joined Company A of the Washington Light Infantry of Charleston, attached to Hampton's legion. In this command he served as private and non-commissioned officer until the battle of Campbell's Station in east Tennes see in 1863, where he received in his left arm so severe a wound that he was incapacitated for further service in the line. Previous to this he had been wounded in both legs at the second battle of Manassas. He had also fought at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines and the battles around Richmond. During convalescence, after his disabil ity at Campbells' Station, he was made a clerk in the treasury department at Richmond. After the war he re moved to southwest Georgia, where he lived for several years, and on July 2, 1868, married Eva Cooper, of Amerkus, who died in 1881, leaving one son and three daughters, all of whom are living. The next year he removed to Atlanta, where he was for a long time engaged in business as a cotton commission merchant. He is a valued member of Atlanta Camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, and highly esteemed by his comrades.

Clark Alexander Dickinson, of Spalding county, a veteran of the Griffin Light Artillery, one of Georgia's most gallant commands, was born in the county where he now resides, then known as Pike county, son of Clark M. Dickinson and his wife, Mary E. Askew, both natives of Georgia. In February, 1862, he entered the military service of the State in the company organized at Griffin and commanded by Capt. J. D. Stewart, and he served with this command at Savannah until it was disbanded a few months later. Then he enlisted for the service of the Confederate States as a private in the battery known as the Griffin Light Artillery, commanded by Capt. O. C. Gibson and afterward by Capt. John Scogin. Going with this battery to Chattanooga, they joined the army of General Bragg and marched into Ken tucky, participating in the campaign in that State and the retreat to Tennessee. After the return to Chattanooga the battery was detached to Bridgeport, Ala., and was on duty

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at Chattanooga during the battle of Murfreesboro. Continu ing in that region Private Dickinson served with his battery at the battle of Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863, and afterward was in garrison at Charleston, Tenn., until the battle of Missionary Ridge, when they rejoined Bragg's army just in time to take part in the retreat to Dalton. After spending the winter at Resaca, they entered the cam paign against Sherman, and participated in the fighting from Resaca to Jonesboro. After the battle of New Hope Church, they had suffered such heavy loss of horses that half of the company, including Mr, Dickinson, were trans ferred to Darden's Mississippi battery, with which he fought at Kenesaw Mountain and all through the battles and siege of Atlanta. In November and December they campaigned under General Hood in north Georgia, Alabama and Ten nessee, and lost their guns in the disastrous battle of Nash ville, December 16, 1864. Retreating, poorly clad, and almost without food through the snow and ice, to Mississippi, they suffered great hardships, but Private Dickinson was not a fair-weather soldier and remained true to the cause. His last battle was at Selma, Ala., against Wilson's raiders, and escaping capture there, in April, 1865, he returned to his home. Lee and Johnston had surrendered and he soon afterward was paroled. Three of his brothers were in the Confederate service, two of whom were soon disabled by sickness. One, John F., served all through the war, and rose to the rank of a commissioned officer, being several times promoted. Since the war Mr. Dickinson has been engaged in farming, and he is now one of the prosperous men of his county, making his home near Williamson. He was married in September, 1865, to Lucy, daughter of William Blanton, who died in 1879, leaving two sons and a daughter. His second marriage was to Collie, daughter of John L. Jackson, and they had three children. After her death, which occurred in 1889, he married Belle, daughter of F. S. Drewry, a union that has been blessed with two daughters and a son.

John R. Dillon, of Savannah, a veteran of the Volunteer Guards battalion, one of the famous militia organizations of the State before 1861, was born at Savannah in 1839. -^e completed his education at Mount St. Mary college, Emmitsburg, Md., and returning to Savannah engaged in com mercial pursuits until the beginning of hostilities. On

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January 3, 1861, as a member of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, he took part in the occupation of Fort Pulaski, and the hoisting of the flag of Georgia. Afterward, in 1861, he served with his company at Thunderbolt and Green Island. In April, 1862, the Volunteer Guards battalion, also known as the Eighteenth Georgia battalion, was organized and Dillon was elected second lieutenant of Company C, April
2d, the rank in which he served during the remainder of the war. During 1863 he was on duty in the defenses of Charleston, serving with the garrison of Battery Wagner
and on Sullivan's island during the tremendous artillery war fare of that period. In the spring of 1864 the battalion was sent to Virginia, and Lieutenant Dillon participated in the battle of Chapin's Farm and the fighting along the Rich mond and Petersburg lines from May, 1864, to April, 1865, at the last being attached to the brigade of Gen. Clement A. Evans. At the battle of Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865, on the retreat to Appomattox, he commanded his company, and was shot in the leg and captured by the enemy. The army was paroled a few days later, but on account of his capture in battle he was a prisoner of war at Fortress Monroe until August, 1865. Since the war he has been a prominent and useful citizen of Savannah. He has served as alderman of the city and as tax receiver, 1884-1901, and since Jan uary, 1901, has held the position of cashier of the Chatham bank.

Elisha Paul Dismukes, of Columbus, a soldier of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Davidson county, Tenn., June 2, 1839, of colonial descent. His father, John T. Dis mukes, a planter, was a native of Virginia, son of Paul Dismukes, a soldier of the Revolution. His mother, Ann Logan Munroe, was a native of Inverness, Scotland. Mr. Dismukes was reared at Quincy, Fla., from the age of ten years, and after pursuing academic studies, attended the law department of Cumberland university, at Lebanon, Tenn. He was admitted to the bar at Quincy in April, 1861, but the exciting political events of the period made it impossible for a spirited young man to refrain from military service, and five days later he was a member of Company G, First Florida infantry, the original command of Maj.-Gen. Patton Anderson. He served with this regiment at Pensacola a year, and afterward his company was reorganized as Com pany B of the Eighth regiment Florida infantry, and he was
Ga 68

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made sergeant-major of the regiment. This rank he held until elected second lieutenant of Company F, in the spring of 1863. Lieutenant Dismukes was a participant in the bat tle of Second Manassas, with Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia, in the latter part of August, 1862, and his next battle was at Sharpsburg, September I7th, where he was wounded in the foot, causing his disability for a period of three months. Then rejoining his command, he took part in the battle of Chancellorsville, May 1-3, 1863, and a few weeks later set out for the Pennsylvania cam paign. At the battle of Gettysburg, fighting in Perry's bri gade of A. P. Hill's corps, in the desperate struggle on Cem etery Heights, he was struck in the right leg below the knee by a piece of shell, which shattered the bones. He could not be taken with the army on the retreat, and being left in the College hospital, he was made a prisoner, and when able to be moved sent to' Johnson's island, Lake Erie, where, with three thousand other Confederate officers, he was held until February 28, 1865. He arrived at Richmond March 4, 1865, and was sent home, which he had hardly reached when the war came to an end. After the war Lieutenant Dismukes was a citizen of Quincy, Fla., for twenty-five years, and in 1891 he made his home at Columbus, Ga. His civil career has been in commercial lines, planting and manufacturing, and he has made his life an honorable success. In 1888-90 he was a member of the State senate of Florida, and he is now a member of the city council of Columbus and chairman of the finance committee. He was secretary and treasurer of the Eagle & Phoenix mills at Columbus, 1891-93, and in 1895 took part in the organization of the Georgia manufac turing company, at that city, of which he has been treas urer and vice-president. By his marriage in 1865 to Annie E. Forman, Mr. Dismukes has two sons, Elisha Paul, Jr., in business with his father, and Robert Ernest, a graduate of Princeton college, class of 1899, an^ now a ^aw student at Harvard.

Humphrey P. Dodson, of Jackson, a farmer and leading citizen of Butts county, was born in Cherokee county, Ga., the son of Charles Dodson, a native Georgian. He was reared in Butts county and was engaged in farming until the war began in 1861, when he enlisted in Company I of the Fourteenth regiment Georgia infantry, Col. A. V. Brumby commanding. Going to Virginia, he campaigned with Gen.

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John B. Floyd in West Virginia, and afterward was sta tioned in Northeastern Virginia during the winter of 186162, under the brigade command of Wade Hampton, South Carolina's famous soldier and statesman. Later the regi ment became part of the Georgia brigade of A. P. Hill's "light division," commanded first by Gen. J. R. Anderson and afterward by Gen. E. L. Thomas. LTnder the leadership of the gallant A. P. Hill, they participated in all the battles of General Lee's army, winning fresh honors on every field. Private Dodson participated in the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristoe Station and Mine Run, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. In the latter engagement, early in June, 1864, he was wounded by a fragment of shell while lying in reserve, and in consequence he was disabled for some time. On attempting to return to duty at Petersburg he was captured by the enemy, and for ten months was a prisoner of war at Point Lookout, Md. Being paroled at the close of the war, he returned home and resumed his occupation as a farmer. Mr. Dodson's record as a soldier was one of entire devotion to duty and loyalty to his convictions. He made an honorable record and his life since the war has been no less worthy and commendable.

William C. Dodson, of Atlanta, a private soldier in Wheeler's cavalry, was born in Troup county, Ga., April 14, 1846, the son of John J. Dodson and Mary Alien, both natives of Virginia. At six years of age he was brought by his parents to Chambers county, Ala., where he was reared. On December 31, 1861, three months before his sixteenth birthday, he went to Mobile and joined Company C of the Forty-third Mississippi infantry. At the end of six months' service he was discharged on account of his youth, but within thirty days he had re-enlisted in a troop of par tisan rangers, which became Company D of the Fifty-first Alabama, commanded by Col. John T. Morgan, the dis tinguished Alabama statesman. He served as a private in this command with General Wheeler's cavalry corps during the campaigns of Wheeler in 1862, including the fight at Lavergne and the battle of Murfreesboro, and in 1863 was on duty with the outposts of Bragg's army on the Tullahoma line and in almost continuous fighting during the retreat to Chattanooga and North Georgia. On September

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g, 1863, in a fight at McLemore's Cove, he was taken pris oner. Being sent north, he was confined at Camp Chase, Ohio, six months, and one year at Rock Island, 111. In March, 1865, he was taken to Virginia and paroled or exchanged, never being quite sure which. On his return to Alabama he gave the Confederacy the benefit of the doubt and took a hand in one more fight at the site of the present city of Anniston, against a body of Wilson's raiders. Mr. Dodson was a most faithful Confederate soldier and is a stanch comrade still. His record in the army and as a citi zen has won him a high place in public esteem. Since 1870 he has been a citizen of Atlanta. Beginning commercial and industrial life as a journeyman printer, he advanced to the ownership of a job printing establishment. In 1885 he founded the Dodson Printers' Supply company, which does a prosperous business throughout the Gvilf States. Mr. Dodson is a member of Atlanta camp, United Confederate veterans, and historian of Wheeler's Confederate Cavalry association, camp A. He is the editor of the very valuable book entitled "Campaigns of Wheeler and His Cavalry," in which is preserved an authoritative history of the career of Gen. Joseph Wheeler and the heroic soldiers who fought with him from Shiloh to Bentonville. Mr. Dodson was married in 1873 to Ella Hall, a native of Virginia, and has two sons living.

Benjamin Franklin Doe, of Griffin, a Confederate soldier in his youth, was born at Griffin, November 27, 1846, son of Benjamin W. Doe and Rhoda H. Durgin, natives respec tively of Maine and New Hampshire, who were married in the North and came to Georgia long before the war. Dur ing the early part of the war period B. F. Doe was busied at work as a printer, and had several grounds of exemption from military service in addition to his youth, but as soon as he was near the military age he enlisted for the Confed erate service, becoming a member of Company F, Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, with which he served at Savan nah when that city was assailed by the army of General Sherman, in December, 1864. Retreating with General Hardee into South Carolina, he served at Coosawhatchie and Pocotaligo, and in February, 1865, in the fight at River's Bridge, on the Salkehatchie river. Falling back before Sherman's army, he was in a number of skirmishes, and finally took part in the important battle of Bentonville,

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N. C, March 19-21, 1865, After this engagement he found himself disabled for duty and was sent to hospital at Greens boro, N. C., where he was when the news arrived of the surrender at Appomattox Court House. The young sol dier returned to Griffin with a creditable Confederate rec ord. He first found employment as assistant to his father in the office of city sexton, afterward served ten years on the police force of the city, and at the death of his father succeeded him as city sexton, his present official position. Mr. Doe was married in 1866 to Nannie Freeman, and they have had nine children, of whom two daughters and a son are living.

Captain Reddick P. Doss, of Thomasville, a staff officer of the army of Tennessee, was born in west Tennessee in 1835, and reared from the age of seven years in DeSoto county, Miss. When the Confederacy was organized he was deputy sheriff of that county, residing at Hernando, and for three years had been a member of the volunteer military company known as The Irrepressibles. As orderly-sergeant of the company he went with it to Mobile, March 27, 1861, and proceeded to Pensacola, and went into camp at Fort Barrancas. There the Ninth Mississippi regiment was organized, with the Irrepressibles as Company K, under the command of Col. James R. Chalmers, who had been the captain of the Irrepressibles, and was afterward famous as a Confederate general and Southern statesman. Sergeant Doss was made sergeant-major in the fall of 1861, and later he was commissioned captain in the Confederate States army and assigned to the Ninth regiment as quartermaster. Cap tain Doss took part, before his promotion, in the battle of Santa Rosa island, Fla., and subsequently was in the battle of Shiloh, and with his regiment in the Kentucky and Tennessee campaigns, acting as quartermas ter and paymaster. Later he was assigned to the staff of General Hindman, commanding the division of which his regiment was a part, and in the same capacity he served with Gen. John C. Brown, of Tennessee, Hindman's suc cessor. For some months in 1864 he was on duty collect ing teamsters, cooks, etc., for the army, with headquarters at Ivlacon, after which, in October, 1864, he was ordered to Thomas county, Ga., by Colonel Cole, chief of transporta tion to take charge of an infirmary for horses and mules, to which he gave his attention until the close of hostilities.

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Remaining at Thomasville, he became a permanent citizen and was engaged in farming until 1890, when he was elected to the office of sheriff, an honor which has been conferred upon him continuously since that date.

Benjamin Roberts Dostor, M. D,, of Blakely, Early county, a gallant officer of the Thirteenth Georgia infantry, is a native of Georgia, born in Stewart county, December 21, 1837, and was there reared and given his early edu cation. He was graduated in medicine in March, 1859, and was establishing himself in the practice at Blakely when the great Southern movement for independence was inaugu rated. Eager to do his full duty to his country in this emergency, he volunteered as a private soldier at Griffin, Ga., July 6, 1861, with Company G of the Thirteenth regi ment Georgia infantry, under Col. Walker Ector, afterward led by Cols. Marcellus Douglass and James M. Smith. Their first active service was in West Virginia, under Gen. John B. Floyd, Robert E. Lee being in chief command in that region. Dr. Dostor, also acting as the medical officer of his company, participated in the arduous campaign against Rosecrans, and was in battle in November, 1861, at Fayette Court House, W. Va. Thence the regiment was sent to the Southern coast near Savannah, Ga., General Lee having been transferred to command there, and Dr. Dostor's next engagement was on Whitemarsh island, near Savannah, April 16, 1862. In June following the regiment was trans ferred to Virginia as part of the gallant brigade commanded then by Gen. A. R. Lawton, and afterward by John B. Gor don and Clement A. Evans. En route from Savannah to the Shenandoah valley, they joined Stonewall Jackson's own division, at Staunton, Va., and went with this com mand to Chickahominy river, in front of Richmond, and participated in the battle of Games' Mill, June 27th, and the remainder of the Seven Days' campaign ending at Malvern Hill. At this time Dr. Dostor was detailed as acting assist ant surgeon of the regiment, and he served in this rank in Stonewall Jackson's campaigns, including the battles of Cedar Mountain, Bristow Station, Second Manassas, Har per's Ferry, Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg. On January 10, 1863, Surgeon Dostor was elected second lieutenant of his company, and six months later was promoted to first lieutenant. As a line officer he participated in the defeat of Sedgwick on Marye's heights at Fredericksburg, in May,

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and of Milroy at Winchester, in June, 1863; the battle of Gettysburg, where he was wounded in the leg on the first day, but remained on duty (acting as adjutant) ; the great campaign from, the Rapidan to the James, including the bat tles of the Wilderness Spottsylvania Court House, Bethesda Church and Cold Harbor; .and Early's famous campaign down the ShenancloaL valley from Lynchburg to Harper's Ferry, and the march through Maryland against Washing ton. At the battle of Monocacy, Md., July 9, 1864, where Evans' brigade was conspicuous in the defeat of Gen..Lew Wallace, of Indiana, he was severely wounded. The loss of the brigade was heavy, the captain of Company G being among the killed and General Evans among the wounded. Lieutenant Dostor was sent to Federal hospital at Fred erick City, Md., where he fell into the hands of the enemy, and later was sent to the Baltimore hospital. Afterward he was confined as a prisoner of war at Fort McHenry, and at Fort Delaware until June 18, 1865, when he was paroled, the war being at an end. Returning to Georgia, he made his home at Blakely, resumed the practice of his profession, and was graduated in 1868 in the Jefferson medical college at Philadelphia. He has ever since been engaged in the practice of medicine at Blakely, and has met with great and well-deserved professional success. He is one of the most estimable of Georgia veterans, a good type of the patriotic Southern soldier, a good fighter, brave and true, and in these latter days he enjoys the love and esteem of a large circle of friends all over the State.

Daniel O. Dougherty, of Atlanta, a veteran of the TransMississippi army, was born at Dalton, Ga., September 26, 1845, son of William Dougherty, a native of Ireland, who carne to the United States at the age of sixteen years and became a business man of Dalton, Ga., and railway con structor. The father died in 1849 and tne family afterward moved to East Tennessee and thence to southwest Mis souri, where Daniel Dougherty spent his youth upon a farm until he became a Confederate soldier. In August, 1862, at the age of sixteen years, he enlisted in Company C of the Eleventh regiment Missouri infantry, commanded then by Col. D. C. Hunter, and afterward by Col. S. P. Burns. He served throughout the war west of the Mississippi river tinder Generals Raines, Parsons, Frost, Sterling Price, Hindman, Holmes, Magruder and Kirby Smith, and partici-

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pated in all the battles of his command. His first serious engagement was the assault at Helena, Ark., July 4, 1863, and he went into battle suffering with the chills, despite the remonstrances of his officers. After fighting all day he was compelled to lie down with a raging fever, and delirious, among the dead and wounded, at the close of of the battle, and was there found by a Confederate sur geon and sent to hospital. This was his first and only hos pital experience, and he soon escaped the doctors and re turned to his company. Full of life and boyish spirit, he was a participant in all the jollity and roistering life of the soldiers, and was affectionately known to his comrades as the Wild Irishman. After Helena his next active campaign ing was in Louisiana, where he participated in the defeat of Banks' army by Gen. Dick Taylor, at Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, and though slightly wounded in the latter engagement, afterward marched against Steele's army in Arkansas, and fought at Saline River, or Jenkins' Ferry. When the war closed he was with his command at Shreveport, and he was paroled on a transport en route from that place to Baton Rouge, June 5, 1865. Afterward Mr. Dougherty lived in Missouri and Illinois until 1869, when he returned to his native State and made his home at Atlanta. On March ist he entered the employment of Silvey & Dougherty, in a very humble capacity, and in 1877 he was admitted to a partnership. He is now the senior member of the well-known wholesale dry goods house, John Silvey & Co., and an important factor in the business life of his city. He is also a director of the Trust Company of Georgia and of the Seaboard Air Line railroad. Mr. Dougherty was married in 1872 to Lizzie J. Smith, of Benton, Tenn., and they have five children: Hattie E., wife of C. C. Hatcher; Edward E., a graduate of the university of Georgia and of the architectural department of Cornell university, and a student of fine arts at Paris, France; James S., a student at Cornell university; Daniel O., a student at the Georgia technological school, and Lizzie May, in the high school.

Joshua J. Doughty, of Augusta, a gallant Confederate officer in the Virginia, Maryland and South Carolina cam paigns, was born in Richmond county, Ga., in 1841, grow ing up to manhood and attending school in the city of Au gusta, where the family made their home. He entered the

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Confederate service in June, 1861, in the Oglethorpe infan try, Company D of Ramsey's First Georgia regiment, and as a private served with that command until it was mus tered out in March, 1862. He was with this regiment under General Garnett at Laurel Hill and Carrick's Ford, under Robert E. Lee at Cheat Mountain, with Henry R. Jackson at Green Brier River and in Stonewall Jackson's winter
campaign to Bath and Romney. After the disbandment of the First Georgia regiment, four companies of that com mand formed the Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery, which, however, served most of its time as infantry. Two of these companies were the Oglethorpe Infantry and Walker Light Infantry, which latter company Mr. Doughty
joined and was elected first lieutenant. The battalion served for several months in East Tennessee and then at Savan nah, Ga., and at Charleston, S. C., where Lieutenant Doughty shared the gallant services of the garrisons at
Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter, during the fierce bom bardment of 1863. In the spring of 1864 he accompanied his command to Virginia and with it was soon engaged in the second battle of Cold Harbor, after which he marched with Early to the relief of Lynchburg, and was with that ener
getic leader when he advanced down the Shenandoah val ley, and, driving the Federal forces across the Potomac, defeated Lew Wallace at the battle of Monocacy and threw the whole North into a fever of excitement and terror over the safety of Washington. At this battle of Monocacy, July 9, 1864, Lieutenant Doughty was badly wounded in the mouth and was carried to Frederick City, where he was captured and sent to Fort Delaware. He had during the campaign frequently commanded his company and some times the battalion, acting as it commander on the day when he received his wound. After the war he returned to Augusta, where he has since resided, being engaged in the business of a cotton buyer, and prominent in politics as chairman of the Democratic executive committee for the
past fifteen years. He has also served as president of the Augusta Exchange for two terms.

Captain Robert Olin Douglas, of Kirkwood (Atlanta), a gallant officer of the Forty-first Georgia infantry, was born at LaGrange, Ga., August 25, 1842, son of John Douglas, a native of Virginia, and Fannie B. Mosely, a native of Abbeville, S. C., and a great-granddaughter of Gen. Mat

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Mousely (as the name was then spelled), a noted Irish sol dier under Napoleon Bonaparte. Captain Douglas'' father was a banker and cotton factor, came to Georgia from South Carolina in 1832, made his home at LaGrange, and after the war went to Baltimore, where he died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. James M. Coulter, a lady well known throughout the South for her noble and brave deeds during the great war. Captain Douglas enlisted at LaGrange early in 1862 as a private in Capt. Jack Cartwright's company, which became Company E of the Forty-first regiment Geor gia infantry, commanded by Col. Charles A. McDaniel. He was made a corporal soon after enlistment, was advanced to sergeant-major of the regiment, and subsequently was promoted to first lieutenant, and finally to captain, com manding his company during the last six months of the war. The Forty-first was sent to Corinth after the battle of Shiloh, and was on duty during the Federal operations against Corinth. In that vicinity Captain Douglas was in his first engagement, on the Purdy road, in the latter part of April, 1862, and was wounded. Subsequently he marched into Kentucky with Bragg's army and fought at Perryville, where the regiment was distinguished for gallantry. Returning to Tennessee, he accompanied Stevenson's divi sion to Mississippi in the latter part of 1862, and partici pated in the battle of Baker's Creek, May 16, 1863, and was on duty in the intrenchments about Vicksburg during the siege of May 18 to July 4th. After the surrender of Vicks burg he was a prisoner of war on parole until exchanged in the fall, when he and his regiment rejoined the army of Tennessee on Missionary Ridge. He participated in the battle there, November 25, 1863, and the retreat to Dalton. From Dalton, in early May, 1864, the regiment started out eight hundred strong, in the campaign to Atlanta, was for a hundred days almost daily under fire or in battle, and at the end of the campaign, notwithstanding much recruiting, had but a handful left fit for duty. Captain Douglas was in battle at Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Sand Mountain, Atlanta (July 22d and 28th), and Jonesboro. In the latter fight he was slightly wounded, and was one of the few of his command who were not killed, cap tured or seriously disabled. With the remnant of the regi ment he fought at Franklin and Nashville, in Hood's Ten nessee campaign, and at Bentonville, N. C.. under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and surrendered with the heroic handful that

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was left of the army of Tennessee, April 26, 1865. The tattered battle-flag of the Forty-first Captain Douglas has yet in his possession, and upon it can be traced the names of Perryville, New Hope, Vicksburg and Jonesboro, where the regiment was particularly distinguished in heroism and sacrifice. After the war Captain Douglas made his home
at Atlanta, and was successful in business. In 1868 he mar ried Virginia A. Kimbro, of Nashville, Tenn., a lady of the best American lineage, including Zachary Taylor and Henry Clay among her remoter kinsmen, and they have made their home since 1899 at a charming residence, Dawnhurst, in the suburban town of Kirkwood. Their two chil
dren are Peyton Douglas, of Cleveland, Ohio, and a daugh ter, who married Dr. S. S. Prosser, of Baltimore, Md. Mrs. Douglas is the daughter of Dr. R. P. S. Kimbro, a
prominent physician of Nashville, who made his home in later years at Atlanta, and died there in 1895, and her mother was Sinai V. Crutcher, a native of Tennessee, whose, father, Henry L. Crutcher, came from Virginia to Tennes see, and later was a planter in Mississippi, and gave three sons to the Confederacy, Lawson Crutcher, who1 survived the war and is now living at Nashville; Charley, who was killed at Shiloh, and Azariah, who was seriously wounded at Shiloh and died from that cause near the close of the war.

Marcellus Douglass, of Randolph county, a Georgian of whom his State is proud, entered Confederate service as lieutenant-colonel of the Thirteenth Georgia regiment, which, with Floyd in West Virginia, underwent great hard
ships in the campaign of the Gauley Valley. After the expe dition against Gauley Bridge, their regiment was sent to Gen. Robert E. Lee, then commanding the district of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. On April 16, 1862, a detachment of this regiment, led by Captains Crawford and McCalley until reinforced by Douglass, now promoted to colonel, had a spirited fight on Whitemarsh Island, below Savannah, with Col. W. M. Fentons Eighth Michigan,
gaining a decided victory over a much larger force. Soon after it went with Lawtons brigade to Virginia, reaching the vicinity of Richmond in time to share in the renowned Seven Days battle which raised the siege of Richmond and for two years completely changed the character of the war in the eastern part of the Confederacy. Sharing the fortunes

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of the same brigade, Colonel Douglass led his regiment in the march against Pope, and participated in the second decided Confederate victory on the plains of Manassas, which made the invader seek refuge on the north bank of the Potomac. At Harper's Ferry, Colonel Douglass, with his men, again shared in the winning of a magnificent triumph. At the fierce battle of Sharpsburg, or Antietam, Lawton being in command of Ewell's division, his brigade was heroically led by Colonel Douglass. In the thickest of the fight, where five out of six regimental commanders
fell, Colonel Douglass, at the head of his heroic men, was killed. No soldier could die more gloriously. Impelled by his example and that of the other brave officers and men who were either killed or wounded, the brigade, after the loss of more than one-third its number, steadfastly
maintained its ground. "In the death of Colonel Douglass," said Early, "the country sustained a serious loss. He was talented, courageous and devoted to his duty."

Captain William W. Draper, of Atlanta, was born in Spartanburg county, S. C., March 21, 1841, son of Capt. Daniel D. Draper, a planter and merchant. When Captain Draper was five years old his parents removed to Alabama and settled in what was then Benton county (now Calhoun). When nearly fifteen years of age he became a mer cantile clerk at Jacksonville, Ala., and in January, 1859, entered the employ of Wm. H. J. A. Curry, half-brother of Dr. J. L. M. Curry, the distinguished Southern states man and author. At the beginning of the war he gave up this position and took up arms in defense of the Southern Confederacy, volunteering as a private in Company E,
Tenth Alabama regiment, early in June, 1861. He was later promoted to the position of second sergeant. The first captain of his company was John J. Woodward, who rose to the rank of colonel and was killed in the battle of Games' Mill, while leading a desperate charge, and first colonel of the Tenth Alabama was John H. Forney, who was pro
moted to major-general. This regiment was made up from some of the best families in the State of Alabama and many of its members became officers of other regiments, while many others were prominent in civil and political life after the war, four of them serving in the United States Con gress at the same time. These four were Gen. William H. Forney, brother to Gen. John H. Forney; Col. John H.

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Caldwell, Maj. Paul Bradford, and Todd Hewitt. When the Confederate forces under General Johnston were hurry ing from the Shenandoah Valley to reinforce Beauregard on the eve of the battle of First Manassas, when celerity of movement was so essential, Col. John H. Forney, know ing the insufficiency of the equipment for passing the river, found a ford, through which he first went himself, and, returning, caused his command to1 strip and ford the river, carrying their clothes, guns and ammunition. Their exam
ple inspired other regiments to do likewise, and the rein forcing column was thus enabled to hasten on to Manassas and help to win the great Confederate victory of July 21, 1861. Captain Draper served with the Tenth Alabama regiment in the army of Virginia to the close of the war, being promoted to lieutenant, then to captain, and was act ing as major of his regiment at the time of the surrender, though never commissioned as such. His fidelity to duty
is evinced by the fact that he never missed a march or a fight in which his regiment was engaged. He was never wounded seriously, though his clothes were frequently pierced by bullets, and at Williamsburg he was struck in the head by a spent ball. For gallantry in battle at Salem Church, May 3, 1863, he was granted a special furlough. He participated in the following battles: Dranesville, Wil liamsburg, Seven Pines, Games Mill, Malvern Hill, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Salem Church, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Second Cold Harbor, Petersburg (including the fight at the crater), Deep Bottom, Reams Station and Hatchers Run. A remarkable exploit of his regiment was that on the night of December 19, 1861. It broke camp at Centerville, marched to Dranesville, fought there two hours
and then marched back to their camp at Centerville, a total distance of fifty-nine miles, before taking rest in sleep. Coming to Atlanta in 1868, Captain Draper embarked in commercial life and has worked his way up to a promi
nent position among the wholesale merchants of the city. He was married to Emma E. Moore, of Atlanta, and has four sons and two daughters.

Charles S. DuBose, born at Sparta, Ga., May 18, 1849, died at Warrenton, May 16, 1881, should be mentioned among the boys of Georgia who took up arms for the defense of their native State. He was a son of Col. Charles

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Wilds DuBose, an eminent jurist of Georgia, who was a law partner of Linton Stephens previous to the war and was associated with him in the organization of "the Con federate Guards," a volunteer company at Sparta, of which DuBose was first lieutenant. His delicate health made it impossible for him to go to the front, but he volunteered as a private in 1864 at Atlanta, and was appointed to the staff of Governor Brown. The family is descended from French Huguenot ancestors, who settled in South Carolina after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. The mother of Charles S. DuBose was Catherine Anne, daughter of Rev. William Richards, and brother of Dr. William C. Richards, of Chicago, an eminent divine, and T. Addison Richards, a distinguished artist of New York. Toward the close of the war period Charles S. DuBose was a stu dent at the Georgia military institute at Marietta, and with his fellow cadets went into active service, though but fif teen years of age, and of delicate constitution. He was on duty during the devastating march of Sherman through the State and faithfully performed the duties of a soldier. When peace returned to the country he entered the univer sity of Georgia and was graduated with the famous class of 1868, and subsequently taking- up the study of law was admitted to the bar at Sparta, where he was engaged in the practice until his death. He had displayed promise of a brilliant career in his profession, and as a legislator, serv ing four years in the lower house and two in the senate of Georgia, had shown notable ability as legislator and orator. His life was cut short at the age of thirty-two vears, greatly to the grief of his friends, who1 were many, for his char acter was a lovable one. Mr. DuBose 'was married May 2, 1872, to Derrelle, daughter of James M. Wellborn, of Warrenton, who survives her husband, with three sons and a daughter. Mrs. DuBose is of Revolutionary ancestry, and enthusiastically devoted to the Confederate cause and the preservation of its sacred traditions. She is a valued mem ber of Elijah Clarke chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, at Athens, and of the Athens chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy.

William M. Dunbar, of Augusta, one of the young Geor gia soldiers who resisted the devastating march of Sher man to the sea, was born in Barnwell district, S. C., in 1846, and continued to live in his native county until 1863,

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when lie went to Augusta, Ga., and enlisted in the First Augusta battalion of infantry. In this command he served as a faithful soldier and participated in a battle at East Macon, Ga., November 23, 1864, and on the following day was severely wounded at the famous battle of Griswoldville, losing his right arm. Being incapacitated for further service in the field, he went, in Januar)', 1865, to the mili tary academy at Athens, but returned home a short time before President Davis was carried as a prisoner through the city of Augusta on his way to Fortress Monroe. Mr.
Dunbar has made Augusta his home since that time and from 1872 he was for ten years treasurer of Richmond county, and for nearly five years judge of the recorder's court of that city, which position he resigned in 1889. In March, 1893, he was appointed postmaster of Augusta, serving as such nearly five years and holding over about ten months after the first inauguration of President McKinley. During all these years he was in the commission business, and after serving as postmaster he became con nected with the Clark Milling company as vice-president. In February, 1900, he was made its manager and treasurer, which position he now holds. He is one of the enterprising business men of the city of Augusta, taking great interest in everything pertaining to the advancement of the beau tiful city so long his adopted home, and holding prominent positions in church and State. He is a member and an officer in the Augusta Camp of Confederate Veterans and assistant quartermaster-general on the staff of Major-Gen eral Evans, commander of the Georgia division. He is ever ready to assist an old comrade by word and deed, and at all Confederate reunions he is conspicuous by his badge of honor--the empty sleeve,a mute testimonial of his service
to the South.

Alexander McC. Duncan, of Savannah, was born in that city in 1837. He was graduated at Oglethorpe Univer sity, at Midway, near Milledgeville, in 1856, and afterward attended the famous university of Virginia for two years. Returning to his home in Savannah, he connected himself with one of the noted military companies of the city, the Georgia Hussars, and when, two years later, Georgia sum moned her sons to the field, his command was not. behind the other volunteer companies, all over the State, in promptly showing that they were no holiday soldiers.

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When the Hussars were preparing to go to the front, Duncan was elected second junior lieutenant, and he served as such until February, 1863, when he was promoted to first lieutenant. The Hussars, going to Virginia, were assigned to the cavalry corps of the famous J. E. B. Stuart. Lieu tenant Duncan participated in numberless battles and skir mishes, the most important of which were Williamsburg, First Cold Harbor, June 27, 1862; Fords Mill, Westover, Second Malvern Hill, South Mountain, Frederick City, Calockton Mountain, Sharpsburg, Martinsburg, Va., Pony
Mountain, Raccoon Ford, Brandy Station, June 9, 1863; Hopewell Gap, Fairfax Station, Rockville, Md., Carlisle, Penn., Gettysburg, Huntstown, Md., Williamsport, Md., Hedgesville, Va., Brandy Station, August i, 1863; Robertson's River, James City, Frying Pan Shoals, New Balti more Races, Stevensburg, Va., Mine Run, Shady Grove Church, Trevillian Station, White House, Samaria Church, Sapony, McDowell's Farm, Reams Station, Cummings Farm, Rowanty Creek, White Oak Road, Burges Mill, Comans Well, Va., Stony Creek, Hicks Ford, White Oak Bridge. The captain of the Hussars lost his arm and was captured at Gettysburg, and Lieutenant Duncan com manded his company from July 18, 1863, to the close of the war. He was in Augusta, Ga., at the final winding up of the affairs of the Confederacy, and was paroled in that city in April, 1865. He soon after returned to Savannah, his birthplace and the home of his childhood, where he has since resided, except for a few years, when he was engaged in rice planting in Mclntosh county, Ga.

Clinton Cornelius Duncan, of Perry, commander of Houston county camp, No. 880, United Confederate vet erans, was born in Houston county, Ga., December 5, 1834, son of James Ruskin Houston and Katherine H. Welch, both natives of North Carolina. His grandfather, Robert Duncan, was a patriot soldier of the Revolution. Mr. Duncan was educated in his home schools and at Collingsworth institute, Talbotton, and had been admitted to the practice of law when the heroic era of the South was ushered in by the inauguration of the Confederate government. When troops were called for to' defend the new republic, he enlisted at Perry, in the spring of 1861, in the company of John A. Houser, which was mustered in as Company C of Col. James N. Ramsey's First Georgia infantry. Begin-

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ning as a private, he was made a sergeant before the close of the twelve months' enlistment. The career of this regiment is well known--its early service at Pensacola, followed by transfer to Virginia; the assignment to the little outpost of the Confederacy at Laurel Hill, in West Virginia, the retreat from that point through the mountains up to Mary land and back again to Monterey, the fighting at Carrick's Ford, where General Garnett was killed, and the manifold miseries of the mountain campaign without shelter or food. In the winter of 1861-62 they served under Stonewall Jack son in the Shenandoah valley, and in April, 1862, their enlistment having expired, they returned to Georgia. Mr. Duncan then re-enlisted in the Southern Rights battery, commanded by Capt. Joseph Palmer, and later by Capt. L. W. Havis, and was made orderly sergeant of this com pany, which was noted for gallant service throughout the campaigns of the army of Tennessee. Sergeant Duncan served at the battle of Perryville, Ky., where his.brother was severely wounded, and on the return to Tennessee was attached to the command of Gen. John H. Morgan, with whom the battery served for two months. Subsequently they formed part of the reserve artillery under Col. Felix H. Robertson, and participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and those of the Hundred Days' campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, including the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Their last, campaign was in the Carolinas, and they were surrendered with the army at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. Sergeant Duncan had a worthy part in all this service. At its close he returned to Houston county and resumed the practice of his profession, in which he has attained an honorable prominence. He represented the county in the Georgia legislature in 1868 and 1869, and has been a delegate to three national conventions of the Democratic party. His political services have been of such worth that he was honored in 1892 by appointment as gen eral inspector of Indian agents, by President Cleveland, an office that engrossed his attention during four years. Mr. Duncan was married in 1862 to Eliza Pope, and they have five children. The eldest son, James Pope, is associated with his father in the law practice and has served in the legisla ture.

William E. Duncan, of Dublin, a gallant soldier of A. P. Hill's division, army of Northern Virginia, was born and
Ga 69

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reared on a farm in Laurens county, Ga. He first entered the military service in October, 1861, as a private in Com pany I of the Second regiment Georgia State troops, a command enlisted for six months, during which he was on duty mainly at Savannah. Soon after this regiment was mustered out he went to Virginia, and enlisted for the Con federate service in Company H of the Fourteenth regiment Georgia infantry, of Gen. E. L. Thomas' brigade, A. P. Hill's division, army of Northern Virginia. His first cam paigning was in the Seven Days' bloody struggle before Richmond which resulted in the decisive defeat of the army under McClellan. In this campaign he took part in the battles of Mechanicsville, Games' Mill, Frayser's Farm and Malvern Hill. His health was broken after this arduous service in the swamps of the Chickahominy, and being sent home on furlough, his next important battle was Gettys burg, in which he was in the midst of the fighting and car nage on the second and third days and was painfully wounded. On May 5, 1864, the first day of the battle of the Wilderness, he was again badly wounded, and was disabled for duty until the following August, when he re joined his regiment in the trenches about Petersburg. He had been promoted to sergeant of his company, and to senior sergeant of the color guard, and after much valiant service about Petersburg, was wounded while carrying the colors of his regiment in the famous charge of the troops under command of Gen. John B. Gordon, March 25, 1865, in the attempt to break- the Federal lines at Hare's Hill. Being left upon the field he was captured by the enemy and sent to Point Lookout, Md., where he was held until June 26, 1865, as a prisoner of war. On his return to Georgia Sergeant Duncan engaged in farming in his native county until 1891, when he moved to Dublin and embarked in business as a merchant. He is one of the worthiest men of his city, and a valued member of the Smith camp, United Confederate veterans.

William M. Dunn, a prosperous merchant at Rome, Ga., was a Confederate soldier in 1861-65, and shared in the campaigns and battles of Colquitt's brigade. He was born in South Carolina and reared in Georgia, and entered the Confederate service before he was seventeen years of age, as a private in Company A of the Twenty-third regiment Georgia infantry. He first met the enemy on the Virginia

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peninsula on the Yorktown line and at the battle of Williamsburg. At the battle of Seven Pines, June I, 1862, he was severely wounded, in consequence of which the young soldier lay in hospital for two months at Richmond, and was at home two months on furlough. Then, having re covered his strength, he rejoined his regiment at Win chester, Va., as it was returning from the battle of Sharpsburg, Md., and in the following December took part in the battle of Fredericksburg. At the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, he and most of his regiment were captured, during Stonewall Jackson's famous flank movement, and for two months he was a prisoner of war at Fort Delaware. On being exchanged at Richmond he joined his regiment and brigade at Charleston, where they served at Battery Wagner, and along the coast until ordered to Florida. There he took part in the battle of Olustee, February 20, 1864. Ordered back to Virginia, he was with his brigade in its gallant fighting around Richmond and Petersburg, at Drewry's Bluff, Cold Harbor, Fort Harrison, and other engagements, until December, 1864, when they were sent to Wilmington, N. C., to attempt the relief of Fort Fisher. That stronghold was compelled to surrender before they could be of any effective service, and falling back before the enemy, they participated in a number of engagements, ending at the battle of Bentonville, March 19-20, 1865. Private Dunn surrendered under the capitulation of Gen eral Johnston at Greensboro, ending a gallant career as a soldier. Afterward he resided in Bartow county until 1867, when he removed to Graysville, Ga. In 1888 he made his home at Rome and embarked in business as a merchant. Mr. Dunn has two children living: Arthur M., agent for the Chattanooga, Rome & Southern railroad at Lafayette, Ga., and one daughter.

Captain George A. Dure, of Macon, a gallant artillery officer in the Confederate service, is a native of the city of Savannah, of French descent, and in early manhood en gaged in the railroad service, removing to Macon, Ga., and becoming a clerk in the office of the Central railroad of Georgia. In 1851 he was appointed the first agent at Milledgeville, in 1853 was promoted to the agency at Eatonton, and in 1854 became treasurer of the Central railroad at Macon, his position at the time of the beginning of hos tilities in 1861. Promptly tendering his services as a soldier

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to the State and Confederate government, he went to St. Simon's island as first lieutenant of the Jackson Artillery, and at the reorganization, three months later, was elected captain. The company re-enlisted for six months, which was spent on the coast of Georgia, after which they reenlisted for three years or the war, and were soon ordered to Chattanooga, reporting to General Ledbetter, in com mand at that point. On August 26, 1862, he commanded his battery in the action at Battle Creek, near Chattanooga. He took a prominent part in the capture of the Federal fort at Stevenson, and was commended for efficient service by General Maxey. His sergeant, Robert Burgess, was the first man to enter the fort and Captain Dure was the second, and in honor of this gallant conduct he was placed in com mand of the fort. This successful engagement was pub lished in general orders by General Bragg, who referred to it as "one of the most dashing achievements of the day." Subsequently, while stationed at Tullahoma, Tenn., he was detached and ordered by General Bragg to take charge of the Macon & Brunswick railroad as superintendent. He was on this duty until the close of the war, and remained with the same road until 1868, when he resigned to' make his home at Brunswick, where he was engaged in business as a merchant until 1880. In the latter year he removed to Macon, where he is yet actively occupied in business, and is one of the city's worthiest men.

William M: Durham, M. D., a veteran of the Fortysecond regiment Georgia infantry, and commander of At lanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, was born in Clark county, Ga,, May 10, 1846, son of Dr. W. W. Durham and Sallie Lowe, the latter of whom died when he was but eight years of age. In 1859 he came to Atlanta, where he passed his youth until fifteen years of age, when, in 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company K, Fortysecond Georgia infantry, under Capt. W. L. Calhoun and Col. Robert J. Henderson. In 1862 and 1863 he partici pated in the East Tennessee, Kentucky and Mississippi campaigns, fighting at Tazewell, Tenn., Perryville, Ky., 'Chickasaw Bayou, Baker's Creek and Big Black River, Miss., and was on duty in the trenches of Vicksburg throughout the siege. When General Pemberton surren dered he was paroled, after which he walked most of the distance home to Atlanta. His regiment rendezvoused at

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Decatur, near Atlanta, and there the whole command was exchanged in time to participate in the battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1863, and his brigade, under the command of General Stovall, was assigned to Stewarts division, Hoods corps, army of Tennessee. With this com
mand he was engaged in the battles of 1864 at Rocky Face Gap, Resaca, New Hope Church, Pumpkin Vine Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22nd and 28th),.Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. After the
battle of Resaca, in May, 1864, he was promoted to adjutant of his regiment, which rank he held to the close of the war. In the campaign in the Carolinas in the spring of 1865, he fought at Edisto River, Binakers Bridge, Orangeburg, Kinston and Bentonville, and surrendered with Johnstons army at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. Throughout this active and gallant career he was never wounded or furloughed,
nor missed a days service from his command. The war being over he at once began the study of medicine under his father, and attended lectures in Atlanta, completing his studies at the American medical college of Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1867, twenty-three years after his father received his diploma. Since then he has had a highly honorable and successful professional career in Atlanta. He has been professor of surgery in the Georgia college of eclectic medicine and surgery for nineteen years, is an ex-president of the National eclectic medical association, and has been secretary of the Georgia eclectic and medical association for twenty-six years. Dr. Durham was married in 1870 to Myrtis Vincent, of Athens, Ga., who died in 1881, and has one daughter, Lucy Vincent Durham. He has always taken a prominent interest in all Confederate movements, is a stanch friend to every measure that could benefit his comrades and an untiring defender of their good name and fame, has made an excellent camp commander and has faithfully discharged his duties in all official sta tions.

E, F. Edwards, of Covington, member of Jeff Lamar
camp, United Confederate veterans, was borri in Oglethorpe county, Ga., September 24, 1842, son of Lemuel Edwards, a native and planter of the same county. He is descended from a colonial family of Virginia that contributed gallant soldiers to the patriot army of the Revolution. Mr. Ed wards was educated mainly at Lexington, Ga., and was

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preparing for the university when the war began, and then, like other generous youths of the South, he laid aside all other ambitions to become a soldier. In the spring of 1861 he enlisted in Company K of the Eighth regiment Georgia infantry, under the command of the impetuous patriot, Francis S. Bartow. Soon afterward he was on duty in Vir ginia, and though not permitted to take part in the first battle of Manassas, he shared all the other service of the regiment for about one year. Then he was transferred to another gallant Georgia command, the Troup Artillery, commanded by Capt. H. H. Carlton, which was attached to Cabell's battalion of artillery, with McLaws' division of Longstreet's corps. With this command he took part in all the great battles of his corps, including the Seven Days before Richmond, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Ailderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and the months of fight ing along the Petersburg and Richmond lines. Finally he was with the remnant of the heroic army of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox and there was paroled after the surrender of April 9, 1865. His career since the war has been as a lawyer, a profession to which he was admitted in 1874, at Covington, where he has been for more than a quarter cen tury successfully engaged in the practice. In 1881-89 he held the office of ordinary of Newton county, and in 1892 he was elected to the State senate. In both positions he served with notable ability and fidelity to the interests of the people. He is one of the leading citizens of his county, and possesses in a rare measure the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens. Mr. Edwards was married at Ox ford, Ga., to Mattie, daughter of Rev. W. H. Evans, and after her death to Addie M., daughter of Dr. Jasper Bryan. One 'son and three daughters are living: William A., an official in the department of justice at Washington; and Mrs. Minnie Fiske, residing near Augusta; Mrs. W. H. Gray, of South Carolina; and Mrs. P. D. Mahoney, of Waynesboro, Ga.

James Carson Edwards, a prominent citizen of Macon in the days before the war, an author of considerable note, and a large landholder in Georgia, who died in April, 1861, gave two sons, twins, to the Confederate States service. One, Richard Somers Edwards, enlisted first in the heavy artillery, and after two years' service was transferred from

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629

Drewry's Bluff, Va., to the Macon Light Artillery. While on duty on the Petersburg lines, he was killed April 2, 1865, during the onslaught of Grant's army that finally broke the thin line of gray about the Confederate capital and determined its abandonment and the downfall of the Confederacy. His twin brother, James Wilson Edwards,
unfitted for regular military duties by reason of physical affliction, served with the reserves at Macon and partici pated in the capture of General Stoneman, the noted Fed
eral raider, in August, 1864, and the operations attending the capture of the city in April, 1865, by General Wilson. A younger brother, Harry Stillwell Edwards, who honors the memory of the Confederate service of his kinsmen, is now one of the most widely known citizens of Georgia, and prominent in the business and social life of his city; He was born at Macon, April 23, 1855; at fifteen years of age was appointed to a clerkship at Washington, and after three years of employment there, during which he studied in dustriously in the Congressional library, returned to Geor gia and was graduated in law at Mercer university. He embarked in the practice of the profession, but soon at tracted attention by his contributions to magazines and the daily press. In 1881 he became part owner and associate editor of the Macon Telegraph, of which the gifted Albert R. Lamar was managing editor. His poems and short stories continued to meet the popular favor and he became a welcome contributor to the leading magazines of Amer ica. His sketches, invariably founded on fact, are mar-
velously interesting and truthful pictures of those phases of Southern life that have appealed to his artistic sense as
subjects for treatment in dramatic fiction. Perhaps the most widely known of his works is "Sons and Fathers," a novel of remarkable force and sustained intensity, which won the prize of $10,000 offered a few years ago by one of the leading newspapers of Chicago. In the summer of 1900, Mr. Edwards was appointed postmaster of Macon, an office in which he has manifested fine executive ability. The subjects of this sketch, through both father and mother, are descendants in the eighth generation of the noted Lieut. Nicholas Stillwell, who was for many years the com
mander of the English force in the employ of the Dutch when New York was New Amsterdam, and who was the owner of the first plat of land granted to an Englishman on Manhattan island. The family and descendants of Nicholas

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Stillwell played an important part in the conquest and de velopment of the National domain from New York to Vir ginia.

William H. Elliott, M. D., of Savannah, was born in that city in 1837. He completed his literary education with graduation at Harvard college and afterward attended the medical department of the University of Virginia, receiving his diploma in 1858. In 1859 he was also graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. He then returned to Savannah, but instead of practicing, engaged in rice planting. When the Federal fleet began to threaten the Southern coast, he went to Port Royal, S. C., and served there as a volunteer assistant surgeon. In February, 1862. he entered the regular service, being commissioned as assistant surgeon in the army of the Confederate States, and after serving as such in several commands, he was, in May, 1863. assigned to the First volunteer regiment of Georgia, with which he was on duty until the close of the war. He was under fire at Port Royal, and in the siege of Charleston, notably at Battery Wagner. His regiment being assigned to the army of Tennessee in the spring of 1864, he acted as surgeon in the field during the constant fighting of the Atlanta campaign which terminated at Jonesboro. He ac companied the army on Hood's march into Tennessee which ended so disastrously at Nashville. Then, he shared with his regiment the terrible privations of the retreat into Missis sippi. When the Confederate armies had laid down their arms he returned to his home in Savannah and in 1867 began the practice of medicine, in which he has continued with gratifying success, winning high rank in his profession.

Z. H. Elliott, of Barnesville, a prosperous farmer since the war, rendered his military service during that memor able period as a private in the Griffin Light Artillery. He was born in Pike county, Ga., March 25, 1833, son of Wil liam Elliott and his wife, Elizabeth Suddarth, both natives of Georgia. In April, 1861, he enlisted for the military service of the Confederacy, in Capt. O. C. Gibson's bat tery, the Griffin Light Artillery. His first active campaign ing was with General Bragg's army in Kentucky in 1862, where he participated in several engagements attached to Gen. John K. Jackson's brigade of Cheatham's division. With this brigade and division they were associated during

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the remainder of the war, and they shared fully in the honors won upon the battlefields of Tennessee and Georgia. Private Elliott was in battle at Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22nd), and Ezra Church (July 28, 1864), and in the latter battle, in the western suburbs of Atlanta, he was severely wounded in the left knee. After three months in hospital, causing him to miss the Tennessee campaign under Hood, he rejoined his battery at Macon, and, when Sherman marched through the State, moved with his command to Savannah and Augusta and Charleston, where they surrendered and were paroled. This ended his military record, a highly creditable one. He is yet warmly attached to the cause for which he fought and is the firm friend of his veteran comrades who survive.

Benjamin W. Ellis, of Cuthbert, adjutant of Randolph camp, No. 465, United Confederate veterans, was born in Stewart county, Ga., January 15, 1848, son of Rev. James P. Ellis, a native of Georgia and a minister of the Baptist church, and Sarah Ross, one of whose ancestors came from France with the Marquis la Fayette. When a little over sixteen years of age young Ellis volunteered for the mili tary service in answer to the call of Governor Brown, and in the spring of 1864 became a member of the militia called out to resist the army of General Sherman. His enlist ment was in Terrell county, in Company A of the Tenth regiment, Georgia reserves, under Col. Milton Davis. The regiment was brigaded under Gen. H. K. McKay, and with other militia organizations was under the general com mand of Maj.-Gen. Gustavus W. Smith. After some time on duty at Andersonville, Mr. Ellis' company was sent to Atlanta, where they were on duty in the intrenchments, until the evacuation. At Jonesboro the command was furloughed for thirty days, and subsequently they reassembled at Macon, and participated in the operations attending Sherman's march to the sea. Private Ellis was one of the gallant body of State troops that charged upon the Federal veterans at Griswoldville, November 22, 1864, and was among the wounded, receiving two shots, in the left hip and left leg. The heroic young soldier refused to leave his company on account of these injuries, and continued on duty. The com mand was transferred to Savannah, in advance of the ar rival of Sherman's armv and there he served in the

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intrenchments .until the evacuation of the city, December 21 st. After that they returned to Georgia, and were in no more active service, finally being paroled at Macon. Mr. Ellis made his home at Cuthbert in 1873, all(i engaged in mercantile business as a clerk and later as proprietor. He also served three years as city engineer, and for twentyfive years was an active worker in the fire department, of which he is now an honorary member. In 1893 he was elected clerk of the superior court, an office which he has ably administered to the present time, having been reelected in 1900. Mr. Ellis was married in 1882 to Anna V. Brown, of Cuthbert, Ga., and after her demise, in 1893, to Emma L. Sellers, of Atlanta, and has living one son and four daughters: Ross, Alice, Helena, Martha and Benja min W. Ellis, Jr.

Captain Charles S. Ellis, of Savannah, a South Carolina soldier of the Confederacy, was born at Wilmington, N. C., in 1835, and educated at Wake Forest college, N. C., where he was graduated in 1857. When South Carolina seceded, he was engaged in ship brokerage in the firm of Henry P. Russell & Co., at Charleston, S. C., and at once entered the State military service, in December, 1860, as a member of the Washington Light Infantry. With this command he was stationed on the east end of Sullivan's island during the bombardment of Fort Sumter, and was a witness of the surrender of that stronghold to' the forces of General Beauregard. With the same command he participated in the battle of Secessionville, June 16, 1862, and other engage ments on the islands near Charleston. In the latter part of 1862 he was transferred to the First North Carolina bat talion of heavy artillery, and ordered to Wilmington, N. C., where he was at once detailed in quartermaster's depart ment, and soon afterward promoted to captain and assistant quartermaster. He served in this capacity until the evacua tion of Wilmington in January, 1865, and subsequently was attached to the headquarters of General Bragg, in command in that department, until the force was disbanded at Chester, S. C. He is remembered as a gallant soldier in the line and a most efficient staff officer. After the war he made his home at Wilmington, and engaged in the naval store and shoe trade until 1877, when he removed to Savannah, where he has had a successful commercial career as a dealer in naval stores, as a member of the firms of Peacock, Hunt &

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Co., Ellis, Holt & Co., Eilis, Young: & Co,, and The EllisYoung Co. He has served the municipality as alderman, and on the Park and Tree commission, and is in all re spects a live and enterprising citizen.

Captain William D. Ellis, of Atlanta, a gallant Confeder ate who has the rank of colonel on the staff of Gen. Stephen
D. Lee, commanding the department of the army of Ten nessee, United Confederate veterans, is a native of South Carolina, born in Beaufort county, August 17, 1844. His parents were Dr. William D. Ellis, of Virginia colonial descent, and Susan E. Hay, granddaughter of Col. A, Hawks Hay, who commanded the Orange county regiment, New York troops, in the war of the Revolution. In his youth Captain Ellis resided mainly in Barnwell county, S. C, and when hostilities began, in 1861, he was a cadet in the military academy at Aiken, S. C. Though ambitious to at once enter the Confederate service, his mother, in whose sole charge he had been left by the death of his father some years before, besought him to delay his enlist ment, and he did not become a soldier until November, 1861, then joining a cavalry company known as the Pickens Rangers, commanded by his family physician, Capt. W. F. Percival. He served with this command until it was dis banded about three months later, during- that time being on active duty on the coast. In the spring of 1862 he was appointed sergeant-major on the staff of his uncle, Col. D. H. Ellis, commanding the Eleventh regiment South Caro lina infantry. A year later he was elected to a lieutenancy
in Company B, same regiment. He shared the service of the Eleventh infantry throughout the siege of Charleston, participating in the battles of Pocotaligo, James Island, and several other engagements, and early in 1864 accompanied his regiment to Florida and took part in the Olustee cam paign, under the command of General Colquitt. Return ing to South Carolina he accompanied the brigade of Gen. Johnson Hagood to Virginia, and participated in the de fense of the "Confederate capital during Lees campaign in the Wilderness. He fought at Swift Creek, May gih, and
at Drewrys Bluff, May i6th, and soon afterward joined Lees army at Cold Harbor, where the captain of his com pany was seriously wounded. Lieutenant Ellis ably com manded his company after this, during the battles before Petersburg, June i6th to iSth, and the fighting on the

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Weldon railroad. At the close of 1864 the brigade was sent to North Carolina, and participated in the Fort Fisher cam paign. In some desperate fighting Captain Ellis became a prisoner of war. He was at this time acting as adjutant of his regiment. Being taken to Fort Delaware, he was held there, on account of his stubborn refusal to take the oath of allegiance, until July, 1865. Then he returned to Aiken, S. C., and engaged in school teaching, at the same time pursuing the study of law, and in 1868 was admitted to the bar. Coming to Atlanta in 1870, he engaged in the practice of law, in which he has continued with distinction to the present time. In the public service he has held the positions of solicitor of the city court, member of the city council, and representative in the legislature. He main tains a close association with his Confederate comrades, and has had the honor of commanding Atlanta camp, No. 159. His wife has been for a number of years president of the Ladies' Memorial Association of Atlanta, which annually on April 26th celebrates the valor of Confederate soldiers and honors our brave dead by strewing their graves with flowers. Captain Ellis was married June 18, 1868, to Phcebe C. Prioleau, a great-great-granddaughter of Col. Samuel Prioleau, a South Carolina Huguenot and an officer in the Revolutionary war. She is also a descendant of Maj. James Hamilton, of Gen. Anthony Wayne's Pennsylvania brigade in Washington's army, and of Thomas Lynch, father of a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and a member of the Continental congress. Captain Ellis has four sons and two daughters living. One of the sons, W. D. Ellis, Jr., is associated with his father in the practice of law.

Jacob S. Elmore, of Oglethorpe, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Newberry district, S. C., December 31, 1838, son of Rev. Elijah Elmore, a native of the same district, who served in the Cherokee Indian wars, and was for many years a minister of the Lutheran church, finishing his career in Coweta county, Ga. At the begin ning of the Confederate era Jacob S. was a member of the junior class at Newberry college, S. C., and left that insti tution to enter the Confederate service, his entire class resigning for the same patriotic purpose. In later years the college conferred upon him the honorary degree of A. M. His enlistment was in Company A of Col. James

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N. Ramsey's First Georgia Volunteers, as a private, and he shared the service of this command at Pensacola, in the West Virginia mountains at Laurel Hill and Carrick's Ford, and with Stonewall Jackson in the winter expedition to Bath and Romney. Returning to Georgia at the end of the year's enlistment, he joined Company G of the Fiftythird Georgia infantry, Col. L. T. Doyal, of which he was elected first lieutenant, and going back to Virginia he served throughout the remainder of the war in Semmes' brigade of Longstreet's corps. Among the battles in which he par ticipated were the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and the fighting in the trenches and around Petersburg and Richmond until the evacuation. On the retreat he was cap tured at the battle of Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865, with the greater part of General Swell's corps, and afterward he was a prisoner of war at Johnson's Island, Lake Erie, until the war was officially declared to have ceased, in June, 1865. His career in the army was one of active and arduous service, and he was at the front in many battles, but was spared from serious injury, although frequently hit by the enemy's bullets. On his return to Georgia Lieuten ant Elrnore engaged in teaching in Coweta county until 1872, when he was ordained a minister of the Lutheran church. In this work he has served in Coweta, Macon and Sumter counties, efficiently and faithfully, for many years. In October, .1894, he was elected ordinary of Macon county, and after six years' service, he was re-elected for four years in 1900. In his camp of the United Confederate veterans, he holds the rank of chaplain. No* one has a warmer place in the hearts of the people of Macon county than this worthy soldier, minister and judge. He has been twice married: to Mattie Summers in 1862, and to Belle Ganauw in 1878, and has four sons and five daughters living.

James W. English, of Atlanta, was born in Parish of Orleans, State of Louisiana, October 28, 1837. His father, Andrew English, was a large planter in that State, and who died while his son was quite young, and the boy, at the age of thirteen years, went to live with an uncle in Covington, Ky. There he served an apprenticeship at carriage build ing. In May, 1852, he went to Griffin, Ga., where he

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worked at his trade until the beginning of the war. On April 18, 1861, he enlisted with the Spaulding Grays of that county, which became one of the companies of the Second Georgia battalion, and on the same day they were ordered to Virginia and formed a part of the brigade of Gen. A. R. Wright, one of the most noted of the many gallant com mands of the army of Northern Virginia. Mr. English was soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant and during the last two years of the war was in command of his company. He participated in many skirmishes and battles on the pen insula. The battle of Seven Pin'es, the Seven Days' fight around Richmond, Malvern Hill, also those of the Mary land campaign. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettys burg and the famous Manassas Gap battle, where a remnant of Wright's brigade held a large portion of Meade's army in check for over eight hours, and the many other engage ments from the opening of the campaign of the Wilderness, in May, 1864, to the surrender at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. On the night of April 7, 1865, Maj. H. H. Perry and Captain English received the first demand of General Grant on General Lee for the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia. Captain English was absent from the army of Northern Virginia but thirty-four days, from April, 1861, to the surrender, April 9, 1865. He was wounded five times, but never seriously enough to be disabled from ser vice with his company. He shared the perils and hard ships in every engagement from start to finish. At the close of the war he returned to Griffin, Ga., and in May, 1865, he went to Atlanta. Being destitute of means and un willing to receive assistance from his friends, he did not hesitate to accept the first opportunity for employment offered. As the rebuilding' of Atlanta had just begun, his first employment was the cleaning off of old brick at fifty cents per day. He afterward became a clerk on a salary, He saved his earnings and expecting a prosperous future for Atlanta, he invested his earnings in real estate. While the amounts were small, they netted a good profit, and in a few years he accumulated considerable property. He continued to deal in real estate and success followed his latest investment. On July 26, 1866, Captain English was married to Miss Emily A. Alexander, daughter of Capt. J. L. Alexander, of Griffin, Ga. They have six children, of whom five are now living, three boys and two girls. In 1883 Captain English organized the Chattahoochee Brick

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company, of which he has since been president, and that company is to-day one of the largest establishments of its kind in the United States. This great brick factory has materially aided in the upbuilding of Atlanta, selling its product at prices satisfactory to all, and has contributed largely to the prosperity of the city. In 1885 Captain Eng lish became largely interested in railroad building. He built the Georgia Midland & Gulf, Atlanta & Florida, Chatta nooga, Rome & Southern, Columbus Southern and other railroads. He was largely instrumental in the opening up of the Durham Coal & Coke Company property. Captain English is admirably qualified for extensive enterprises of that character, the strong element in his nature being the unconquerable spirit of persistence with which his plans are pursued. He has always been a Democrat in political faith, but his disposition does not run towards public station or official life. Notwithstanding this fact, his fellow citizens have frequently required his services. In 1877 and 1878 he was elected a member of the city council and chairman of its financial committee. He found the city owing a large floating debt, bearing interest from ten to twenty per cent per annum. He felt that bankruptcy was inevitable unless the rate of interest could be reduced. Through his efforts it was at once reduced to seven per cent and subsequently through his persistent labor before the citizens committee the entire floating debt was converted into bonds bearing a lower rate. The State of Georgia held a constitutional convention in 1877 for the purpose of amending the Consti tution, determining the permanent location of the State capitol and for other purposes. The general council, feeling that the permanent location of the State capitol in Atlanta would benefit the city, appointed a citizens committee to look after Atlantas interest and said committee elected Captain English its chairman. After a protracted and spir ited campaign the contest for the location of the capitol was decided in Atlantas favor by a handsome majority. Rec ognizing the valuable services of Captain English, the citi zens presented to him a handsome silver waiter suitably inscribed. In 1881 he was elected mayor of Atlanta and his course in that important office was equally beneficial to the city. So sound was the financial reputation of Atlanta during his term of office, that he was able to sell a five per cent bond at par, a better price than had been obtained for any Southern municipal bond up to that time. During his

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term he changed the volunteer fire department into a paid department, buying all of their property, apparatus, equip ment, etc. He established the first fire alarm system and the first police signal system. He inaugurated the first perma nent street improvement, paving the streets and building its sewers. He waged a most vigorous and successful war fare against gambling houses and finally succeeded in clos ing up all of the gambling houses, burning in the Public Square a large portion of their gambling outfit, and forcing the professionals to leave the city. There has never been a public gambling house in Atlanta from that time up to the present. In fact, from his mayoralty may be dated the beginning of the growth and prosperity which the city has since enjoyed. In March, 1883, the mayor and general council elected him a member of the board of police com missioners. It was an endorsement of his acts in ridding the city of a lawless element, that had previously dominated, and who had attempted to exercise political control. He has continued to serve in the police department from that time up to the present, and his services in that department are so well known that comment is unnecessary. In 1890 he engaged in the banking business, organizing the American Trust and Banking Company, with a capital of $500,000. He was made its president and has continued to fill that position up to the present time. In July, 1896, he organized the Fourth National Bank of Atlanta. He was elected its president and has continued in that position up to the pres ent time. Captain English exerts a large influence in At lanta. He is recognized as a devoted friend to the city, always ready to do all in his power for its upbuilding, will ing to devote his labor and means when necessary. He was one of the founders of the Technological School, the Grady Hospital, the Confederate Soldiers' Home, and other insti tutions of like character. He is a man of force which time has not abated and his merits will always have the profoundest respect of the people.

Ben Carter Epperson, of Macon, superintendent of the Central of Georgia railroad, is a native of Pulaski, Term,, and was too young for military service at the beginning of the great war. In the fall of 1864, when General Forrest was making one of his most memorable raids in Tennes see, young Epperson enlisted in Company K of the First regiment Tennessee cavalry, and a few weeks later he was

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associated with Forrest's command in its distinguished service during Hood's campaign in Tennessee. When the army of Tennessee was ordered to the Carolinas he was part of the cavalry detail which escorted the wagon train across the country, meeting Johnston's army at Smithfield, N. C. He began his railroad career in the service of the Louisville & Nashville railroad in 1869, and continued with this system until March, 1891, in the early part of his career serving as a fireman and passenger conductor, and later as division superintendent, his final office being superintendent of the Louisville & Nashville lines east of Louisville. Since 1891 he has been a citizen of Georgia, and superintendent of the Central of Georgia railroad. Mr. Epperson has two sons living, one of whom, B. C., Jr., is baggagemaster on the Central of Georgia. Another son, William P., who died in 1890, had held the position of trainmaster with both the Central and Plant system. Mr. Epperson retains a deep interest in everything Confederate, and is a member of the Wheeler's cavalry association, at Atlanta, and Jno. C. Wooldridge Bivouac at Pulaski, Tenn.

John Holbrook Estill, of Savannah, widely known as the editor of the Savannah Morning News, and prominent in military affairs throughout his career, is a native of Charles ton, S. C., and was born in the year 1840. His residence at Savannah began in 1851, and in 1859 he joined the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, with which he entered the military service in January, 1861, with the First volunteer regiment of Georgia, and was on duty at Fort Pulaski before the regiment entered the Confederate States service. With the same command he went to Virginia, where the company became a part of the Eighth Georgia infantry, under Col. Francis S. Bartow, participating in the first battle of Manassas, July 21, 1861. As is well known, the Eighth was an important factor in winning the splendid victory that day, but at a heavy price in killed and wounded. Colonel Estill was one of the gallant men who fell severely wounded, and ou account of disability, resulting therefrom, he was honor ably discharged in January, 1863. The next year found him a volunteer in Screven's battalion, opposing Sherman's march to the sea. Since the Confederate era Colonel Estill has continued to take an active part in military affairs, serving several years as captain of the Johnston Light In fantry, Company F, First Georgia regiment. In 1895 he
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was placed on the retired list of State volunteers with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. For about eighteen years he was a member of the staff of Governor Colquitt and his succes sors. He is now an honorary member of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, and a life member of the Georgia Hussars, Savannah Cadets and Savannah Volunteer Guards. He is past commander of Lafayette McLaws camp, No. 576, United Confederate veterans, and a member of the Confeder ate Veterans' association. He is a past junior grand warden of the grand lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, and a thirty-second degree Mason. As a journalist-Colonel Estill has been prominent since 1867, as proprietor and editor of the Savannah Morning News, one of the most influential papers of the State. He was honored by his contemporaries with the position of president of the Georgia Press associa tion for twenty years. In public office he has served with ability as a member of the board of county commissioners of Chatham county fourteen years, and for fifteen years has been a member of the board of education. He is president of that ancient charity, the Bethesda Orphan House, and in business affairs has the position of president of the Chatham Real Estate & Improvement company, and of Evergreen Cemetery of Bonaventure; vice-president of the Georgia Telephone company, and is a director of the Citizens' bank; the Plant system of railways, and a dozen or more cor porations. Colonel Estill has never held a political office, though he has been chairman of the Democratic State ex ecutive committee, and the Georgia member of the national Democratic committee.

John B. Evans, of Butts county, an officer of the Fiftythird Georgia infantry, was one of six brothers in the Con federate service, two of whom were killed, one at the North Anna river in Virginia, and one at Knoxville, Term. The parents of this patriot family were David and Sarah (Weaver) Evans, both natives of Wilkes county, Ga. John B. Evans was born in Butts county, December 17, 1834, was reared upon the farm of his parents and engaged in business before the war as a tanner and shoe manufacturer. In May, 1862, he entered the Confederate service as one of the volunteers for the formation of the Fifty-third regi ment Georgia infantry, becoming a member of Company I, of which he was later made first lieutenant. The Fiftythird soon went to Virginia and had its introduction to

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battle under the brigade command of General Semmes in the Seven Days' fighting before Richmond. After that they fought at Second Manassas, South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chicka-
mauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, and on the Richmond and Petersburg lines, winning honor on ev'ery field, and losing so heavily through the three years, that despite all the recruiting that
was done, the brigade, commanded by the gallant James P. Simms, was but a little over eight hundred strong at Appomattox. Lieutenant Evans shared all the service of his regiment, from beginning to end, and at Appomattox was near his loved chieftain, General Lee, at the time of the capitulation. He is now one of the prominent citizens of his county, has served fourteen years as justice of the peace, and is held in high esteem as a Confederate veteran and honorable gentleman. By his marriage to Mary Ann An drews he has three sons and a daughter living, who are among the best people of the county.

Captain William S. Everett, of Atlanta, a gallant officer of the Georgia artillery, was born in Allegany county, N. Y., January 21, 1839, son f the Rev. William Everett, Baptist clergyman, native of Massachusetts, son of William Everett, a soldier of the war of 1812, and of the same lineage as the distinguished New Englanders, Edward Everett and Edward Everett Hale. The mother of Captain Everett was Abigail Sprague, of Tompkins county, N. Y. Captain Everett was reared in his native State, and at the age of eighteen years came alone to Atlanta, to seek his fortune in the South. Finding employment as a traveling book salesman, he visited a great part of Georgia, and be came thoroughly familiar with Southern home life and Southern social institutions. Afterward he was employed as a mercantile clerk at Atlanta, and on October n, 1860, was married to Frances G. Haynes, of Atlanta, Ga., of North Carolina descent, and a daughter of the Revolution. When the great war began, his brothers in the North en tered the United States service. One, John Quincy Everett, died in the army, and another, Ambrose Sprague Everett, became captain of a New York company. William S., how, ever, thoroughly in sympathy with Southern aspirations and ideals, volunteered among the first for the support of the Confederate States government, as a member of a military

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company already organized. Circumstances prevented his going into the field at once, and on the first of January, 1862, he joined Company A of the Ninth Georgia bat talion of artillery, commanded by Maj. A. Leyden. He was at once appointed second sergeant, and when his company was divided, he was elected second lieutenant of that part which was made Company E. Later he was promoted through the grade of first lieutenant, to the rank of captain. The battalion was first ordered to Abingdon, Va., and made a campaign in Kentucky under Gen. Humphrey Marshall. After this it was on duty in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn., and thence was ordered to Lafayette, Ga., a short time be fore the Chickamauga battle. Captain Everett, by this time in command of his company, was detached and ordered to report to Gen. Bushrod Johnson, at Dalton, and he partici pated in the fight at Ringgold, September 16, 1863, was engaged during the advance to Reed's bridge on the l8th, under the direction of Gen. N. B. Forrest, and in the battle of the i Qth and 2Oth had an important part, as clearly appears from the official reports of Gen. Bushrod Johnson, and Col. John S. Fulton, commanding Johnson's brigade. His battery and Dent's Alabama battery penetrated further than any other Confederate artillery command within the lines of the enemy. On Sunday, having put his guns in position on a hill in the rear of Vidito's house, he opened fire on a portion of the ordnance train, which was attempt ing to escape through a gap in the ridge, completely checked its movements, and causing the capture of thirty wagons and several pieces of artillery; and in the closing fight that afternoon, holding an advanced position, on Snodgrass Hill, in front of Vidito House, he aided in repelling three charges of the enemy. During the two days his battery fired 428 rounds. After the investment of Chatta nooga, he participated in Longstreet's east Tennessee cam paign, and subsequently was detached with his battery to report to General McCausland in the Shenandoah valley, with whom he served in the Lynchburg campaign against Hunter. Later he joined General Early's army at Charles ton, W. Va., but soon afterward was reunited with his bat talion at Mission River station, whence he was ordered to Richmond and stationed with his battery at Fort Gregg, on Chapin's farm, below Richmond, where he was on duty until the evacuation of Richmond. He was with the army on the retreat to Appomatto-x, but did not surrender, being

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one of seventy who made their way into North Carolina, hoping to unite with Johnston's army. They were inter cepted, however, by a Federal command, and compelled to surrender. Captain Everett arrived at Atlanta again April 29, 1865, with nothing in the way of capital but the horse he rode. Selling this, he bought a vacant lot and for six months lived in a tent, the town being mostly in ashes. He began bravely again at the bottom of the ladder, in com mercial life; in due course was able to found a wholesale dry goods house, and is now head of the widely-known firm of Everett, Ridley, Ragan & Co. He has maintained a close comradeship with his old associates in arms, since 1865; is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159; has the rank of chief of artillery on the staff of Gen. C. A. Evans, and was chairman pro tern, of the Georgia State memorial board, appointed by Governor Atkinson for the purpose of erecting the handsome Georgia monument at Chickamauga park, and placing fifty-six markers on the positions occupied by the Georgia commands during the battle of September 1920, 1863.
John Barbour Everitt, of Thomas county, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in the county of his present residence in 1840, and was there reared and educated. In June, 1861, he enlisted there in a volunteer company which became Company C of the Twenty-sixth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. C. W. Styles. The Twenty-sixth was on duty about Savannah, under Gen. A. R. Lawton, until the spring of 1862, when, it was ordered to Virginia, and began its career on the field as part of the gallant Georgia brigade, commanded successively by Lawton, Gordon and Evans. In 1862 Everitt was made sergeant of his company, the rank in which he served during the remainder of the war. He fought under Stonewall Jackson in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond and at Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and under Ewell and Early at Winchester, Gettysburg, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House. After the Seven Days' campaign he was prostrated by illness and missed the Second Manassas battles. At Sharpsburg he was slightly wounded. But with these exceptions he missed little service with his regiment until May 12, 1864, when he was disabled in the midst of the desperate battle at the Bloody Angle. With this memorable combat, in which

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Stonewall Jackson's old division was almost destroyed, his war record came to an end. He returned to Thomas county, Ga., in July, 1864, and engaged in farming, an occu pation to which he has been devoted with a gratifying de gree of success ever since. In 1890 he made his home at Boston, Ga., where he is held in high esteem as a citizen.

William L. Ezzard, of Atlanta, was born at Decatur, Ga.,
in 1835, the son of Hon. William Ezzard, a native of the same State, a prominent attorney of Atlanta, and judge of the superior court of Cherokee circuit for a number of years. Judge Ezzard gave his son the advantage of good
schools and educated him at the Georgia military institute at Marietta. Young Ezzard, after leaving school, engaged in the drug business in Atlanta and was thus employed when
the war began. As captain of the Gate City Guards of At lanta, he entered the Confederate service in April, 1861, at Macon, at the time of the organization of the First regiment of Georgia volunteers, to which his company was assigned as Company F. This regiment, of which James N. Ramsey was colonel, went first to Pensacola, Fla., where it served on garrison duty and in the construction of fortifications un til the latter part of May, when it was ordered to Virginia. Reaching Richmond early in June, the regiment was sent into northwest Virginia, to reinforce Gen. Robert S. Garnett, then commanding the two fortified posts of Laurel Hill and Rich Mountain. Captain Ezzard led his company in the first active campaign of the war, participating in en gagements at Belington, Laurel Hill, and Carrick's Ford. At this latter place, being cut off from the main body of the
army, his company and five others, instead of surrendering, remained concealed until the army of the enemy had marched past; then, under the lead of Major Thompson, they started over the pathless mountains to escape to the southeast, if possible. After three days of intense suffering they were rescued by a Virginia mountaineer named Par
sons, who led them to Monterey in Highland county, where they found the main body of Confederates, who' had eluded an overwhelming army of pursuers and had met at that
little mountain village sufficient reinforcements to enable them to make a stand. Passing safely through this retreat with its great hardships, Captain Ezzard, at the head of his company, again advanced with the Confederate army under Gen. Henry R. Jackson, to the Greenbrier river. Here he

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took part in skirmishes on Cheat Mountain and in the battle of Greenbrier River, October 3, 1861. The First Georgia now being sent to Winchester, Va., Captain Ezzard shared the hardships of the winter march of Stonewall Jackson to Bath, Hancock and Romney. At the expiration of his term of service, Captain Ezzard returned home for a short while. Entering service again, he was detailed by Major Cummings to the commissary department and stationed at Macon, Ga., and later at Montgomery, Ala., where the close of the war found him. For the first two years after the end of hostilities, he engaged in the lumber business in At lanta, then farmed in the neighborhood of that city, and still later was connected with several mining operations. Cap tain Ezzard was married in 1859 to Clarissa Perry, a daugh ter of Josiah Perry and a descendant of the noted Commo dore Perry. They have two daughters living.

Robert Falligant, of Savannah, a Confederate soldier eminent in later years as a jurist, was born at Savannah, January 12, 1839. He is paternally descended from a sol dier of Napoleon who came to Savannah after the battle of Waterloo, and through his mother his lineage is traced to early settlers of the colonies of North Carolina and Rhode Island. An ancestor, John Raiford, was an officer of the Second North Carolina regiment, and fought under Na thaniel Greene at Guilford Court House. Judge Falligant was educated at the Cherokee Baptist college and at the university of Virginia, and at the latter institution be came a member of the Southern Guards, a company of students, with which he participated in the capture of Har per's Ferry immediately after the secession of Virginia. When ordered back to the university by Governor Letcher he enlisted in the Albemarle Artillery, with which he served just before the battle of First Manassas until the reorganiza tion in April, 1862. He was then transferred to Cutts' battalion, the Sumter artillery of Georgia, and was made sergeant-major of the battalion. In this capacity he served through the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manas sas and Maryland campaigns, until just after the battle of Sharpsburg, when he was made second lieutenant of ar tillery by special order of Gen. Robert E. Lee, and assigned to Milledge's Georgia battery. In this rank he participated in the fight at Marye's Hill, above Fredericksburg, Decem ber 13, 1862, and the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettys-

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burg. After the latter battle he was assigned to Frazer's battery of Cabell's battalion, attached to Longstreet's corps, and just before the surrender of General Lee he was made adjutant of this battalion. Lieutenant Falligant was a gal lant participant in the campaign from the Rapidan to the James river in 1864, and the operations on the intrenched lines around Richmond and Petersburg, and was on duty to the end, his last engagement being with General Custer's troops at Appornattox Station on the night of April 8, 1865. Escaping with the cavalry through the Federal lines, he was finally paroled at Augusta, Ga. On his return to civil life, Lieutenant Falligant entered upon the study of law and was soon admitted to the practice, in which he has been notably successful. In 1882 he was elected to the legislature as rep resentative of Chatham county, and two years later he was elected senator from the First district. His distinguished career upon the bench began in 1889 by appointment of Governor Gordon, as judge of the superior court, and by successive re-elections he yet holds that office. Since the Confederate period he has maintained an active interest in the military affairs of the State, for seventeen years com manding the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, of Savannah, one of the finest militia companies of Georgia. He is also an active member of the United Confederate veterans associa tion, and is president of the Confederate association of Sa vannah.

William S. Fender, of Valdosta, in his youth a Confed erate soldier, was born in Barnwell district, S. C., in Decem ber, 1847, son f Robert M. Fender, a native of South Caro lina, who served in the Confederate war as second lieutenant in the First regiment Georgia reserves. Young Fender, in his seventeenth year, entered the military service in the same company of which his father was an officer, and was on duty about Savannah until the evacuation, engaged in car rying mail from Savannah to Thunderbolt and other duties assigned him. After General Hardee abandoned the city of Savannah, moving his troops into South Carolina, whither Sherman's army soon followed, there was little or no military activity in Georgia, and her sons who were left soon set about the work of repairing the ravages of war. Mr. Fender returned to Lowndes county, where he had been reared from infancy, and in the course of years became engaged in the lumber trade, in which he is now an impor-

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tant factor in South Georgia. He is an enterprising and public-spirited citizen, thoroughly in sympathy with South ern ideals, and there is nothing in his life of which he is prouder than his boyish experience as a soldier of the Con federacy.

Albert W. Fickett, of Atlanta, a Confederate soldier in His youth, is the son of Richard Fickett, who was born upon the Atlantic ocean while his parents were coming to Amer ican, was reared in Boston, removed to Charleston, S. C., in 1835, had the yellow fever there, and a few years later removed to the interior of South Carolina, where he mar ried Susan M. Harris. About 1849 he came with his fam ily to Marietta, Ga., where he died in 1861. Albert W. was born in Abbeville district, S. C., September 15, 1847, and was reared at Marietta. When seventeen years of age, in 1864, he volunteered for the Confederate service, in Com pany B of the Fifth Georgia battalion of artillery, with which he served on the Savannah lines during the invest ment of that city by Sherman's army, and during the evac uation, December 23, 1864. On the following morning, before daybreak, while on duty with the rear guard, in charge of convalescents, horses, battery wagons, forges and the like, his horse was killed under him on a bridge near Savannah by the fire of the pursuing enemy. He escaped unhurt and soon captured a Federal horse for a remount. During his service he had another narrow escape, while out foraging. He was saved, by the warning of an aged negro, from attempting to cross a bridge held by the enemy, and in rejoining his command, was compelled to swim his horse across a stream, at the risk of his life. When his command had entered South Carolina he was granted a brief furlough to visit his mother, who had taken refuge in Atlanta and was in distress, and after caring for her he found it dangerous to rejoin his company, and called upon General Wofford, in command at Atlanta, for advice. That gallant officer approved his course in not attempting to find his comrades, and told him to remain with him, in his serv ice and under his protection. He served with General Wofford's cavalry until the capitulation not long afterward, and was paroled at Atlanta, May 6, 1865. Since the war Mr. Fickett has made his home at Atlanta, but his work as a commercial traveler has taken him well over the world, in Hawaii, South America, Mexico, Europe, and Australia.

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He is a member of the Atlanta camp, United Confederate veterans, No. 159, and popular with his comrades.

Christopher D. Findlay, of Macon, is a native Georgian, and son of Robert Findlay, a native of Scotland, who founded the Findlay Iron works at that city in 1839. Chris
topher and his brother, James N., were operating the foundry at the beginning of the Confederate era, but, inspired by. the chivalrous spirit of devotion which animated the South, they left their work to enter the Confederate military service. James N. went on duty with the Macon Artillery, with which he served throughout the war in the army of Northern Virginia. He survived the war but a short time, dying in 1866. Other brothers were also in the service: Robert B., in the Eighth Georgia infantry; Charles S., first in the Eighth, and afterward adjutant of the Thirty-second infantry; and George W., in the Macon Artillery. Christopher D. joined the Macon Guards in 1861 and went on duty at Tybee island. When the propo sition was broached of enlisting in the Confederate service for three years or the duration of the war he voted favor ably, and became a member of the reorganized company in the Eighth regiment Georgia infantry, formed at Rich mond, Va., under the command of the gallant Francis S. Barrow. Subsequently he was detailed to obtain recruits for his company. After rejoining his command he was transferred to the Napier Artillery, and later assigned to the staff of Gen. Paul Harrison, in Georgia. His next assignment was to the manufacturing arsenal at Macon, with the executive officer. His foundry at this time was
in the hands of the Confederate government, turning out brass and iron cannon and ordnance supplies for the army. After many months of valuable service at Macon, he was ordered to organize a battalion of boys for provost duty at that city, which became part of the Fifth regiment Georgia reserves, and served under his command at Savannah dur ing the investment of that city by General Sherman; thence fell back into South Carolina with General Hardee and par ticipated in the battle of Bentonville, and surrendered with General Johnston's army at Greensboro, N. C. This was
the close of his vtseful and active career in the cause of the Confederacy. After the war the Federal government retained control for more than a year of the Findiay Iron works, and the Findlays regained possession of it only after

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much trouble and expense. Since 1870 Mr. Findlay has been in charge of this famous establishment, which was the second in importance in the South during the Confederate era. He is a valuable citizen and deserves prominent men tion among the courageous men who have built up the pros perity of the South out of the ruins of 1865. Mr. Findlay has two sons living: Richard E. and Cuyler W., both active in business.

Hartford C. Fischer, a veteran of W. H. T. Walker's Georgia division, was born in Henry county, Ga., October 16, 1843, son f Charles Peter Counet Fischer, a native of Germany, who came to the United States in early manhood and settled in Georgia. Young Fischer was reared in his native county and was just ready to enter college when the war began. In August, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company B, the Thirtieth Georgia regiment, with which he served to the end of the war. The Thirtieth was brigaded first under General Walker, next under C. C. Wilson, and finally under Clement H. Stevens in Walker's division, Hardee's corps, army of Tennessee. His service for nearly two years was on the coast in the vicinity of Savannah, during part of which time he was detailed to work in the navy yard, being fitted for this by a knowledge of the use of car penter's tools, which he had acquired in his youth. He assisted in building the Ladies' gunboat and in preparing the famous blockade-runner Fingall for Confederate naval service. Being sent with his regiment to Mississippi in the spring of 1863, he was taken sick and captured while in the hospital at Clinton. Afterward he was in the parole camp at Demopolis, Ala., until he grew tired, and withgut waiting for exchange, rejoined his command at Morton, Miss., and accompanied it to North Georgia, serving in the fall of 1863 in the Chattanooga campaign. In 1864 he par ticipated in the hundred days of skirmish and battle between Dalton and Jonesboro, including the engagements at New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, At lanta (July 22nd), and Jonesboro. A few days after the latter battle, in August, 1864, he was captured and carried to Camp Douglas, Chicago, where he was held until the close of the war. During the Atlanta campaign he had many thrilling and exciting experiences and more than one hairbreadth escape from death and capture. In the course of his experience as a soldier he was once slightlv wounded.

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For many years after the war Comrade Fischer farmed in Fayette county, but in 1888 moved to Atlanta, where he has been actively engaged in business life as a contractor and builder, merchant and a dealer in live stock. He is a valued member of W. H. T. Walker camp, No. 925, United Con federate veterans. In 1870 he was married to Mrs. Sallie S. Smith and they have three sons and one daughter.

Charles E. Flanders, of Brunswick, a veteran of three wars, was born at New York city, August 7, 1825, and came south in 1840, first making his home at Macon. There he became one of the charter members of the Floyd Rifles, early in 1841, joining before a charter was granted the company, and was in the first parade of the command, May I, 1842, under Capt. Samuel Blake. In 1846 he and fifteen other members of this company joined the Macon Guards, Com pany E of the First regiment Georgia infantry, under Capt. Isaac Holmes, for the war in Mexico, and he served in that country for the period of his enlistment, one year, being mustered out at New Orleans in June, 1847. On his return to Georgia he went to Savannah and began work as a ship carpenter. In 1849, on the occasion of the war against the Seminoles in Florida, he enlisted for military service, and was assigned to duty in the quartermaster's department, to take charge of the boats on Indian river for the transporta tion of troops. After six months' service the war came to an end, and he resumed his employment in Savannah. He was a member there of the Phoenix Riflemen in the State serv ice, until his removal to Brunswick in 1852. In 1860 he assisted in the organization of the Brunswick Riflemen, of which he was a charter member, and elected first sergeant at the organization. When the company was mustered into the Confederate service in 1861 he was elected second lieu tenant. In this capacity he served with his company on the south end of Cumberland island until early in 1862, when he was detached by order of the secretary of the navy to engage in the building of gunboats. He embarked in this work at Jacksonville, and had a boat building when that point was occupied by the enemy, and he was compelled to burn the uncompleted vessel. Returning to Savannah, he was given charge of the construction of the Ladies' gunboat, and on the completion of that work was transferred to the ironclad rams that were in construction. During 1864 he was a contractor with the government for the building of

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torpedo boats, and while thus engaged organized, by author ity of the secretary of war, a company of men, oi which he was elected captain, which formed part of the Guards Local battalion, under command of Col. John Screven. During the siege of Savannah Captain. Flanders was in command of a battery on the Ogechee river until General Hardee deter mined to evacuate, when he was ordered with his company to build a pontoon bridge across the Savannah river. He successful!}' performed this duty, permitting Hardee's troops to escape into South Carolina. After the surrender Captain Flanders returned to Brunswick, where he is yet an esteemed citizen. In 1894 he again enlisted in the military service of Georgia as quartermaster of the Brunswick Riflemen, and accompanied the command to the encampment at Griffin. This made his fifty-fourth year in the service of the State. He has attended the reunions of the Floyd Rifles for sev eral years, and retains a keen interest in military affairs. In public office he has served worthily as harbormaster at Brunswick five years, alderman of the city and chairman of the pilotage commission.

Captain John Flannery, of that famous Georgia company, the Irish Jasper Greens, was born in County Tipperary, Ire land, in 1835, came to Charleston in 1851, and began his residence at Savannah in 1854. He became a member of the Jasper Greens in 1857 and in January, 1861, went on duty with them as a part of the garrison at Fort Pulaski after the flag of Georgia had been hoisted over that stronghold. His company was part of the old First volunteer regiment of Georgia, commanded by Col. A. R. Lawton, and later by Col. H. W. Mercer and Col. C. H. Olmstead. In May, 1861, the regiment went into the Confederate States service, with the Greens as one of the companies and Flannery as brevet lieutenant of his company. In January, 1862, he was made first lieutenant, and in October, 1862, was promoted to cap tain when his company was designated as A in the regi ment. He served with his company, which acted as heavy artillery on the coast of Georgia and South Carolina for the greater part of the war, and for over a year he com manded the Lee battery, an advanced post on the Savannah river. In May, 1864, his regiment was sent to reinforce Gen. J. E. Johnston near Dallas, Ga., and he was an active participant in the campaign from that point to Atlanta, except a few weeks when disabled by illness. Rejoining the

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army at Atlanta, he participated in the battle of Jonesboro, and afterward was in Hood's Tennessee campaign, the excessive hardships of which broke his health. He was taken sick at Corinth, Miss., in January, 1865, and sent from there to hospital at Tupelo, Miss., and subsequently to Montgomery, Ala., and Columbus, Ga. In the spring of 1865 he attempted to rejoin his command, then with the army in North Carolina, and got as far as Chester, S. C., but was cut off by Stoneman's raiders, and compelled to return to Newberry, S. C., and subsequently to Washington, Ga. He was paroled at Augusta, Ga., in May, 1865, after the surrender of the armies. In July, 1865, Captain Flannery resumed his mercantile career at Savannah, as a cotton fac tor, and his business life since then has been one of notable prominence and success. He is associated with several important commercial and financial interests, and has served as a director of the Southern Bank of the State of Georgia since 18/0 and as president from 1881. At the reorganiza tion of the Georgia volunteers in 1872, he was re-elected captain of the Irish Jasper Greens, an honor which he enjoyed up to April, 1898, when he was placed on the retired roll of the Georgia Volunteers.

Milton A. Fleetwood, of Thomasville, a veteran of Wright's Georgia brigade, army of Northern Virginia, was born at Irvington, Ga., in 1845. Though but sixteen years of age when the war began, he enlisted, in August, 1861, in a company raised in Wilkinson. county, and was made a cor poral. They were organized and mustered in at Portsmouth, Va., in September, 1861, and became Company I of the Third Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Ambrose R. Wright. In the spring of 1862 he took part in the battle of South Mills, on the Dismal Swamp canal, and the cam paigning about Suffolk, and afterward joined the army of General Lee before Richmond and participated in the Seven. Days' battles. At Malvern Hill, July ist, he was seriously wounded, and in consequence missed the Second Manassas campaign. Rejoining his regiment in Maryland, he was in the fights at Hagerstown and South Mountain and the great battle of Sharpsburg. His next battle was Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. In May, 1863, he was in the battle of Chancellorsville, and then went on the campaign in Pennsylvania. At Gettysburg, July 2cl, in the fight on Little Round Top, he was severely wounded, and, falling

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into the hands of the enemy, he was a prisoner of war dur ing the remainder of the great conflict. After several weeks in hospital at Baltimore, he was sent to Fort McHenry, and two weeks later to Point Lookout, Md., where he was con fined for seventeen months. Finally he was taken to Fort ress Monroe, and three weeks afterward released, about June I, 1865. When he reached his home in Wilkinson county he remained there until 1871, and then removed to Thomas county, where he engaged in farming until 1875. He has been, a citizen of Thomasville since 1883, and has been in various honorable employments, as a bookkeeper and abstractor, and is now associated with the Times-Enter prise of that city. Since May, 1894, he has served faithfully as county administrator. Mr. Fleetwood is popular with his comrades of the Confederacy and enjoys the confidence of his fellow-citizens.

James L. Fleming, of Augusta, a Confederate veteran who had the honor of serving under Gen. D. H. Hill in the famous first battle of the war at Big Bethel, Va., is a native of Lincolnton, Ga., born in 1845. At the beginning of the Confederate era he was attending school at Lenoir, N. C., and sharing fully the ardent spirit that led so many of the school and college boys of the State into the ranks, he enlisted at Morgantown, N. C., in Company G of the First regiment North Carolina volunteers, though he was under the military age. He served with this command twelve months, as sergeant, and at Big Bethel, Va., June 10, 1861, participated in the engagement known as the first battle of the war, in which he was slightly wounded. Later he took part in the engagements about Yorktown and at Williamsburg, Va. Much of his service with the First North Caro lina was as drillmaster. When the regiment was mustered out he returned to Georgia and in the spring of 1862 enlisted in the Ogiethorpe artillery, of Augusta, Company A of the Tvveifth Georgia battalion, commanded by Maj. Henry D. Capers. With this command, as infantry, he served in East Tennessee until October, 1862, and then returned to Geor gia, where the company was merged in the Thirteenth bat talion Georgia infantry, which was raised to the Sixty-third regiment, Col. George A. Gordon commanding, of which Mr. Fleming was made color sergeant. He was a participant in the Kentucky campaign, and in the spring of 1864 was transferred to the signal service, in which capacity he served

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about Savannah several months and later at Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, until the evacuation in February, 1865, Retreating into North Carolina with the Confederate forces under General Hardee, he took part in the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville, and surrendered with the army of General Johnston at Greensboro, N. C. Since the war Mr. Fleming has had a successful career in commercial life. For a few years immediately following 1865 he resided at Bal timore and New York, but since 1870 he has made his home at Augusta.

Thomas Q. Fleming, of Brunswick, a veteran of Wheel er's cavalry, was born at Walthourville, Liberty county, Ga., in 1841. In May, 1861, he enlisted at Hester's Bluff, Ga., in the Liberty independent troop, for one month, and re-en listed for six months. Then the Fifth Georgia cavalry was organized at Savannah, under Col. Robert H. Anderson, and the Liberty troop became Company G of the same. All of his service in this period was along the Georgia coast and about Charleston, S. C. When the Fifth was ordered to the Isle of Hope, he was made one of the color guard, and three months later he was appointed color-bearer of the regi ment. When Colonel Anderson was given command of a brigade in Wheeler's corps, Fleming was promoted to colorbearer of the brigade, a duty he gallantly performed until the end of the war. The regiment was sent into Florida early in 1864, and participated in a fight at Camp Finegan, after the battle of Olustee. They joined General Wheeler's corps at Kenesaw Mountain, and fought at Noonday Creek and other engagements on that line, and when Johnston fell back across the Chattahoochee river, covered the move ment of the wagon trains, fighting dismounted. He par ticipated in the cavalry engagements about Decatur, and the battle of July 22d, at Atlanta, and in the defeat and capture of Stoneman's raiders during the siege. In August he set out with his brigade for the famous raid through north Georgia and Tennessee, and participated in several engage ments. After passing around Knoxville, Anderson's bri gade, with Williams' and Robinson's, was detached to cap ture the Federal garrison at Strawberry Plains, and did not unite with Wheeler again in that campaign, but took part in the defeat of General Bunbridge at Saltville, Va. Rejoin ing General Wheeler in Georgia, Sergeant Fleming partici pated in the engagements at Waynesboro and elsewhere with

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Kilpatrick's cavalry, as the Federal army marched to Sa vannah, and was also in numerous skirmishes during the campaign in the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. He was iu the famous attack upon Kilpatrick's camp in North Caro lina, in which the Federal general made a narrow escape in his night shirt. Finally he surrendered at Hillsboro, N. C. During his service Sergeant Fleming was once wounded, slightly, at Kenesaw Mountain, and had a horse shot under him during the Tennessee raid. On his return home he farmed for a year, and then became an employee of the Atlantic & Gulf railroad, making- contracts for cross ties, and this led to his undertaking contracts of the same nature himself, and eventually becoming extensively interested in the lumbering business. He has been a resident of Bruns wick since 1884 and is one of the city's most prosperous and influential citizens.

R. M. Fletcher, of Butts county, a veteran of the Second Georgia cavalnr, was born in Monroe county, Ga., October 30, 1846, and entered the Confederate service March i, 1864, as a private in Company G of the Second Georgia cavalry, a company then acting as escort to Maj.-Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham, commanding a division and later a corps of the army of Tennessee. In this capacity he served during the campaign for Atlanta, participating in the fighting around Dalton, at Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain and around Atlanta, including the battle of July 22, 1864. After the evacuation of Atlanta his company was transferred to Wheeler's cavalry, and under the leadership of the gallant Joe Wheeler they fought in many engagements in Georgia and the Carolinas, combat ing the advance of Sherman's army or hanging on the flanks of the Federal forces and embarassing their operations. Dur ing this period of his service he took part in the battles of Waynesboro. Ga., Aiken, S. C, and Bentonville, N. C., and many smaller combats. His service ended in April, 1865. Though it continued little over a year, in that time he was part of one of the greatest campaigns of the war, and par ticipated in some of Wheeler's most brilliant cavalry opera tions. Mr. Fletcher's father, Henry B. Fletcher, once a county commissioner, also served the Confederacy as a member of the Georgia State troops, under Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, and participated in the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and the fight at Griswoldsville, November 22. His
Ga71

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mother, Mary E. Merritt, had five brothers in the service, three of whom were captains, one of them commanding the company of the Second cavalry in which he served. Mr. Fletcher was married in 1867 to Hattie McKibben, of Butts county, four of whose brothers were officers of the Con federate army, and two of whom were severely wounded. They have three sons and a daughter living. Of the sons, H. M. is teacher in the Gordon institute at Barnesville and major of the Second regiment Georgia State troops; Van is a farmer and teacher in Butts county, and H. Q. is a lieu tenant of cadets in Gordon institute.

Adial S. Florence, of Monticello, a gallant survivor of Phillips' Georgia legion, was born at Jackson, Ga., May 16, 1838, son of Rev. William A. and Harriet W. Florence. He was educated at Emory college, Oxford, completing his course in the spring of 1861, and took his final examinations wearing the uniform of the Greene Rifles, Company A of the rifle battalion of Phillips' legion, in which he had enlisted May i, 1861. He was with his command in the. journey to Virginia, just before the battle of First Manassas, in which they hoped to participate, but were delayed by the treachery of the railroad conductor, so that they were able to get no closer than within sound of the cannonading before the end of the battle. So exasperated were the sol diers at this disappointment that the conductor was gibbeted in the presence of the command, it appearing that he had been bribed to delay the arrival of reinforcements. Imme diately after the battle of First Manassas Phillips' legion was sent to West Virginia, where they served under Gen eral Floyd and Gen. Robert E. Lee, participating in the fighting at Little Sewell and Big Sewell Mountains, and at Cotton Hill and along the Gauley, New and Kanawha rivers, forcing the retirement of General Rosecrans. After a short time in camp at Wytheville, during which Private Florence acted as quartermaster-sergeant, the legion fol lowed General Lee to the southern coast department, and was stationed at Pocotaligo and Hardeeville, S. C. Return ing to Virginia when General Lee took command of the army of Northern Virginia, the legion was engaged at Drewry's Bluff, Malvern Hill and New Market, during the fighting about Richmond, and in the latter part of August, with Longstreet's corps, was in battle at Thoroughfare Gap and Second Manassas. In the latter battle, just before sun-

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down of August 29, 1862, Private Florence was frightfully wounded by the explosion of a shell, fragments of which struck him in the mouth and on the left shoulder and left hand, and tore away his right arm at the elbow. This ended his service for the cause he loved. His civil career since
then has been one of high honor and he has achieved a noble success in life, despite the 'casualties of war. In 1866, at the first commencement exercises of Emory college after the
war, he was awarded the degree he had earned in 1861, and he immediately engaged in teaching. For twenty-five years
he was occupied in this profession, preparing for college some of the first young men of the State. Among them may be mentioned Judge A. S. Mitchell, of Athens; D. A. Hughey; Prof. John Bonnell, of Emory college; Judge Emory Speer, Judge John L. Haxdeman, and others. Mr. Florence was elected mayor of Monticello in 1877, and in the same year was made ordinary upon the death of Francis M. Swanson. His last re-election was in 1900, as ordinary and ex-officio clerk of the county board of commissioners.
He is adjutant of Camp Key, No. 483, United Confederate veterans, and in 1899 enjoyed what he considers the high est honor of his life, being selected by Gen, Clement A. Evans and Maj. W. P. Bearing to command, as captain, Company B of the "Maimed Battalion" of Confederate vet
erans, who were sent to the Louisville reunion by the peo ple of Atlanta. Professor Florence was married in 1867 to
May A. Dacus, who died in 1871, leaving two sons, Col. W. S. Florence, of Monticello, and W. A. Florence, of Atlanta.
By his second marriage, to Mary A. Snow, he has seven children living: T. S. Florence, a business man at Atlanta; Mattie Lou, Mary Nell, Irma Gertrude, Emmie W., Frank
A., and John S.

Colonel Tilman Willis Flynt, a gallant Confederate officer of irreproachable repute, and for many years a prominent lawyer, is the fourth son of John Flynt, of North Carolina,,
arid Henrietta Flatcher Flynt, of Virginia. John Flynt, his father, was a son of Tarpley Flynt, a soldier who served seven years from North Carolina in the Revolutionary war,
and his mother was a daughter of Captain William Hatcher, of Virginia, who also enlisted as soon as he was old enough to be received, and served in the patriot army until inde pendence was won. Both of these patriotic ancestors moved to Georgia soon after the war ended and engaged in farm-

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ing. Col. Tilman W. Flynt's parents had descended from a line of farmers and reared their eight children, all boys, in the same honorable and independent business.
Colonel Flynt, born February 24, 1827, was reared and educated, in Monroe county Ga., abandoned the plow for the study of law under Judge Robert P. Trippe, who had expressed a warm admiration of his talents and with whom he spent a few years of preparation for practice of the pro fession, to which he had been admitted. Col. Rufus W. McClurs, of Griffin, tendered him a place as partner, which was accepted, and his practice was begun. Soon after he married Miss Martha J. Turner, of McDonough, to which city he removed and continued his law practice until he entered the Confederate service.
Colonel Flynt advocated secession as a right under the constitution and a necessity as he then saw the situation, nor has he receded from his views as to the justice of the Southern cause. In union with Colonel Stokes, a very able man, who had been his opponent in the secession contest in Henry county, a company was raised by their joint efforts within a few days, of one hundred men, among the best young men of the county. Colonel Flynt was elected cap tain; Henry Stokes, first lieutenant; John R. Selfridge, second lieutenant, and John R. Elliot, third lieutenant. Each of these was an honor to the company and made fine officers. Lieutenant Stokes was sixty years of age, a strong anti-secessionist, but a devoted Southern patriot. This com pany was among the first formed, and it was eager to enter active service, but on account of lack of arms was not enrolled until July, 1861, when it became Company G of the Nineteenth Georgia regiment and was sent to northeastern Virginia and served with Hampton's Legion as part of the brigade commanded by Wade Hampton. After a great deal of arduous service, with some fighting, the company was engaged at Seven Pines, in which Captain Flynt did not share because of his confinement in hospital on account of sickness. Before recovery he was again at the head of his company in battle when, Lieut-Col. Johnson being killed, the command of the regiment, then in Archer's brigade, de volved on Captain Flynt, who remained in charge through the great battle of June 27, 1862, at Cold Harbor and for several days of the battles around Richmond until he was forced by the surgeons, Dr. Robt. L. Battey and Dr. Greene, to be furloughed. This absence, with the treatment given

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him for his complaint, doubtless saved his life. Returning after thirty days, he rejoined his command and was at Har per's Ferry to see the white flag up and the place surren dered to Stonewall Jackson. The command of the regiment devolved on him again, and being detailed to the arduous and important duty of protecting the position over which Lee's army was passing, discharged that duty faithfully and commanded the regiment at Sharpsburg, in Archer's bri gade of A. P. Hill's famous Light Division. Here Captain Flynt was dangerous!}- wounded, a fact which was men tioned by General Archer in his official report, that officer also saying that the gallant conduct of the Georgia officer had attracted his attention in the midst of battle. He was left on the field for dead, and later some of his men attempted to rescue him, but all were captured by the enemy. Not long afterward he was exchanged and he rejoined his regiment, then with Colquitt's brigade in South Carolina. General Colquitt insisted on his promotion to colonel, but he refused that rank and was commissioned lieutenant-colo nel. He was for some time in command of his regiment at Charleston, though his wound practically incapacitated him for service, and even after he was retired he remained a year with his regiment, anxious to do all that he could for the cause. Finally he left the front, and when the war closed was at McDonough. For a number of years after the war he was active in the practice of law at Griffin, but in later years he has given his attention mostly to farming. One of his sons, Frank Flynt, formerly mayor of Griffin and representative in the legislature, is now in the govern ment service at Washington, D. C., and another, John James Flynt, is a member of the Georgia legislature.

William Francis Fontaine, of Atlanta, was born in Colum bus, G.a., in 1845, an<^ *s descended from Huguenot ances tors, who immigrated to Virginia. His father, John Fon taine, formerly of Warrenton, Ga., was among the earliest citizens and one of the first mayors of Columbus, Ga., and the founder of the Columbus cotton factory, the first that was built on the Chattahoochee river. Francis Fontaine was educated in the Georgia Military Institute, situated at Marietta, Ga., which he left in 1861 to become drillmaster of the Nineteenth Georgia regiment, commanded by Col. W. W. Boyd, then ordered to Virginia. Although exempt from military duty on account of defective hearing, he after-

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ward enlisted as a private in the Third Georgia cavalry, from which he was honorably discharged; but being still determined to serve his country, he became an independent volunteer, bearing his own expenses and frequently acting as aide-de-camp. He participated with distinction in the battles around Atlanta, at Decatur having his horse shot under him while bearing the division flag in a charge on the enemy. Since the war Mr. Fontaine's vocation has been that of a planter, author and promoter of public interests. Realizing the. paramount importance of agriculture to the South, he has long devoted his thoughts to this subject, and several years' study abroad has given him a breadth of view rarely found. In 1875 he established the Columbus Times, which he edited with ability two years. He was a member of the State constitutional convention of 1877, and served as State commissioner of land and immigration in 1880-81, being appointed to that office by General Colquitt. He inaugurated the first farm mortgage loans in the State of Georgia, securing the aid of foreign capital, and has since given his attention to the placing of these loans upon Geor gia farms and real estate. He has also extensive interests in Georgia timber and mineral lands. Mr. Fontaine has nota ble literary ability, as is evidenced by the popularity of the products of his pen. He published in 1878 "The Exiles"; in 1880, a book entitled "The State of Georgia: What It Offers to Immigrants and Capitalists"; in 1892, "Etowah," of over five hundred pages, and in the same year, "The Modern Pariah." He was married in 1870 to' Mary, daugh ter of John M. Flournoy. She died a few years later, and in 1885 he married Miss N. H. Hamilton, of Athens, Ga, He died May 3, 1901.

Amos W. Fordham, of Bainbridge, one of the boy soldiers of the Confederacy, was born in Henry county, Ala., in 1848, and at sixteen years of age began his military service by enlisting, early in the year 1865, as a private soldier in Captain McRay's company of the Sixth regiment Ala bama cavalry, then on duty under Generals Clanton and Maury, in southern Alabama. He participated in the Mobile campaign of 1865, resisting the advance of the Federal army from Pensacola, and was engaged in several skirmishes with the enemy, in the vicinity of Pollard, including the fights at Line Creek and Cross Keys. Being cut of? at the latter engagement, he was unable to rejoin his command,

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and after the close of hostilities was paroled at Albany, Ga.
Returning to his home in Alabama, he engaged in farming there until 1881, when he moved to Bainbridge. For twenty years he was successful as a farmer in Decatur county and in the livery business at Bainbridge, earning the esteem and full confidence of his fellow-citizens, which was manifested
in the year 1900 by his election to the office of sheriff of Decatur county.

Shepherd A. Foster, of Eastman, a veteran of the First battalion Georgia sharpshooters, was born in Monroe
county, Ga., where he remained until ten years of age. At eighteen years of age, in 1861, he went to the front as a private in the Upson Guards, a volunteer company to which he had belonged for some time before the beginning of hos tilities. He was mustered in at Macon, his company becom ing a part of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, and served for three months with the regiment at Pensacola, after which he was transferred to the Fourth regiment Geor gia State troops. After six months with this command, which was the period of his enlistment, he joined Company C of the Thirty-second regiment Georgia infantry, then being organized, under the command of Gen. George P. Harrison. Subsequently he was selected as a member of the First battalion Georgia sharpshooters, Maj. Arthur
Shaaf commanding,- which was made up of picked men from every county of the State, Private Foster representing
Upson county. This soon became known as one of the best drilled and most efficient battalions in the service, and was frequently distinguished in battle. They served on the coast for some time, taking part in the brilliant defense of Fort
McAllister early in 1863, and in the spring of the same year were sent to Mississippi as a part of the command of Gen. W. H. T. Walker. Private Foster, who had shared all the service of his battalion heretofore, participated in the fight ing at Jackson, Miss., and after the transfer of his com mand to north Georgia took part in the great battle of
Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863, in which he was severely wounded and captured. This ended his career as a
soldier on the field, but he proved no less faithful to the Con federacy in Northern prison camps. He was several months
in hospital at Nashville, and then was sent to Camp Morton, Ind., and held until March, 1865. The end of hostili ties followed close upon his release. After the war Mr.

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Foster was engaged in mercantile pursuits and planting at various points in Georgia and Florida, residing four years at Savannah as a druggist, and for some time at Thomaston, and spending ten years in Florida. In 1887 he made his home at Eastman, where he is an active and successful busi ness man.

Amos Fox, of Atlanta, formerly a soldier of the famous Orphan Brigade of Kentucky, was born in Nelson county of that State, thirty miles from Louisville, August 26, 1838. His father was Amos Fox, a native of Fairfax county, Va., who migrated to Kentucky in 1824, and his grand father, who bore the same name, had his home at Fox's mills, Fairfax county, Va., and was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. The mother of the subject of this sketch was Rebecca, daughter of Ben jamin Parish. The latter came from Fairfax county, Va., in the early period of Kentucky settlement and figured prominently in the romantic history of that epoch as an associate of Bland Ballard and Daniel Boone. Amos Fox was educated in the old field schools and at Shelby college, Kentucky, and in early manhood found employment with a wholesale house at Louisville. In July, 1861, he volunteered in the Confederate service, enlisting at Bowling Green with Company A of the Sixth regiment Kentucky infantry, a command which was representative of the best blood and highest patriotism of the State. Its field officers were Col. Joseph H. Lewis and Lieut.-Col. Martin H. Cofer, both of whom afterward served as chief justice of Kentucky, and Maj. Thomas H. Hays, and Adjt. Fayette Hewett. Pri vate Fox was with his regiment in Kentucky under Gen. A. S. Johnston, participated in the battle of Shiloh and served at Vicksburg and Baton Rouge. In the latter part of 1861 he was detailed as hospital steward and two years later was appointed medical purveyor of Hardee's corps, army of Tennessee, in charge of hospitals and hospital stores. In this capacity he served until the close of the war, stationed at different times at Atlanta, Macon and Columbus, Miss. In the spring of 1865 he returned to Louisville and resumed his former commercial position, but later, in 1865, removed to Atlanta, which has been his home since that date. He was for many years engaged in the retail drug trade, held a respon sible position with the Inland Oil company, and during President Cleveland's second administration was postmaster

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of Atlanta. For twenty years he has been a member of the board of police commissioners of this city, and during much of that time chairman of the board. As chairman of the local council of the Royal Arcanum during the past twentytwo years, he has paid out nearly four hundred thousand dollars, scrupulously handling this trust without bond. Dr. Fox is conspicuously devoted to his Confederate comrades, maintains a membership in the Confederate Veteran associa tion of Kentucky, the Orphan Brigade association, and Atlanta camp, No. 159, and is commissary-general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel on the staff of Gen. C. A. Evans, commanding the Georgia division. As a citizen of Atlanta he is noted for public spirit and benevolent deeds.

Captain James D. Franklin, of Tennille, a gallant officer of Colquitts Georgia brigade, is a native of Sandersville, Ga., born February 19, 1840. He volunteered as a private soldier in May, 1861, enlisting in the Sandersville Volun teers, Company B of the Twenty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. T. J. Warthen. He was soon made third sergeant of his company, and rapidly rose in rank as vacancies were caused by death and resignation, to a lieutenancy, and in the fall of 1864 he was elected cap tain. Captain Franklin participated in the service of his regiment on the Yorktown line and the Virginia peninsula, fought under D. H. Hill in the Seven Days battles before Richmond; at South Mountain in the heroic fight that held back McClellans army while Stonewall Jackson captured Harpers Ferry, and in the bloody battle of Sharpsburg. Subsequently he was a participant in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Va., and the campaign about Charleston, S. C., during the memorable bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston, in 1863, and on February 20, 1864, took part in the decisive victory at Olustee, Fla., where he was painfully wounded. A spent ball struck his left eve, causing blindness for some time. Narrowly escaping the loss of his eye, he returned to duty a few months later, find ing his regiment on the lines before Richmond, Va, There, in an engagement in September, 1864, he was again seri ously wounded, resulting in his total disability during the remainder of the war. A ball passed through both hips, melting in the passage, and causing such a dangerous wound that he was unable to1 walk for many months after the close of the war, and narrowly escaped death. He is yet crippled

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to a considerable extent in consequence of this wound, but in spite of it has had a successful career as a farmer and merchant, and is now one of the prosperous men of his county. He is yet an enthusiastic Confederate in his rev erence for the patriotic cause of the South and friendship for his comrades of 1861-65. In l &74- ne was married to Ella E. Boatwright, and they have five children: George H., James D., Samuel O., Sallie E., and Ella Elizabeth.

David B. Freeman, adjutant of P. M. B. Young camp, United Confederate veterans, at Cartersville, is believed by those who have investigated the subject to be the youngest soldier of the Confederacy. There were many boys in the service, but it is hardly possible that any were in active campaigning at an earlier age than ten years, as was Mr. Freeman. At any rate, his claim to this honor, made fifteen or twenty years ago, when the matter was extensively discussed in the newspapers throughout the South, has never been successfully contested. He was born in Ellijay Gilmer county, Ga., in 1851, son of a prominent lawyer in north Georgia, and lived there till entering the Confederate service. In the spring of 1862, an elder brother, disabled for infantry service, enlisted in the cav alry of Smith's legion, and took young David with him to camp. The boy was offered and accepted the position of marker for the regiment, with the understanding that he would return home when no longer needed in drill exer cises. After several months' service in camp in east Ten nessee, the regiment, while at Big Creek gap, received orders to join the command of General Pegram, for an expedition into Kentucky, and he went along, serving as a soldier in the ranks. He participated in the entire Kentucky cam paign under Bragg and Kirby Smith, sharing the battles of his regiment. On the return to Tennessee through Cumber land Gap he and many others came home temporarily to obtain remounts and recruits, and young Freeman might then have remained at home, as he was advised to do, but he decided to continue with the regiment, and rejoined it in East Tennessee. Armed with a short saber and two sad dle pistols, he was an active participant in nearly all the bat tles of the Sixth regiment in east Tennessee, including Mossy Creek, Russellville, Dandridge, and Bean's Station, and in 1864 his company, as scouts and escorts to General Johnston, were in almost all the engagements from Dalton

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665

to Atlanta. The arduous character of this campaign is familiar to all acquainted with the history of the war. Never was there, a campaign in which more incessant watch fulness was demanded of the cavalry to meet the keen strat egy of the Federal commander. But it was not more severe than the experience in east Tennessee, where, in winter weather, for three months, he and his comrades had hardly one undisturbed night's rest. Throughout all this young Freeman did the full duty of a soldier. After the war, his father having died, he and his mother removed to Americus, and he attended school at theRylander high school. Hebegan his career as a newspaper man with the Atlanta Intelligencer in 1869-70, and subsequently owned and conducted the Times at Calhoun, and the Advertiser at Cedartown, suc cessively, until 1888, when he made his home at Cartersville and purchased a half interest in the Courant-American. He joined P. M. B. Young camp, United Confederate veterans, at its first organization, and was elected adjutant, a position he has held ever since, except during one year when he was commander. He is also a member of the staff of Gen. Clement A. Evans, commanding the Georgia division, and has been more than once called into the impor tant councils of the State organization. Thoroughly devoted to his profession as a newspaper man, he has never sought political preferment, though he was once elected mayor of Calhoun, and was mayor pro tempore of Cedartown. He has several times been a delegate in the Democratic State conventions, and is a member of the executive committee of his Congressional district. His son, Robert, was an aide to General Evans at the Atlanta reunion in 1898, and is a permanent member of his staff.

Franklin J. Freeman, of Griffin, a veteran of the Thir teenth Georgia infantry, is a native of Henry county, Ga., born September 19, 1843. He entered the Confederate service among the devoted patriot volunteers of 1861, becom ing a private in Company I of the Thirteenth regiment Geor gia infantry, then commanded by Walker Ector, and after ward by Marcellus Douglass, James M. Smith and John H. Baker. Going to Virginia, they were sent to the scene of operations under Gen. Robert E. Lee in western Vir ginia, and served under Gen. John B. Floyd in the Gauley valley and at Sewell mountain in the fall of 1861, suffering greatly from the inclement weather and the diseases caused

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by exposure in a wild and inhospitable country. When General Lee was put in command on the southern coast they were sent to that region. They took part in the fight on Whitemarsh island, near Savannah, in the spring of 1862, and then were sent back to Virginia with Lawton's brigade, later commanded by Gen. Clement A. Evans. Under Stone wall Jackson and John B. Gordon, Private Freeman served in the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond and the bat tles of Cedar Mountain, Warrenton Springs, Manassas Junction, Second Manassas, capture of Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg. In the latter engagement, December 13, 1862, he was severely wounded, a ball shat tering his left arm and hand. After some time in hospital at Richmond, he was sent home on furlough, and not recov ering so as to be fit for duty in the field, he was honorably retired just before the surrender at Appotnattox. Since the war Mr. Freeman has been engaged in farming, prosper ing in his occupation and becoming one of the leading men of his country. In 1866 he was married to Lula Vaughn, and they have four sons and two daughters living.

Captain William A. Fuller, of Atlanta, distinguished in the railway service in the great war, is a native Georgian, son of John A. Fuller, Sr., who was born in Columbia county, Ga.,son of John Fuller, soldier of the Revolution, who served at the battle of Camden, where his commander, General DeKalb, was killed. The mother of Captain Fuller was Thena, daughter .of Jesse Alien, of Virginia, a cousin of Ethan and Ira Alien, of Revolutionary fame in the North. Captain Fuller was born in Henry county, Ga., April 15, 1836. At the age of eighteen years he entered the railway service as a freight conductor on the Western & Atlantic railroad, and when the war began he was a passenger con ductor, running between Atlanta and Chattanooga. He was in charge of the train pulled by the locomotive "Gen eral" when that now famous engine was captured at Big Shanty, April 12, 1862, by the Andrews raiders, and it was due to his indomitable energy in pursuing the daring raid ers that they were prevented from destroying the bridges of the road, and finally captured. After a chase of a hun dred and five miles, in which he went three miles on foot, twenty miles by handcar, and the remainder of the way by employing three locomotives in succession, he recaptured the "General" three miles north of Ringgold. The last

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

667

forty miles was a desperate race between his locomotive, the "Texas," and the "General," in the hands of the raiders. The adventure is a famous episode in the romantic history of the war, and is fully described in a book of 354 pages by William Pitteriger, one of the Federal participants, entitled "Capturing a Locomotive," and in "Life in Dixie," by Mary A. H. Gay. Alexander H. Stephens, in his history of the United States, says of it: "The capture of the bridgeburners on the Western & Atlantic railroad, in Georgia, by Capt. William A. Fuller (holding no other position than a railroad conductor), was one of the most wonderful achieve ments in the annals of war." Conductor Fuller received his commission as captain in 1863, from Governor Brown, and was detailed to muster the employes of his road into the military service of the State, for the purpose of protecting the bridges and rolling stock. In this capacity he rendered services of great value during Sherman's advance upon Atlanta, collecting at the latter city the rolling stock of the road, comprising forty-seven locomotives, forty-nine pas senger and baggage coaches, and 580 freight cars, as well as the office property, which he took thence to Macon, Sa vannah, Charleston, Columbia, Augusta, and back to Atlanta, avoiding the Federal armies, and losing but seven teen freight cars. This service, performed so successfully in a period of great confusion and demoralization, is worthy of commemoration. Captain Fuller continued in the rail road service until 1876, when he embarked in business at Atlanta, and began a successful career as a merchant. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, and honored by his comrades.

Captain Charles Tim Furlow, of Atlanta, formerly of the staff of Gen. George Doles, was born in Bibb county, Ga., near Macon, April 15, 1842. His father was Col. Timothy M. Furlow, born in Morgan county, Ga., in 1814, a distinguished Georgian who commanded a regiment of State troops in the war of the Confederacy, and survived until December 2, 1900. The father of the latter was Charles Furlow, a native of South Carolina, who came to Georgia with his parents in the year 1784, settling in what is now Greene county. Captain Furlow's mother was Margaret Holt, a native of Putnam county, of Virginian descent. Captain Furlow was reared at Americus from 1849, and when hostilities began, in 1861, he was a member of the

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second year class at Emory college, Oxford, Ga. In defer ence to his father's wishes he remained in college until he heard that a volunteer company at Americus, to which he had belonged, had been sent to Virginia, when he followed and joined his comrades at Portsmouth, about May I, 1861. The company had been mustered into the Confederate ser vice as Company K of the Fourth regiment Georgia in fantry, Col. George Doles commanding. The Third and Fourth regiments and Second battalion were the first troops from other States to enter Virginia, and for a year were on duty about Norfolk and Portsmouth, guarding these ports and the rich spoil of the navy yard. While on duty there Captain Furlow witnessed the famous battles of the ironclad Merrimac. Upon the evacuation of Norfolk he ac companied his regiment to Richmond, and became a part of the army of Northern Virginia, under Gen. Robert E. Lee. He fought in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, and at Second Manassas and Sharpsburg, as a private. In the latter battle General Ripley, commanding the brigade, was wounded, and Colonel Doles, who succeeded him, detailed young Furlow on duty as his orderly. Soon afterward Doles was commissioned brigadier-general, and Furlow was appointed aide-de-camp with the rank of first lieutenant. In this capacity he served with gallantry and distinction through the following campaigns, including the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilder ness, Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor. On June 2, 1864, at Cold Harbor, the gallant Doles was killed, and Lieutenant Furlow was detailed to escort his body to Georgia. After the interment at Milledgeville he made a brief visit to his family at Americus, and while there was detailed for service as adjutant-general, with the rank of captain, of the Confederate forces, guarding prisoners of war at Andersonville. This appointment was made at the request of General Winder, the commanding officer. After the war Captain Furlow engaged in farming in Sumter county for ten years; subsequently resided in Americus; and in 1884 was appointed chief clerk in the office of the State comptroller at Atlanta. He held this position fourteen years, and since then has been assistant State treasurer. He has been an efficient and popular official. He is a charter mem ber of Atlanta camp, United Confederate veterans, and as "Capt. Tim Furlow" is widely known among the veterans of Georgia.

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669

Ben Futral, of Griffin, in his boyhood a gallant soldier of
the Confederacy, was born in Butts county, Ga., April 7, 1845, son of Richard Futral, a native of Greene county, Ga., and his wife, Deborah Goodwin, who was born in Dinwoody county, Va. When hostilities began in 1861 he sought to enter the Confederate military service, but was refused on
account of his youth. He joined then with a number of his youthful friends in forming a company of home guards,
called Brayton Briggs' company, under Capt. James L. Alexander. On September 15, 1863, he became a member
of Company I of the Sixth regiment Georgia State troops, with which he served at Rome, Atlanta and Savannah for several months. In the spring of 1864 he went to Virginia and at Madison Station, May 4th, joined the Spalding Grays, Capt. W. T. Walker commanding, Company D, Sec ond Georgia battalion, and two days later went into the
terrible battle of the Wilderness, in Gen. Ambrose R. Wright's brigade of A. P. Hill's corps. This began a year of hard fighting, in which he participated in the battles of
the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Turkey Ridge, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom, Five Forks, and the months of service in the trenches around Petersburg, and the retreat to Appomattox, where he was surrendered with the army of Robert E. Lee, April 9, 1865. Then coming home to Grif fin, young Futral resumed the quiet vocations of peace, and ever since he has been an industrious, honorable and patri
otic citizen, doing his duty in private life as he did in the Confederate army. He retained, however, a great liking for military work, and in 1870 took a leading part in the re organization of the Spalding Grays. When interest in this lagged he was faithful, until, finally, finding himself the only
attendant at a meeting, he called in new members, and re organized, his efforts resulting in giving the company a new lease of life. Eventually, the Grays were merged with the Griffin Rifles, in which he was the first to enlist. Though frequently offered rank in this company he has uniformly
declined to be anything but Private Futral, an honor which fully contents him. His soldierly fidelity was shown in 1898, when the Rifles were called together in view of a
probable call to go to Cuba, and members were asked for
B,ny reasons why they should not go to the front. Excuses were offered, but when Private Ben Futral's name was called, his answer was "Ready." For thirty years he has
been engineer of the No. i fire engine company at Griffin,

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

and a failure of his to respond for duty would be an epochmaking' event in the history of the fire department. In 1881 Private Futral was married to Laura K. Goodwin.

William J. Futral, of Griffin, a veteran of the Fifty-third
Georgia infantry, was born in Spalding county, Ga., Sep
tember 5, 1843, son of Ethelda Futral. He volunteered
as a soldier of the Confederacy in June, 1862, becoming a
private in Company A, Capt. T. W. Atkins, in the Fifty-third
regiment Georgia infantry, then commanded by Col. L. T.
Doyall, a prominent public man. Soon after they were
mustered in at Griffin, they were sent to Virginia, where they
became part of the brigade of General Semmes, a gallant
command, which, at the last, was commanded by the former
major of the Fifty-third, James P. Simms. With this bri
gade Mr. Futral served in the Seven Days' battles before
Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg,
and Gettysburg. In the latter battle he was wounded in the
right foot by a fragment of shell, an injury that caused him great suffering during the retreat of the army to Virginia.
In September, 1863, he accompanied Longstreet's corps to
Georgia, reaching the field of Chickamauga too late to take part in the battle. He was on duty during the investment of Chattanooga, and in November marched against Burnside's army in east Tennessee, his brigade then being com manded by General Bryan. His regiment was one of those that led in the famous assault upon Fort Loudon, at Knoxville, November 2Qth, and suffered heavy loss. Private Futral and others of his company were captured as they were attempting to bring their wounded captain from the enemy's works, and subsequently he was a prisoner of war at Rock Island, 111., for sixteen months. A short time be fore the evacuation of Richmond he was exchanged and granted a furlough, and while he was yet on furlough his comrades were surrendered at Appomattox. Since the war Mr. Futral has been engaged in farming in Spalding county, of which he is one of the most prominent and respected citizens. He has served twelve years as justice of the peace, and is now filling the office of member of the board of county commissioners. By his marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Buntyn, of Spalding county, he has five sons and three daughters living.

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671

William M. Gammon, a Confederate veteran now prom
inent among the business men of Rome, Ga., is a native of
Jonesboro, Tenn. At the age of eighteen years he went to
Virginia and was among the first to enlist for the First Vir
ginia cavalry regiment, commanded by the famous J. E. B.
Stuart. As a private in Company L of this command he par
ticipated in the battle of First Manassas, July 21, 1861, and
Stuart's subsequent operations in northeastern Virginia. In
the spring of 1862 he took part in the peninsula campaign,
and near Mechanicsville was severely wounded, causing his disability for some time, during which he lay in hospital at Richmond. On his recovery he was ordered to report to Gen. E. Kirby Smith, commanding in east Tennessee. At Jonesboro, Tenn., he assisted in raising a company of in fantry, of which he was elected lieutenant. This was as signed to the Sixtieth regiment Tennessee infantry, Col. John H. Crawford, in Gen. John C. Vaughn's brigade of Stevenson's division. In December, 1862, they were sent to Vicksburg to meet the attack by Sherman, and took part in the defeat of the Federal army at Chickasaw Bayou, in the last days of the year. He continued on duty there, and on May 17, 1863, in the battle on the Big Black river, he was among the many who were captured by Grant's army. As a prisoner of war he was confined at Johnson's island, Lake Erie, until February, 1865, when he was exchanged. He returned to his command, finding it in North Carolina, with the remnant of the army of Tennessee, and was sur rendered under the capitulation of Gen. J. E. Johnston at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. His brother, Edward, went into the war as captain of a company in Carter's First Tennessee cavalry, at the age of fifteen years, and served with credit until killed at Morristown, Tenn., October 28, 1864. He was in the command of Gen. W. E. Jones, who spoke in the highest praise of his qualities as a soldier. Lieutenant' Gam mon, since the war, has devoted himself to business affairs, at first for two years at Wytheville, Va., after which he established himself at Rome, where he is now the proprietor of the leading clothing house, his eldest son, Langdon B. Gammon, being associated Avith him under the firm title of Gammon & Son. Mr. Gammon has also taken an active part in political affairs as a loyal and enthusiastic Demo crat, is at the head of the county organization, and was a delegate to the National convention of
Ga72

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

John Gerdine, M. D., of Athens, an eminent physician of Georgia, and formerly of the medical service of the Con federate States army, was born at Lexington, Oglethorpe county, Ga., February 28, 1840, son of William Louis Crawford Gerdine and his wife, Lucy Lumpkin. His father, a native of Georgia and a prosperous planter, was once cap tain of the Athens Guards and mayor of the city, and after making his home in Mississippi, in 1860, was brigadiergeneral of State troops. The father of the latter was Dr. John Gerdine, a prominent physician of his day, who was born in Clarke county, Ga., son of Louis Girardin (as the name was originally spelled), a Huguenot from France, who came to America during the Revolutionary war, and served under Francis Marion, and afterward moved to Georgia and became the owner of a plantation on which the city of Augusta is now located. Through his mother, Dr. Gerdine is a grandson of Joseph Henry Lumpkin, for thirty years chief justice of Georgia; nephew of Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb, and great-nephew of Wilson Lumpkin, a former governor of Georgia. He was reared in Mississippi and Georgia, his father residing in the former State in 1845-54, and returning there from Georgia in 1860. He was gradu ated at the State university, Athens, Ga., in 1859, and sub sequently was a student at the Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, until January, 1860, when he was one of the three hundred medical students there from the Southern States who left under the leadership of Dr. Hunter McGuire, on account of the offensive expression of public senti ment regarding the fate of the negro insurrectionist, John Brown. He then entered the medical department of the university of Louisiana and was graduated in March, 1861. A few weeks later he offered his services to the Confeder acy, as a private soldier, and was mustered in May 2Oth with the Tombigbee Rangers, which became a part of CoL A. K. Blythe's battalion, and later Company K of the Fortyfifth regiment Mississippi infantry. With this command he participated in two battles against Gen. U. S. Grant, at Belmont, Mo., in the fall of 1861, and at Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862. Immediately after the latter engagement he was pros trated with typhoid fever for three months, and on his re covery was taken with chronic diarrhoea, which disabled him to. some extent throughout the war. Nevertheless he re ported for duty a few months after Shiloh, and was appointed assistant surgeon and assigned to hospital service

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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in Mississippi until October, 1863, when he was ordered to report to Gen. N. B. Forrest. After this he was on active field duty with Forrest's command, as assistant surgeon and acting surgeon of the Ninth regiment Mississippi cavalry, until the capitulation of General Forrest, at Gainesville, Ala., May 12, 1865. He was a participant in all of the famous campaigns of this great cavalry commander, during the period named, and was distinguished for faithful and intrepid performance of duty. Since this patriotic career with the army of the South, Dr. Gerdine has been engaged in the successful practice of his profession in civil life, mak ing his home at Athens from March, 1876. He has held the honorable professional positions of lecturer on medical juris prudence in the faculty of the university of Georgia, vicepresident and censor of the State medical association, and president of the Clarke county medical society, and is a member of the American medical association. He is also a member of the board of education of Athens, and was its president two years, and is an elder in the Presbyterian church of Athens.

Captain Washington Allston Gibbes, of Augusta, an officer of Gist's South Carolina brigade, was born in Colum bia, S. C., and in that city received his education and pre pared to enter the Citadel Military school at Charleston, in which he was a cadet when the war began and until Decem ber, 1861. He was at that time appointed by Governor Pickens as drillmaster of the Sixteenth South Carolina infantry, then serving at Charleston, and after four months of duty in this capacity he enlisted as a private in Com pany D of the regiment, and ten days later was elected its third lieutenant. In the spring of 1863 his command was ordered to Mississippi, under the brigade command of Gen eral Gist, and he was promoted to second lieutenant. He fought under General Johnston at Jackson, Miss., and in Sep tember under Bragg at Chickamauga. After the latter battle he was promoted to first lieutenant, and in 1864 was ad vanced to the rank of captain and command of his company. He took part in the battles of the Dalton-Atlanta campaign until he was shot in the right thigh near Marietta and sent to the hospital, first at Atlanta and later to Columbia, S. C., being disabled for about six months. Finally recovering he started to rejoin his command, then near Corinth, Miss., but was detained under orders at Augusta and Savannah and

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later at Mobile and Montgomery, Ala. Being sent from Montgomery to Columbia, S. C., to await his command enroute to that point he was assigned by General Beauregard to duty with General Stevenson, division commander, as aide-de-camp, in which capacity he served for about two months. Later he was on the staff of Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill and was with that officer at New Bern and Bentonville, N. C. He finally succeeded in joining his command near High Point, N. C. When the Sixteenth and Twenty-fourth South Carolina regiments were consolidated, he was made captain of Company C, and was acting as such at the time of the surrender, April 26, 1865. After the war Captain Gibbes returned to Columbia, S. C., where he was engaged in railroad construction, and for three years was agent of the Greenville & Columbia railroad. After this for about two years he was freight conductor on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta railroad. In January, 1873, he was sent to Au gusta, as a clerk in the office of the agent of the road, still later served as agent at Columbia, S. C., and in 1879 was appointed Union ticket agent at Augusta., Ga., a position he still holds, winning the esteem of his employers by his steady and intelligent attention to business, and the favor of the traveling people by his uniform courtesy.

John R. Gibbons, of Linwood, is a native of Richmond, Va., was reared in Rockingham county of that State, and rendered his service as a Confederate soldier with the cavalry of the army of Northern Virginia. At the age of seventeen years, in 1861, he enlisted in Company I of the First Virginia regiment of cavalry, then stationed at Fairfax Court House, under the command of that gallant cavalry leader, J. E. B. Stuart. The regiment afterward had among its colonels William E. Jones and Fitzhugh Lee, and at all times in its history it was worthy of the gallant leaders whose reputation it helped to achieve. Private Gibbons was in all the campaigns, raids and battles of his regiment from the time of his enlistment, never missing a day on account of illness, and always being with his command except one month when he was detailed to! gather commissary supplies. He was with Stuart in the Peninsular campaign, with the rear guard on the retreat to Richmond, and served through out the Seven Days' before Richmond and the Second Manassas campaign which followed; was with the advance guard on the march into Maryland and in battle at Fred-

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erick city and Sharpsburg; took part in the famous raid around McClellan soon after that, and in the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns and the cavalry battles that preceded the advance into Pennsylvania. He took part in all the engagements of his command in that State including the cavalry battle on the left of Lee's army at Gettysburg, and was in almost constant fighting on the retreat. In 1864 he was with Stuart in the Wilderness and in the many combats that followed until the great cavalry commander was mor tally wounded at Yellow Tavern. After that, under Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee, he was a participant in numer ous famous battles, from Cold Harbor, June i, 1864, to Five Forks, April I, 1865. He rode with his command covering the retreat of Lee's army and at the last was with Fitzhugh Lee when the cavalry cut their way through the Federal lines at Appomattox. Surrendering later, he took the oath of allegiance at Staunton, Va., in July, 1865. Before he finally gave up, he made an attempt to get to the TransMississippi department, but found that to be impossible. He was several times hit by Federal bullets, but only one wound was serious enough to send him to hospital, and that for two days only. At the close of this honorable and praiseworthy career as a soldier Mr. Gibbons came to Geor gia, where his father had taken refuge during the war. Two years later he went to Brentwood, Tenn., and for twelve years was engaged in woolen manufacture. Since then he has been a resident of Floyd and Bartow counties, Ga., practicing the profession of mining engineering. In November, 1874, he was married to Annie A., daughter of W. H. Felton, former representative in the United States, congress of the Seventh Georgia district. They have three children living: John F., a. draughtsman and civil engineer at Pittsburg, Pa., George R., a graduate of Emory college,, and Ann C, at Dalton female college.

W. S. Gibbons, a Confederate veteran now prospering as 3. farmer at Vans Valley, Floyd county, is a native of the valley of Virginia, and served as a soldier with the Virginia troops. When the Old Dominion decided to secede from the Union and ally herself with the Confederacy, in April, 1861, he was a cadet at the Virginia military institute, the West Point of the South. Going to Richmond with a com pany of cadets, he was sent to Harper's Ferry as a drillmaster for the troops collecting there under Gen. Stonewall

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Jackson. After the evacuation of that position he was trans ferred to the First Tennessee infantry, as drillmaster, and a month later was enlisted in the Tenth regiment Virginia infantry. He was discharged from this command on ac count of heart disease, but after a rest of six months he reentered the service, as a private in the Thirty-ninth battalion, Virginia cavalry, Maj. John H. Richardson com manding, the well-known squadron that acted as escort and couriers to the headquarters of Gen. Robert E. Lee. In 1864 he and three comrades were detailed for special service inside the Federal lines, in the vicinity of Washington, and in July they were captured. He was tried three times on the charge of being a spy, and narrowly escaped death. During the remainder of the war he was a prisoner at Camp Chase, Ohio, completing amid such discomforts and deprivations as were common in the Northern prison camps his sacrifices for the cause of the South. He is remembered by his com rades as,an intrepid and valiant soldier. On his return to civil life Mr. Gibbons came to Rome and embarked in the drug business, but two years later turned his attention to agriculture, and fruit and vegetable culture, in which he has been quite successful. He has three sons and a daughter living: William S., Robert M., Charles and Fannie.

Captain Thomas N. Gibson, a venerable patriot of Talbot county, who served with the State troops during the Atlanta campaign, was born in the county where he now resides, March 6, 1824. In 1863, in response to the call of Governor Brown for the military reserve of the State, he enlisted in Company A of the Third regiment and was made first lieu tenant of the company. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Wimberly. Lieutenant Gibson served xvith his regi ment under Gen. Gustavus W. Smith along the Chattahoochee river against Sherman's army, and fought on the lines between Decatur and Atlanta, July 20 to 22, 1864. After the battle of July 22nd he was promoted to captain of his company. Subsequent to the fall of Atlanta he was on duty with the State troops resisting Sherman's march to Savannah. At the close of a faithful and creditable service for Georgia, he returned to his occupation as a farmer, in which he has made a creditable success. For a number of years he has also conducted a livery stable at Talbotton. He is a true Confederate and is held in high esteem by his comrades. Captain Gibson was married in 1862 to Mary

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Francis Blanton, of Talbotton, and they have nine children living.

William T. Gibson, of Savannah, formerly an officer of the Fifth Georgia cavalry, was borh in Abbeville district, S. C., in 1840, was reared from infancy in Alabama, and
began his residence in Georgia, at Augusta, in 1854. He became connected with river transportation in 1857, and was thus occupied until the opening of hostilities. At Savannah,
in 1862, he volunteered as a private soldier in the Effingham Hussars, afterward enrolled as Company I of the Fifth regiment Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. Robert H. Andersen. Two months later he was appointed third ser geant, six months after this he was made second lieutenant, and in the last year of the war he acted as regimental quartermaster, with the rank of captain, though his commis sion as such was never delivered. The service of his regi
ment was mainly on the coast of Georgia until 1864. In February of that year he was a participant in the battle of Olustee, Fla., and the pursuit of the enemy to Jacksonville,
and later in the year he was with Gen. Joseph Wheeler's cavalry corps on the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, until he was severely wounded at the battle of Noonday Church, near Marietta, June 21, 1864. He was disabled in conse quence and out of the service for a period of four months. Then returning to duty he was with Wheeler's cavalry in the campaigning against Sherman through Georgia and the Carolinas until the surrender of his regiment at Hillsboro, N. C., after the capitulation of the armies of Lee and Johnston. Since the war Captain Gibson has been an esteemed citizen of Savannah. He continued to be asso ciated with river transportation, running on the river until 1885. For several years he has held the position of vice-
president and manager of the Southern Transportation com pany.

T. W. Gilmer, of Toccoa, is a native of Virginia, born at Lynchburg, March 17, 1845, ar)d served as a Confederate soldier in his youth with the Virginia troops. He is the son of P. H. Gilmer, M. D., of English ancestry, who was a physician at Lynchburg. Mr. Gilmer entered the Confeder ate service at Gordonsville, Va., in the fall of 1862, as a private soldier in Company C, Second regiment Virginia cavalry. With this command he served under Fitzhugh

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Lee and J. E. B. Stuart in the famous cavalry battles of Virginia until he was transferred to the artillery of the Third army corps, and attached to headquarters as a courier. He served in this capacity throughout the siege of Richmond and Petersburg, June, 1864, to April, 1865; participated in the battle of Five Forks, April i, 1865, and when the lines were evacuated, was among the last men to leave Peters burg, with Eshleman's battalion, the Washington Artillery, of New Orleans. Accompanying the arm}- to Appomattox he was surrendered there April 9, 1865. Though in many battles, he was never seriously wounded. His horse was shot under him, and his clothing was riddled by bullets, but fortunately he was spared from injury. A few years after the war Mr. Gilmer engaged in railroad construction, in which he has had an active career in the Southern States. In 1878 he was married to Hattie, daughter of J. W. Fears, of Macon. They have two sons and two daughters. Re tired from business in recent years, and making his home at Toccoa, Mr. Gilmer enjoys the high esteem of his Con federate comrades in Georgia. His record as a soldier was one of honor and gallant devotion to principle.

John A. Glover, in later years one of the leading business men of Rome, Ga., made a very creditable record in his youth as a cavalryman under Gen. Joseph Wheeler. He is a native of Alabama, and entered the Confederate service at the age of sixteen years, in 1863, as a private in Com pany H of the Sixth regiment Georgia cavalry, Col. John R. Hart. With this command he went on duty in the Chickamauga campaign, and fought under the command of Gen eral Pegram at Graysville on September loth, where they charged the enemy and captured fifty-nine prisoners; at Leet's Tanyard on the I2th, where they made a splendid hand-to-hand fight against Wilder's Federal brigade; on Chickamauga creek, September igth, under the command of Gen. N. B. Forrest, opening the battle of Chickamauga, and after that battle pursuing the enemy and fighting him on Missionary Ridge. His military career, thus actively be gun, continued until the close of the war, with Wheeler's cavalry. Under the brigade command of General Davidson he took part in the raid down the Sequatchie valley, in October, 1863, and besides many skirmishes fought in the severe battle near Shelbyville; and in November he partici pated in the arduous service in east Tennessee, fighting at

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Knoxville and other points, as the advance of General Longstreet's expedition. In 1864 he was in almost numberless encounters with the enemy, fighting all the way from Dalton to Atlanta, .riding with Wheeler in that memorable raid through Tennessee during the siege of Atlanta, and, after Sherman set out for Savannah, contesting his advance and harassing the flanks of his army, and finally fighting through the Carolinas until the surrender in April, 1865, at Char lotte, N. C. During this active service he was but once wounded, and that slightly, in the battles about Atlanta. In 1867 Mr. Glover made his home at Rome and embarked in the grocery trade. In 1869 he became a member of the firm of Ford & Glover, which was changed in 1876 to Glover & Hight, in 1886 to Simpson, Glover & Hight, and in 1891 to the Simpson Grocery Co., doing the largest wholesale business in the city of Rome. He is also one of the founders of the Exchange bank, president of the Albertsville land and improvement company, and a director of the Duck cot ton mills, and Griffin hardware company, was president and director for several years of the Rome cotton factory, and has contributed to all public enterprises during his citizen ship in Rome for thirty-four years. His business career has been marked by honorable dealing and remarkable ability and success. He has also discharged the duties of a good citizen, serving the public faithfully as a councilman and four years as a member of the board of county commis sioners. Captain Glover has three sons in business at Rome: Joe, with the Simpson grocery company; James A., of the firm of Moore & Glover, now James Glover, and John C., with the Griffin hardware company.

John H, Goldsmith, a former Confederate soldier who has for many years been prominently associated with the municipal government of Atlanta, is a native of South Carolina, born in Edgefield district, November n, 1835. His father, Maj. Turner Goldsmith, was an officer of the South Carolina militia previous to the war, and his grand father, William Goldsmith, was a soldier in General Gates' army in the war of the Revolution. Mr. Goldsmith removed with his parents to what is now Bartow county, Ga., at twelve years of age, and was there reared on the farm, receiving his education at the Hearn school, at Cave Spring, Ga. Subsequently he engaged in farming in Lee county, Miss., where he was occupied when the war began. Return-

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ing at once to Georgia he enlisted in 1861 as a private soldier in Company K of the Fourteenth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. A. V. Brumby. With this regiment he served in western Virginia under Gen. John B. Floyd, a campaign in the mountains attended with great hardships and exposure to inclement weather, which broke his health so completely that he was compelled to return home. When he was fit for military duty again he entered the State troops, with which he was connected during the remainder of the war. Five brothers of Mr. Goldsmith were also in the Confederate service: W. T. Goldsmith, surgeon; W. L. Goldsmith, lieutenant-colonel of the Four teenth Georgia infantry; James M. Goldsmith, a lieutenant in the Sixtieth Georgia regiment, Evans' brigade; J. W. Goldsmith, private in Company K, Fourteenth regiment in fantry; and Paul T. Goldsmith, private in the Georgia cadets. John H. Goldsmith has been a prominent citizen of Atlanta since 1868. He was a member of the city council, 1873-74; treasurer of the city in 1875; city c^er^ from 1881 to 1889; and city comptroller from the time of the creation of that office at Atlanta during the administra tion of Mayor John T. Glenn, in 1889, until the present time, having been re-elected in 1900. He is associated with his Confederate comrades as an active member of W. H. T. Walker camp, United Confederate veterans. Mr. Gold smith was married in 1856 to Sarah E. Peers, who died in 1879, leaving two sons and seven daughters now living. Subsequently he wedded his present wife, Mrs. Anna H. Pinson, nee Sheldon.

Captain Jeremiah W. Goldsmith, of Atlanta, is a native of South Carolina, and descendant of a Virginia family dis tinguished as patriots in colonial and Revolutionary times. His grandfather, William Goldsmith, served under General. Greene and was in the battles of Eutaw Springs and Cowpens and in Gates' defeat at Camden, and at the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown. His mother's father, John Stokes, of Virginia, was also in the Continental army toward the close of the war. Another ancestor, Daniel Rountree, a wealthy resident of Greenville county, S. C., in the Revolu tionary period, was visited by a party of British soldiers, who demanded money that he was supposed to have in hiding, and on his refusal, subjected him to inhuman torture, which caused his death soon afterward, and it is a remark-

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able parallelism in history that an uncle of Captain Gold smith, Thomas Goldsmith, also a resident Of Greenville county, had a similar experience during Shermans march through that State, a party of Federal soldiers plundering his house, and inflicting such injuries upon him in an effort to extort money that his death soon followed. In this con nection it should be recorded that Washington Goldsmith, a cousin of Captain Goldsmith, was burned to death by Fed eral soldiers at his home in Bartow county, Ga. Captain Goldsmith was born in Edgefield district, S. C., March 6, 184.1, son of Maj. Turner Goldsmith, an officer of militia before the war and wealthy planter, who gave six sons to the Confederate armies. The eldest, Dr. William T. Goldsmith, was a surgeon, and another, Washington L., now residing at New Orleans, was lieutenant-colonel of the Fourteenth regiment Georgia infantry, and during the latter two years of the war commanded his regiment. Captain Goldsmith was reared in Bartow county, Ga., from six years of age, and in June, 1861, volunteered as a corporal in Company K of the Fourteenth Georgia infantry, with which he was on duty at Lynchburg, during the battle of First Manassas, and served under Gen. Robert E. Lee and Gen. W, W. Loring in the West Virginia campaign of 1861. Early in 1862, his health having broken down, he was hon orably discharged, but not long afterward, when restored to strength, he took part in the organization of Company H of the Fourth Georgia battalion, in which he was appointed orderly sergeant. The battalion was merged in the Sixtieth Georgia regiment, which went to Virginia in May, 1862, as a part of Lawtons brigade, and was assigned to Stone wall Jacksons division. Sergeant Goldsmith participated in the service of his brigade in the Valley campaign, and fought in the Seven Days battles before Richmond. At Malvern Hill, July i, 1862, a fragment of a fence rail, shat tered by a shell, struck his right knee, and produced an injury, disqualifying him for the infantry service. Subse quently he found employment in the Confederate steamship service on the Mississippi river, and was a minor officer on the last boat that left Vicksburg before its surrender. Then he returned to Georgia and was appointed to the staff of Gen. C. D, Anderson, commanding State reserves, with the rank of captain. This was his line of duty at the last, and he was at Macon when the troops there, under Gen. Howell Cobb, surrendered to Gen. James H. Wilson. Following

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those adventurous days Captain Goldsmith had a successful career at Atlanta as banker and merchant, and he is now engaged in the real estate business. He was married in 1866 to Mary E. Meador, who died in 1884, and in 1890 to Sarah H. Holmes, and has four sons and four daughters living.

John C. Goodman, M. D., of Tifton, was born in Gates county, N. C., in 1834. He was graduated at the university of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, in 1858; studied medicine at the university of Virginia in 1858-59, and in 1860 was graduated in medicine at the Fourteenth street school in New York city. He began his practice at Somerton, Nansemond county, Va., and was there when the Confederacy was formed, and throughout the early operations. When the campaigns in Virginia were about to open in deadly earnest, in the spring of 1862, he volunteered in a battalion of in fantry, was elected second sergeant in one of its companies and stationed at Petersburg until after the battle of Seven Pines. The battalion was then ordered to Richmond, Va., and disbanded, when he was offered a place in the medical service and chose a contract, that he might be near his mother and family, who were in the enemy's lines. In this capacity he served in the crowded Richmond hospitals during that year of bloody combat. In 1863 he passed the required examination successfully and was commis sioned assistant surgeon and assigned to duty at Fort Caswell, N. C., near Wilmington. He continued on duty there until the fall of Fort Fisher, January 15, 1865, and after that was with his command and frequently under fire, in the retreat to Danville, Va., and thence to Greens boro, where he was surrendered with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston. After the war Dr. Goodman practiced at Somerton, Va., until 1882, when he removed to Georgia. After several years of practice in Telfair county and at Alapaha, he made his home at Tifton in 1890. He is one of the leading physicians of that city, has served several years in the city council, and is one of Tifton's most estimable men.

William W. Graham, a prosperous farmer of Appling county, and a valued member of the local camp of United Confederate veterans, was born and reared in that county, and volunteered for the Confederate service in his boy-

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hood. In the fall of 1861 he became a member of Com pany I, Twenty-seventh regiment Georgia infantry, com manded by Col. Levi B. Smith, but after a short time at Camp Stevens, he was discharged on account of his youthfulness and delicate health. In March, 1862, he re-enlisted, as a private in Company K of the Fourth regiment Georgia cavalry (the Wiregrass Fourth), commanded by Col. Duncan L. Clinch. This command was not ordered out of Georgia in the earlier part of the war, and Private Graham shared such service as the regiment was called on to per form along the coast, mostly picket duty, until early in 1864, when they were sent to Florida to assist in repelling the Federal movement from Jacksonville toward Tallahassee. He participated in the battle of Olustee, February 20, 1864, and the pursuit of the enemy back to Jackson ville. In the following spring the regiment was sent to north Georgia and attached to the cavalry corps of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, of which it was a part during the campaign about Atlanta. On the evacuation of that city they covered the retreat of the Georgia State troops under Gen. G. W. Smith, and afterward they were with General Wheeler in his operations against Sherman during the latter's march to Savannah. At the close of the war Private Graham was paroled at Thomasville, Ga. He was an excellent sol dier, faithful to duty, and had been honored with selection as a courier attached to the headquarters of Colonel Clinch. Since the war he has actively engaged in farming in Appling county, has been successful also in stock raising, and is an extensive landholder, and one of the influential men of his county. He made his home at Baxley in 1883, and has served for a number of years as clerk of the superior court, at present holding the office of justice of the peace.

Colonel Lemuel Pratt Grant, was born at Frankfort, Me., August ii, 1817, and was reared in his native State upon the farm of his parents, receiving his education mainly in the district school during the winter months. At the age of nineteen years he was appointed rodman in the engineer corps of the Philadelphia & Reading railroad, and from this, the lowest position in the corps, by earnest application he won promotion in one year to the rank of assistant en gineer. In 1840 he accepted the position of assistant in the engineer corps of the Georgia railroad, of which J. Edgar

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Thompson was chief. In the spring and summer of that year he assisted in locating the line of the road on the site of the city of Atlanta. Financial depression prevented the completion of the work at that time beyond the town of Madison, and in March, 1841, Mr. Grant was engaged as assistant in the engineer corps of the Central railroad of Georgia under L. O. Reynolds. Early in 1843 he was re called to the Georgia railroad, on which work had been resumed, and he continued in this employment until the grading was completed to the then new town of Marthasville, now Atlanta. He was now qualified to accept the position of chief engineer and superintendent of the Mont gomery & West Point railroad, of which only forty miles had been completed, and during his three years in charge of that road (1845-48), it was built as far as Opelika. Subsequently he became resident engineer of the Georgia railroad at Atlanta, serving also for two years as chief en gineer of the Atlanta & West Point railroad. This place he resigned in 1853 anc^ fr ^ve years following was engaged in the construction of railroads in Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. In 1858 he was elected president of the new Southern Pacific railroad company of Texas, the old com pany having been sold out under judicial decree. In June, 1859, he was succeeded as president by J. Edgar Thompson as a compromise of pending litigation between the old and new companies. In 1859 an<^ I 86o he was chief engineer of surveys and location of proposed roads in Georgia and Ala bama, the most prominent of which was the Georgia West ern, then aiming toward Decatur, Ala., via Gadsden and Gunter's Landing. All these operations were suspended at the close of 1860 by reason of the impending war between the States. When the issue was joined between his native North and adopted South, he supported the latter, and in October, 1862, soon after the organization of the bureau of engineers at Richmond, accepted a position as captain of engineers in the army of the Confederate States. He de clined the proffered commission of lieutenant-colonel of en gineers in May, 1863, and continued to serve as captain to the end of the war, his main occupation being the superin tending of the construction of the defenses of Atlanta and Augusta, and the reconstruction of raided railways. By reason of his long experience and great professional skill he was of invaluable assistance to the Confederacy. After the war he continued for many years to be prominent in rail-

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road affairs. From October, 1866, to July, 1881, he was in charge of the Atlanta & West Point railroad and afterward of the Georgia Western, or Georgia Pacific, and was receiver of that part of the Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line railroad lying in the State of Georgia. In July, 1881, he was elected president of the Atlanta & West Point railroad company and from March, 1883, he was president of the Western railway of Alabama. Colonel Grant's interest in Atlanta began when the embryo city was known as Marthasville, in the vicinity of which he purchased various tracts of land, which by the rapid growth of the city have become immensely valuable. In 1883 he donated to the city for public use all that mag nificent property known as L. P. Grant Park. He was an early advocate of the free school system and took an active and leading part in building up the admirable free schools of Atlanta and was also> one of the original promoters of the Young Men's Library association, of which he was made the first life member. All worthy enterprises of a public character found a zealous advocate in him and for nearly half a century his personal history was identified with that of the progress of Atlanta. He was prominent in the city as a man of enterprise, of sterling worth and unblemished Christian character. Colonel Grant was married in 1843 to Laura L., daughter of Ami Williams. Their oldest son, John L. Grant, while yet a stripling, volunteered in the early summer of 1862 as a private in the Oglethorpe infantry of Augusta, which had been Company D, of Ramsey's First "Georgia regiment, but at that time was Company A, of the Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery, and subsequently Company A, of the Sixty-third Georgia regiment. Young Grant participated in the campaign of 1862 in east Ten nessee, served on the coast in 1863, and in 1864 took part in the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns. He proved him self on all occasions a brave and gallant soldier, performing with alacrity the most arduous and perilous duties. But his high spirit would not brook menial service, and on one occasion when ordered with a detail to clean up a certain brigadier-general's quarters, he flatly refused, saying, "I en tered the army to fight Yankees, not to serve brigadiergenerals." Though threatened with punishment for in subordination, he persisted and when some one whispered to the brigadier that the young man was a son of Col. L. P. Grant, the matter was dropped. Since the war, John Grant has been very prominent in railway circles, having

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been at one time manager of the Texas Pacific railway system. Colonel Grant's first wife died in 1879, leaving two sons and two daughters. In July, 1881, he married Mrs. Jane L. Crew, of Atlanta, who survives him. He died January n,1893.

Charles G. Gray, of Fort Valley, a member of the staff of Gen. Clement A. Evans, commanding the Georgia divi sion, United Confederate veterans, with the rank of major, was born in Crawford county, Ga., March 7, 1846, son of Peter W. Gray and his wife, Winifred, daughter of Grief Cheves. Mr. Gray volunteered for the Confederate service in 1861 at the age of sixteen years, as a private soldier in Capt. C. D. Andersen's company, which became company C of the Sixth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. A. H. Colquitt. Under the brigade command of General Colquitt he served on the Yorktown line in Virginia, and at the battles of Williamsburg, Seven Pines and Malvern Hill, in the vicinity of Richmond. He shared the splendid record made by his regiment at South Mountain and Sharpsburg, and participated in the great victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville before he was dis charged from the Sixth regiment as being under military age. He came home to; Georgia, but was only a month out of the service, re-enlisting in the summer of 1863 in Com pany E of the First Confederate regiment of Georgia, under Col. George A. Smith. This regiment formed part of the brigade of Gen. John K. Jackson, in W. H. T. Walker's division of Hardee's corps, at the outset of the Atlanta campaign, and participated in all the battles from Rocky Face ridge down to the Chattahoochee. At the battle of Peachtree Creek, July 20, 1864, Mr. Gray was shot through the right lung. He was kept in quiet by this dangerous and painful wound but two months, after which he rejoined the army, under General Hood, at Gadsden, Ala., and served during the march through that State and into Tennessee. On November 3Oth he took part in the memorable assault upon the Federal works at Franklin, and having the rank of orderly sergeant, was the ranking officer of his company present, though yet but a boy of eighteen years. While leading his men gallantly forward in this desperate charge, he was shot through the left thigh by a canister. Being cared for in an improvised hospital on the field while the army advanced to Nashville, he was captured there after

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his comrades had fallen back southward, and carried to Columbus, Ohio, where he was in military prison camp until the close of hostilities. There are few, if any, of the boy soldiers of the South, who closed at nineteen years a record equalling this in extended service and serious ex perience of the casualties of war. After his return home Mr. Gray was engaged mainly in farming until 1873, when he moved to Fort Valley and embarked in mercantile busi ness in partnership with his brother, J. M. Gray. In 1889 he organized the Exchange bank of Fort Valley, of which he is president. He has been very active in promoting the business development and general growth of his town, and is well known throughout central Georgia as a liberal and progressive man. In 1894-95 he represented his county in the lower house of the Georgia legislature, serving on the finance and other important committees, and in 1896-97 he sat in the senate from the Twenty-third district, being elected without opposition. He was honored with the office of president pro tempore of the senate, and was the author of a bill creating the State department of Entomology, and a. leader in the movement for a Georgia monument at Chickamauga Park. In religious life he is quite active as a member of the Methodist church and a Sunday school worker. Major Gray was married in 1867 at Fort Valley to Kate Wiggins, and has one son living: Lawrence P., a business man at Fort Valley.

Colonel John W. Gray, of Adairsville, a veteran of W. H. T. Walker's division, army of Tennessee, was born near Augusta, Ga., in 1829, and reared from infancy in Bartow county, of which he has been one of the most prominent citizens since the war. When the Avar began he had the rank of colonel, commanding a regiment of the State mili tia, and he promptly gave aid to the Confederacy by organ izing a battalion of infantry, himself defraying the cost of forming the battalion. He was chosen lieutenant-colonel in the preliminary organization for a regiment, but when they reached Savannah, only seven companies being present, they were organized as the Eighth Georgia battalion, with but two field officers, and he was elected major. Subsequently, upon reorganization in 1862, he was made adjutant of the bat talion, the capacity in which he served during the active campaigns of his command. They were on duty at Charles ton, S. C, and the Georgia coast, until May, 1863, when
Ga 73

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they were sent as a part of Gist's brigade, from South Carolina, to the reinforcement of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Jackson, Miss. They were in battle at Jackson in May and July, and participated in the march to the Big Black river, via Yazoo City, for the relief of Vicksburg. After the evacuation of Jackson, they were transferred to the army of Tennessee in time to take part in the battle of Chickamauga. Adjutant Gray participated in that two days' conflict, and in the siege of Chattanooga and battle of Missionary Ridge; the Atlanta campaign, including the battles of Rocky Face, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22d), Jonesboro, and the winter campaign in Tennessee, made memorable by the terrible experiences of the army at Franklin and Nash ville, and on the retreat. After the return to Tupelo, Miss., Adjutant Gray was assigned by the war department to the position of adjutant-general and chief of staff for Gen. W. T. Wofford, in command of the district of north Georgia. There he labored efficiently for the relief of the troops and people, reduced almost to the point of starvation, and finally, after Lee and Johnston had capitulated, surren dered with General Wofford's command, at Kingston, May 12, 1865. He was slightly wounded at Chickamauga and in front of Atlanta. At the expiration of this creditable Confederate service, Colonel Gray began his career as a merchant at Adairsyille, which he has continued with much success to the present time. He has also been a leader in public affairs. He was the Democratic nominee to the first constitutional convention after the war, but was defeated by the interference of Federal soldiers. In 1868 he was nominated to the legislature, but declined. In 1870 he was again nominated and elected, and two years later was reelected. Since its organization he has been commander of the Adairsville camp, United Confederate veterans. His children living are James R. Gray, a prominent lawyer at Atlanta and third owner of the Atlanta Journal; Lucinda, wife of W. W. Trimble, of Bartow county; and Josephine M. Gray.

William S. Greene, formerly a Confederate officer in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, was born at Alexandria, Va., in 1832. Engaging in civil en gineering at the age of seventeen years, he was chief engi neer of a railroad in construction in South Carolina, with

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headquarters at Georgetown, when the secession movement was inaugurated, but promptly offered his services in a military capacity to the State authorities. When South Carolina seceded he was commissioned as lieutenant of en gineers and put in charge of the construction of batteries at North and South island, at the mouth of the Santee river. He was thus engaged from January, 1861, for ten months, and then reporting to General Harllee, in Marion county, S. C, built a battery and obstructed the Pedee river, work that occupied him four or five months. Then he was elected first lieutenant of Company I of the Sixth regiment South Carolina cavalry, and was with this command until Novem ber 1862, when he was appointed captain and assistant adju tant-general 011 the staff of Brig.-Gen. James H. Trapier, in command of the Fourth district of South Carolina, with headquarters at Georgetown. He continued on this staff duty during the time that General Trapier was in command, with headquarters on Sullivan's island, during the attack on Fort Surater by the Federal ironclad fleet in April, 1863, when the monitor Keokuk was sunk, and was on duty at Fort Moultrie during that memorable battle. In Novem ber, 1864, his promotion not having been confirmed for some reason, he threw up his staff position and went to Charles ton, and after consultation with his friends, entered the secret service. He made three trips between Savannah and Nassau, carrying dispatches, and on the fourth was cap tured, but not before he had thrown the papers he carried overboard. Being taken to Key West, he was held in jail a month, and then released, he and his companions all claim ing to be British subjects. Going to Havana he returned to Nassau and obtained duplicates of his dispatches, which he endeavored U> bring over in a small vessel bound for the Florida coast. Caught in a furious storm, he barely escaped wreck, and after a trying experience was landed on Green Turtle key, where he procured another boat and finally reached the mainland. A few days later he started for the interior and soon met with returned Confederate soldiers who told him the sad news of the surrender of Lee and Johnston and the fall of the Confederate government. Bury ing his dispatches in the woods he traveled northward and presently resumed the work of his profession. His family resides at Alexandria, Va., but his profesional services have been mostly in Georgia since the war. In 1896 he retired from active civil engineering, but is now, since March, 1898,

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temporarily a resident of Georgia as receiver of the Bruns wick Light and Water company.

George Donaldson Griffin, of Bainbridge, was born in Decatur county, Ga., in 1842, and entered the Confederate service in September, 1861, as a private in the Bainbridge Independents, Company G of Col. James N. Ramsey's First Georgia volunteers. At the time of his enlistment he joined the command at Monterery, W. Va., after their return from Laurel Hill, and soon afterward participated in the Cheat Mountain campaign under Gen. Robert E. Lee and the battle of Greenbrier river, under Gen. H. R. Jackson. Subse quently joining the command of Stonewall Jackson at Win chester, in the Shenandoah valley, he took part in the mem orable winter campaign to Hancock, on the Potomac river. The period of enlistment of the regiment expired in April, 1862, and being honorably discharged, he returned to Geor gia, and soon afterward re-enlisted in the Milton artillery, commanded by Capt. Joseph L. Dunham. This was one of the prominent artillery commands on duty in Florida, and saw much service, all of which was fully shared by Private Griffin. Among other engagements he took part in the attack upon St. Charles Bluff, below Jacksonville, and the engagement at Natural Bridge. The latter fight, on March 5 and 6, 1865, was a gallant affair, resulting in the repulse of a formidable expedition designed to take possession of Tallahassee, the capital of the State. On the 5th Mr. Griffin was seriously wounded, necessitating the amputation of his left arm, a loss particularly deplorable, so near the close of an extended and active service in which he had hitherto es caped serious injury. He was in hospital at Quincy until convalescent, and then, the war having come to an end, he went to Attapulgus, Ga., and remained until 1867. Since then he has been a resident of Bainbridge, and active and influential in public affairs. He has served one term as deputy sheriff, and from 1890 to 1898 held the office of county tax assessor.

James Washington Groover, of Thomasville, a veteran of the Twenty-ninth Georgia infantry, is a native of Thomas county, Ga., born in 1844. He entered the Confederate serv ice in the summer of 1861, at Sapelo island, enlisting in Company E of the Twenty-ninth regiment Georgia infan try. Fie served with this command along the coast in Geor-

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gia and South Carolina until the spring of 1863, when they
were ordered to Mississippi under the command of Gen.
W. H. T. Walker. After serving in the engagements about
Jackson, Miss., and in the march from Jackson toward
Vicksburg', the regiment returned to Georgia and fought
at Chickamauga and camped at Dalton, Ga., in the winter
of 1863. Subsequently they -were on the Missionary Ridge
line until the battle of November 25, 1863, and in 1864 par
ticipated in the campaigns under Johnston and Hood in
Georgia and Tennessee. At Marietta, Ga., in June, 1864,
Private Groover was sent home for sixty days on account of illness, and he was not able to rejoin his command until after the fall of Atlanta. Then he marched with Hood into Tennessee and took part in the desperate assault upon the Federal works at Franklin, Tenn., November 31, 1864, where he was severely wounded, causing the loss of a leg. Falling into the hands of the enemy, he was imprisoned at Camp Chase, Ohio, and remained in military prison until July, 1865, the close of the war. Since his return-to the South Mr. Groover has been a resident of Thomasville, and prominent in the public affairs of his city and county. He is honored for his gallant record in war, his great sacrifice for the cause, and his manly career in peace. Since January, 1877, his friends and neighbors have continuously retained him in the position of clerk of the superior court, an office which he has filled with marked ability.

Major John Mathews Guerard, for many years before the civil war, was a member of the Chatham artillery of Savan nah, Ga., which, soon after the commencement of hostilities, was ordered into the service of the State for the defense of Fort Pulaski. During the first year of the war he entered the Confederate service as lieutenant of Read's light bat tery, First Georgia regulars, and was promoted to first lieu tenant at Fort Walker, on Hilton Head island. Afterward he became captain of Guerard's light battery, which was engaged in the battle of Olustee, Fla., did service on vari ous lines of defense at the entrances to the harbor of Savan nah, and participated in the defense of Savannah against Sherman's attack. Guerard's light battery was attached to Andersen's brigade, Alien's division, Wheeler's cores, served in the departments of Florida, Georgia and South Carolina, and finally surrendered at Trinity Chapel, N. C.,

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at the close of the war. John Mathews Guerard was at that time serving as major of artillery.
Richard Dennis Guerard, second lieutenant of the Pulaski Guards, was detailed as superintendent of the Savannah water-works in the war period. When the city was sur rendered to General Sherman he left with Guerard's light battery and served with it until the close of the war.
Edgar Lennox Guerard was quartermaster of the Thirtysecond Georgia regiment, with which he was present dur ing its several engagements and active service in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. He was finally made quartermaster for the State of South Carolina and con tinued his duties there until the surrender of the Confed erate forces.
William Elliott Guerard entered the Georgia State service in Company B, Savannah Volunteer Guards, in 1860; the Confederate army on February i, 1861, as private in same company, Eighteenth Georgia battalion; was made sergeant July 12, 1863, at Battery Wagner, S. C.; on September 18, 1863, was transferred as sergeant-major to Guerard's light battery; on March 16, 1863, after the battle of Olustee, was made second lieutenant of the battery; and on May 12, 1865, surrendered Guerard's battery at Greensboro, N. C., and received parole. He served in the departments of Geor gia, Florida, South and North Carolina, was in all the engagements with the Eighteenth Georgia battalion on Mor ris island, Johnson's and Sullivan's islands, S. C., also with the cavalry brigade of Gen. R. H. Anderson in Florida and laround Savannah, Ga., and in some of those of McLaw's division in South and North Carolina.
Joseph Nancrede Guerard was a student at Columbia col lege, S. C., at the time that State seceded from the Union. Soon after the first gun was fired at Fort Sumter his whole class stampeded from the college, volunteered their services to General Beauregard, and were accepted. In that class were Robert Elliott, afterward bishop of Texas; Percy Elliott, who was fatally wounded in the last battle for the Confederacy in Virginia, and Henry Cunningham, all of Savannah. The Columbia College cadets were ordered to Sullivan's island, and were there during the bombardment, and at the time that Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sum ter. They then returned to Columbia college and remained there until it shortly afterward suspended and the students went to their homes. Mr. Guerard afterward joined Com-

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693

pany B, Savannah Volunteer Guards, and served with that command at Green Island and various posts in Georgia. He was with the Guards in the active engagements at Fort Wagner, Morris Island, and Fort Marion, Sullivan's island. The Savannah Guards battalion saw hard service in Vir
ginia. They were first ordered to Chaffin's Bluff, were in the batteries around Petersburg, and were finally left as part of the rear guard of Lee's army upon its retreat. In the
battle of Sailor's Creek young Guerard received a fatal wound, from which he died in Lincoln hospital, Washington, D. C. He had been offered promotion, but preferred going through the war as he had entered it--a private.

Dupont Guerry, of Macon, a distinguished lawyer, promi nent in the public affairs of central Georgia, in his youth a Confederate soldier, was born at Americus, Ga., March 26,
1848. His father, William B. Guerry, was a descendant of the French Huguenots who settled in South Carolina, and his mother, Sarah A. Dixon, is of a South Carolinian family of English descent. Before he had reached the age of fif teen years he volunteered as a soldier and sought to be enrolled in the army of Northern Virginia, but was rejected on account of his youth and slight figure. An opportunity came, however, when the State was invaded by Sherman's army, and he joined the Georgia militia, tinder command of Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, and was elected a lieutenant, although but sixteen years of age. In this rank he took part in the operations along the Chattahoochee river; shared the gallant fighting of his comamnd before Atlanta on July 21 and 22, 1864, and served in the trenches during the siege of that city. He was distinguished for gallantry at the battle
of Atlanta, and in the bloody and disastrous engagement at Griswoldville, November 22, 1864, was among the fore most of those who assailed the Federal lines. When Macon
was captured by General Wilson's Federal raiders in April, 1865, he and his father, preferring to flee rather than give their paroles, escaped, leading ten or twelve other men, through the Central Railroad bridge, at night, of the cap
ture of the city. After the war he devoted himself to the
study of law, under the tutelage of his father, an able law yer, to whom he chiefly owes his education, having attended school not more than two years, and after admission to the bar he became his father's partner for a quarter of a cen
tury. He soon gained a worthy place in a bar of high stand-

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ing, and throughout his professional career he has ranked with the leading lawyers of the State. In 1876 he was mar ried to Fannie Davenport, of his native town, and their home has been blesed with four children and three grandchildren. Mr. Guerry was elected to the State senate in 1880, and in this body he took a prominent and leading part, serving on important committees, and participating with great credit in the debates of the two sessions^ He was a delegate from Sumter county to the State Democratic convention in 1883 and various other State conventions, and to the national Democratic convention of 1892. In 1886 he was appointed by President Cleveland, United States attorney for the Southern district of Georgia, whereupon he made his home at Macon, his present residence. To education as well as politics he has given much attention, and has served and is still serving as chairman of the executive committee of the
board of trustees of Wesleyan college at Macon.

Captain Edwin H. Guess, commander of Clement A. Evans camp, No. 665, United Confederate veterans, at Decatur, is a native of Dekalb county, Ga., born September 9, 1831. He is the son of James Guess, a soldier of the Florida Indian war, and grandson of William Guess, who served in the patriot army under George Washington. Captain Guess was reared as a farmer, which has been his vocation through life, with the only exception of four years in the military service of the Confederate States. On February 14, 1861, he en listed in the Atlanta Grays, a volunteer company which was subsequently mustered in as Company F of the Eighth regi ment Georgia infantry, under Col. Francis S. Bartow. Pri vate Guess was with this regiment in the battle of First Manassas, July 21, 1861, where Bartow lost his life, and was severely wounded in the left thigh. He was sent to the Uni versity of Virginia hospital at Charlottesville, and was there under treatment until the following September, when he was sent home on furlough. Before the expiration of his leave of absence he took part in the organization of Com pany B, Ninth battalion Georgia artillery, Maj. Arthur Leyden's command, and upon securing a discharge from the Eighth regiment he was made second lieutenant of his artil lery company. His military record, begun with gallantry and devotion on the first famous battlefield of the war, was continued throughout the four years with unfaltering alle giance to the Confederacy. In April, 1863, he was promoted

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695

to captain, and from that date he commanded Company B until the surrender at Appomattox. He commanded the battery at Chickamauga, in the Shenandoah valley cam paign under General Early, at the battle of Lynchburg, and for many months on the Richmond line of fortifications, being stationed at Fort Gilmer, north of the James river. In the retreat from Richmond he was slightly wounded near Appomattox Court House, April 8, 1865, and on the fol lowing day he was surrendered with the army. Captain Guess is now one of the prosperous farmers of DeKalb county, also holding valuable properties in Decatur and Atlanta. He was married in 1857 to Elizabeth Campbell, who died in the following year, and in December, 1864, he wedded Tane S. Paden, and they have three sons and two daughters.

Samuel W. Gunnison, of Albany, a veteran of the Fourth Georgia infantr}r, was born in Dougherty county, Ga., in 1843, and volunteered for the Confederate service in April, 1861. as a private in Company E, the color company of Colo nel Doles' regiment. He was with the Fourth in Virginia and North Carolina throughout the first year of the war period, and first met the enemy in serious battle at the opening of the Seven Days' campaign, at King's Schoolhouse, June 27, 1862. With Gen. A. R. Wright's brigade of Anderson's division he participated in the battles which followed, among them Malvern Hill, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, the Wilder ness (where he was slightly wounded iin both feet in the first day's fighting, May 5, 1864), and Second Cold Harbor. From the Cold Harbor line his brigade, then under com mand of Gen. Phil Cook, in Rode's division, was sent with General Early to the Shenandoah valley, and Private Gun nison participated in the rout of Hunter's command, at Lynchburg, and the expedition down the valley and through Maryland, including the battle of Monocacy and the dem onstrations against Washington, where he was slightly wounded in the leg, within sight of the Federal capital. On the return to the valley he fought at Snicker's Gap, and at Charlestown, Va., August 13, 1864, he had the misfortune to receive a severe wound in the leg, which caused its amputa tion on the field. He was captured in hospital September 19th, and sent to Baltimore, and a month later to the prison camp at Point Lookout, where he was held until February, 1865. Then, being exchanged at City Point, he returned to

698

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

his home at Albany. Notwithstanding his severe sacrifice for the South, he has been able since the war to gain credit able success in business. As a merchant he is among the leaders in his city, and he fully retains the confidence of his fellow-citizens. In public office he has served upon the city council and for four years as tax receiver of Dougherty county.

Charles J. Hall,.of Atlanta, was ^orn in Rome, Ga.. in
1840, and reared in that city, obtaining his education in the local schools. When in 1861 the long and fierce struggle between the States began, he enlisted in that gallant band of noble youths known as the Rome Light Guards, which was assigned to the Eighth Georgia regiment. E. J. Magruder, the first captain of the Guards, was elected major and succeeded in the captaincy by S. H. Hall (uncle of Charles J.), a gallant officer, who, after distinguished service in
Virginia, was killed at the battle of Knoxville, Tenn., in November, 1863. Charles Hall, being detailed for mechan ical service did not serve with the Eighth regiment, and was engaged during most of the war in the shops at the arsenal located in Adairsville, Ga. But often emergencies arose when the employes of the government work-shops and department clerks were called upon to share in the dangers of the field. Such was the case with young Hall, who served at one time under Captain Cooper, at another under Captain
Bray, and again under Captain McClusky. In the spring of 1863 he participated in one of the most celebrated cavalry exploits of the war, the capture of Col. A. D. Streight. This officer set out from Tuscumbia, Ala., with fifteen hundred men, mostly mounted, with orders to cut the railroad in
Georgia below Rome. Though Forrest promptly followed in pursuit, his command numbered less than a third of that of the Federal officer. The detailed men at Adairsville, of whom one was Charles Hall, were ordered out to assist For
rest, and hence shared in the glory of the brilliant victory won by the tact and daring of the resourceful Confederate. After the close of hostilities Mr. Hall engaged in business connected with railroads, and has been thus employed for
the greater part of the time. A short while before the be ginning of the war he was married to Sophia Harbin, of Rome, Ga., who still lives to bless his life. He takes great interest in Confederate affairs and is a member of W. H. T. Walker camp, United Confederate veterans, of Atlanta.

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697

Colonel Matthew R. Hall, M. D., of the Forty-eighth Georgia infantry, was born in Warren county, of which he is yet a prominent citizen, March 15, 1836, son of Joel Hall, a native of the same county, who was a prosperous planter of the old regime. He received his professional education at the university of New York, graduating in 1857, and then made his home at Warrenton, embarking in the practice of his profession, and on December i6th of the same year was married to Miss F. I. Latimer. Early in 1862 he organized a military company at Warrenton, of which he was elected captain, and this became Company B of the Forty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, at first commanded by Col. Wil liam Gibson. The regiment was sent to Charleston. S. C., and thence to Richmond in time to participate in the Seven Days' battles of June, 1862. In Ripley's brigade of D. H. Hill's division he took part in the battles of South Mountain and Sharpsburg, and in Wright's brigade of Andersen's ' division was in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg he commanded his regiment, and thereafter continued in command, participating with particu lar distinction in a fight at Manassas Gap, July 23, 1863. Rising by promotion through the grades of major and lieu tenant-colonel he became colonel and commanded his regi ment on other famous fields. Though hit on many occasions by the enemy's bullets, he was never seriously wounded. At the close of hostilities Colonel Hall was paroled at Augusta, Ga., and as soon as possible he resumed his professional career at Warrenton, where he has ever since resided, hold ing an honorable place as a physician and a leader in all efforts for the public good. He has served two years in the Georgia legislature by election in 1874, for ten years was chairman of the board of commissioners of his city, an office equivalent to that of mayor, and has been chair man of the board of education and board of justices. He is a member of the Georgia medical association, and is highly regarded by his professional associates, as well as by his old comrades, with whom he is affiliated as a member of Hardee camp, United Confederate veterans. Colonel Hall has six children living, three sons and three daughters.

P.oland B. Hall, of Macon, at the close of the Confederate war ranking signal officer of the army of Northern Virginia, was born and reared at Milledgeville, where he was engaged in business as a druggist when hostilities began in 1861. He

698

COKFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HIS TOR Y.

had then been a member of the Baldwin Blues, a famous volunteer military company of Milledgeville, for five years, and with it he entered the Confederate service, the Blues becoming Company H of the Fourth regiment Georgia in fantry, commanded by Col. George Doles. He served one year with this company, in Virginia, as private secretary to the colonel commanding. Afterward he was transferred to Company F of the Ninth regiment Georgia infantry, of Gen. ''Tige" Andersen's brigade, and a few months later was detailed in the signal corps of General Hood's division. Being sent to Richmond, to learn telegraphy as an operator for General Hood, and being there attached to the secret service, he deciphered the last message received from Gen eral Pemberton at Vicksburg, and in person delivered it to President Davis at two o'clock in the morning. He was with General Hood at the battle of Chickamauga, and after that battle was commissioned as first lieutenant in the regular Confederate army. Subsequently he was assigned as signal officer to the staff of Gen. Wade Hampton, commanding the cavalry of the army of Northern Virginia, and while on that duty was wounded in the battle of Stony Creek, Va., in October, 1864. He served ably in every place to which he was assigned. After the war Lieutenant Hall was en gaged in business as a druggist at Brunswick and Macon, until about the year 1886, when failing health compelled him to retire. He rendered valuable public service as a repre sentative of Glynn county in the Georgia legislature, as member of the board of aldermen of Macon and chairman of the finance committee of that body, and as chairman of the board of health of his city. During the last five years he has had charge of the Rose Hill and Oak Ridge cemeteries, including the graves of six hundred Confederate dead. For a considerable time he was adjutant of the Bibb County camp, United Confederate veterans, and is a devoted worker in that organization. On many occasions he has delivered memorial addresses in honor of the Confederate dead, and was the first to suggest strewing flowers also on the graves of the boys in blue. Mr. Hall has one son living, Roland B., Jr., a graduate of the Alabama Polytechnic institute, and connected with the General Electric company of Schenectady, N. Y.

William F. Hall, vice-president of the chamber of com merce at Cedartown, and a leader in the promotion of the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

699

development of that thriving young city, is a veteran of Gen. Paul J. Semmes' old regiment, the Second Georgia infantry. He was born and reared at Columbus, Ga., and was among the first to enter the military service after the secession of Georgia, as a member of the Columbus Guards,
which became Company G of the Second regiment. After some service on the coast.near Savannah they went to Rich mond and the Second became a part of Gen. Robert Toombs' brigade, with Beauregard's army in northeast Virginia. Mr.
Hall was about that time appointed commissary-sergeant of the regiment, a position he held throughout the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia. He was in all the cam paigns under Robert E. Lee, the Seven Days before Rich mond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, the Wilderness to Cold Harbor, and the eight months of battle and siege about the
Confederate capital, his career as a soldier finally closing with the surrender at Appomattox. He is remembered by his comrades as a faithful and efficient officer. Since the war Mr. Hall has had a successful career as a business man, during the first few years as a hardware merchant at Colum bus, afterward associated with the rolling mills at Rome and the iron furnaces near there, following that in the hard ware business at Atlanta, and from 1880 as a hardware mer chant at Cedartown. Four of his sons are grown and in honorable stations of life. William Hervey is assistant civil engineer on the Washington division of the Southern rail road ; Fulton is with a hardware house at Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry M., a graduate with first honors of the Augusta med
ical college, is practicing medicine at Cedartown, and Arthur W. is in the real estate business at New York.

William M. Hammond, a prominent attorney at Thomasvine, and formerly a staff officer in the army of northern Virginia, was born in Anson county, N. C., in 1839. Twentv years later he was graduated at the university of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, and in the same year was admitted to the practice of law. He was an instructor in the university until the beginning of the war period, when he enlisted in April, 1861, in Company C of the Fourth regiment North Carolina troops, commanded by Col. George B. Anderson. He served with this regiment in northeast Virginia after the battle of First Manassas until Johnston's army was trans ferred to the Peninsula, and in the spring of 1862 partici-

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pated in the battle of Seven Pines and the Seven Days' bat tles ending at Malvern Hill. At the close of his first year's service Mr. Hammond was appointed assistant adjutantgeneral, with the rank of captain, on the staff of Gen. Junius Daniel, commanding a North Carolina brigade, under Gen. R. E. Lee. In this capacity he was on duty for some time near Drewry's Bluff, Va., and afterward in North Carolina, participating in the campaigns against New Bern and Little Washington, and in 1863 they were transferred to Rodes' division of the Second corps, army of Northern Virginia. Major Hammond participated in the battles of Gettysburg, Winchester and Gettysburg in 1863, and in the latter was badly wounded, causing his entire disability for two months. In May, 1864, he participated in the battles of the Wilder ness and Spottsylvania Court House. At the "bloody angle," May I2th, General Daniel fell mortally wounded, and sub sequently Major Hammond, being disabled for active duty on the field, was transferred to the department of Richmond, still acting as assistant adjutant-general and a part of the time as inspector-general, also performing some secret serv ice work. He was thus occupied until the close of the war, after which he made his home at Thomasville, and engaged in the practice of law. He has been notably successful in his profession and in political life has been honored with election to the legislature for four terms, and as elector on the Dem ocratic Presidential ticket in 1884.

Charles P. Hansell, of Thomasville, commander of W. D. Mitchell camp, No. 423, United Confederate veterans, was born in Milledgeville, Ga., September 14, 1844. His father, Augustin H. Hansell, is also a native of Milledge ville, son of William Y. Hansell, who was a prominent lawyer in his day. Judge A. H. Hansell has been longer on the bench than any other man in the State, having been judge of the superior court of the Southern circuit from Novem ber, 1849, until the present time, with the exception of about ten years. Both the grandfather and father of Mr. Hansell saw some military service, the former in the war of 1812-15, and the latter in the Indian war of 1836. Charles P. has lived in Thomasville since the winter of 1852. In 1861 he made his arrangements to go into service with the first com pany that left Thomasville, but was prevented by his father. He spent a few months at the.Georgia Military institute, at Marietta, and in May, 1862, enlisted at Savannah, in the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

701

Liberty Mounted Rangers, commanded by Capt. W. G. Thompson, of Millen's battalion, known as Company B, Twentieth Georgia battalion cavalry. He served with this company on James Island, S. C, and in Liberty county, Ga., until the spring- of 1864. During this time he was trans ferred to Company E of the same battalion. Going to Vir ginia in May, 1864, he was attached to Young's brigade of Hampton's division, and was in the battles of Haw's Shop, Trevillian Station and Sappony Church. He was then de tailed as a member of the signal corps, at General Hampton's headquarters, where he remained until the winter. His com pany was about that time made a part of the Tenth regiment of cavalry. He was with his_ company in North Carolina and on the final retreat to Hillsboro, and surrendered at Greensboro on May 2, 1865. Mr. Hansel! has resided in Thomasville since that time and has been engaged success fully in the practice of law. He was for many years assistant clerk of the house of representatives, and for four years has been the assistant secretary of the senate of Georgia.

Major Charles Seton Hardee, of Savannah, distinguished as a staff officer in the organization of Confederate troops in Georgia, was born in Camden county, Ga., in 1830, and reared in Savannah from the age of five years. He was graduated at the university of Georgia, at Athens, in 1848, and at once began a commercial career at Savannah as a clerk in the counting room of his uncle, Noble A. Hardee, a cotton factor. In 1859 he left this position to embark in the same business independently, at Savannah. When hos tilities began he promptly offered his services to the State, enlisting as a private in the Tatnall Guards, and when this company was reorganized he was elected second lieutenant. This rank he held with his company until the first camp of instruction, was organized at Calhoun, Ga., when he was relieved from duty with the Tatnall Guards, at the request of Col. John Dunwody, who had been sent from Virginia to organize camps of instruction in Georgia, and was com missioned first lieutenant and assigned to duty as assistant adjutant-general of the camp at Calhoun. About a year later he was transferred to the camp of instruction at Decatur, Ga., and promoted to major and assistant adjutant-general. Major Hardee retained this position, laboring efficiently in the interests of the Confederate service, until he was relieved by the appointment of Colonel Harris, a disabled officer.

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CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

Returning to Savannah on furlough, he resigned his com mission, and soon afterward was employed by the war department to receive and export cotton through the block ade. At a later date, when James R. Sneed was appointed collector of the port of Savannah and Confederate States depositary, Major Hardee was made deputy collector and assistant depositary. In this service he continued until the close of the war. Since then he has been a promient and influential citizen of Savannah. In 1879 he was elected to the office of clerk of the superior court, and being twice re-elected, held this position six years. In February, 1883, he was elected city treasurer, and for nine consecutive terms of two years each has been re-elected to this office without opposition.

Colonel Thomas Hardeman, Jr., was born in Putnam county, Ga., January 12, 1825. His family, of Welsh extrac tion, was among the early settlers of Virginia, and thence spread to Georgia, Kentucky and Texas. General Hardernan, of the latter State, was a kinsman of Colonel Harde man. He was graduated at Emory college in 1845, and was admitted to the bar two years later, but soon abandoned that profession to engage in mercantile business. After serving several terms in the legislature he was elected to Congress as a Whig in 1859. Upon the secession of his State he with drew from Congress, and having held the position of cap tain of the Floyd Rifles since January, 1856, tendered the services of himself and company to Governor Brown. In April that company, with the Macon Rifles and City light guards of Columbus, were ordered to Norfolk, and on April 2,2 arrived at Portsmouth navy yard, while it was still burn ing, being the first troops from any State to appear in the Old Dominion in behalf of the Confederacy. These com panies, with the Spaulding Grays, which arrived a day or two later, were organized in the Second Georgia battalion, and Hardeman was elected major commanding. On March 15, 1862, he was promoted to colonel of the Forty-fifth regi ment, in which rank he participated in the campaigning between Yorktown and Richmond until he fell severely wounded at the battle of Frayser's Farm. He never entirely recovered from the wound, and was compelled to accept an honorable discharge. He was speaker of the Georgia House in 1863-4, and from July 10, 1864, served as lieutenant-colo nel and aide-de-camp with the forces under Gen. G. W.

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Smith, until the close of the war. Colonel Hardeman was Speaker of the first legislature after the war, and subse quently was under the ban of Congressional legislation until ^874, when he was again elected to the legislature, and a third time made speaker. In 1882 he was elected to Con gress as representative at large, and at the expiration of his term was appointed postmaster at Macon. On three occasions he was a prominent candidate for the Democratic nomination for governor. He was very popular as an orator, as which he had no superior in the State. Colonel Hardeman died March 7, 1891.

William Harden, of Savannah, a veteran of the Fiftyfourth Georgia infantry, was born at Savannah in 1844. He had his first military service in the Confederate era as sergeant of the Savannah Cadets, in the State troops, under Gen. Henry R. Jackson. Subsequently the company was mustered into the Confederate States service as Company F of the Fifty-fourth Georgia infantry, under command of Col. Charlton H. Way, in which he served as a private until January, 1863, when he was detailed in the signal corps. In this capacity he served at Savannah until January, 1865, when he was ordered to Charleston, S. C., where he was on duty at the headquarters of General Hardee. Leaving Charleston February 18, 1865, he was in charge of tele graph service at St. Stephen's depot for about ten days. After this he was sent to Florence, Ala., soon returned to Timmonsville, S. C., and then attempted to reach headquar ters at Florence, but was cut off and turned back to Sumter, S. C. There collecting eleven men, they made their way to Augusta, where he was paroled. After hostilities ceased Mr. Harden was engaged in telegraphy in Florida and Savannah until January, 1866, when he began the study of law in the office of his father, E. J. Harden. Gaining admission to the bar, he practiced the profession of law from 1875 to 1883. In 1869 he was made librarian of the Geor gia Historical society of Savannah, of which he had been .assistant librarian for three years, and ever since he has per formed the duties of that position. By virtue of this office he is a member of the board of managers of the Telfair academy of arts and sciences, and custodian of its prop erty. He is also assistant treasurer of the Georgia His torical society and Telfair academy. In October, 1900, he was elected to the lower house of the legislature of Geor-
Ga 74

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gia. Mr. Harden is a patriotic and public-spirited citizen, and is earnestly devoted to his State and the preservation of her glorious history.

John C. Harman, of Tennille, one of the boy soldiers of the Confederacy, was born in Jefferson county, near Fenns Bridge, Ga., in 1848, son of John C. Harman and Henrietta Adeline Pohill. Though but thirteen years of age when the war began, he was ardent in his desire to carry a musket for the Confederacy, and after his brother, N. T. Harman, enlisted, he ran away from home and made application to Capt. Stephen B. Jones, commanding his brother's com pany, F, in the Eighth Confederate regiment, Georgia cav alry, for permission to enlist. This was refused, but in response to his urgent entreaties he was permitted to follow the company. He was with his brother in Virginia, partici pating in the campaigns of the regiment, and finally, while on duty near Petersburg, Va., in 1864, he was permitted to enlist at sixteen years of age. He participated in an engage ment at Stony Creek and continued on duty in Virginia until February, 1865, when he came home on detail. Being cut off from his command in Virginia, by Sherman's army, he was ordered to Vienna, Ga., to operate against the Federal raider, General Stoneman. Johnston's truce with Sherman put an end to hostilities, and he was paroled at Louisville, Jeffer son county Ga., the war having come to a conclusion. The young veteran then turned to the duties of civil life and entered upon the study of law under Col. Thomas Evans. In 1869 he was admitted to the bar, and since then he has been active in his profession. He is also successful in busi ness as a cotton warehouseman at Tennille, and in various channels of activity is a leader among his fellow-citizens. Mr. Harman was married in 1874 to Nannie M. Sessions, and they have four children living: Marion, Hamilton, Wil liam Benjamin, Mary A., and Nannie S.
N. T. Harman, of Bartow, a gallant boy soldier of the
Confederacy, is a native of Georgia, born in Jefferson county, March 23, 1845, son of John C. Harman and his wife, Hen rietta Polhill. In July, 1861, though but sixteen years of age, he left home without the knowledge of his parents and sought to enlist in a company commanded by his uncle, Capt. R. P. Harman. He was not allowed to enlist, but being permitted to follow the company and act as marker, he went with the regiment into West Virginia, and served

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with the command of Gen. John B. Floyd, participating in three engagements in that region. After August, 1862, he was a member of the Sixty-second Georgia regiment, under the command of Col. Joel R. Griffin, and orderly sergeant of Company F. He was in the cavalry service in North Caro lina and Virginia, took part in the New Bern and Plymouth campaigns, and with the brigade of Gen. James Bearing par ticipated in a number of battles during the Richmond and Petersburg campaigns, under Fitzhugh Lee and Wade Hampton. He was with Hampton in his famous capture of twenty-five hundred cattle from Grant's army near Coggins' Point, on the James river, September 14, 1864. In the fight at Black's and Whites depot, in June, 1864, he was seriously wounded in the left hand, right side and right hip, and at Poplar Grove Church. September 3Oth, he was made prisroner by the enemy. This ended his service in the field, and he was a prisoner of war at Point Lookout, Md., until March 21, 1865, when he was paroled. After the close of the war he found employment as a mercantile clerk, and later em barked in business on his own account. Since 1877 he has been quite successful as a dealer in fertilizers, and a farmer. He is one of the leading men of his county, and has served efficiently as commissioner of roads and revenues and as justice of the peace. To him in large measure may be ascribed the local option law, regulating the liquor traffic in Georgia. He prepared a bill for the enactment of this law, and bringing it before the county grand jury, secured its approval by that body, with the recommendation that the representative in the legislature press its passage.

Richard F. Harmon, of Savannah, a veteran of the Chat ham Artillery, was born at Savannah in 1840, and reared and educated at that city. His first military service in the Confederate period was as a private in the Republican Blues, one of the famous militia companies of the city. After eight or nine months with that command he enlisted in the Chat ham Artillery, then stationed at Isle of Hope. He was made guidon of the battery at the time Capt. J. F. Wheaton suc ceeded to command, and he served in that capacity until the close of hostilities. The service of the Chatham Artil lery was altogether in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida, and embraced the siege of Charleston, the Florida campaign and the last campaign through the Carolinas. Mr. Harmon was a participant in various engagements on James island,

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S. C., served fourteen days under fire in Battery Wagner on Morris island, took part in the battle of Olustee, Fla., and during the campaign of 1865 participated in the engage ment at Columbia, S. C., and other combats with the enemy, finally surrendering with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, at Greensboro. Since the war Mr. Harmon has been active in the business life of Savannah, and has also been identified with the political affairs of the city, serving four years as alderman. For a long period of years he held the rank of first lieutenant in the reorganized Chatham Artillery, and he remains the warm friend of his Confederate comrades. Mr. Harmon is now superintendent of the Union Shipping company.

John Duke Harrell, commander of Decatur camp, United Confederate veterans, at Bainbridge, was born in Decatur county, Ga., in 1844, an d entered the Confederate service in February, 1862, as a private in Troop A of the Fifth Georgia cavalry, Col. R. H. Anderson commanding. He was on duty at Skidaway island, with the bodyguard of the general com manding at the time of the bombardment and capture of Fort Pulaski, and participated in the fight with Federal gun boats at Fort McAllister on Ogeechee river. When he left the Fifth cavalry, Mr. Harrell was made second lieutenant of Troop A, Twenty-ninth battalion Georgia cavalry, with which he had some active service in Florida, and in the de fense of Savannah. In command of his company he sur rendered with Johnston's army at Greensboro. Since the war Mr. Harrell has been prominent as a public official. For more than twenty years he was officially connected with the city government of Bainbridge, as treasurer, alderman and mayor; served as treasurer of the county and clerk of the superior court, and member of the legislature six years, and in November, 1894, was appointed by President Cleve land United States marshal for the Southern district of Georgia, a position he held until July, 1897. In 1900 lie was made president of the Peoples Bank at Bainbridge. He was honored by Governor McDaniel with appointment to the gubernatorial staff, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was also upon the staffs of Govs. John B. Gordon and W. J. Northen.

Frank H. Harris, of Tampa, was born in Richmond county, Ga., November 24, 1847, and was educated in private

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schools, being denied a collegiate education by reason of the war. While a mere boy he enlisted in Company D, Twentyseventh Georgia infantry battalion, and served with that command to the end of the war, being paroled at Greensboro, N. C. He was in every engagement participated in by his battalion, and particularly was engaged in the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville, N. C., where the battalion did desperate fighting. After the war he was engaged in the machinist business until 1873, when he was admitted to the bar at Brunswick, Ga. He successfully practiced there until March, 1895, when he removed to Tampa, Fla., where he now resides. He is a successful lawyer of the Tampa bar, and his friends in his new home are legion.
James Wilson Harris, of Americus, a line officer in Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia, was born in Stewart county, Ga., September 24, 1839, son of James A. Harris, a native of South Carolina, who was for many years a justice of the peace at Lumpkin, Ga. When hos tilities began in 1861 he left his work on the farm and enlisted in Company A of the Seventeenth regiment Georgia infantry, then commanded by Col. H. L. Benning. Beginning as a private he was made orderly sergeant, and later was elected second lieutenant of the company. His first active campaigning was in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, where he was in battle at Garnett's Farm and Malvern Hill, under the brigade command of General Toombs. He participated in the fighting of Longstreet's corps at Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, and in the fall of 1863 accompanied Longstreet to Georgia, and took part in the second day's battle at Chickamauga. Here he fell badly wounded, September 20, 1863, a minie ball crushing his right knee, and another piercing his left wrist. He lay on the field for two days before receiving proper attention, and for many months suffered acutely from his injuries, the effects of which have never passed away. He was entirely disabled for military duty during the continuance of the war, and is yet some what crippled. Notwithstanding this handicap, however, he has had a successful career in civil life. Since 1869 he has been a resident of Americus, an active business man, and a leader in good works. In 1875 he was married in Webster county, Ga., to Clara McLendon, and they have two sons.

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Raymond Benjamin Harris, M. D., of Savannah, for merly in the medical service of the Confederate States, was born at Palermo, Ga., in 1838, and was reared and educated mainly at Savannah. In 1859 he was graduated at the Savannah medical college, and at once entered upon his practice at that city. From 1858 he was a member of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, and on January 3, 1861, he participated with this company in the capture of Fort Pulaski. While yet on duty at this point he received from Richmond a commission as surgeon in the Confederate States army, and reporting to Surgeon-General Moore, at Richmond, he was assigned to duty at the First Georgia hospital at the Confederate capital. Not long afterward he was put in charge of the Second Georgia hospital, and upon his asking for service in the field, a few months later, he was assigned as surgeon to the Fifty-seventh regiment Georgia infantry, of Gen. W. H. T. Walker's Georgia divi sion, army of Tennessee. In this capacity he was under fire at Dalton, Resaca, Allatoona, New Hope Church, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, in the Georgia campaign of 1864, and at Franklin and Nashville in Hood's Tennessee campaign. At Franklin he was slightly wounded in the thigh. In the last campaign of the army of Tennessee he was with his regiment and was under fire in the battle of Bentonville, N. C. Throughout this serv ice he was distinguished for ability as a surgeon and physician and fearless devotion to duty. He is remem bered with gratitude and affection by many Georgia sol diers of both the great armies of the Confederacy. After the war Dr. Harris engaged in the practice of his profession in Liberty county until 1876, at Brunswick a short time, and then for seven years at Darien, where he was elected in 1880 to the State senate. Since 1884 he has been a resi dent of Savannah, and prominent in the work of his pro fession. He has served three terms as alderman of Savan
nah, and is generally influential in public affairs.

Colonel Sampson W. Harris, of the Sixth Georgia infantry, was born in Coosa county, Ala., March 29, 1838, son of Sampson W. Harris, a native of Georgia, who was prominent as a lawyer and represented the Fourth Ala bama district in the United States congress. Colonel Harris was graduated at the university of Georgia in 1857, studied law under Col. B. F. Hardeman, was admitted to

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the bar in 1858, and began the practice at Athens, removed before the beginning of the Confederate era to Lexington. There he enlisted in the Gilmer Blues, under the com mand of Capt. John T. Lofton, and was elected first lieu tenant. This became Company K of the Sixth Georgia regiment, organized at Atlanta in the spring of 1861, under the command of Col.'A. H. Colquitt. The latter was promoted to brigadier-general after the regiment reached Virginia, and upon the death of the original lieutenantcolonel and major, Lofton became colonel. Lieutenant Harris participated in the service of the regiment from Yorktown to Sharpsburg, and at the latter battle was pro moted to captain. The career of the regiment is familiar, as part of Colquitt's brigade. After Chancellorsville they served in the defenses of Charleston, and in February, 1864, participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., where Captain Harris was severely wounded, a minie ball break ing his left leg. After five months' disability, during which he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, he rejoined his regiment in Virginia, September, 1864, and served in front of Richmond and Petersburg until the brigade was sent to Wilmington, N. C. At that time he was promoted to colonel, and he commanded the regiment in the battles of Kinston and Bentonville, in the latter battle receiving two wounds, in the right groin and head. These entirely dis abled him, and after lying for some time at Raleigh he was carried to his home July i, 1865. He has never recov ered from his wounds, one leg remaining paralyzed to the present day. As soon as possible Colonel Harris returned to the practice of his profession and in 1873 made his home at Carrollton. In 1877 he was appointed solic itor-general of the Coweta circuit, and in the same year he was a member of the constitutional convention. His career upon the bench began in January, 1881, and since then he has served continuously as judge of the Coweta circuit court. Among his comrades he has had the honor of commanding the local camp, United Confederate vet erans, and he is one of the trustees of the Georgia soldiers' home, by appointment of Governor Candler.

Colonel Skidmore Harris was born in Rockingham county, N. C., near Winston, in 1832. Having removed to Georgia, he for several years prior to the war, had various gold mining interests in Cherokee, Dawson and Lumpkin

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counties. He was married to Miss Anne Donaldson, eld est daughter of Judge Joseph Donaldson of Canton, in Cherokee county. He was superintendent of the copper mines near this town when Georgia's call to arms aroused her gallant sons to battle for her rights and honor. At the organization of the Second Georgia regiment of infantry, June i, 1861, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel. This command was sent to Virginia and served on the Peninsula with Paul J. Semmes as colonel. On the 20th of March, 1862, Lieutenant-Colonel Harris was commis sioned colonel and placed in command of the Forty-third Georgia regiment of infantry, which served during 1862 in east Tennessee, Kentucky and Mississippi, participating in the defense of Vicksburg in December. When General Grant, after many failures to capture Vicksburg from the north, began his advance from the south side, meeting' the army of Pemberton in scattered detachments and over whelming these divided forces by superior numbers and desperate fighting, Cumming's and Barton's brigade of Stevenson's division were conspicuous for valor in the hottest part of the field of combat. The Forty-third in Barton's brigade shared the honor of the gallant though unsuccessful battle of Champion Hill (Baker's Creek), where the Georgians received high praise from a corre spondent of a Northern journal, who declared that "Georgia had reason to be proud of her sons who fought and died at Champion Hill." Among those who on this day gave to their country the highest proof of devotion was Col. Skidmore Harris, who bravely led his gallant men and died at the head of his regiment. The blood thus shed by men like Harris and his brave boys consecrated forever the spot where they laid down their lives for the principle of State sovereignty, believed and taught by many of the greatest and best among the founders of the American republic.

Z. D. Harrison, of Atlanta, was born in Randolph county, Ga., November 26, 1842, son of George W. Har rison, a successful planter and prominent in political cir cles. His father served several terms in the State legisla ture and during the administration of Governor Towns held the office of secretary of state. He died in Milledgeville, then the capital, in 1854. The mother of Mr. Har rison was Frances Susan West, a Georgia lady of high

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711

social standing, who is yet living at the age of ninety-four years and makes her home with her son. At the beginning of the war Mr. Harrison was a member of the senior class of Oglethorpe university. The college was broken up, and, returning home, he enlisted in Captain Conn's company, the second one that left Milledgeville for Confederate service. About this time, his elder brother, John T. Har rison, returning from Texas, urged him to remain at home to take care of his mother and the family and permit the elder son to go to the front. This plan was agreed to and consequently he did not enter the service until later in the war period. In 1864 he was commissioned a lieuten ant and soon after assigned to duty on the staff of Gen. C. D. Anderson, commanding a brigade of State troops, a position he held until the close of the war. After the return of peace he taught school while studying- law, and was admitted to the bar in 1867. During the administration of Governor Jenkins, in reconstruction times, he was a clerk in the executive office and was entrusted with the impor tant duty of attending the assembly at Atlanta, and report ing to the governor, who was prepared, through his faithful service, when the demand came from the military authorities, for his office and archives. In 1869 he settled in Atlanta and was for several years law partner of William T. Newman, now United States district judge. Later he was a partner of Henry C. Peeples and the firm of Har rison & Peeples was well known as one of the leading- law firms of Georgia's capital city. Finally he became a part ner of Shepard Bryan, and this firm still exists. Mr. Har rison is clerk of the Supreme court of Georgia, with which he has been connected as deputy and clerk for more than thirty years. He was married December 23, 1872, to Laura Hendree of Tuskegee, Ala., daughter of Dr. George Hendree. Two sons and five daughters are living. Mr. Harrison is one of the substantial citizens of Atlanta, highly esteemed for his worth and integrity and his long and honorable service as an officer of the supreme court has made him a host of friends throughout the State. He is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal church, and senior warden since its organization, previously having been a vestryman of St. Philip's church. He was the leading counsel for Bishop Beckwith in the famous case of Beckwith vs. Warden and Vestrymen of St. Philip's church, notable among litigations on the subject of charitable

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trusts. For about twenty-five years he has served on standing committees of the diocese of Georgia, and he has been a member of several diocesan and general con ventions of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States.

George Hauser, of Athens, a crippled survivor of the famous First regiment of Rifles, South Carolina volunteers, is a native of Wurtemburg, Germany, born March 9, 1841. He came to America with his father and brother in 1854, and after residing- a few years at New York city, removed to Abbeville, S. C., just before the beginning of the war of the Confederacy. The cause of the South appealed to his sense of justice and patriotism, and in July, 1861, he volunteered as a private soldier in Company B of the First regiment of infantry, better known in the army as Orr's Rifles. With this command he went to Virginia and par ticipated in the campaign in defense of that city in 1862. At the battle of Games' Mill, June 27, 1862, under the . brigade command of General Maxcy Gregg, his regiment was particularly distinguished in the daring charge upon the fortified hill held by the enemy, and suffered heavy loss. Private Hauser was among the severely wounded, being shot through the left ankle and foot, causing the amputa tion of the limb just above the knee. This, of course, ended his career with the gallant army of Northern Virginia, and he was honorably discharged. After lying in hospital at Richmond until August 16, 1862, he returned to Abbe ville, S. C., and resumed the occupations of civil life, estab lishing himself in business as a cigar manufacturer. In 1871 he made his home at Athens, where he has carried on the same business quite successfully and is now one of the most popular tobacconists of the city. He is an ardent member of the Cobb-Delony camp, United Confederate veterans, and has attended the general reunions at Rich mond, Atlanta, Charleston, and Louisville. In 1875 he was married to Mary Rebecca Rawson, and they have two children, Emil and Alma.

William C. Hauser, of Wadley, Ga., a veteran of Cobb's legion cavalry, was born in Burke county, Ga., August 18, 1844. His parents, Dr. William Hauser, and his wife, Eliza Renshaw, were natives of North Carolina, and came to Georgia in 1839, settling in Burke county. In 1845 he

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713

moved to Jefferson county. The elder Hauser was a devoted Confederate, and served as chaplain of the Fortyeighth Georgia infantry, in Virginia, until the battle of Chancellorsville, where he was disabled by a fall from his horse. William C. was no less ardent in his support of the Confederacy, and in 1862 he enlisted at Atlanta in Capt. Malcomb D. Jones' company of cavalry, attached to the legion commanded by Col. T. R. R. Cobb. On going to Virginia this regiment of cavalry was attached to Gen. J. E. B. Stuart's command, and participated in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, pursuing the enemy beyond Malvern Hill. After this they were in the Manassas and Maryland campaigns, in frequent engagements and fighting on the left of the line at Sharpsburg. Subse quently Mr. Hauser was a courier on the staff of General McLaws until after the battle of Fredericksburg, when, in March, 1863, he was returned to his regiment under the general orders of the war department. He was in the bat tles of Stuart's cavalry, including Brandy Station and Upperville, until the Gettysburg campaign, when he was detailed for provost duty, in which he continued until the siege of Petersburg. Throughout the arduous cavalry operations during Grant's investment of the Confederate capital he was in active service with the Georgia brigade of Gen. P. M. B. Young, participating in numerous engage ments in Virginia, and he continued on duty most of the time as a courier for General Young after he was promoted to major-general in command of a division in Georgia and the Carolinas until the general was sent to Augusta to aid in gathering the remnants of Hood's army. His final cam paign was under Wade Hampton in the Carolinas. After the surrender at Greensboro Mr. Hauser returned home and resumed the work of civil life. He was a gallant sol dier and his civil career has been no less honorable. He has been successful as a farmer and business man, and is a member of the board of education of his county. In 1869 he was married to Laura C. Modesett of Burke county, Ga., and they have seven children: John G., Carl L., Beulah Sidney, Estelle E., Inez E., Jessie C., and Laura C.

Augustus Lafayette Hawes, of Bainbridge, was born at Lumpkin, Stewart county, Ga., in 1846, and volunteered for the Confederate States military service May i, 1864, becoming a private in Company E of the Thirty-first regi-

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ment Georgia infantry, in which his brother, Benjamin F. Hawes, had the rank of second lieutenant. The Thirtyfirst was then in Virginia, and a few days after young Hawes had taken his place in the ranks, Grant moved his army across the Rapidan into the Wilderness, and Lee hurled against him the veteran soldiers of the army of Northern Virginia. In the tremendous conflict that began Mav 5, 1864, Hawes served two days under the command of Gordon and Evans, and then fell, May 6th, with a serious wound that ended his brief record as a soldier of the Con federacy. He was taken to the hospital at Lynchburg, and a month later was sent to his home in Georgia, disa bled for military duty. Embarking upon a civil career, he began the study of law, and in 1866 was admitted to the bar. He practiced at Albany until April, 1868, at Newton until October, 1883, and then made his home at Bainbridge, where he has been prominent in his profession for nearly twenty years. He has also been active and influen tial in politics as a Democrat, and has been honored with the offices of representative in the legislature in 1876-77, senator from the Ninth district in 188081, alternate presi dential elector in 1872, and elector in 1888. He has also served as alderman of Bainbridge and mayor for four years, from 1892 to 1896. Mr. Hawes has shown marked ability in the various public positions to which he has been called, and is fairly entitled to distinction as one of the foremost citizens of southwest Georgia.

Samuel Laird Hayes, of Thomasville, a veteran of Wright's Georgia brigade, army of Northern Virginia, was born at Charleston, S. C., in 1841, and reared at Ath ens, Ga., from the age of four years. In April, 1861, he enlisted in a company at Athens, which was mustered in as Company K of the Third regiment Georgia infantry, under command of Col. Ambrose R. Wright. His first active service was in North Carolina, where the regiment was sent in 1861 to meet the Federal operations about Hatteras Inlet and Roanoke Island. He participated in the defeat of a Federal force at Chicamicomico, and after the capture of Roanoke Island took part in the battle of South Mills, near the Dismal Swamp canal, April 19, 1862. He was with the Third when it opened the Seven Days' bat tles, at King's Schoolhouse, June 25, 1862, and during the remainder of that campaign before Richmond was engaged

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715

in skirmishes on Chickahominy Swamp, at Frayser's Farm and at Malvern Hill. At the battle of Second Manassas, in Longstreet's corps, he was wounded, and sent to hos pital, but returned to duty after a week, so that he was able to participate in the capture of Harper's Ferry and the
battle of Sharpsburg. In the latter conflict he was twice slightly wounded, but remained on duty. He was in a
skirmish at Winchester on the retreat to Virginia, fought at Fredericksburg in December, 1862, and at the battle of Chancellorsville was seriously wounded, causing his disa bility for service in the line. He had been promoted not long before to orderly sergeant of his company, and upon his convalescence he was detailed in the brigade commis sary department, with which he served until the close of the war, identified with his gallant command to the last, and finally surrendered with his surviving comrades at Appomattox. He started home penniless, riding to Augusta upon a borrowed horse, which he turned over to its owner's brother. His family had moved to Thomasville, and impatient to meet them, he took train to Albany, and walked thence to the Ocklocknee river, a distance of fifty miles, in one day. He began his commercial career as a clerk, afterward embarked in the cotton trade, in which he was quite successful, and in 1887 he was made president
of the Thomasville National bank. He is one of the lead ing business men of southern Florida, and liberal and enterprising in his policies. In his home community he is popular, and he has been called upon to serve as mayor of the city, alderman for fifteen years, and five years as chair
man of the board of county commissioners.

Captain R. M. Heard, of Elberton, was born in Elbert county April 7, 1836, son of Thomas J. Heard, a farmer of that county. His family is an old one in Georgia, and
includes among its most distinguished members Stephen Heard, a soldier of the Revolution, who was governor of the State in 1781. Captain Heard entered the Confederate service July 15, 1861, enlisting in Company C of the Fif
teenth Georgia infantry, a regiment of which Linton Stephens was lieutenant-colonel. It was organized at Atlanta, and mustered in at Camp Walker, Va. At the organization Heard was made first lieutenant of his com
pany and just before the Seven Days' battles before Rich mond was promoted to captain. In this campaign he par-

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ticipated in the battle of Garnett's Farm, July 27, 1862, and other engagements, and at the close was prostrated by the arduous service in the swamps of the Chickahominy. Resigning his command on account of physical disability in August, 1862, he returned home. Upon his recovery he enlisted as a private in Company C of the Seventh regi ment Georgia cavalry, and after serving for some time on the Georgia coast, went to Virginia and fought under Gens. P. M. B. Young and Wade Hampton in the campaigns about Richmond and Petersburg. He had been elected second lieutenant, and made a gallant record as an officer until wounded in the battle of McDowell's farm. A ball pierced his left leg, disabling him for further duty, and causing a wound which has troubled him to the present day. When the surrender took place he was yet com pelled to use crutches. Captain Heard, since the war, has had an honorable and successful career as a merchant and farmer. The office of county treasurer was bestowed upon him by his fellow citizens in 1872 and he was continued in that position until 1884. Subsequently he served one term in the legislature, representing Elbert county, and he is now mayor of Elberton. In April, 1864, while at home on a furlough, he married Miss L. H. Jones, eldest daugh ter of Maj. J. H. Jones, of Elberton, and they have four sons and three daughters. Of these, John T. is a merchant at Elberton, and L. M. is vice-president of the local bank. C. M. and P. E. are in the postoffice department. Lavonia Hammond, the eldest daughter, married Marcus A. Pharr, of Washington, Ga.; the second daughter married Dr. Joseph E. Johnson, a distinguished physician, formerly of Gainesville, now of Elberton, Ga., and Roberta Louise is unmarried. Mrs. Heard is an active worker in the Ladies' Memorial society and president of Jefferson Davis chap ter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, at Elberton.
John P. Heath, of Camilla, Ga., a leading business man formerly in the Confederate States service, was born in Lancaster district, S. C., in 1835, and was there reared and educated. When the war began he was a resident of North Carolina, and subsequently going to Florida, enlisted there in the Confederate service as a private in Company B of the Twenty-ninth battalion Georgia cavalry, under Col. Arthur Hood. He was with this command about seven months, on duty in Florida and on the Georgia coast, until

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717

he was captured in Liberty county, Ga., and sent to Point Lookout, Md., where he was held until the close of hostili ties, being released in the summer of 1865. Mr. Heath has been in the cotton trade at Camilla since 1867, and has been notably successful in business. He is a man who takes an active part in public affairs, and is prominent as a Democrat, having- acted as chairman of the executive committee of his county for twenty years. He is also deeply interested in Confederate matters, and is a true comrade to the soldiers of the South.

Pliny Sheffield Heeth, of Thomasville, a veteran of Wade Hampton's cavalry, was born in Thomas county, Ga., in 1845. He was a schoolboy when the war began, and in July, 1863, when eighteen years of age, volunteered as a private soldier in Company A of Col. John M. Millen's command, the Twentieth battalion Georgia cavalry. About six months later Companies A and B were consolidated as Company F, of which he was made orderly sergeant dur ing the campaign in Virginia. He served with his com pany on the Georgia coast and between Savannah and Charleston until early in 1864, when they were sent to Virginia and made part of the brigade commanded by the gallant Gen. S. M. B. Young, in Wade Hampton's cav alry division. He participated in the battles of Hawes' Shop and Trevilian's Station, Second Cold Harbor and White House, and at Deep Bottom, July 21, 1864, was severely wounded, causing total disability. He was sent to the Georgia hospital at Richmond, and two weeks later to his home on furlough. He is remembered by his com rades as a gallant soldier, who bravely did his duty in the desperate fighting which compelled the great army under General Grant to abandon the hope of attacking Richmond from the north, and to cross the James river and lay siege to Petersburg. In 1868 Mr. Heeth was graduated at the Eastman business college, in New York, and returninghome he engaged in farming until 1873, when he went north for his health, and remained until 1876. On his return to Thomasville he was elected tax collector of Thomas county, and he served continuously in that office until 1890, when he retired and for four years was book keeper and assistant cashier of the Citizens' national bank of Thomasville. In 1894 he was again elected tax collector of the county, and has since been continued in the office by

718

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

election every two years. He is one of the most popular men of his county, and with none more so than his Con federate comrades.

Colonel Robert J. Henderson was born in Jasper county, Ga., in 1823, but from early childhood he lived about seven miles from Covington in Newton county, Ga. When a young man he studied law and was admitted to the bar, but gave most of his attention to his farm. When Georgia called her sons to arms in 1861 Mr. Henderson entered the Forty-second Georgia regiment at the head of a com pany of gallant men and was elected colonel. This regi ment was sent to East Tennessee and was assigned to Stevenson's division in the army commanded by Gen. Kirby Smith. The regiment under its brave and efficient colonel fought at Tazewell, shared in the recapture of Cumberland Gap and then marched into Central Ken tucky to join Smith's victorious advance. In the latter part of 1862 Colonel Henderson led his regiment in Seth M. Barton's brigade of Stevenson's division in the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, and in the brilliant victory there obtained by the Confederates the Forty-Second Georgia was mentioned in the official reports as among the regi ments entitled to the highest distinction, while Colonel Henderson received high praise from his brigade com mander. Again at Champion Hill Colonel Henderson received special commendation for gallantry. With his men he shared the trying siege and surrender of Vicksburg, and after being exchanged again appears with credit in Stevenson's division at the battle of Missionary Ridge. In the fighting at Resaca on May 14, 1864, the larger share fell to Stevenson's division, and the Forty-second Georgia suffered severely. Colonel Henderson's conduct on this occasion was peculiarly heroic. Lieut.-Col. L. P. Thomas, himself as gallant a knight as ever drew sword in his country's cause, says that he never saw upon the battlefield a grander sight or one more calculated to arouse the enthusiasm of a young soldier than was presented by Henderson, as with drawn sabre he rode his spirited horse up and clown the line encouraging his men and animating them to valorous deeds, though the blood was streaming down his face from a wound in the head. This wound was severe enough to keep him out of the campaign until after the battle of Atlanta, July 22d, where Lieut.-Col. L. P.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

719

Thomas led the Forty-second in one of its most famous battles. Colonel Henderson was again in command be fore the end of the struggle around Atlanta, participating also in the battle at Jonesboro. He shared the honors and sufferings of the Tennessee campaign, being engaged in. the battles of Franklin and Nashville, part of the time being in command of his brigade; He fought with Johnston in
the campaign of the Carolinas during the whole of which he acted as brigadier-general. Colonel Henderson survived
the war several years and died February 3, 1891, at the age of sixty-eight. .

Colonel John C. Hendrix, of Atlanta, was born in Lumpkin county, Ga., December 5, 1834. His grandfather, Hilary Hendrix, served under Francis Marion in the Revo lutionary war, and his mother was the daughter of Joseph Hubbard, of South Carolina, also a Revolutionary soldier. Colonel Hendrix was married in 1854 to Elizabeth Mooney
and in 1859 made his home in Atlanta. At the beginning of the Confederate era he assisted Gen. Ira R. Foster, quartermaster-general of the state of Georgia, in organizing and equipping regiments for the Confederate service, after which, in August, 1861, he returned to his old home in Lumpkin county and raised a battery of artillery. Not to take command of this organization he selected Thomas H. Bomar, of Atlanta, as its captain and was himself elected first lieutenant. The battery was made a part of Wright's Legion, composed of ten companies of infantry and two of artillery, and was ordered on duty at Savannah. The artillery companies remained at Savannah after the
infantry was reorganized as the Thirty-eighth Georgia reg iment and sent to Virginia, and Lieutenant Hendrix contin ued at Savannah with his command until January, 1863. Then he was ordered by the war department to repair to Atlanta and organize a company of cavalry for special duty
in the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, where there was much active hostility to the Confederacy. Three other companies were put under his command, the four
forming the Fourth Georgia battalion, and he was author ized by General Wright, as he proceeded to his field of duty, to take with him the local organizations on his way. Thus his command was swelled to twelve companies, includ
ing one of Indians from North Carolina. On October 27, 1863, at Tellico Plains, Tenn., his command encountered
6a75

720

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Capt. Goldman Bryson, a notorious bushwhacker operat ing under the orders of General Burnside, and a running fight ensued in which Bryson and many of his men were killed and many captured. Being informed at the close of the day's operations of the approach of a large body of Federal troops from, Loudon, Tenn., Colonel Hendrix re treated, carrying with him four hundred prisoners, which he brought in safety to Atlanta. At a later date he was ordered to go with his command to Florida, but finding that the reported Federal invasion was a false alarm, he returned to Atlanta. He served in command of his bat talion in the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, and after the battle of July 22d was transferred to the staff of Governor Brown with the rank of colonel and the duty of organizing the State reserves. In performance of this duty he was at Macon when that city and Milledgeville was threatened by the Federal raider General Stoneman. There were about twenty-six hundred men of the reserves at Macon, half of whom he sent to Milledgeville, and with the remainder he gave battle to the Federal troops before Macon, causing the retreat of General Stoneman. Soon afterward Stoneman was captured by General Iverson's command. Colonel Hendrix was yet at Macon on duty at the close of the war. He was once slightly wounded, and his horse was shot under him at Macon. After the war Colonel Hendrix was engaged in mercantile and manufac turing pursuits for several years. During the past twenty years he has been prominent in the real estate business at Atlanta. In public office he has served as member of the city council and school board and for three years was secretary of the State senate.
i
Thomas Henley, of Macon, former adjutant of the Twen ty-sixth regiment Tennessee infantry, was born and reared in Monroe county, east Tennessee, and was in business as a merchant in Blount county, of that State, when hostili ties began in 1861. He was an ardent supporter of the Confederacy and among the first to enlist for the war, becoming a private in Company F of the Twenty-sixth regiment, commanded by Col. John M. Lillard. His first service was in guarding the bridge above Knoxville, after which he went into Kentucky, joining the forces under Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston at Bowling Green. Early in 1862 he accompanied his regiment to Fort Donelson,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

721

where he participated in the battle of February I5th, and was surrendered with the garrison on the following day. He was a prisoner of war at the North until exchanged at Vicksburg in September following. After being stationed a few weeks at Jackson, Miss., he and his comrades were ordered to Knoxville, Tenn., where the regiment was reor ganized. At this time he was elected first lieutenant of his company. His regiment formed part of the brigade of Gen. John C. Brown, a gallant officer and in later years governor of Tennessee, but at the battle of Murfreesboro the brigade was commanded by Gen. Gideon J. Pillow. In this battle Lieutenant Henley took part in the successful attack of December 31, 1862, and in the famous charge by Breckinridge's corps, on January 2, 1863, and was wounded. After Murfreesboro he was appointed adjutant of the regiment, a position he ably filled during the re mainder of his service. He took part in the Tttllahoma and Chattanooga campaigns, including the great battle of Chickamauga and minor engagements, and the siege of Chattanooga, ending with the battle of Missionary Ridge. Subsequently his command was sent into east Tennessee, where he was cut off and compelled to go into the moun tains of North Carolina. He rejoined his regiment in the Atlanta campaign, and participated in the battles of Atlanta and Jonesboro, after which he was sent into east Tennessee to obtain recruits, a duty which occupied him until near the close of the war. In the final days of the great struggle he joined the troops in North Carolina and accompanied President Davis and cabinet to Washington, Ga., where he surrendered after the President had dismissed his escort. When peace had been restored Lieutenant Henley made his home at Hawkinsville, Ga., where he was for twenty years agent of the Macon & Brunswick railroad. He filled the same position three years at Macon, and then retired from railroad employment and built and conducted the Southern Phosphate works. Since 1898 he has been en gaged in brokerage business with other commercial inter ests. He is one of the prominent business men of the city, and in high standing with his Confederate comrades.

Captain John T. Hester, of Albany, one of the last com manders of the Sixty-first Georgia infantry, was born in Washington, Ga., in 1841. He entered the Confederate service at Camp Jackson, Va., in July, 1861, as a private

722

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

in Company E of the Fourth Georgia infantry, under Col. George Doles, and served in that capacity at Seven Pines, King's School house, Malvern Hill, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Just after the latter
engagement he was transferred, by order of General Lee, to Company G of the Sixty-first Georgia infantry, of Gen. C. A. Evans' brigade, with promotion to first lieutenant,
and soon afterward he was advanced to the rank of cap tain. He served as an officer at Gettysburg, the Wilder
ness, Spottsylvania Court House, Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Strasburg, Mine Run and Fort Steadman, and was in command of his regiment for six months prior to the
latter battle. He was wounded at Spottsylvania Court House and disabled for thirty days, and on returning to duty was again wounded, slightly, at Fisher's Hill, in the valley. At Fort Steadman, March 25, 1865, he was cap tured, and during- the next three months was a prisoner of war at Fort Delaware. Throughout the war he was dis tinguished as a faithful and able Confederate soldier and officer, and he is yet enthusiastic in all Confederate matters, and an effective writer and speaker on topics relating to the great war. Captain Hester made his home at Albany in 1867, and for several years was in mercantile life. Since 1886 he has been retained in the office of tax collector, and in 188081 he represented his county in the legisla ture.

Frank A. Hilburn, of Atlanta, was born near Decatur, Ga., May 23, 1845. His grandparents, Lamar Hilburn and John Bird, were soldiers in the Florida and Mexican wars, and both lived to a great age, the first to one hundred and three years and the second to ninety-seven. Mr. Hilburn was reared at Atlanta from October, 1845, and he is one of the city's oldest residents. When sixteen years of age, on May 18, 1861, he volunteered for the Confederate States service as a private in Capt. William McConnellY company. This was company A of the First Confederate battalion, organized at Mobile, Ala., including companies from various States. From Mobile the battalion was ordered to Fort Pillow on the Mississippi river, and after ward it served at Memphis, Tenn., and Abbeville, Oxford and Holly Springs, Miss., until June, 1863, when Hilburn's company was ordered back to Atlanta and assigned to duty as provost guard. Desiring to go to the front, Corporal

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

723

Hilburn asked for a transfer, and this being refused, he obtained his discharge and joined his brother, John R. Hilburn, of the Forty-second Georgia infantry, at Shelbyville, Tenn. Arriving there he found that his brother had been detailed as driver of a commissary wagon attached to the headquarters of .Gen. A. P. Stewart. Through the influence of Maj. John A. Lauderdale, chief quartermaster of Stewart's division, Corporal Hilburn was made a driver of one of the ambulance wagons of the division. He served in this capacity from Shelbyville to Dalton, Ga., including the Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge campaigns, and during this time had under his protection the young son of General Stewart. Though his wagon was pierced by eleven bullets, they escaped injury. In 1864 he served from Dalton to Atlanta and Jonesboro as the driver of a six-mule ordnance wagon. Upon the evacuation of At lanta, just before the Jonesboro battle, he was captured by the enemy, and being brought back to Atlanta, he was held there two weeks in a prison stockade. Subsequently he was sent to Chattanooga and thence to the Nashville penitentiary, where he was held as a prisoner of war until the close of hostilities. His Confederate record was a worthy and honorable one, covering the entire period of the great revolution. After the war Mr. Hilburn was for many years in the railroad service, rising from freight brakeman to passenger conductor, in later years retiring from this occupation to engage in business life. He was married in 1865 to Isabella J., daughter of George W. Blackstock, a Confederate soldier killed at Vicksburg, and they have five daughters living.

Hiram D. Hill, a prominent business man at Rome, is a native of Monroe county, Ga., and entered the Confed erate service at the age of seventeen years as a private in the Macon Volunteers, one of the four Georgia companies that went to Virginia in response to the call of Governor Letcher, by order of Governor Brown, about April 20, 1861. There they were organized as the Second Georgia battalion, under the command of Col. Thomas Hardeman. Private Hill served about Norfolk during the first year of the war, and while stationed at Sewell's Point witnessed the memorable battles of the ironclad Merrimac with the Federal vessels. Subsequently his record was identical with that of his battalion, in the army of Northern Vir-

724

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

ginia. He fought with J. G. Walker's brigade in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, and participated in the capture of Harper's Ferry and the battle of Sharpsburg. On November 26, 1862, they were transferred to Gen. A. R. Wright's brigade of R. H. Anderson's division of Longstreet's corps, and thereafter were associated with that brigade until the end of the war, after Chancellorsville forming part of A. P. Hill's corps. Private Hill, win ning promotion to sergeant by his good behavior, took part in the great battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and served for many months in the trenches about Petersburg and Richmond. At the battle of the Crater he participated in the gallant charge which preserved the integrity of the Confederate lines. In the final campaign, after the evacuation of Rich mond, he was in battle at Farmville, the last engagement before the surrender. He yet preserves the parole he received at Appomattox. James, a brother of Sergeant Hill, served in the same company, and, surviving the war, lived at Macon until his death in 1900. When he returned to Georgia Mr. Hill occupied himself with farming and mercantile work until 1870, when he established himself in business at Rome. In recent years he has given particu lar attention to real estate transactions, in which he has been very successful. For a number of years he has been a member of the city council.

Colonel John Meriwether Hill, in his lifetime a promi nent citizen of Newnan, Ga., was born in Wilkes county, Ga., November 15, 1827, and died at Newnan, March 16, 1894. He was of Irish descent and son of L. M. Hill, a wealthy planter, founder of the Gate City National bank at Atlanta, and a director and large stockholder in the Geor gia railroad. John M. was educated at the university of Georgia, and after his graduation he aided his father in the care of his plantations until he made his home at Newnan. There he was married to Mary Greer. He was an ardent supporter of the South, and when Georgia was invaded by the Federal army under General Sherman he went to the front as colonel of the Ninth regiment Georgia State troops, in the Third brigade, under Gen. C. D. Anderson, the whole body of State troops being under the com mand of Gen. Gustavus W. Smith. In command of his

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

725

regiment he was a gallant participant in the battle of At

lanta, July 22, 1864, and the siege which followed through

out the month of August. After the evacuation of Atlanta

he took part in the fighting attending the march of Sher-

man to Savannah, including the bloody battle of Griswold-

ville, November 22, 1864, and then beingf ordered to

Savannah was on duty there during the investment by the

Federal army. His regiment had in charge the building

of Fort Hill, on the Savannah river, so named in honor of

Colonel Hill. During the latter part of the war Colonel

Hill was in charge of his brigade. At the close of this

worthy record as a soldier Colonel Hill returned to New-

nan, and took up again his quiet life as a farmer. He had

a career of notable success in civil life, prospered in his

agricultural enterprises, became financially one of the

strong men of his city, and was thrice elected to the lower

house of the legislature and once as State senator. After

the death of his first wife he was married in December,

1872, to Susan C., daughter of Dr. A. B. Calhoun, an

eminent physician, a native of South Carolina and relative

of the famous statesman, John C. Calhoun. Dr. Calhoun

was a member of the Georgia convention of 1861, and a

signer of the ordinance of secession. Three children of

Colonel Hill by his second marriage are living: Mrs.

Nannie Sue Carter, wife of W. Colquitt Carter, of Atlanta;

and Calhoun M. and Wylie P., of Newnan:

\i

Patrick M. Hill, a gallant soldier of Gen. John K. Jack

son's old regiment, the Fifth Georgia, is a native of War

ren county, where he now resides, born July 10, 1842,

and a son of E. N. Hill, a worthy citizen and planter, who

was born in the same county. He enlisted at Warrenton

May 8, 1861, as a private in Company D of the Fifth

Georgia infantry, and accompanied his regiment to Pensa-

cola. where they served for nine months. While there he

was a participant in the battle of Santa Rosa island, and

under fire during the artillery engagements between the

forts and fleet. His next service was at Cumberland Gap,

after which they were transferred to Corinth, Miss., and

were present at the battle of Farmington. Following the

retreat to Tupelo, he was sent with his brigade to Chatta

nooga, whence they marched in Bragg's army into Ken

tucky and fought at Perryville, retreating soon afterward

through the mountains and east Tennessee, back to Chat-

726

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

tanooga. His next battle was Murfreesboro and in 1863 came the Tullahoma campaign, and Chickamuaga and Mis
sionary Ridge. In the Atlanta campaign he was an active participant until the fight at Tanner's Ferry, on the Chat-
tahoochee river, early in July, 1864, when he was pain
fully wounded in the right leg, fracturing the bone above
the knee. The regiment being sent to Savannah and
Charleston he rejoined it on the coast and about six
months before the close of the war was made a lieutenant
of his company. In this rank he took part in the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville, N. C., and surrendered at Greensboro with the army, at that time being the only commissioned officer of his company present. Since the war Lieutenant HilOias had a worthy career in civil life. He was engaged in firming, with much success, until 1896, when he was ca%^fto the office of ordinary by the vote of his fellow citizens, and ably performing the duties of this responsible office he was re-elected in 1900. He was married October 8, 1862, to Amanda Wright, and after her death he we'dded her sister, M. E. Wright. Four chil dren are living.: Stephen P. Hill, of Dallas, Tex., and three daughters--Mrs. M. Annie Howse, of Nashville, Tenn.; Lucye and Vodie JJill.

Richard Hgbbs, of Albany, prominent as a lawyer and public man, was born in Ireland in 1836, and came to America in 1850, making his home in Georgia. In March, 1862, he entered the Confederate States military service, as first lieutenant of Company K, Fifty-first Regiment Georgia infantry, and soon afterward was promoted to captain of his company. In this rank he served under the brigade command of Gen. P. J. Semmes in Virginia, from Seven Pines to the Maryland campaign. At the battle of Boonsboro, September 14, 1862, he was severely wounded, caus ing the loss of his left arm, and in consequence was inca pacitated for duty. He resigned his commission and in January, 1863, was appointed by Gen. A. R. Lawton as purchasing agent for the armies of Tennessee and Northern Virginia, the capacity in which he served ably and faith fully to the close of hostilities. Since the war he has been a citizen of Albany, successful in his profession, an upright and honorable gentleman, and enterprising and influential in his relations to the advancement of the State and the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

727

interests of her people. In 1890 he was elected for a term of four years as city judge of Albany.

J. F. Hodges, of Macon, entered the Confederate ser vice in his boyhood, in 1863, as a private in the Jackson Artillery, tinder Captain Massenburg. He participated in the engagements of the Georgia campaign of 1864, from Dalton to Atlanta, including the battles of Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and on Christmas day, 1864, was ordered to Mobile. He and his battery were stationed at Spanish Fort, in the spring of 1865, when that fortification was besieged by the Federal army under General Canby, and were distinguished in the gal lant defense of the fort. They were under fire day and night, March 26th to April 8th, when they made their escape safely and fell back to Mobile. Thesace they re treated with General Maury's troops to Meridian, Miss., and surrendered under the capitulation of Gen. Richard Taylor. Since the war Mr. Hodges has been a resident of Macon, engaged in farming ais^,civil engineering until 1894, when he became manager ot:s$he Georgia furniture company, his present position. Hf? is a member of the United Confederate veteran association, and held in high esteem by his comrades.

Green B. Holder, of Rome, served as a Confederate soldier with the Ninth Georgia battalion of artillery in east Tennessee and Virginia. He was born at Lawrenceville, Ga., and left home at the age of fifteen years to fight for the South, enlisting in Capt. T. M. Peeples' company, D, of the Ninth Artillery battalion. He was mustered into the Confederate service near Bristol, Tenn., in March, 1862, and was on active duty until the surrender at Appomattox. After participating in numerous engagements in east Tennessee and southwest Virginia, among them the battle at Wytheville, Va., he took part in the operations against the Federal column under General Hunter that was threatening Lynchburg in the spring of 1864, and after the defeat of the enemy, campaigned down the Shenandoali valley as far s Winchester. Then, under orders from Richmond, he Snd his comrades turned over their guns at Wayne's Gap, and went to Richmond, where they were on duty with the heavy artillery. During the siege of Richmond and Petersburg,, July, 1864, to April, 1865,

728

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

they were on duty at Fort Gilmer and Fort Hoke, and when the Confederate lines were finally broken, April 2, 1865, they spiked their siege guns, blew up their magazines, and marched out with Lee's army. On the evening before the surrender at Appomattox Court House he was wounded in the wrist. Reaching home April 2,g, 1865,
Mr. Holder remained there for a few months, and in De cember following made his home in Floyd county. At Lindale he was engaged in business as a merchant until
1899, when he retired and gave his attention to dealing in real estate. For a number of years he held the office of commissioner of Floyd county. He has a wide acquaint ance throughout the county and is recognized as one of its leading men. In politics he has taken an active part as a Democrat, and with his old comrades he is yet affiliated as a member of the Floyd county camp, United Confederate veterans. He has six sons and six daughters living: Ed ward W., a merchant at Rome; William I., railroad agent at Lindale; Scott Thomas, in business at Huntsville, Ala.; Briscoe, of Birmingham; Luther M., Charlie B., Ida J., Anna M., Ella, Emma, Netie and Elizabeth.

A. R. Holderby, M. D., D. D., of Atlanta, was born at Petersburg, Va., January 25, 1838; son of A. S. Holderby, a native of Brunswick, Va., and a banker, and his wife, Mary Caroline Nichols, of Alexandria, Va. Dr. Holderby's family is an old one in Virginia, and he is maternally descended from Gen. Daniel Roberdeau, a French Hugue not who came to America before the Revolution; in that
war served upon the staff of General Washington and had the rank of brigadier-general, and subsequently was a member of the Continental congress and once its presi dent. At seventeen years of age he entered Hampden-
Sidney college, where he took the full classical course. Beginning in 1859 he taught school and studied medicine until April, 1861, when he enlisted for the Confederate
States service in the Petersburg Rifles, afterward Company E of the Twelfth regiment Virginia infantry, Col. D. A.
Weisiger. Dr. Holderby served with this regiment about six months, and was retained upon its rolls during the
war, but was detached for service in the hospitals at Peters burg. He spent in all two years in the South Carolina hospital at that city, and during the Seven Days' battles
before Richmond, in 1862, he was with the field hospital

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

729

corps, assisting in the arduous surgical work of that bloody
campaign. In 1864 Dr. Holderby was enrolled in the
Petersburg Home Guard, a battalion organized under
Major Archer for the protection of the city, and in May
he fought with a little over one hundred comrades, at
Reeves Farm, near Petersburg, holding in check a Fed
eral force of eighteen hundred men, for six hours. The
gallant little band of Confederates held their ground des
perately to gain time for the reinforcement of the city, and
one-third of them were killed or wounded, and all the
rest but seven captured. Dr. Holderby was one of those who escaped. Shooting down a Federal sergeant who ordered him to stop, he ran down a plank road followed by the bullets of the enemy, and as he was climbing a fence to obtain the shelter of a wheat field, he was wounded in the right leg. Pushing ahead, although several shots were fired at him, he gained the shelter of a ravine and reached the Confederate lines in safety. He served on the staff of General Beauregard as courier during the battle of June 16, 1864, before Petersburg, and continued actively on duty throughout the siege that followed,:; until the spring of 1865. Not long before the evacuation he took his mother and sister to North Carolina, to a place of safety, and at the close of hostilities he surrendered at Greensboro. After the war Dr. Holderby went to Mobile, Ala., where he entered the ministry of the Presbyterian church, in which he has had a distinguished and useful career, serving in Tuskegee, Louisville, Richmond and Atlanta. Since 1890 he has been pastor of the Moore Memorial Presbyterian church at the latter city. He has also given considerable attention to the study of medicine, was graduated at the Southern medical college in 1894, and has devoted his experience in this profession to the free treatment of the poor and needy sick of the city. He is the founder of the Moore Memorial Free Medical dispensary, established in 1894, at which medicines are given to the poor of all classes, without price. With his Confederate comrades Dr. Holderby is associated as surgeon of W. H. T. Walker camp, United Confederate veterans. In 1866 he was mar ried to Hattie Smith, of Virginia, a. lineal descendant of Thomas Jefferson, and they have three daughters and one son, A. R. Holderby, Jr., business manager of the Rich mond Times.

730

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

John Sidney Holland, of Atlanta, a veteran of Walthall's brigade, army of Tennessee, was born in Spaulding county, Ga., November 2, 1842, son of Moses Holland, a native of South Carolina, whose father bore the same name and was a native of Edgefield district of that State. The latter was a soldier in the war of 1812. Sidney Holland came with his parents to Atlanta at eleven years of age, and was reared there until 1859, when his father, a brick mason and contractor, undertook the building of a cotton mill at Carrollton, Miss., and took part of his family to that place. There Sidney and two older brothers, James and William, entered the Confederate service with the Mississippi troops, while two yet older, Newton and Jasper, enlisted in Georgia. The five rendered honorable service through the war, and survived, except Jasper, who was accidentally killed at Chattanooga in 1863. Sidney Holland enlisted in February, 1862, as a private in Company K of the Thir tieth regiment Mississippi infantry, and subsequently was promoted to the rank of non-commissioned officer. His first campaign was with General Bragg in Kentucky, where he participated in the battle of Perryville. The toil and privations of this campaign broke his health, and he was for some time in hospital. After his recovery he rejoined his regiment in Walthall's brigade of Cheatham's division, Hood's corps, at Dalton, Ga., and participated in the cam paign against Sherman's army until he was severely wounded in the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, his skull being fractured by a Federal bullet. In consequence of this injury he was in hospital at Atlanta and later at Macon, Ga., and by the time that he was fit for duty again the war was practically at an end. Upon leaving hospital he was transferred to Augusta, and there paroled in May, 1865. Since the Confederate era he has been a citizen of Atlanta, active and successful in his business occupations. He is a member of W. H. T. Walker camp, No. 925, and has attended the general reunions at Atlanta, Charleston and Louisville. In public office he has served as a member of the city council. In 1863 Mr. Holland was married to Camila Reid, and they have six sons and a daughter.

Peter M. Hollen, of Canton, Ga., is a native of Virginia and a veteran of Taliaferro's brigade of Stonewall Jack son's division. He was born in Rockingham county and there enlisted early in 1861, with the Bridgewater Grays,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

731

an old militia organization that volunteered for Confed erate service and was mustered in at Winchester as Com pany D of the Tenth regiment Virginia infantry. The regiment was attached to Elzeys brigade in Gen. J. E. Johnstons army, and had an important part in the great
victory at Manassas, July 21, 1861. Afterward it came to the Shenandoah valley with Stonewall Jackson and partic
ipated in the famous Valley campaign of 1862. Private Hollens first battle was McDowell, May 8, 1862, where he was painfully wounded, a musket ball striking his chin
and breaking the jaw bone in four pieces. He was sent to hospital at Staunton, and after he had gone for eleven days without the wound being dressed, the surgeons pro posed to amputate the lower jaw. Very seriously objecting to such a mutilation he ran away from the hospital and was found by his father, who took him home and cared for him until partially recovered. The enthusiastic young Confederate then rejoined General Jacksons command, in August, about the time of the Second Manassas campaign, but Jackson detailed him to collect absentees, which occu pied him for a time less arduously than duty in the field. When he rejoined his regiment he took part in the great battle of Chancellorsville, the last of Jacksons victories. At that time he had been promoted to the rank of first ser geant of his company. He fought at Chancellorsville in Colstons brigade of Trimbles division, participating in the memorable flank attack by Jacksons corps, the battle of May 2, and the desperate struggle before the Federal
breastworks on Sunday morning, May 3, in which the three field officers of the Tenth Virginia were killed or wounded, and other gallant officers, including General Paxton, lost their lives. Here Sergeant Hollen behaved with such gallantry that he was officially recommended for the vote of thanks by Congress and the medal of honor.
He was wounded in the head, but not seriously. Subse quently he fought at Winchester and in the three days battle at Gettysburg, in charge of a squad of sharpshooters. In 1864 he participated in the battles of the Wilderness and
Spottsylvania Court House, until his division was captured by Hancock at the bloody angle, May I2th. During the remainder of the war he was a prisoner, at Point Lookout and Elmira, N. Y. On his return home Sergeant Hollen resumed his work as a carpenter, and in 1867 came to Bartow county, Ga., whence he removed to Cherokee

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county in 1875. He is now quite prominent as a contrac tor and builder. In 1868 he was married to Emma V. Speck, and they have four children: Laura, Josephine M., Charles and Kitty.

Brazil Holmes, of Hawkinsville, in recent years promi nent as a manufacturer, entered the Confederate service in his boyhood, in 1864, enlisting in his native State of North Carolina, and in August, 1864, became a member of the Fiftieth regiment North Carolina infantry. He walked from Tabor, N. C., to Plymouth, fifty miles, to join this command, and in the following month they were started to Petersburg', Va., but later orders held them on the Albemarle river on account of the threatening operations of the enemy. When Sherman set out for Savannah from Atlanta, they were sent to Wilmington, N. C., and thence to Augusta, Ga., and in November, 1864, to Honey Hill, between Savannah and Charleston, where a battle was fought just before their arrival that resulted in the defeat of the Federal attempt to cut the line of com munication between the two cities, and bring about the capture-'of Hardee's forces at Savannah. Proceeding to Savannah he was sent to hospital there next day on account of serious illness, and he was transferred via Charleston to Summerville, S. C., and there furloughed, December 26, 1864. Continuing to be unfit for service, his furlough was extended until the surrender of the army. Mr. Holmes came to Georgia in 1876, and was in the turpentine business until 1882, when he engaged in the manufacture of barrels. The manufacturing company of which he is now the head does an extensive business, shipping barrels to all parts of the turpentine belt in Georgia and Florida and is one of the most prosperous establishments in south Georgia. Mr. Holmes is a worthy and enterprising citizen and patriotic son of the South.

Abner T. Holt, of Macon, Ga., a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born and reared in Bibb county, where he is now an active and prominent bvisiness man. When the war began he was a student at Emory college and enlisted as a private in the Floyd Rifles of Macon, for one year, with which company he started to Virginia, April 21, 1861, in response to the call of Governor Letcher for troops to guard the navy yard at Norfolk, which had

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

733

been abandoned by the Federal authorities, and arrived at Norfolk the night after the navy yard had been burned. His company at once went on duty in the Confederate service, forming Company C of the Second Georgia inde pendent battalion, commanded by Colonel Hardeman. Private Holt was with his battalion at Norfolk, for one year, then came home and re-enlisted in the same company and battalion for the war. Returning to Wilmington, N. C., the command was ordered to Drewry's Bluff on the James river, but during the Seven Days' battles Mr. Holt was sick with measles in hospital at Petersburg, Va. Sub sequently the battalion was ordered to guard the army stores at Rapidan Station, so that Mr. Holt had no oppor tunity for battle experience until Fredericksburg, Decem ber 13, 1862. He participated in three days' righting at Chancellorsville, and on July 2 and 3, 1863, took part in the battle of Gettysburg. On the second day of this memorable engagement he was severely wounded and dis abled for further service on the field. Private Holt was a faithful and gallant soldier and is highly spoken of by his surviving comrades. After his return to Georgia and recovery from his wound, he engaged in farming in Monroe county, which was his occupation for twenty years. In 1883 he made his home at Macon, Ga., and soon after wards became engaged in business as a real estate agent, in which he has been quite successful, doing perhaps the largest business of the kind in the city. He also retains the management of two extensive plantations in Monroe and Houston counties. Mr. Holt was married in 1863 to Fannie M. Searcy and they have four sons and two daugh ters.

William L. Hooks, a planter and farmer residing- at Unadilla, an attractive and prosperous town of upper south ern Georgia, has a highly honorable record as a soldier of the Eighteenth Georgia infantry. He was born in Wilkinson county, Ga., in 1842, son of James R. Hooks and his wife, Roxie Mobley, both natives of Georgia. He entered the Confederate States service in the spring of 1861 as a private in Company I of the Eighteenth regiment, of which Gen. W. T. Wofford was the first colonel. This gallant regiment-was organized at Big Shanty, and thence ordered to Richmond, Va. They participated in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond as a part of Gen. John B. Hood's

734

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

brigade, and fully did their share of the heroic fighting that made the brig-ade and commander famous. He con tinued to be associated with that brigade in the battles of Second Manassas, Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg, and afterward was under the brigade command of General Wofford, in Longstreet's corps. He took part in the battle of Gettysburg, afterward came south and fought at Chickamauga and Knoxville, and, returning to Virginia in 1864, participated in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and the righting on the Petersburg and Richmond lines until he was captured below Richmond in the fall of 1864. Thereafter he was a prisoner of war, a short time at Point Lookout and afterward at Elmira, N. Y., until August, 1865, his imprisonment being much pro longed by his stubborn refusal to take the oath of allegiance and give his parole. Finally he was released without yield ing these pledges for the future. In the course of his battle service he was never seriously wounded, though frequently in close quarters. He was struck once by a piece of shell, the stock of his gun was shot off on another occasion, and his canteen shot away, but fortunately these and other similar experiences were his nearest approaches to casualty. Since the war Mr. Hooks has been a success ful farmer in Dooley county and one of the honorable and patriotic men of his county. In 1868 he was married to Jessie Beddingfield, and after her death he wedded Mattie Dupriest, of Dooley county.

Thomas N. Hopkins, of Thomasville, a boy soldier of the army of Robert E. Lee, was born in Waynesville, Ga., in 1849. At the age of fifteen years he left the noted school at Mount Zion and entered the service of the Confederate. States on May 3, 1864, enlisting as a private in Company A, First Florida battalion, which in July of that year, was merged in the Tenth Florida regiment. This regiment was sent to Virginia and with it young Hopkins, a mere boy, was engaged in the fighting at Totopotomoy Bridge; in the battle of Cold Harbor, where Grant suffered the most disastrous repulse of his whole career; afterward moved to Petersburg by a forced march and was engaged in many combats around that heroic city, among the most noted being the bloody battle of the Crater, first and second battles of Ream's Station; the Boydtown plank road,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

735

Hatcher's Run and Belfield. He served in the trenches around Petersburg from June, 1864, to January, 1865. On March 27, 1865, he received an honorable discharge on the ground of extreme youth. After the war he went to New Orleans, and after acting as shipping clerk for a year removed to South Florida, where he was employed by an English fishing company. Spending a year thus, he tried the sea for six months, after which he returned home and was appointed department clerk of the Superior court of Thomas county, Ga. Here he studied law and in 1871 was admitted to the practice of law, in which he has had a successful career at Thomasville. For several years he has held the office of solicitor of the county. He has not lost his fondness for military affairs and since 1876 has served in the Thomasville Guards from private to line officer and is now lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Georgia infantry. In the Bainbridge riots of 1899 he commanded Companies K and B. In the Spanish-American war he served as captain of Company A, First Georgia infantry, United States Volunteers, but the war closed before his regiment had an opportunity to see active service.

Major Washington J. Houston, of DeKalb county, lieu tenant-commander of C. A. Evans camp, No. 665, United Confederate veterans, was, at the beginning of the Con federate movement, prominent in railroad affairs at At lanta. He enlisted in 1862 for cavalry service in the Con federate States army, but was at once detailed to act as transportation agent at Atlanta for the government, then at Montgomery, Ala., and subsequently at Richmond, Va. He continued on duty in this capacity until the evacua tion of Atlanta, after which he was transferred to the engi neer corps, under Col. L. P. Grant, chief engineer of the department, embracing Georgia, and assigned to the duty of rebuilding railroads which had been destroyed by Sherman in his march to the sea. In the capacities mentioned Major Houston rendered valuable service to the Con federacy and the South. He is a native of Abbeville dis trict, S. C., bora October 10, 1831, son of Oswald Houston, a merchant and captain of artillery in the militia. of the State of South Carolina, and of Anna Louisa, daughter of Richard Shaw, of Charleston, S. C., a soldier of the war of 1812. He was reared from infancy in Maury county, Tenn., and at Savannah, Ga., and from Savannah removed
Ga 76

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

to Atlanta in 1846. There, at the age of seventeen years, he was made cashier of the Bank of the State of Georgia, the first banking agency in that city. Resigning this position in 1850 he formed a partnership with his father in mercantile business in Atlanta, and three years later abandoned this employment to enter upon his railroad career as assistant agent of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Co., at Atlanta. In 1854 he was appointed assist ant bookkeeper and paymaster of the Western & Atlantic road, by Gov. Hershell V. Johnson, a position he resigned to become general passenger and freight agent of the At lanta & West Point railroad, including the general agency of the Atlanta & New Orleans short line. This was his employment when the war began. As soon as he had completed his duties for the Confederate government he returned to Atlanta and reopened the office of the Atlanta & West Point railroad in the only building suitable for the purpose that had escaped the torch, and continued his association with that road until 1876, when he retired with the intention of going upon his farm in DeKalb county. But soon thereafter the Atlanta & Charlotte air line rail way came under the management of Col. J. G. Foreacre, and Major Houston was appointed assistant to the general manager, and also general passenger and ticket agent at Atlanta. Subsequently this road was absorbed into what is now the Southern system. Major Houston was ten dered, and declined, the superintendency of the Georgia division of the Georgia Pacific road, now a part of the Southern Railway system, and also the general passenger agency of the Richmond Terminal system. He also de clined a membership in the State railroad commission, which was created by an act of the legislature, suggested and formulated by him. He served the State by appoint ment of Governor Gordon as commissioner to assess the values of the State road, preparatory to the transfer to the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis railway, now lessees of the Western & Atlantic railroad, and by appoint ment of Governor Northen, as agent in the settlement of details of transfer, and also assistant to the attorneys of the State in the matter of the celebrated betterment claim, having in charge the preparation of counter claims, which were sustained and allowed the State against the demand of $731,000 claimed by retiring lessees. In 1894 he was elected to the legislature as representative of DeKalb

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county and was author of the law providing for the election of judges and solicitors by the people, and also the peni tentiary law, which laws were enacted by subsequent, legis latures and are now in force. During the administration of Hon. Hoke Smith as secretary of the interior, Major Hous ton, holding an unsolicited appointment, acted as special commissioner to the Yuma Indians, arranging a treaty which the Secretary and President Cleveland alluded to in a message to Congress, as one, "doing full justice to the Indians, as well as the government." He also, under the same administration, was a special commissioner to revise the annuity rolls of the Osage Indians. In recent years he has lived, retired from public service, upon his farm near Decatur.

Samuel Thompson Howard, of Blakely, a Confederate soldier for many years prominent in the business and pub lic affairs of Early county, was born in Gadsden county, Fla., in 1836, but was reared from infancy in the county where he now resides. He entered the Confederate service with the Thirteenth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. Walker Ector, being mustered in in the summer of 1861 as second sergeant in Company G. He was with this regi ment in its early campaign in the mountains of West Virginia, under Gen. Robert E. Lee, participating in the operations at Sewell Mountain in the fall of 1861. When Lee was transferred to command of the southern coast States, the Thirteenth returned to Savannah, and on April 16, 1862, Sergeant Howard took part in the engagement on Whitemarsh island, near Savannah, between portions of the Thirteenth Georgia and the Eighth -Michigan. He was one of the wounded in this affair, and was so seriously disabled that he was not able for duty again until July, 1863. Meanwhile his regiment had gone to Virginia with Lawton's brigade, afterward commanded by Gordon and Evans, and was in the midst of its gallant career with the army of Northern Virginia. Sergeant Howard, unable to rejoin them, being disabled for infantry service, was trans ferred to Company H, Twenty-ninth battalion Georgia cavalry, and commissioned as second lieutenant. In this capacity he served on the Georgia and Florida coast until honorably discharged in March, 1864, tnat he might assume the office of clerk of the Superior court of Early county, Ga., to which he had been elected in recognition of his

738

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

sacrifices for country. Since the close of his official ser vice he has been engaged in farming and merchandising at Blakely until his retirement.

Clark Howell, St., of Atlanta, was born in Milton county, Ga., January 18, 1848, son of Clark Howell and his wife, Effiah J. Park. He is a younger brother of Capt. Evan P. Howell, of Atlanta. Coming to Atlanta with his parents in 1851, he has ever since made his home at that city. He was in school when the war began and continued his studies until the latter part of 1863, when, though but fifteen years of age, he left school without the knowledge of his parents and, going to Augusta, Ga., went on duty with the guards of the powder mills. Two or three months later, his father, learning his whereabouts, brought him home and returned him to school. He was determined, however, to be a Confederate soldier, and again leaving school, joined Company H of Graham's cavalry battalion, with which he participated in the defeat and capture of General Stoneman in July, 1864, and the raid of his com mand along the Western & Atlantic railroad and as far north as Athens, Tenn. On the approach of Wilson's raid ers in the spring of 1865, the command moved southward with the intention of combating that expedition, but did not come in collision with the enemy, and the war came to an end as Wilson reached the city of Macon. Since the war Mr. Howell has been a worthy citizen of Atlanta. In 1874 he was married to Lizzie Gardner, and they have a daugh ter, Eleanor L. He has served six years as deputy clerk of the Fulton county Superior court, is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, and in Free masonry is a Knight Templar and Shriner.
j
Captain Evan P. Howell, of Atlanta, has led an active and influential life as student, lawyer, farmer, soldier, editor-in-chief of a great newspaper, legislator and poli tician. He was born in that part of Forsyth county, now Milton, December 10, 1839, came with his father, Judge Clark Howell, to Atlanta, in early boyhood was educated in the Georgia Military Institute, then entered the Georgia University law school and was admitted to the bar. Soon afterward Georgia seceded and Mr. Howell promptly en listed and was made orderly sergeant, Company G, First Georgia Volunteer infantry, a regiment which was organ-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

739

ized at Macon, April 7, 1861, for twelve months and sent at once to Pensacola. Sergeant Howell was promoted to a lieutenancy at Pensacola and when the regiment was ordered to Virginia first of June, 1861, he was made firstlieutenant. The regiment had the hardest service of the war at once in northwestern Virginia at Carrick's Ford, Allegheny, Mountain, Greenbrier River and in many heavy skirmishes. In the fall of 1861 they joined Gen. Stonewall Jackson at Staunton, and fought at Harrisonburg and near Winchester. A rest was taken in December at Winchester during which Captain Howell served as judge advocate general of Jackson's command. On the ist of January, 1862, in Jackson's famous raid on Hancock and Romney, Howell was put in command of fifty picked men to guard the reserve ordnance of the army, and this duty was per formed so well as to win the compliment paid him by Gen eral Jackson, who said: "I congratulate you, lieutenant, on your success in reaching me sooner than I expected, for after the snow commenced to fall, knowing you had to pass through a country where many of the citizens were Union men, I did not ever expect to see you again." The enlist ment of the regiment expired in the spring of 1862, and it was sent home. The company reorganized as artillery and elected Howell as captain, who went at once to Savannah to see Beauregard about equipment, where he met Capt. Robert Martin and arranging with him to secure a splendid equipment which had run the blockade, the company re-en tered service at Savannah, June, 1862, with Martin as cap tain and Howell as first lieutenant. It was sent to Fort. McAllister and helped to man the guns when the fort was; attacked by the monitors, in which fight Captain Martin,, now promoted as major, commanded the mortar battery,, and Captain Howell the light battery. When Gen. W. H. T. Walker was ordered to organize a brigade to go to therelief of Vicksburg he selected Howell's battery to go with' his command. The brigade and battery were in the fight ing of 1863 at Raymond, Jackson, Canton, Yazoo Valley and along the Big Black river. After Vicksburg fell Johnston retreated, and the rear being protected by Walker's brigade, Captain Howell, with his battery, had almost a continuous fight from the Big Black River until Johnston crossed Pearl river, for which service Walker paid Howell and his men many high compliments. The battery was sent to Ringgold, arriving September 18, 1863, and the

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

next da}7 Captain Howell commenced the fight under Forrest against General Wilder's cavalry and followed Forrest across Chickamauga Creek near Alexander's Bridge. One of his guns was captured by Palmer's division about two o'clock next day, several of his men being killed, but the .gun was retaken about dark. Captain Howell was next assigned to Cleburne's division with Bledsoe's battery and fought at Missionary Ridge, where Cleburne held his posi tion until after dark and then retired slowly, Captain Howell's battery crossing the stone bridge with the rear guard; and in the heavy skirmishing, November 26 and 27, the battery was engaged almost every hour. Two of the guns of the battery were used in the famous fight made by Cle burne, November 27th, where 2,700 Federals were dis abled by wounds and death. After the battle of Chicka mauga, General Cleburne complimented Captain Howell and directed him to equip his command by personally selecting from the captured Federal guns what he wanted. Captain Howell was with Cleburne's division in the fightIng at Resaca, Calhoun and on the line of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, including Kenesaw, where the heaviest iighting- was on Little Kenesaw, directly in front of Howll's battery. The battery fought all day July 4 at Smyrna until General Johnston crossed the Chattahoochee. After the war, when Sherman was general of the United States Army, he stopped at this station and told the agent (Mr. Ruff) that he came nearer being killed there than in any battle of the war. He rode with his staff and an escort to reconnoiter when Captain Howell opened fire on him with all his guns. Several of his escort were wounded, and General Sherman came very near losing his life. Howell's battery was in all the fights around Atlanta and until the 8th of August near Connolly's Mill on Utoy.Creek. The day before the battle of Jonesboro a part of Cleburne's division was captured, but Captain Howell was able to hold his line with heavy loss until after dark and then with drew. After-the battle at Lovejoy, Cleburne sent the bat tery to Macon to be recruited, and as Hood now made his famous march into Tennessee the battery was left under Gen. Howell Cobb until the end of the war. In the fore going brief sketch it will be marked that Captain Howell was under the eye and approval of each of three fighting Confederate generals, Stonewall Jackson, Pat Cleburne and W. H. T. Walker. He enjoyed their confidence and

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

741

they gave him perilous duties, which are complimentary to good soldiers. Captain Howell returned home to make a living, first by farming and next as city editor of the Atlanta Intelligencer, then resuming the practice of law, acted as solicitor-general of the Atlanta circuit, over which presided John L. Hopkins, one of the most resolute judges Georgia ever had. This being a period when firm, fearless men were required in the judiciary, it was fortunate that these two were united in the suppression of lawlessness. He was two years a member of the city council, became chairman of the Democratic committee of Fulton county, elected in 1873 to tne State senate, succeeded himself the second term, and in 1894, when not a candidate, he was elected to represent his county in the legislature. He was a delegate from Georgia to three Democratic conventions, at St. Louis, Cincinnati and Chicago, serving in each on the important committee on resolutions. In 1888 Gov ernor McDaniel appointed him as one of the commission ers, by whom the present capitol was built for less than the appropriation. President Cleveland tendered him the consulship to Manchester, England, which he declined. President McKinley appointed him as a representative Democrat of the South, to act as one of the commissioners to investigate the conduct of the Spanish war. In his con nection with the Atlanta Constitution it can be said that his sagacity and energy as one of the owners and his course as editor-in-chief have identified his name for all times with the history of that great paper. His name appears conspic uously in the directorships of great enterprises in Atlanta and also of the movements of the Democratic party in the State. Captain Howell was married to Miss Julia Adelaide Erwin, daughter of Dr. William Erwin of Erwinton, Barnwell district, S. C. Their marriage was to take place April 7th, 1861, but it chanced that his regiment was ordered to assemble at M'acon on this day. The marriage was thus postponed, but when his company moved to Virginia, Cap tain Howell stopped a day, June 5, 1861, in South Carolina, at the home of Dr. Erwin, and by earnest persuasion gained the consent of the daughter and family to an immediate marriage, which took place at ten o'clock, and in an hour afterward the young soldier was on the way to his com mand. In the fall of 1862 Mrs. Howell joined her husband at Fort McAllister and remained there until May, 1863. They have seven children, four daughters and three sons.

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Hon. Clark Howell, the eldest son, is a graduate of the University of Georgia, editor-in-chief of the Constitution, member of the executive committee of the National Demo cratic party, was speaker of the Georgia house of repre sentatives and is president of the Georgia senate.

Captain William L. Hubbard, of Atlanta, was born in Abbeville district, S. C., April 8, 1824, son of James H. Hubbard, a wealthy planter and slave holder, and his wife Catherine, daughter of William Morris, a Revolutionary soldier who lived to the age of one hundred and four years. When he was sixteen years old the family moved to Chambers county, Ala., and young Hubbard was educated at Lafayette and Dudleyville, Ala., under a noted teacner of that day, Prof. Jere Spencer. In 1847 he engaged in teaching, taking charge of an academy at Society Hill, Ala. Four years later he left this occupation, for reasons of health, and in 1853 ca.me to Atlanta, where he embarked in business as a retail grocer in 1856. Giving up his busi ness in 1861 to enter the Confederate military service, he was mustered in, May 31, 1861, as second lieutenant of Company K, Seventh regiment Georgia infantry, com manded by Col. Lucius J. Gartrell. He was with his regi ment in the Shenandoah valley, under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and participated in the battle of First Manassas, where he was slightly wounded. Soon afterward he was appointed adjutant of his regiment, in which capacity he served on the Yorktown line in the spring of 1862. Under the com mand of Gen. "Tige" (G. T.) Anderson, he took part in the desperate fight on that line, April 16, 1862, and on the following day, in the course of a regimental fight on the Warwick river he was severely wounded by a fragment of shell, which shattered and carried away part of the shin bone of the left leg. In consequence of this injury he lay for eight months in hospital at Williamsburg, and would doubtless have lost his leg had he not been cared for so faithfully by his body servant, who had accompanied him from Georgia. This servant was the negro who, two years later, was killed during the siege of Atlanta by the same shell that shattered the lamp post that is preserved at the corner of Whitehall and Alabama streets. Being incapacitated for further service in the field, Lieutenant Hubbard was promoted to captain and assigned to the staff of Gen. Howell Cobb, in Georgia, as inspecting and

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

743

mustering officer. He aided General Cobb in mustering in seven regiments of reserves, and just before the close of the war he was made adjutant of the Atlanta post, under Col. L. J. Glenn. Since the war Captain Hubbard has had a successful career as a merchant at Atlanta, for a number of years doing a large wholesale grocery business. For six years he held public office as sheriff and deputy sheriff of Fulton county. To his comrades he is faithful and true, having missed but one of the annual reunions of the Seventh regiment association. Captain Hubbard was mar ried in 1851 to Sarah E. Berry, of Oxford, Ga., who died in 1874, and in 1876 he wedded Mrs. Texie Culberson, who died in 1882. Three sons and two daughters are living. Despite his severe experience in the war Captain Hubbard bears lightly the weight of seventy-six years, and is yet a fine type of Southern soldiery.

Charles I. Hudson, of Hamilton, prominent in the busi ness affairs of Harris county, was born at Waverly Hall, Ga., March 13, 1845. His father, William S. Hudson, prominent before him as a cotton merchant and warehouse man in Harris county, was also a native of Georgia, and rendered valuable public services as a member of the Geor gia legislature, delegate to the secession convention of 1861, and delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1877. When the war began Charles I. Hudson was a student at the Georgia military institute, of Marietta, six teen years of age, and he did not enter the military service until January, 1862, when he became a member of Com pany E, Second regiment Georgia State troops, and was elected to a lieutenancy. The regiment was organized at Macon, and afterward served at Savannah and Charleston. In the great campaign of 1864, under the command of Col. James Wilson, it formed a part of the brigade of Gen. Alfred Gumming, in Gen. Carter L. Stevensons brigade of Hoods corps, army of Tennessee, and fought with credit in the battles from Dalton to Atlanta. Lieutenant Hudson bore himself gallantly in this period of hard fighting, includ ing the battle of Atlanta, July 21-22, and the service in the intrenchments during the siege of that city. Subsequently he was disabled by illness, and in hospital until Sherman began his march to the sea, when he rejoined his com mand and participated in the devoted service of the handful of State troops which kept Shermans expeditions from

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CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HIS TOR Y.

ravishing the cities not on his direct line of march. At the battle of Griswoldville, November 22, 1864, one of the bloodiest fights in the State, in proportion to the num ber of the Confederates engaged, he was severely wounded by the explosion of a shell and captured, by the enemy. During the remainder of the war, and until July 3, 1865, he was prisoner at Point Lookout, Md., and Fort Dela ware, Pa. Lieutenant Hudson's civil career has been worthy to follow his patriotic service on the field. After farming for twenty years in Harris county he spent five years in Florida, and then returned to his former home and in 1894 embarked in business as a warehouseman and commission merchant. In every position in which he has been placed he has commanded the respect and confidence of his fellows. As chairman of the county Democratic executive committee and president of the board of educa tion he has rendered valuable public services. For five years he has been president of the county Sunday School association. Mr. Hudson was married in Harris county, to Juliette A., daughter of Dr. E. C. Hood, and has living three sons, the eldest of whom, Hood Hudson, is in the government service at Havana.

James C. Huff, of Atlanta, a soldier of the cavalry corps, army of Northern Virginia, was born in Newton county, Ga.. April 3, 1845, the son of John F. and Amelia (Cowsert) Huff, both natives of Georgia. He was reared on the farm of his parents and educated in the old field schools. His Confederate service began at the age of eighteen years, when, in 1863, he went to Virginia and enlisted as a private in Company B of the cavalry of Cobb's Legion. With this gallant body of Georgia troops, under the command of the famous J. E. B. Stuart, Wade Hampton and P. M. B. Young, he served until the close of the war. Among the battles in which he took part were Brandy Station (June 9, 1863), Upperville, Little Rock (Md.), Hanover (Pa.), Gettysburg, Boonsboro, Hedgesville, Culpeper Court House, Jack's Shop, Shady Grove, Spottsylvania Court House, Deep Bottom, Bean's Station and the many engage ments of the Petersburg campaign. In fact he shared in all the raids, skirmishes and exploits of his command, and was under fire in at least a hundred battles and skirmishes. Wherever duty called him he behaved with gallantry and patriotic devotion. At times he acted as commissary to his

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

745

company. As courier for Gen. Wade Hampton, he carried a dispatch from that officer to Gen. J. E. B. Stuart on the morning before the latter was fatally wounded at Yellow Tavern. At Spottsylvania Court House he was wounded and his horse killed under him. Early in 1865 his com mand, with other regiments of cavalry, was sent under
General Hamptons leadership to resist the advance of Shermans army through the Carolinas, and he was in the
action at Columbia, S. C., and the battles of Fayetteville and Bentonville, surrendering at Greensboro, N. C., with Johnstons army. He took part in one skirmish in North Carolina after Lees surrender. His father and an older brother, William T. Huff, and an uncle, Jeremiah C. Huff, were also members of Company B, of the cavalry of Cobbs Legion. The gallantry of this legion is well known. It is claimed for it that it captured more men at the battle of Fayetteville than it had in its com mand, besides securing the release of more than four hundred Confederate prisoners. Since the war Mr. Huff has resided in Georgia, making his home at Atlanta in 1871. He was married December 18, 1878, to Jennie, daughter of Zed Sawyer, and granddaughter of Judge Saw yer, and he has two children, a son and a daughter. He is a charter member of Atlanta Camp, No. 159, United
Confederate veterans and takes great interest in all things pertaining to Confederate history, in which he is remark
ably well informed.

Joseph Alston Huger, of Savannah, formerly an artillery officer in the Confederate States service, was born in Pendleton, S. C., in 1843, and was reared at the cities of Charles ton and Savannah. When hostilities began in 1861 he was a student in the South Carolina military college, at the Columbia arsenal, and he at once laid aside his books and joined his parents at Savannah, where he went on duty as a drill master among the volunteer troops. Subsequently he was commissioned as junior second lieutenant and as signed to Company D of the First Georgia regulars. This company was detached as a battery of light artillery, and was stationed in the Savannah district, under Generals Lawton, Gilmer, Mercer and other commanders until the summer of 1864. While on duty on the coast his company faithfully performed the duties assigned it, and was in the fight at Port Royal, S. C., in November, 1861 (where Lieu-

746

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

tenant Huger was knocked down by the explosion of a shell), and in the battle of Secessionville, S. C., and numer ous minor engagements with the enemy. About the time of Stoneman's raid from Atlanta, his battery was ordered to join the cavalry of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, with whom they served until December 25, 1864, when Wheeler left them at Springfield, Ga., ordering Lieutenant Huger to report to the first Confederate command which he could join. He joined a portion of General Hampton's command near Orangeburg, S. C., and after participating in the fight at Columbia, fell back with the Confederate forces into North Carolina, where he reported to Gen. Carter L. Ste venson, and was attached to his corps, until the reorganiza tion of General Johnston's army, when he was assigned with his three guns to Kemper's battalion of artillery, Hardee's corps. When Hardee's command moved to Greens boro to surrender, Lieutenant Huger refused to go, though threatened with being shot for disobedience of orders, and he started out to join Wheeler, but had not progressed far when he was informed by Wheeler that the struggle was hopeless. So he spiked his guns and made his way to Albany, Ga., without surrender or parole. He remained at Albany, from May, 1865, to the latter part of 1866, studying law under the preceptorship of Judge R. H. Clark. In June, 1867, he made his home at Savannah, where he has since resided, engaged extensively in the planting of rice and cotton in Georgia and South Carolina. He is yet a faithful and devoted Confederate, prizing the sacred memories of the great war for Southern indepen dence above all other earthly possessions.
i
Augustus Longstreet Hull, of Athens, was born in that city September 8, 1849. His father was Dr. Henry Hull, of Wilkes county, and his mother Mary A. Nisbet, of Iredell county, N. C. His grandfather, Hope Hull, was a Revolutionary soldier from Maryland and a Methodist min ister of great distinction. Mr. Hull was reared in Athens and in 1861 entered the University of Georgia; but in the fall of 1864 when the cause of the Confederacy was on the decline, patriotism prompted him to leave college and enter the service of his country. He was appointed a courier to M. L. Smith, chief engineer of the army of Tennessee, and served in this capacity to the close of the war. Though willing to do a soldier's duty wherever assigned it was

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

747

never his lot to be sent beyond the bounds of his native State. As soon as peace returned he re-entered the univer sity, where he was graduated in 1866. After being em ployed in various occupations he became cashier of a bank and held this position until 1900. Since 1890 he has been treasurer of the University of Georgia at Athens and is also president of the board of trustees of Lucy Cobb insti
tute, and a member of the board of education. He is a member of the Cobb-Deloney camp, United Confederate
veterans, and takes great interest in all matters pertaining to the welfare of Confederate soldiers. He was married in 1871 to Gallic Cobb, daughter of the illustrious states man and soldier Gen. T. R. R. Cobb, who gave his life for the Confederacy at the battle of Fredericksburg, and they have nine children.

John B. Humphries, one of the leading citizens of Austell, is a member of the United Confederate veterans camp there, and faithful to his comrades and the memories of the cause for which he fought and suffered. He was born in Campbell county and reared in Cobb, and while yet a boy enlisted in 1862 as a private in Company K of the Fortyfirst regiment, Col. C. A. McDaniel. He was mustered in at Campbelltown, and, joining the regiment at Chattanooga, was first in battle on the Big Black river, in Mississippi, May 17, 1863. During the siege of Vicksburg he was on duty in the trenches until he fell a victim to exhaustion and exposure and insufficient food, and was prostrated by inter
mittent fever and scurvy. After the surrender of Vicksburg he was taken with over sixty of the very sick to New Orleans by boat, for the purpose of exchange, and on reach ing the city he and thirty others were placed in a room of the St. Charles hotel. He lay there, suffering without relief, while all his comrades died, one by one, and were carried out for burial. Then a kind lady of New Orleans called in an eminent physician to assist the Federal surgeon, and they applied heroic treatment in the hope that there might
be a chance of recovery, covering his body with fly plasters for forty-eight hours. A reaction followed, and he began to recover. After remaining several months at the home
of Sumpter Turner, of New Orleans, he was sent home, being exchanged, and thirty days later he set out to rejoin his regiment with the army in Georgia. He was captured, however, at Decatur, Ala., and sent north as a prisoner

748

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

of war. For many weary months he was confined at Camp Douglas, Chicago, suffering, on account of his enfeebled condition, greater tortures than ordinary. He was taken with smallpox, but recovered, though six of his comrades died by his side. After this he suffered from starvation. The Federal prisoners at Andersonville doubtless did not have the food they should have had, neither did the Con federate soldiers, because the food was not available. But the Federal authorities believed their men in the Southern prison stockades were being wilfully starved and mistreated, and in retaliation they starved the Confederates in the northern prison stockades. Such is war, and Private Humphries, like other brave soldiers, has no desire to ob trude his share of the general misery. But it is well that the truth should be recorded, and that it should be under stood that prisoners starved both north and south. For a long time he had but a third of a loaf of bread and two mouthfuls of meat twice a day. To starvation the misery of cold was added, and withal the boy was so prostrated that he would lie at night shivering and crying, as he thought of the "bright and happy home so far away," and the dinners his mother used to cook. After seven months on the shores of Lake Michigan he was paroled and permitted to return home. As he went south he found his father and mother and younger children at Jeffersonville, Ind., where they had been sent by Sherman after their property was destroyed. He worked in a government stable to earn the money to bring them home, and finally they all got back to Douglass county and began life anew. He put their farm in order, and then married Sarah P. Mosely and began for himself as a farmer on shares. He and his wife are now the owners of a valuable farm near Austell, and he is regarded as one of the most influential men of his city. His children living are : Thaddeus and Joseph A., farmers; Earl, at home; William A., Fred T., and John A,, in busi ness at Ensley, Ala.; and a daughter, Maude. He has had the pleasure of locating quite a number of old soldiers and Northern friends who had fought against him, and it is his sentiment that we are all now ready to fight under the same flag.

James L. Hunt, warehouseman and farmer, and leading citizen of Barnesville, is a veteran of General Stovall's old command, the Third Georgia battalion. He was born in

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

749

Jones county, Ga., September 10, 1844, son of Alexander J. Hunt and Lucinda M. Beasley, and in his seventeenth year, April, 1861, he enlisted to fight for the Confederacy, as a private in Captain McDowell's company (Company B) of the Third infantry battalion, under Col. M. A. Stovall. He accompanied his battalion to Richmond, Va., served in garrison duty at Lynchburg, Va., Goldsboro, N. C., and in east Tennessee, and in the summer of 1862 marched into Kentucky with Gen. Kirby Smith's army. At the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, 1862, the Third battalion fought in Rains' brigade of McCown's division, and was in the thick of the bloody contest at the cedar, thicket. There Private Hunt was among the wounded, his left hand being shattered and crippled for life. He was for some time in hospital and out of active service, but returned to duty in time to participate in the winter campaign in Tennessee under Gen. John B. Hood, where he took part in the battles of Franklin and Nash ville. In the spring of 1865 he went with the battle-scarred remnant of the great army of Tennessee to the Carolinas, making a last stand against the enemy at Bentonville, and surrendering at Greensboro after the capitulation of Gen eral Lee. Returning home Mr. Hunt engaged in farming, and in 1870 was married to Elizabeth M., daughter of W. R. Murphy. He continued to devote himself to agriculture until 1886, when he also became interested in cotton ware housing.- His first wife died in 1884, leaving two sons and a daughter, and in 1886 he was married to Alice, daughter of Richard Wootten. Two daughters have been born to this union. Mr. Hunt's gallant record as a soldier is a precious inheritance to his children. In civil life, also, he has shown himself worthy of all confidence. No one is more highly esteemed by his surviving' comrades.

John T. Hunt, for the past six years president of the Pike county Confederate Veteran association, and a leading citizen of Barnesville, made a worthy record during the great war as an officer of the army of Tennessee. He was born in Jones county, Ga., April i, 1842, son of Alexander J. Hunt and Lucinda M. Beasley, and was reared upon the farm, receiving his early education at the Mt. Vernon high school. On June 29, 1861, he enlisted in the Barnes ville Blues, Capt. G. M. McDowell, and was made fourth sergeant of the company. The Blues became part of the

750

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

Third battalion Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. M. A. Stovall, and after some time in camp at Big- Shanty they were ordered to Goldsboro, N. C., and later to Rich mond, Va., where they remained until the Union uprising in eastern Tennessee, when they were sent to that quarter, and assigned to guarding bridges between Knoxville and Bris tol. Subsequently they were ordered to Cumberland Gap, and in August, 1862, they marched through the mountains into Kentucky, with Kirby Smith's army, and participated in the battle of Richmond and skirmished at Lexington and Harrodsburg. In the fall of 1862 Captain McDowell was promoted to division surgeon, and Lieut. W. M. Carter succeeding to command of the company, Sergeant Hunt was elected first lieutenant, his rank during the remainder of the war. On December 31, 1862, he participated in the great battle of Murfreesboro, in Rains' brigade of McCown's division, and was seriously wounded by a minie ball which struck a button over his heart and was so de flected from a fatal course, but drove the button deep into the flesh, causing an extremely troublesome and painful wound, which kept him in hospital for some time at Chat tanooga and Atlanta. In 1863 his company was transferred to the Fourth battalion Georgia sharpshooters, commanded by Maj. T. D. Caswell, of Gen. W. B. Bate's brigade, and after his return to duty he was made adjutant of this bat talion, the capacity in which he served during the remainder of the war. He took part in the battle of Hoover's Gap, Term., June 24, 1863, the retreat to Chattanooga, the north Georgia campaign culminating in the battle of Chickamauga, the siege of Chattanooga and battle of Missionary Ridge, and in 1864 participated in the fighting about Dalton and all the battles of the gallant division commanded by those eminent Tennessee Confederates, Bate and John C. Brown, including Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nash ville, fighting in the trenches also during the siege of At lanta, and suffering the hardships of the retreat from Ten nessee in December. In one of the Georgia battles he was again wounded, in the face, and at Atlanta, July 22<i, while serving on the staff of Gen. Thomas D. Smith, commanding his brigade, his horse was shot under him while he was carrying dispatches to Gen. W. H. T. Walker. Finding another mount, he succeeded in delivering his message to 'Walker, who fell soon afterward in that desperate battle.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

751

Lieutenant Hunt's last campaign was in North Carolina, and he was paroled at Greensboro under the capitulation of General Johnston. After his return to Georgia Lieu tenant Hunt engaged in cotton warehousing until 1898. He is now in business as a hardware merchant No one is more deeply interested in Confederate affairs than he, nor
more ready to make sacrifices for his loved comrades of 1861-65. He treasures yet the flag of his company that
was carried all through the war. Mr. Hunt has two chil dren, a son and a daughter, by his first marriage, to Mattie, daughter of J. M. Hightower. In 1879 he was married a second time, to Mrs. Addie F. Doris, daughter of W. H.
Chambers.

Captain James Hunter, of Decatur, a veteran of the Seventh Georgia volunteers, was born in Jackson county, Ga., August 5, 1835, son of David Hunter, a native of Ire
land, who came to South Carolina with his parents at the age of six years, served honorably in the war of 1812, and made his home in DeKalb county, Ga., with his family, in 1850. In that county Mr. Hunter volunteered for the Confederate service, March 29, 1861, in Company E of the Seventh infantry, commanded by Col. Lucius J. Gartrell. Going out as a private he accompanied Gartrell's regiment
to Harper's Ferry, Va., and soon afterward was detailed for duty in. the quartermaster's department, in which he served until the early part of 1862. In consequence of this detail he was not an active participant in the battle of First
Manassas, where his regiment was distinguished. Being elected first lieutenant of his company early in 1862 he served in that capacity during the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, and Second Manassas. In the latter fight the captain of Company E was killed, and Hunter was promoted to captain, his rank during the remainder of the war. He commanded his company with conspicuous gallantry in the battles of G. T. Anderson's brigade of Longstreet's corps, including Sharpsburg, Fred-
ericksburg, Gettysburg, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spott-
sylvania Court House, Cold Harbor and Petersburg, serv ing in the States of Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Georgia and Tennessee. On June 17, 1864, in the first great struggle against the advance of Grant's army south of the James river, he was severely wounded in the left foot in a skirmish on the Bermuda Hundred line, and in conse1 Ga n

752

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

quence his active participation in the war was ended. After two months in hospital at Richmond, he came home on crutches, and could perform no service until the fall of 1864, when he accepted an assignment by the secretary of war to duty in looking after absentees in the Seventh and Eighth congressional districts of Georgia. He was thus engaged when the war came to an end. In the years of peace that have followed he has been equally faithful to duty as a public official, serving eighteen years as sheriff of DeKalb county, and since the fall of 1900 as magistrate. He is a member of C. A. Evans camp, United Confederate veterans. Captain Hunter was married in 1859 to Eliza E. Mills, who died July 23, 1900, leaving a son and four daughters.

Captain James Marion Jackson, of the Eleventh Georgia infantry, was born in West Armuchee valley, Walker county, Ga., February 27, 1841, of Scotch-Irish parentage. He was born and reared upon the plantation which his father, Moses Jackson, originally brought to cultivation. The father was a slaveholder and the loyalty and fidelity of his old retainers and their children before, during and since the war is sufficient evidence of the kind and humane treatment that they received. In April, 1861, Captain Jack son entered the Confederate service as a second lieutenant of Company G, Eleventh regiment Georgia infantry, first commanded by George T. Anderson, familiarly known as "Tige" Anderson, and afterward the brigade commander. Lieutenant Jackson was advanced to the rank of captain soon after his enlistment, and during the great campaigns of the army in Virginia he commanded his company at Malvern Hill, Second Manassas, Fredericksburg, Sharpsburg and Gettysburg. During the Second Manassas cam paign he served in the commissary department, and during the Maryland campaign of 1862 was acting quartermaster of his regiment until the qualification for that position of Henry McDaniel, former governor of Georgia. His gallant and efficient career as an officer was ended at the battle of Gettysburg, where, in the second day's fighting, he was dangerously wounded, a ball passing through his body. He was left upon the field with the dead and dis abled, and, being taken up by the Federals, was in field hospital three months at Gettysburg, before he could be transferred to Baltimore. Thence he was taken to the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

753

military prison at Johnson's island, where he was held until paroled in March, 1865. On reaching home in the follow ing May Captain Jackson found that his father's dwelling, barns, storehouses and contents had been burned by Fed eral sympathizers, and his family, including three girls and two boys, were living in a cabin originally built for slaves. He soon gave his attention to educational work, in which he has been quite successful, having had in charge the high schools at Subligna, Summerville, Lafayette and Kensing ton. At his father's death he purchased the old plantation, which is yet his property. He makes his home at Lafayette. A brother, W. P., a soldier in Wheeler's cavalry, is now a merchant and planter at Green Bush, and a younger brother, M. C., is a Baptist minister at Dalton. Captain Jackson was married in 1867 to Laura Anderson, and three of their children are living: Earl A., Addie and James Roy Perry. Mrs. Jackson and her daughter are enthusiastic members 'of the Daughters of the Confederacy. The oldest son, Earl A., is a graduate of the famous law school of Cumber land university, Lebanon, Tenn., and is practicing at La fayette, Ga. He served several years as solicitor of Walker county, and is a prominent corporation lawyer, represent ing the Chattanooga, Rome & Southern, and Chattanooga & Dalton railroads, the Chickamauga & Durham coal and coke company, the Georgia ore company, the New England land and improvement company, the North Georgia coal and iron company and the Connecticut land and improve ment company. In 1900 he was married to Isabel S., daughter of Capt. A. R. Steele, of Lafayette. She is a devoted member of the Daughters of the Confederacy.

Jesse L. Jarrell, of Athens, a member of Cobb-Delony camp of United Confederate veterans, was born in Oconee county, Ga., May 6, 1845, son of Stinson S. Jarrell and Susan Thompson Davenport. When about eighteen years of age, in April, 1863, he volunteered for the Confederate service as a private in the Echols Light Artillery, with which he served until the close of the war. His service was on the coast, and he was on duty on the Savannah line when that city was beleaguered by Sherman's army, and was there under fire. Upon the evacuation of that city he accom panied General Hardee's command to Charleston, S. C., and when that city also was abandoned his company left their guns there, and, serving as infantry, joined the army

754

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

of Gen. J. E. Johnston, with whom Private Jarrell took part in the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville. At the close of the war he had the rank of brevet brigade commis sary sergeant, and surrendered with the army at Greens
boro, N. C., April 26, 1865. Since the war Mr. Jarrell has had a successful business career, and has been variously occupied, as commercial traveler, merchant and mill man,
and in recent years he has been engaged in farming1 in Oconee county. He was married in 1875 to Lilla E. Up-
shur, who died in 1890, and in 1898 to Mrs. Mattie P. Dootson, daughter of Boles Parr, of Athens, a gallant Con federate soldier of White's company, Cook's battalion, who was killed at Savannah, in December, 1864, by a Fed eral sharpshooter. Mr. Jarrell has one child, Jessie Lewis.

William H. Jarrell, M. D., a brother of the foregoing, was junior first lieutenant of the Echols Light Artillery and was in command of his company in every one of its engage
ments and at the time of its surrender at Greensboro, N. C. It was his patriotism and undaunted courage that held his company together after Lee's surrender. A stu dent of medicine before the war, he left Jefferson Medical college at Philadelphia with the other Southern students .at the time of John Brown's raid and afterward continued his studies at Augusta, Ga., and was graduated. After the war he practiced his profession in Oglethorpe county with much success, residing at Lexington for a year or two before his death in 1884. One of his daughters, Myrtis Jarrell, is an accomplished teacher in the public schools,
completing her education in Europe. John W. Jarrell, another brother, was a member of the same company, but
was appointed ordnance sergeant of the brigade and served in that capacity throughout the war. He is now one of the most extensive planters and foremost citizens of Ogle thorpe county, which he has represented in the legislature. He and his brother, Jesse L., treasure as medals the Mex
ican dollars given them at the time of the surrender, on
which are engraved the records of their service.

Edwin A. Jelks, M. D., of Quitman, former surgeon of
the Twenty-sixth Georgia infantry, was born in Hawkinsville, Ga., in 1836, son of Col. James O. Jelks, a prominent merchant and planter in his day, and member of the legisla ture. His mother was Mary, daughter of Jam.es Polhill,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

755

for many years judge of the Southern circuit. Dr. Jelks was educated at Mercer university, read medicine under Dr. L. A. Folsom, of Bellville, Fla., and attended lectures at the Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, until hos tilities became imminent between the North and South,
when he matriculated at Charleston, S. C., and was grad uated there in 1860. He had hardly become established in his practice at Quitman, where he made his home as a
young physician, when volunteers were called for to fight
for the South, and he promptly enlisted in Company C of the Twenty-sixth regiment Georgia infantry, of which he was appointed and commissioned surgeon. This regi ment became a part of the Georgia brigade under Lawton, Gordon and Evans, and served under Lee and Stonewall Jackson in the army of Northern Virginia from the Seven Days' battles to Appomattox, and Surgeon Jelks was with the regiment throughout all of its distinguished career, faithful to his duties both in field and in camp. He was very skillful as a surgeon and devoted as a soldier, and won fully the love and esteem of his soldiers. Surgeon Jelks was under fire in numerous battles, such as Fredericksburg, Hanover Junction, Winchester (September 19, 1864), and during the retreat from Richmond to Appomattox, and his career closed with the surrender of General Lee and his army, April 9, 1865. From Appomattox he rode home upon his horse to Quitman and began again the professional career in civil life which he had put aside four years before. He has enjoyed a large and successful prac tice in the subsequent years, and has the high esteem of the people cf his county.

John J. Jelks, cf Macon, a veteran of the army of North ern Virginia, is a native of Hawkinsville, Ga. He entered the Confederate service in 1861 as a private in Company G of the Eighth regiment Georgia infantry, under the com mand of Col. Francis S. Bartow. This regiment, one of
the most famous of Georgia Confederate commands, was mustered in at Richmond, Va., and at once went on duty as
part of the army of the Shenandoah, under Gen. J. E. Johnston. While in that region Mr. Jelks fell a victim to that dangerous disease of the camps, measles, and after ward was taken with pneumonia. He was for some time at the point of death, and was not able to rejoin the regi ment until Christmas, 1861, finding his comrades in camp

756

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

at Manassas Junction. He served all through the arduous campaigns and great battles of 1862, with Gen. "Tige" Anderson's brigade, D. R. Jones' division, Longstreet's corps, fighting at Dam No. i on the Yorktown line, in the Seven Days' battles, and at Second Manassas, South Mountain, Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg. After the lat ter battle he was transferred to the Twenty-sixth regiment Georgia infantry, of Gordon's brigade, and appointed cap tain commissary, in which capacity he took part in the cam paigns involving the battles of Chancellorsville, Winches ter and Gettysburg. After the retreat from Pennsylvania to Virginia the office of captain commissary was abolished, and being granted leave by General Gordon to return home, he rode his horse from Orange Court House, Va., to Hamilton county, Fla., where 'his father lived, and there enlisted in the Second regiment Florida cavalry, in which his brother, Dr. N. P. Jelks, was a member. With that command he served during the remainder of the war, tak ing part in various encounters with the enemy, and finally surrendered, after the capitulation of the great Confederate armies. Mr. Jelks is a son of James O. Jelks, formerly a prominent citizen of Pulaski county, Ga., and of a patriotic Confederate family. His life since the war has been mainly devoted to mercantile pursuits, although he has also had extensive interests in the orange groves of Florida. He was first in business at Hawkinsville, later in Hamilton county, Fla., and since 1890 has resided at Macon. He was secretary and treasurer of the Southern Phosphate works at the latter city until 1898, and since then has been engaged in brick manufacture. He has five sons living: O. K., cashier of the Bank of Quitman, John J., Jr., Lathrop, James and Hurdley.

Nathaniel P. Jelks, M. D., of Hawkinsville, is a native of that city, born July 18, 1845, and is a descendant of a colonial family of North Carolina, of Wrelsh descent. His father, James O. Jelks, was a prominent planter and mer chant in Pulaski county, Ga., which he represented between 1830 and 1840 in the State legislature. Dr. Jelks accom panied his parents to Florida at the age of eight years, and was reared in Hamilton county of the Peninsular State. At eighteen years of age, in 1863, he entered the Confed erate States service as a private in Company I of the Second regiment Florida cavalry, a gallant command that was

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

757

prominent in the work of guarding the interior of that State from the inroads of the enemy, and engaged in numerous skirmishes with the Federals. Private Jelks' most serious engagement was at Natural Bridge, March 6, 1865, in which the Confederate forces defeated an expedi tion intended to take possession of the State capital, and in
this fight he was slightly wounded. After the armies of Generals Lee and Johnston had laid down their arms he
surrendered with his command at Baldwin, Fla. When peace came again to the land, he entered upon the study
of medicine, and was graduated at Bellevue Hospital med ical college, N. Y., in 1868, and embarked in the practice at his native town in Georgia. He has gained distinction and success in his profession., is one of the popular men of his county, and a valued member of the State medical asso ciation. In addition to his professional work he is inter ested in planting, and has served his fellow citizens effi
ciently as president of the city board of education. Dr. Jelks has three sons living: Edwin L. Jelks, M. D., a graduate of Bellevue medical hospital, 1896, and engaged in the practice at Quitman, Ga.; and Needham P., who received his education at Mercer university, and is a. drug gist at Hawkinsville, and Antony P. Jelks, six years of age.

Louis Howell Jenkins, of Harris county, a veteran of Wheeler's cavalry, was born in the county where he now resides February 8, 1836. He was reared upon the farm of his parents, David and Lizzie (Cooper) Jenkins, engaged in planting in early manhood, and in December, 1858, was married to Nancy V. Stevens, a happy union, of which four sons and two daughters are now living. In the spring of 1862 Mr. Jenkins entered the Confederate States service as a private soldier in Company D of the Third regiment Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. Martin J. Crawford. With this command he participated in the Kentucky cam paign under Gen. Joseph Wheeler, fighting in the battle of Perryville and other minor encounters with the enemy, and after the return to Tennessee took part in the cam paign of Murfreesboro. He was at the battle of Chickamauga with Wheeler and Forrest, and in Wheeler's raid around Chattanooga and the Knoxville expedition with Longstreet, and in 1864 fought through the Atlanta cam paign, in almost daily battle from Dalton to Decatur, until he was sent home on account of illness, just after the bat-

758

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

ties of July 21-22, near Atlanta. He subsequently returned to duty, and at Macon joined a battalion of men separated from their commands, with which he served at Savannah and Augusta and in South Carolina, finally rejoining Wheeler's command, with which he served as a member of the engineers during the latter days of the war. At the last he was paroled at Atlanta. Mr. Jenkins has been engaged in farming since the war and is one of the suc cessful, honorable and upright men of the State. With the exception of thirteen years in Troup county he has been a resident of Harris county, where he is held in high esteem. With his comrades he is yet associated as a mem ber of Harris county camp, United Confederate veterans.

Henry Jennings, a veteran of the Troup artillery, senior captain of police at Atlanta, was born in Clark county, Ga., April 2, 1839, son of Henry Jennings, a native of Virginia, and Nancy Landrum, of Oglethorpe county. Captain Jennings was reared on the farm, with an old field school education, and when hostilities began in 1861 was teaching school in Clarke county. In July of the same year he enlisted as a soldier of the Confederacy, he and two broth ers, James J. and Giles R., becoming privates in the Troup Artillery, a famous Georgia battery organized at Athens, Ga. He was commissioned second lieutenant of the bat tery in April, 1862, and in February, 1865, he was detached from his company and given charge of the ordnance of his battalion, a duty which entitled him to the rank of captain, but the war closed so soon afterward he was never com missioned as such. His battery served with credit in the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia, becoming a part of the battalion of Col. Henry Coulter Cabell, in Gen. E. P. Alexander's artillery of Longstreet's corps. Captain Jennings served first in West Virginia under Gen erals Lee and Loring, next was on the peninsula under Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the retreat from Yorktown, and thereafter was under Longstreet and Lee, in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House. Cold Harbor and Petersburg. He was severely wounded in the battle of Gettysburg, caus ing his disability for three months, and was slightly wounded in one of the fights about Richmond. Finally, at the close of a gallant and devoted service, he was sur-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

759

rendered with the army of General Lee at Appomattox. After the war Captain Jennings farmed for several years in Clarke county, and in 1884 removed to Atlanta, where he joined the police force in 1887. Rising through the grades of patrolman and sergeant he is now the senior captain. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Con federate veterans, and has attended the general reunions at Richmond, Nashville and Atlanta. Captain Jennings was married in 1866 to Jane McWhorter, who died a few months later; in 1868 married Fannie E. Callahan, who lived but a few months, and in 1871 he married Sarah F. Jackson. They have.a son and a daughter.

Joseph Jerger, of Thomasville, a survivor of Walkers Georgia division, army of Tennessee, is a native of Ger many, born in 1829. He came to America in 1857, mak ing his home at Thomasville, where he engaged in busi ness as a jeweler. He was not slow to offer his services as a soldier when the war began for Southern independence, but he was three times refused on account of physical dis ability. Finally, in the spring of 1864, when all the resources of the State were demanded to meet the invasion by General Sherman, he was allowed to enlist in May as a private in Company E of the Twenty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry. He was on duty with the regiment, in Gen. Clement H. Stevens brigade of W. H. T. Walkers
division, at Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochee River, Peachtree Creek, and until the battle of Atlanta, July 22d, when he was badly wounded in three places and left on the field. Falling into the hands of the enemy he was sent to Marietta and thence to Atlanta, and before the evacua
tion of that city by Sherman was forwarded to the North. He reached Camp Douglas, Chicago, November 25, 1864, and was held there until March 15, 1865. On being exchanged he left Richmond, Va., March 28th, and arrived at Thomasville, April 15, 1865. In the following July he
embarked in the jewelry trade again, and this has been his occupation ever since. He is highly esteemed as a neigh bor and citizen, and Confederate veteran, and in public
office has served as member of the city council.

John B. Jett, of Atlanta, a veteran of Col. Robert J. Hendersons regiment, the Forty-second Georgia, was born April 4, 1837, within the present limits of Atlanta. The

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house in which he first saw the light stood on his father's farm in the vicinity of what is now the corner of Hunter
and Chestnut streets. His father was James A. Jett, of Scotch descent, a native of Pickens district, S. C., and his
mother was Eliza McGrady, of Irish parentage. On March
4, 1862, Mr. Jett enlisted in Company I, Forty-second reg
iment Georgia infantry, a gallant command with which he
was associated in the campaigns in east Tennessee, Ken
tucky, Mississippi, Georgia and middle Tennessee, and the
Carolinas, under Generals Bragg, Kirby Smith, Pember-
ton, Johnston and Hood. Owing to delicate health, he
was detailed on light duty, acting as teamster much of the
time, and so missed considerable of the battle service of
his regiment, but was a faithful soldier and constantly engaged in necessary duty. He served in the trenches at
Vicksburg in May, June and July, 1863, coolly perform
ing his duty in positions of great danger, and after the
surrender of the garrison was on parole until the regiment was exchanged in the fall of 1863, when it was reorganized
at Decatur, Ga., and made a part of Johnston's army. After taking part in the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, in the course of which he was an active participant in the bat tle of Rocky Face Ridge and Resaca; Hood's campaign through north Georgia and to Nashville, Tenn., and the campaign in the Carolinas, he was surrendered with Gen, T. E. Johnston's army at Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1865. Thence he walked to Washington, Ga., there securing transportation to Atlanta. In 1867 he went to Central America, preferring to seek a home in a foreign country rather than live in a land threatened by negro rule. He spent one year there, but found affairs no better, for the first court he ever attended in that foreign land was pre sided over by a barefooted negro, the total cost of whose raiment did not exceed fifty cents. He thought his own country, bad as it was, preferable to this; so at the end of a year he returned to Atlanta and farmed until 1871. Since then he has devoted his time to business pursuits. He is a member of W. H. T. Walker camp, No. 925, United Con federate veterans. In 1875 he was married to Josephine Richardson, who died leaving three daughters and a son, and in 1889 he wedded Lida Stansell of South Carolina. They have one daughter living.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

781

Coionei Abda Johnson, of the Fortieth Georgia infantry, was born October 8, 1826, in Elbert county, Ga., and died in Bartow county, Ga., on July 10, 1881. He graduated with.-second honor at the university of Georgia in 1846, and shortly thereafter began the practice of the law, being admitted to practice in the supreme court of Georgia at the March term, 1848. On March 30, 1852, he married Fanny,
daughter of Judge Turner H. Trippe. In 1855-6 he repre sented his county in the general assembly, and at the expiration of his term declined re-election. He was
strongly opposed to secession, but followed the policy of his State and early in 1862 raised a company of infantry, and upon the organization of regiments from the Georgia volunteers was elected colonel of the Fortieth Georgia regiment, receiving his commission on the ipth of March of that year. His command went first to east Tennessee, thence through the Kentucky campaign, afterward served at Vicksburg. After being exchanged the regiment joined General Johnston in his operations between Chattanooga and Atlanta, marched with Hood to Nashville and finally campaigned in North Carolina, where it was surrendered. His regiment was in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Baker's Creek, in the seige of Vicksburg, at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, in the battles around Atlanta, at Nashville and Bentonville, and many smaller engagements. He commanded his regiment in all engage
ments, except when in command of the brigade. After the close of the war he practiced his profession until his death, only interrupted by his service for his State as a member
of the constitutional convention of 1887. Of his five chil dren four still live in Bartow county, Mrs. Lilly J. Bradley, Albert S. Johnson, Mrs. Frances J. Akin and Mrs. Julia Trippe Johnson, while his eldest son, Stovall Johnson, has been a citizen of Texas for a number of years.

Franklin Jackson Johnson, of Columbus, a soldier of Gen. Clement A. Evans' old regiment, the Thirty-first
Georgia, was born in Muscogee county, Ga., April 8, 1832. His parents were Robert G. Johnson, a native of Greene
county, Ga., who was a soldier in the Indian wars in his youth, and afterward a prosperous farmer, and his wife, Elizabeth Odom, of Alabama. Two other sons of these parents served in the Thirty-first regiment: J. T. Johnson, the efficient and gallant adjutant of the regiment, who was

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

killed in battle while bravely executing orders in the midst of a charge upon the enemy, and J. M. Johnson, who also lost his life on the battle field. Each of these brothers was a good and gallant Confederate. Franklin completed his education at Irving college, in middle Tennessee, and then-
engaged in farming, an occupation he left in 1862 to enter the Confederate service. He enlisted in Company B of the Thirty-first, at Savannah, and after some service at that
city went to Virginia with the brigade of Gen. A. R. Lawton and participated in the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond. After about one year's service he was pros trated by illness, and sent home on detail duty. He served
at Atlanta in the employment of the war department until the evacuation of that city; in the fall of 1864 took part in the battle of Griswoldville, and afterward was at Savannah, Charleston and Augusta until his return to Columbus,
where he was paroled at the close of the war. He was faithful and efficient in his service for the Confederacy, doing all that his health would permit. Since the war Mr. Johnson has been farming in Moscogee county, of which he is one of the enterprising and influential citizens. For sixteen years he has been a member of the county board of education, and since 1892 he has held the office of county school commissioner. Mr. Johnson was married in 1861, and has two sons, R. L. Johnson, superintendent of public works at Columbus, and J. M. Johnson, also residing at Columbus.
i John M. Johnston, of LaGrange, a soldier of Jackson's corps, army of Northern Virginia, was born in Troup
county, Ga., in 1838, son of Cornelius Johnston and his wife, Sarah Ayres, both natives of Georgia. Mr. Johnston enlisted for the Confederate States service early in 1861 as a private in Company K of the Thirteenth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Walker Ector. The regiment was organized at Griffin, and after some time in
camp of instruction at Decatur, Ga., was ordered to West Virginia, where Johnston and his comrades served under Gen. John B. Floyd in the campaign on the New and
Gauley rivers, and under Gen. R. E. Lee, at Sewell Moun tain. They were in some fighting and arduous service in that wild and mountainous region, and then were trans ferred to Savannah, whence they returned to Virginia in
the spring of 1862, as a part of the Georgia brigade com-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

763

manded then by Gen. A. R. Lawton, and later by John B. Gordon and Clement A. Evans. After that Mr. Johnston was associated with the Second corps, army of Northern Virginia, under the command of Stonewall Jackson, Ewell, Early and Gordon, and bore himself throughout as a man worthy of a part in the glorious deeds of that grand com mand. Among1 his battles were the Seven Days before Richmond, Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Win chester, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Lynchburg, Monocacy, Winchester, Cedar Creek, and Hare's Hill. At the battle of Sharpsburg he was shot through the left leg, causing a severe flesh wound, and with this exception he escaped from casualties. He was with the army in the last march, to Appomattox Court House, and was there paroled. Since the war he has been a resident of LaGrange, where he is held in high esteem by his comrades and fellow citizens.

Joel W. Joiner, of Albany, a veteran of the First Georgia regulars, is a native of Georgia, born in Sumter county in 1844, and was reared there and in Macon and Worth coun ties. He volunteered for the military service of the Con federate States at the age of eighteen years, in August, 1862, as a private in Company H of the First regiment Georgia regulars, under Colonel Magill, and afterward was identified with the record of his regiment, participating in all its campaigns and battles. At the time of his enlist ment the First regulars was part of Gen. George T. Anderson's brigade, in the army of Northern Virginia, but after the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, they were transferred to the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and assigned to the middle district of Florida, where they were for a time under the com
mand of Gen. Howell Cobb. Mr. Joiner participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., in February, 1864, and after ward served about Charleston, S. C., fighting on John's Island and in other quarters, in defense of the besieged
city. He was in the fighting with Slocum's negro troops in the Coosawhatchie region, above Port Royal, and along the Charleston and Savannah railroad; campaigned against Sherman around Savannah, and in the battle of Rivers' Bridge, on the Salkehatchie, in February, 1865, and soon afterward was taken sick and sent to hospital. During his

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service he was three times slightly wounded, and made a fine reputation as a soldier. In February, 1865, he was taken prisoner in hospital at Cheraw, S. C., but was not disturbed, and upon his recovery he returned from there to his home. For eighteen months he resided at Warwick, engaged in teaching school, until he was elected clerk of the superior court of Worth county, a position he held for five years. Resigning this office he came to Albany in 1872, and began a mercantile career in which he has been quite successful. He has one of the best jewelry establish ments in that part of Georgia, and is a popular and esti mable gentleman.

Augustus Lee Jones, of Blakely, Early county, is a
native of Florida, born at Warrenton in 1841, and reared at Quincy, and rendered his Confederate service as a soldier with the troops of that State. He volunteered among the first in Florida, enlisting in April, 1861, in Company G of the First regiment Florida infantry, under the command of Col. James Patton Anderson, afterward a distinguished major-general. He served with this command for one year, about Pensacola, participating in the battle of Santa
Rosa island and witnessing the bombardment of Fort Pickens. At the expiration of his twelve months' enlist
ment he was mustered out, and returning home soon after ward re-enlisted in Company E of the Second Florida cav alry. He was made a corporal at the organization of the company, the rank in which he served until the close of the war. Corporal Jones was in several engagements with
his company under the command of Capt. H. T. Blocker, reinforcing Capt. J. J. Dickison, defending the interior from the inroads of the enemy, and campaigning on the St.
John's river. He was part of a detail engaged in planting torpedoes in the St. John's at the mouth of Trout creek, and subsequently he served for a time in the signal service, operating for five weeks inside the enemy's lines. Among his battles were Palatka and Gainesville, and the final com
bat at Natural Bridge, in March, 1865, where he was
slightly wounded. After news had been received of the capitulation of the armies of Lee and Johnston he surren dered at Baldwin and returned to his home at Quincy. He has been a resident of Blakely, Ga., since 1870, and successful in business as a jeweler and farmer. Mr. Jones

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

765

is a member of the United Confederate veterans and pop ular with his comrades.

C. Lucian Jones, of Savannah, formerly in the naval

service of the Confederacy, was born at Washington, D. C.,

where his father, Gen, Roger Jones, was then residing as

adjutant-general of the United States army. His brother,

Catesby R. Jones, was a lieutenant in the United States

navy, resigned and entered the Confederate States navy,

and gained fame by his gallant conduct as executive and

ordnance officer of the rani Virginia in the memorable

battles at Hampton Roads, for which he was promoted to

the rank of commander. Another brother, Roger Jones,

continued in the United States service, and attained the

rank of brigadier-general in the inspector-general's depart

ment. Charles Lucian Jones was appointed to the Con

federate States navy November 29, 1862, and was commis

sioned assistant paymaster, January 7, 1864, to rank from

November 29, 1862, and assistant paymaster, provisional

navy, June 2, 1864. A letter from Gen. Robert E. Lee to

the secretary of the navy deserves quotation here as testi

fying to the esteem in which the young officer was held:

"Headquarters Army, Rappahannock, November J, 1863.

"This application is respectfully submitted to the Hon

orable Secretary of the Navy. Mr. Jones is the son of

Gen. Roger Jones, formerly adjutant-general of the army

of the United States. At the commencement of the war

he came to Virginia, and has been ever since in the Con

federate service as he relates. He is a young gentleman

of exceptional character, zealous, attentive, and conscien

tious in the discharge of his duties. When in command of

the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, I

had the opportunity of witnessing his attention to duty

and of knowing the estimation in which he was held by

the naval officers on that station. He is brother of Com

mander Catesby Jones, whose ability and services are

known to all. (Signed)

R. E. Lee, General."

Mr. Jones rendered efficient service in the Confederate

States navy under Flag Officer Josiah Tatnall at Savannah ;

under Flag Officer Lynch at Wilmington, and on board

the ironclad North Carolina, and at the naval battery

Buchanan and Fort Fisher. In 1864 he was paymaster

on board the cruiser Tallahassee in her famous cruise .

along the Atlantic coast and off New York harbor. At the

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

last he was paroled tinder the capitulation of Gen. J. E. Johnston, at Greensboro, N. C., May i, 1865, and after that date he resided at Wilmington, N. C., until 1874, when he made his home at Savannah. After a successful busi ness career he retired in 1895.

Henry Clay Jones, of Decatur, was born in Griffin, Ga., November 25, 1845. He is a son of Dr. John W. Jones, a physician, who was a representative from Georgia in the congress of the United States contemporary with Alexan der H. Stephens, Howell Cobb, Robert Toombs and Hershel V. Johnson. Dr. Jones was a professor in the Atlanta Medical college for many years. Judge Jones'' mother was Charlotte Pratt Rogers of Athens, Ga., a first cousin of that eloquent Georgian, Walter T. Colquitt, the father of Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt, who after brilliant service in the war became governor of Georgia and United States senator. In 1855 the parents of Judge Jones removed to Atlanta. In 1861 young Jones enlisted in Col. Robert J. Cowart's regiment of State troops, and during the period of enlistmentj six months, served as the colonel's orderly on the coast. At the expiration of this period he enlisted as a private in Company B of the Seventh Georgia infantry and was subsequently made color bearer of the regiment. Going to Virginia he participated in the Maryland cam paign, fighting at South Mountain and Sharpsburg. He also took part at the battles of Fredericksburg, Suffolk and Gettysburg. After the Pennsylvania campaign he was transferred to the commissary department and assigned duty in the West. He served for a time as commissary of Lee's battalion at Camp Preston, Atlanta, and while there was elected second lieutenant of Capt. Bass Douglas' com pany in the Third regiment of Georgia Reserves. In this capacity he served in Georgia and the Carolinas until the close of the war, being in command of his company at the battles of Bentonville in March, 1865, and at the surrender near Greensboro, N. C. After the war he studied law and graduated in the law class of Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky., in 1871, after which he located at Decatur, Ga., and began the practice. He was for four years judge of the city court of DeKalb, one year judge of the DeKalb county court, and for four years served as solicitor-general of the Stone Mountain circuit. He is an able lawyer, made a fine reputation as judge, and is a devoted Confederate,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

767

maintaining membership in Clement A Evans camp, No. 665, United Confederate veterans, of which he was at one time commander. Judge Jones was married in 1872 to Mary M. Ramspeck, a native of Petersburg, Va. They have three daughters and one son. Five brothers of Judge Jones were in the Confederate service--William R. Jones,
who served as a. sergeant in Company B of the Seventh
Georgia regiment, and was constantly on duty except when disabled by a wound received at Garnett's Farm near Rich mond in June, 1862, survived the war, and died in Texas
in October, 1867; Dr. John W. Jones, surgeon in the Con federate army, now living at Dallas, Texas; Leonidas Jones, who served in the First Georgia regulars and died at Memphis, Tenn., in 1883; Luther L. Jones, of the Gate City Guard, who died from sickness in 1863, while in serv ice at Warrenton, Ga., and Newton Franklin Jones, who served under General Forrest throughout the war and is now a resident of Rector, Ark. Mrs. Anna C. Miller, of
Augusta, Ga., and Mrs. Lula W. Morford, of Ewing, Ky., are sisters of Judge Jones.

Leonard P. Jones, of McRae, one of the youngest sol diers of the Confederacy, had a brief but severe experience in the field with the gallant Eighth Georgia. He was born and reared in Telfair county, and before he was fifteen years old enlisted for the military service of the Confed eracy in Company G of the Eighth regiment, a command then already noted for its gallant service under General Bartow at First Manassas. His first engagements with the enemy were in the Seven Days' battles before Rich mond, under Gen. Robert E. Lee, his regiment forming part of the command of A. P. Hill, distinguished in the opening combats of that bloody campaign on the Chickahominy. On June 26th he was desperately wounded by the bursting of a shell, fragments of which penetrated both arms and both legs, causing the loss of his left arm. It was believed impossible that he could recover, but he was carried to a small house on the field and subsequently taken to hospital at Richmond, where he hovered between life and death for many days. He could not leave the hospital until September iSth, when he was taken to his home in Georgia, entirely incapacitated for further service as a soldier for his beloved Southland. His manhood, thus patriotically begun with great sacrifice for his country,
Ga 78

768

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HIS TOR Y.

has been an honorable and useful one, despite the handicap received on the field of battle. Soon after his recovery from wounds, he was elected tax receiver of Telfair county, an office he filled satisfactorily for four years. Then mov ing to Glynn county he was made city guardhouse keeper and clerk of the market at Brunswick. On his return to Telfair county he was elected sheriff, and after four years
in that office he was ordinary of the county twelve years. Retiring from official life in 1901, he engaged in business
as a merchant, at McRae. In his official life he has fully justified the confidence of his fellow citizens, and labored effectively for the public good. Mr. Jones has been a faith ful comrade to worthy ex-Confederates, and is true to the great principles for which he fought. He was the organ izer and first president of one of the earliest Confederate veteran camps in Georgia.

Thomas Foster Jones, M. D., was born at Laurens, S. C., April 3, 1832, and died at his home near Cartersville, Ga., November 13, 1899. Dr. Jones was educated at Laurens and Greenville, S. C., by the best educators of that period. Leaving school a fine linguist at an early age, he applied himself vigorously to the study of medicine, graduating with distinction in 1856 at the medical college of Charles
ton, S. C. He entered the practice at once at Madison, Fla. After two years, his health failing, he moved to Car tersville, Ga. Dr. Jones was twice married, his first wife being Miss Kate Reynolds, of Greenwood, S. C., who lived only a few months. On September n, 1860, he married Miss Louisa J. Young, of Bartow county, Ga., only sister of the late Gen. P. M. B. Young. In May, 1861, Dr.
Jones raised and was elected captain of a company of infantry, with which he did good service for a year in the army of Northern Virginia. His health failing, he returned home and raised a company of cavalry in Bartow county, Ga., which became Company A of the Fourteenth bat
talion Georgia cavalry. As captain of this company he was on duty at Knoxville and other points in east Ten
nessee, participated in the raids in Kentucky, and was one of the most trusted officers of the dashing and intrepid John H. Morgan. Finally, in an engagement with the
enemy at Blountville, Tenn., and while in command of the Confederate forces engaged, as brevet major, under Gen eral Morgan, he was severely wounded. This resulted in

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY

739

his capture, and he was carried a prisoner of war to John son's Island, Lake Erie, where he was confined for eighteen months. As a soldier Major Jones was brave almost to a fault. As an officer he was a strict disciplinarian, but always kind, courteous and just to those subject to his authority. As a patriot and soldier he gave ungrudgingly to that cause which he always insisted was right, his best service. At the close of the civil war he resumed the practice of his profession at Kingston, Ga., and was a most successful and beloved physician until November, 1896, when he moved to "Walnut Grove," near Cartersville, the ancestral home of his wife.

Captain T. Skelton Jones, of Macon, a staff officer of the Confederate army, is a son of Gen. Roger Jones, former adjutant-general of the United States army. Three of his brothers were in the Confederate service: Capt. Catesby R. Jones, well remembered as a gallant officer of the navy; Major Walter Jones, of the army, and C. Lucian Jones, paymaster in the navy, while another brother, Roger, was in the United States service. T, Skelton Jones was ap pointed a lieutenant in the Virginia troops early in 1861, and subsequently was commissioned captain and assistant quartermaster in the provisional army of the Confederate States. He served under General Magruder at Yorktown, Va., and throughout the Peninsular campaign, after which he was transferred to special duty under Colonel Carrington, for the purpose of furnishing supplies to the quarter master's department of the army of General Lee. In this capacity he served until the close of the war, finally being paroled at Augusta, Ga. His service was of a highly im portant nature, and was most faithfully and ably performed. Since the war he has had a successful business career, and has been notably active in promoting the commercial and industrial advancement of his country. Engaging in a commission and brokerage business at Macon, he was the first to establish in the South the system of merchandise brokerage, now so prevalent in the Southern country, and in Mew York he established an agency for the settlement of colonies in the South, becoming a pioneer also in the work of bringing investors and settlers from the North. He is yet in the brokerage and commission business at Macon, and is one of the leading men of his city. The wife of Captain Jones, who died May 13, 1899, was Mary

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

E. Ready, of Nashville, Term., who did noble work in that State during the war, relieving the sufferings of the sick
and wounded in hospital, and continued her gracious min istrations to the afflicted to the day of her death.

William C. Jones, of Augusta, Ga., was born in that city in 1832. There he grew up to manhood and in its schools
under some of the ablest teachers that Georgia ever knew, received his education. He did not at the beginning of
hostilities enter the army, but his whole heart was with the South, and he stood ready to serve his native State when her safety was endangered. He was on the Georgia coast near Savannah in February, 1862, and, though not in the regular service, was acting as a volunteer on the Confederate steamer Nashville when that vessel, which
had run aground not far from Genesis Point, was set on fire by a shell from a Federal gunboat. This was on the 28th of February, 1862 on which day the Federal fleet, though successful in burning the Nashville, suffered the second of three defeats inflicted by the brave garrison of Fort McAllister. In 1863 Mr. Jones entered the service of the State as second lieutenant in the First Augusta bat talion of Georgia Reserves and served with this command until the close of the war. After the return of peace he went back to Augusta, of which city he continues to be a highly esteemed citizen. In addition to having been en gaged in several successful business enterprises, he was sheriff of the city of Augusta from 1875 to 1892, and has served for several years as president of the board of educa tion.

Harvey Orrin Judd, D. D., rector of St. Paul's Episcopal church, at Macon, in his youth served the Confederacy as
an attache of the ordnance department at Atlanta, where he continued on duty from 1861 until the city was occupied by General Sherman. He continued with the department
for two years in Macon, and Selma, Ala. Subsequently he
was assigned with the rank of lieutenant to the staff of Brig.-Gen. W. T. Wofford, commanding the Confederate troops in North Georgia, in which capacity he rendered valuable services until the capitulation of his department,
in the spring of 1865. Dr. Judd was educated mainly at the university of the South at Sewannee, Tenn., and en tered the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church in

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

771

1869, his first charge being Grace church, at Indianapolis, Ind. Thence he was called to Charleston, S. C. First as assistant and afterwards as rector he was in Trinity church, Columbia, S. C., and in 1889 he founded St. Paul's church at Los Angeles, Cal. He began his service at Macon in
1892, and since then has been prominent in the work of his church in Georgia. He is a member of the board of missions of Georgia, a trustee and chaplain of the Appleton
church home at Macon, and as rector is beloved by his congregation and highly regarded by all the people of his city. With his comrades of the war for Southern inde pendence he is yet associated as chaplain of the Bibb county camp, United Confederate veterans.

James J. Keith, of Louisville, a veteran of the army of
Northern Virginia, was born in Scotland, September 7, 1841, son of Duncan and Elizabeth Keith, natives of Scot
land, who came to America after their marriage, and set tled in Moore county, N. C. In the latter part of the year 1860, when there seemed to be prospect of war, he was a student at the Normal college of North Carolina, and with two of his classmates started out to find a company in which they might enlist for military service. At Marion Court House, S. C., they discovered a company of boys drilling, and learning that they were just three short of a full company, the three promptly offered themselves and
were accepted. On January 4, 1861, they went to Charles ton and were ordered to Sullivan's Island, where the com pany was mustered in as part of the First South Carolina regiment, under the command of Col. Maxcy Gregg. Pri
vate Keith witnessed the firing upon the steamer Star of the West, and was on duty on Morris island during the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter. Accompany ing his regiment to Virginia he participated in encounters
with the enemy at Vienna, before the battle of First Manassas. The regiment was disbanded at the expiration of its. enlistment, six months, and Mr. Keith re-enlisted in Col
onel Jones' battery of light artillery, of which he was ap pointed corporal and afterward sergeant. The battery was
in winter quarters near Manassas Junction, and in the spring of 1862 went into the Shenandoah valley with General Ewell and participated in Stonewall Jackson's famous campaign, including the battles of Front Royal,.
Strasburg, Winchester, Cross Keys and Port Republic, and

772

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

thence marching to Richmond, served through the Seven Days' battles. At Malvern Hill, the close of the latter campaign, Sergeant Keith was dangerously wounded by the explosion of a caisson, and was left for dead on the field for about six hours. He recovered, however, in time
to take part in the battle of Cedar Run, where he was knocked from his horse by the concussion of a shell. He
participated in the fighting at Bristoe Station and Second Manassas, with Jackson's corps, and while marching through Maryland was cut off from his command and
captured. Making a daring escape by jumping from a moving train he was able to rejoin his battery after many thrilling experiences, but was unfit for duty until the fol lowing December, when he took part in the battle of Fredericksburg. After this he was continuously in the service, fighting at Chancellorsville, Winchester, Gettysburg and
the Wilderness, until the hand-to-hand fight at Spottsylvania Court House, when he was badly wounded and cap tured. This ended his career with the army, as he was held in Northern prison until after the surrender of General Lee. Since the war Mr. Keith has been engaged in mer cantile business, about eighteen months at Savannah, but mainly at Louisville, Ga., and has been successful in his enterprises. He is a worthy citizen, has been active in good works, and for twenty years was superintendent of the Juvenile Temperance Workers of Georgia. In 18/3 he was married to Alice R. Seckinger, of Savannah, and he has five children living: William, Walter C., John F.,
Ernest and Alexander.

Edward J. Kennedy, of Savannah, a veteran of the Irish Jasper Greens, is a native of County Tipperary, Ireland, and came to America in 1853, making his home at Savan
nah. He became a private soldier in the Greens January 8, 1855, and when the company went into the Confederate
States service he was with his comrades to the end of the war. The company became part of the First volunteer
regiment of Georgia, under command of Col. C. H. Olmstead, and served about Charleston and Savannah until the Georgia campaign of 1864, when they joined the army of Tennessee. From June I2th Private Kennedy participated
in the Atlanta campaign, including the battles about that city, the service in the trenches during the siege, and the battles of Jonesboro and Lovejoy's Station. In the Ten-

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HISTOR K

773

nessee campaign under General Hood he fought at Murfreesboro and Franklin, and with the rear guard on the retreat to Tupelo. Finally he took part in the Carolina campaign, including the battle of Bentonville, and was
surrendered with the army at Greensboro. Since the war Mr. Kennedy has been a worthy and estimable citizen of Savannah, and prominent for many years in his business as a merchant tailor. He is highly regarded by his Con
federate comrades.

Captain Thomas W. Kent, of Wrightsville, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, is a native of Warren county, Ga., born July 28, 1828, son of Thomas Kent and Jerusha Bryant. In 1861 he entered the Confederate States service as third lieutenant of the Johnson Grays, com manded by Capt. R. P. Herman, which was enrolled as Company F of the Fourteenth regiment Georgia infantry, Col. A. V. Brundy commanding. From Atlanta they were sent to Lynchburg, Va., reaching the latter place just be fore the battle of First Manassas. He was on duty in northeast Virginia until the fall of 1861, when he was taken with typhoid fever, and after some time in hospital was sent home on furlough. Resigning the lieutenancy to which he had been promoted, he undertook the formation of a new company upon his recovery, and enlisted Com pany F of the Forty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry,
commanded by Col. William Gibson. Of this company he was elected and commissioned captain. After some ser vice at Charleston, S. C., they were ordered to Richmond, Va., and in that vicinity Captain Kent took part in the
battles of Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Frayser's Farm and Malvern Hill. Remaining at Petersburg guarding the river after the Seven Days' battles, they rejoined the army
of General Lee at Fredericksburg, made a forced march to Sharpsburg and participated in the bloody battle of September 17, 1862, in which Captain Kent was severely wounded in the neck, and reported killed. But he recovered
in sixty days sufficiently to be on duty again, and was next in battle at Gettysburg, fighting with Wright's brigade, Andersen's division, A. P. Hill's corps. In this battle he
was again badly wounded, a shot piercing both his hips and right knee, and could not be taken with the army back to Virginia. Falling into the hands of the enemy he was sent
successively to Fayettesville, Chambersburg. and Harris-

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burg, and thence to Fort McHenry, Md., and Fort Dela ware. From the latter military prison he was taken with six hundred other Confederate officers to Morris island,. S. C., and camped under fire of the Confederate batteries. Subsequently he was imprisoned at Fort Pulaski, Ga., and at Fortress Monroe and Fort Delaware, remaining in the latter place until after the surrender of General Lee. Throughout all this painful experience Captain Kent re mained a true soldier of the South, never faltering in his allegiance. His life since then has been worthy of his Confederate record, and he is known as one of the leading men of his county. His first wife, Martha A. Todd, to whom he was married in 1848, died in 1863 while he was at Fort McHenry, leaving children, of whom two are now living, Sarah and Samantha. In 1865 Captain Kent mar ried Mrs. Martha B. Brown, and they have five children: John L., a prominent attorney of Wrightsville; Robert L., Julian G., Ida B. and Lillie I. So impressed is he with the justness of the Confederate cause and with two of its gen erals that he has named one of his sons Robert Lee and one Julian Gordon.

Dickson E. Kibbee, a worthy Confederate soldier who has for many years been officially connected with the State hospital for the insane, at Milledgeville, is a native of Macon, Ga., born February 15, 1845, son f Jonn M. Kibbee and Martha M. Graves. When the war began he was a resident of Brooklyn, N. Y. Running the blockade after the first battle of Manassas he arrived in Macon, Ga., Sep tember, 1861, and in 1862 volunteered as a member of Company B., Macon Volunteers, with which he served at Savannah at the time that city was threatened with attack, On going to that city his company was assigned to a bat talion which also included Company B, Floyd Rifles, and they were on duty five or six weeks, helping plant obstruc tions in the river against the threatened operations of the enemy. Later the company was sent back to Macon and guarded the first lot of Federal prisoners sent to Macon. From Savannah Mr. Kibbee was sent home because of his youth, but being enthusiastic to serve as a soldier, he enlisted later with Company B, Findlay's battalion, on guard at Macon, under the command of Captain Payne, and remained at that city until the spring of 1864, when he re-enlisted in Company G of the Tenth regiment Confederate cavalry, CoL

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

775

Charles T. Goodie commanding. Of this company he was made first sergeant. This regiment was part of Gen. W. W. Alien's brigade of Kelly's division, Wheeler's cavalry corps, and Sergeant Kibbee was a participant in the operations of Wheeler's command during the Atlanta campaign, when they were engaged in almost daily fighting. He was in the engagements on the Kenesaw Mountain line, participated in the capture of two hundred wagons and two thousand head of cattle at Cartersville, fought in the battles of Decatur and Atlanta, July 20-22, and was with Wheeler in the famous raid around Sherman's army until his command became sep arated and compelled to move into southwest Virginia, where he took part in the battle of Saltville. After his return to Georgia he was in command of a camp at Decatur, until near the close of hostilities. Subsequently Mr. Kibbee had mercantile employment until 1867. He visited relatives in the North until 1869, and returning to Hawkinsville, was in mercantile life until 1878, when he was elected clerk of the county court. In 1883 he was appointed usher of the asylum for the insane at Milledgeville, a position he has filled since that date. Mr. Kibbee has four children living by his mar riage in 1869 to Sarah E. Collier, who died in 1881. In 1893 he married Mrs. Nora Cone.

James F. Kimball, of Griffin, a prominent merchant at that city and Macon, was one of the boy soldiers of the Con federacy. His father, Manning K. Kimball, was among the earliest to enlist for the Confederate States service, and par ticipated in the Kentucky campaign under General Bragg, went through the siege of Vicksburg, under General Pemberton, and served under Johnston and Hood in the army of Tennessee. A brother of the latter was in the army of Northern Virginia, and lost his life at the battle of Gettys burg, fighting under the leadership of Robert E. Lee. James F. Kimball was born in Calhoun county, Ala., January 7, 1848, was educated at Jacksonville, in that State, and in September, 1864, in his seventeenth year volunteered in Cap tain Hollingsworth's company of Maj. Joseph Hardie's bat talion of reserve cavalry, Alabama troops. His company, made up of boys, disbanded after three months' service, and Mr. Kimball then enlisted regularly in the Confederate serv ice at Oxford, Ala., as a private in Captain Mabie's company, of the same battalion. Part of the command, being dis mounted, including himself, were stationed at Talladega,

776

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Ala., to guard prisoners, and young Kimball was on duty
there when the war came to an end. He was engaged in considerable active duty in Alabama and Georgia, and is remembered by his comrades as a gallant young soldier. After the close of the war he learned the wheelwright's trade, and afterward became a carpenter, which was his occupation for thirty years. Then, his health failing, he entered busi
ness life as a merchant, and rapidly achieved success in that calling. He has high standing among the business men of
Griffin and Macon. Mr. Kimball was married in 1868 to Mary Jane Barren, of Jackson county, Ala., who died in 1877, leaving a son and two daughters. In the following year he married Lucy L. Bush, of Cedartown, Ga., who died in 1880, and in 1881 he married Laura Belle Harmon, of Rome, Ga. By the latter union one son is living.

Captain William Joseph Kincaid, of Griffin, was born in Burke county, N. C, January 3, 1841, and served in the Con federate army from the beginning until the end of the war. For the first six months as orderly sergeant of Company G, First North Carolina infantry; for two years as first lieu tenant of Company D, Eleventh North Carolina infantry, and for the remainder of the war was captain of the latter company. He volunteered the day after President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand troops, and was a member of the first company organized in Burke county, which be came a part of the First North Carolina infantry, organized at Raleigh, N. C., in April, 1861, by Col. D. H. Hill, subse quently a lieutenant-general in the Confederate army. This regiment left Raleigh for Virginia the day after North Caro
lina seceded (May 21, 1861) ; was the first infantry to arrive at Yorktown, Va., and with a section of the Richmond Howitzers, under Major Randolph, fought and gained the
first battle of the war at Big Bethel, June 10, 1861. Captain Kincaid's grandfather, James Kincaid, and four of his grandfather's brothers, were soldiers in the American Revo lution, one of whom, John Kincaid, was a captain. Both of
Captain Kincaid's brothers were officers in the Confederate army, the eldest, James B. Kincaid, being a captain in the Sixteenth North Carolina infantry, and his brother, George
Waighstill, a lieutenant in Company D, Eleventh North Car olina. The latter was killed at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863, in the charge of Pettigrew's division, under command of Gen eral Pickett, on Cemetery Hill. Captain Kincaid was des-

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777

perately wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863, in the engage ment with Reynolds' corps, and being in too serious a. con dition for removal, fell into the hands of the enemy when Lee retired from Gettysburg. After remaining on the bat
tlefield for twenty days, he was taken to the United States hospital at David's Island, N. Y., where he remained four months, and from there was sent to Johnson's Island, Ohio,
where he was held sixteen months. Thence he was sent to Point Lookout, where he was when Lee surrendered, and, being transferred to Fort Delaware, was paroled, June 20,
1865. Captain Kincaid spent five years, from 1866 to 1871, at Wilson, N. C., engaged in mercantile business and removed to Griffin, Ga., in 1871, where he continued in the same business until 1883 when he organized a stock company and built the first cotton mill at Griffin. Later he was instru mental in building two other mills at Griffin, and is now president of these three--the Griffin Manufacturing com pany, the Kincaid Manufacturing company, and the Spalding Cotton Mills.

Charles R. King, M. D., of Atlanta, formerly in the Con federate service with the Trans-Mississippi army, was born at Winona, Miss., February 28, 1842., son of Dr. A. M. King, a physician and clergyman, and his wife, Eleanor M. Estill, a native of Winchester T'enn. His maternal grandfather was Rev. Shadrach King, a Baptist clergyman at Edgefield, S. C., of French Huguenot descent. Dr. King was reared and edu cated in Mississippi, but in 1860 removed with his family to Ashley county, Ark., where he enlisted February 15, 1862,
in Bat Jones' battalion of Arkansas troops as a private, and was soon made sergeant. Later in the war he was trans ferred to Company B, Thirty-first regiment Louisiana infan try, Thomas' brigade, with which he served to the close of the war. During much of his service he was detailed as hospital steward. After the return of peace he located in Brownwood, Tex., and remained there until 1890, when he
moved to Atlanta. He is a graduate of the Eclectic medical college of that city. He has devoted himself to the practice
of medicine and to such scientific investigations as relate to his profession, and has achieved worthy rank among the physicians of the city. With his war comrades he is affiliated as a member of the W. H. T. Walker camp, No. 928, United
Confederate veterans. Dr. King was married in 1877 to Sarah A. Jones, of Kentucky, who died June 20, 1898. Five

778

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

children are living: Rufus DeWitt, Charles Spurgeon, Irma Lee, Mabel and Clyde Randolph. On March 12, 1901, Dr. King was married to Miss Nora L. Love, daughter of Judge Love, of Dalton, Ga.

Captain Sanford T. Kingsbery, of Valdosta, a gallant sol dier in the Confederate era, and since then prominent as a lawyer, was born at Carrollton, Ga., November 12, 1837. He is a descendant of Henry Kingsbery, who came to Massa chusetts with Governor Winthrop in 1630, and a later ances tor was an officer in the war of the Revolution. The first of Captain Kingsbery's family in Georgia was his father, Sanford Kingsbery, who was a successful merchant in Carroll county, and whose wife, Mary Ann Grow, was a native of Vermont. Sanford T. was educated at Derby, Vt, and at the Carrollton (Ga.) Masonic college, and in 1859 was ad mitted to the practice of law at Newnan. Immediately after ward he embarked in the practice at Quitman, but was hardly established in his profession when the war began. Notwith standing his Northern descent he promptly espoused the cause of the South, and enlisted at Savannah, July 23, 1861, as a private in Company C of the Twenty-sixth regiment Georgia infantry. Three months later he was made ord nance sergeant of the regiment, and in this capacity he served with Lawton's Georgia brigade through the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, ending July i, 1862, at Malvern Hill. He was then elected second lieutenant of a cavalry company organized at Carrollton, Ga., and was transferred to that command, which became Company B, Seventh regi ment partisan rangers, composed of seven Georgia and five North Carolina companies. When the Tenth Georgia cav alry regiment was organized in 1864, out of the seven Geor gia companies in the Seventh Confederate regiment, and three companies in Millen's battalion, he was made captain of Company L. He served with the cavalry in eastern North Carolina and along the Blackwater river in southeast Vir ginia until Grant's advance on Richmond, when his regiment was made part of Gen. James Dearing's brigade. Later it was part of Gen. P. M. B. Young's brigade. Captain Kings bery participated in the cavalry fighting about Richmond and Petersburg from Cold Harbor until Wade Hampton was sent into the Carolinas to meet Sherman, and was in the famous Hampton cattle raid, and numerous engagements in the vicinity of the Confederate capital. In the early part

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

779

of 1865 he campaigned from Savannah to Bentonville under General Hampton, taking part in the skirmishing with Shermati's advance and the battle of Bentonville. When the war closed he and his brothers met at the old homestead near Carrollton to find it ravished by war. They went to work and made a good crop for their aged father, and then Captain Kingsbery returned to Quitman and resumed the practice of law. During the reconstruction period he was secretary of the county Democratic committee. In 1874 he was appointed local attorney for the Atlantic & Gulf rail road, and in 1882 he was advanced to the position of assist ant general counsel for the Plant railway system, with head quarters at Savannah. After ten years' service in that capacity, with his home at Savannah, lie returned to Valdosta, where he continued in the duties of assistant general counsel until his resignation in 1897. Since then he has been engaged in the general practice of his profession. He is an active member of the United Confederate veteran associa tion and commander of the camp at Valdosta.

John F. Kollock, of Savannah, a veteran of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, was born at that city in 1844, and there reared and educated. He entered the Confederate service October I, 1861, as a private in the Volunteer Guards, later known as the Eighteenth Georgia battalion of infantry, under the command of Maj. John Screven, and he was on duty with this battalion until the close of the war. His serv
ice was entirely along the coast of South Carolina and Geor gia, mainly about Savannah and Charleston, and he was on duty at Charleston when that city was evacuated. March ing out with the command of General Hardee, they fell back into North Carolina, uniting with the remnant of the army of Tennessee, and Private Kollock was a participant in the final battles of Averasboro and Bentonville. On April 26, 1865, he was surrendered with the army at Greensboro, N. C. His command was one of the most faithful and true in the coast department, and he is remembered as one of its
gallant members. After the war Mr. Kollock resided upon his father's farm in Habersham county a few years, was graduated in the State university at Athens, in 1868, and returned to Savannah, where he had employment until 1881 with the Central railroad of Georgia. Since then he has been engaged in insurance angency, in which he has been notably successful.

780

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

James T. Lambright, of Brunswick, a veteran of Wheel
er's cavalry, was born in Chatham county, Ga., in August,
1845. He began his military service in May, 1862, before
he had attained the age of seventeen years, as a private sol
dier in the Liberty independent troop, on duty along the
coast. Early in 1863 this was assigned as Company G to
the Fifth Georgia cavalry regiment, under Col. Robert H.
Anderson. Private Lambright began his battle record with
Wheeler's cavalry in the spring of 1864, his regiment having
been made part of a brigade, under the command of Colonel
Anderson, who was soon promoted to brigadier-general and succeeded in regimental command by Col. Edward Bird. The brigade was part of Kelly's division of Wheeler's corps. They were in battle at Noonday Creek, and other engage ments on the Kenesaw Mountain line in June, 1864; cov ered the rear of Johnston's army when he fell back across the Chattahoochee river, and afterward were in daily com bats with the enemy, covering the right wing of the army, culminating in the battle of July 22d, at Atlanta. During Sherman's operations against Atlanta, Private Lambright participated in the defeat and capture of Stoneman's raiders, and rode with Wheeler in the famous raid through north Georgia, Tennessee and north Alabama, skirmishing at Dalton and other points. He was with that part of the command that came out from behind the enemy's lines by way of east Tennessee and met and defeated the Federal General Burbridge at Gladesville, in southwest Virginia, October 2, 1864. Returning to Georgia, they rejoined Wheeler and par ticipated in the numerous cavalry fights by which Wheeler embarrassed the Federal advance to Savannah and guarded the cities of Georgia from rapine. In this period and during the campaign in the Carolinas, Private Lambright fought at Griffin, Macon, Griswoldville, and Waynesboro, Ga.; Izzard's Farm, Aiken and Columbia, S. C.; and Fayetteville, Smithfield and Bentonville, N. C., closing an honorable and gallant career as a soldier with the surrender of the army under Gen. J. E. Johnston. His career since the great war has been equally commendable, characterized by faithful and honorable performance of the duties of civil life, winning constantly the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. He has rendered worthy public service as deputy sheriff of Glynn county, and since 1895 as justice of the peace at Brunswick.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

781

John W. Lancaster, of Hawkinsville, a soldier of the Eighth Georgia infantry, was born and reared in Pulaski county, where he enlisted early in 1861, in a volunteer com pany which was sent to Richmond, Va. This was mustered in at the Confederate capital and assigned, as Company G, to the Eighth Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Francis
S. Bartow, of Savannah, and was soon on duty in the lower Shenandoah valley, under Gen. J. E. Johnston. He shared the gallant service of his regiment at the historic battle of
First Manassas, fought through the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, under the brigade command of Gen. "Tige" Anderson, shared the service of Longstreet's corps in the Second Manassas campaign, and in the Maryland campaign fought at South Mountain and Sharpsburg. In the latter battle he received a severe wound in the left arm, which compelled its amputation a few hours later. After some time in hospital at Warrenton and Culpeper Court House, Va., he was sent home on furlough, and during the remainder of the war he was on detailed duty in Georgia, looking after stragglers from the Confederate service, and serving, when needed, as a member of the home guards. His youthful service for the Confederacy was honorable in the highest degree, and his crippled condition is a mute but eloquent witness to his patriotic devotion. Since the war Mr. Lancaster has been distinguished in efficient public service for his county. After teaching school three years, immediately after the war, he was elected sheriff of Pulaski county in 1871, and two years later was called to the office of county treasurer, which he held for one term. Following this he was collector and tax receiver six years, and
then was elected clerk of the superior court, a position which he has held continuously since January i, 1882. He is a valued member of Manning camp, United Confederate veterans, and in all ways prominent in his community. Mr. Lancaster has two children living: CMa, wife of J. H. Mullis, of Cochrane, Ga., and William A.

Robert H. Land, of Augusta, a gallant soldier of Maxcy
Gregg's South Carolina brigade, in A. P. Hill's famous "light division," was born in 1834, in Alabama, while his
parents were on their way to their home in Spartanburg, S. C. Growing up to manhood at Spartanburg and attend ing its schools, he made his first venture in business life before the Confederate era. In January, 1861, he volun-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

teered as a private at Newberry, S. C., in Company D of the Thirteenth South Carolina infantry. In the same year he was detailed to the commissary department, where he served until spring on the Carolina coast. In April, 1862, he went with his command to Virginia, where he was soon en gaged in the campaigns of the most active and successful armyof the Confederate States. He proved himself a worthy soldier at Williamsburg, Second Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and many other battles and skir mishes ; was slightly wounded at Spottsylvania Court House, but was soon at his duty again, and continued to share the privations of the army of Northern Virginia until the final scene at Appomattox. After the war he settled in Augusta and engaged in the drug business, in which he has been quite successful. A comrade of Dr. Land, in an article published in the Augusta Chronicle, speaks thus of his former friend and associate in arms: "I hope some day that my excellent friend, Robert H. Land, who was such a splendid soldier, and now a well-known business man and highly respected citizen of this community, will tell us some of his experi ences as a Confederate soldier. Bob, as we all fondly called him, was one of the bravest men in that matchless regiment of fighters, the Thirteenth South Carolina. Whether it was the capture of a prisoner in the woods alone, the capture of important papers from Grant's scouts, on the Plank Road on May 4, 1864, or standing in the fore front of the battle line, made no difference to him, he faithfully and fearlessly dis charged his duty. Bob was a good walker as well as a good fighter, for we walked together from Appomattox in Vir ginia to Newberry in South Carolina, something over three hundred miles. Bob was a close observer, has a fine mem ory and the ability to tell in an interesting manner what he saw and passed through. But he also has that modesty which is characteristic of all truly brave men, and shrinks from anything that would make his record as a soldier appear the least conspicuous."

Lafayette Lanier, of West Point, president of the Lanier West Point and Riverdale cotton mills, and distinctly nota ble among the generals of industry that the manufacturing growth of the South has developed, was in his youth a Con federate soldier and fought with credit under Gen. Nathan B. Forrest and other cavalry leaders. He was born in Tal-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

783

lapoosa county, Ala., June 21, 1845, son f Reuben Lanier, a native of North Carolina, of colonial descent, who was a merchant at West Point. In the spring of 1863 young Lan ier went into the Confederate military service as a private in Capt. B. T. Tarver's company of the Seventh regiment Alabama cavalry, under Col. Joseph Hoclgson. With this command he served under General Forrest in the famous raid to Johnsonville, Tenn., in the fall of 1864, and partici pated in the campaign in Tennessee under General Hood, fighting at Franklin, Murfreesboro and Nashville, and nu merous smaller engagements. He was with Forrest in the campaign against Wilson's raiders in the spring of 1865, and finally surrendered with the command of the great Con federate cavalryman at Gainesville, Ala., in May, 1865. After hostilities had ceased Mr. Lanier made his home at West Point, and in 1868 became treasurer of the Chattahoochee manufacturing company and the Alabama and Geor gia manufacturing company, beginning in this capacity a career of remarkable success as a manufacturer. In 1893 he organized the company which conducts the Lanier Cot ton mills, the largest establishment of the kind in the South, and since the organization he has held the office of president. In every way his career is creditable to himself and to the South. Mr. Lanier was married, in Chambers county, Ala., to Ada A. Huguley, and they have two sons and four daugh ters. The sons, George and Lafayette, are students at the Philadelphia school of arts and sciences.

Sidney Lanier, Georgia's famous poet and musician, and son of Robert S. Lanier, an able lawyer and cultured gentle man, was born in Macon, Ga., February 3, 1842. In the schools of his native city he was prepared for college, and was graduated at Oglethorpe University, a noted ante-bel lum institution of learning at Midway, near Milledgeville. When, in the spring of 1861, war's dread summons spread through the land, Sidney Lanier enlisted with the Macon Volunteers, which, with the Floyd Rifles, another Macon company, the City Light Guards of Columbus and the Grif fin Guards, all well-drilled organizations, became the Second Georgia battalion. This command, going to Norfolk, Va., was stationed at Sewell's Point, where they soon had a spir ited affair with the enemy, and so conducted themselves as to win the praise of their countrymen. In the spring of 1862 the battalion returned to Georgia, where, with the same com-
Ga 79

T84

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORV.

panics and under the same name, it reorganized and enlisted for the war. With it again went Sidney Lanier, who soon after the return to Virginia was transferred to the Con federate signal battalion, commanded by Major Milligan, of Norfolk. He rendered service along the James river as mounted scout and signaler, under command of Captain Small and Lieutenant Wordley until June, 1864, when he was ordered to report to Lieutenant Wilmer, of Baltimore, commanding at that time the Marine Signal detachment at Wilmington, N. C., and who since the war has represented Maryland in the Congress of the United States. Sidney Lanier was assigned as a signal officer to the blockaderunning steamer Annie in December, 1864, and upon the capture of the Annie by the United States steamer Santiago de Cuba, was carried as a prisoner of war to Point Lookout, Maryland, where he suffered much from exposure to cold and contracted the seeds of that malady which finally brought him to a premature death. In February, 1865, he was included in a number of prisoners sent for exchange to City Point, Va. After the return of peace he made his liv ing by his pen, being the author of several charming books, and especially noted for his poems, some of which serve to rank among the English classics. After making a gallant fight against that dread disease, consumption, cheered even in affliction by the fond devotion of his noble wife, he yielded up his sweet spirit to the Father in whom he trusted in Sep tember, 1881, at Lynn, N. C.

Joseph F. Lasserre, of Brunswick, a veteran of Lawton's brigade, was born at that city in 1844, and enlisted there in response to the first call for troops in a volunteer organiza tion that became Company G of the Twenty-sixth regiment Georgia infantry. He served in Virginia under the brigade command of Generals Lawton and Gordon and Evans, par ticipating in the battles of Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, and Fairfax Court House, where he was severely wounded and captured. After a month at the old Capitol prison, at Washington, he was 'paroled, and being exchanged later, returned to his regiment in time to fight at Fredericksburg. He was in battle after that at Chancellorsville, Winchester and Gettysburg, and in skirmishes at Cedar Run and Brandv Station, and continued with his regiment until May 5, 1864, when he was transferred to the navy and as signed to the ironclad Fredericksburg, in the James river

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY*

785

squadron. He. served in various-capacities, as quartermas ter, coxswain and ordinary seaman, until the destruction of the squadron at the evacution of Richmond. Then he joined Johnston's army in North Carolina, and surrendered at Greensboro. Since the war he has been a citizen of Bruns wick, and occupied as a pilot.

Robert C. Lattimer, of Athens, was born in DeKalb county, Ga., December 13, 1837. His father and mother removed soon afterward to Cass county, where their son was reared and educated, being graduated at the Cherokee Baptist College at Cassville. He was a merchant in this town when the war began, and having been for some time a member of the Johnson Rangers, he entered Confederate service with that company in April, 1861. After being drilled for two months in Camp McDonald, the company was attached to the cavalry of Phillips' Legion as Company B, and the whole command ordered to Virginia. Soon after reaching that State Mr. Lattimer was elected second ser geant and in 1862 was promoted to the position of third lieutenant. For a time he had charge of the commissary department of Phillips' Legion and at other times was in command of his company. He rose through the different grades to the rank of first lieutenant and served under the command of Wade Hampton from 1862 to the close of the war, participating in the marches, skirmishes and battles of that gallant body of cavalry in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania and later in North and South Carolina. He was with Gen. Joseph Johnston's army in command of his company when the final surrender occurred on the 26th of April, 1865. Returning home, he settled at Lexington, where for twenty years he carried on a successful mercantile business and was also postmaster for a number of years. He located in Athens in 1886, and has become prominent in both religious and business circles. He was married No vember 16, 1864, to Maggie G. Hooker, of Virginia, and has four children.

C. F. Law, a prominent business man of Savannah, who served in his youth with the Confederate troops, was born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1847. At seventeen years of age, in October, 1864, he entered the Confederate service at Columbus, Ga., as a private in Company F of Jacques' bat talion of infantry. At this period Atlanta was in the hands

786

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

of the enemy, and Hood's army, after the raid through North Georgia, was preparing to invade Tennessee. On the 15th of November, Sherman's army, sixty thousand strong, started out from Savannah through the defenseless State, leaving Atlanta in ashes as a testimony of what might be expected from them on the march to Savannah. Private Law served with his command in several skirmishes with the advancing enemy, at Vineville, near Macon, at King's Bridge, around Savannah, and after the evacuation of Sa vannah, in a skirmish near Pocotaligo, S. C., he fully shared the service of his command and the other troops of Georgia who made a gallant fight, but unavailingly, against the greatly superior forces of the enemy. In April, 1865, he was captured in the fight at Columbus, Ga., by Wilson's raiders, and about a week later was paroled at Macon. The war was then at an end, and he returned to his home at Columbus. In 1868 he made his home at Savannah, where he has for many years been a useful and popular citizen. Since the war he has been for many years a member of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, of Savannah, rising in rank from corporal to first lieutenant, and he is now on the retired list of the famous organization as a lieutenant.

William L. Le Conte, commander of the camp of United Confederate veterans at Quitman, was born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1838, and was reared there to the age of twelve years, when he accompanied his widowed mother to Macon, Ga. In 1858 he was graduated at Oglethorpe college, and subsequently he engaged in farming in Ten nessee, where the war found him. Going to Norfolk, Va., soon after the fall of Fort Sumter, he volunteered as a pri vate in the Floyd Rifles, one of the companies of the Sec ond Georgia battalion, commanded by Col. Thomas Hardeman. He served with this noted command at Norfolk until the spring of 1862, and then entered into the campaigns about Richmond, fighting at Drewry's Bluff, Seven Pines, and in the Seven Days' battles. He continued in the cam paigns of the army under Robert E. Lee, participating in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettys burg, until the fall of 1863, when he was transferred to the Sixty-sixth regiment Georgia infantry, of Clement H. Stevens' brigade, Walker's division, army of Tennessee. He was made adjutant of this regiment, and after a month's fur lough joined it at Ringgold just after the battle of Mission-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

787

ary Ridge. In the western army Lieutenant Le Conte con
tinued the gallant service which had won him promotion,
and served with credit in the battles of Tunnel Hill, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek,
and Atlanta. In the latter engagements, July 22, 1864, he
was severely wounded, and incapacitated for active service.
He was in hospital at Macon for about two months, and then
was assigned to duty there as inspector of the post, his duty
at the time of Wilson's raid, in the spring of 1865. Leav
ing Macon, he escaped the surrender of the troops there, and set out to rejoin his command in North Carolina, but when he had reached Washington, Ga., he was met by his returning comrades, Gen. J. E. Johnston having surrendered. He was paroled at Augusta, and resumed the occupations of civil life. From 1866 to 1894 he was engaged in farming in Bartow county, and since then he has made his home at Quitman. He is popular with his Confederate comrades and one of the influential men of Brooks county.

Henry Sanford Lee, of Brunswick, served in his youth with the Georgia State troops, participating in the final com bats with Sherman's army. He was born in Terrell county, Ga., in 1846, and early in 1864, when the boys and old men of the State were called out on account of Sherman's ad vance from Chattanooga, he enlisted in Captain Miller's company of the Third regiment Georgia reserves. He was on duty with this command until early in 1865, when he was transferred to Company E of the Fifth regiment of reserves, with which he served until the close of hostilities. After
the evacuation of Savannah he campaigned in the Carolinas with Hardee's army, and participated in the fight with Sher man's advance at Rivers' Bridge, on the Salkehatchie river, February 3, 1865, a severe engagement, in which his clothing
was pierced by several bullets, though he escaped wounds. He was with the army until the surrender at Greensboro, April 26, 1865, and then returned to his home in Terrell
county. A year later he began his mercantile career as a clerk at Dawson, Ga., and in 1871 he embarked in business there, continuing the same until 1889. In the latter year he made his home at Brunswick. Since 1891 he has been in the hardware business at that city, and he is recognized as one of the leading merchants. He is now serving his sec ond term as treasurer of Glynn county, an official trust

788

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

that amply testifies to the confidence of the community in his honor and integrity and his popularity as a citizen.

Captain James L. Lemon, of Acworth, a veteran of Hood's and Wofford's brigades, army of Northern Virginia, was born at Decatur, Ga., in 1835, grandson of Robert Lemon a soldier of the revolution, and son of James Lemon, a native of South Carolina, who came to Georgia in 1821 and built the first frame house on the site of the town of Decatur. He was a soldier of the war of 1812, and died near Acworth in 1849. Captain Lemon's maternal grandfather, William Telford, was also a soldier in the war for American inde pendence. Captain Lemon enlisted for the Confederate service in June, 1861, in Company A, Capt. J. B. O'Neill, of General Wofford's old regiment, the Eighteenth Georgia infantry. They were mustered in at Big Shanty, and after two months' drilling went on to Virginia, and presently were put with three Texas regiments to form the brigade com manded by Gen. John B. Hood. In the peninsula campaign they were first in action at Eltham's Landing, and soon after ward at Seven Pines. In the Seven Days' battles he shared in the brilliant and famous charge of Hood's brigade up the heights of Cold Harbor, on June 27th, and the combats which followed until McClellan was driven back to the gun boats. When the army marched northward after this he was detailed in command of Camp Lee, near Richmond, for about three months, after which he rejoined his regiment, at the close of the Maryland campaign. In November his regi ment was transferred to Thomas R. R. Cobb's brigade of McLaws' division, Longstreet's corps, and Captain Lemon, in command of his company, was on duty behind the famous stone wall on Marye's Hill, at Fredericksburg, on December 12 and 13, 1862, on the latter day taking part in the terrible repulse of the repeated assaults of the Federal army. Under the brigade command of General Wofford, he fought at Chancellorsville and Salem Church, the brigade perform ing most arduous duty, and participating in gallant charges upon the enemy's works, taking many prisoners, and driving the Federals from their front a distance of a mile and a half. At Gettysburg he was in the charge of McLaws' division, July 2, 1863, driving the enemy to Little Round Top, where he was under fire on the 3d also, close to the Federal line. On the retreat he was under fire at Hagerstown. Going to Georgia with Longstreet, he took part in the battle of Chick-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

789

arnauga, and the investment of Chattanooga, and marched into East Tennessee in November, participating in the assault upon Burnside's troops at Knoxville, where Captain Lemon was dangerously wounded, a ball passing through his head, entering near the right ear and emerging near the left. He was cared for in the Federal hospital, and in three weeks
was able to walk. Though badly wounded, he was destined for yet more trying experiences and much suffering. As a
prisoner of war he was sent to the penitentiary at Nashville, and thence to Camp Chase, Ohio. From that prison he was forwarded to Fort Delaware, and in August, 1864, was one of the six hundred Confederate officers who were sent by boat to Charleston harbor and encamped under fire of the contending artillery on Morris island. For forty-seven days they were kept in this dangerous position, guarded by negro troops, and then were transferred to Fort Pulaski, Ga., where they were after a while put on starvation rations in retaliation for the straitened diet at Andersonville. For forty-seven days they were fed on wormy corn meal and pickles. March 4, 1865, Captain Lemon and his fellowprisoners were shipped to Fortress Monroe, and later they were held at Fort Delaware until paroled, June 19, 1865. On his return to Georgia Captain Lemon resumed the mer cantile business at Acworth which he had abandoned to take up arms for the South. In this he was associated with his brother, Smith Lemon, of the First Georgia regiment, who had also been in the service throughout the war. Cap tain Lemon has been eminently successful in his career as a merchant; since 1889 has been president of the Lemon bank ing company at Acworth, and is also interested in farming and milling. He is worthy of remembrance as one of the best soldiers and one of the most prominent business men of North Georgia. He was married in 1856 to Eliza, daugh ter of Thomas Davenport, and has the following children: George L., bookkeeper for the milling firm of which his father is manager; Edward W., secretary and treasurer of the oil mills; James R., a merchant at Anniston, Ala., and
Clayton S., in business at Charlotte, N. C.

Heyward A. Lester, of Millen, a survivor of Gen. P. M. B. Young's gallant Georgia brigade, was born in Burke county, Ga., October 21, 1821, son of Noel Lester, a native of North Carolina, and his wife, Elizabeth Warner, of Burke county. When hostilities began he was a farmer in Burke

790

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HISTOR Y.

county, and considerably advanced in years for service as a soldier, but he enlisted in the independent cavalry company commanded by Captain McAllister, and served along the Georgia coast. Later his command was enrolled as Com pany K of the Seventh regiment Georgia cavalry under Col. W. P. White and Lieut.-Col. J. L. McAllister, and sent to Virginia, where the regiment was made part of the bri gade of General Young, in Wade Hampton's division of the cavalry corps of Northern Virginia. During Grant's ad vance on Richmond and Petersburg he participated in sev eral engagements with the enemy, including McDowell's Farm, Armstrong's Bridge, Petersburg Road, and Trevilian's Station, where the regiment suffered heavy loss, Mc Allister being among the killed. His health giving way under the unusual arduousness of the service, he was detailed to look after broken-down horses, and for a time was in hospital at Richmond, and at home on furlough. But he was faithful to duty and rejoined his command, serving for a time in Gary's brigade, until he was sent to Columbia, S. C., to procure new horses for the regiment. Going on this duty to Savannah, he was taken sick there and was unable to leave the hospital when the city fell into the hands of General Sherman, and thus became a prisoner of war. As soon as he could be moved he was sent to Fort Delaware, Pa., and held until June 17, 1865, after the surrender of the Confederate armies, when he was paroled. Since the war he has been engaged in mercantile pursuits and farming. He was a merchant at Perkins, Ga., from 1872 to 1880, and at Millen from the latter date to 1892, when he retired, after a successful business career. He is a highly esteemed citizen and honored by his Confederate comrades for his sacrifices to the cause of the South. By his marriage to Miss Civin Smith Mr. Lester has living six sons and a daughter.

Robert Ezekiel Lester, of Thomasville, Ga., was born in that city in 1840 and at the age of ten moved with his father to Leon county, Fla. He completed his education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was graduated in 1859. ^n l&> 1 ne enlisted as a private in Foot man's company of the Second Florida cavalry, but after serving five or six months, was transferred to a company of the same regiment commanded by Capt. D. B. Maxwell. The company having soon after been divided, he was com missioned second lieutenant of that part which became Com-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

791

pan}' C of 'the Fifth Florida battalion of cavalry. With this command he served until the end of the war, participating in the brilliant Confederate victory at Olustee, which com pletely brought to naught the plans of the United States gov ernment for the conquest and reconstruction of Florida. He -was also engaged in skirmishes near Baldwin and be tween that town and Lake City and in the neighborhood of Jacksonville. When the long struggle had come to an end and the armies of Lee and Johnston had laid down their arms in Virginia and North Carolina, the small Confederate army of the district of Florida surrendered at Tallahassee. He then returned to his home in Leon county, Fla., and devoted himself to the business of farming, continuing to be thus occupied until 1882, when he removed to Thomasville, Ga., his birthplace, and has since made his home in that beautiful little city among the Southern pines.

Rufus E. Lester, member of Congress from the Savannah district, was born in Burke county, Ga., December 12, 1837. He was graduated at Mercer university in 1857, an(i then entered upon preparation for a career in the legal profes sion, gaining admission to the bar at Savannah, and begin ning the practice of law at that city in 1859. Two years later he entered heart and soul into the part taken by Georgia in the formation and defense of the Confederate States gov ernment, and in August, 1861, became enrolled in the Twenty-fifth Georgia regiment of volunteer infantry, under Col. C. C. Wilson. In this command he was given the rank of lieutenant and the position of adjutant. With his regi ment he served in the military district of Georgia, mainly in the vicinity of Savannah, during the fall of 1861 and until the spring of 1863, in the brigade commanded suc cessively by Generals Mercer and W. H. T. Walker, the district being under the command of Lawton and later of Mercer, and comprised in the great sea-coast department under the general command of Gens. R. E. Lee, J. C. Pernberton, and P. G. T. Beauregard, at different periods dur ing the service of the Twenty-fifth in that region. In the spring of 1863 Walker's brigade was ordered to the Missis sippi department to assist Pemberton's forces against the invasion of Grant, and reached Jackson about the same time that Gen. J. E. Johnston arrived to assume general command in the West. They participated in the subsequent operations outside of Vicksburg, including the fighting at Jackson, and

792

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

formed an important part of the force which Johnston was able to collect. Walker was soon given a division command, Colonel Wilson succeeded to the brigade command and Lieu tenant Lester was then appointed acting assistant adjutantgeneral of the brigade, consisting mainly of the Twentyfifth, Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Georgia regiments. His service continued in this capacity throughout the summer, in the reorganized army of Mississippi under Hardee. At the battle of Chickamauga, the brigade fought in support of Forrest, and was distinguished for gallantry and sacri fice, losing in the two days half its effective force in killed and wounded and missing. In his official report Colonel Wilson asked the favorable consideration of the majorgeneral commanding in the case of Lieutenant Lester, who, wrote Colonel Wilson, was wounded in the head and abdo men in the discharge of his duties, and had two horses killed under him. "They (Lester and Robert Wayne) were both conspicuous in the fight, riding fearlessly along the line in the thickest of it, distributing orders, rallying the men when broken, and setting an example to all of courage and devotion and of a cool and intelligent discharge of duty under the most trying circumstances, worthy of all com mendation. I acknowledge myself greatly indebted to them, and respectfully ask their promotion to the rank of captain in the departments in which they are serving." Lieutenant Lester was for some time disabled by his wounds, but remained in the service until the close of the war, being sta tioned at Macon at the time of the general surrender. He was paroled at Augusta, and then resumed his professional career at Savannah, speedily attaining eminence at the bar. Taking a fearless and valuable part during the "reconstruc tion" epoch, he became a member of the State senate in 1868, and was repeatedly elected to that body by his con stituents of the city of Savannah. During the important and exciting sessions of 1877 an<^ 1878 he presided over the de liberations of the senate with remarkable ability. In 1880 he was the choice of a large number of the people of the State for the candidacy for governor, but as the result of a memorable contest, Governor A. H. Colquitt was selected for this high honor. For six years, from January, 1883, to January, 1889, he held the position of mayor of Savannah. From the mayoralty he stepped to the halls of. congress, having been elected by the First Georgia district in the fall of 1888. So satisfactory were his initial efforts that he was

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

793

re-elected, and. since then he has been continued in congress by his district. In Georgia he is regarded as one of the most brilliant political leaders of that great State. His firm ness and sincerity of character are reinforced by a remark ably winning eloquence as a public speaker, in which voice, diction and logic conspire to give him pre-eminence.

Captain Sherwood Cooper Lindsay, of Rome, is a native of Columbus, Ga., but entered the Confederate service with an Alabama command, the Auburn Guards. He was then eighteen years of age. Going to the front with his com pany, among the first troops in the Confederate States ser vice, he was at Pensacola three months, and under fire during the bombardment of the Confederate works by Fort Pickens and the Federal fleet. Among his comrades at Pensacola were a number of Mississippi companies, which were organized as the Ninth and Tenth Mississippi regi ments, and after the disbandment of his Alabama company, he re-enlisted in Company E of the Tenth Mississippi, in which Joseph R. Davis, nephew of the president, was lieu tenant-colonel. With this regiment Private Lindsay par ticipated in the battle of Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862, was on duty throughout the operations about Corinth, Miss., and afterward shared all its service under Generals Bragg, Johnston and Hood, for two years acting as color bearer. He took part in the battles of Munfordville, Ky., September 14; Perryville, October 8; Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862; the Tullahoma campaign, battle of Chickamauga, siege of Chattanooga and battle of Missionary Ridge, in 1863 ;and in 1864 fought fromDalton to Atlanta in the great Georgia campaign. At the battle of Ezra Church, Atlanta, July 28, 1864, five color bearers of the Tenth regiment were shot down in succession, and Lindsay was one of the heroic men who thus suffered. He was sent home severely wounded and was not able to rejoin his command until it had entered Tennessee in the latter part of November. Then he took part in the gallant but costly assault upon the Federal works at Franklin, and was again wounded, but was able to re main with his regiment during the operations about Nash ville, and the battles of December I5th and i6th. He suffered severely on the retreat, in his disabled condition, marching, with insufficient food and clothing, through the snow and ice, and was granted a special permit to visit his home at Columbus. When Wilson's raiders were coming

794

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

through Alabama in the spring of 1865 he raised a company, of which he was captain, and meeting the enemy at Mont gomery, was in frequent engagements until the final fight at Columbus, April 16, 1865. He was assigned to the Third Georgia cavalry, at this time, as captain of Company D, but
the rapid progress of events made it impossible for him to join that command. After the close of hostilities he en gaged in farming in Alabama, and was thus occupied six
years in Russell county, and sixteen in Cherokee county. Subsequently he made his home at Rome, Ga., where he has been a member of the police force for fourteen years. He is a valued member of Floyd county camp, United Con
federate veterans.

Leonidas F. Livingston, of Kings, Ga., representative in
congress of the Atlanta district, was born in Newton county, Ga., April 3, 1832. His parents, of Scotch-Irish descent, were sturdy and prosperous farmers, a life for which he was himself reared, amid the healthful and strengthening influences of rural life, and with the educational advantages of the country schools. In August, 1861, he went from his farm home to Richmond, Va., to be enrolled in the famous Legion of Gen. T. R. R. Cobb, becoming a private in Lamar's company, with which he served until December, 1861. At the latter date he was sent home, as was supposed, fatally ill, and a month later was discharged on account of disabil ity. But in March, 1862, having partially recovered his health, he sought to enlist in the Forty-second Georgia regi
ment, then stationed at Big Shanty, Ga. He was refused on account of his physical condition, but his name was carried upon the rolls, and subsequently he was appointed assistant
quartermaster of the regiment. Soon afterward he was pro moted acting quartermaster, in which capacity he served
until the summer of 1862. Subsequently he was with the regiment as assistant quartermaster until in the following winter, he was compelled to resign on account of ill-health. He entered upon military duties again early in 1863, in the
ordnance department at Atlanta, where he remained about a year, then being assigned to duty in the field as assistant ordnance officer in the brigade of General Stevens, at Dalton, Ga. In this capacity he served upon the staff of General Stevens during the Atlanta campaign, from Resaca to Jonesboro, and was with Gen. W. H. T. Walker when the latter was killed in the battle before Atlanta, July 21, 1864.

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

795

Immediately after this he was assigned to the staff of Gen era! Jackson, of Tennessee. At the outset of the campaign against Nashville, he was detailed to collect supplies in north Alabama, but was not allowed to cross the Tennessee river until after the battle of Franklin. At this time his
health again failed him, and lie was compelled to return home. As soon as his 1 condition permitted, he reported for
duty in the spring of 1865, and was detailed for the work of rebuilding railroads. While thus engaged, the news was received of the surrender of the Confederate armies. He
was paroled at Atlanta, May 24, 1865. During his service with the Forty-second Georgia regiment he took part in the battles of Cumberland Gap, Lexington, Ky., and Perryville, Ky., and in the first named action was slightly wounded. With the return of peace he resumed his agricul tural employment, to which he has ever since given his at
tention. His success in this calling and the intelligence and dignity which marked his career, as well as his genial ac tivity in social life, made him well known throughout his State. For four years he served as vice-president of the State agricultural society, and eleven years as its president. He also held the office of president of the Georgia State Alliance for three years. Also taking an active part in political affairs, he was elected twice to the lower house of the Georgia legislature, and once to the senate, in both bodies serving as chairman of the committee on agriculture. His long continued prominence in the political affairs of
the State led, in 1890, to his election to the United States congress. Though a farmer, he represents the second city of the State, and has received many assurances of the approba tion of his constituents. He was re-elected by decisive
majorities in 1892, 1894 and 1896.

Richard D. Locke, of Macon, a prominent public official of Georgia, is a native of Alabama, and rendered his Con federate service with the troops of that State. At fifteen
years of age, in the spring of 1861, he went into the Con federate service as a private in Company E of the First regiment Alabama infantry, enlisting for the period of one
year, during which he served at Mobile, and was on duty in the batteries during the artillery battles between the Con federate and Federal fortifications. At the expiration of his enlistment he re-enlisted in the Fifty-third Alabama regi
ment, mounted infantry, Col. M. W. Hannon commanding,

796

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

in which he served as a private until the close of the war. Under the brigade command of General Roddey he was on duty in north Alabama and Mississippi, and in the spring of 1862 he was a part of General Forrest's command in the celebrated chase and capture of Colonel Streight. Subse quently his regiment was attached to Gen. Joseph Wheeler's command, and in the winter of 1863-64 he was on the picket line in front of General Johnston's army at Dalton, Ga.
In 1864 he took part in nearly all of the engagements of Wheeler's cavalry from Dalton to Atlanta, a period of al most continuous skirmishing. During portions of this
campaign he was attached as escort to the headquarters of Gen. W>. H. T. Walker, and also was a courier for General Wheeler a short time. After Sherman had burned and evacuated Atlanta, Locke and his comrades, John Wilson, John Elsbery and M. Tye, were the first men to enter the
almost deserted and ruined city. With Wheeler's cavalry he was engaged in harassing Sherman's army, through Geor
gia and the Carolinas, and participated in numerous engage ments, the last of which was fought under the command of Gen. P. M. B. Young, at Stilesburg, S. C, May i, 1865, after the surrender of both Lee and Johnston. At the end of this creditable and faithful military service youngLocke gave his attention to the obtaining of an education, and attended Emory and Henry college and the university of Columbia, at Washington, graduating at the latter institution in 1871, with high honors. After reading law a year he was admitted to the practice at Clayton, Ala., and at once embarked in politics, canvassing the State of Alabama in 1872 in behalf
of General Grant as a presidential candidate. While yet a resident of Alabama he served as prosecuting attorney of the superior court one term, and as superintendent of educa
tion for the city of Eufaula. In 1875 he made his home at Columbus, where he was connected with the postoffice until 1881. Subsequently he was clerk in the pension office at Washington, and an employe of the house of representatives, Forty-seventh congress, and in the fall of 1882 was made
United States marshal for the southern district of Georgia. He was marine clerk and United States commissioner at Savannah in 1886-87, chief of a division in the treasury
department at Washington in 1889, and postmaster at Macon, 1890-94. By appointment of Judge Emory Speer he acted as special master to take testimony and report upon the claims of the Central railroad and banking company of

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

797

Georgia, in 1894, and in 1897 he was appointed to his present position, chief office deputy for the United States marshal of the southern district of Georgia. Since 1872 he has been an active participant in political campaigns, in support of the Republican party, and has been a delegate
to the national conventions that nominated Presidents Garfield, Harrison and McKinley. Michael B. Locke, brother
of the foregoing, of Union Springs, Ala., a native of that State, enlisted in the First Alabama infantry in January,
1861, and was elected a lieutenant of Company C. Upon the reorganization of his regiment, in January, 1862, he was elected and commissioned lieutenant-colonel. With his regiment he was surrendered by the commander of the Confederate forces at Island No. 10, and spent about six months in prison at Johnson's Island. After being ex changed he went again to the front and was again surren dered by General Gardner, commanding at Port Hudson,
and confined in prison until the end of the war. Upon re turning home, in June, 1865, he opened the first mercantile business at Union Springs and built up a successful busi
ness as merchant and banker. In 1868 he married Miss Johnnie, the daughter of Col. Homer Blackmail, of Union Springs. Colonel Locke presented his town its first fire engine. He was called upon to preside over the memorial exercise held at Union Springs, upon the death of Gen. Robert E. Lee. In 1865 he was elected as a delegate to the Constitutional convention of Alabama. He was a trustee of the college of Auburn, Ala. When commissioned a
lieutenant-colonel, in the beginning of 1862, he was perhaps the youngest man in the service holding that rank. He died in April, 1871.

Solomon T. Lofley, of Oglethorpe, lieutenant-commander of Macon county camp, United Confederate veterans, was born in Macon county, Ga., October, 1839. His parents were William Lofley, a planter, native of Georgia, and Margaret
Wilkes, of South Carolina. Mr. Lofley entered the Con federate service at Richmond, Va., early in 1862, as a pri
vate in Company B of the Sumter Artillery battalion, under Col. A. S. Cutts. He was identified with the record of this gallant and efficient Georgia command, with Stonewall Jackson's corps and A. P. Hill's, until the close of the war, participating in the great battles and campaigns under Robert E. Lee. Among the noted engagements in which he

798

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

served with his battery were Seven Pines, the Seven Days' before Richmond, South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, and the fighting about Richmond and Petersburg, in 1864-65. During this honor able and active career on the field Private Lofley was wounded at Second Fredericksburg (Chancellorsville cam paign), a fragment of shell striking his left shoulder, but was absent from duty only twelve hours; on the Petersburg line was more seriously hurt, the explosion of a shell de stroying the sight of his left eye, and during the same cam paign he was hit by a minie ball, but not badly wounded. When the lines were broken at Petersburg he was captured, but he escaped a few hours later and accompanied the army to Appomattox. Since the war Mr. Lofley has had a prom inent and useful career as a citizen of Macon county. In business he has been active of late as a dealer in fertilizers, and from 1890 to 1898 he managed a bank at Oglethorpe; but his main occupation has been and remains, planting, he now being the owner of about eight hundred acres in Macon county, devoted to cotton and corn. He has been a member of the board of county commissioners twenty-four years, was one year mayor of Oglethorpe, was elected justice of the peace in 1882 and 1890 and continuously re-elected since the latter date, has served as town treasurer six years and as alderman four years, and represented Macon county in the Georgia legislature in 1884-85 and 1888-89, serving as chairman of the committee of roads and bridges, and chair man of a special committee on pensions for Confederate widows, in that capacity introducing the bill which has now been enacted into law, the Widows' Pension act.

F. M. Longley, of LaGrange, a prominent lawyer and Confederate veteran, was born in Polk county, Tenn., April 4, 1839, and rendered his military service with the Tennessee troops. Pie is the son of John C. Longley, of Virginia descent, and Hannah Ray, a native of North Carolina. During the war of the Confederacy Mr. Longley served as second lieutenant of Company B, Sixty-second regiment Tennessee infantry, under the brigade command of Gen. John C. Vaughn. After some service in east Tennessee, in 1862. he accompanied his regiment to Mississippi, where he participated in the battle of the Big Black river, May ij, 1863. and was on duty in the trenches of Vicksburg during

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

799

the siege which immediately followed, and continued until July 4, 1863. Subsequent to the surrender of General Pemberton he was on parole for several months, after which the brigade was sent into east Tennessee and mounted. During the remainder of the war he was in active service in east Tennessee and southwest Virginia and the Shenandoah valley, participating in many combats with the enemy. In a fight at Strawberry Plains, Tenn., he was wounded in the right arm by a minie ball. Since that troublous period Mr. Longley has been a resident of LaGrange, and actively engaged in the practice of his profession as a lawyer, and the management of his interests as a planter. He is one of the enterprising and progressive men of the State, and al ways to be found in the forefront of any movement for the general good. In 1873-74 he served as a member of the lower house of the Georgia legislature, in 1878-79 he was mayor of his city, and in 1880 he was appointed to the bench to fill the unexpired term of Judge Buchanan, upon the Coweta circuit, a position he filled with marked ability. To these recognitions of his professional attainments and leadership in public affairs, was added the honor of being made president in May, 1900, of the convention at Macon of the Cotton Growers' protective association. Judge Longley was married in Harris county to Mary E. Poer, and has three sons living: Frank P. Longley, judge of the city court of LaGrange; Fuller M. Longley, a dentist at Aberdeen, Miss., and Eldon Longley, an attorney at LaGrange.

Aaron A. Lowe, of Hawkinsville, a patriotic son of Geor gia, left his mercantile position in the spring of 1861 to answer the call of his country, and enlisted as a private soldier with the Macon county volunteers, a noted military company, of which he had been a member from its organiza tion in 1858. He and his comrades were mustered in at Augusta, Ga., and enrolled as Company I of the Fourth regiment Georgia volunteer infantry, under the command of the gallant George Doles. From Augusta they were sent to Portsmouth, Va., where the regiment was on duty for a year. Mr. Lowe, however, was detailed as commissary, and assigned to duty at Fort Pulaski, below Savannah, where he was under fire during the Federal attack on April 10 and n, 1861, and was surrendered with the garrison. He was sent as a prisoner of war direct to Governor's Island, N. Y., and later to Fort Delaware, and for six or eight months
Ga 80

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

endured the deprivations of the military prison camps. On being exchanged he returned to Georgia and was made com missary of the Twenty-second battalion Georgia siege artil lery, commanded by Col. William R. Pritchard. His command was stationed at various points on the coast, part of it being the sturdy garrison of Fort McAllister. Ser geant Lowe faithfully and ably performed his duty through out the war, and toward the last was commissary of the brigade to which his battalion was assigned, commanded by Col. R. H. Anderson, the battalion serving as infantry dur ing the campaign through the Carolinas. He was present at the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville in the spring of 1865, and surrendered with his command at Buffalo camp grounds, near Greensboro, N. C. Since the war Sergeant Lowe has had a successful mercantile career, residing and doing business at Ogiethorpe, Macon county, until 1867, and afterward at Hawkinsville. He has served as justice of the peace of his district for twelve years, and is elected for four years more, and two years as alderman of the town. He yet retains his interest in military affairs, serving as quartermaster-sergeant and treasurer of Company E, Pulaski volunteers, and is a member of Manning camp, United Con federate veterans, and of the Fourth Georgia regiment association. In 1856 he was married to Bettie, daughter of Judge Benjamin Harris, of Macon county. She died, in 1895, after a useful life, in which she became widely known as a lady of literary ability and an authority in apiculture. It is also deserving of mention in connection with Mr. Lowe that he is the only man now living in Georgia whose father was a Revolutionary soldier.

Isaac Lowe, of Athens, a member of Cobb-Deloney camp, United Confederate veterans, was born in Clarke county, Ga., January 10, 1827, son of Col. John H. Lowe, who commanded a regiment of Georgia State troops in the war of 1812. His mother was Catherine, daughter of Isaac Hill, a soldier of the Revolution. Mr. Lowe was reared on the farm, and educated at Watkinsville academy and a col lege at Penfield, Ga. Before the war he was engaged in farming, an occupation to which he has devoted most of his manhood years, with notable success. In the spring of 1862 he volunteered for the Confederate States service, as a pri vate in Capt. Samuel P. Lumpkin's company, the Johnson Guards, which he accompanied to camp of instruction at

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

801

Griffin, where they were enrolled as Company C of the

Forty-fourth regiment Georgia infantry, Col. George A.

Smith commanding. Sickness compelled him to return

home from Griffin on furlough, and upon recovery he re

joined his regiment at Camp Mclntosh, at Goldsboro, N. C.

Here he was again stricken with disease, and was under the

special care of Captain Lumpkin, an accomplished physician,

and his former family doctor. Lumpkin, it is fitting to say

in passing, was a gallant soldier, who gained distinction in

the army of Northern Virginia, lost a leg on the field of

battle, and died in a Federal military prison. After a serious

illness, in which his life seemed in danger, Private Lowe was

declared unfit for military service by the regimental sur

geon, and given an honorable discharge. Disappointed, he

returned to his home, and during the remainder of the war

busied himself in raising provisions for the use of his com

rades at the front. As best he could he worked for the

success of the cause for which he was willing and anxious

to fight. From 1881 to the time of his death Mr. Lowe was

a resident of Athens, where for several years he was in

business as a merchant, and held in high regard by his

fellow citizens. He was married in 1853 to Julia A. Hester,

who died ten years later, and in 1866 to Eugenia Hendon,

daughter of Maj. James W. Hendon, a gallant officer of the

Third Georgia infantry, army of Northern Virginia, who

served with credit on the field, and was faithful through

imprisonment at Johnson's Island, Ohio. In 1901, on, the

morning of the 26th of April, a day sacred to the memories

and traditions of his country, Mr. Lowe crossed over the

river and joined the comrades gone before. He was sev

enty-four years of age at the time of his death, and leaves

a wife and four children to mourn his loss: Mrs. W. P.

Price, of High Shoals, Mrs. Katie Price, of Athens, Mrs.

S. M. Herington, of Athens, and Walter H. Lowe, of

Columbia, S .C. His remains were followed to his last

resting place by an unusually large concourse of admiring

friends and laid to rest in the beautiful Oconee cemetery.

While Mr. Lowe was on his sick-bed he was notified of his

election by the Cobb-Deloney Camp as lieutenant, a compli

ment unanimously bestowed on an esteemed comrade in the

lost cause.

';

Jeremiah Lynch, late of Atlanta, who had an adventurous career in the Confederate service, was born at St. John's,

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Newfoundland, of Irish parentage, in March, 1828. In his childhood he was apprenticed to a tailor in his native coun try, but disliking his master, he ran away from home and came as a stowaway to Boston, Mass., where he learned his trade as a tailor and was married to Ellen Finn. Coming South he made his home at Tuskegee, Ala., where he en listed in 1861 as a private in the Tuskegee Zouaves, a com pany of the Fourth Alabama regiment, commanded by Col. Egbert J. Jones. He served with this regiment in Virginia until he was wounded seriously, when he returned home, and subsequently was transferred to the Confederate States navy. He was one of the crew of the famous cruiser Ala bama, under Admiral Semmes, carrying the flag of the Con federacy upon all the seas, and at the time of his death was one of the last two survivors of the men of the Alabama. When hostilities ceased he made his home at Atlanta and engaged in the work of his craft, gradually building up a prosperous business until he stood at the head of his trade, and had one of the finest establishments at Atlanta. He was successful financially, had many warm friends, and was espe cially esteemed by his comrades of Atlanta camp, No. 159. His death occurred November 7, 1900. John T. Lynch, son of the foregoing, and his successor in business, was born at Tuskegee, Ala., March 15, 1861. He was graduated at a business college, and completed his literary studies at Pio Nono college, Macon. He has devoted his career to tailor ing, and with ample experience in leading cities of the United States, easily takes a high place in his line of busi ness in Georgia. During his father's latter years he man aged his business, and at his death succeeded him in trade. He is worthy of note among the young men of the South who honor and cherish the patriotic records of their fathers as Confederate soldiers and sailors.

Captain Joseph M. McAfee, of the Fourteenth Georgia, now a prominent citizen of Canton, Ga., is a native of Forsyth county, Ga., and there enlisted early in 1861, in the company of Capt. R. P. Lester. This company was mus tered in at Atlanta as Company E of the Fourteenth regi ment, Col. Robert W. Folsom commanding, and soon after ward sent to Virginia. McAfee, entering as third sergeant, was gradually promoted in the course of the war until he was captain in command of his company, which he sur rendered at Appomattox. He had the good fortune to be

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one of the two men of his company who were never wounded, and it was his privilege to never miss a battle in which his regiment was engaged. He began his military service under Gen. Robert E. Lee, in the mountains of West Virginia, and served under John B. Floyd in the fighting at Sewell Mountain and about Ganley Bridge. Thence the regiment was sent to Manassas Junction, and they served under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in that region and on the peninsula, until after the battle of Seven Pines. Then, un der General Lee again, and in Gen. E. L. Thomas' brigade of A. P. Hill's famous light division, he took part in the battles of the Seven Days' before Richmond, Cedar Moun tain and Second Manassas, assisted in the capture of Har per's Ferry, and guarded the twelve thousand prisoners during the battle of Sharpsburg. Afterward he participated in the battles of Fredericksbnrg and Chancellorsville, Get tysburg and the fighting on the retreat to Virginia, the Bristoe campaign, and the great campaign from the Rapidan to the James, including the Wilderness, Spottsylvania,. North Anna and Cold Harbor battles, and from June toApril, 1865, served on the Petersburg and Richmond lines,. and took part in the battles of A. P. Hill for the protection: of the Weldon railroad. Finally he surrendered with the army at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. Captain McAfee's career since the war has been a busy and success ful one, in mercantile affairs, and the upbuilding of the town of Canton, where he erected the first frame house in 1867, and established himself in business. He built the hotel in 1874, and a brick block in 1879, and in addition to caring for these interests is also interested in farming. In 1892-93 he represented his senatorial district in the upper house of the Georgia legislature, and he is now a member of the board of education of his county- Captain McAfee, has one son, E. S., who is an engineer in Colorado. ,

Captain John G. McCall, of Quitman, a veteran of the Fiftieth Georgia infantry, was born in Screven county in 1836, son of Francis S. McCall and his wife, Ann Dopson. Pie is a descendant of early Scotch settlers in America, and his grandfather, William McCall, was a colonel under the command of Gen. Francis Marion in the war of the Revolu tion. Captain McCall was reared in Screven, Telfair and Brooks counties, and in 1858 was graduated at Union col lege, Murfreesboro, Term., where he was appointed pro--

804

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

fessor of the Greek and Hebrew languages, his position when the war began in 1861. Returning to Quitman he took an active part in the organization of a company for the Confederate service, of which he was elected first lieu tenant. This became Company K of the Fiftieth regiment Georgia infantry, and in the early part of 1863, Lieutenant
McCall was promoted to captain. Going with his regiment to Virginia he served with credit in the battles under Lee and Longstreet, including the famous engagements at Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Hamilton's Crossing (Chan-
cellorsville), and Gettysburg. On the retreat from Gettys burg he was stationed at Funkstown in command of a sec tion of artillery and three companies of infantry, and ordered to hold the bridge over Antietam creek at any cost. This duty was gallantly performed, and at severe cost, only seven men out of twenty-eight of his company escap ing casualties. Captain McCall himself was seriously
wounded, a minie ball shattering his lower jaw so as to necessitate a considerable amputation. Incapacitated for further service at the front he returned to his home, and during the remainder of the war was on duty in the enroll ing department. As soon as he came home he was elected ordinary of the county, a position he held for four years, and meanwhile studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1866 and has ever since been actively engaged in the profession. He has well-deserved prominence as a lawyer, and is also widely known for his work in behalf of educa tion. At the head of the county and city school organizations he has labored effectively to give his city an excellent edu cational , system, and he has also been associated with the
LaGrange Female college and Mercer university. In June,
1894, the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Mercer university.

Captain Wilson C. McCall, of Quitman, a veteran of
Longstreet's corps, was born in Telfair county, Ga., in 1843, and is descended from one of the earliest Scotch settlers. His grandfather, William McCall, held the rank of colonel
under Gen. Francis Marion in the war of the Revolution. Captain McCall was reared in Lowndes county from the age of two years, and entered the Confederate service at Quitman, March 4, 1862, as a private in Company K of the Fiftieth regiment Georgia infantry. This regiment was commanded first by Col. W. R. Manning, and toward the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

805

last by Col. Peter McGlashan, and formed part of the bri gade of General Semmes, in McLaws' division, Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia. Private McCall was
soon promoted to sergeant of his company, in 1863 was made sergeant-major of the regiment, and toward the last of the war was made captain, though he never received his commission as such. Among the famous military opera
tions in which he participated were the battles of Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellcrsville and Salem Church, and Gettysburg; the siege of Chattanooga and Knoxville,
and the assault upon Fort Loudon, Knoxville; the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Har
bor ; Strasburg and Cedar Creek in the Shenandoah valley, and the righting about Richmond and Petersburg until the evacuation. On the march to Appomattox Court House he was captured April 6, 1865, and was started for the prison camp at Point Lookout, Md., but managed to escape on the night of the eventful gth of April, and made his way home without further experience as a soldier. He reported to Captain Moore, at Augusta, but was never paroled, and soon returned to Quitman, and presently found occupation as a school teacher. Taking up the study of law he gained admission to the bar in 1867, and began a professional career which has been eminently honorable and successful.

Thomas S. McCalley, of Atlanta, a veteran of the Con federate cavalry under Forrest and Wheeler, was born at Huntsville, Ala., February 12, 1846. He is the son of Thomas S. McCalley and Caroline Langford, natives of Virginia and Alabama, and grandson of Charles McCalley, a captain in the war of 1812. He entered the Confederate
service in October, 1862, as a private in Company F of Russell's Fourth Alabama cavalry. His first service was under Gen. N. B. Forrest in the west Tennessee raid in December, 1862, participating in the capture of Lexington, Term., and large quantities of Federal stores, and the battle of Parker's Cross Roads, in which he and his comrades, armed with double-barrel shotguns, captured a Federal
battery. He was with Forrest in his middle Tennessee cam paign in 1863, and then was transferred to Wheeler's com mand, first fighting under Wheeler on the Unionville pike near Shelbyville, Tenn. The battle of Shelbyville followed, in which the enemy was victorious, after which young Mc Calley was detailed to proceed alone at dead of night to

806

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

meet a wagon train ordered to report at Shelbyville and divert it in the direction of Fayetteville. He successfully performed this duty, and afterward served with his com
mand in the rear guard during the retreat from Tullahoma to Chattanooga. After this his regiment was sent to the vicinity of Anniston, Ala., to recruit, and a few days later
he was detailed as one of Wheeler's secret scouts under the command of Col. James Holdman. He served in this capacity
until the battle of Chickamauga, afterward participated in Wheeler's raid through Tennessee, and served with Long-
street in the Knoxville campaign, fighting in the battles of Knoxville, Mossy Creek and Strawberry Plains and other engagements. During the Georgia campaign of 1864 he was never out of hearing of the bullets, from Calhoun to Big Shanty, where he was captured June 9, 1864. As a prisoner of war he was confined at Rock Island, 111., for nine months.
Then being exchanged at Richmond, he visited his brother,. Charles S. McCalley, of the Fourth Alabama infantry, on duty before Richmond on the Darbytown road. A few days later Lee's army started on the march to Appomattox Court House, and McCalley accompanied his brother and surren dered with the army of Northern Virginia, April 9, 1865. After the war Mr. McCalley was a farmer in Alabama until March, 1900, when he made his home at Atlanta and en gaged in business. He was married in 1874 to Lucy Win-
ston, and has five children.

Laurence A. McCarthy, of Savannah, a member of the Oglethorpe Light infantry in the Confederate service, is a native of New York city, born in 1840, but was reared from infancy at Savannah. His father, Jeremiah McCarthy, was a member of the Irish Jasper Greens, of Savannah, and with that company answered the call for troops to serve in the war with Mexico, The company exceeding its quota, how ever, all could not be mustered in, and in the drawing of lots among the married men, he was excluded from going to the field. Laurence, when he grew to manhood, became a member of the Oglethorpe Light infantry, and was among those of that command who did not go to Virginia with Colonel Bartow and the Eighth regiment, but formed Com pany B of the Oglethorpes, which became a part of the First regiment of Georgia, commanded by Col. C. H. Olmstead. McCarthy was made second sergeant of this com pany, and he served with it until the capture of Fort Pulaski

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HIS TOR Y.

807

by the Federals. Subsequently he was detailed as a machin ist in the construction of gunboats at Savannah, and after a year of service in that capacity and as an employe in the Columbus iron works, he was commissioned as assistant en gineer in the Confederate States navy and assigned to the Confederate States gunboat Resolute, of the Savannah squadron. He was serving on this vessel during Sherman's operations about Savannah, with Commodore Tattnall's squadron, which included the ram Savannah, and was pres ent at the bombardment of the Federal lines by the Savan nah, under cover of which General Hardee moved his troops across the river into South Carolina. After the Federals occupied Savannah the ram continued to fly the flag of the Confederacy in the river, and furiously bombarded the enemy in Fort Jackson, until the following night, when her gallant crew ran her over to the South Carolina shore and applying the torch left her to blow up with a tremendous concussion that shook the enemy's fleet in Tybee Roads. The Resolute, taking advantage of high water, ran up the river, where she was compelled to surrender not long afterward. As a prisoner of war Engineer McCarthy was sent to For tress Monroe, Point Lookout, Old Capitol prison and finally to Fort Delaware, where he was held until April, 1865. Upon his release he returned to Savannah, walking from Richmond to Augusta, and soon found employment as en gineer on a government tugboat at Hilton Head. A few months later he came back to Savannah and began work as a machinist. Since 1887 he has been in business as a plumber. He is one of the worthy and reliable men of the city, maintains his membership in the Oglethorpe Light in fantry, and is in good standing with his Confederate com rades. His son, Henry M. McCarthy, is a member of the Irish Jasper Greens, and enlisted in the United States ser vice with that company for the Spanish war.

Newton C. McClain, of Jasper, a veteran of Stovall's Georgia brigade, is a native of DeKalb county, Ga., and was reared at Marietta. In 1861 he was married to Mary Arthur, and in the following year left home in answer to the call of the South and enlisted in Company C of the Forty-third regiment, Georgia infantry, being mustered in with the regi ment at Big Shanty, as a lieutenant of his company. Their first important service was with General Bragg in Kentucky, where they participated in the battle of Perryville, October

808

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

8, 1862. In this campaign they were on the march for over thirty days, from Chattanooga to Lexington,Ky., and thence marched to Lenoir Station, east Tennessee, thence his regi ment was sent to Mississippi, where it was part of Barton's brigade of Stevenson's division at Chickasaw Bayou and Baker's Creek. In the latter battle, May 16, 1863, Lieuten ant McClain was by the side of Colonel Harris when that officer was killed and was the first to reach the colonel after he was shot. The brigade was overwhelmed by superior numbers and cut off from the rest of the division, and Lieutenant McClain, for this reason, escaped the siege of Vicksburg. He served with Johnston's army at Jackson, Miss., and the movement to the Big Black river for the relief of Vicksburg, and subsequently joined the army under Gen eral Bragg. The brigade, when exchanged and reorganized, was put under the command of Gen. M. A. Stovall. Lieu tenant McClain, in command of his company, participated in the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta and Jonesboro, and Hood's campaign in Tennessee. His principal battles were Perryville, Baker's Creek, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22d), Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. After the return from Tennessee, having been elected sheriff of Pickens county, he assumed the duties of that office, and was in charge of the affairs of the county when the war came to an end. Since the war period he has been engaged with much suc cess in farming, and has retained the high regard of his fellow citizens. Lieutenant McClain has six children living: Martha, wife of A. W. Davis, of Jasper; Marion C, M. D., a physician at Marble Hill; Samuel Felix, of Indian Terri tory ; William C., of Pickens county; Fannie, wife of B. H. Simmons; and,, Robert L.

James W. McCook, of Hancock county, a veteran of Gen eral Colquitt's brigade, is a native of Georgia, born January 13, 1837, and began his Confederate service by enlistment May 28, 1861, in Capt. Mack Arnold's company, which became Company A of the Sixth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. Alfred Colquitt. He was mustered in at Atlanta, and going to Virginia went on duty with his regiment at Yorktown. On the retreat to Richmond he was in battle at Williamsburg, and in May and June he fought at Seven Pines and in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. Subsequently he was detailed in charge of a number of men

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

309

for the hospital at Richmond, and rejoined his regiment in Maryland, after the battle of Sharpsburg. He took part in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and in the latter engagement, on the next morning (Sunday), after General Jackson was shot, was severely wounded. When able for duty he accompanied Colquitt's brigade to Charles
ton, S. C., where he was in battle on James island and at Battery Wagner, on Morris Island. From Charleston they were sent to Florida, where Private McCook took part in
the battle of Olustee. Ordered to Virginia again he fought at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor, and in the trenches on the Richmond and Petersburg lines. In the battle of Fort Harrison, north of the James river, he advanced closer to the fort than any other soldier of Colquitt's and Clingman's brigades, and lay there under fire, within ten feet of the works. About three hundred men of the two brigades went in and surrendered, but he held his place until after dark and then escaped. Mr. McCook was in the battle of Weldon railroad below Petersburg, and an active participant in the fighting about the Cofederate capital until December, 1864, when the brigade was sent to the relief of Fort Fisher, N. C. In that State, in the closing days of the Confederacy, he was in the battles of Kinston and Bentonville, and surrendered with the army at Greensboro. Since the war Mr. McCook has been a worthy and estimable citizen of Hancock county. Three of his brothers were also in the Confederate service : Abner, who was killed at the battle of Sharpsburg; Alfred and Dorson. The father of these patriotic sons, William McCook, himself made a good military record as a soldier in the Mexican war and as a member for six months in the Forty-ninth Georgia infantry in the Confederate war.

William E. McCoy, of Augusta, was born in that city in 1840 and there grew up to manhood and received his educa tion. Being a member of the Clinch Rifles, which became Company A of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, he en
listed with his company on May n, 1861, and with this command went to Pensacola, Fla. He was one of the men
selected for the expedition to Santa Rosa Island and partici pated in the spirited fight with the Federal troops at that point, October g, 1861. When the Fifth regiment was or dered to Tennessee he went with his company and took part in the siege of Cumberland Gap, the Kentucky campaign and the battle of Murfreesboro. In January, 1863, he was de-

810

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

tailed in the quartermaster's department of Gen. John K. Jackson's brigade and served in that capacity under Maj. A. M. Bryan to the close of the war. He was a participant in the Atlanta campaign of 1864, and, though in the quar termaster's department, was repeatedly under fire; for dur ing that campaign even the men in the quartermaster and commissary departments were not at all times exempt from the hardships and perils of their brethren on the firing line. His military career ended at Milledgeville, where he surren dered to General Wilson. Returning to Augusta he entered the cotton business and has been one of the most progressive citizens of that thriving city. He has been connected with the cotton mills of Augusta, being for years president of the Riverside mills, of which he was the founder.

John B. McCrary, of Geneva, a line officer of the Ninth Georgia infantry, is a native of Talbot county, Ga., born August 26, 1840. He volunteered for the Confederate ser vice in the spring of 1861, in Capt. E. R. Goulding's com pany, which became Company E of the Ninth Georgia. Captain Goulding being elected colonel. The regiment was soon sent to Virginia, where it became part of the brigade of Gen. Francis S. Bartow, and McCrary, as a corporal of his company, served under J. E. Johnston in the Shenandoah valley, and in the region of Manassas Junction, where his regiment arrived too late for the battle of July 21, 1861. By his faithful and intelligent service he soon rose in rank, and at the close of the war was first lieutenant of Company E. He participated in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, in June, 1862, and was severely wounded in the right hand, which kept him from the field for some time. After return ing to duty he fought at Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Knoxville, and the Wilderness. At the battle of Rappahannock Bridge he was shot through the shoulder, and at the Wilder ness was severely wounded in the left arm. Finally he surrendered with the army of General Lee at Appomattox Court House, having made a creditable record as an officer of the gallant Georgia brigade, commanded by Gen. "Tige" Anderson. After his return to Georgia, Lieutenant McCrary was engaged in farming until 1869, when he embarked in mercantile business at Geneva. He has also been occupied in cotton buying and spent some years as a commercial traveler. In 1872 he was married to Lonie, daughter of

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

811

Wiley Harris, jf Macon. His wife died in 1882, and of their four children an only daughter, Zeta, survives.

Major Henry D. McDaniel, of the Eleventh regiment Georgia infantry, in the Confederate States service, and governor of Georgia, 1883-87, is a native of Monroe, where lie now resides, born September 4, 1836. He is a son of Ira O. McDaniel, a native of Pendleton district, S. C, of Revolutionary descent, who was a pioneer merchant at At lanta, and prominent in public affairs in his time. Young1 McDaniel was graduated at Mercer university in 1856, with honors, and afterward studied law at Atlanta, gaining ad mission to the bar in Troup county, in 1857. Thereupon he began the practice at Monroe as a partner of Judge Dickinson H. Walker, and soon attained prominence in his profes sion and distinction in political affairs. He was a delegate to the State convention of 1861, opposed secession, and voted against the resolution to secede, but finally bowed to the will of the majority and voted for and signed the subsequent formal ordinance, and was made a member of the standing committee on the relations of the slaveholding States of North America. When war seemed inevitable he promptly set about the organization of troops and was asso ciated with Gen. G. T. Anderson in raising the Walton in fantry, of which he was made first lieutenant, and Anderson captain. Upon the organization of the Eleventh regiment Georgia infantry, at Atlanta, Anderson was elected colonel, and Matthew T. Nunnally, a cadet from Walton county in the United States military academy at West Point, who had resigned, was elected to the captaincy. Later, when Ander son was appointed brigadier-general, McDaniel was pro moted to major of the regiment. With his regiment he joined the Confederate forces in the lower Shenandoah val ley under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and was assigned to the brigade of Gen. Francis S. Bartow, commanded after the death of the latter by Gen. Sam Jones, and during the greater part of the war by Gen. G. T. Anderson. Major McDaniel served with his regiment at Yorktown, in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, at Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Suffolk and Gettysburg; shar ing the distinguished service of Hood's division, Longstreet's corps. At Gettysburg, where the brigade suffered heavy loss, in the attack upon the Federal position on the Round Top hills, General Anderson and Colonel Little being among

812

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

the wounded, Major McDaniel was in command of his regi
ment at the close of the second day's battle, and on the third
day he led the Eleventh and Fifty-ninth regiments in a
gallant charge on the right of Hood's division, where the
dismounted cavalry of the enemy was attempting to turn
the Confederate flank, effectually repelling this dangerous
attack. The Eighth Georgia regiment and the brigade skir
mishers were also under his command at the close of this
action. After Lee's army had reached Maryland it took
position at Funkstown, and held the Federal army in check
for several days, and there Major McDaniel.was in com mand of his regiment until dangerously wounded in the abdomen. He underwent a perilous operation, performed by Surgeon E. J. Roach, of Robertson's brigade, and when the army crossed the Potomac was left in hospital at Hagerstown. For five months he was in hospital there and at Chester, Pa., and Point Lookout, Md., as a prisoner of war, and in December, 1863, was sent to Johnson's Island, Ohio, and there held until July 29, 1865. His military career was one of high honor and chivalrous devotion to the cause of the South; his civil career which has followed, as lawyer and public official, fitly supplements his war record. He has been actively engaged in the practice of law since the war, except when performing public duties. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1865, and as soon as his disabilities were removed by the amnesty act in 1872 he was elected to the legislature as a representative. In 1874 he was elected to the State senate, where he served with dis tinction for eight years. In April, 1883, he was made gover nor of the State, to succeed Alexander H. Stephens, de ceased, and while filling that unexpired term, he was elected by the people in 1884, for a term of two years. His administration was signalized by the beginning, in 1883, of the present capitol building at Atlanta, under a commission of his appointment, of which he was a member ex officio and chairman, and of the School of Technology in 1885, under a commission of his appointment, and a great reduc tion of the State debt as well as the lowest tax rate since the close of the war between the States. Since 1884 he has been a member of the board of trustees of the uni versity of Georgia, and since 1898 chairman of the board. Governor McDaniel was married December 15, 1865, to Hester Felker, of Monroe, and has a son and a daughter

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

813

living: Sanders, a prominent attorney at Atlanta, and Gipsy McDaniel, wife of Edgar S. Tichenor, of Monroe.

Major Jesse C. McDonald, of Fort Valley, was born in
Mclntosh county, Gav July 4, 1832, son of Alexander Mc
Donald and Margaret Campbell, both natives of the State,
of Scotch ancestry. His first military service, in 1861, was
as first lieutenant of the AVayne Rangers, a cavalry company
with which he was connected about six months. At the ex
piration of this service he raised a company of cavalry, mainly in Appling county, known as the Shiloh Troop, of
which he was elected captain. This became Company K of the Fourth Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. Duncan L.
Clinch. Captain McDonald was made major of the regi-
ment at the organization, and John L. Harris lieutenantcolonel. This regiment guarded the Georgia coast through
out 1862 and 1863, and was on picket duty in various parts
of southwest Georgia. Major McDonald commanded an expedition against Federal gunboats on the St. Mary's river, early in 1864, and rejoining the remainder of the regiment near Jacksonville, Fla., took command, the colonel having been wounded at the battle of Olustee. Subsequently they were on the coast of Georgia until the summer of 1864, when they joined the cavalry under Gen. Joseph Wheeler, about Atlanta. Being dismounted, they were on duty in the trenches around that city until its evacuation. Afterward Major McDonald was with General AVheeler in cavalry oper ations against Sherman's columns in the march to the sea, until he was captured in the fight near Waynesboro, on December 4, 1864. Being sent north, when Sherman reached Savannah, he was imprisoned at Fort Delaware, until the close of hostilities. In 1868 Major McDonald embarked in business at Rome, Ga., in the wholesale hard ware trade, in which he continued for about twenty years. After residing several years at Ouitman he made his home at Fort Valley in 1895 and organized the Dow Law bank, of which he is the cashier. While at Rome, Major McDonald was one of the originators and for fifteen years was a trustee of the Shorter Female college. He has been twice married: to Martha M. Morton, in early manhood, and later to Sarah, daughter of Dr. S. G. Hillyer, and has six sons and six daughters living.

814

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

James John McDonald, of Cuthbert, a veteran of Wheel er's cavalry, was born at Cuthbert, Ga., February 12, 1845, son of Edward McDonald, a native of North Carolina, a prosperous cotton factor at Cuthbert before the war. In the spring of 1861, at the age of sixteen years, Mr. McDonald enlisted at Cuthbert in the cavalry company organized by Charles C. Crews, which was mustered in at Griffin as Com pany A of the Second regiment Georgia cavalry, under Col. W. J. Lawton. Captain Crews later became colonel of the Second regiment, and commander of the brigade to which it was assigned, and young McDonald was selected by him as aide-de-camp, a duty which he performed with chivalrous devotion and courage, endearing himself to the entire bri gade and the superior officers of Wheeler's corps. He par ticipated in all the service of his regiment and brigade, taking part in the battle of Murfreesboro, July 13, 1862, under N. B. Forrest; Perryville and other combats of the Kentucky campaign; Second Murfreesboro and Lavergne, under Buford and Wheeler; the attack of Fort Donelson, February, 1863, and all the campaigns of Wheeler's cavalry that followed, including the battle of Chickamauga and the numerous engagements during the operations in east Ten nessee, and the campaigns from Dalton to Atlanta, and from Atlanta to Savannah and through the Carolinas. He was present at the capture of General Stoneman at Clinton, Ga., in August, 1864, and a participant in many other mem orable achievements of Wheeler's cavalry, finally surrender ing in North Carolina under the capitulation of Gen, J. E. Johnston. Five horses were shot under him, but he was never wounded, and though once captured, at Lebanon Junc tion, Ky., he was able to escape within an hour. Upon the restoration of peace he engaged in business as a druggist at Cuthbert as a partner of General Crews, and this asso ciation continued for five years, when he became sole pro prietor. Five years later he retired from this occupation and gave his attention to financial operations and the pur chase of farm property, in 1891 organizing the Bank of Cuthbert, of which he is the principal stockholder. He is very extensively interested in cotton lands, and is the owner of twenty thousand acres in Randolph and adjoining coun ties. His devotion to business interests has precluded much public service, and he has held office only as councilman of his city and representative of his county, in 1877-78, in the Georgia legislature. In 1866 he was married to Eudora L.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

815

Harris, and they have one daughter living: Annie, wife of John W. Drewry, of Cuthbert.

Edwin S. McEachern, of Columbus, a Confederate sol dier in the army of Tennessee, was born in Harris county, Ga., February 3, 1842. His parents were Neil McEachern, a planter and farmer and native of Edgefield district, S. C., and Elizabeth Vandarman, daughter of Col. Joseph Vandarman, of Georgia, an officer of the Seminole war in Florida. He began his residence at Columbus in 1854, and there en listed in the Georgia Grays, a volunteer company, in the spring of 1861. This was made Company I of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. John K. Jackson, when it was organized at Macon, and during the next nine months he and his comrades were stationed at Pensacola, engaged in provost duty. From Pensacola they were sent into Tennessee, and after the battle of Shiloh they joined the army at Corinth, Miss., and were in the battle of Farmington and other engagements about that place. After the army had retreated to Tupelo, Private McEachern, who was noted as a good marksman, was de tailed to a company of sharpshooters which was intended to be attached to the brigade with the Fifth Georgia, but was joined with other similar companies to form the Second" Georgia battalion of sharpshooters, under Maj. J. J. Cox, McEachern's company being known as Company D. Under the brigade command of Gen. J. J. Jackson, in Wither's divi sion, they participated in the Kentucky campaign, and took part in the capture of Munfordville, and Camp Dick Robin son and other engagements. After the return to Tennessee the battalion was assigned to Cheatham's division. Private McEachern participated in the great battles of Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and the many en gagements of the Atlanta campaign, from Dalton to Jonesboro, including the hotly contested battle at the latter place, the services of the sharpshooters being in constant demand in that campaign of incessant skirmishing. In the Tennessee campaign, under General Hood, he fought at Franklin and Nashville, and in the second day's battle at the latter place, December 16, 1864, was one of the many Confederates who were captured. This ended his service in the field, and he was a prisoner of war at Camp Douglas for many weary months. Finally being exchanged at the mouth of the Red river he was paroled at Natchez, and permitted to return
Ga 81

816

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

to his home, after the close of the war. He was a faithful soldier, constantly on duty, and though always in dangerous places, was never seriously wounded. Since the war he has had a successful commercial career at Columbus, and has been associated with several important enterprises, now being engaged in the grocery trade, and president of the Columbus Ice and Refrigerator company. In public office
he has rendered creditable service as alderman of the city
for eight years, and member and chairman of the board of police commissioners. With his old comrades he is asso ciated as a member of Camp Benning, United Confederate veterans. Mr. McEachern has been twice married, to Miss
L. P. Tapper, and Mrs. Amanda Bentley, and has four sons and a daughter living.

Brigadier-General Peter Alexander Selkirk McGlashan, of Savannah, brigadier-general commanding the southern
Georgia brigade, United Confederate veterans, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, May 19, 1831, and began his resi dence at Savannah at the age of seventeen years. In 1848 he emigrated to the West, and in 1856 took part in Walker's Nicaragua expedition. Returning to the United States he settled, in 1859, at Thomasville and was in business there when the war began. In the fall of 1861 he enlisted in Com pany E of the Twenty-ninth Georgia infantry and was made orderly sergeant, but soon afterward returned home, his business partner taking his place, and in March, 1862, Mc
Glashan volunteered with the Thomas county Rangers and was at once elected first lieutenant. This company became Company E of the Fiftieth regiment Georgia infantry, first brigaded under General Drayton and later under General
Semmes, in the army of Northern Virginia. McGlashan's promotion was rapid. On October i, 1862, upon the death of Captain Young, he was made captain, and upon the resig nation of Major Pendleton, though a junior captain, he was
promoted to major. Lieutenant-Colonel Kearse was killed at Gettysburg, and soon afterward Colonel Manning re
signed, and McGlashan became lieutenant-colonel, and on July 31, 1863, was promoted to colonel. He was slightly wounded at Sharpsburg, and at Cedar Creek, October 19,
1864, while gallantly leading the right of his brigade, he was shot through both legs. For gallantry at Cold Harbor, June, 1864, he was recommended for promotion to briga dier-general by the retiring brigadier-general, Goode Bryan,.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

817

and his commission as such, dated in March, 1865, was the last one signed by President Davis before the evacua tion of Richmond. Among the engagements in which Gen eral McGlashan participated were Point of Rocks, Va., South Mountain and Sharpsburg, Md., Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Second Cold Har bor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Cedar Creek and Berryville. He was on duty in the trenches about Richmond until the evacuation, when his regiment was the last to leave the Con federate capital, and his last fight was at Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865, when in command of his old regiment, only ninety strong, with the brigade numbering three hundred and fifty, they held at bay for two hours a Federal force of five thousand, repeatedly repelling their assaults. Upon the surrender of General Ewell, in the midst of this battle, McGlashan was ordered to surrender also, but he told his men to disperse, and being crippled by wounds he fell into the hands of the enemy. As a prisoner of war, he was taken to the Old Capitol prison at Washington and experienced the night of terror at the time of the assassination of Presi dent Lincoln. Soon afterward he was sent to Johnson's island, and held until August 25, 1865. Upon his release General McGlashan returned home by way of New York and Savannah, and from the latter city carried to Thomasville two hundred thousand dollars in gold, the capital of a bank at Rome, which was entrusted to his guardianship. He promptly went to work at Thomasville, and resided there and at Macon until 1885, when he made his home at Savan nah, where he has ever since been a valued resident and prosperous in business. In 1866 he was elected mayor of Thomasville, and to restore order he organized a "fire de partment" of old Confederates, armed with muskets, which proved very effective. At Savannah he is held in high esteem, and throughout the State he is known and loved by his Confederate comrades, in whose interests he has been unceasingly active.

James J. McGowan, of Savannah, a veteran of the Irish Jasper Greens, was born in County Sligo, Ireland, in 1835, and came to America in infancy with his parents, who settled at Savannah. There he was reared and educated, and in 1858 became a member of the crack militia company known as the Irish Jasper Greens, which, before the war

818

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

began, was a company of the First volunteer regiment of Georgia, under command of Col. A. R. Lawton. The Greens were not designated as "Company A," until the reorganiza tion of the regiment in October, 1862; letters for companies were not used previously. The company entered the Con federate States service in May, 1861, enlisting for sixty days. Private McGowan served with the company, mostly at Fort Pulaski, until the expiration of this enlistment, when he was out of the service until February 14, 1862. Then he re-enlisted, rejoining the company, which was at that time again mustered into service, and detached from the regiment to do duty at Lee Battery, as heavy artillery, under Col. E. C. Anderson, commanding the Savannah river batteries. On October 30, 1862, he was appointed first sergeant of the company. In this capacity he continued on artillery duty until May, 1864, when the regiment was ordered to join Mercer's brigade, Walker's division, Hardee's corps, army of the Tennessee, then in north Georgia. He participated in the campaign from near Dallas southward until June 16, 1864, when he was seriously wounded in a picket fight on the Burnt Hickory road, near Lost Mountain. This wound necessitated the amputation of Sergeant McGowan's left arm, just below the shoulder, which put an end to his ser vice in the field. On July 6, 1864. he was granted a, sixtydays sick-furlough from hospital; and, after its expiration, he was detailed, and took charge of the supply of forage obtained from the islands near Savannah. At the close of hostilities he was paroled at Augusta, Ga. He returned to Savannah in July, 1865. In January, 1866, he was elected tax collector of Chatham county, and held the office until the deposition of Governor Jenkins. He was then ordered to give up to the military government the funds he had collected under bond given to the displaced civil officers. This seemed likely to result in loss to his bondsmen, and he therefore refused to comply; he was punished by removal from office and confinement in the military prison. Here he remained until it became evident that the court would not interfere in favor of the Jenkins administration; he then consulted with his bondsmen, and by their advice recognized the Federal appointees, with whom he made the settlement required by law. He was then released from prison. While in confinement, his demeanor had won the respect and good will of his custodians; and shortly after his release, he was appointed, without solicitation, and by the opposite party,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

819

to the office of tax collector, from which he had been re moved. Prompt, accurate, and impartial in the discharge of duty, kind and considerate to all, but especially to the poor and illiterate, he received the public endorsement at every subsequent election. He was a zealous member of the Con federate veterans' association. On February 6, 1901, he died of pneumonia, after a few days' illness.

James McGrath, of Savannah, a veteran of the Irish Jasper Greens, of that city, was born in County Limerick, Ireland, in 1841, and made his home at Savannah in 1859. His membership in the Jasper Greens began 011 March I, 1862, when that famous organization was a company of the First volunteer regiment of Georgia, under the command of Col. Charles H. Olmstead. He served with the command as a private soldier in Georgia and South Carolina, under General Beauregard, and was for a time in the gallant garri son of Battery Wagner, and on duty about Charleston during the memorable bombardment of 1863. In the spring of 1864 he joined the army of Tennessee, with Mercer's Geor gia brigade, and participated in the fighting of the Atlanta campaign until he was captured at Kenesaw Mountain, July 2, 1864. As a prisoner of war he was sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, and held until after the surrender of the Con federate armies in 1865. Private McGrath was a worthy and devoted soldier, and holds a high place in the esteem of his surviving comrades. Since the war he has had a successful career as a merchant at Savannah, where he em barked in commercial life in 1866. Continuing his connec tion with military affairs subsequent to 1865, he served as second lieutenant of Company B, First volunteer regiment of Georgia, May 6, 1872 to October 5, 1882, and as first lieutenant October 5, 1882 to 1895, when he resigned and was placed on the honorary roll of that company as a re tired officer of the State of Georgia.

Major Charles Eugene McGregor, of Warrenton, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., August i, 1840, son of W. T. McGregor, a native of Scotland, and his wife, Mary T. Darby, of South Carolina, of Revolutionary ancestry. In his youth Major McGregor was a printer, an occupation that he left in 1861 to enter the Confederate States ser vice as first sergeant of the Macon Guards, commanded by Capt. Lucius Lamar, at a later period colonel of the regi-

820

CONFEDERA T MILITARY HIS TOR K

ment. Going with his company to Savannah they were mustered into the Second regiment Georgia volunteers for twelve months service and did service on Tybee Island.
His company, tiring of coast duty, enlisted for three years, or the war, was detached from the Second Georgia and ordered to Richmond, Va., where they were mustered in
as Company C of the Eighth regiment Georgia infantry, under the command of Col. Francis S. Bartow, and sent to Gen. J. E. Johnston's command in the Shenandoah val
ley. McGregor participated in the battle of First Manassas, July 21, 1861, where his regiment was particularly distin guished in the battle of Dam No. i on the peninsula, and in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, in June, 1862, and with this his connection with the Eighth regiment ended, he being promoted to first lieutenant in the regular
army and detailed for duty as a drillmaster. In this capac ity he rendered valuable service in Georgia, as adjutant of the post at Macon and drillmaster at the camp of in struction. In 1864 he aided in the organization of several companies for the Fifth regiment Georgia reserves, of which he was commissioned as major. In this rank he took part in the Atlanta campaign, around Lovejoy's Station, also in the repulse of the Federal attack on Macon, and was in the trenches around Savannah when that city was beleaguered by Sherman's army. Thence retreating into the Carolinas with Hardee's troops, he took part in the battles of Broxton's Bridge on the Salkahatchie river, also Averasboro and Bentonville, and was identified with the army of Tennessee in its last days, finally surrendering
at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. He was particularly dis tinguished for gallantry at the battle of Bentonville, N. C., and recommended by his commanding officer for promotion
to colonel. Major McGregor made his home at Macon a short time after the war, and then removed to Augusta, and from there to Warrenton, where he published and edited the Georgia Clipper, which at that time was one of the few Democratic papers that defied reconstruction legis
lation and gallantly defended Jeffersonian Democracy. He conducted this journal from 1869 to 1874. Since then he
has been engaged quite successfully in farming in Warren county. He is an ardent advocate of Prohibition, his county being the first in Georgia to enact prohibitory legislation
against the liquor traffic. He has served with credit in the legislature of Georgia, as a representative in 1882-83, and

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

821

senator from the Nineteenth district in 1894-95. He is an active member of Hardee camp, United Confederate veter
ans, and an aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. Clement A. Evans, commanding' the Georgia division. Major McGregor was married in 1872 to Mary Lou Roberts, and has
one son, L. D. McGregor, an attorney at Warrenton, and three daughters.

Captain Patrick T. McGrifr", of Hawkinsville, an officer of the Confederate cavalry, army of Tennessee, was born
and reared in Pulaski county, Ga., being the son of Thomas McGriff, a prosperous planter, and grandson of Patrick McGriff, a native of Ireland who came to Virginia in colonial times, and in the Revolutionary war had the rank of colonel commanding a regiment under Gen. Nathaniel
Greene. Captain McGriff left his occupation as a farmer early in 1862 to raise a company of cavalry for the Con federate service, and succeeding in this was commissioned captain. This became part of the Nineteenth battalion Georgia cavalry, under Maj. Charles T. Goode, and soon went on duty in Tennessee, whence they marched into Kentucky under Gen. Joseph Wheeler and participated in the campaign of 1862, including the battle of Perryville and numerous other engagements. After the return to Tennessee the battalion was consolidated with a battalion of Milliard's Alabama legion to form the Tenth regiment
Confederate cavalry, under the command of Colonel Goode, McGriff's company was enrolled as Company G of this regiment, and became-a part of Gen. John Pegram's bri gade, which participated in the battle of Murfreesboro, and in raids in Kentucky, which involved a great deal of fight
ing. Captain McGriff served under Gen. N. B. Forrest in the great battle of Chickamauga, and took part in
Wheeler's raids and battles following that campaign, and in 1864 was with Wheeler all through the Georgia cam paign, from Dalton to Atlanta, engaged in constant fighting, and distinguishing himself as an able and gallant officer. On the famous raid into Tennessee which Wheeler made
during the siege of Atlanta he accompanied his regiment as far as Dalton, Ga., where he was taken sick, and was so seriously ill that he had to be left at that place. He was for a long time confined to his bed, and was never able to re-enter the active service. After the war he re
sumed farming in his native countv, and continued in that

822

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

occupation until 1873 when he was elected ordinary of Pulaski count}'. This office he has held ever since, ably and uprightly caring for the interests confided to him, and so satisfactory has been his service that he has had no opposition at each biennial election. He has also served ten years as president of the city board of education, in charge of the Hawkinsville Free school. With his com rades he is associated as a member of Manning camp, United Confederate veterans. Captain McGriff has three children living: Rufus J., a farmer in Pulaski county; James P., a druggist at Hawkinsville, and a daughter, Frances S.

James William Mclntire, of Savannah, was born at that enterprising seaport of Georgia in 1846. On March 12, 1862, when about sixteen years of age, he volunteered in Confederate service at Orlando, Fla., as a private in the Chatham artillery, one of the oldest organizations of Geor gia's lovely "Forest City," so noted for its martial spirit. An idea of the age of this company may be had from the fact that it has in its possession two brass cannon bearing the inscription, "Captured from Burgoyne at Saratoga," these guns having been presented to the company while George Washington was president of the United States. When the Chathams went to the field in 1861, they buried these guns in a spot where they were safely concealed until Georgia, having passed through the dismal period of reconstruction, had come to her own again. Honored by serving in this choice body of patriotic young men, the youthful soldier took part in the fighting on James Island, near Charleston, S. C.; at Tullafinny; on the Cumberland river; for forty hours in front of S Herman at Winnsboro, S. C.; on the Pedee river and at Bentonville, N. C. In the gallant army of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston who had so bravely contended against the inevitable on the campaign of the Carolinas, he surrendered near Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1865. At the close of the war he returned to his home in Savannah, where he has since been actively associated with the business interests of his native city.

Major Thomas Spaulding Mclntosh, son of Col. William Mclntosh and grandson of Gen. John M. Mclntosh, of Revolutionary fame, was born in Mclntosh county, Ga., and after attending the schools of that county, entered the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

823

State military school near Marietta, where he was gradu ated. At the beginning of the civil war he was a lawyer in the office of Fleming M. Jackson and Charles C. Jones, of Savannah. Being commissioned as first lieutenant by Governor Brown, he was assigned to the famous First Georgia regulars and sent to Fort Pulaski near the mouth of the Savannah river. In August, 1861, this command was sent to Virginia and Lieutenant Mclntosh was placed upon the staff of Gen. LaFayette McLaws, being appointed adjutant-general with the rank of major. He served with that officer on the peninsula, at Seven Pines and in the bat tles near Richmond. At Seven Pines his horse was killed under him, but he escaped uninjured. After McClellan had . been driven from before Richmond, the command of Gen eral McLaws was left in observation of the movements of the Federal troops on the peninsula, while the main body of the army of Northern Virginia marched against Pope. After the battle of Second Manassas, General McLaws with his divisions rejoined the army in time to act a prom inent part in the battles of the Maryland campaign. While this command was still below Richmond, Major Mclntosh went home on a five weeks' furlough, but had been absent only two weeks when General McLaws telegraphed him that his services were needed and he rejoined his chief on the eve of the great battle of Sharpsburg. Being requested by General McLaws to ascertain if General Kershaw's South Carolina brigade had taken a certain position, and having discharged this duty, he noticed that the skirmishers needed encouragement. Dismounting, he tied his horse to a tree and led them into the fight, in which he was killed by a ball through the heart. He was buried upon the battlefield, but after the war his remains were brought home to Georgia and laid to rest in the Mclntosh lot in Laurel Grove cemetery at Savannah.
i John J. McKoy, of Decatur, a veteran of the war in Virginia, was born in Campbell county, Ga., August 12, 1841, son of James McKoy and Katharine Anderson. By the time he had reached the age of ten years both his parents had died, and he was reared by his stepfather, Charles Murphy, at Decatur, DeKalb county. When hostilities began, in 1861, he was student at the Cherokee Baptist college, in Bartow county, and at once quit school, the institution bein^ closed that the gallant youth in attendance

824

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HISTOR Y.

might gratify their ambition to enter the Confederate States service. Young McKoy volunteered as a private in a com pany of the infantry battalion of Cobb's legion, under the
command of the famous Georgian, Thomas R. R. Cobb, and going to Virginia with this battalion, he served on the
Yorktown line, participating in the battle of Dam No. i, early in 1862. On the retreat to Richmond he fought at
Seven Pines, and in June he went through the arduous campaign of the Seven Days' battles, closing at Malvern Hill. Broken in health, as were many others, by the bloody
struggle in the Chickahominy swamps, he was sent home on furlough. As soon as able to perform light duty he volun
teered and was assigned as orderly in the passport office at Atlanta, with which he was connected for several months. Subsequently he took part in the organization of a company for the Sixty-fourth regiment Georgia infantry, and was elected to a lieutenancy. In this rank he participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20, 1864, after which the regiment was ordered to Virginia and was in battle on the Drewry's Bluff line, under General Beauregard, in May. As a part of Mahone's division of Lee's army, the Sixtyfourth after that made a splendid record in the fighting about Richmond and Petersburg, from Cold Harbor until the evacuation. The captain of Lieutenant McKoy's com pany was killed at the battle of the Crater, and he then took command of the company, and filled this position with ability and gallantry until captured at the battle of Deep Bottom. As a prisoner of war he was held at the Old Capitol prison, Washington, and at Fort Delaware, until after the close of the war. On his return to Georgia Lieu
tenant McKoy embarked in a mercantile career, in which he has been eminently successful. For nearly twenty years he conducted a prosperous business at Atlanta. He is a member of Clement A. Evans camp, United Confeder ate veterans, at Decatur.

George Wallace McLaughlin was born at Augusta, Ga.,
October 5, 1841, and in the schools of that city received his education. A few months after he had reached the age of nineteen he enlisted with his company, the Oglethorpe infantry of Augusta, which upon the organization of the First regiment of Georgia volunteers at Macon, in April, 1861, became Company D, of that fine body of troops, which was the first to leave the State and one of the first

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

825

Georgia commands to see actual war. As a private Mr. McLaughlin served through the first year of the war, going
first to Pensacola, Fla., whence, after six weeks' service in working upon fortifications the regiment was ordered to Virginia and assigned to the command of Gen. Robert Garnett. Here he participated in the scouting, skirmishing and
picket duty around Laurel Hill, the trying retreat from that point, during which occurred the combat at Carrick's
Ford, called by the Federals the battle of St. George. Later he served in the same regiment along the Greenbrier river and in the vicinity of Cheat Mountain until the First regi ment was sent, in December, to join the little army under Stonewall Jackson, operating in the lower Shenandoah val ley. On the first day of January, 1862, he marched under this commander, setting out from Winchester on a day which gave promise of pleasant weather. But in the after
noon a heavy north wind sprung up and by night the con dition of the soldiers was very uncomfortable. The next morning they resumed their march in the midst of a heavy snow storm and over frozen roads and streams on which the ice had gathered thick enough to bear the weight of the artillery. Pressing on, they drove the Federal troops out of Bath and across the Potomac; then making a feint of attacking the Federal position at Hancock, Md., Jack son caused the Federal forces in his department to concen trate at that point in order to oppose his farther advance. He then silently slipped away, leaving a small force de ployed along the river to conceal his movements, and al though the miserable condition of the roads rendered his march very slow, he had captured Romney with all its stores before the Federals were aware that he had dis appeared from their front. Some time after the return
to Winchester the First Georgia, whose term of service had almost expired, was ordered to Augusta, Ga., and on the 18th of March was mustered out. The Oglethorpe, with
three other companies of the First Georgia reorganized as the Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery, and McLaugh
lin, re-enlisting in the same company, was made orderly sergeant. This command was sent into east Tennessee and assigned to the army commanded by Gen. E. Kirby Smith. Having lost their horses in a railroad accident all the com panies but one served as infantry and were sent in a bri gade commanded by Colonel Gracie, of Alabama, to break up a force of east Tennessee Unionists that had assembled

826

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

in the mountains of Scott county under Colonel Cliff. This task being accomplished, the battalion was placed in ob servation at Jacksboro near Big Creek Gap, while the rest of the army marched into Kentucky. In the fall the Oglethorpes were detached from the battalion and being sent to Savannah, were assigned to the Thirteenth Georgia bat talion, to which other companies were added to form a new regiment known as the Sixty-third Georgia. At Thunder bolt battery this command served both as infantry and heavy artillery. While stationed at this point Sergeant McLaughlin was elected and commissioned junior second lieutenant. In the spring of 1864 the Sixty-third was sent to Daltoii as infantry and shared in all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, in Hood's advance into Tennessee and his disastrous retreat from that State. Lieutenant Mc Laughlin bore a prominent part in all these movements, and at the battle of Kenesaw Mountain was specially dis tinguished, where he assisted Maj. J. H. V.-Alien and Capt. Wilberforce Daniel in forming a new skirmish line, which was stoutly held against tremendous odds. While the army of Tennessee was marching into North Carolina, in the spring of 1865, he was placed in charge of a camp at Ham burg, S. C., collecting stragglers and forwarding them in squads to the army under Gen. Joe Johnston. He was en gaged in this duty when the war came to an end. Since the war he has lived in Augusta, being engaged a great part of the time in commission business. He was for six years adjutant of the Augusta camp, United Confederate veter ans, and was then chosen captain-commander. He declined re-election in 1901, and was succeeded by Hon. J. B. Gum ming, one of the ablest lawyers of Georgia.

Malcolm McLean, of Savannah, was born in Scotland in 1837, came to America in 1855, settling at Newport, Fla., and made his home at Savannah in 1860. When Georgia seceded from the Union and a call was made for troops to defend Savannah and the coast, he entered the State service in a battalion of siege artillery organized for local defense. The command being soon disbanded, he at once enlisted again as a private in the Eighteenth Georgia battalion, formed from the Savannah Volunteer Guards, one of the noted military organizations of a city in which the military spirit has from the earliest clays been very strong. This bat talion served in the defenses of Charleston Harbor and

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

827

formed at one time a part of the garrison at Battery Wagner and Battery Marion, so noted for the heroic defense which they made against the most formidable attacks by land and sea. Malcolm M'cLean had the honor of being one of this garrison and of participating in the fights around Charles ton. In the spring of 1864 he went with his battalion to Virginia and served under the ablest leader that America ever saw, contending with unsurpassed valor against over whelming numbers and resources in one of the most wonder ful campaigns on record. While this gallant army was on the retreat from Petersburg in the first days of April, 1865, Ewell's corps, to which the Eighteenth battalion was at tached, was cut off at Sailor's Creek and forced to surren der. There McLean was severely wounded, and being sent as a prisoner to Baltimore and Fort McHenry, he was held there until the war had ended. After his release he returned to Savannah penniless, but not disheartened, and went at once to work on the Atlantic & Gulf railroad as commissary. A few months later he embarked in the cotton trade, in which he continued until his retirement, January I, 1901.

John L. McLemore, of Swainsboro, a veteran of Gen. George P. Harrison's old regiment, was born in Emanuel county, Ga., December 5, 1842, son of Ira T. McLemore, of South Carolinian descent, and Ferridy Barwick, of North Carolina. He volunteered for the Confederate States ser vice October 10, 1861, and was elected third lieutenant of Capt. John A. Phillips' company, which went to Savannah and was enrolled as Company G of the Thirty-second Georgia infantry, under the command of Col. George P. Harrison. During the remainder of the war he was on duty in the coast regions, wherever there was danger from Federal invasion, his field of service ranging from Florida to North Carolina. He was on duty about Charleston when that important seaport of the Confederacy was in danger, and served in Battery Wagner, Fort Sumter, and on the intrenched lines of James and Johns islands during the memorable bombardments of 1863. Afterward he was sent to Wilmington, N. C., and in February, 1864, he took part in the battle of Olustee, Fla., where he was severely wounded in the right wrist. He was cared for at a private house in Tallahassee for sixty days, and then rejoined his regiment at Charleston, S. C. He was in battle at Pocotaligo and on the islands near Charleston, and after Sher-

828

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HIS TOR Y.

man entered the State, was with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston at the battle of Bentonville, and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C. Since the war Lieutenant McLemore has been successful as a merchant and farmer, and has rendered valuable service to his county and city as a public official. He has been clerk of the superior court of Emanuel county four years, assistant county treasurer ten years,
and is now clerk of the board of county commissioners, clerk of the city court, and clerk and treasurer of the city
council. Among his comrades he is known as an enthusi astic worker for the United Confederate veterans. Mr. McLemore was married in 1871 to Victoria Overstreet, and has six children: William O., Ira T., P. Hubert, Claudia A., Maud and John V.

Andrew McRae, a prosperous business man at the town
of McRae, Telfair county, in his youth was one of the gal lant boy soldiers of the Georgia reserves, who bore them selves as veterans on several of the famous battlefields of Georgia. He is a native of Florida, was reared in Georgia, and is the son of Christopher McRae, a leading merchant at Jacksonville, Telfair county, and a soldier of the State mili tia during the latter part of the war of the Confederacy. Andrew McRae entered the military service at the age of sixteen years, in the spring of 1864, as the Federal army under Sherman was advancing on Atlanta, and was enrolled as a private in Company I of the Fifth regiment Georgia reserves, mustered in at Macon. With this command he participated in the campaign about Atlanta, and the skir
mishes between that point and Macon, and on November 22. 1864. took part in the bloody battle at Griswoldville, when
his command made as gallant a charge on an intrenched enemy as is recorded in the history of the war. He was with the garrison of Savannah when that city was invested by Sherman, and fell back into the Carolinas with General Hardee, finally taking part in the last great battle of the army of
Tennessee, at Bentonville, N. C, and surrendering with Gen. J. E. Johnston's command at Greensboro, April 26,
1865. During the first few years after his return to Georgia Mr. McRae had various employment until he embarked in
farming on his own account in Telfair county. He was thus occupied for twelve years, after which he was for a similar period engaged in business as a merchant. During the last three years he has been conducting a warehouse at McRae,

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

829

also managing considerable farming interests. He is one of the successful men of his county, and a worthy citizen. Mr. McRae has one son living, W. A. McRae, who is also in commercial life.

William T. McWilliams, in his lifetime one of the found ers of the present importance of Rome as a manufacturing
and commercial center, was a loyal Confederate during the war, and in the service of the government through the four
years. He was born in Georgia, but reared in Elmore county, Ala., where he enlisted, early in 1861, in one of the compa nies that went to Mobile. But he was physically disquali fied for active service as a soldier, by reason of weight, and was detailed for special duty as a tax receiver for the Con federate States government. In this capacity he served at Wetumpka, Ala., until the close of the war. Subsequently
he carried on business at the same place, first as a retail dealer and later as a wholesale dry goods merchant, until 1885, when he embarked in the manufacture of furniture at Rome, Ga. He continued in the management of this indus try, with much success, also erected some of the main busi ness buildings of the city, and for a number of years was engaged in private banking. His active and useful career was terminated by death in October, 1894.
His son, Mirabeau B. McWilliams, a promient business man at Rome, is one of the young men of the South who are leaders in the new development of the country, and at the same time tenderly cherish the service of their fathers in behalf of the Confederacy. He is a native of Wetumpka, Ala., came to Rome at the age of ten years, completed his education at Mercer university, and immediately after leav
ing college embarked in business life. In 1896, in partner ship with Harry E. Kelly, he established the wholesale gro cery house of Kelly & McWilliams, which is widely known in Georgia and Alabama. He has other business interests of importance, and is regarded as one of the promising men
of the city.

Kenneth T. Maclean, a public-spirited citizen of Thomas-
ville, who served as a boy in the Confederate ranks, is a native of the city where he resides, born June II, 1848. When sixteen years of age, on July 22, 1864, the date of the great battle east of Atlanta, he enlisted in Company C of the Twelfth regiment Georgia reserves. The Con-

830

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

federate array, under Gen. John B. Hood, was within the intrenched lines around Atlanta, and as Sherman pushed his lines slowly to the southwest, and the line in gray was stretched out to meet it, almost to the point of breaking, young Maclean and his comrades were welcome additions to the battle-scarred veterans of the army of Tennessee. The boys and old men of the reserves held their places in the lines with all the spirit and determination of Confederate veterans. After Atlanta was finally made untenable by Sherman's march to Jonesboro, the reserves were out of active service until the Federal army started on the march to the Savan nah. Then Private Maclean took part in the bloody fight at Griswoldville, and other encounters with the enemy, up to the time of the evacuation of Savannah. After that there was no active duty for the Georgia reserves, and the war soon came to an end. Mr. Maclean was variously occupied 'for several years, finally studying law and gaining admission to the bar in 1870. After practicing at Thomasville until 1881, he embarked in the cotton business, and in July, 1885, he was selected for his present position, that of school com missioner for Thomas county. He has also served as mayor of Thomasville by election in 1876, and since 1888 he has been clerk of the city council. In all these public positions he has made an excellent record as an able and conscientious official. In local military affairs since the war he has been prominent as second lieutenant of the Thomasville Guards and captain of the Thomas Huzzars, a cavalry company.

James M. Madden, M. D., of Brunswick, formerly sur geon with the rank of major in the Confederate States serv ice, was born at St. Marks, Fla., in 1843. At the inaugura tion of war in 1861 he had just graduated in medicine at the university of Louisiana at New Orleans, and going to Virginia, he entered the Confederate service as surgeon of the Ninth regiment Virginia infantry in the spring of 1861. Three months later he was detailed for duty at the officer's hospital at Richmond, and after a year's service there he was ordered to Staunton, Va., to take charge of the small pox hospital, a duty that occupied him for six or eight months. Then he went on duty in the field as surgeon of the Sixty-first regiment, Mahone's brigade, army of North ern Virginia, with which he was under fire at the battle of Gettysburg and served on the battlefields from the Rapidan to the James in 1864. At Malvern Hill his horse was killed.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

831

Dr. Madden was on duty on the intrenched lines about Rich mond and Petersburg until just after the battle of the Cra ter, July 30, 1864, and was then sent home to Monticello, Fla., physically disabled by illness and exhaustion. A month later, though not fully recovered, he went on duty at Fort
Ward, and he continued to serve there until the close of hostilities. Dr. Madden came to Brunswick in 1868, after
residing a year at each of the cities of Savannah and Jack sonville, and he has been a citizen of Brunswick ever since. He carried on a very successful business as a druggist until 1883, and then retired. During the past ten or twelve years he has been engaged in banking. He is one of the leading men of the city, very highly regarded by his Confederate comrades, and esteemed as a man of spotless honor and integrity by his fellow-citizens generally. He has not held public office, except locally as one of the commissioners of his county, and alderman of the city.

Andrew J. Maddox, of Griffin, is one of four brothers who served in the armies of the Confederacy, one losing his life for the cause. He was born in Monroe countv, Ga., March 8, 1838, son of D. W. Maddox. In 1863 Mr. Maddox en listed in the State reserves, as a member of Col. A. D. Nunnally's regiment, and with this command, in 1864, he served from Rome to Savannah, during the advance of the Federal army under General Sherman. He participated in the oper ations on the Chattahoochee river and the great battle of July 22, 1864, east of Atlanta, and served in the trenches throughout the siege of that city. After its evacuation he took part in the operations for the defense of Macon and was in the trenches at Savannah under General Hardee. During this period he served as first sergeant of his company and was a valuable and gallant officer. Since the war Mr. Maddox has been a resident of Spalding county, and one of its most successful farmers and influential citizens. On April 28, 1864, just before the opening of the campaign of that year, he was married to Sue C., daughter of James W. Gordon, a Confederate soldier. Fourteen children were born to them, of whom six sons and four daughters are now living. One of the sons, W. O. Maddox, is first sergeant of Company C. Twenty-ninth regiment United States volun teers, on duty in the Philippine Islands. Mrs. Maddox died January 5, 1898.
Ga 82

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Joseph J. Maddox, of Atlanta, a veteran of Stonewall Jackson's corps, army of Northern Virginia, was born in that part of old Cherokee county, now known as Milton, Ga., December 13, 1835, son ^ Edward Jefferson Maddox, a native of Georgia, and grandson of Edward Maddox, a Virginian, and an early settler of this State. He was reared upon the farm, educated in the old field schools, and after teaching school two years in his youth, he began his mer cantile career as clerk in a country store. January 9, 1859, he was married to Lenora J. Emerson, of Cherokee county. The enlistment of Mr. Maddox for the Confederate service was in October, 1861, as a member of the Wright legion, and he was made third lieutenant of his company. They went on duty on the Georgia coast, and in the spring of 1862 the infantry battalion of the legion and the Twenty-fifth bat talion were merged in the Thirty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. Augustus R. Wright. which formed part of the Georgia brigade which served under the com mand of Generals Lawton, Gordon and Evans, in the army of Northern Virginia. Lieutenant Maddox participated, under the corps command of Jackson and Ewell, in the bat tles of Games' Mill, Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Winchester, Gettysburg and the Wilder ness. In the second day's fight at the Wilderness, May 6, 1864. he was captured by the enemy, and during the remain der of the war he was in prison pen, deprived of the honor of fighting in the last battles of the army and surrendering with Lee at Appomattox. He was a prisoner of war at Point Lookout, Md., and Fort Delaware; was one of the six hundred Confederate officers held under fire at Morris island, S. C.; subsequently was imprisoned at Fort Pulaski, and finally was held at Fort Delaware until the summer of 1865. He returned home June 27th, and began the struggle of civil life anew. After two years' farming he opened a country store at Orange, Cherokee county, which prospered, and in 1885 he embarked in business at Atlanta, where for some years he has been one of the leading wholesale grocers. His good record as a soldier has been fully supplemented by
his career in peace.

John W. Maddox, a Confederate soldier in his boyhood under Gen. Joseph Wheeler, in later years an eminent lawyer and judge, and since 1892 representative in congress of the

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HISTOR Y,

833

Seventh Georgia district, was born in Chattooga county, Ga., June 3, 1848. In 1863 he entered the Confederate service as a private in Company E of the Sixth regiment Georgia cavalry. This command, a part of Gen. PI, B. Davidson's brigade, was in John Pegram's division at Chickamauga, under Gen. N. B. Forrest. The regiment fought during that campaign at Graysville, Leet's Tanyard, and Missionary Ridge, in addition to the desperate engagement of Forrest's cavalry that opened the great battle of September 19-20, 1863. Private Maddox served through this campaign under Forrest, and after that shared the raids and battles of Wheel er's corps. During the siege of Chattanooga he was in east Tennessee, fighting at Knoxville and other points in sup port of Longstreet's campaign. In the first half of 1864 he was in the campaign about Dalton and from there south to Atlanta, including many engagements. Then followed the crushing defeat of the Federal raiders who attempted to cut the communications of Atlanta, and after that Wheeler's famous raid through north Georgia and middle Tennessee, marked by almost constant fighting. They met Hood's army near Rome, Ga., and covered his retreat to Gadsden, Ala., and then turned their attention to General Sherman, who was beginning his march to Savannah. Private Maddox was in the engagements of Wheeler's cavalry that followed until he was severely wounded and his arm broken in the fight at Aiken, S. C, in February, 1865. He was disabled during the remainder of the war, and in hospital at Augusta and Madison, Ga. He was also wounded at Turkeytown, and was twice captured--at Summerville and Decatur, Ga., but escaped on each occasion. Upon recovering from his wounds Mr. Maddox returned to his home in Chattooga county and began work on the farm, having his young" brothers and sis ters to care for, both parents being dead. During this period he had opportunity for a few months' attendance upon school. Subsequently beginning the study of law, he was admitted to the bar in 1877 at Summerville, where he em barked in the practice. He was elected county commissioner in January, 1878; served one term as mayor of Summerville, was representative in the legislature, 1880-84, and elected senator in 1884, serving in all six years in the legislature. In 1886 he was elected judge of the superior court, Rome circuit, and being re-elected in 1890, he served with honor and ability upon the bench until September i, 1892, when he resigned to accept the Democratic nomination for repre-

834

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

sentative in Congress of the Seventh Georgia district. By successive re-elections he has served with distinction in the Fifty-third, Fifty-fourth, Fifty-fifth, and Fifty-sixth con gresses, and has been re-elected to the Fifty-seventh. In the Fifty-sixth congress he was a member of the committee on insular affairs, and in the political organization of his party he has been honored with a place on the Congressional committee. Mr. Maddox is recognized as one of the lead ing public men of the State, and enjoys the full confidence of his constituents. He has three sons living: George E., a young lawyer in the practice at Rome; J. P., residing in Texas, and Edwin, a student.

Alonzo A. Manning, of Atlanta, a veteran of the armies of Vicksburg and Tennessee, was born in Covington, Ga., Au gust 2, 1845. He was the son of Judge Jethro W. Manning, a soldier of the Florida Indian war, who rendered honorable public service as county school commissioner and judge of the inferior court of his county, and in the Confederate era was a member of the Georgia reserves. Alonzo A. Manning was brought to Atlanta by his parents in 1849. In 1861, when not yet sixteen years of age, he ran away from school with the ambition of fighting for his country, and served for six months in Governor Brown's State troops. Subse quently he enlisted in Company F of the Fifty-sixth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. E. P. Watkins, and in the spring of 1862 went on duty in east Tennessee. He partici pated in Gen. E. Kirby Smith's campaign in Kentucky, in cluding the battle at Richmond, August 31 1862, and in the following winter went with Stevenson's division to Missis sippi, where he was on duty during Grant's operations against Vicksburg. On May 16, 1863, he took part in the battle of Baker's Creek, and two days later began a service in the trenches about Vicksburg, that continued under cir cumstances of great hardship, danger and deprivation, until the surrender, July 4, 1863. After several months on parole he was exchanged just following the battle of Chickamauga and was in the army of Tennessee with General Cumming's brigade, participating in the battles of' Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge in 1863. In 1864 he fought at Resaca, New Hope Church, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, Ga., and Franklin and Nashville, Tenn. In the early part of 1865 he was one of the heroic remnant of the army that rallied again around the stars and bars in North

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

835

Carolina and made the last fight against Sherman's army at Bentonville, March 19-21. He held the rank of orderly ser geant of his company throughout the greater part of his service, and at Bentonville was in command of three com panies. After his parole at Goldsboro, N. C., he returned home, closing a most worthy record, distinguished by con stant devotion to duty and gallantry on the field. At At lanta he took up the study of law, while serving as deputy sheriff of Fulton count}- and clerk of the superior court, and in 1872 he was admitted to the practice, to which he has since given his attention. For eight years he has served as justice of the peace and coroner. Mr. Manning was married in 1884 to Mrs. Gussie Zimmer, of LaGrange.

William J. Manning, of Powder Springs, commander of Marietta camp, No. 763, United Confederate veterans, is a native of Chester county, South Carolina, and became a resi dent of Cobb county, Ga., when nine years of age. In his boyhood he entered the Confederate service, enlisting in April, 1862, in Company O of Phillips' Legion, one of the infantry commands, and was mustered in at Hardeeville, S. C. He accompanied the legion to1 Virginia, arriving- at Richmond just after the Seven Days' battles, and afterward was disabled for a long time on account of the measles. His first battle was Chancellorsville, where he fought with Wofford's brigade of McLaws' division in the engagements at Salem Church and Chancellorsville Heights, May 1-2, 1863. At the great battle of Gettysburg he participated
in the assaults of Longstreet's corps on the Round Top hills. After the return to the Rappahannock line he went with Longstreet to Georgia, and arrived on the field of Chickamauga in time to participate in the victory. Thence he was taken to his home, prostrated with illness, and he was not able to return to duty until the spring of 1864, when he took part in the battles of the Wilderness, and the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, and the defense of Peters
burg and Richmond. His company being transferred to the cavalry, he participated in the battle of Cedar Creek and
other engagements in the Shenandoah valley, under the division command of General Kershaw, and then returned
to the Petersburg lines. After the evacuation of Richmond,, on the march to Appomattox, he was captured at the time of the battle of Sailor's Creek, and was sent as a prisoner of war to Point Lookout, Md., and held for two months and

836

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

eighteen days. He returned home a private, as he had en listed, and after a most worthy record as a Confederate sol dier. His life since then has been that of a farmer in Cobb county, and he now has one of the best farm homes in that region. Since 1887 he has also given attention to the man ufacture of fertilizer at Powder Springs, and has been engaged in cotton buying. In addition to the honor of com manding Marietta camp, he is president of the Survivors' association of the Phillips legion, which meets annually in reunion at Big Shanty, served on the staff of Gen. C. A. Evans, and assistant commissary-general of the Georgia division, U. C. V., and is captain and aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. A. J. West. In 1861 he was married to Lizzie C. Lindley, and they have three children: John F., Lula J., and Sarah C.

Adolphus F. Marmelstein, of Savannah, a gallant officer of the Alabama and other famous Confederate cruisers, was born at Baltimore in 1838, and began his residence at Savan nah at the age of fourteen years. In 1859 he became a mem ber of the Republican Blues, a noted volunteer company of the city, with which he was on duty in the military service of the State for nine months after the beginning of hostilities in 1861. His inclination was all, however, toward a naval career, and in April, 1862, he went to Liverpool to obtain a position on some of the vessels which Captain Bulloch was fitting out for the service of the Confederacy. Two months after reaching Liverpool he sailed on the ship then known as No. 290, which had been built for Bulloch, and left the Mersey river, July 29, 1862. Mr. Marmelstein went with this vessel as a "passenger," but after the ship arrived at the island Terceira, in the Azores, and received her guns and full complement of men, and was christened the Ala bama, he was made signal quartermaster, and was the first to hoist the Confederate flag on that historic vessel. After ward he was promoted to master's mate. He was with the Alabama in her cruise about the Western islands, off the Newfoundland Banks, in the West Indies and gulf of Mex ico, and down the coast of Brazil, a period during which the cruiser captured many prizes and sunk the Federal gunboat Hatteras. In cruising to the cape of Good Hope, in June, 1863, the barque Conrad was taken, which Captain Semmes converted into the Confederate cruiser Tuscaloosa, and Mar melstein was transferred to this vessel as second lieutenant.

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

837

After a short cruise in the South Atlantic this vessel re turned to the cape of Good Hope and was seized by the colonial authorities, and Lieutenant Marmelstein was sent to England at the expense of the British government. Reporting again to Captain Bulloch, he was assigned to the cruiser Rappahannock, then in the harbor of Calais, as senior master's mate. He remained on this vessel, which was never able to leave port, until the arrival of the Alabama at Cher bourg, in June, 1864, when he went to that port and sought to rejoin Captain Semmes, but was not permitted to do so by the French government. It was his mournful privilege to witness the battle between the Alabama and Kearsarge, Tune 19th, which resulted in the sinking of the famous cruiser upon which he had served with so much credit. His next service was as second mate of the Confederate blockade run ner Stag, on which he made two trips to Wilmington, re turning from the first in safety, but in the second suffering capture, off Wilmington. As a prisoner he was sent to New York and confined about three months in the Ludlow street jail, suffering to the full the indignities which were the lot of Confederate naval officers who fell into the hands of the enemy. On being released he returned to Liverpool and again reported to Captain Bulloch, and was assigned to shore duty until the fall of the Confederate government. Since the war he has made his home at Sa vannah, and is widely known as one of the veteran pilots of that port. His services on the Alabama were distinguished by ability and coolness and daring in times of emergency, and lie is honorably mentioned in the historical works which commemorate the career of that most famous of commerce destroyers.

Charles A. Marmelstein, a brother of the foregoing, born at Baltimore in 1841, has also been a resident of Savan nah since 1855, and is one of the most prominent pilots on the South Atlantic coast. He served for several months in the early part of the war as a private in the Republican Blues, and afterward engaged in blockade running, in which he had an adventurous and successful career, making thir teen trips. He was captured in June, 1862, and held a prisoner at Fort Taylor, Key West, until the middle of the following month, and again in April, 1865, he was captured and confined at Fort Macon until the latter part of June, 1865, when the war was at an end. On release he was

838

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

required to give bond in the sum of one thousand dollars' that he would not leave the country. The reason of this was that it was supposed he had made large amounts of money and intended after his release to leave the country. He had to report regularly, weekly, to Brig.-Gen. N. J. Palmer, stationed at New Bern, N. C., who told him his services were needed here on the bar and river of Savannah.

Colonel Edmound J. Martin was born in Charleston,. S. C., December 31, 1841. His father, Win. Marshall Mar tin, who was born in Edgefield district, S. C., was a soldier in the Florida war. Removing to Charleston he became a banker and died at that city in December, 1866. The mother of Colonel Martin was Julia Eveline Nicliolson, who died in April, 1861. Colonel Martin was reared and edu cated in Charleston. Through Hon. Wm. Porcher Miles, United States senator from South Carolina, he received an appointment to West Point, which in deference to his father's wishes, he declined. In the latter part of 1860 hemade a visit to New York city. Returning to Charleston on December 22, 1860, he learned of the passage of the ordinance of secession just two days previous. On the very next day he entered the South Carolina State service as a private in the Carolina Light infantry, a company to which he had for some time belonged. His company was attached to the South Carolina rifle brigade commanded by Col. (afterward General) J. Johnston Pettigrew. This command served at Castle Pinckney until early in 1861, when it was sent to James island, next to Morris, and last to Sullivan's island, where it remained until after the capture of Fort Sumter by the Confederates. In May, 1861, young Martin was appointed by Governor Pickens first lieutenant and was assigned to the First South Carolina regiment of regulars. About this time volunteers from the Carolina Light in fantry and Calhoun Guards united in forming Company L of the First regiment South Carolina volunteers. Fearing that the regulars would not go to Virginia, Mr. Martin re signed his position as lieutenant and enlisting as a private in this company went to Virginia. Such was the spirit which pervaded the breasts of many a gallant Southern youth. He participated in the battles of First Manassas, the Seven Days' around Richmond, Second Manassas, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Second Cold Harbor and the constant righting around Petersburg. He

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

839

was wounded twice at Second Manassas, twice at Chancellorsville, twice by saber at Falling Water, once at Deep Bottom, once at Spottsylvania Court House by bayonet, and once in the left leg at White Oak Road, nine times in all. This last wound was received on March 31, 1865, and pro duced permanent disability, crippling him for life. He had thus far risen only to the rank of orderly sergeant; but on the day that he was wounded on the White Oak Road he was commissioned colonel and ordered to report to Maj.Gen. James Conner for -assignment. Unable to obey this order he was sent to the hospital at Richmond, where he remained until some time after the close of hostilities. Since the war he has been a bookkeeper and clerk in railroad offices. For twenty-two years he was bookkeeper in a large cotton factor's office in Savannah. He removed to Atlanta in 1889 and is now clerk in the auditor's department of the Atlanta and West Point railway. Colonel Martin has been twice married, first to Miss Margaret N. Grayson. His second wife was Miss Jennie L. Barnard. She is still living. He has six living children, three by each wife; two sons and four daughters. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, and assistant adjutant-general on the staff o Gen. A. J. West, commander of the North Georgia brigade, United Confederate veterans.

Captain John L. Martin, of Wrightsville, a veteran of the famous battle of First Manassas, in which he participated at the age of sixteen years, was born in Laurens county, Ga., July 26, 1845, son 0]t" John L. Martin, a cotton planter near Savannah, and grandson of a soldier of the Revolution. He volunteered for the Confederate States service at Sa vannah, May 21, 1861, with the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, which was enrolled as a company of the Eighth Georgia infantry, under command of Col. Francis S. Bartow. He was on duty as a private with his regiment in the Shenandoah valley under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and on July 21, 1861, after a rapid transfer to northeast Virginia, fought in the battle of First Manassas, aiding in gaining the splendid victory, but falling among the many wounded of his com mand. He was shot badly both in the left hip and right arm, and after some time in hospital was sent home to re cover. In September, 1862, he raised a company of cavalry near Savannah, of which B. F. Jones, of Sandersville, was elected captain, and himself first lieutenant. This was at-

840

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTOR K

tached tt the Sixty-second Georgia, later known as the Eighth Gt'orgia cavalry, Col. J. R. Griffin commanding, and Lieutenant Martin shared the services of his command to the end of the war. They were on active duty in North Carolina in the New Bern campaign and the capture of Plymouth, and had particularly arduous duty in Virginia under Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee during the great campaign against Richmond and Petersburg. At the battle of Reams' Station he was promoted to captain for gallantry in action, and in the famous cattle raid under Wade Hamp ton, and in almost daily encounters with the enemy he made a record for bravery and coolness worthy of a Georgia Confederate. At the last he was with the escort of President Davis and cabinet through the Carolinas into Georgia, after which he returned to his home, yet a boy in years, but badly broken in health. Several years later he made his home in Washington count}-, where he served one term as clerk of the stiperior court. Returning to Savannah he was in busines as a cotton broker eight years, after which he removed to Johnson county, where he has been quite successful as a fanner. Captain Martin is an enthusiastic member of the United Confederate veteran camp of Johnson county, of which he has several times been elected commander. In 1867 lie was married to Elizabeth W., daughter of John B. Wright, of Wrightsville, first senator from the sixteenth senatorial district of Georgia. Four sons are living: John Wr., W. T., P. H., and T. O., and four daughters: Gertrude, Bessie, Rosa and Annie.

Melville C. Martin, M. D., of Atlanta, was born in Floyd county, Ga., June 29, 1848, son of Rev. Micajah Martin, a Methodist minister and owner of a large plantation and many negroes. Dr. Martin was reared at Dalton, and was but thirteen years old when his father died in 1861, leaving an estate valued at $60,000. Though his father had been an old line Whig and opposed to secession, young Martin was so filled with the military spirit which stirred the hearts of the young men and boys of that day, that on May 18,1862, he ran away from school and enlisted in the Thirty-fourth regiment Georgia infantry, at Big Shanty. The colonel of the regiment, J. S. W. Johnson, an eminent lawyer in his day, who had been his father's friend and legal adviser, at once made him sergeant-major, which position he held to the close of the war. He served with the regiment east and

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HIS TOR Y.

841

in the Kentucky campaign, participated with it in the Missis sippi campaign of 1863, including the battle of Baker's Creek and the siege of Vicksburg. While on the Kentucky campaign, in a fight with bushwhackers near Barboursville, he had a narrow escape from death, the horn of his saddle being shot off. He was in the battle of Missionary Ridge and in 1864 took part in the battles of Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro. At the end of this campaign he was sent to Macon on detached ser vice in camp of direction, and continued to be thus em ployed to the close of the war, being paroled at that point. He was wounded once at Baker's Creek and was surrendered and paroled at Vicksburg. Dr. Martin located in Atlanta in 1872 and attended the Georgia medical college, from which he was graduated in 1882. He was for sixteen years surgeon of the Richmond & Danville railroad company and is now carrying on a private practice besides being pro prietor of a drug store. He is a member of W. H. T. Walker camp, No. 925, United Confederate veterans, of which he is surgeon. In 1873 he was married to Kate Harvill, of Atlanta, and has three daughters.

William A. Martin, of Sparta, a gallant soldier of the Sixth Georgia infantry, was born in Hancock county, Ga;, December n, 1841, son of John T. Martin, a native of South Carolina. He began his Confederate service May 24, 1861, enlisting in Company A of the Sixth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Alfred H. Colquitt, the distinguished soldier and statesman, and going to Virginia was assigned to duty on the peninsula. His first engage ment with the enemy was on the Yorktown line, in the spring of 1862, and in May and June of that year he fought at Seven Pines and in the Seven Days' battles before Rich mond. In the latter he was taken prisoner and during the following three months he was a prisoner of war. Being exchanged he rejoined his regiment in time to participate in the battle of Sharpsburg, and afterward fought at Fredericksburg- and Chancellorsville. Soon after his enlistment he had been made orderly sergeant of his company, and in this important position he continued throughout the war. After Chancellorsville Colquitt's brigade was sent to Charleston, where Sergeant Martin was in active service, the Georgians helping in the heroic defense of Forts Sumter and Wagner, and aiding in the repulse of the enemy's over-

842

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

land expeditions. In February, 1864, he took part in the battle of Olustee, Fla., and in the following May he fought under Beauregard at Drewry's Bluff, and in June stood in Lee's invincible line on the heights of Cold Harbor. Until the close of 1864 he was on duty along- the Richmond and Petersburg intrenchments, and then going to North Caro lina he took part in the effort to relieve Fort Fisher. After the evacuation of Wilmington he and his comrades joined the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston and fought at Kinston and Bentonville. His worthy military career ended with the surrender of Johnston's army at Greensboro. Since the war Mr. Martin has been one of the leading citizens of Hancock county, prosperous as a farmer and held in high esteem by his fellow citizens. He was married in 1866 to Nancy S. Rives.

B. F. Mason, born in Buckeye district, Laurens county, Ga., of recent years a merchant at McRae, was a member of the Sixth regiment Georgia State troops and served with his command until the close of the war. He is a member of a patriotic family, not one of whom flinched from duty or occupied a bomb-proof position during the war. A brother, Thomas J. Mason, served in the same company. A brother, Daniel H. Mason, a member of the Pulaski volunteers, Eighth Georgia regiment, was mortally wounded at the first battle of Manassas, dying from his injuries at Charlottesville, Va., two months later. A brother, James Mason, served in the Fifty-seventh Georgia, dying at Vicksburg during the siege, and a brother, Wm. T. Mason, served through the war with a Texas regiment. A nephew, Wil liam Mason, served with the army in Virginia, dying at Richmond in 1864. Truman T. Mason, a brother of Wil liam, served through the war in the Fifty-fifth regiment, and another nephew, Charles T. Mason, of the Tenth regi ment, was killed at the battle of the Wilderness. A brotherin-law, K. H. Walker, of Laurens county, now living at Dublin, Ga., was a member of the Second Georgia State line regiment. Three of his brothers, Thomas J., John W., and Alonzo E. Walker, served in the Fifty-seventh Georgia regi ment ; John W. and Alonzo E. were killed at the battle of Baker's Creek. T. J. Walker was killed a few days after in the trenches at Vicksburg. John M. McNeel, a brother-inlaw, served to the end of the war in the Sixty-third regi ment. Another brother-in-law, Thomas Smith, was a mem-

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

843

her of the Fifty-seventh Georgia regiment and died from dis ease in 1863. A brother-in-law, James H. Pullen, served through the war in the Thirty-second regiment. B. F. Ma son's father-in-law by second marriage, J. D. Wynne, of Pulaski county, now living at Cochran, was orderly-sergeant in McGriff's company, Tenth Georgia cavalry. J. D. Wynne had five brothers in the war: R. W. Wynne, of Phillips
Legion, Captain Dunlap; E. W. Wynne, Eighteenth Geor gia, Captain Armstrong, killed at Games' Mill; A. R. and N. W. Wynne, members of Barclay's company, Sixth Geor
gia regiment, and H. H. Wynne, who at fourteen years of age joined Riles' company, Forty-eighth regiment. A. R. Wynne was wounded in the shoulder at Cold Harbor and in the leg at Ocean Pond. N. W. Wynne died in camp hospi tal near Richmond.

Captain Thomas L. Massenburg, a gallant artillery officer of the army of Tennessee, now residing at Macon, was born at Hampton, Va., and educated at the military institute at that place. He removed to Savannah in 1857, where he was married in 1860 te Miss Rosa Stiles, of a prominent Geor gia family. In the same year he made his home at Macon. He enlisted as a private in 1861 in the Jackson artillery, com manded by Capt. G. A. Dure; was made a junior lieutenant
before the command left Macon, and a few months later was promoted to first lieutenant. After the battle of Murfrees-
boro, December, 1862, he was made captain of the battery, which was subsequently known by his name, and under his command participated gallantly in the battles of the army of
Tennessee. His company was first on duty along the Geor gia coast, and joined the army of General Bragg in 1862 at Chattanooga. He participated in the battle of Bridgeport and Battle Creek, August 27, 1862, under General Maxey. In December, 1862, took part in the battle of Murfreesboro ; was on duty in middle Tennessee during the Tullahoma cam paign; in September, 1863, fought at Chickamauga, and on November 25th at Missionary Ridge, where his battery suf fered severely. He served throughout the Georgia cam
paign, from Dalton to Atlanta. On December 25, 1864, he was sent with -his battery to Mobile, and being stationed at Spanish Fort, he participated in the gallant defense of that position against the Federal army under General Canby, twenty-five hundred Confederates holding the intrenchments fourteen davs against an armv of fortv thousand, with abun-

844

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

dance of siege artillery, aided by the Federal fleet. Finally the greater part of the garrison escaped, including Captain Massenburg and most of his men, in April, 1865, and they were soon afterward surrendered with the Confederate forces at Meridian, Miss., under Gen. Dick Taylor. Cap tain Massenburg was an able and intrepid officer, and was frequently commended by superior officers for his gallantry
in battle. Since the war he has been a citizen of Macon, for many years doing a successful business as a druggist. In
December, 1899, he was elected clerk of the city, a position he is still occupying.

John M. T. Mayo, of Atlanta, with extensive farming interests in Butts, Henry and Pike counties, is a veteran of Gen. W. H. T. Walker's division of the army of Ten nessee, and rendered faithful and gallant service in Missis sippi, Georgia and Tennessee. He was born in Butts county, Ga., June 10, 1844, son of John M. Mayo, a native of Fairfield district, S. C., and his wife, Sarah D. Crawford, of Elbert county, Ga. On September 9, 1862, he entered the Confederate States service as a private in Company I of the Thirtieth regiment Georgia infantry, Col. David J. Bailey, then on duty in Georgia. In the spring of 1863 the regiment was sent to Mississippi to reinforce Gen. J. E. Johnston against Grant's invasion of that State, forming a part of the brigade under General Wilson. With this com mand Mr. Mayo marched from Jackson, Miss., to the sup port of Gregg's Tennessee brigade at the battle of Ray mond, May 12, 1863, and subsequently took part in the skir
mishing with the Federals in the first attack of Jackson; the arduous July march to the Big Black river and back, their effort to relieve Vicksburg being thwarted by the surrender of that city, and the second attack on Jackson by Sherman. After the evacuation of the latter city they were sent as part of Walker's division to north Georgia, and Private
Mayo participated in the battle of Chickamauga, the invest ment of Chattanooga, the battle of Misionary Ridge and the retreat to Dalton. In 1864 he fought in all the battles of Walker's division from Dalton to Jonesboro, including
Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22d), where Walker was killed; was on duty in the trenches about Atlanta during the siege, and after its evacuation was in the engagements at Jonesboro and Love joy's Station. Later in the same year he marched

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

845

through north Georgia and into Tennessee with General Hood, and at the battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864, was in the front line of Bate's division of Cheatham's corps, which gained the second line of Federal intrenchments and remained there until the enemy retreated. In this deadly encounter Mayo behaved with such gallantry that his name was placed on the roll of honor. He was severely shot through the body, and lay in hospital while the army marched on to Nashville. When it marched back through Franklin he was still unable to leave his bed and fell into the hands of the enemy. After some time in hospital at Nashville he was sent to Louisville and thence to Camp Chase, Ohio, where he was a prisoner of war until June 12, 1865. He reached home ten days later, and having fought his fight and kept the faith during the great war, returned to the peaceful vocations of peace. On February 10, 1867, he was married to Mary J., daughter of Charles Dodson, of Butts county, and they have four sons and four daughters living. Mr. Mayo engaged in the mercantile business in 1878 and remained in the same until 1896 when, having fairly suc ceeded in his enterprises, he sold out his business and in vested in farm lands in Butts, Henry and Pike counties, and is now living a quiet, retired life in the city of Atlanta.

Stephen S. Meadows, a Confederate veteran who has been prominent in the public affairs of Brooks county for a considerable number of years, is a native of Houston county, Ga., born in 1845. He was reared in Sumter county and educated at Americus, aud was a resident of Schley county when the Confederacy was organized. Though too young for enlistment, according to the regulations, he became a member of Company C of the Twenty-seventh regiment Georgia infantry in January, 1862, but was soon sent home on account of .his youth. In the following March, deter mined to get into the service, he re-enlisted in Company F of the Second regiment Georgia infantry, and this time was allowed to remain. His first battle was Chickamauga, Sep tember 19-20, 1863, after which he was on duty on Mis sionary Ridge, and participated in the battle there of Novem ber 25, 1863. In 1864 he took part in the campaign under Gen. J. E. Johnston, fighting at Resaca and New Hope Church, where he was severely wounded, causing his disabil ity for several weeks, during which he was in hospital at Forsythe. Rejoining his command he was slightly wounded

848

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

at Lost Mountain, but continued in the campaign through out the battles of Atlanta and Jonesboro. Subsequently, while enroute to join his command in the Tennessee cam paign, his train was wrecked near Fort Valley, Ga., and he was badly hurt, in consequence of which he was in hospital at Fort Valley for thirty days. He met his comrades again at Albany, Ga., as they were on the way'to Savannah, where he took part in the operations against Sherman, and crossing over into South Carolina fought at the battle of Honey Hill. At the last he was part of the command under General Forrest and others which met the Federal expedi tion under General Wilson at Girard, Ala., .and was among those captured, on Sunday night. Escaping early the next morning, he returned to his home in Schley county, the war having practically come to an end. After farming in Lee county for three years, and doing business as a mer chant at Smithville for two years, he made his home in Brooks county in 1871. He has been a faithful and efficient public officer as deputy sheriff two years, tax collector ten years and ordinary of Brooks county for twelve years.

George Anderson Mercer, of Savannah, a staff officer in the Confederate States service, and in later years colonel of State troops, was born at Savannah, February 9, 1835, son of Gen. Hugh Weedon Mercer and his wife, Mary S. An derson. His father, an able brigade commander in Georgia during the war of the Confederacy, was a grandson of Gen. Hugh Mercer, the distinguished Revolutionary officer killed at the battle of Princeton. Another great-grandfather was Cyrus Griffin, of Virginia, president of the Continental con gress. George A. Mercer received his preparatory education at Savannah, and New Haven, Conn., and in 1856 was graduated at Princeton university. Subsequently he at tended law lectures at the university of Virginia, visited Europe, and returning to Savannah was admitted to the bar in 1859. When the secession era began he was corporal of the Republican Blues, at Savannah, and with that company, under the command of Col. A. R. Lawton, he participated in the capture of Fort Pulaski, January 3, 1861. Soon afterward he was made fourth lieutenant of his company, and in the fall of 1861, when his father was commissioned brigadier-general and put in command of the Georgia bri gade at Savannah, yoimg Mercer was commissioned captain and assistant adjutant-general and assigned to his father's

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

847

staff. In this capacity he served at Brunswick and on the coast islands until the spring of 1862, and afterward along the Georgia and South Carolina coast until General Mercer and his brigade were ordered to Dalton, Ga., early in 1864. During that year he was in active service in the campaigns of Generals Johnston and Hood, and participated in the battles of Dalton, Resaca, Kingston, Kenesaw Mountain, New Hope Church, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Lovejoy's Station, sharing the record of Gen. W. H. T. Walker's division. After the fall of Atlanta he accompanied General Hood's army through north Georgia and as far as the Tennessee river, when he was detached to report to Gen. Howell Cobb at Macon, who ordered him to Gen. A. R. Wright's division, at Savannah. He served with this command during Sherman's march to Savannah and through the Carolinas, as far as Cheraw, S. C., when he was ordered back to Macon. There he was captured on April 21, 1865, by Gen. J. H. Wilson, after the surrender of General Lee. He was paroled in Savannah April 28th, having been sent there on an important flag of truce by Generals Wilson and Cobb. At the close of this creditable career as a Confederate soldier, Captain Mercer resumed at Savannah his practice as an attorney, which he has continued to the present time. He holds a high and assured place in his profession and in the social life of the city. In political life he has declined all honors, except one term as representative of Chatham county in the State legislature. In militia affairs he has rendered valuable public service in promoting the efficiency of the State troops, and has enjoyed the honor of commanding the Republican Blues for fifteen years, and the rank of colonel of the First Georgia regiment for nine years. He has served over seventeen years as president of the city and county educational boards, and has been honored with the positions of president of the Georgia Historical Society and the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences.

William B. Metzger, of Savannah, a veteran of the Fifth Georgia cavalry, was born in Effingham county, Ga., in 1844. He entered the Confederate service there in the fall of 1861 as a private in the Effingham Hussars, which be came Company I of the Fifth regiment Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. Robert H. Anderson. His service was along the coast until the spring of 1864, when the regiment was ordered to join General Wheeler's command in the
Ga 83

848

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Hundred Days' campaign from Dalton to Atlanta. His first engagement was at Newnan, with the raiding expedition of General McCook, July 30, 1864, and soon afterward he set out with Wheeler's cavalry in the famous raid through north Georgia and Tennessee, around Sherman's army. He participated in the capture of the garrison at Dalton, but after entering Tennessee his brigade was cut off from the
main body and compelled to move through east Tennessee to Virginia, where he was engaged in the battle with Federal raiders at Saltville. Again being cut off from his command,
he made his way through North Carolina, by way of Asheville, to Georgia, joined the reserves near Atlanta, and ac companied them to Savannah, where he found his regiment. He shared the remainder of the service of the regiment under
General Wheeler, in the Carolinas, fighting at Graniteville, near Augusta, and other engagements, and finally surren dering under the capitulation at Greensboro, April 26, 1865.
Returning to Effingham he worked on his father's farm and attended school for three years, and then began his mer cantile career in his native county. In 1873 he made his home at Savannah and found employment with the dry goods house of Rogers & Dasher, of which he became a member in 1887, the firm now Being known as Jackson, Metzger & Co. Mr. Metzger's youthful service for the Confederacy was worthy and creditable to his patriotism and generous devotion to his country, and his commercial career has been one of honor.

Lucius Lamar Middlebrook, a prominent attorney at Covington, holding the rank of colonel and aide-de-camp to
Gen. Stephen D. Lee, department commander of the United Confederate veteran association, served during the war of the Confederacy with the State troops of Georgia, and was a gallant participant in some of the great battes fought
within the State. He was born in Newton county, in Febru ary, 1848, son of Thomas L. Middlebrook, a planter and native of Georgia, of colonial descent. His first enlistment
for military service was at Atlanta in September, 1862, when he was made a sergeant of Company D, Lee's bat
talion, an organization of twelve months' men, commanded by Col. G. W. Lee, which served as provost guards at Atlanta. He was on duty with this battalion until the expiration of its period of enlistment, after which he was elected a lieutenant in Company B of the Fourth regiment

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

849

Georgia State troops. The company was commanded by Capt. Wilson L. Davis, the regiment by Col. Hal. Billups, and the command formed part of Phillips' brigade of the forces under command of Maj.-Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, the officer who commanded the army in Virginia in the short interval between Gen. J. E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee. These State troops rendered service in all respects equal to that of the regular army during the Atlanta campaign, fight ing on the Chattahoochee river and in the battles about Atlanta, with particular credit during the battle of July 22, 1864, and occupied a considerable portion of the intrenched lines throughout the siege. Lieutenant Middlebrook took part in all this service, and in the campaign that ensued, during Sherman's march to Savannah. In the battle of Griswoldville, November 22, 1864, he was wounded in the arm by a minie ball. He was with some troops at Doctortown on the Altamaha for a while and was with the army in South Carolina, and subsequently was stationed at Augusta and Aiken until detailed to collect recruits, his line of duty at the time of the surrender. Then he was paroled at Covington. His first occupation after hostilities ceased was farming. In 1867-8 he spent some time in Honduras, pros pecting for gold. His career as a lawyer began in 1871 when he was admitted to the bar, and embarked in the practice at Covington, soon achieving a high standing in his pro fession and an extended and profitable business. In public office he has rendered valuable service as chairman of the city board of education for several years, city treasurer for four terms, member of the legislature, 1880-86 and 1894-95, and mayor of Covington, 1890-91. In 1896 he was an elector from his district for the Democratic party. Colonel Middlebrook was married in 1874 to Emma Corley, of Cov ington, and they have two sons and three daugfriers: Thomas M., a sergeant of Troop M, Eleventh United States cavalry, in the Philippine islands; Howard, a student in the Georgia military college; Kathleen, wife of F. A. Heard, of Covington: Evalina and Ysabel.

Captain John Milledge, late of Atlanta, Ga., was born in Richmond county, Ga., in 1837, and spent his boyhood in the city of Augusta, receiving his early education in its schools, taught by some of the ablest educators of that day. He was a grandson of Hon. John Milledge, who was a rep resentative in congress from 1792 to 1802, governor of

850

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

Georgia from 1802 to 1806 and United States senator from 1806 to 1809, and in whose honor the city of Milledgeville
was named. He was graduated at the Georgia military in
stitute at Marietta in 1857. When Georgia had passed the
ordinance of secession, measures were immediately taken to
organize two regiments. Before the organization had been
completed the two were consolidated into one under the
name of the First regiment of Georgia regulars, in one of
the companies of which Captain Milledge was commissioned
first lieutenant, February i, 1861. He went to Virginia with
this regiment, which was assigned first to the brigade of
Gen. Robert Toombs and later to that of Gen. George T.
Anderson. Early in 1862 he was commissioned captain of
artillery and assigned with his battery to Nelson's bat
talion, army of Northern Virginia, in which capacity he
served until the close of hostilities. He was specially men
tioned in the report of General Pendleton for his services
at the battle of Fredericksburg. Though wounded at the battle of Cold Harbor, June 3, 1864, he was soon in active service again, participating in the battles of the Monocacy in Maryland and later at Winchester and Cedar Creek, in Virginia. His battery under his command bore an honorable part in all the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia from the spring of 1862 to the surrender at Appomattox. In 1866 he made his home in Atlanta and engaged in the practice of law. He was city auditor and recorder froni 1877 to 1881. He never lost sight of his Confederate mem ories, was ever a friend of those who had worn the gray and presided over the first meeting of the Confederate vet erans' association. He took a lively interest in the reorgan ization of Georgia's State troops, was commissioned from Georgia to the Yorktown centennial in 1881, commanded the Governor's Guards and the Governor's Horse Guards and was made lieutenant-colonel of the First Georgia battalion of cavalry. In 1888 he was appointed State librarian and in the performance of the duties of that office added to his already large number of friends. When on account of his failing eyesight he resigned that position, he carried into retirement the sympathy and love of hosts of friends. In 1899 he died, leaving to all who knew and loved him the memory of a genial friend and noble hearted Christian
gentleman.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

851

Captain John A. Miller was born in Bourbon county, Ky.,
June 9, 1847. His father, James Me. Miller, a farmer and stock raiser, was a native of the same county, which was
also the home of his grandfather, Alexander Miller. The
town of Millersburg was founded by his great-grandfather,
John Miller, who emigrated from Ireland to Bourbon
county, Ky., about the close of the eighteenth century. His
mother, the daughter of Jack Hitt, was named by her father
Rachel Andrew Jackson, on account of his great admiration
for Gen. Andrew Jackson, whom he had entertained at his
Kentucky home. Captain Miller's mother is still living at
the age of seventy-six and makes her home with him. She
is a relative of Mr. Hitt, of Illinois, chairman of the foreign
relations committee of the United States house of represen
tatives. Captain Miller was living on his father's farm
when the war began. In the fall of 1862, during the Ken
tucky campaign of Bragg and Kirby Smith, he enlisted in
Company C of the Ninth Kentucky cavalry in the brigade of Gen. John Morgan, under whom he served in his daring raids. When Morgan invaded Ohio the Ninth Kentucky cavalry was detailed to burn bridges in Kentucky on the Louisville and Nashville railroad, and thus escaped the cap tivity which befell Morgan's entire force. He served in Williams' Kentucky brigade of Wheeler's cavalry corps at the battle of Chickamauga, through the Atlanta campaign and Wheeler's Tennessee raid. He also1 participated in the campaign of the Carolinas and when all was lost he was one of the escort of President Davis as far as Washington, Ga. Here Mr. Davis left the party, and here Captain Miller surrendered with the rest of his regiment. Returning to Kentucky he went to school two years, and then entered the stock business. In 1881 he removed to Atlanta, Ga., where he soon became prominent in business circles. He has served in the city council and has for the past six years been a member of the board of health. For fifteen years he was a member of the Governor's Horse Guard, for ten years of which time he was its captain. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans; also of Camp Wheeler of Atlanta, and is adjutant-general of the Georgia division, with rank of colonel on General Evans' staff. Captain Miller was married in 1875 to< Mollie Hall, of Maysville, Ky., and they have one son and three daugh ters.

852

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Major Livingston Mims, of Atlanta, a prominent staff officer in the Confederate States service, was born in Edgefield district, S. C, and reared in Hinds county, Miss., whither his parents removed in his infancy. His educational training was received chiefly at a Presbyterian school at Montrose, Miss., under the direction of Chancellor Waddell. In early manhood he was accorded a worthy place in public affairs, being appointed clerk of the superior court of chan cery at the age of twenty-one years, and at twenty-five elected to the State senate of Mississippi. He was one of the presidential electors on the Breckinridge ticket in 1860 and canvassed the State during the exciting political cam paign of that year. Before the organization of the Con federate States government he organized one of the first Mississippi companies for Confederate service, known as the Brown Rebels. From this service he was called by the governor of Mississippi and made assistant to Madison McAfee, quartermaster-general of the State. In this capacity he assisted in the equipment and organization of the first ten Mississippi regiments, at Corinth, and served for a time on the staff of Gen. William Barksdale, commanding a brigade of State troops. After Mississippi united with the Confederacy Major Mims was appointed by President Davis chief quartermaster of the military department of Missis sippi and east Louisiana, a department second only in im portance to that of Virginia. It was his duty during the great campaigns for the possession of Vicksburg to provide equipment, transportation and provisions for the Confeder ate army in Mississippi, and the requirements upon his executive ability were of the most exacting character. How thoroughly he was master of the situation is told in the offi cial report of Gen. John C. Pemberton, who said, "I con sider myself to have been particularly fortunate in the selection of chief quartermaster of the department of Mis sissippi and Eastern Louisiana. Maj. Livingston Mims entered upon the duties of that office immediately on my assuming command, and has proved himself eminently qualified for the position. His energy and capacity I have rarely seen equalled. I believe no man could have done more with the means at his disposal." After the fall of Vicksburg, Major Mims continued on the staff of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, until the latter left the State, when he was assigned by the secretary of war to take charge of all the depot supplies in that military department. He was

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

853

engaged in the performance of this duty until the close of the war, finally being mustered out at Meridian with the army of Gen. Richard Taylor, For three years afterward he was engaged in planting in Hinds county, Miss., and then embarked in the business of fire insurance agency, as the partner of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Gen. Benjamin
G. Humphreys. The three maintained an agency at Vicksburg under the title of B. G. Humphreys & Co., and another
at Savannah known as J. E. Johnston & Co. The territory of the agency embraced Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. In later years his partners retired and Major Mims continued in the business as manager for the New York Life Insurance company, with headquarters at Atlanta. He is one of the most popular men of his city, for many years has been president of the Capital City Club, and in the latter
part of the year 1900 was elected mayor of Atlanta.

Frank J. Minhinnett, of Barnesville, was residing in Roswell at the beginning of the Civil war. For the protection of the property and lives of the people the Roswell Guards, consisting of three companies, infantry, cavalry and artil lery (the latter being furnished with two field pieces), were organized in 1862, and in this command Mr. Minhinnett enlisted as a private. When the command was called into service in the field in June, 1864, he went with them to At lanta as second lieutenant of Company A, and with them was engaged in many skirmishes in the neighborhood of
that city. A company from Newton county was joined to this Roswell battalion and the whole placed under the command of Major Wiggs. While not participating in any of the great battles which render the Gate City and its en virons historic, this battalion took part in many of the smaller engagements near Atlanta, Decatur, Flat Shoals and others that were constantly occurring. After the fall of Atlanta Lieutenant Minhinnett was sent with a detail to get informa tion of the Federal forces around Marietta and to impress for Confederate service all horses, mules or other stock
needed for the army. Having sent back part of his detail with information that had been obtained, and while engaged
in carrying out the other duties assigned, he, with several of his men, ran unexpectedly upon a Federal force, who made prisoners of the party, sending Lieutenant Minhin nett to Johnson's Island and his men to Camp Chase, at which points they remained in confinement until the close of

CS4

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

f~~~~

hobi- uies. After the war Lieutenant Minhinnett was for several years president of the Roswell Manufacturing Co. Upon retiring from this position he made his home at Barnesville, where he has since lived.
Axson C. Minhinnett, of Atlanta, a son of Frank J. Min
hinnett, was born in Cobb county, Ga., and was educated at Roswell, where, in 1887, he engaged in commercial busi ness. In January, 1890, he removed to Atlanta and erabarked in the grocery business on a small scale. He met with such success that he now occupies a prominent position among the retail grocery merchants of Atlanta, being at this time president of the Retail Grocers' Association. Mr. Minhinnett was married in 1888 to Miss Lula Claridy, of Roswell, daughter of Jesse E. Claridy, an ex-Confederate soldier. Besides being prominent in business circles, Mr. Minhinnett is a member of the city council of Atlanta.

Albert L. Mitchell, of Athens, Ga., son of Maj. William L. Mitchell and Martha A. Cheatham, was born in Athens, December 19, 1844. On June 10, 1861, he joined the Athens Guards, Company K, Third Georgia regiment, at Portsmouth, Va., and served with this command as a pri vate for fourteen months, first on the coast of North Carolina and then in Virginia in Gen. A. R. Wright's bri gade, Huger's division, A. P. Hill's corps. In August, 1862, he was honorably discharged from the army on the ground
of being under age, but in October of the same year reenlisted in the Oglethorpes of Augusta, which company was soon after assigned to the Sixty-third regiment of infantry stationed at Savannah. After serving on the coast until May, 1864, the regiment was ordered with the whole of
Mercer's brigade to join the army of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Dalton. With this regiment Mr. Mitchell partici pated in the famous Atlanta campaign, being almost con tinually under fire until severely wounded at the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864. On this occasion the Oglethorpes lost twenty-three out of forty-seven men en gaged, and Mitchell received three different wounds, one of
them resulting in the amputation of the left arm just below the elbow, three weeks after the battle. Besides these xvounds his clothing was pierced with bullets, nine of them passing through his jacket and one of them tearing to pieces the Bible that was in his breast pocket. Here his military career
ended. His father had at his death left a handsome estate,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

855

young Mitchell's share alone being about ten thousand dol lars. But as he was a minor the property was invested for him in Confederate bonds, which by the results of the war were rendered worthless. Thus he was obliged to begin life with his education incomplete, with no means and minus one arm. Borrowing money, he went to school and was graduated at the university of Georgia in 1868. He soon won the esteem of his fellow citizens who honored him in various ways. For eight years he was clerk of the city council of Athens, for three years judge of the Clark county court and for nine years solicitor-general of the western circuit. When the corner stone of the Confederate monu ment at Athens was laid in 1871 he was chosen to deliver the address, and on Memorial day in 1896 was the orator of the occasion. He was married December 31, 1884, to Jes sie N. Durham, of Watkinsville, Ga. They have three chil dren. Mr. Mitchell is a member of Cobb Deloney camp of Confederate veterans and is devoted to Confederate mem ories.

Robert Goodwin Mitchell, of Thomasville, Confederate officer, attorney and legislator, is a native of Thomas county, Ga., born in 1843, and was there reared and educated. He volunteered for the Confederate States service at Thomas ville, and was mustered in at Savannah in July, 1861, as color bearer, in Company E of the Twenty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry. Soon afterward he was appointed ser geant, and at the reorganization in 1862 was elected second lieutenant of his company. The Twenty-ninth was held on the coast, serving about Atlanta, and between that city and Charleston, until May, 1863, when it was sent to Mississippi, as part of the command of Gen. W. H. T. Walker, for the reinforcement of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. There Lieuten ant Mitchell participated in the fighting about Jackson, and the march toward Vicksburg, and when Gen. C. C. Wilson, of the Twenty-fifth regiment, was put in command of the brigade, including the Twenty-ninth, he was appointed to his staff as aide-de-camp. In this capacity he participated in the gallant and important service of Walker's division at the battle of Chickamauga, and during the siege of Chat tanooga and battle of Missionary Ridge. General Wilson dying at Ringgold, about this time, Gen. C. H. Stevens as sumed brigade command with his own staff, and Lieutenant Mitchell returned to his regiment and was at once appointed

856

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

adjutant, a duty he brilliantly performed throughout the Dalton and Atlanta campaigns. He was in battle about Dalton, at Resaca, Cassville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22, the battle in which General Walker was killed), and after serving in the intrenchments under fire following the latter engage ment, was severely wounded on the line southwest of the city, August 9, 1864. He was entirely incapacitated for military duty during the remainder of the war, and re quired crutches to move about for six months after its close. While thus disabled, after the end of his gallant and self-sacrificing service as a Southern soldier, Lieutenant Mitchell began the study of the law, a profession in which he has gained many honors in later years. He was ad mitted to the bar in 1866 and ever since has been engaged in the practice at Thomasville. In 1873 he was appointed solicitor-general of the southern circuit, a position he held, by successive re-elections, for a period of nearly twelve years. He resigned just before the expiration of his last term to take a seat in the Georgia senate to which he was elected in 1884, and being re-elected in 1890, he was made president of the senate during the sessions of that year and 1891. Throughout all his career, both military and civil, Mr. Mitchell has been loyal to his country and his fellow citizens, generous and public spirited. He has been the warm friend of his comrades through all the years, and for a considerable period was honored by them with the office of commander of W. D. Mitchell camp, United Confederate veterans, a camp that commemorates in its title the name of W. D. Mitchell, lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-ninth Georgia.

Captain Ross M. Mitchell, of Acworth, a veteran of Colquitt's brigade, was born in Franklin county, Ga., grandson of a native of Virginia who settled in that county early in the last century and was a soldier under General Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, in 1814. From fourteen years of age Captain Mitchell resided in Cobb county, and in early manhood he studied law under Judge Irwin and Colonel Lester and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He left his practice in 1861 to enter the military service of the Con federate States; enlisted in Company F of the Twenty-third regiment Georgia infantry in August; was elected second lieutenant at the organization at Big Shanty, and subse-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

857

quently succeeded Capt. B. F. King as captain of his com pany. His first battle service was on the Virginia peninsula., and at the battle of Seven Pines. He fought under the division command of Gen. D. H. Hill in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond and at South Mountain and Sharpsburg, at South Mountain sharing the gallant struggle of his regiment, holding the gap against the Federal hosts, and at Sharpsburg he behaved with intrepidity in a fierce combat in which every field officer of Colquitt's brigade was dis abled. He served also in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and then accompanied the brigade to Charleston, S. C., where they took part in the fighting at Battery Wagner and other combats about that important seaport of the Confederacy, during the memorable bom bardment of Fort Sumter and the city. From Charleston they were sent to Florida, where Captain Mitchell took part in the great battle of that region, Olustee, February 20, 1864. Returning to Virginia he fought at Drewry's Bluff under Beauregard, in May, at Cold Harbor in June, and thereafter participated in the fighting about Petersburg until the end of the year, when they were ordered to the relief of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N. C. That stronghold yielded to the Federal attack and they fell back, fighting at Kinston and Bentonville, and finally surrendering at Greensboro with General Johnston's army, April 26, 1865. Captain Mitchell was one of the gallant officers of a most gallant Georgia brigade. He received honorable wounds at Sharpsburg, Chancellorsville and while under bombardment at Fort Sumter, but missed very little service. When he came home he engaged in teaching school, and subsequently was appointed deputy revenue collector. In 1870 he was made agent of the Western & Atlantic railroad at Acworth, a position he has held since that time, also, during the ad ministrations of President Harrison and President McKinley, serving as postmaster. By his marriage in 1860 to Fanny M., daughter of Nathan W. Smith, of North Caro lina, he has one son, Penn Mitchell, telegraph operator at Acworth.

E. D. L. Mobley, of Atlanta, a worthy Confederate pri vate soldier, was born in Henry county, Ga., February 15, 1835, son of Judge E. W. Mobley. The latter was a native of Fairfield district, S. C., settled in Henry county in 1818, became judge of the Cobb county court, and was commis-

858

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

sioned as a lieutenant in the Florida Indian war. Mr. Mobley was reared in Cobb county, and in October, 1857, went to Arkansas, where he was engaged in business at the town of Monticello, when hostilities began in 1861. Before the secession of Arkansas he and about thirty other Georgia boys residing near Monticello took part in the formation of a company for the Confederate service, which became Com pany I of the First Arkansas infantry, commanded by Col. James F. Fagan. The regiment was organized at Lynchburg, Va., and served in that State until the spring of 1862. Private Mobley took part in the battle of First Manassas, July 21, 1861, and in the following October was taken with typhoid fever, and lay in hospital at Dumfries, Va., and Fredericksburg, until February, 1862, narrowly escaping death. He was granted a furlough of sixty days upon con valescence, but returned to duty in time to take part in the battle of Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862, where he was distin^guished for gallantry. The color bearer of the regiment having been killed in the midst of the fight, Colonel Fagan asked who would volunteer to "take the colors and carry them into the very jaws of death," and Mobley solicited the honor and carried the flag through the remainder of that "battle, fortunately without injury. He was offered the permanent position of color bearer, and a lieutenancy, on account of his conduct on this field, but modestly declined both. Later he took part in the battles of Perryville and Munfordville and after the Kentucky campaign was trans ferred to the Ninth battalion Georgia artillery, under Major Leyden, with which command he served at the battle of Chickamauga and in east Tennessee and Virginia. Mr. Mobley maintains association with his comrades as a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans. He was married in 1866 to Rowena J. Hale, and they have a son and four daughters.

James M. Mock, of Savannah, a veteran of Gen. C. C. Wilson's regiment, the Twenty-fifth Georgia, was born in Screven county, Ga., in 1845, anc^ was but sixteen years of age when the war began. He enlisted nevertheless, in August, 1861, as a private in the Black Creek Volunteers, which was enrolled as Company G of the Twenty-fifth regi ment Georgia infantry. This regiment served in the coast department through 1861 and 1862, and early in 1863 was in North Carolina under the brigade command of General Wil-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

859

son. In. May, 1863, they were ordered to Jackson, Miss., to reinforce General J. E. Johnston for his campaign for the relief of Vicksburg. Private Mock took part in the engagements at Jackson, and the fruitless march to the Big Black river, and after the evacuation of Jackson joined the army of Tennessee, and participated in the great battle of
Chickamauga, with Gen. W. H. T. Walker's division. In the same division he was at the battle of Missionary Ridge,
and the 1864 campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, including the famous battle of Atlanta, July 22d, in which Walker fell,
and the battle of Jonesboro, which determined the fate of Atlanta. With Hood's arm}' he marched through north
Georgia and Alabama and fought at Franklin, Tenn., No vember 30, 1864, and was with Forrest and Bate in the operations against Murfreesboro, including the battle of Overall Creek. There he was captured and this was the end of his service on the field. He was held as a prisoner of
war at Camp Chase, Ohio, until after the surrender of all the Southern armies. Returning then to Bullock county, Ga., he engaged in farming for five years, and in 1875 again
made his home at Savannah, where he has since remained. Since 1881 he has been a member of the police force of the city and now has the rank of sergeant. He was a faithful and gallant soldier, and is one of the most popular members of the admirable police force of his city.

Colonel Alexander B. Montgomery, of Floyd county, a gallant Confederate soldier, is a native of Augusta, Ga., where he was reared and educated. Some years previous to the Confederate era he was appointed to the United
States army, and when the organization of the Confederate States government occurred, he was serving on the frontier in Minnesota as second lieutenant of the Fourth United States artillery. Georgia seceded from the Union in January, 1861,
and as soon as it became evident that war would be made on the South, he promptly sent in his resignation of com
mission to take effect April 3d, and returning home joined
his fortunes to those of his State, and tendered his services as a soldier to the Confederacy. He was commissioned first lieutenant in the Confederate States army and assigned to Read's battery of artillery, of Savannah, commanded by
Capt. Jacob Read. This noted Georgia command became part of the artillery battalion commanded by Stephen D. Lee, in the Virginia army, and Lieutenant Montgomery

860

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

served with it one year. During his connection with the battery he commanded one section of it in the engagement at Secessionville, near Charleston, S. C, under Gen. W. D. Smith, while Gen. John C. Pemberton was in command of
the department. Subsequently he was promoted to major and put in command of Gen. Ambrose R. Wright's infantry regiment, the Third Georgia. In this capacity he served until the fall of 1862. The Third Georgia was part of
General Wright's brigade of R. H. Andersen's division, Longstreet's corps, and Major Montgomery, in command of
his regiment, shared its service in the Second Manassas cam paign, and was severely wounded in the battle of August 30, 1862. Not long afterward he was promoted to colonel in the regular Confederate States army, and assigned to duty in Florida, for the purpose of protecting the interior and or ganizing troops for the Confederate service. For a con siderable time he was in command in West Florida, the important district which included Pensacola, where the Federals were stationed in force, and constantly threaten ing inroads for the destruction of property and capture of Confederate citizens and troops. He organized a consider able body of soldiers, over a thousand strong, but most of these were sent to Virginia with Finegan's brigade in June, 1864. to strengthen General Lee's army, and Montgomery was left with about 150 men. He had his headquarters at Marianna, Fla., and was attacked there, September 27th, by a force of nine hundred and fifty men from Pensacola, under Brigadier-General Asboth. Colonel Montgomery collected his available companies and such old men and boys as had arms, and made a gallant fight, causing a loss to the enemy which is admitted in their reports as thirty-nine killed, wounded and missing. General Asboth was among the wounded. But Colonel Montgomery's men were compelled " to yield, and he and a number of his soldiers were captured. He was carried to Pensacola, from there sent to New Or leans, and thence north, where he was held in the officers' prisons at Fort Lafayette and Fort Delaware until July 27, 1865. his imprisonment being prolonged by his obstinate refusal to take the oath while any Confederate troops were in the field. Since the war Colonel Montgomery has been a citizen of Georgia, engaged in planting. He makes his summer home at his country place in Floyd county, a few miles from the city of Rome.

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861

John Montgomery, a leading business man at Rome, is a native of Alabama, and entered the Confederate service in April, 1862, enlisting at Corinth, Miss., in Company I of the Nineteenth regiment Alabama infantry, then under the com mand of. Joseph Wheeler, famous later as a cavalry general. Private Montgomery shared in the operations of this regi ment during Bragg's campaign in Kentucky, and took part in the Murfreesboro, Tenn., campaign and the retreat to Chattanooga. At the battle of Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863, in the charge of Hindman's division up the slopes of Snodgrass Hill, he was severely wounded, a ball passing through his thigh. After some time in field hospital he was transferred to the hospital at Rome, and later was sent home on furlough. In March, 1864, he re joined his regiment at Dalton and accompanied it on the march as far as Allatoona, but he was incapacitated for duty on the field, and consequently was detailed as a clerk in the medical director's office at Columbus, Ga. He remained there on duty until the surrender of the army, and soon after began his business career as a merchant at Shreveport, La., where he remained for seven or eight years. The year following he spent in Texas, and then he established himself at Rome, where he is prominent in business and the social and public affairs of his city. He is widely known as a successful wholesale grocer and cotton factor.

Captain William R. Montgomery, of Marietta, a gallant soldier of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Fulton county, Ga., and reared in Cobb county. He is of a patriotic and soldierly family, his father having served as a captain of cavalry in the Florida Indian wars; his grandfather, James M. C. Montgomery, as a major in the war of 1812, and his great-grandfather as a captain in the army of the Revolution. He entered the Confederate States service May 8, 1861, as a private in the Palmetto Guards, of South Carolina, which became Company I of the Second regiment South Carolina infantry, and winning promotion in the course of his service, became captain of sharpshooters. With his regiment, the first command of General Kershaw, under the brigade command at that time of General Bonham, he participated in the first fighting on Bull Run, Va., July 18, 1861, and the great battle of the 2ist, and in the spring of 1862 served on the peninsula, fighting at Williamsburg and Seven Pines. In the Seven Days' battles before Richmond,

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they took part in the engagements at Fair Oaks, White Oak Swamp, Frayser's Farm and Malvern Hill, where Montgomery was slightly wounded. In the Maryland cam paign he was present in the battles of South Mountain, Boonsboro and Sharpsburg, and in December, 1862, he shared the gallant service of Gen. T. R. R. Cobb's brigade on Marye's hill, in the battle of Fredericksburg. Captain Montgomery was at the famous stone wall, within ten feet of Gen. T. R. R. Cobb, when the latter received his death wound. At Chancellorsville he was in command of a com pany, and at Gettysburg he was in the heat of the severe righting of McLaws' division of Longstreet's corps at the peach orchard and Little Round Top. Coming to Georgia with Longstreet he fought at Chickamauga and at Knoxville, and returning to Virginia, participated in the cam paign from the Rapidan to the James, participating in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor and Petersburg. In one of the actions before Rich mond he was wounded in the foot. At the last he was in the Appomattox campaign, but escaping when surrender was inevitable, started for the Trans-Mississippi department, and got as far as Jackson, Miss., 'before hearing of the surrender of Kirby Smith. Coming back to Atlanta, he was paroled and resumed the occupations of civil life. In the course of his active career as a soldier he had been wounded six times. He engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1870, farmed subsequently until 1881, and then was honored with election as clerk of the superior court of Cobb county, an office he has ever since ably occupied. Captain Montgomery's pres ent wife is Anna, daughter of Col. John R. Towers. He has two sons living: Hugh, a railroad man; and George, sten ographer in the office of the State railroad commissioners.

Ax son G. Moody, of Boston, Thomas county, was born in Liberty county. Ga., in 1840, and at ten years of age re moved to Savannah. In 1858 he was graduated at Trinity college, N. C., with first honors, and soon afterward engaged in teaching, the profession to which he has devoted his life. In the spring of 1861, though exempt from military service under the law, he enlisted at Boston in Company H of the Twenty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, and was elected second lieutenant. He served in this rank until his resigna tion in'1862, soon after which he re-enlisted in the same regiment as a private in the company originally known as

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HISTOR Y.

863

the O.cklocknee Light Infantry. He was made commissary sergeant and soon afterward captain commissary. When that rank was abolished he was detailed as clerk in the quartermaster's department, with the brigade quartermaster, and was transferred to the Sixty-sixth Georgia as quarter master-sergeant. He was with his brigade to the close of the war, surrendering at Greensboro, N. C. He has been engaged in teaching in Thomas county since the war, and has served as a member of the board of education.

Charles G. Moore, of Brunswick, is a native of Connecti cut, born at Litchfield, March 13, 1832. He was thrown upon his own resources in boyhood, and in 1852 he came south, locating first at Jeffersonville, and later at Thomasville, Ga., and engaged in business as a contractor. In
May, 1862, he entered the Confederate service at Savannah, and was detailed in the car building department of the At lantic & Gulf railroad. Six months later he was transferred
to Thomasville, in charge of the car shops there, and he served in that important capacity until December, 1864, when he was transferred to the commissary department of the Confederate States army, at Thomasville, his line of duty until the close of hostilities. He was paroled at Thomasville in the spring of 1865. In the work to which he was as signed by the Confederate authorities he rendered valuable and important service to the South in her time of fiery trial, and he yet retains a lively interest in everything Con
federate. Mr. Moore became a resident of Brunswick in 1866, where he has been successful in business, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens.

Major William S. Morgan, of Atlanta, was born in Cape Girardeau county, Mo., January 20, 1842, was reared in that State and rendered his service for the Confederacy in the Trans-Mississippi army under Marmaduke and Sterling Price. His father, William Morgan, was also a native of Missouri and a second cousin of the famous cavalry general, John H. Morgan, of the Confederate States army. In April, i86r, Mr. Morgan left school to enter the Confederate ser vice and enlisted as a private in a cavalry company com manded by Capt. Wm. L. Jeffries. Upon the organization of the Sixth Missouri cavalry, Captain Jeffries was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment and Private Morgan was made first lieutenant of Company K, under Captain Cox.
Ga 84

864:

CONFEDERA TE MIL1TARY HISTORY.

In this capacity he served in the campaigns in southern Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, participating in the bat tles of Frederickstown, Charleston, Belmont, Springfield, Hartsville, Helena, Bayou Meter, Little Rock, Lake Provi dence, Princeton and Jenkins' Ferry. In the engagement at Lake Providence, in 1863, he was captured, and being taken to Memphis, he was held a prisoner in the old Irwin block for twenty-one days and then ordered sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago. Enroute he was exchanged at Cairo and at once rejoined his regiment at Monticello, Ark., and as first lieu tenant took command of his company. Subsequently he took part in the Camden campaign and in Price's famous raid through Missouri, and at the close of the war was major of his regiment. He was paroled near Shreveport, La. Major Morgan has resided at various points since the war, and has traveled much, crossing the plains four times to Salt Lake City. During the year 1881 he located in Atlanta. In 1867 he was married to M. Electa Freeman, of Memphis, and has five children living, two sons and three daughters. He retains a lively interest in Confederate affairs and in all movements looking to the securing of a true Southern his tory, and is an active member of W. H. T. Walker camp, No. 925, United Confederate veterans.

J. Gid Morris, a veteran of Wheeler's cavalry, who is now a prosperous farmer and stockbreeder in Cobb county, was born and reared there, and is the son of Joel E. Morris, a native of South Carolina, and a descendant of one of the oldest families of the Palmetto State. He entered the mili tary service at the age of sixteen years, as a private in the cavalry company known as "Joe Brown's Pets," but after some service with this command in various parts of the State, he longed for duty in the field and going to northern Georgia enlisted in Company B of the First regiment Georgia cavalry, then commanded by Col. J. J. Morrison, and attached to Davidson's brigade of Pegram's division, under the com mand of Gen. N. B. Forrest. With this cavalry force he campaigned among the Georgia hills before the battle of Chickamauga, and participated in that great combat, under Forrest. Afterward he was with Gen. Joe Wheeler in many skirmishes, raids and battles, including the expedition through the Sequatchie valley, the campaign in east Ten nessee with Longstreet, the great Georgia campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, the defeats of the Federal raiders Stone-

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865

man and McCook, the famous raid through north Georgia and Tennessee during the siege of Atlanta, the operations against Sherman's army during the march to the sea, and finally Private Morris surrendered with General Wofford, at
Kingston, Ga. He was not alone, in his family, in gallant service for the Confederacy, Five brothers followed the stars and bars, and three lost their lives. William A. Mor
ris, a soldier of Phillips' legion, was killed at Chancellors-
ville; James W., of Company A, Seventh Georgia infantry, fell at Manassas Junction; and Newton M., of the same company and regiment, did not survive the war. Marion P., of Wheeler's cavalry, is a resident of Milton county. As
has been noted, J. Gid Morris has given his attention to farming since the war. He has been particularly successful in stock raising, breeding some of the finest horses in Geor
gia as well as Jersey cattle and Berkshire hogs. He is a resident of Marietta, and a leading citizen, serving with
credit on the city council. He keeps alive the old comrade ship of 1861-65 by membership in the Marietta and Atlanta
camps, United Confederate veterans, and is adjutant of the former, Camp No. 763. In 1868 he was married to Mary, daughter of Joseph B. Wing, a Confederate soldier, and they have six children: Fred, a graduate of Emory college and the law school of the State university, attorney at Mari etta, and treasurer of the city council; J. G., Jr., orderly for the captain of the United States battleship Iowa, and a par ticipant in the naval battle of Santiago; and four daughters,
Clara, wife of Dr. W. S. Wood, of Atlanta, Rosa, Wreath and Fanny.

Sampson A. Morris, of Atlanta, a veteran of the army of Tennessee, was born in Henry county, Ga., February 28, 1844, son of Alonzo Peeples Morris and his wife, Betsy Kuglar, natives of South Carolina. Though but sixteen
years of age when the war cloud burst upon the land, he enlisted as a private on September 30, 1861, under Capt. Robert M. Hitch, in Company E, Thirtieth Georgia regi
ment, commanded by Col. David J. Bailey, of Griffin, Ga. The regiment served on the Georgia coast in the vicinity of Savannah until the spring of 1863, when it was transferred to Mississippi to reinforce the army commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. Private Morris participated with the regiment in the campaign for the relief of Vicksburg and
the battle of Jackson, Miss., after which his command was

866

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

transferred to the army of Tennessee, at that time under the leadership of Gen. Braxton Bragg. With Wilson's bri gade of W. H. T. Walker's division he took part in both days' fighting of the brilliant Confederate victory of Chickamauga, and the disastrous defeat at Missionary Ridge. He
also shared with his regiment the hardships and perils of the Atlanta campaign, being engaged in the battles in Resaca,
Calhoun, New Hope Church and Kenesaw Mountain, under the leadership of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. Under Gen.
John B. Hood he fought at Peachtree Creek, in the battle of July 22nd before Atlanta, at Jonesboro, and in numerous skirmishes. Colonel Mangham was mortally wounded at Chickamauga, and Col. J. S. Boynton succeeded him in com mand of the Thirtieth Georgia, which position he retained to the close of the war. Captain Hitch having resigned soon after the battle of Chickamauga, Raleigh Hightower, of
Henry county, succeeded him and held this position until the close of hostilities. After the return of peace, young Morris, who had enjoyed but few educational advantages, spent a part of the first year in school and then began the life of a farmer. In 1868 he came to Atlanta, and after hav ing worked in Schofield's rolling mill part of the year, at tended school in Clayton county. In 1869 he married Mary Ella, daughter of Louis A. Kuglar, of Henry county. They have two living children, Mrs. J. H. Ewing, of Atlanta, and T. J. Morris, of Henry county. Mr. Morris lived on the farm four years after his marriage and then removed to
Atlanta, since which time he has led a successful business career, accumulating a handsome competence. He is now a member of the firm of Morris & Carroll, wholesale and
retail dry goods merchants. He has served two terms as member of the city council and is a member of W. H. T.
Walker camp. United Confederate veterans.

Captain William Charles Strother Morris was born during the war of 1812, in Savannah, Ga., to which city his parents
had fled for refuge from British marauders. Afterwards they removed to Waynesboro, which continued to be the home of Mr. Morris so long as he lived. He was general
of militia at the beginning of the civil war, having been commissioned by Governor Brown, but he resigned this posi tion, and though fifty-two years of age, raised a company of seventy-five men, named by him the Poythress Volunteers,
in honor of Major Poythress, an old gentleman of Waynes-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

867

boro, who paid for the uniforms of the whole company and aided the Confederate cause in every possible way. Under the command of Captain Morris, the Poythress Volunteers left in July, 1861, for Virginia, where they joined the infan try of Cobb's Legion, and were stationed near historic Yorktown. Here they were engaged in the many skirmishes on
the Peninsula and later took part in the battles of Williamsburg, Seven Pines, the Seven Days around Richmond, the
battles of the Maryland campaign and all the subsequent operations of the army of Northern Virginia until the close of the war. Captain Morris shared the hardships and perils of his company until the fall of 1862, when, on account of failing health, he was sent home. Though he never recov ered his health sufficiently to re-enter the army, he lingered
until 1869, when he died, leaving behind the memory of an honorable life, and mourned by a large circle of friends.

Colonel James J. Morrison, of the First Georgia cavalry, was born in Hopkinsville, Ky., October 31, 1829, son of Maj. James J. Morrison and Agnes Gates. He is of an eminently patriotic family, distinguished in the wars of the republic. His father was a major of Kentucky troops in the war of 1812; an uncle, Dr. Edgar Morrison, was surgeon on the United States man-of-war Constitution, in its famous fight with the Guerriere, in the war of 1812; and in the same war another uncle, Col. George Morrison, commanded a regiment. His grandfather, William Mitchell Morrison, had the rank of brigadier-general in the war of the Revolution. Col. James J. Morrison was a student at Franklin college,
at Nashville, Tenn., when war was declared with Mexico in 1846, and leaving school without the knowledge of his par ents, enlisted in Capt. Ed B. Gaither's company, B, of the United States Third Dragoons, with which he went to Mex ico and served to the end of the war, participating credita bly in the engagements at Vera Cruz, Bridge de Nacional, Alapa, Pass Le Vega, Contreras, Molina del Rey, the cav
alry charge at the gates of San Augustine, the storming of Chapultepec, and the capture of the City of Mexico. Dur ing this service he was once slightly wounded. After this
war was concluded he returned to Kentucky, and in 1850 made his home at the present site of Cedartown, Ga., to which he donated a large part of the town plat in later years. He was married in 1850 to Athey Janes, who died six years later, and when the war began he was a prosperous farmer

868

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

in Polk county. As soon as the Confederate States govern ment was organized, and hostilities became imminent, he conceived the idea of raising a regiment of cavalry, on account of his experience in the Mexican war, and, going to Montgomery, sought permission from President Davis. The President discouraged this at that time, advising him to organize an infantry regiment, and promising a commission in the cavalry as soon as an opening was presented. Fol lowing the President's advice, he returned to Georgia and organized the Twenty-first regiment Georgia infantry, which he equipped from his private funds. John T. Mercer was commissioned as colonel, and Morrison lieutenant-colonel, and in this capacity he served with the regiment in northeast Virginia until early in 1862, when, being at the time in camp at Manassas Junction, an order reached him from President Davis to repair to Georgia and raise a regiment of cavalry. Under this order he organized the First regiment Georgia cavalry, a thousand strong, which he armed at his own ex pense, and of which he was commissioned colonel. He began his gallant record as a Confederate cavalry officer under Gen. N. B. Forrest, in July, 1862, participating in the brilliant capture of the Federal garrison at Murfreesboro, Tenn., and throughout that summer he was in almost incessant fight ing on the Kentucky campaign, including the battles of Richmond and Frankfort. After the battle at Richmond, August 3ist, he, at the head of his regiment, lying in ambus cade, brought about the capture of about four thousand Fed eral soldiers, among them the Illinois statesman, William R. Morrison. He commanded his 'regiment, under Pegram, in the battle of Murfreesboro, December, 1862; led a brigade under Pegram in the latter's Kentucky raid which followed; was an active participant in the Chickamauga campaign under General Pegram, and on October 20, 1863, in com mand of his brigade, Colonel Dibrell with his brigade act ing in conjunction with him, routed the Federal cavalry at Philadelphia, Tenn., capturing over nine hundred prisoners, fifty wagons loaded with stores, four pieces of artillery, ten ambulances, and a lot of horses, mules and other property. This brilliant exploit was published to the army in genera' orders by General Bragg, who said: "Too much praise cannot be given Colonels Dibrell and Morrison and the brave command under them for the dash and daring displayed in the expedition so completely successful." Colonel Morri son was wounded at the battle of Chickamauga, and later,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

869

in a fight at Sweetwater, Tean., was severely injured on account of his horse being suddenly checked from full speed by a shell exploding directly in front. This interfered with his usefulness during the remainder of the war, but he con tinued in the rank of colonel to the end. At the close of this gallant service Colonel Morrison returned to civil pursuits, making his home at Atlanta, and in recent years at Decatur, but continuing in business at the city. He was married again in December, 1863, to Hattie Cox, and has two daugh ters and a son. The latter, W. M. Morrison, of Eastman, Ga., is a lawyer and former State senator.

Columbus W. Motes, of Atlanta, was born in Perry county, Ala., April 15, 1837, son of Anderson Motes, a native of South Carolina. He was reared at Uniontown, in his native county, and after finishing his schooling, learned the business of photography, which has been his chief pursuit throughout life. When the war broke out he was living at Athens, Ga., where he had located in 1860. Laying aside his camera, he at once entered the field for the defense of Southern rights, enlisting in the Troup artillery of Athens. At the start he was made a non-commissioned officer, and upon reorganization in the spring of 1862 was elected and commissioned first lieutenant, the rank in which he served to the end of the war. His first engagement was at Elk Run, in western Virginia. He took part in the Yorktown cam paign and the battle of Dam No. I, early in 1862, and after wards was in the Seven Days' battles around Richmond, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg', Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Second Cold Harbor, and the Peters burg campaign. He shared in the perils and glory of every fight, great and small, in which the famous Troup artillerywas engaged; was twice wounded at Sharpsburg, in the left side and right shoulder, but he recovered in time to take part in the battle of Fredericksburg; was again wounded at Gettysburg, but above the heart, and throughout was distin guished for gallantry and devotion to the cause. At he close he surrendered with the Troup artillery, which, when it suspected that surrender was inevitable, had buried its -guns in Virginia soil. It was at that time five miles beyond Appomattox, having become separated from the main army. He returned to his home in Athens, arriving April 25, 1865, just four vears after his enlistment. Since 1871 he has been a

870

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

resident of Atlanta, where he is held in high esteem by his Confederate comrades.

George J. Movers, of Summerville, prominent among the Confederate veterans of that region, is a native of east Ten nessee, and is deserving of mention among the people of that region who were true to the Confederacy. He left school early in 1861. to enlist in Col. John M. Lillard's regi ment, the Twenty-sixth Tennessee infantry. This was one of the regiments sent to Fort Donelson at the time of Grant's advance on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and he participated in the battle of February 15, 1862, and was surrendered with the garrison. Thereafter for eight months he was a prisoner of war at Camp Morton, Indiana, and was exchanged at Vicksburg. When the regiment returned to Tennessee it became a part of Gen. John C. Brown's bri gade of the army under General Bragg, and began a distin guished career that continued throughout all the campaigns in Tennessee, Georgia and the Carolinas. Mr. Moyers was a gallant participant in the battles of Murfreesboro, Decem ber 3ist and January 2, 1862-63, the Tullahoma campaign,, and the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. After Missionary Ridge he was transferred to the artillery as a commissary sergeant of an artillery battalion, and he con tinued in that duty until' the close of the war, participating in the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, with its numerous battles, ending at Jonesboro, Hood's campaign in Tennessee and the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and the final cam paign in North Carolina, where his battalion was last in battle at Salisbury, April 12, 1865. Escaping from that field, he returned to Georgia and attempted to make his way to the Trans-Mississippi army, but news of its surrender stopped him in this enterprise. He returned to his home in east Tennessee, and in 1867 removed to Summerville, Ga., where he has since been quite successful in the tannery, shoe and harness trade, also giving some attention to farming and fruit culture.

Daniel B. Mull, of Fitzgerald, commander of Irwin county camp, United Confederate veterans, No. 1130, is a native of North Carolina, and from childhood was reared in Fannin county, Ga. In his youth he enlisted, April 26, 1861, as a private soldier in Company E of the Second Georgia infan try, Gen. Paul J. Semmes' old regiment. After organization

CONFEDERA T MILITA R Y HIS ft
the regiment was ordered to Savannah and thence to Bruns wick, and following the battle of First Manassas was trans ferred to Virginia and stationed for several months at Man assas Gap. Early in 1862 they fell back with Johnston's army to Richmond, and went on duty about Yorktown, on the Peninsula, where Private Mull took part in the battle of Dam No. i. On the retreat to Richmond he fought at Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, and on the last day of May and first of June was in the battle of Seven Pines, the last under the command of Gen. J. E. Johnston in Virginia. Then General Lee took command, and Private Mull fought with the army in the bloody struggle through the swamps of the Chickahominy, which resulted in the complete de feat of the Northern army, under McClellan. At the close of the Seven Days' battles he was honorably discharged on account of his being yet under military age. Returning to his home in Fannin county, he soon afterward re-enlisted in the cavalry of Col. Sumner J. Smith's Georgia legion, afterward known as the Sixth regiment Georgia cavalry, and commanded by Col. John R. Hart. With this com mand he participated in the campaign in Kentucky under Generals Bragg and Kirby Smith, and the engagements about Knoxville, Tenn. On one occasion, while serving in the upper Tennessee valley, he carried a dispatch from Gen. Joseph Wheeler to Leesburg, Tenn., and en route captured three Yankee soldiers, whom he turned over to Colonel Ashby, of the Fourth Tennessee cavalry. Shortly after this, while his regiment was stationed at Morristown, Tenn., he was acting as sergeant on the picket line, in command of a number of men, when they were surprised while eating dinner, by a squadron of the Forty-fourth Ohio mounted infantry, and made prisoners. For seven days they were held at Blain's Crossroads, without any food but parched corn and bread, and thence started for Louisville, Ky., across country. At Paint Lick bridge, Mull and four com rades made their escape, but he and two of these were re captured after reaching Jamestown, Ky., and during the remainder of the war he was a prisoner at Rock Island, 111. Here he had fair treatment while Union soldiers from the field were in charge, but after negro troops and home guards were put over the prisoners many things occurred to make the blood boil at their recollection. For a time Mr. Mull was on half rations, and he was more than once compelled to witness comrades shot down in cold blood.

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On being exchanged at City Point, in March, 1865, he re turned home, partly on foot, and reached Cartersville, Ga., April 25, 1865. The war was at an end and he soon re joined his wife and children and took up again the duties of civil life. He has been engaged in farming and mercan tile business, residing successively at Cartersville, Ellijay and Atlanta, until 1896, when he made his home at Fitz
gerald, where he is active in business and the coroner of his county. He was married in 1863 to Nancy Paye, and has four sons: Louis B., a contractor at Sylacauga, Ala.; Wil
liam T., railroad agent at Greenback, Tenn.; John, a soldier of Battery No. 4, United States artillery, and one of the three of his command who escaped the disaster at Galveston; and Wade T., of Valdosta.

William J. Mullis, a prominent citizen of Cochran, a Confederate soldier in his youth, was born and reared in Pulaski county, and is a son of Charles Mullis, a native..of South Carolina, who came to Georgia in 1833, served in the Indian wars, and notwithstanding his advanced age shouldered a musket with the State reserves during' Sherman's campaign in Georgia. Another son of this patriotic sire was in the Confederate army--John H. Mullis, who served in the Tenth Confederate cavalry, and died in Ten nessee, in 1863. William J. Mullis entered the Confederate military service in 1864, at the age of seventeen years, en listing at Fort Gaines, Ala., in the First regiment Con federate infantry, commanded by Col. George A. Smith, which was sent to Dalton soon afterward and made a part
of the brigade of Gen. John K. Jackson in Gen. W. H. T. Walker's Georgia division of the army of Tennessee. Young Mullis took part in all the battles of his regiment during the great struggle from Dalton to Jonesboro, in
cluding Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek and Atlanta. Subsequently he marched with Hood through north Georgia and Alabama and into Tennessee, and fought under General Bate at Franklin,
Murfreesboro and Nashville. He was one of the bare footed and scantily fed heroes who retreated through snow and ice back to Tupelo, Miss., remaining true to the cause
in the midst of the greatest hardships, and when the army was ordered to the Carolinas early in 1865, he went as far as Macon, where he was granted a furlough. Later, while he was attempting to rejoin his command, the war carne

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to an end. Since the Confederate era Mr. Mullis has been engaged in farming and business affairs, and has had a very successful career. He made his home at Cochran in 1874, where he is a director of the Cochran banking company, and vice-president of the Cochran cotton mills. In public office he has made a worthy record as a member of the Georgia State senate in 1890-91, and of the board of edu cation of his county, and he was recently elected to the board of county commissioners. In 1867 he was married to Elizabeth Home, and has five children living: John H., Jr., a merchant at Cochran; Elizabeth, Willa, Sarah and Charles.

Milton G. Murchison, of Tennille, a soldier of Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia, first enlisted in July, 1861, before he was sixteen years of age, in Com pany H of the Second Georgia regiment, for six months in the State service. He was on duty with this command, camped on the old Gulf road near Screven, Ga., and at Savannah, until his time of enlistment had expired, when the regiment was disbanded, in April, 1862. In the follow ing month he went to Macon and enlisted in Lockett's Volunteers, a company commanded by Capt. C. J. Harris, which was enrolled with the Fifty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Jack Brown. At the organ ization of the regiment a tenth company was formed from members of the others, called Company G, under Capt. Frank Brown, in which Murchison served as a private until he was promoted to corporal. The company was popularly known as Tom Knight's sharpshooters, and made a fine record in the battles of Longstreet's corps. The regiment was sent to Richmond, Va., in August, 1862, and en camped at Brook church, near that city. Subsequently they served as provost guard for Long-street's corps, and' were on duty at Drewry's Bluff, and served in the field during Longstreet's Suffolk campaign. Then going to Pennsyl vania Mr. Murchison and his comrades took part in the battle of Gettysburg, and on the retreat were in line of bactle at Funkstown, Md., where Murchison was severely wounded in the ankle. This rendered him unfit for service until the following April, 1864, when he rejoined Longstreet's corps at Charlottesville, Va. On May 6th he was in battle again in the terrible conflict of the Wilderness, and was again wounded, in the thigh, but returned to duty

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in a few days, and was with his regiment to the end, fighting at Spottsylvania Court House, Hanover Junction, Turkey Ridge, Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill, Bermuda Hundred, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Fort Harrison, Charles City Road, Ream's Station and other engagements around Petersburg and Richmond, and after the evacuation was ir
battle at Farmville. He surrendered at Appomattox Cour: House, and then returned to his Georgia home. Mr.
Murchison is a native of Wilkinson county, Ga., born at Stevensville, November 15, 1845. Not yet twenty years
of age when the war closed, he attended school when he reached home, then farmed for two years, after which he embarked in his present business of carriage manufacturer. He is one of the well-to-do people of his county, and held in high regard. In 1873 he was married to Annie Jossie, of Bay Springs, who died in 1874, and two years later he wedded Mrs. Martha (Bryan) Stokes. William E. Murch ison, brother of the foregoing, born in Wilkinson county,
Ga., June 25, 1847, enlisted in October, 1861, with the Georgia State troops, but after three months' service was sent horrje, not being yet fourteen years of age. In August, 1862, he again presented himself as a soldier and was regu larly enlisted in Company G of the Fifty-ninth Georgia infantry, with which he served in the army of Northern
Virginia from 1863 to the end of the war. He was a par ticipant in the battles of Gettysburg, Funkstown, Knoxville, Bean's Station, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court
House, Cold Harbor, White Oak Swamp, Bermuda Hun dred, Petersburg, and much fighting at Newmarket Heights and other points in the Richmond and Petersburg lines,
and at Farmville on the retreat to Appomattox, where he surrendered April 9, 1865. After the war Mr. Murchison was engaged in farming until 1871, when he began his present business of carriage manufacturing. By his mar
riage to Eliza S. Stokes he has a son and two daughters.
i Captain Frank M. Myers, of Atlanta, a veteran of the First Georgia regulars, was born in Chatham county, Ga.,
August i, 1840, son of Col. Mordecai Myers and his wife, Henrietta Cohen. His family is an old and prominent one at Savannah, and maternally he is descended from Solomon Cohen, the first Jewish priest in this country, who landed in South Carolina prior to 1710. His grandfather, Dr. L. J. Myers, a native of Charleston, S. C., was a leading physi-

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dan at Charleston, S. C., and his son, Mordecai, father of Captain Myers, served on the staff of Governor Alston, of South Carolina, and after his removal to Savannah repre sented Chatham county in the State legislature ten years, and during President Tyler's administration was general assignee in bankruptcy for the State. After sending six sons to the Confederate army and navy, and sacrificing his fortune to the cause, he died in 1865, as the result of brutal treatment at the hands of Sherman's soldiers. These six sons in the Confederate service were: Capt. Julian Myers, of the Confederate States navy, who was wounded and captured at the battle of Mobile; Maj. Henry Myers, pay master in the navy and with Admiral Semmes in his cruise on the Sumter; Capt. Frederick Myers, quartermaster in the artillery service; Maj. O. C. Myers, who commanded a battalion in the western army and lost his right arm and was captured at the battle of Nashville; Dr. R. P. Myers, surgeon of the Sixteenth regiment Georgia infantry, who was wounded before Petersburg, and Capt. F. M. Myers, the subject of this sketch. The latter entered the Con federate service in February, 1861, and was made second lieutenant of Company E, First regiment Georgia regulars. In July of the same year he was promoted to first lieutenant, and in 1863, before he was twenty-three years old, he was advanced to the command of his company and the rank of captain. At the battle of Bentonville, N. C., March 19-21, 1865, he was in command of a regiment. Captain Myers began his military service in the field on the Virginia peninsula, taking part in the battle of Dam No. I, on the Yorktown line, and afterward was in the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Days' before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, with the army of Northern Virginia, and Olustee, Fla., and Bentonville. He made a splendid record as Confederate, demonstrating remarkable ability as an officer and coolness and intrepidity in battle. He is yet the warm friend of his comrades and enthusiastic in their behalf and in support of the Confederate organiza tions. After his return from the army Captain Myers was married, May 3, 1866, to Mary Fairlee Cooper. They now have six children living, the eldest son, J. F. C. Myers, being a prosperous merchant at Savannah. Soon after his marriage Captain Myers was elected solicitor of the county court of Cobb county, a position he resigned two years later to engage in commercial pursuits at Savannah. In 1881

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he went to Atlanta and in 1882 was appointed deputy clerk of the superior court of Fulton county, an office he has very capably filled to the present time.

Blanton Nance, a venerable patriot, residing at Dublin, Ga., is a native of Tennessee, and rendered his first military service for his country in the war with Mexico, 1846-47, serving with the First Tennessee cavalry, under Colonel
Thomas, and participating in the battle of Cerro Gordo and other engagements with the enemy. After making the rec ord of a gallant soldier in this war, so important to the development of the present greatness of his country, he engaged in farming and became a citizen of Georgia. When the South called her soldiers to the field in 1861, though he lacked the buoyancy of youth he manifested the same pa triotic devotion, and enlisted in the Brown infantry, of Macon, commanded by Capt. G. A. Smith, one of the first companies to answer the first call of the governor. This company was assigned to the First Georgia battalion, and sent to Pensacola, where hostilities seemed most imminent at that time, and he was on duty there for nine months, and during the remainder of his year's enlistment at Mobile. While he was on duty at Pensacola occurred the battle of Santa Rosa island, and two artillery engagements between Fort Pickens and the Confederate batteries. Under the command of Maj. John B. Villepigue the battalion manned the guns and did valuable service in these engagements. At the expiration of his enlistment, Mr. Nance was honorably discharged, and he was not again in the active service until the fall of 1864, when he served with the reserves during the march of the Federal army under Sherman from Atlanta to Savannah. On November 22, 1864, he was a participant in the gallant attack by the Georgia State troops upon the intrenched Federals at Griswoldville, where many were killed and wounded. Here this devoted soldier was shot through the neck and shoulder, a serious wound, that dis abled him for many months. After the war he resided in Macon, and served there seven or eight years as captain of police, making an excellent officer. In 1877 he made his home at Macon and was engaged for about fourteen years in mercantile business. Since then he has been living a quiet and retired life, now (1901) being eighty-three years cf age.

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Captain Nathan C. Napier, of Lafayette, a gallant Con federate officer, widely known in North Georgia, was born and reared at Macon, Ga. He is the son of Leroy Napier, one of the wealthiest planters of the ante-war period, who in many ways evidenced his devotion to the Confederate cause. Before the blockade was established he shipped twelve hundred bales of cotton to England, receiving $62,ooo for the same, which was turned over to the Confed erate treasury. He also equipped a battery known as the Napier Artillery, which served in the Confederate army. Six of his sons were on the firing line. The grandfather of Captain Napier was Thomas Napier, a merchant and sol dier of the Revolution, and the father of the latter was Rene Napier, a native of Scotland, who was also a sol dier under George Washington. Captain Napier was a student at Yale college in his youth, and continued his studies for a year at Dresden. On his return to America he took up the study of medicine at Philadelphia, where he was yet a resident when the Confederacy was organized, and the sons of the South were called to arms to resist Northern aggression. He served in 1862 in the Fourth Georgia battalion, for three months, at the expiration of which he was elected to a lieutenancy in Company H of the Third regiment Georgia cavalry, Col. Martin J. Crawford commanding. With this command he took part in the Kentucky campaign as part of General Bragg's advance guard under Gen. Joe Wheeler, and in the fight at Big Hill was severely wounded, a ball passing through and destroying the right eye. At the same time he was cap tured, but soon was exchanged. When he had sufficiently recovered from this painful and permanent injury to re sume military duty he organized a company of cavalry, which was incorporated as Company K in the Sixth regi ment Georgia cavalry, Col. John R. Hart. As captain of this company he made a fine reputation in that gallant regi ment. It fought with N. B. Forrest in the skirmishes pre ceding the battle of Chickamauga, and was in the first fierce clash of that great battle, on the extreme right of the Confederate line. Under Joe Wheeler it took part in the campaign in east Tennessee around Knoxville, and the many engagements between Dalton and Atlanta and Jonesboro, beginning in February, 1864. Later in the year it was with Hood and Forrest in Tennessee, in the battles about Franklin, Murfreesboro and Nashville, and

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with the rear guard on the retreat, and finally, in the spring of 1865, after the North Carolina campaign, it surrendered at Kingston, Ga. Subsequently Captain Napier made his home upon land in North Georgia that had belonged to his family from 1837, and was engaged in agriculture until 1880, when he embarked in the newspaper business at La fayette, in charge of the Walker County Messenger. He
is a man of wide influence and highly regarded through out the State. Captain Napier was married in 1860 to
Julia Sharpe, - a great-granddaughter of William Sharpe, United States congressman from Maryland, who settled later in North Carolina. Eight of their children are liv ing, the sons being George Moultrie, an attorney of Atlanta, Ga.; Leroy, a physician at Spartanburg, S. C.; A. Y., a graduate of 1901 at the Louisville theological institute, and N. C., a graduate and medallist at Emory college, 1901.

Isaac Newton Nash, of Stone Mountain, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in DeKalb county, Ga., June 6, 1843, son of William Nash and his wife, Jennette Woodruff, both natives of South Carolina. Mr. Nash was reared in DeKalb county. In the spring of 1861, although only seventeen years old and under size, he voluntered as a private in Company A of Wright's Legion, which went to Savannah and was there merged in the Thirty-eighth Georgia regiment. In Company D of this regiment Mr. Nash served as a private and non-commis sioned officer, participating in the Seven Days' battles be fore Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. His was one of
the gallant regiments of the brigade commanded succes sively by Gens. A. R. Lawton, John B. Gordon and Clem ent A. Evans, and was distinguished on many battlefields. Mr. Nash fully shared its sufferings and triumphs until on the first day at Gettysburg he was severely wounded in the left arm by a fragment of shell. He remained in
a field hospital for three days, and when the army retired into Virginia he rode in an ambulance to Williamsport and thence in a wagon to Winchester. By that time his wound was so badly gangrened that amputation of his arm was necessary. As soon as he was able to travel he returned home, being no longer competent to do military service. He then went to school, devoting three years to his educa tion, one of which he spent at Emory college. After teach-

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ing school for three years he began farming, an occupation which he has followed quite successfully to the present time. He has been honored by official position by his fellow-citizens in recognition of his fine record as a sol dier and admirable qualities as a gentleman. He served as tax receiver of DeKalb county from 1868 to 1872, as tax collector from 1875 to 1876, and in the same office from 1889 to the present time. He is a member of Clement A. Evans camp, No. 665, U. C. V., and is an aide-de-camp with rank of captain on the staff of Gen. A. J. West, commander of the North Georgia brigade of Confederate veterans. Mr. Nash was married January i, 1865, to Indiana Camp, of DeKalb county. They have one daugh ter, Marietta, wife of J. F. McCurdy, of Stone Mountain.

Major Joseph Van Holt Nash, of Atlanta, a gallant staff officer in the army of Northern Virginia, was born July 8, 1834, at the home of his grandmother, Elizabeth Herbert, at Herbertsville (now Berkely), in Norfolk county, Va., the son of Edward Portlock and Susan Decatur Van Holt Nash. He was reared at Petersburg, Va., and graduated at the University of Virginia in 1854. In 1860 he was married to Margaret, second daughter of Col. Robert W. Bowden, of Norfolk, Va. Major Nash's career as a Con federate soldier began in April, 1861, when he enlisted as a private in the Petersburg Light Dragoons, commanded at that time by Capt. Christopher Fisher, and afterward by Cant. R. D. Mcllwaine. He was detailed, February 27, 1862, in the engineering department, and assigned to the staff of Brig.-Gen. R. E. Colston, in command of a brigade on the south side of the James river, and later on the York-town line. Nash was promoted to second lieutenant, for efficient services, April 29, 1862. General Colston, in letters urging his advancement, said: "Though a private, he has served on my staff eight months, and his services are indispensable. He possesses more military knowledge than nine-tenths of the officers now in the service, and should be given a position commensurate with his duties." He was promoted to first lieutenant and assigned to duty as adjutant of the Thirteenth regiment Virginia cavalry, August 16, 1862, and thus came under the brigade com mand of Gen. W. H. F. Lee, and in active duty on the field. He was a gallant participant in the campaigns of Stuart's cavalry corps, and, after the death of that general, under
Ga 33

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Wade Hampton and Fitzhngh Lee, until the close of the war. At Beverly Ford, on the Rappahannock, April 15, 1862, he was particularly distinguished, and his conspic uous gallantry was commende'd in the official reports by Gen. W. H. F. Lee and Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. On Novem ber 19, 1863, after the close of the Gettysburg campaign, he was promoted to captain and assistant adjutant-general of W. H. F. Lee's brigade, the capacity in which he served thereafter. Some time previous to the close of the war, Major Nash was tendered the command of a cavalry bri gade in Hampton's corps, but the acceptance would have involve'd the overstepping of a senior officer next in regu lar line of promotion, and with characteristic generosity, which did him more honor than any mere rank or title could have conferred, Major Nash declined the flattering offer. In the course of his service he was twice wounded --in the leg at the battle of Seven Pines, May 31, 1862, and severely at the battle of Petersburg, June 16, 1864, and three horses were shot under him at Culpeper. He was paroled at Richmond, April 27, 1865, and soon returned to the occupations of civil life. At Petersburg he was en gaged in the book trade until 1873. Afterward he moved to Baltimore, and in 1878 he came to Atlanta as manager in the South for the publishing house of D. Appleton & Co. In December, 1894, he was appointed manager in Atlanta for the American Book Company, the position he held until his death, November 17, 1900.
Major Joseph Van Holt Nash, Jr., who, with his brother, Robert Stafford Nash, has succeeded to the position last held by his father, was born at Petersburg, Va., April ii, 1868, and was educated at the Georgia Military col lege, Savannah, and at Randolph-Macon college, Virginia. For ten years, 1885 to 1895, he was in the life and fire insurance business in Atlanta after which he was associ ated with his father as auditor and cashier of the Southern department of the American Book Company. He has taken an active part in the militia service of the State, beginning as a private in the Atlanta Rifles, Company D, of the Fifth Georgia regiment. He was promoted through all the grades in his company, served as a captain for a number of years, and at the opening of the Spanish war entered the United States service as captain of Company D, Second Georgia volunteers, the rank he held until after the con clusion of peace. In 1899 he was appointed aide-de-camp

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with the rank of lieutenant-colonel on the staff of Governor Candler, and later was made assistant inspector-general for North Georgia. After several months' service in that capac ity he accepted the majority of the Fifth Georgia regiment infantry, arid now holds the senior commission as major in the infantry service of the State.

Thomas B. Neal, of Atlanta, a veteran of Forrest's cav
alry, was born in Pike county, Ga., October 21, 1838. His father, John Nea!, a native of Warren county, Ga., was one of the original settlers of Pike county, in 1824, while the Indians still roamed its forests; removed to Atlanta in
1857, and died there in 1886. John Neal was the son of David Neal, a captain in the Revolutionary war, who fought at the battle of Cowpens. The mother of Thomas Neal was Mary J. Campbell, a native of Wilkes county, Ga., and of the same family as John A. Campbell, of Presi dent Davis' cabinet, whose genealogy can be traced back to the Duke of Argyle, of Scotland. At the age of eighteen years, Thomas B. Neal; declining a collegiate education, made his way to Minden, La., and found employment as a clerk in the store of his brother-in-law. Later he embarked in mercantile business for himself at Minden. When the war began he sold out at once for about $4,000, which he invested in cotton, an investment which yielded him $46,000 at the close of the war. Though he lacked confidence in
the success of the Confederacy, he enlisted in 1861 as a private in a Louisiana cavalry company, the Minden Rangers, which was made up of wealthy young men, and
was splendidly equipped in all respects, having the best of horses, uniforms and side-arms. It had on its roll more than eighty young men, many of whom had colored body servants. For these reasons the company was in great demand for escort service and was in that line of duty during almost the entire period of hostilities. Its first service was under Gen. N. B. Forrest in Tennessee, being attached to Kelley's regiment of Forrest's original com mand. It had the honor of fighting under him in all of
his battles, skirmishes and raids in Tennessee, Kentucky and Mississippi, for about one year. Upon the evacuation of Corinth, it was assigned to duty as escort for Gen. Frank Armstrong. Young Neal was captured at Boonville, Miss., while with Armstrong, and was in prison about four months at Alton, 111., whence he was taken to Vicksburg;

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and exchanged. Rejoining his company, which was at this time a part of Balch's battalion of Forrest's com
mand, he served for a while in Tennessee under General A7an Dorn. A partial reorganization of the cavalry took place about this time at Columbia, Term., and the gallant
Colonel Wood, of Kentucky, whose regiment had been greatly depleted, succeeded in having the Minden Rangers
attached to his command, but Gen. W. H. Jackson, who was then in charge of a magnificent cavalry division, de
cided that he must have them at his headquarters, where the company was assigned to provost and other duties. Meanwhile, the siege of Vicksburg having ended, the com
mand was moved by forced marches to the Big Black river, where it did duty during Sherman's Meridian campaign, contesting every inch of that general's advance and closely following him on his return to Vicksburg. At the opening
of the campaign of 1864, the Minden Rangers, after a long forced march, formed themselves confronting Sherman's army at Dalton, Ga. The command of Gen. W. H. Jack son, to which this company was attached, formed the ex treme left wing of Johnston's army, and did hard fighting all through the memorable campaign from Dalton to At lanta and beyond. Jackson's wing of the army checked every raid attempted by the Federals on the Confederate left. After the fall of Atlanta the Minden Rangers, still under General Jackson, went with Hood on his Tennessee campaign, doing duty both at Franklin and Nashville, and with Forrest, bringing up the rear on the retreat from Tennessee, experiencing severe hardships and many perils.
The surrender found the command in the southern portion of Alabama, near Gainesville, where, with Forrest's com mand, it laid down its arms May 10, 1865. Gen. W. H, Jackson, their division commander, entertained for the members of the Minden Rangers a strong affection, which was fully reciprocated by them. Private Neal had two
brothers in Confederate service: Lieut. Andrew J. Neal, who commanded the Marion artillery, of Florida, and was
killed in the battle of Atlanta, an'd Col. James H. Neal, of the Nineteenth Georgia regiment, who was killed in the skirmishing near Goldsboro, N. C., after the surrender of General Lee. The war over, Private Neal returned to Minden, La., where he engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1885, when he removed to Atlanta. The next year he formed the Neal Loan & Banking company, one of the

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strong financial institutions of Atlanta, of which he has been president since its organization. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans. Mr. Neal was married in 1866 to Mollie Cash, of Louisiana, who died in 1894, leaving one child, Mrs. E. L. Douglass, of Atlanta. In'1896 he married Mrs. Ida Rutland, of Nash ville, Tenn.

John Neely, of Augusta, Ga., was born at Baltimore, Md., in 1838, and at the age of thirteen years removed to Augusta with his father, who was for many years a prominent and able educator in that city and a minister of the Protestant Episcopal church. On May n, 1861, John Neely, with his company, the Clinch Rifles, enlisted in the Confederate service, being assigned to' the Fifth Geor gia regiment, of which the Rifles became Company A. This regiment was first sent to Pensacola, Fla., where some of its members were engaged in the battle of Santa Rosa Island. At the evacuation of Pensacola this regiment was sent to Tennessee and with it Private Neely shared in the Kentucky campaign, participating also in the great Con federate triumph at Chickamauga, and in the disastrous battle at Missionary Ridge. In the fall of 1863 he was com missioned secorid lieutenant, and with this rank served in the Atlanta campaign, in the battles around Dalton, at Resaca, Lay's Ferry, Adairsville, Cassville, New Hope Church, Lost Mountain arid Kenesaw. In July, 1864, the regiment was ordered to Savannah, where it again con fronted Sherman during the siege of that city. When, in the spring of 1865, the Confederate army was moving into North Carolina, Lieutenant Neely was left sick in the hos pital at Columbia, from which he escaped upon the ap proach of the Federal army. After the war he returned to Augusta, where he has been very prominent in educational circles, and has built up a fine reputation as a teacher. After being at the head of several important schools of that city, he was elected principal of the Tubman High School, which position he now holds.

Captain John W. Nelms, of Atlanta, a gallant Confed
erate officer, popular in later years as a public official, was born at McDonough, Ga., June 19, 1838, son of Allenson Nelms a merchant, and his wife, Frances Melvina Wil liams, daughter of a planter of Henry county. When he

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was six months old the family removed to the republic of Texas, where five years of his childhood was spent. His father dying, the mother brought her child back to Henry county in 1843, and subsequently married J. B. Turner. During his youth his home was in various parts of the South--Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee--and at seven years he became self-supporting, working as a farmer boy, and gaining complete familiarity with the plow handles.
He was married at Nashville, Tenn., December 20, 1860, to Emma Marlin, and when the war began was a resident
of Chattanooga, in railroad employment. Early in 1861 he raised a company at that city for the Confederate serv ice, and declining the captaincy on account of his unfamil
iarity with military affairs, was elected first lieutenant. This became Company D of the Thirty-seventh regiment Tennessee infantry, with which he served as first lieutenant one year, participating in the battle of Fishing Creek, Ky., where General Zollicoffer was killed; Shiloh, made mem orable by the 'death of Albert Sidney Johnston, and the siege of Corinth, including the fight at Farmington. He was one of the thousands whose health was broken by the unsanitary conditions at Corinth, and on the advice of Gen eral Hardee accepted an honorable discharge on account of disability. Rejoining his family at Cassville, Ga., he re mained there until partially recovered, when, at the time that Gen. John H. Morgan, the great Kentucky raider, had returned from Northern prison camp, and was reorganiz ing his command, he obtained permission from Morgan to raise a company, which he did, and was appointed captain by Morgan and duly commissioned. His company was
made Company A of the Tenth Kentucky cavalry, and under his command served with Morgan in east Tennessee, southwest Virginia and Kentucky. Captain Nelms partici pated in Morgan's last raid in Kentucky, in June, 1864, and fought at Mount Sterling and Cynthiana. In the first bat tle at the latter place he led his company, thirty minutes in advance of the main body, against the Federal regiment in garrison, captured sixteen pickets without firing a gun, and was in the front of the fighting which resulted in the cap
ture of the Federal regiment. On the next day an over whelming Federal force attacked Morgan at Cynthiana, and almost entirely destroyed or captured his command. Cap tain Nelms was one of those brave enough to fight their
way out, and though two horses were killed under him,

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succeeded in making his escape to Tennessee. Soon after this, while on detached duty in east Tennessee, he became engaged in a desperate revolver duel with a bushwhacker, in which twenty-three shots were exchanged. The first shot from his antagonist passed through Captain Nelms' body, but he kept in the fight and finally killed his oppo nent, in whose body nine bullet holes were found. He was
disabled for a long time, narrowly escaping death, and was not able to return to duty 'during the war. Captain Nelms' civil career has been distinguished by able and faithful pub lic service. He represented Campbell county in the Georgia
legislature in 1875-76; was appointed keeper of the State penitentiary by Governor Colquitt and held the office until his resignation, July 5, 1885; then accepted the appoint ment of United States marshal for the Northern district of Georgia, at the hands of President Cleveland, an office he held four years and four months, fearlessly discharg ing its duties; afterward served as mayor of West End, then a suburb of Atlanta, four years, six years as oil in spector, four years as county commissioner, and some time as city councilman, and in 1896 was elected sheriff of Ful ton county, an office to which he was re-elected in 1898 and 1900. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans. Sheriff Nelms was married a second time, in 1881, to Lillie, daughter of Maj. Augustus Lee, of Newton county. He has four children living.

James F. Newman, of Woodbury, a veteran of Colquitt's brigade, was born in Tallapoosa county, Ala., December 4, 1846, son of William G. Newman and Lucinda Raper,
natives of South Carolina and was reared and educated in Merriwether county, Ga. Not long after his sixteenth birthday, in May, 1863, he volunteered as a Confederate
soldier with Company E of the Twenty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded then by Col. Tully Graybill. About this time his regiment, a part of General Colquitt's brigade, was sent to North Carolina to serve under Gen. D. H. Hill, a Federal invasion being threatened, and after some campaigning in that region, they were hastily trans ferred to Charleston, S. C., where the enemy was operating against Battery Wagner on Morris Island. Private New man served in that famous fortification and at Fort Sumter 'during the memorable bombardment of July, August and September, 1863. Wagner was evacuated September

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6th, and after that Colquitt's brigade continued on duty about Charleston until early in 1864, when they were hurried to Florida to meet the invasion from Jackson ville. They met the Federals at Ocean Pond, or Olustee, and achieved a splendid victory, February 20, 1864. Soon again they were ordered to another point of danger, no less than the Confederate capital. While Lee was concentrating
his strength against Grant at the Wilderness, Ben Butler marched an army against Richmond, and Beauregard hast ily collected a force to meet him. Colquitt's Georgians could not have been spared from the thin gray line that confronted Butler at Drewry's Bluff and "bottled" him up in the convenient trap at Bermuda Hundred. They fought also with gallantry when Grant hurled his men against the Confederate works at Cold Harbor, and throughout the siege of Petersburg and Richmond served with distinction on the lines before each city. Yet once more they were detached to succor a point of danger, and, under General Bragg, at Wilmington, N. C, they endeavored to save Fort Fisher from capture, in January, 1865. Failing in this, they fell back to join the army of Gen. J. E. Jolmston, and participated in the battles of Kinston and Bentonville, finally surrendering under the capitulation of Greensboro, April 26, 1865. Private Newman shared all this service of his gallant regiment, and in his nineteenth year came home with the record of a veteran. Soon afterward he went to Texas, but two years later he made his home again in Georgia and ever since he has been engaged in farming, with much success. For many years he was justice of the peace for his district, and for a considerable time he has
held the office of marshal of Woodbury. In 1867 he was married to Carrie Boykin, and they have four sons and five daughters living.

M. Newman, of Sandersville, commander of Warthen
camp. No. 748, United Confederate veterans, is a native of Posen, Prussian Poland, born January 9, 1827, and began his residence in Georgia in 1846. On December 18, 1849, he married Ann M. Ainsworth, of Washingtoncounty, a felicitous union, of which two children are now living: James D. and Isidore W., who are leading mer chants at Sandersville. When the Confederacy was organ ized Judge Newman heartily supported the Southern cause,
and took part in the organization of a company, of which

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881

he became a member March 10, 1862, and was elected first lieutenant. In the following August he was appointed adju tant of the Forty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, to which his company had been assigned as Company C. The Fortyninth went to Virginia and became a part of Gen. E. L.
Thomas' brigade of A. P. Hill's famous "light division'' of the army of Gen. Robert E. Lee, and was distinguished in many battles. The important engagements in which
Adjutant Newman took part were Seven Pines, May 31, 1862; Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862; Cold Harbor, June 27, 1862; Fraser's Farm, June 28, 1862; Malvern Hill, July i, 1862; Cedar Run, August 9, 1862; Sec ond Manassas, August 29-30, 1862; Ox Hill, Sep tember i, 1862; Harper's Ferry, September 15, 1862; Shepherdstown, September 19, 1862; Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862; Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863; Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863; Mine Run, November 27, 1863; Wilderness, May 5-6, 1864; Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864; Jericho Ford, May 23, 1864; Nance's Shop, June 23, 1864; Petersburg, March 25, 1865. At the battle of Chancellorsville he was wounded. Adjutant New man served all through the eight months' siege of Peters burg and Richmond and on April 2, 1865, he was one of the thirty-four gallant survivors of the garrison of Fort Gregg, which held out so long against great odds when the Con federate lines were broken by Grant's army. Being" cap
tured there, he was sent North as a prisoner of war and held at Johnson's Island, Lake Erie, until June 22, 1865. He is one of the memorable figures of his noble regiment, and no one is now more devoted to the interests of his comrades. He was one of the organizers of Camp Warthen, named in honor of Col. T. J. Warthen, a gallant sol dier of Washington county, and he is an enthusiastic worker for the maintenance of the organization. Another
labor of love to which he has given a vast amount of time and pains is a complete roster of the thirteen Confederate companies that went out from Washington county, a work that is probably without an equal in the South. In the public service Lieutenant Newman has served as county treasurer ten years, from 1866, and since 1880 he has held the office of ordinary of his county. In the latter position he has saved the county many thousands of dollars by his close and untiring attention to details, and he is widely famed as one of the verv best ordinaries in the State, thor-

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oughly acquainted with the duties of the office, and re markably faithful in the performance of them. His official returns are promptly made and are models of excellence.

William T. Nevvman, an eminent jurist of Georgia, served in the stormy Confederate era as a line officer in
the cavalry branch. He was born at Knoxville, Tenn., June 23, 1843, son f Henry B. Newman, a captain in the Mex ican war. Early in the war period he enlisted at Chatta
nooga in the Lookout Rangers, a cavalry company com manded by Capt. E. F. Ragsdale, and afterwards assigned to the Second regiment Tennessee cavalry as Company H. In this command he was soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant. He was in the arduous winter campaign of 1861-62 in Kentucky, resulting in the battle of Fishing Creek, in which General Zollicoffer was killed. He partici pated in the engagements about Cumberland Gap in 1862, and served throughout Kirby Smith's Kentucky campaign, including the battle of Perryville. Subsequently he took part in the battle of Murfreesboro, and early in 1863 par ticipated in the raid of Gen. John Pegram's brigade in Kentucky. While on this expedition he was severely wounded in the leg and captured at Somerset, Ky. After this he was a prisoner of war at Camp Chase, and Johnson's Island, Ohio, until August, 1863, when he was exchanged at City Point He rejoined his command near Knoxville, participated in the operations against Burnside, and in the following month was in the Chickamauga campaign, in Pegram's division of Forrest's corps. His command was with the troops which opened this great battle on the iQth,
and it suffered severe loss in both officers and men. During the investment of Chattanooga he was with General Wheeler in the famous raid through Tennessee, engaged in almost daily battles, and in February, 1864, was at the front during the Federal demonstration against Dalton. From early in May until the latter part of July, 1864, he shared the frequent engagements of Wheeler's cavalry dur
ing the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta. He took part in the defeat of the Federal raiders, Stoneman and McCook, and in the fight at Jonesboro, July 3Oth, received a severe wound, which caused the loss of his right arm. Notwith standing- this severe sacrifice to the cause, he attempted, early in 1865, to rejoin his regiment, but on being informed of the surrender of General Lee, remained with relatives

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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in Virginia until paroled in June, 1865. Returning to Knoxviile, he came two or three months later to Atlanta and began the study of law. In 1866 he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of the profession in which he has gained honorable distinction. He was made city attorney in 1871 and retained in that office for twelve years.
In 1886 he was appointed United States judge for the Northern district of Georgia, by President Cleveland, an office which he has filled with great ability to the present time. Judge Newman was married in 1871 to Fanny Percy, daughter of Ebenezer Alexander, for many years judge of the Knoxville circuit court. Their children are two sons and four daughters.

Captain James T. Newsome, a popular railroad man of southern Georgia, residing at Hawkinsville, is a native of Hancock county, where he was reared and educated. He entered the Confederate service in the early part of 1862, as a private in Company G of the Second regiment Georgia cavalry, in which he served throughout the war, rising to the rank of lieutenant. His regiment was organized at Griffin, and sent to Chattanooga, where it was attached to the command of Gen. N. B. Forrest, in July, and partici pated gallantly in the exploit that first made Forrest fa mous, the capture of the Federal garrison at Murfreesboro, Tenn. They took part in the Kentucky campaign, includ ing the battle of Perryville and other engagements of less note. On the retreat from Kentucky Lieutenant Newsome's, company was detailed to bring cattle with the army, but was soon relieved of that duty and ordered to report to Gen. B. F. Cheatham as escort. Subsequently they were associated with that gallant division and corps commander of the army of Tennessee through the battles of Murfrees boro, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge. At Dalton, in the winter of 1863-64, they were returned to their regiment, with which Lieutenant Newsome served, under the com mand of the famous leader, Joseph Wheeler, in the num berless engagements of the cavalry of the army of Tennes
see from Dalton to Atlanta, the defeat of the Federal raid ers about Atlanta, and the raid into Tennessee during the siege of that city. Subsequently he was with Wheeler in the engagements accompanying Sherman's march to the sea, and campaigned in the Carolinas until the surrender at Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1865. He was three times

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

taken prisoner, once while sick in Tennessee, on which occa sion he was not held on account of his desperate condition, and again at Peachtree Creek and Waynesboro, Ga., on each of these occasions escaping soon afterward. Since the war Lieutenant Newsome has been in the railroad service, for nineteen years with the Southern 'railroad, and during the past seven years conductor on the branch road from Cochran to Hawkinsville. He has four sons living: John
Newsome, engineer on the Seaboard Air Line railroad;. Robert, engineer on the Southern; Reuben, in the treasury department of the T., T. & G. railroad, and George.

Thomas Manson Norwood, of Savannah, former Con federate soldier and United States senator and represen tative in Congress, was born in Talbot county, Ga., in 1830.
He was graduated at Emory college, Ga., in 1850, admitted to the bar in 1852, and began the practice of his profession at Savannah in 1852. Upon the secession of Georgia he heartily supported the cause of the South, and organized a company known as the Chatham Rifles, of which he was elected to captain. In this capacity he served until, not long after the completion of the organization, the companywas requested to reinforce the troops on Tybee island. The proposition, being submitted to the vote of the company^ was rejected, and Captain Norwood, in disgust, resigned his commission. Soon afterward he was elected to the Georgia legislature, in which he served in the session of 1861, but in March, 1862, after the fall of Fort Donelson,. he felt that it was his duty to enter the active military serv ice, and proceeding to the Isle of Hope, where the Chatham artillery was stationed, he enlisted as a private in that
command. Immediately going into camp, it happened that in the following night a severe storm arose, with intense cold, and his sudden transition from home comforts to a tent, under such circumstances, gave rise to an affection of the eyes that utterly incapacitated him for military serv ice. During the course of the war he reported on several occasions for medical examination, but in each case was
refused. After surgical treatment by Dr. Pancoast, of Philadelphia, in 1866, he recovered the use of his eyes sufficiently to return to his professional activities in 1867. Taking also a prominent part in politics, he was an alternate elector on the Seymour and Blair Democratic ticket in 1868. In 1870 he won celebrity by a series of newspaper articles

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written over the pseudonym of "Nemesis," containing in cisive discussions of political topics. In 1871 he was elected to serve a full term in the United States senate, ending March 4, 1877. ^n the United States senate he bore him self worthily and ably represented the interests of his State. In 1880 he was a candidate for governor of Georgia
against Alfred T, Colquitt, both Democrats. The cam paign was the hottest of all that have occurred in Geor
gia. In 1884 he was elected to the House of Congress and re-elected in 1886. Since 1889, when his term in Congress ended, he has been actively engaged in the practice of his profession, winning reputation as one of the foremost law yers of the State. For a number of years he has held the office of city judge of Savannah. He is the author of three books, "Plutocracy, or American White Slavery," "Patri otism, or Democracy or Empire--A Satire," and "Mother Goose Carved by a Commentator."

Curtis Bell Nottingham, M. D., born in Northampton county, Va., May 21, 1818, 'died at Macon, Ga., March 14, 1876, was one of the most eminent surgeons of Georgia associated with the medical department of the Confederate States army. He was graduated at the Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, in 1840, and in the same year began his practice at Perry, Ga. Nine years later he made his home at Macon, and rapidly rose to the front rank of his
profession at that city. In 1860 he moved to Louisiana and engaged in planting, for the sake of rest from the fa tigues of an extensive practice, and while yet in that State he volunteered his services to the Confederacy, and was assigned to duty as surgeon of an important military post in Louisiana. For some time he served as chief surgeon of the cavalry under Gen. Richard Taylor. In the military service, as well as in civil practice, he was considered one of the ablest of physicians and surgeons. On the first of January, 1866, he resumed his practice at Macon, in which he continue'd with increasing fame and honor until his
last illness. He was an enthusiast upon the subject of san itary regulations for the prevention of disease, and the creation of the health board of Georgia was largely due to his industrious and patient efforts. He was also one of the founders of the State medical association, and its presi dent in 1869, and was repeatedly a delegate to the Amer ican medical association. A man of great benevolence, he

892

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

died poor, leaving to his family the legacy of an honorable name and useful career. Three of his sons served in the cavalry of Louisiana, under the gallant Dick Taylor. These were Leonard B. Nottingham; Theodore B. Nottingham, who was a prisoner of war for eighteen months at Camp Morton, Ind; and Marshall T. Nottingham, all brave and faithful soldiers of the South. Another of his sons, War ren D. Nottingham, has been prominent in the profes sion of law at Macon, his native city, in the period since the war. He studied law at Perry, urider Eli Warren, was admitted to the bar in 1872, and began his practice at Perry, where he remained for seventeen years, within that time holding the offices of mayor of the city and judge of the county courts eleven years. He made his home at Macon in 1888, and became the law partner of John L. Hardeman, an association which existed until Hardeman was elected to the bench. In January, 1899, Mr. Nottingham was ap pointed judge of the city court of Macon for a term of four years, an office in which he has added to the esteem in which he is held by the community. He has two sons liv ing: William Curtis, an attorney at Jeffersonville, Ga., and an elector on the Democratic presidential ticket in 1900, and Warren D., at Macon.

Captain Richard J. Nunn, M. D,, an eminent physician of Savannah, is a native of County Wexford, Ireland, born in 1831, and began his residence at Savannah in 1851. He entered the military service of Georgia in the spring of 1861 as a private in the Oglethorpe siege artillery, and sub sequently with the same company volunteered for the Con federate States service, and was elected and commissioned first lieutenant of his battery. Soon afterward he was made captain of the company, which he commanded with gallantry and ability for a period of about two years. His batter}^ became Company D of the Twenty-second battalion Georgia artillery, under Col. William R. Pritchard, and was on duty in the defenses of Savannah. Captain Nunn was obliged to resign his commission on account of failing health in 1863, and he then went on duty at Savannah as a physician in the hospitals, laboring in that capacity devot edly in behalf of his comrades and the cause of the South. Since the war period Dr. Nunn has been engaged in the practice of his profession at Savannah, becoming one of the most prominent medical men of the State.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

893

Diodorus B. C. Nunnally, of Sylvania, a veteran of Walker's division, army of Tennessee, was born in Screven county, February 15, 1844, son of Wilkins H. Nunnally, a native of Virginia, and Mary Anne Arnett, of Screven county. His father was a planter and minister of the Meth
odist church. Mr. Nunnally enlisted as a private August 8, 1861, in a Screven county company, under Capt. W. D. Hamilton, which was enrolled as Company F of the
Twenty-fifth regiment Georgia infantry, Col. C. C. Wilson commanding. With this regiment he was on duty about Savannah and at Wilmington, N. C., until the spring of 1863, when they were ordered to Mississippi to reinforce Gen. J. E. Johnston, under the command of Gen. W. H. T. Walker. They reached Jackson in time to participate in the defense of that position against the first Federal attack, and afterward they marched to the relief of Vicksburg, but, being too late to save Pemberton's army, fell back to Jack son and for several days held that place against Grant's army. Subsequently they joined the army of General Bragg, and participated in the great battle of Chickamauga, where his brigade had a very honorable part, fighting with brilliant audacity in support of General Forrest against large masses of the enemy on the right of Bragg's line. Here Pri vate Nunnally was shot through the right side and right arm, a wound that disabled him for several months. When he was able to rejoin his regiment it was at Atlanta, on the retreat from Dalton, and he participated in the battles about that city, served in the trenches during the siege, and took part in the final battle at Jonesboro. The remnant of his brigade was then attached to General Bate's division, with which he took part in Hood's campaign in Tennessee, fight ing at Franklin, Murfreesboro and Nashville. In the lat ter disastrous battle he was among the captured, and dur ing the remainder of the war he was a prisoner at Camp Douglas, Chicago, not being released until June 21, 1865. Since the war he has been a resident of Screven county, a leader in business and successful as a farmer, and hon ored by his fellow-citizens with important public office. He was a member of the board of county commissioners in 1878-80, and in the latter year was elected clerk of the superior court, an office he has since held with the excep tion of four years. Mr. Nunnally was married in 1869 to Susie E. Scott, and has three sons and two daughters.

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Eugene J. O'Connor, of Augusta, a cavalry soldier of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in County Cork, Ireland, in 1845, and coming to Georgia in 1858, settled at the city which he still makes his home. In February, 1862, he entered the Confederate service in the cavalry of Cobb's Legion as a private in Company I, which was known in Augusta as Company B of the Richmond Hussars, the original ante-bellum company having been divided into two separate organizations. Going to Virginia, Mr. O'Connor acted a gallant part in the Seven Days' battles around Rich mond with Stuart's cavalry and at Second Manassas, Har per's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Stuart's great cavalry battle at Brandy Station, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, in the latter battle being so severely wounded that he was kept out of the field for six months. Rejoining his command at Hanover Junction, he fought around Petersburg in 1864, receiving promotion during this year to ambulance ser geant. Throughout this service he was under the division or corps command of the gallant AVade Hampton, whom he accompanied to the Carolinas in the spring of 1865, and was in various combats in Sherman's front, including Co lumbia, S. C, and Bentonville, N. C., and shortly after was included in the surrender of the army under Gen. Joseph Johnston. In addition to the severe wourid at Gettysburg he was slightly wounded by a saber cut at Little Wash ington, Va., in the fall of 1862. Peace having come to bless the land, after an honorable service in defense of his adopted State, he returned to Augusta, where he has since been actively engaged in business, succeeding creditably in his enterprises. He possesses the esteem of his fellowcitizens, as is shown by the fact that for twenty-three years he was an influential member of the board of education of the city of Augusta. He was one of the promoters of both larg'e expositions held in Augusta, is director of the Au gusta Bank, as well as of Building and Savings Associa tions, and has always spent both time and money in allpublic enterprises.

Samuel H. Ogletree, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Fayette county, Ga., March 4, 1847, and in 1854 came to Atlanta with his parents, where he has since resided. He is a son of George T, Ogletree arid Nancy House, both native Georgians. In the spring of 1862 he enlisted as a drummer boy with the Atlanta Grays,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

895

Company F of the Eighth Georgia infantry regiment, and in that capacity he served to the close of the war, taking part in the campaigns in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Georgia and Tennessee. His regiment, which had gained fame at First Manassas, under the command of General Bartow, was during his service a part of Gen. G. T. Ander-
son's brigade, Hood's division, Longstreet's corps, and made a splendid record on many historic fields. With it he took
part in the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House and the Petersburg campaign, and surrendered at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. He was
never wounded or captured, although he had several very narrow escapes. After the close of hostilities he returned
to Atlanta and worked as a carpenter. Subsequently he was in commercial life as merchant, bookkeeper and pro prietor of a planing mill. He has been successful in hi' en
terprises and is now the owner and operator of the Phoenix Planing mill on Butler street. With his comrades of 186165 he keeps touch as an active member of Walker camp, United Confederate veterans. In 1867 Mr. Ogletree was married to Louisa J. Cash, of Fredericksburg, Va., and they have five sons and a daughter.

Charles C. Oliver, of McRae, a gallant soldier of the Alabama troops, particularly distinguished at the battle of Atlanta, and in later years a prominent merchant of Telfair county, was born and reared in Greene county, Ga., and, moving to Tallapoosa county, Ala., in 1859, was there en gaged in farming when the war began. He volunteered in
March, 1862, in a company that was enrolled as Company G, Thirty-fourth regiment Alabama infantry, when the lat ter was organized, April 15, 1862. This was a little while after the bloody battle of Shiloh, and the regiment was sent at once to Corinth, Miss., where the army lay under the command of General Beauregard. They served there during the Federal operations against that position, and retreated with Beauregard to Tupelo. Thence they went
with Bragg's forces to Chattanooga and took part in the long and hurried "foot race" with Buell's army toward Louisville, forming a part of Manigault's brigade. After participating- in the battle of Perryvilie they retreated into Tennessee, and at the close of the year 1862 Private Oliver

898

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

shared in the victorious fighting of his regiment at the great battle of Murfreesboro. He fought in the left wing of the army, under General Longstreet, at Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863, took part in the siege of Chatta nooga, and the battle of Missionary Ridge, and in 1864 went through the great campaign from Dalton to Atlanta and Jonesboro. His regiment was conspicuous in the bat tles of Atlanta, July 22d; Ezra Church, July 28th, and Jonesboro, and on July 22cl he distinguished himself for gallantry by picking up the colors, after the color-bearer had been shot down, and bearing the flag to the Federal works, the brigade capturing several of the enemy's guns on the Georgia railroad. After this he was promoted to a lieutenancy, the rank in which he served during the re mainder of the war, including the battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn., the dolorous retreat to Tupelo, Miss., whence they had set out in 1862, and the heroic campaign of the remnant of the army in North Carolina, including the battle of Bentonville. In the course of his service he was several times wounded, the last time at Bentonville, where he was shot through the leg. Lieutenant Oliver was engaged in farming and milling in Greene county, Ga.. until 1890, when he made his home at McRae. In recent years he has been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He is a mem ber of the Telfair county camp, United Confederate vet erans, and highly regarded by his comrades.

Thomas P. Oliver, of Athens, adjutant of the Twentyfourth regiment Georgia infantry, was born in Elbert county, Ga., June 14, 1840, son of Rev. Jackson Oliver, a minister of the Methodist church, and his wife, Mary Max well both of Elbert county. During his infancy the family moved to that part of Franklin county now known as Banks, where young Oliver was reared on a farm. In October, 1861, 1 he volunteered as a private soldier in Company A of the Twenty-fourth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Robert McMillan, and he served with this regiment throughout the war, at the close having the office of adjutant of his regiment, with the rank of first lieutenant. He was one of the gallant soldiers of the brigade commanded by Howell Cobb, Thomas R. R. Cobb, and William T. Wofford, in McLaws' division of Longstreet's corps, and participated in the campaigns in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Georgia and Tennessee.

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

89T

Among the battles in which he took part were Dam No. i and Dam No. 2 on the Yorktown line, V/illiamsburg, Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manassas, Crampton's Gap, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wil derness, Spottsylvania Court House, Second Cold Harbor
and Petersburg. He served on the Richmond and Peters burg lines from the summer of 1864 to the spring of 1865,
and surrendered with the army of General Lee at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. At one time he was the ranking officer present with Wofford's brigade. Among the gallant men of
his brigade, highly distinguished at Marye's Hill, and in many other deadly conflicts, he is worthy of mention as a true and faithful soldier. He is now a member of CobbDelony camp, United Confederate veterans, and highly re garded by his comrades. Since the war he has been engaged in farming, making his home for several years at Gainesville, and since 1881 at Athens. In 1866 he was married to Minnie McDonald, who died some years later, and in 1887 he wedded Mrs. Fannie A. Barrett. Five children are living. A brother of Adjutant Oliver, D. C. Oliver, served as ordnance officer of Wofford's brigade from 1862 to the erid of the war, resided at Athens from 1882 until his death in 1900, and was at one time commander of CobbDelony camp.

James J. O'Neill, of Rome, is a native of Georgia, born and reared in Cherokee county. He entered the military service of the State in 1861, at the age of seventeen, as ser geant in Company A, First regiment, commanded by CoL W. T. Wofford, and belonged to the Fourth Georgia bri
gade, under Brig.-Gen. William Phillips, in rendezvous at Big Shanty (now Kenesaw), two months. Going to Vir ginia and entering the Confederate service, with his regi ment, they were numbered as the Eighteenth Georgia in fantry. This was the Georgia regiment that was brigaded with three Texas regiments to form what was known as
Hood's Texas brigade, famous for its reckless daring in battle. Sergeant O'Neill shared fully in the services of this brigade at the battles of West Point, Seven Pines, Seven Days' battles before Richmond, participating in the famous charge upon the reserve battery of twelve pieces of artillery, and through the Federal works at Cold Harbor, June 27, 1862. He rendered gallant and faithful service in

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

all these battles, as well as at Second Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg. His regiment was transferred, November, 1862, to Gen. T. R. R. Cobb's Georgia brigade, and General Cobb being killed in the battle of Fredericksburg, Col. W. T. Wofford took command as brigadiergeneral, and commanded at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. After these battles, Sergeant O'Neill was transferred' to the Sixth Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. John R. Hart,
and was in the battles of Chickamauga, Philadelphia, Bean's Station, siege of Knoxville, Dandridge, and Moss Creek, at which place he was severely wounded, December 29, 1863,
and after this he was in hospital at Rogersville Junction until sent home on furlough. On recovering he joined his regi ment at Resaca and took part in that engagement. The re mainder of the war he fought with Gen. Joe Wheeler's cav alry. He took part in the many engagements of the Atlanta campaign, serving as first sergeant in command of his com pany at New Hope Church, where he was promoted to lieutenant on the field, in which rank he was frequently in command of his company. He participated in the battles about Atlanta, and in the defeat of the Federal raiders under McCook and Stoneman, and rode with Wheeler's men in the famous raid through north Georgia and Tennessee. While crossing the Cumberland mountains he was cap tured by the notorious bushwhacker Blackburn, but escaped by taking desperate chances and rejoined his regiment. Returning in time to' see the destruction of Atlanta, he fought Sherman's cavalry day and night during his march to the sea, and after the fall of Savannah took part in the operations in the Carolinas, including the battle of Aiken,
where his horse was shot under him, and Bentonville, March 19-21, 1865. Finally he surrendered near Greensboro, N. C.,
under the capitulation of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. With the cavalry he was in a great many engagements which are chronicled in this work by General Wheeler. On five occa sions he was dismounted by Federal bullets, but fortunately escaped serious wounds. After the close of this gallant and devoted service he found employment as a mercantile clerk
at Marietta and was married there. Later he embarked in the lumber and milling business, to which he has ever since given his attention. For twenty years he has been a resident of Rome, prominent in business and popular in his social relations. His son, J. H., is vice-president of the O'Neill manufacturing company, of which he is the head.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

899

Captain Henry Prentiss Osborne, a gallant representative of that noble class of heroic youths who laid their lives upon the altar of their country, was born at Milledgeville, Ga., September 27, 1842. While a student at the Georgia mili tary institute, at Marietta, he gave earnest of the soldierly spirit by which he was animated. In a drill of the cadet battalion at Milledgeville in the latter part of 1860, one of the cadets was wounded by the premature discharge of a cannon which he was loading. Some were inclined to lay the blame of the accident upon the young man who held his finger over the vent as the piece was being loaded. Cadet Osborne, to show his confidence in his comrade, thus un justly blamed, insisted that he should act in the same capac ity while he himself handled the rammer. The gun proved to be defective, and by a second premature discharge Osborne's right hand was so injured that he never again had complete use of it. Had he chosen to avail himself of his disability, he could have escaped military service alto gether. But his patriotic zeal made him unwilling to avoid the danger which so many of his friends were ready to face. During the first year of the war he acted as drill-master for Phillips' Legion and other troops of Georgia, near Big Shanty. While performing the duties of this position he was, in April, 1862, elected and commissioned captain of Company E, Thirty-ninth Georgia. In a skirmish at Bridge port, on the Tennessee, he shot a Federal officer and bore off his sword as a trophy. In Stevenson's division he partici pated with his regiment in the recapture of Cumberland Gap, and in the Kentucky campaign of 1862. In December, 1862, this division was sent to reinforce the Confederate army in Mississippi. Captain Osborne, the youngest offi cer of his rank in the regiment, by his kind yet firm bear ing and strict discipline, acquired a complete control of his men. At the battle of Baker's Creek, he handled his own company and the fragments of others, who, upon the loss of their officers, fell in with his command, with such gallantry and skill that he was complimented upon the field by Gen eral Gumming, the brigade commander. During the siege of Vicksburg he commanded a reserve and had the strongest abattis on the line. During this memorable siege he contracted a severe case of dysentery, from which he died shortly after returning to his home in Augusta, Ga. He was buried from St. John's Methodist church, Dr. Henry W. Hilliard officiating. An immense concourse of citizens and

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all the soldiers of the post gathered to do honor to the brave young hero who, not yet twenty-one years old, had given, such promise of a brilliant career.

John Howard Howell Osborne, of Savannah, a younger brother of Capt. Henry Prentiss Osborne, was born at Milledgeville, Ga., in 1845. The family removed to Augusta, and in that city he received his schooling, until 1861, when he entered the Georgia military institute at Marietta. In January, 1863, he enlisted in Confederate service, and was at once detailed to the ordnance department under General Raines. But, like many other high-spirited young men of the South during those stirring days, he longed for a place near the flashing of the guns, and did not rest satisfied until, on June 25, 1864, he joined the army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, at that time holding a strong position at Kenesaw Mountain. He entered Company A, Sixty-third Geor gia regiment, and had a speedy introduction to the realities of war. On the evening of June 26th he was detailed with one-half of his company to go out upon the skirmish line. On the next morning, June 27th, occurred the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, in which the skirmishers of Walker's division made a gallant fight and suffered heavily. Young Osborne bore himself gallantly in this, his first battle, al though in the opening of the fight he saw his friend, Aleck Hilzheim, who had enlisted with him, brought to earth with a wound from which he died a few weeks later in a Federal hospital. Coming unscathed out of this fierce combat, he participated in the battles of Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, and Jonesboro, share'd the dangers and fearful hardships of the Tennessee campaign, and though ever found at the post of duty, passed unharmed through the fiery ordeal. When, in the campaign of the Carolinas, the Sixty-third Georgia and Olmstead's First volunteer regiment of Georgia were consolidated under the name of the First Georgia regiment, Howard Osborne was promoted to sergeant-major of the consolidated command, and held this rank when the army of Tennessee was surrendered at Greensboro, N, C., on April 26, 1865. After the war he resided for a few years in Augusta. In 1869 he removed to Savannah and there en gaged in the fertilizer business. In 1896 he was elected chairman of the board of tax assessors of the city of Savan nah, to which position he was a third time elected in Jan uary, 1901.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

901

Archibald Orme Osborne, the youngest brother of Capt. H. P. Osborne, though not old enough to enter the regu lar service of the Confederacy, left his school at Athens and in a regiment of the State troops did his duty faithfully in the final campaign, particularly in the fighting around Sa
vannah, in December, 1864.

John Clifford Overstreet, commander of Screven County camp, No. 1080, of Sylvania, was born in Barnwell district, S. C.. December 23, 1840. His father, Samuel Overstreet, also a native of South Carolina, who moved to Screven county in 1858, served in the Seminole war and also in the war of the Confederacy, and the father of the latter, also named Samuel,, was a soldier in the war of 1812. John C. Overstreet was reared and educated in his native district, and when the war began was a clerk at Savannah. There he enlisted in August, 1861, as a private in Company I of the Twenty-fifth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. C. C. Wilson, and served with that regiment at Tybee island and Thunderbolt during the early part of the war. At the reorganization he was elected first lieutenant of his com pany, an evidence of the regard in which he was held by his comrades, but soon afterward he was forced to go home and accept an honorable discharge on account of disease. After four months' disability he went on duty again in the quartermaster's and paymaster's department, in which he continued for several months. His next enlistment was in the Effingham Huzzars, a cavalry organization which was enrolled as Company F of the Fifth regiment Georgia cav alry, Col. R.obert H. Anderson commanding. At a later date Colonel Anderson commanded the brigade of Kelly's division, Wheeler's cavalry, to which the Fifth regiment was assigned. Mr. Overstreet served as a private in this regiment about Savannah and on the South Carolina coast, and participated in the Atlanta campaign from Kenesaw Mountain to Atlanta and Jonesboro, took part in the defeat of the Federal raids about Atlanta, and was with Wheeler all through the fighting attending Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas. He fought in the last great bat tle of the army of Tennessee at Bentonville, and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C., with the remnant of that armv of glorious memory. Since the war Mr. Overstreet has been an honored citizen of Screven county, engaged in farming mostly, and successful in his enterprises. In 1876 he was

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

elected to the board of county commissioners, an office held for three years, and in October, 1900, he was elected ordi nary of Screven county for a term of four years. He was married in November, 1862, to Cornelia Whetstone, of Orangeburg, S. C., and they have six sons and two daugh
ters. One of the sons, Jones W., is a lawyer at Sylvania,, and was a member of the legislature in 1898-99.

James Teneriff Owen, of Camilla, Mitchell county, a vet eran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Thomas
county, Ga., July n, 1843. He entered the military service of the Confederate States March 4, 1862, volunteering as a. private in Company E of the Fiftieth regiment Georgia in fantry, commanded first by Col. W. R. Manning, and at the last by Peter McGlashan. The Fiftieth served in Drayton's brigade of D. R. Jones' division in the Virginia cam paigns of 1862, and Private Owen was under fire at the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, and in May, 1863, took part in the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. In this famous series of engagements the Fiftieth Georgia was a part of Gen. Paul J. Semmes' brigade of McLaws' division, and took part in the defeat of Sykes' division of United States regulars on May ist, and continued in the fighting of the 2d and 3d. Private Owen was severely wounded on the 3d, in the left leg, and was sent to Richmond, where,, after he had suffered in hospital for two months, the limb was amputated. Six weeks later he was carried to his home at Thomasville, Ga., his patriotic war record ended, and his prospects for life apparently shattered by the great sac
rifice he had made on the field of battle. Nevertheless he has had a successful and useful career in the subsequent years. In 1867, making his home at Camilla, Ga., he en
gaged in farming, and also conducted a store until 1880. Meeting with success in this enterprise, he retired from mercantile affairs in the latter year. He is one of the lead ing farmers of the county, and popular with his fellowcitizens. For eighteen years, from 1876 to 1894, he was
honored with the office of coroner of Mitchell county. Mr. Owen was not alone in his family in patriotic service. His father, D. T. Owen, carried a musket in the Georgia reserves when the State was invaded, and four others of his sons were in the armies of Tennessee and the West, all of them receiving honorable wounds, from the effectsof which two died.

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903

Robert S. Ozburn, of Atlanta, commander of W. H. T. Walker camp, United Confederate veterans, was born in Clayton county, Ga., February 2, 1845, son of John M. Ozburn and his wife, Sarah Sercy. At the age of sixteen
years, on May i, 1861, he volunteered as a Confederate sol dier, and on September 2, 1861, was mustered in as a pri vate of Company E, Thirtieth regiment Georgia infantry,
Col. David J. Bailey commanding. This regiment was 011 duty along the coast until the spring of 1863, when it went to Jackson, Miss., as part of the command of Gen. W. H. T.
Walker. After participating in the engagements at Jack son and the march to Big Black river for the relief of Vicksburg. the regiment returned to Georgia and partici
pated in the battle of Chickamauga, under the brigade com mand of Gen. C. C. Wilson, fighting gallantly in support of General Forrest in the opening of the battle against largely superior forces of the enemy. In this engagement,
September 19, 1863, six men of the Thirtieth were captured by the enemy, among them Private Ozburn, and he and John Slaughter are the only two that survived the perils and hardships of prison life in the North. He was taken to Nashville, T'enn., and kept three days in the old Zollicoffer House prison, in which time he was in the midst of a horrible accident, the floor of the room in which he was confined falling upon the prisoners below and killing about twenty-five, among them a bright boy of ten or twelve years,
who had happened, some way, to be captured with the sol diers. On October 4, 1863, Private Ozburn began a life of captivity at Camp Douglas, Chicago, which continued until
April 28, 1865, prolonged by his steadfast refusal to accept parole on the basis of renouncing his allegiance to the Con federacy. He endured much cruelty and hardship, receiving punishment for the most trivial infringements of prison rules. On one occasion, when washing his face and hands at a waste water hydrant, the only place at which he
could perform this common act of cleanliness, he was approached by a prison guard, who kicked him to the ground, and then, marching him at pistol point to another part of the grounds, compelled him to stand barefoot on the
sharp edges of a flour barrel, until he fainted from pain and exhaustion and fell unconscious to the ground. This was but an instance of the cruelties inflicted. It was usual for prisoners to be punished by being kept astride of sharp rails with their feet weighted until they fainted and fell

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from the rack of torture. One of the six men of the Thir tieth captured at Cbickamauga was deliberately killed by a guard to whom he had just given $20 to purchase his liberty. The guard accepte'd the money and then shot the man dead on the spot. Private Ozburn was exchanged at Aiken's Landing, La., at the mouth of Red river, in May, 1865, having the honor of being one of the last five hun dred to be exchanged. Later he surrendered at Baton Rouge, and was paroled at Natchez. Mr. Ozburn made his home at Atlanta in 1886, arid since that time has had an honorable record in the police force of the city as ser geant, patrolman and detective. He is one of the leading Confederate veterans of Atlanta, for four years has been president of the Thirtieth regiment association, and four years commander of Camp W. H. T. Walker, No. 925, and is adjutant-general on the staff of Gen. A. J. West, com manding the North Georgia brigade, United Confederate veterans. In 1876 he was married to Nannie A. Jones, and thev./ have nine children livingo.
Captain Thomas Spalding Paine, of Waycross, a veteran of Hampton's cavalry, was born at Milledgeville, Ga., April 17, 1839, son ^ ^r- Charles Joshua Paine, an eminent physician. In his youth he was a student at the Georgia military institute, at Marietta. After his father's death, in 1859, he went to Thomasville, where he entered the Confed erate service in July, 1861, as first lieutenant of the Ocklocknee Light Infantry, which was mustered in at Savannah, July 28, 1861, as- Company B of the Twenty-ninth regi ment Georgia infantry. He served with this command about Savannah until April, 1862, when he resigned his commis sion and joined Colonel Brevard's Florida battalion as a pri vate, and was made ordnance-sergeant. In September, 1862. he was transferred to the Twentieth Georgia battalion of cavalry, Col. John M. Milieu commanding, and in January, 1863. he organized a cavalry company in Thomas county, Ga., of which he was elected captain, which was made Com pany E of the Twentieth battalion. So far his service had been along the coast of Georgia and Florida, and on No vember 9, 1862, he had participated, under the command of General Finegan, in the engagement at St. John's Bluff, Fla., with Federal gunboats. The battalion was ordered to Virginia early in 1864, and made a part of the gallant Geor gia cavalry brigade under Gen. P. M. B. Young, in Wade

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

905

Hampton's division of Stuart's cavalry corps. They partici pated in the campaign from the Wilderness to Richmond, having a particularly severe fight at Havve's Shop, during the Federal advance on Cold Harbor, May 28, 1864, in which Colonel Millen and Major Thompson were killed. Captain Paine participated in all the engagements of his brigade in Virginia, including Hawe's Shop, Trevilian's Station, White House, Jack's Shop, and Haw River, and early in 1865 accompanied General Hampton to South Caro lina and fought the advance of Sherman's army, taking part in the battle of Bentonville and other engagements. In October, 1864, his company was merged in the Tenth regi ment Georgia cavalry, under Col. V. H. Taliaferro. He had an active and arduous service in Virginia, and was slightly wourided in Hampton's victory over Sheridan at Trevilian's. Since the war Captain Paine has been in busi ness as a druggist, residing at Thomasville until 1892, and since then at Waycross, where he is highly respected by his fellow-citizens and honored by his Confederate comrades. He has the rank of acting commander of South Georgia camp, United Confederate veterans, at Waycross.

George H. Palmer, of Athens, was born in Hall county, Ga., August 8, 1835, the son of Edmund and Helena Palmer. At the age of nine years he removed with his parents to Athens, where he received a good high school education, and in 1858 went to New Orleans, remaining there as clerk in a mercantile establishment for three or four years. When the war cloud began to gather he returned to his Georgia home and early in April, 1861, volunteered as a private in Athens Guards, which became Company K of the Third Georgia regiment. With this command he went to Portsmouth, Va., and later participated in the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Days around Richmond, Second Manassas and Sharpsburg. At this latter battle, he was so severely wounded as to be incapacitated for further service in the field. He was at this time sergeant of his company. Re covering from his wound, he went to Virginia, where he was assigned to service in the Georgia relief and hospital association, under charge of the late William A. Walton, of Augusta. Since the war he has held for a greater part of the time a responsible position with the Athens manufactur ing company. He is an ardent Confederate and a member of the Cobb-Deloney camp, United Confederate veterans.

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

He was married in December, 1866, to Barbara Alexander, and has three daughters.

Major Joseph Palmer, a distinguished artillery officer of
the army of Tennessee, was born at Pineville, S. C., in 1835, a descendant of Thomas Palmer, who came to America in 1685. He was reared and educated at Charleston, S. C., and was engaged in the practice of medicine at Perry, Ga., when the Confederacy was formed. In January, 1861, the militia company of which he was first lieutenant, the Southern
Rights Guards, offered its services to Governor Brown, and they were mustered in at Macon, March 18, 1861, becom ing a part of Col. James W. Ramsey's First Georgia regi ment, the service of which they shared at Pensacola and at Laurel Hill and Carrick's Ford, in the mountains of West Virginia. When the First regiment was mustered out Palmer had the rank of adjutant. On returning to Georgia he reorganized his company as a battery of artillery, and was elected captain. The battery served with great credit through the campaigns of the army of Tennessee. At Perryville, Palmer was promoted to major for gallant conduct. After the retreat to Tennessee he went with John H. Mor gan in his first Kentucky raid, the battery traveling a thou sand miles in fifteen days, and participating in nine engage ments. For gallantry at the battle of Elizabethtown, Mor gan presented Palmer a sword captured from the Federal commanding officer. At a later date his battery, under Capt. M. W. Havis, was made part of Robertson's reserve bat talion, and he was assigned to the staff of Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker, as chief of artillery. In this capacity he took part in the battle of Chickamauga. During the Atlanta cam paign Havis' battery and Ruel W. Andersen's, and Lumsden's Alabama battery, constituted a battalion under his
command. He also had this command at the battle of Bentonville, N. C., after which he was ordered to Danville, Va., where he and his battalion were on duty until Lee surren dered. Then they joined General Johnston at Greensboro and surrendered.

Samuel B. Palmer, of Savannah, was born at Darien, Ga., in 1828, and up to the age of sixteen years lived in his native county. In 1844 he removed to Savannah, and in 1855 or 1856 he became a member of the famous Chatham artillery, which embraced in its membership young men of the best

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

907

families of the city. When 1861 brought the summons to arms, the boys of the Chatham artillery enthusiastically re sponded to the call of Georgia and were among the first to volunteer. With them went Samuel B. Palmer as a corporal, and during his service on the coast of South Carolina, Geor gia and Florida he rose to the rank of first lieutenant. The Chatham had the honor of forming part of the force with which Beauregard conducted his long and skillful defense of the city of Charleston, around which cluster more mem
ories of brilliant Confederate triumphs than any other place except Richmond, Va. Nothing has ever surpassed the
heroism of the defenders of Battery Wagner and among these noble men the officers and privates of the Chatham Artillery hold an honorable place. Lieutenant Palmer acted well his part in all these stirring scenes. When in the
spring of 1865 Hardee retired from Charleston to go to the aid of General Johnston, then engaged in collecting the scat
tered fragments of the Confederate forces in North and South Carolina and in molding them into an effective army, the Chatham Artillery formed an important part of his force. At Averasboro and Bentonville they proved their worth, and on the 26th of April, 1865, at Durham's Station, near Greensboro, N. C., they furled the starry cross which had waved over them in triumph on other fields. Lieuten ant Palmer was with his company in this trying hour, and, when all was over, returned to Savannah. Wasting no time in idle regrets, he at once went to work and built up a suc cessful business. He is still a member of the Chatham Ar tillery.

Captain Robert Emory Park, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, elected State treasurer of Georgia, Octo ber 3, 1900, was born at LaGrange, Ga., January 13, 1844.
He is the son of Maj. John Park, a teacher and officer of Georgia State troops, and his wife, Sarah T. Robertson, a native of Clarke county, Ga., and daughter of John S. Rob ertson, whose father was a soldier of the Revolution. Her mother was a Miss Martha Brown, of Nottoway county, Va., a daughter of Samuel Brown, a Virginia soldier of the Revolution also. Captain Park is a descendant of Arthur Park, a native of County Donegal, Ireland, who came to America in 1720, with his wife, Mary, and his sons, Joseph, Samuel and John, and one daughter, Mrs. Ann Noblett, and founded the town of Parkesburg, Westchester county, Pa.

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Arthur Park also founded five Presbyterian churches in Chester county. Lieutenant John Park, grandson of the latter, was an officer of the Pennsylvania Continentals in the war of the Revolution, and was wounded at the battle of the Block House, Pa., and his son, John Park, fought in the same war, and was mortally wounded at the battle of Cowpens, S. C, under Gen. Daniel Morgan, and was buried at Fair Forest Church, S. C. William Park, his son, moved from South Carolina to Georgia in 1799, and was the father of Maj. John Park, who was the father of the subject of this sketch. Captain Park was reared at Greenville, Ga., and educated at Emory College, Oxford,. Ga., and at the East Alabama college, Auburn, Ala., now the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Leaving college at the beginning of hostilities, in 1861, he volunteered June I2th as a private in the Macon Confederates of Tuskegee, Ala., commanded by Capt. R. F. Ligon, afterward lieutenant-governor of Ala bama. This became Company F of the Twelfth regiment Alabama infantry, and served throughout the war in Rodes' brigade of Stonewall Jackson's corps. The members of this company owned over two million dollars of property, and twenty-six became commissioned officers in the C. S. A. At the reorganization at Yorktown, Va., in April, 1862, Private Park, though but eighteen years old, was unan imously elected second lieutenant. The battle of Seven Pines, May 3ist, soon followed, and upon the early death in action of Capt. R. H. Keeling, Lieutenant Park com manded the company during the remainder of that action, and two days after was promoted first lieutenant. He fought through the Seven Days' battles, Boonsboro or South Moun tain and Fredericksburg, and again took command of the company after the battle of Chancellorsville, after the wounding of Capt. J. W. McNeely, who was retired from disability. He led the company with gallantry and distinc tion through the Gettysburg and Wilderness campaigns, and in the Shenandoah valley, under General Early, until des perately wounded and captured at the battle of Winchester, September 19, 1864. The remainder of his Confederate service, in all four years and two days, was passed upon crutches in the Federal prisons at the Old Capitol, Wash ington; Point Lookout, Md., and Fort Delaware, Pa., and he was finally released June 14, 1865. After his capture he was promoted to the rank of captain, in recognition of his gallant and devoted service. Throughout the war period

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

909

he kept a diary, which was published in the Southern His torical Society Papers in 1875. On his return to Georgia Captain Park studied law and for three years taught school at LaGrange, his native town. In 1872 he accepted the position of general agent in the Southern States for a pub lishing "house, and retained that position for twenty-five years, also giving much attention to fine stock raising and agriculture at his plantation, known as Holt on Stock Farm, at Holton, Bibb county, Ga., where he has been a public benefactor, in the building, at his private expense, of a fine brick and granite church and frame schoolhouse. He served on the staff of Governor Northen with the rank of lieuten ant-colonel, and for fourteen years he has been a member of the board of road commissioners in Bibb comity, and for sixteen years has been a member of the executive commit tee of the Georgia Agricultural Society. He is vice-presi dent of the Georgia State Horticultural society and vicepresident of the Georgia State Dairymen's Association. He is a trustee of the Wesleyan Female college at Macon and of Emory college at Oxford, Ga. In 1895-6 he was presi dent of Macon Chamber of Commerce. In the year 1900 he was elected treasurer of the State, a well-deserved honor. Captain Park was married February 9, 1875, to Ella H., daughter of Gen. W. S. Holt, whose widow married Justice L. O. C. Lamar. This wife died in 1890, leaving two chil dren, a son, William Holt, and a daughter, Ella Henrietta, and April 27, 1893, Captain Park married Mrs. Emily Hendree Stewart, at Richmond, Va. He has five living brothers, Rev. William Park, A. M., D. D., of Sandersville, Ga.; Maj. John W. Park, ex-president Georgia State Bar Association, of Greenville, Ga.; Hon. James F. Park, Ph. D., LL. D., ex-mayor of LaGrange, Ga.; Howard P. Park, of Mount Meigs, Ala., and Lemuel M. Park, president Park Cotton Mills, Troup Factory, Ga. He has two sisters, Mrs. M. C. Huntlcy, of LaGrange, and Mrs. H. P. Blalock, of Green ville, Ga.

Joseph B. Patton, of Rome, formerly an artillery officer in the Confederate States service, was born and reared at Nashville, Tenn. At that city, early in 1861, he assisted in the organization of the Duncan Artillery, in which he was given the rank of first lieutenant, but this command did not go into service on account of the failure to obtain guns. Lieutenant Patton then took a detachment of the Duncan

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Artillery into the battery of Capt. Hugh L. W. McClung, and was made gun sergeant. With this command he went into eastern Kentucky with General Zollicoffer, and took part in the battle of Fishing Creek, January 19, 1862, and other engagements in that region. Falling back thence to Corinth, he participated in the battle of Shiloh, April 6-7,
1862, and, attached to the command of Gen. John C, Breckinridge, was under fire at Vicksburg, Miss., during the first Federal operations, and while at that place was for a few
days on duty on the famous ram Arkansas. From Vicks burg he went with Breckinridge to Louisiana, and took part in the battle of Baton Rouge, August 8th, and thence was ordered to east Tennessee, where he served under General Breckinridge as adjutant of the artillery battalion of the department of East Tennessee and Southwest Virginia. In that region he participated in numerous engagements, such as those at Morristown, Bull's Gap, Saltville and Marion and served for a time under Gen. John H. Morgan, the famous raider, until the latter was killed at Greeneville. Finally he was captured by Kilpatrick's cavalry, while act ing with the escort of President Davis, after the fall of Richmond. On his return to Nashville, Lieutenant Patton was occupied in the building industry at that city until 1880, when he removed to Rome and established the first sash, door and blind factory in north Georgia unaided by North ern capital. He has been quite successful in his enterprise,
and is recognized as one of the leading men of his city. He has two sons and a daughter living. One of the sons, Chase E.. is associated with his father as secretary of his manufacturing establishment, and the other, William A., is also prominent in the manufacturing interests of the city.

William A. Patton was born at Nashville, Tenn., April 13, 1868, and came to Rome with his parents in July, 1880, Two years later he found employment as a clerk in the First National bank, and after five years with that institution he was bookkeeper for two years in the Merchants' National bank. Subsequently he engaged in the lumber business with his father until the organization of the O'Neill manu
facturing company, in March, 1893, of which he became secretary and treasurer. He has been fully identified with the remarkable growth of this concern, which has come to be one of the leading factories in northern Georgia. Mr. Patton has been honored by the business men of Rome with

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

911

the presidency of the Commercial league, for two terms. He has taken an active interest in military affairs, in 1892 was elected captain of the Rome Light Guards, a revival of the old Light Guards of the Confederate era, and for two years during the administration of Governor Atkinson he was a member of the State military advisory board. Upon the reorganization of the Georgia State troops after the
Spanish war the Rome Light Guards was transferred from the Third to the Fifth regiment, and when new officers were elected under act of legislature, in February, 1900, Captain Patton was chosen major of the Fifth regiment, in command of a battalion composed of his former company and the Hill City Cadets, of Rome; Bartow Guards, of Cartersville, and LaGrange Guards, of LaGrange. His
rank is fourth among the majors of the State. Major Patton was married in 1889 to Ida Nevin, of Rome, grand daughter of John W. H. Underwood, a former member of the United States congress.

Captain Julius A. Peek, of Cedartown, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Taliaferro county, Ga., and reared in Polk county from the age of twelve years. He entered the Confederate States service in 1861, as sec ond lieutenant of Company D, Phillips' legion, and had his first active service in the mountains of West Virginia, under Gen. John B. Floycl. Thence they were sent to Charleston and the coast of South Carolina, and from there ordered to Virginia, where they arrived just after the battle of Seven Pines. They had been under the general command of Rob ert E. Lee in West Virginia and South Carolina, and now when Lee took command of the army of Northern Virginia they began a connection with that army that lasted to the end. Lieutenant Peek participated in all the battles of Longstreet's corps, won promotion to first lieutenant, and just before the surrender was elected captain of a company. Among the engagements in which he took part were the Seven Days' battles, Second Manassas, South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor and the fighting on the Rich mond and Petersburg lines in 1864-65. He was wounded at Fredericksburg, at the same spot where Gen. T. R. R. Cobb was killed, and in consequence was in hospital at Richmond and for a short time at home on furlough. At
Ga 87

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Fredericksburg, in that famous battle line at the stone wall at the foot of Marye's Hill, he was in command of the regi ment, after Lieutenant-Colonel Cook was killed. After the battle of Knoxville he was on detached duty during the winter in charge of all the shoemakers that could be found
in his brigade, making shoes for the men, many of whom were barefoot. On the retreat to Appomattox he was in charge of the commissary and ambulance train, and he was
yet serving in this capacity when the army was surrendered. His career throughout was marked by devotion to his coun try and the very gallant and capable discharge of all duties
assigned him. On his return to Georgia he resumed his former occupation of farming, and> his industry and good management during the subsequent years have made him one of the leading agriculturists in that part of the State. He also has valuable interests in mining and in real estate
at Cedartown.

Hampton Harrison Penny, of Atlanta, a veteran of the "Bloody Eighth" Georgia, was born in North Carolina, April 16, 1836, son of Jesse H. Penny and Elizabeth Hague, with whom he came to Floyd county, Ga., in infancy. He was educated at the Hern academy, at Cave Springs, Ga., an institution that has had among its students Senator Ben Hill and John B. Gordon, and after his school days he embarked in a commercial career at Cave Springs. In the spring of 1861 he was one of the first to enter the Confeder ate service after the capture of Fort Sumter, enlisting April
16, 1861, as a private in Company E, Eighth regiment Geor gia infantry, under the command of Col. Francis S. Bartow.
He served under this gallant commander in the Shenandoah valley and at First Manassas, where Bartow fell, and after ward he was under the brigade command of Gen. "Tige" (G. T.) Anderson, with Longstreet and Robert E. Lee, in all the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia. He partici pated in the battles of Williamsburg, Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg,
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Knoxville, the Wilderness and Petersburg. At the Wilderness, May, 1864, he was painfully wounded, causing his disability for seven
weeks, but he was on duty through the siege of Richmond and Petersburg, participating in the battles of his command, and finally surrendered with the remnant of the army at Appomattox Court House. During the first two years of

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

913

the 'war Private Penny never missed a roll call, and in rec

ognition of this faithful service he was granted a compli

mentary furlough of thirty days, the only one he had during

the service. He worthily represented Georgia as a soldier

in one of her most gallant commands, and is yet asso

ciated with his comrades as a member and officer of W. H.

T. Walker camp, No. 925, color-bearer of the North Geor

gia brigade, with rank of major, on Gen. A. J. West's

.staff, and aide upon the staff of Gen. C. A. Evans, com

manding the Georgia division, United Confederate veterans.

Mr. Penny was married in 1858 to Susan W. Casey, of

South Carolina, and has three children living.

i

Julius Perlinski, of Savannah, a veteran of Lawton's bri gade, army of Northern Virginia, is a native of Prussia, born in 1836. He served three and a half years in his fatherland as a soldier in the Prussian Fifth army corps, and on com ing to Savannah in 1861 soon enlisted as a musician in the Thirty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, Col. A. R. Wright commanding. In this capacity he went with the regiment to Virginia and served until after the battle of Gaines' Mill, when the band was broken up, and he was enrolled as a pri vate in Company D of the Thirty-eighth. He rose in rank to first sergeant in 1863, and soon after the battle of Chancellorsville was detailed in the field medical department. After the battle of Gettysburg he was made brigade steward of General Gordon's brigade, and he continued in this capac ity until the end of his service. He was a participant in the Seven Days' battles around Richmond, Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Winchester, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Lynchburg, Monocacy, Winchester (1864), and numerous other smaller engage ments. At Second Cold Harbor all the stewards were ordered to the firing line, with guns, but he was at once ordered back by General Gordon, his services being necessary to the head surgeon of the brigade. At the battle of Monoc acy he assisted Dr. W. J. Arrington, division surgeon, in caring for General Evans when he was shot from his horse, and removed from his wound about a dozen pins that had been driven along by the bullet, which passed through a paper of pins in his pocket before entering the body. In the same engagement he dressed the wounds of General Gordon's brother, who served on the staff of General Evans.-

914

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

At the battle of Winchester, Ga., September 19, 1864, Ser geant Periinski was captured by the enemy, and until the close of the war he was a prisoner at Point Lookout, Md. Since the war he has been a citizen of Savannah, and suc cessful in business life as a merchant. He is an enthusiastic Confederate, and devoted to the interests of the United Con federate veterans. In McLaws camp, at Savannah, he holds the rank of sergeant-major.

Eldridge M. Perry, of Savannah, a gallant line officer
of the Sixth Georgia infantry, was born in.Taylor county, Ga., in the year 1844. On May 27, 1861, he entered the Confederate States service as a private in Company G of the Sixth regiment Georgia infantry, under the command of Col. Alfred H. Colquitt. Throughout the entire war
period he was identified with the gallant record of this regiment, one of the best which Georgia sent to the front, and by his gallantry and faithfulness to duty rose to the rank of second lieutenant of his company. He campaigned with his regiment in Virginia, the Carolinas and Florida, al
ways in posts of danger, and at different times was under the command of Gens. J. B. Magruder, J. E. Johnston, Rob ert E. Lee, P. T. Beauregard and Braxton Bragg. His first fighting was on the Yorktown lines, upon the Virginia peninsula, and in the following months of 1862 and 1863, at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. In South Carolina,
in 1863, he served at Fort Sumter during the memorable bombardment of that stronghold by the Federal fleet and batteries, and in Florida, early in 1864, he was a participant
in the splendid victory at Olustee. With Beauregard's hast ily collected forces he shared in the defeat of Butler's army at Drewry's Bluff, in May, 1864, saving the Confederate
capital from capture, and under Robert E. Lee he fought at Second Cold Harbor.and on the Richmond and Petersburg lines until the close of the year 1864. Then again Colquitt's brigade was called to a point of danger in the south, and
being ordered to Wllmington, attempted the relief of Fort Fisher. Finally he took part in the battles against Sherman at Kinston and Bentonville, and surrendered with the army
of General Johnston, at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. At the close of this splendid service Lieutenant Perry returned to his home in Taylor county. Subsequently he resided at Macon and Atlanta, until 1882, when he made his home at

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

915

Savannah. He has had a successful business career, and is one of the worthy and estimable men of that historic city.

Captain Heman Humphreys Perry, of Waynesboro, an officer of the army of Northern Virginia, was born at the town where he now resides, April 16, 1835, son of Hardy Perry, a native of Virginia, and Mary Fryer, of Burke county, Ga. Both his grandfathers, Isaac Perry and John Fryer, were patriot soldiers of the Revolution, going into the service from Burke county. Captain Perry was edu cated at Georgetown college, D. C., and the university of Virginia, and studied law at Waynesboro, where he was admitted to practice in 1861. When troops were called for in that year he was orderly-sergeant of the Burke Sharp shooters, a volunteer company which was mustered in at Brunswick as Company D of the Second regiment Georgia infantry, under the command of Col. Paul J. Semmes. Soon afterward they were sent to Virginia and brigaded under Gen. Robert Toombs, and assigned to Beauregard's arm}' in northeast Virginia. After the withdrawal of the army to Richmond, Sergeant. Perry participated in the Peninsular campaign and the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, receiving a wound at the battle of Garnett's Farm which disabled him for some time. Subsequently he took part in the Second Manassas campaign and the battle of Sharpsburg, and fought at Fredericksburg in December, 1862. Early in 1863 he was promoted to lieutenant, and later in the same year he was promoted to captain, and as signed to duty as brigade adjutant-general of Wright's bri gade, subsequently commanded by Gen. G. M. Sorrel, in Mahone's division, Longstreet's corps. He took part in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamatiga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House and Petersburg, was on duty on the Petersburg and Richmond lines throughout the eight months' siege, and finally marched with the army to Appomattox and there surrendered and was paroled. Throughout all his career he was a soldier and officer worthy of the gallant Georgia commands with which he was associated. He is yet affiliated with his com rades as a member of Gordon camp, United Confederate vet erans, and firmly upholds the honor of the cause for which he fought. Since the war he has been active in the practice of his profession except as he has been engaged in the pub lic service. In 1877 he was a member of the State consti-

916

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

tutional convention, in 1878-79 he represented the Seven teenth senatorial district in the upper house of the legis lature, and since 1884 he has held with honor and distinc tion the office of county judge of Burke county. Judge Perry was married in 1868 to Charlotte Elizabeth, daugh
ter of Dr. E. J. Carter, and sister of Gen. John C. Carter, who was killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., in com mand of a Tennessee brigade. They have a daughter liv ing, Mrs. Angie Perry Reynolds, of Waynesboro. Their
only son, John C. Perry, died while a student at the univer sity of Georgia.

Erasmus D. Persons, of Geneva, a veteran of Longstreet's corps, is a native of Virginia, born in Isle of Wight county, April n, 1840. His parents were Dr. Anthony Persons and his wife, Martha, a granddaughter of Colonel Butler of the Revolutionary army. Mr. Persons became a resident of Georgia before the war, and in the spring of 1861 enlisted in the Talbot Guards, commanded by Capt. E. R. Goulding, a veteran officer of the Mexican war. This became Company E of the Ninth regiment Georgia infan try, of which Captain Goulding was elected colonel, and went to Virginia early in 1861, the Ninth being assigned to the brigade of Gen. Francis S. Bartow, under Gen. J. E. Johnston, in the Shenandoah valley. In the rapid move ment to Manassas Junction, in July, 1861, the Ninth was not able to reach the field in time for the battle of First Manassas, but it continued on duty in that part of Virginia, toward Washington, until early in 1862. Under the brigade command of Gen. G. T. Anderson, the Ninth thereafter par ticipated in all the campaigns of Longstreet's corps of the army of Northern Virginia. Mr. Persons took part in the
fighting on the peninsula and about Richmond, in 1862, and at Second Manassas was severely wounded by a frag ment of shell, in consequence of which he narrowly escaped the loss of his left arm. Among the other battles in which he participated were the Seven Days before Richmond, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Knoxville, the Wilderness and
Cold Harbor. In all he was present in forty-five battles and skirmishes. At the battle of the Wilderness sixty holes were shot through the flag of his regiment, and at Turkey Bend, in the same campaign, between the Rapidan and James rivers, all the officers of "Tige" Anderson's skirmish battalion, save himself, were killed or wounded. Few com-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

917

panics, if any, in the Confederate service suffered more se verely. Of the hundred that left Geneva in 1861, all but fourteen were killed, and these fourteen were all seriously wounded. Mr. Persons was granted leave of absence in the latter part of 1864, and as he was on his way back to the army, at Danville, Va., he was informed of the surrender of General Lee. Turning about, he walked back to Geor
gia and began his career in civil life. He has been success ful as a merchant and farmer, and has served nine years as
commissioner of Talbot county, one term as mayor of
Geneva, and about four years as justice of the peace. By his marriage to Virginia Giddings, Lieutenant Persons has seven children: Thomas Woodville, R. E. Lee, Erasmus D., Albert Sidney, Alex Stephens, Rosamond and Lucy.

Colonel C. D. Phillips, of Marietta, eminent among the
lawyers of north Georgia, was born at Asheville, N. C., and began his residence in Georgia in childhood. In early man hood he read law with Governor McDonald and gained ad mittance to the bar before the Confederate era. As soon as war became imperative he laid aside his professional work and ambitions to assist in organizing troops for the defense of the Confederacy, and entered the Fifty-second regiment Georgia infantry with Company A. At the organization of the regiment Wier Boyd was elected colonel and C. D. Phil lips lieutenant-colonel, and in the fall of 1862 Phillips was
promoted to the rank of colonel commanding the regiment. He served in east Tennessee and Kentucky under Kirby Smith, in 1862, and participated in the battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8th, where he was beside Judge Lester when the latter lost his arm. After the return to east Tennessee, late in the year, Colonel Phillips, in command of his regi ment, went to Mississippi with Stevenson's division, and participated in the campaign on Chickasaw Bayou, Decem
ber 26th to January 2. In the battle of the 29th, at the same time that an assault was made upon the right of the Confederate line, held by Gen. S. D. Lee, a resolute endeavor was made to break the center, held by Colonel Phillips' regiment, and Abda Johnson's Fortieth Georgia and Morrison's Thirty-first Louisiana. Five assaults were repulsed
with heavy loss to the enemy. Three times the Federals suc ceeded in mounting the parapet, so furious were their charges, and once they made a lodgment and attempted to mine. Not until nightfall did Sherman allow his troops to

918

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

cease the ineffectual struggle and confess himself defeated in his plan to capture Vicksburg. Colonel Phillips and his regiment were given honorable mention in the reports of General Pemberton and other superior officers. In the fol lowing spring Grant made a landing south of Vicksburg,
and, throwing his army between Pemberton and Johnston, met the former in battle at Baker's Creek, May 16, 1863. Here Colonel Phillips and his men were greatly distin
guished in the fighting of Barton's brigade, which, being cut off from the rest of Stevenson's division, fought with
desperation against greatly superior numbers. Colonel Phil lips, among the foremost in the struggle, was severely wounded in the face and leg, and left upon the field in the hands of the enemy. He lay in the Federal field hospital at Milliken's Bend and Vicksburg, and when able to travel was sent to military prison at Johnson's Island, Lake Erie. In the
spring of 1865, after a long and weary period of suffering and deprivation, he was exchanged, and on reporting at Richmond, was ordered to join General Wofford in north Georgia, but the end of the war came before he could return to his State. As soon as possible thereafter he made his home at Marietta, and engaged in the practice of law, in which he has had a very successful career. He has been devoted to his profession, avoiding political ambitions, but has been honored with election to the legislature in 1878-79, when he was a member of the committee to prosecute the im peachment cases during Governor Colquitt's administration. Colonel Phillips has also served four years as solicitor-
general of the Blue Ridge circuit. He takes an active part in movements for the advancement of the country, and aided greatly with influence and money in the building of the
Marietta & North Georgia railroad.

Rev. Samuel J. Pinkerton, of Augusta, was born at Fogg's Manor, near Philadelphia, Pa., in 1820, and removed with his parents to Ohio county, Va., in infancy. There he was reared and received his education until prepared to enter Bacon college at Harrodsburg, Ky. After leaving this in
stitution, without graduation, he entered the ministry of the Christian church, in 1843, and in 1856 connected him self with the Episcopal church, serving- under Bishop Elliott in Georgia, to which State he had removed for his health in 1848, making his home in the city of Augusta. In 1861 he was living at Darien, Ga., in charge of St. An-

- CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

919

drew's Episcopal church, and his first services in the Con
federate army were as a volunteer chaplain to the Georgia
troops, serving on the coast, in Savannah, and on the islands
in the vicinity of that city. From this field of duty he was
transferred to Atlanta in 1862, where he was made post
chaplain, continuing there until the evacuation, and being
of great service in ministering to the sick and wounded
soldiers and looking after the spiritual welfare of all with
whom he carne in contact, whether sick or well. After the
fall of Atlanta, he was transferred to Augusta, serving there until the close of hostilities. In 1863, while chaplain of the post at Atlanta, he had been appointed agent of the Peters burg (Va.) Tract Society, formed for the purpose of print ing and circulating religious literature among the Confed erate soldiers. He had hundreds of thousands of tracts printed in Atlanta and distributed them widely, being also agent, at the same time, for distributing supplies to the soldiers to whom he ministered daily in the hospital, as well as in the camps, being at times of great assistance to the surgeons in their care of the sick and wounded. When Bishop Polk was killed at Pine Mountain, in June, 1864, Mr. Pinkerton was one of the escort appointed to convey his body from Atlanta to Augusta, where the beloved Chris tian soldier was laid tearfully to rest in the burial ground of St. Paul's Episcopal church. After the return of peace Mr. Pinkerton received a call to Savannah, Ga., where he undertook to rebuild St. Paul's church, which had been burned down near the close of the war. The beloved and lamented Bishop Stephen Elliott dying shortly after Mr. Pinkerton's removal to Savannah defeated the work of re building the church at that time, and Mr. Pinkerton went to Baltimore, where he took temporary charge of Emmanuel church in that city, continuing in its service for five months of 1867. From Baltimore he was called to Brunswick, Ga., where his church was greatly in need of the services of an enterprising minister. By his labors, assisted by the excel lent men and women of his congregation, he built up a flour ishing church, of which he was the pastor for several years. From there he removed to Marietta, Ga., where he remained in charge of St. James' church until 1884, at which time the state of his health constrained him to retire from active service in the ministry. In that year he made his home at Augusta, where he has since resided, doing such mission-

920

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

ary work as his failing strength and injury to one of his limbs, from an accidental fall, allows.

John T. Pinkston, of Sparta, a boy soldier of the Con
federacy, enlisted as a private in Company A of the Sixth regiment Georgia infantry, part of the brigade commanded by Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt. His service in the field began
with this brigade in the little army, under General Beauregard, which defended Petersburg and Richmond from the
Federal forces under General Butler while Lee and Grant were struggling in the Wilderness, in May, 1864. He par ticipated in the battle of Drewry's Bluff, resulting in the defeat of Butler, and about a fortnight later fought under
Gen. Robert E. Lee at Second Cold Harbor, repelling the assaults of Grant's army. Until December, 1864, he was on duty alorig the Petersburg and Richmond lines, fighting
in the battles of Petersburg, the Crater, Ream's Station, Fort Harrison, Weldon Railroad and other engagements. Near the close of 1864 he accompanied his brigade to Wilmington, N. C, and was in the engagement at Sugar Loaf, and witnessed the great bombardment of Fort Fisher. After the retreat from Wilmington he participated in the battles of Kinston and Bentonville, and finally surrendered with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, at Greensboro, April 26, 1865. Mr. Pinkston is a native of Hancock county, Ga., born October 8, 1848, son of James M. Pinkston and Ann C. Dickson. After his return from the war he attended school and began a successful career as a farmer. He is one of the leading men of his county and prominent in
public affairs. For twelve years he served efficiently as deputy sheriff of the county, and eight years as sheriff. Mr. Pinkston was married in 1867 to Mattie P. Knowles, and they have eight children living: William F., John B., Ar thur German, Annie L., Lena Lee, Mattie Little, Ethel F. and Jula C.

Asa C. Pipkin, adjutant of Manning camp, United Con federate veterans, at Hawkinsville, served during the great
war as a non-commissioned officer of the Forty-ninth regi ment Georgia infantry. He was born and reared at Haw kinsville, and left his employment as a mercantile clerk to enter the Confederate service, enlisting March 10, 1862, in Company K of the Forty-ninth regiment, of which Andrew J. Lane was colonel and Seaborn M. Manning lieutenant-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

921

colonel. The regiment was mustered in at Camp Davis,
near Savannah, and sent to the camp of instruction at
Goldsboro, N. C, and thence direct to Virginia, where they
became part of the brigade of Gen. E. L. Thomas, in the
famous Light division of Gen. A. P. Hill. Mr. Pipkin
began his battle service in the severe campaign of the Seven
Days before Richmond, and served with Jackson's corps at
Cedar Mountain and Second Manassas and the capture of
Harper's Ferry, where his command remained on guard
over the captured stores during the battle of Sharpsburg.
He continued under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson through the battles of Fredericksburg and until his gallant corps commander was mortally wounded at Chancellorsville, and after that was identified with the record of the Third army corps, commanded by A. P. Hill. He was actively en gaged during two days of the battle of Gettysburg, and on the retreat suffered with his comrades, going five days with out food at Hagerstown. On May 5, 1864, he shared the gallant fight of Hill's corps at the Wilderness, crushing the Federal lines. Next morning the tremendous struggle was renewed between Lee and Grant, and in the midst of a murderous fire Sergeant Pipkin fell with three wounds. One of the bullets which struck him fractured a bone in his left arm. He was disabled for several months and was not fit to rejoin his regiment until the following September, when he found his comrades in the intrenchments around Petersburg. He served on that line between the Appomattox and the James and on the right of Petersburg until March 25, 1865, when he participated in the battle of Hare's Hill, under General Gordon, a heroic attempt to break the Federal lines and force a relinquishment of the siege. Never was there more heroic fighting, but the thin Confederate line was not equal to the task, and after that morning the fate of Richmond was decided. In this battle Mr. Pipkin was captured in the Federal lines, and being sent to Elmira, N. Y., he was held there as a prisoner of war, and at Point Lookout, Md., until July, 1865. Returning to Georgia, he found employment as a mercantile clerk, and was married in 1869 to Eliza A. Poole, after which he farmed for three years. Returning to Hawkinsville, he began commercial life as the proprietor of a fruit stand, and though twice burned out since, has worked his way up to a prominent place in the business affairs of his city. He has one child liv-

922

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

ing, Ola, wife of L. N. Anderson, a son of his former com rade, John H. Anderson, of the Forty-ninth Georgia.

Captain William F. Plane was born at Charleston, S. C, in 1828. His father, William A. Plane, was an Englishman, and his mother., Elizabeth Ross, a native of Charleston. He was educated at the Citadel Academy, Charleston, and at
Emory College, Oxford, Ga., where he was graduated with first honor in 1849. After graduating he taught for several
years a private select school for boys at Columbus, Ga., studying law meanwhile, and in 1854 was admitted to the bar, and after practicing in that city for two years purchased a plantation in Baker county, and opened a law office at Newton the county site. On December 28, 1854, he was married to Miss C. Helen Jemison, of Tuscaloosa, Ala., whose brother and guardian, was Hon. Robert Jemison, one of the wealthiest and most distinguished citizens of Ala bama, a member of the Secession Convention of that State, and a Confederate Senator. Immediately upon the an nouncement of the election of President Lincoln, Mr. Plane, foreseeing the coming conflict, organized a military company called the Baker Cavalry, and drilled it thoroughly, a task for which his early training at the Citadel in Charleston had well fitted him. Upon the establishment of the Confederate government at Montgomery, he went to that city at the solicitation of his brother-in-law, Mr. Robert Jemison, who had long been a personal friend of President Davis, and by whom he had been tendered the position of Postmaster-
General in his Cabinet, to find that Mr. Davis, through the influence of Mr. Jemison, had offered him an honorable
position in the civil service. Mr. Plane, after serious con sideration, declined to accept upon the ground that he was
in honor bound to keep his promise to stand by his com pany in the perils of war. He was absent from home two weeks, during which time Alfred H. Colquitt, afterward a Confederate brigadier-general, and still later governor of
Georgia, being under the impression that Mr. Plane would accept the position offered him, and having secured from
Gov. Joseph E. Brown a commission as captain of infantry, reorganized the Baker Cavalry as infantry, under the name
of the "Baker Fire Eaters," a name which Captain Plane never approved. When Mr. Plane returned and found his cherished company, to which he had sworn allegiance, under the command of Colquitt, without hesitation and with a

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

923

patriotism which counted the cause of his country far dearer than any office, and in the spirit of his native State of South Carolina, he enlisted as a private in the company he had organized. At Atlanta, where the company rendezvoused, Captain Colquitt was made colonel and Private Plane again unanimously elected captain of his company, now a part of the Sixth regiment of Georgia volunteers. In the battles before Richmond, Gen. D. H. Hill placed Captain Plane in command of a battalion of skirmishers, which he managed with such skill as to attract the admiration of General Hill, who afterward, without solicitation, sent Captain Plane a letter to Mr. Randolph, Secretary of War, in which he wrote: "Under the act authorizing recommendations for promotion, I most respectfully ask that Capt. W. F. Plane, Sixth Georgia, be promoted to the colonelcy of that regi ment, should that position be vacated. In my long service I have never known a more efficient or gallant officer." This letter Captain Plane refused to present, saying that he did not desire promotion over officers of the regiment, all of whom were his warm personal friends. In the battles of South Mountain and Sharpsburg Captain Plane was con spicuous for his ability and gallantry. It was in the lastnamed battle he gave up his life, a ready and willing sacri fice to the cause he loved. Captain Plane was very hand some and of commanding presence, cool and courageous, a leader whom soldiers delighted to follow, and had he lived would have been amongst the most distinguished men of the Confederate army. His widow still survives and re sides in Atlanta with her only child, Mr. Wm. F. Plane, a prominent young business man. Mrs. Plane is very active in the work of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She founded and was for six years the president of the At lanta Chapter; assisted in the organization of the Georgia State Division, of which she was the first president; was twice chosen vice-president of the General Federation of the U. D. C., and is now the only honorary president of the Atlanta Chapter and the Georgia Division, both offices to expire with her.

William L. Plait, of Augusta, Ga., was born in New York in 1833, where his parents spent part of the year, though their home was at that time in Augusta, to which city they had come from their Northern home in 1830. Mr. Platt was reared at Augusta, and prepared for college, and was

924

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

graduated in 1850 at the military academy at New Haven, Conn. He was in business at Augusta when the war be tween the States began, and in the early part of 1861 went with the Clinch Rifles, of which company he had for some time been a member, to Macon, Ga., to be mustered into the Confederate service, but was among those who were turned away for the time as superfluous by Governor
Brown. Returning to Augusta, he at once began to assist in the raising of a cavalry company, of which, at its organ ization, he was elected first lieutenant. This company, being
sent to the coast, was merged in the Twenty-second Georgia battalion of cavalry, of which William White was colonel. About the beginning of 1863 the Twenty-second battalion was sent to Charleston and assigned to provost duty under General Beauregard, serving there until May, 1864, when it was merged with other commands in the Seventh regi ment Georgia cavalry, of which, after the death of Colonel White, J. L. McAllister was colonel. Of Company A of this regiment Mr. Platt was appointed first lieutenant. He went with the regiment to Virginia, being appointed its adjutant with rank of captain, and in that State was engaged at Nance's Shop and many minor skirmishes, and finally in the great cavalry battle at Trevilian's Station, where his horse was killed under him and he was taken prisoner. In this battle Colonel McAllister was killed, Maj. Whiteford D. Russell was mortally wounded, and Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson was disabled by a wound. Lieutenant Platt was sent to Point Lookout and later to Fort Delaware, where he was held as a prisoner of war until July, 1865. After his release from captivity he returned to Augusta and engaged
in the furniture business, which had been his occupation before the war. He has been a member of the city coun cil and has held other positions under the city government. In business life he is active and prominent as manager of the Augusta Home Furnishing company.

William F. Poole, of Atlanta, was born in Fulton county,
Ga., November 29, 1843, son of Thomas M. Poole, a native of Greenville, S. C., who became a farmer in Georgia and was in the military service of his State as a soldier in the Florida Indian war. Mr. Poole began the study of medi
cine at the age of eighteen years, and had taken a course of lectures at the Atlanta medical college before the outbreak of
war in 1861. When hostilities began he went to the coast

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

925

as a private in Company B of the Third regiment Georgia State troops, and served for six months. Then returning home, he subsequently enlisted in Company E of the Fiftysixth regiment Georgia infantry, in the Confederate States service, under the command of Col. E. P. Watkins. Being at once detailed to the medical department of the regiment, he served in that capacity, as assistant to Surgeon G. W. Peddyj during the campaigns in Georgia, Tennessee, Ken tucky, Mississippi, Alabama and South and North Caro lina. He went through the siege of Vicksburg, and after the surrender of that army and post, was left there in charge of forty sick and wounded soldiers of his regiment, whom he took by transport, upon their recovery, by way of New Orleans to Mobile. During the course of his service he was often in places of danger, but was never wounded, his closest call being a bullet through the hat. Since the war he has been engaged in farming in Fulton county, and has been notably successful in that vocation. With his comrades he is yet associated as a member of W. H. T. Walker camp, United Confederate veterans. In 1869 Mr. Poole was mar ried to Elizabeth H. Gilbert, and they have four sons and a daughter.

Theophilus O. Powell, M. D., well known throughout the State as the able superintendent of one of the great charita ble institutions of Georgia, in his early manhood was a Confederate soldier, and made an honorable record in Vir ginia. Two of his brothers were also in the military serv ice of the South: William N., who was killed at Malvern Hill, in 1862, and James M., who died in the army. Dr. Powell was born in Brunswick county, Va,, March 21, 1840, and came to Hancock county, Ga., with his parents when he was about six years of age. He was educated largely under the tutelage of Richard Malcomb Johnson, and was gradu ated in 1859 at the Georgia medical college, at Augusta. Soon afterward he embarked in practice as a physician at Sparta, and was thus occupied when the land became in volved in war. As soon as he felt that he was needed by his country, in the fall of 1861, he volunteered as a private soldier in Company I of the Forty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. Andrew J. Lane. The Forty-ninth was a part of Gen. E. L. Thomas' brigade of A. P. Hill's light division, and had a gallant part in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. Private Powell shared this service until

92G

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

after the battle of Malvern Hill, July i, 1862, when he was tendered the position of first assistant physician to the Geor gia insane asylum at Milledgeville. Accepting this office, he received an honorable discharge from the army, and soon entered upon the performance of his new duties. In 1870, upon the death of Dr. Green, the former superintend ent, he was advanced to the superintendency, which he has held ever since. His thoroughness in research, keenness of observation, and long experience have made him one of the most able of the alienists of America. He is known all over the country, and his high standing is freely recognized by his profession. His report to the general assembly in 1886 regarding the increase of insanity in the State is a clas sic in that department of medical literature. While he has won great professional honor by means of the posi tion accorded him by the State, he has in return rendered valuable public services as the head of the great institution under his care, and has honored Georgia by the excellence of its management. Dr. Powell was married in 1861 to Frances Birdsong, and has two daughters living, Julia, wife of Pope West, and Henrietta, wife of John Conn, of Milledgeville.

Major William Alfred Powell, of Atlanta, was born in DeKalb county, Ga., March 5, 1825, son of Dr. Chapman Powell, a native of North Carolina, who, removing to Geor gia, settled first in Clarke and later in DeKalb county, and in 1870 died at his home on Peachtree street, Atlanta, where now stands the Capital City club house. Major Powell's mother was Elizabeth Hardman. a Georgia lady of South Carolina parentage. Among his father's ancestors were sev eral Revolutionary soldiers. Major Powell was reared on his father's farm in DeKalb county and attended school in Decatur. At the age of twenty-one years he became a clerk and at twenty-four a merchant at the head of his own establishment. He served for several years as judge of the DeKalb county court and was for a long time the postmaster at Decatur. On January 13, 1859, he was married to Louisa Ann Caroline, daughter of Rev. John S. Wilson, D. D., a prominent Presbyterian minister, who in 1864 was modera tor of the general assembly of his church. After his mar riage Major Powell located in Atlanta, and was engaged in the furniture business when the war broke in upon all peaceful pursuits. In May, 1861, he entered the Confed-

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erate service with the Atlanta Grays, of which he had been for two years third sergeant. The Grays went to Richmond, Va., where they became Company F of the Eighth regiment of Georgia volunteers, Col. Francis S. Bartow command ing, and at this time he was promoted to orderly-sergeant. His first active service was in the Shenandoah valley, with
Gen. J. E. Johnston's army, and on July 21, 1861, he was a participant with his gallant regiment in the fiercely fought
and ever memorable battle of First Manassas. In the spring of 1862 his health became so poor that he was sent to
the hospital at Richmond and later was honorably dis charged from the service, from which his physical disabil ities disbarred him for two years. Early in 1864 he joined the Second regiment Georgia reserves, of which he was elected and commissioned major. This regiment was sta tioned at Andersonville military prison from that time to the close of hostilities, and Major Powell was most of that time in command. After the war he engaged in mercantile pursuits, but for the past fifteen years has been treasurer of the Home Mission office of the Presbyterian general assem bly, located in Atlanta. Major Powell has two daughters, Mrs. Bessie Powell Miller and Miss Annie L. Powell.

David Wade Price, of Douglasville, Ga., was born in Lexington, S. C., in 1846, a son of Christian Price, also a South Carolinian, who served in the State militia during the first part of the war and died at Charleston in 1863, while in the service of the Confederate States. On the 28th of March, 1862, at the age of sixteen years, David W. Price enlisted in Company C, Thirteenth South Carolina regiment, then stationed near Richmond, Va. During his period of service he was promoted to corporal and at one time was offered a lieutenancy, but declined. The first bat tle in which he was engaged was Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. He was also a participant in the great Confederate victory at Chancellorsville and in the battle of the 2d and 3d of July, 1863, at Gettysburg. After the return to Vir ginia he went with Longstreet's corps to Georgia, and was engaged at the great battle of Chickamauga, then in the Knoxville campaign and the subsequent movements of Longstreet in east Tennessee. Returning to Virginia in the spring of 1864 he shared the perils and glories of the Wil derness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor and the lines in front of Petersburg. Later he went with his regi-
Ga 88

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merit into the Shenandoah valley, and at Charleston, W. Va., was captured and carried a prisoner to Camp Chase, near Columbus, Ohio. Here he was held until March 29, 1865, when he was paroled, and had been back through the lines a few days when the surrender at Appomattox occurred. Mr. Price was slightly wounded at Spottsylvania Court
House and at Chickamauga, and on three other occasions was struck by spent balls. After the close of the war he managed his mother's plantation for one year, then attended
school a year at Centerville academy, S. C., and after teach ing school a year in his native State, removed, in 1868, to what is now Douglas county, Ga. Here he has since resided, engaging in mercantile pursuits in Douglasville, and also in farming in Douglas county. He has also served as clerk of the superior court and as treasurer of Douglas county. He is faithful to Confederate memories and is adjutant of
Thomas C. Glover camp, United Confederate veterans.

Captain Jacob P. Pughsley, of Swainsboro, a veteran of Stonewall Jackson's corps, army of Northern Virginia, was born in Jefferson county, Ga., December 3, 1841, son of Robert J. Pughsley and Mary Welch, of Burke county, Ga. He volunteered for the Confederate States service in 1861, with one of the infantry companies of Col. A. R. Wright's legion, which became Company C of the Thirty-eighth regi ment Georgia infantry, Colonel Wright commanding. This regiment was on duty on the coast until it went to Virginia in the spring of 1862, as a part of the brigade commanded first by Gen. A. R. Lawton, in 1863 by General Gordon, and in 1864-65 by General Evans. With the rank of lieutenant,
Mr. Pughsley served in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, Cedar Mountain and Second Manassas, and was captured in the latter engagement, but made his escape in the following night. His next battle was Sharpsburg, Md., where he was slightly wounded in the side, and in conse quence was six weeks in hospital. Rejoining his command, he participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, and while, with twenty-three comrades, fighting
at close quarters with the enemy, a shell exploded among them that killed or wounded a large part of these brave men. He received a severe wound in the back of the neck, and was captured by the enemy. For eight days he was a prisoner on a steamer anchored in the Delaware river, suf fering greatly for want of food and drink. Fortunately his

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

929

imprisonment was not long extended. Being soon paroled, he was sent to Richmond, and in the spring of 1863 he was able to rejoin his regiment, on the eve of the Pennsyl vania campaign. He was in the heat of the first and second days'" battle at Gettysburg, in which his captain, W. L, Mc-
Leod, was killed, and was thereupon advanced to the com mand of his company. In this rank he took part in the
battle of the Wilderness, in May, 1864, where he was again severely wounded, a ball crushing the bone in his left arm. After some time at home he attempted to resume command
of his company, but the colonel insisted on his going to hos pital for surgical operation, and after that was performed,
at Lynchburg, he was at home disabled until the latter part of 1864, when he rejoined his regiment on the Petersburg lines, and commanded his company until the surrender at Appomattox. General Grant agreed with General Lee that the horses and saddles of the Confederate soldiers should be retained by them, and accordingly Captain Pughsley was enabled to ride to his home in Georgia. Since the war he has been engaged during several years in mercantile employment and has had an honorable official career, holding the offices, at various times, of tax receiver of the county, ordinary, county surveyor and postmaster at Swainsboro.
The latter position he has filled continuously for thirteen years. He was the first commander of Swainsboro camp,
United Confederate veterans, and is one of its most devoted members. In 1867 Captain Pughsley was married to Mary Mobley, and they have three sons: James A., J. P., and Sidney A.; and five daughters, Minnie L., Lurene E., Mattie S., Ola P., and Carrie E.

Captain Daniel G. Purse, of Savannah, Ga., is one of the most prominent men in the State. He is a veteran of the old First Volunteer regiment of Georgia, and devoted four years of service to the Confederate States. Captain Purse was born at Savannah, November 14, 1839, anc^ 1' S a son ^ Thomas Purse, who was a State senator, mayor of Savan
nah, one of the promoters of the Central railroad of Geor gia, its first superintendent, and the inventor of the time table, first employed on the Central railroad of Georgia, and now in use on every railway line on the globe. Captain Purse was educated at Sandersville, Ga., and Emory Col lege ; left the latter institution for a commercial course at Pittsburg, Pa., and on his return home took charge of Mon-

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

teith academy, where he was a preceptor for one year. De clining a flattering offer to remain, he entered upon a com mercial training in a clerical position in Savannah. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities between the sections he had connected himself with the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, of
which the heroic Bartow was captain, and when armed re sistance began, not being able to leave with Company.A of the Oglethorpes to Virginia, he took an active part in
recruiting and organizing Company B, which was attached to the First Volunteer regiment of Georgia, and he was its
third sergeant. He was serving as sergeant-major at Fort Pulaski when he was transferred to the ordnance depart ment at Savannah. He served most acceptably in this department from November, 1861, until November, 1864.
During this period he was tendered, and declined, a second lieutenancy in a camp of instruction in north Georgia, and was offered the captaincy of a company in the field, but his
services were considered so valuable to the ordnance depart ment that it refused to release him. at the time, with an understanding that he was to be commissioned and assigned to duty in the field when he could be spared from his then present duty. Later, in November, 1864, he was ordered to Augusta, Ga., where he organized an engineers' supply station, for the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, with a commission as military store-keeper of the corps of engineers, and with the pay and allowance of cap tain of infantry. He was always under the direct command
of Gen. J. F. Gilmer, chief of engineers, C. S. A. In 1862, while in the ordnance department, as the result of a severe illness, Captain Purse was rendered unfit for the field. He
served in the engineer corps until the close of the war, re
ceiving a parole at Athens, Ga., on August 16, 1865, at the hands of M. A. Ewen, major of the One Hundred and Fiftysixth New York volunteers, and provost marshal. Return ing to Savannah, Captain Purse has continually resided there, and the impress of his enterprise, vigor and zeal is
stamped upon every material undertaking that has fostered the growth and prominence of the progressive city of his
birth. As alderman, and chairman of the finance committee in 1877, after Savannah had been scourged and almost bank rupted by yellow fever in 1876, he succeeded in funding an oppressive bonded indebtedness upon terms much more favorable to the city than the most optimistic thought pos sible, maintaining, meanwhile, the respect and confidence of

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

931

the city's creditors, and his fellow citizens. When he ad vanced the idea that a railway could be constructed across nearly twenty miles of salt marsh to Tybee Island, it was received with doubt and its author dubbed a "visionary"; yet he built it, and the island is now the favorite summer
resort of the city and State. He was president of the road
until it passed into the control of the Central of Georgia railway, on most favorable terms to its owners. The do
mestic water supply of Savannah was drawn from a muddy river, and unsanitary surface wells. Captain Purse put down the first artesian well in Savannah and second in the State, demonstrating the fact that unfailing crystal waters flow in subterranean channels to the sea, and as the result the towns, cities and islands of the South Atlantic coast have a pure water supply drawn from depths ranging from 200 to 1,500 feet, and Savannah's entire supply is from artesian
wells. Upon the very beach at Tybee Island, where the salt waves wash its white sands, he sunk artesian wells, and fresh water was found for the thirsty pleasure seekers. Cap tain Purse was the leader in the project for deepening the channel in the river from Savannah to the sea. With an energy unparalleled he began a "campaign of education," enlisting the interest and support of congressmen in every State in the Union, and at a time when there was a growing tendency to curtail river and harbor appropriations. By his pen and voice, by visits to governors of States, to commer cial bodies in the principal cities of the West and South, and by attendance upon State agricultural meetings he mar
shalled a corps of auxiliaries that made the way easy for the generous appropriations- which resulted in the deepening of the channel so that vessels drawing twenty-five feet can now enter, and depart from, the harbor, which has resulted in Savannah's present stupendous shipping interests, ranking
her as the first seaport of the South Atlantic. He is now, and has been for the past ten years, president of the Savan nah board of trade, and during the five years the bureau of freight and transportation was in operation he was its zeal ous and efficient commissioner, and made the bureau a.
power in matters of transportation. In purely local enter prises he has, times without number, been the chosen leader., In securing the camp for Lee's army corps at Savannah in 1898, in bringing President McKinley and cabinet to Savan nah in 1899, and Admiral and Mrs. Dewey in 1900; in the
work of securing for Savannah its massive Georgia marble

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CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

government building, he has been a conspicuous factor. Captain Purse is chairman of the committee now arranging for the erection of monuments to the late Gens. Francis S. Bartow and LaFayette McLaws, and orders have been placed for the monuments. Probably the greatest work of
his life he has now entered upon--one which is calculated to revolutionize the agriculture of three Southern States, the cultivation of sugar cane, and the manufacture of sugar
products therefrom. As an auxiliary thereto he recently published a book upon the subject, which at once took rank as a text book, being adopted by the Federal and State boards of agriculture and chemistry, as an authority upon the sub
ject, and a work that has attracted the widest attention, both inside and outside of the sugar cane belt of this country, as well as abroad. Supplementary to this Captain Purse has demonstrated beyond the possibility of cavil that the com mon corn stalk will yield a sugar product hardly second to cane, and he is now perfecting arrangements looking to the establishment of mills to handle the product of the cane and corn fields of Georgia. He is confident that the development of Georgia's possibilities in this direction will transfer the seat of the sugar empire to the Empire State of the South. Captain Purse resides on the most beautiful thoroughfare in Savannah: Liberty street, said by a scholarly tourist to com pare favorably with "Unter den Linden," that famous and attractive street in Berlin. The wife of Captain Purse is Laura, a sister of Col. Henry M. Ashby, of Wheeler's famous Confederate cavalry, and a first cousin of Gen. Tur ner Ashby. Of this union four sons survive.

Captain Alonzo Judson Pursley, of Savannah, a veteran of the Thirty-ninth Georgia infantry, was born at Spartanburg, S. C., in 1844, and moved with his parents to Ringgold, Ga., in 1856. In February, 1861, he left school at Cave Springs, Ga., and returning home, enlisted in the following month as a private in the Ringgold Volunteers, Capt. H. J. Sprayberry, a company that answered the first call for troope, and was enrolled as Company B of the First Georgia battalion, under Major Larey, a command that was subse quently merged in the First Confederate regiment. Private Pursley served with this command a year at Pensacola, and then at the expiration of his period of enlistment, became a private in Company D of the Thirty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry. In this company he gradually rose in rank, until at

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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the reorganization of the remnant of the regiment, in the spring of 1865, he was promoted from first lieutenant to captain of Company K, one of the two companies into which the regiment was consolidated. Captain Pursley shared the record of the Thirty-ninth regiment in the east Tennes see, Kentucky,. Mississippi, Georgia, middle Tennessee, and Carolina campaigns, serving under Gens. Kirby Smith, Pemberton, Bragg, J. E. Johnston and John B. Hood. Among the battles in which he participated were Bridgeport, Ala., Tazewell and Cumberland Gap, Tenn., Richmond, Ky., Bakers Creek, Miss., the siege of Vicksburg, Missionary Ridge, Tenn., Rocky Face, Resaca, Cassville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22), siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ga., Columbia, Nashville, Tenn., and the fighting on the retreat to Missis sippi. He was wounded at Baker's Creek and Peachtree Creek, was a prisoner of war on parole after the surrender of Vicksburg until the fall of 1863, and on the retreat from Nashville suffered great hardships, marching barefoot over the snow and ice from Franklin to Tupelo. His last battle was Bentonville, N. C., and he surrendered at Greensboro with the army. From High Point he took home with him a wounded comrade, H. S. Watt, of Griffin, and reached Americus, where his father then lived, with fifteen cents, the residue of the dollar that he had received at the disbandment of the army. He resided in Americus, engaged in farming, until 1885, when he removed to Savannah, and became manager of the Savannah office of the New Home sewing machine company. He yet maintains a fraternal association with his comrades as a member of McLaws camp, United Confederate veterans, in which he has the rank of third lieutenant-commander.

Charles Munro Ouarterman, of Quitman, a successful business man of -south Georgia, was a Confederate soldier in his boyhood, and maintains a lively interest in Confeder ate matters. He was born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1848, and was far below military age when the great war began, but in August, 1864, being about sixteen years old, and the State being in the direst need, he volunteered as a member of a cavalry company attached to Col. Arthur Hood's Twenty-ninth Georgia battalion. Atlanta was soon in the hands of the enemy, and after the brief campaign in north Georgia, Sherman set out for the march through Georgia,

934

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Private Quarterman then had some active service in the coast region, finally being paroled at Thomasville, Ga., in April, 1865. He subsequently resided in his native county two or three years, and then became engaged in civil en gineering and railroad work until 1879, when he made his home at Quitman. There he has done a successful business as a druggist, and has made himself an influential and hon orable place in the community.

Joseph S. Raine, of Atlanta, was born in Hardin county, Ky., in 1843, and in the schools of that county received his education. When, in 1861, his native State was distracted by conflicting opinions, he, like many other spirited youths of his county, joined the command of Capt. (afterward colonel and still later brigadier-general) John H. Morgan. Under the leadership of that fearless and enterprising officer he was engaged in many daring raids until the early part of 1862, when he was captured, while engaged with a few others in one of the perilous expeditions which Morgan was in the habit of sending into the very heart of the country occupied by the enemy. While enroute to one of the Federal prison camps he escaped under fire and made his way into Canada. The privations which he had undergone told" upon his physical strength and with broken health he was com pelled to remain away from active duty in the field. Since 1865 he has resided in the State of Georgia, and since 1876 in the city of Atlanta, where he has been identified with the business interests of the city and is at present general agent of the Phoenix Insurance company, having charge of the southeastern department, which comprises several States. He was married in June, 1865, to Mary Belle Hutchinson, of Kentucky, and has four living children: JohnH.Raine,Mrs. P. L. Mynatt, Mrs. Cleveland Wilcoxon, and Joseph S. Raine, Jr. Mrs. Joseph S. Raine, president of Atlanta chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, was born in Crab Orchard, Lincoln county, Ky., was reared in Louisville and educated at Harrodsburg, Ky. Her father, John H. Hutchinson, was a wholesale merchant of -Louisville. After her marriage, in 1865, she and her hus band removed to* Albany, Ga., where they resided for ten years, and then removed to Atlanta. Mrs. Raine is very active in all matters pertaining to the Daughters of the Con federacy and in her every worthy Confederate soldier finds a warm friend. During the war she, a young lady in Louis-

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HIS TOR K

935

ville, proved her devotion to the "boys in grey" on several occasions. One of the most important services performed by her was the saving of a young Confederate soldier's life by securing his release from prison the day before he was to be- shot. Mrs. Raine is one of the most enthusiastic Daughters of the 'Confederacy, and although she has a right to membership in that organization through the service of kindred and of her husband in the Confederate army, she has a still higher title in her own personal services to the cause of the Confederate States.

George D. Raysor, of Quitman, Ga., was born in Colleton
district (now county), S. C, in 1843, anc"- was reared from
three years of age near Monticello, Fla. He volunteered
and was mustered into the service of the Confederate States
October i, 1861, at St. Marks, Fla., as a private in Com
pany G, Fifth Florida regiment infantry, which regiment
was ordered to Virginia, in August, 1862, and participated
in the Maryland campaign in the summer and fall of that
year. He fought at the second battle of Manassas, was at
Harper's Ferry when Miles surrendered and was engaged in
the battle of Sharpsburg on September i/th, at which place his brother, Edgar H. Raysor, sergeant, was killed. After the battle of Sharpsburg he was appointed sergeant-major of his regiment. In October, 1862, he was elected to the office of second lieutenant, and he commanded his company in the battle of Chancellorsville, in December, 1862. In 1863 he took part in the battles of Chancellorsville and Bristoe Station, and was promoted to the first lieutenancy of his company, in that year. In 1864 he fought at the Wilder ness, Spottsylvania Court House, South Anna River, Frayser's Farm, and around Petersburg and Richmond. Dur ing the campaign of 1864 and until the close of the war he was acting adjutant of his regiment. On January 25, 1865, he was given leave of absence and before he could return to duty the army surrendered. He was slightly wounded at Sharpsburg and at Petersburg. Moving to Brooks county just after the close of the war, he engaged in the mercantile business, which, with farming and saw milling, occupied him until 1898. He was then elected clerk of the superior court of Brooks county, to which he has been elected for a second term.

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

John M. Redding, of Cuthbert, a veteran of Gen. John K. Jackson's old regiment, the Fifth Georgia, was born in Monroe county, Ga., January 14, 1829. His parents were Parham D. Redding, a planter, and Amy G. Jackson, both natives of Georgia. Before the war he engaged in mer cantile business, which he abandoned as soon as troops were called out, and volunteered at Cuthbert, in the company of Capt. W. H. Long, which became Company F of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, organized at Macon in the spring of 1861. He was soon made a non-commissioned ofHcer and he served in that grade during this connection with the regi ment. He participated in the service in 1861 about Pensacola, including the battle on Santa Rosa island, and after ward was on duty at Cumberland Gap until transferred to Corinth, Miss., after the battle of Shiloh. There he took part in the battle of Farmington and the retreat to Tupelo. Afterward he shared the record of Jackson's brigade, Cheatham's division, army of Tennessee, in the Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia campaigns, fighting at Perryville, Murf reesboro and Chickamauga. In the latter battle he was severely wounded, a minie ball crushing one knee, causing amputation of the leg. Entirely incapacitated for duty as a soldier, he spent the remainder of the war period at home. As soon as possible he resumed his mercantile business, in which he has continued with much success, also operating extensively as a cotton factor. He has served his county as tax receiver eight years and six years as treasurer, making a clean and honorable record in public office. He is a mem ber of the Randolph county camp, United Confederate veterans, and highly regarded by his comrades. On Decem ber 13, 1864, Mr. Redding was married to Carrie McNiel, of Cuthbert, and they have two sons and a daughter.

Lyman A. Redwine, of Atlanta, a prominent business man who served as a Confederate soldier in his youth, was born in Hall county, Ga., October 2, 1846. His father, John E. Redwine, a native of North Carolina, lawyer, editor and State senator, and for twelve years clerk of the court for Hall county, is yet living at the opening of the twentieth century, in Gainesville, Ga. Both great-grandfathers of Mr. Redwine, Jacob Redwine and William Coker, were sol diers in the war of the Revolution, and both were wounded, the former at the battle of King's Mountain and the latter in the battle of Cowpens. At the beginning of the Confeder-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

937

ate war Mr, Redwine was a school boy, and he did not enter the Confederate service until in his seventeenth year, in the early part of 1864, when he volunteered as a private in Moore's artillery. A few months later he was trans ferred to Company K of the Eleventh Georgia cavalry, with which he served in the States of Georgia and South Caro
lina under Gen. Joseph Wheeler. He participated in the campaign around Atlanta, in 1864, and afterward fought against Sherman in his march to the sea. After the battle of Lovejoy's Station, in which he was a participant, two or
three hundred of Wheeler's men who had lost their horses, himself among the number, were reorganized as a battalion of infantry, Major Sharpe commanding, and sent to Savan nah, where he served in the trenches several weeks before and up to the evacuation. Proceeding thence to Aiken,
S. C., he secured leave to' go home for a horse, and being detained some time at home by an attack of measles, for which he was granted an extension of furlough, the war came to an end before he could rejoin his command. Going to Kingston, Ga., he surrendered and was paroled. Subse quently the young soldier attended school for a time, but in December, 1867, came to Atlanta, and embarked in a com mercial career, entering the employment of the wholesale house of Silvey & Dougherty. He has ever since been con nected with this well-known house, now John Silvey & Co., with the exception of four years in the turpentine and lum ber business in Alabama, and has been a member of the firm from 1894. He is an active member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, and adjutant of Camp A, Wheeler's cavalry association. Mr. Redwine was married
in 1876 to Angie A. Gullatt, a native of Charleston, S. C., and daughter of James E. Gullatt, an iron founder, who was engaged in manufacturing shot and shell for the Confeder acy at Atlanta in 1861-65.

William P. Renfroe, of Valdosta, one of the most pros perous farmers of Lowndes county, is a native of Georgia, born in Washington county in 1835, and reared in Baldwin county. He entered the Confederate service in the summer of 1861 as a private in the Georgia legion, commanded byCol. William Phillips, with which he served eight months, in West Virginia and on the Georgia coast. Then he was elected third lieutenant of Company F, Thirteenth regiment Georgia infantry, of Lawton's brigade. In the spring of

938

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1862 he accompanied his brigade to Virginia, and shared its operations under Lee and Stonewall Jackson, including the battle of Second Manassas, in August, 1862. After the latter battle he resigned his rank, put in a substitute soldier, and was out of the service until Governor Brown called out the reserves at the time of Sherman's invasion of the State in 1864. Then he served with the State reserves under Gen eral Hood, during the Atlanta campaign, and while fighting Wilson's raiders in Alabama, in the spring of 1865, was wounded in the hip. After the close of hostilities Mr. Renfroe was engaged in mercantile employment in Wilcox county, Ga., three years, and afterward in Dodge county until 1872, when he removed to Lowndes county. His home since 1881 has been at Valdosta.

James A. Rhyne, of Jasper, Pickens county, a veteran of the Forty-third Georgia infantry, was born in Habersham county, Ga., November 27, 1834, and entered the Confeder ate States military service in March, 1862, as second lieu tenant of Company A, Forty-third regiment, under Col. Skidmore Harris. He was mustered in at Big Shanty, the North Georgia rendezvous, and had his first active duty at Bridgeport, Ala., during the first Federal advance on Chat tanooga. Subsequently he was on duty in east Tennessee and was disabled by illness, in hospital at Knoxville, when Kirby Smith advanced with his army into Kentucky. On his recovery soon afterward, he was put in command of a hundred men and ordered to follow the army to Versailles, Ky. After several days of continuous skirmishing along his way, he reached Lexington, with only forty of his men re maining, and two weeks later he rejoined his regiment at Camp Dick Robinson. After the return to Tennessee he ac companied his regiment and Stevenson's division to Missis sippi, where he was engaged in the Chickasaw Bayou cam paign against Sherman, beginning on the day after Christmas and ending January 3, 1863. There was severe fighting, in which his regiment took a prominent part, and at the close he was completely broken down in health. He returned home and was compelled regretfully to abandon further ser vice with his regiment. Upon recovery he was transferred to the State troops, and put in command of the company from Cherokee county, as captain. In this capacity he served in the summer of 1864, in the battles about Atlanta, until sent back to Cherokee county, by the governor, to look

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

939

after affairs in that county, where he remained until the close of the war. Since the war Captain Rhyne has been mainly engaged in contracting and building, an occupation in which he has been notably successful. By his marriage, in 1860, to Mary E. Hardy, he has six sons: John H., a member of the Georgia legislature, 1900-01, from Pickens county; Lester A., M. D., a physician at Atlanta; William W., a well-known contractor and builder; Eugene, a saw mill operator; Cecil G., and Carl H.

Rodolph R. Richards, of Savannah, a veteran of the Georgia artillery in the Confederate States service, was born at Savannah in 1845, and entered the military service at the age of sixteen years. His first enlistment was in the Savannah Volunteer Guards, in the fall of 1861, and he was on duty with that command manning the fortifica tions on Green island. After six months' service as a private he was mustered out at Savannah, and afterward was for a short time in the State service with the Savan nah artillery. Early in 1862 he enlisted in the Oglethorpe Siege Artillery, and was made orderly sergeant. Through out the remainder of the war period he was a prominent figure in the history of this gallant organization, which was known in the army rolls as Company C, Twentysecond Georgia battalion, siege artillery. His duty was mainly in the defenses of Savannah and Charleston. On August 28, 1863, he was appointed brevet lieutenant of Bay battery, near Savannah, and at a later date he was for several weeks officer in charge of the important outpost work, Fort Jackson, on the Savannah river, now known as Fort Oglethorpe. For several months he was stationed, with a detachment of his battery, at Battery Cheves, on James island, near Charleston, and at later dates he was on duty in the fort at Rose Dew, near Savannah, and at Fort Bartow, and at the evacuation of Savannah he was stationed at the River battery, west of the city. He accompanied General Hardee's troops to Charleston in December, 1864, and was assigned to duty at Fort Trenholm, on John's island. Afterward, upon the evacuation of Charleston, he served with the brigade of General Elliott, in the army under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and participated in the battle of Bentonville, March 19-21, 1865. He was included in the surrender at Greensboro, and paroled at Salisbury, May 2, 1865. Returning to Savannah, Lieutenant Richards under-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

took the study of law, and gained admission to the bar in 1868. Ever since he has been engaged in the practice at that city, winning a high place in his profession and in the estimation of his fellow citizens.

Captain Randolph Ridgely, of Augusta, a gallant staff officer of the army of Northern Virginia, was born at Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, Md., November 21, 1844, and received his early education in Maryland and Virginia. His father was Capt. Randolph Ridgely, a distinguished officer of the Mexican war, who succeeded Major Ringgold in command of the first light battery of horse artillery organ ized in this country. He had just been appointed to West Point by President Buchanan and was on his way to that celebrated school when the war began. Being of strong Southern sentiment, he at once threw up his appointment and repaired to Richmond, Va., where, in August, 1861, he volunteered as a private in the Thirteenth regiment Virginia infantry. He was at once detailed for duty at Fort Boykin, on James river, where he acted as a warrant officer, and there remained until the early spring of 1862, when he re turned to his regiment and served with it throughout the famous Shenandoah valley campaign of Stonewall Jackson. After this, being appointed one of the escort of General Ewell, commanding his division in Jackson's corps, army of Northern Virginia, he acted in this capacity until the fall of 1863, when he was made aide-de-camp to Gen. John M. Jones, with whom he served until the death of that officer at the battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864. He was then as signed to the staff of Maj.-Gen. S.D.Ramseur, commanding Early's division, with rank of captain and acting adjutantgeneral, serving with this officer through the Shenandoah valley and Maryland campaigns until severely \vounded at the battle of Winchester, September 19, 1864. At that time his thigh was fearfully shattered by a minie ball and for eight months he was confined to his bed. On the third day after the battle, while young Ridgely was still lying where he fell when shot, his condition became so critical from want of sleep, the surgeons said he would surely die, unless it could be obtained. Miss Tillie Russell, among the ladies of Winchester, who came out to aid the wounded, saw the suffering the young soldier was undergoing, and hearing the surgeons say this, undertook to relieve his sufferings and took his head in her arms. She had scarcelv done so when

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

941

his measured breathing told he had almost instantly fallen asleep. And there this noble woman sat, amidst the wounded, dying and dead, no other female near. He slept until morning and his life was saved by this devoted woman, who made the sacrifice for a Confederate soldier, until then unknown to her. An interesting sketch, "A Night on the Battlefield," was written by that brilliant writer, the late Maj. John Esten Cooke. The eminent painter, Minor H. Kellogg read an account of it and visiting Winchester was introduced to the heroine, obtained the facts and a sitting from her, and made, as Major Cooke states, a magnificent picture, which now graces the private gallery of a Northern millionaire. Another artist of reputation, Oregon Wilson, also read the sketch and painted a picture, which was on exhibition at the Philadelphia Centennial and at Corcoran's art gallery in Washington, D. C. During his military career Captain Ridgely participated in the following battles: Cross Keys, Port Republic, Front Royal, the Seven Days' battles around Richmond, Second Manassas, capture of Harper's Ferry, 1862, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Winchester, June, 1863,Gettysburg, Mine Run, Hagerstown, the Wilder ness, the Bloody Angle at Spottsylvania Court House, Sec ond Cold Harbor, Lynchburg, Liberty, Monocacy, the ad vance to the defenses of Washington, Carter's Farm and Winchester, where he was permanently put out of the fight. He had been previously wounded at Cross Keys, in 1862, and at Spottsylvania, in 1864. When he saw the end of war approaching Captain Ridgely set out from Charlotte, N. C., to join Gen. E. Kirby Smith in Texas, and arrived there only to find the war entirely over, even in that remote region of the Confederacy. Returning eastward he settled in Burke county, Ga., where he had large planting interests, and resided until 1899, when he moved to Augusta, Ga. In May, 1863, at the battle of Chancellorsville. Early's division was left at Fredericksburg to oppose the troops of the enemy commanded by Gen. Sedgewick, and to protect General Lee's right flank. Hoke's North Carolina brigade made a gallant charge across an open plateau of some several hun dred yards under a very heavy fire, and after driving the enemy some distance, General Hoke being wounded, were thrown into confusion and disorder. Major Daniel (now senator from Virginia) of General Early's staff was sent by the general to reform the line. Ridgely, a courier, was sent with him, and he, seizing one of the regimental colors,

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helped to rally the troops and re-establish the line. On
three different occasions Ridgely raised the colors when the
bearers had fallen, or seized them to lead the troops forward.
At the battle of Monocacy, Gordon's division bore the brunt
of the fight, Ramseur co-operating from across the river,
and when the enemy broke and fled, Ramseur pushed a por
tion of his troops over the railroad bridge to cut off their
retreat. Ridgely led the troops on his horse, they afoot,
on planks not two feet wide. The bridge was some sixty
feet high and one hundred yards or more in length without
guards of any kind. Someone observing the daring ride,
asked who it was, and the reply was that only Ran Ridgely
would do such a thing. When he was wounded he fell into
the enemy's hands and after his recapture General Early
said to him that he would rather they had taken four pieces
of artillery than to have taken him. He was specially com mended for gallantry and good conduct in official reports.
Captain Ridgely took part in over thirty battles, and as many
as a hundred skirmishes. Gen. H. Kyd Douglas, of Mary
land, seeing a notice of the death of Capt. Randolph Ridgely, presumed it was his comrade-in-arms and wrote his obituary and did not learn it was not his friend and comrade until after its publication in Baltimore. Gen. Douglas mentions, among other incidents, his being wounded and nursed by Miss Russell, and says, "Ridgely courted danger with reck lessness, but not with impunity." Then tells of how he was wounded, and concludes with, "Where he has been, what doing, and what his manner of life since the war, I do not know, nor do I care to inquire, now that he is gone. I prefer to remember him as I knew him--the youngest and bravest of my comrades-in-arms, and I mourn his untimely death." Captain Ridgely has never held political office, but during "the troublesome days" of reconstruction and for more than twelve years, was chairman of the Democratic committee of Burke county and fought Scalawags, Carpet-baggers and Independents as hard and as earnestly as in the times that tried men's souls in 1861-65. He was a delegate to numer ous State and congressional conventions and is in politics a Bourbon Democrat, one of the "Old Guard," a loyal and staunch friend. His career has been an honorable one and he was one of the leading men of Burke, as he is now of Richmond county.

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Robert B. Ridley, M. D., of Atlanta, a veteran of Doles' brigade, army of Northern Virginia, was born at LaGrange, Ga., October 18, 1842. His parents were Dr. Robert A. T. Ridley, a native of North Carolina, descended from a noble English family and from Col. Thomas Ridley, of the Revo lutionary army; and Mary E. Morris, also of North Ca.rolinian birth. He was reared at LaGrange, and was preparing to become a student at the university of Georgia at Athens when the Confederacy was organized. In August, 1861, he went to Norfolk, Va., and enlisted in the LaGrange Light Guards, from his native town, which had become Com pany D of the Fourth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. George Doles. With this gallant command he served in the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia, suffered his share of the casualties of war, participated in every battle in which his command was engaged, except when wounded and in hospital, and at the last, with the rank of first lieu tenant, commanded the remnant of two or three companies at Appomattox Court House. While at Norfolk he wit nessed the naval battles fought by the ironclad Merrimac, but his first active service was at Seven Pines and in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, from Games' Mill to Malvern Hill. He subsequently took part in the great battle of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilder ness and Spottsylvania Court House. On May 10, 1864, on the Spottsylvania line, when the contending forces were so close that muskets were clubbed and ba)ronets used, he was shot down with a wound in the right shoulder and an other in the right leg. He was sent to hospital at Rich mond, and furloughed home, but speedily recovered, so that he was able to fight again through the Valley campaign of 1864, between Early and Sheridan, and participated in the battle of Winchester and other engagements. On the Peters burg line he fought under General Gordon in the assault on Fort Stedman, on Hare's Hill, March 25, 1865, and on the retreat he was in battle at Sailor's Creek, April 6th, escaping the general disaster by swimming the stream at the time Early's corps was captured. At Appomattox, April pth, he took part in the last charge of the army, under General Gordon, and was one of the two men who represented Com pany B at the surrender. While lying wounded at Winder hospital, Richmond, Lieutenant Ridley was presented by Mrs. Lee, wife of Gen. Robert E. Lee, through her daugh ter, with an Episcopal prayer-book, which, it is needless to
Ga 89

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

say, is carefully preserved and highly prized by him. After the war Lieutenant Ridley studied medicine, graduating at Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, in 1869, and since then he has been in the active and successful practice of his profession, being one of the most prominent physicians of Atlanta. On November 23, 1875, ne was married to Emily Leila, daughter of Senator Ben H. Hill. She died in 1883, leaving two daughters, now dead, and two sons now living. In 1886 he married Mrs. C. H. Kiser, daughter of Col. Arthur Hood, of Cuthbert, Ga., and they have four children living. Since 1875 Dr. Ridley has been a citizen of Atlanta, where he is highly esteemed by his comrades and a wide circle of friends.

Captain Jeremiah E. Ritch, of Athens, commander of Cobb-Deloney camp, United Confederate veterans, was born in Habersham county, Ga., December 7, 1829, son of Charles Ritch, a farmer, and his wife, Sarah Taylor. His family has rendered honorable service in the wars of the country, both his grandfathers, William Ritch and Jeremiah Tayior, being soldiers of the Revolution; his father taking part in the battle of New Orleans under Gen. Andrew Jackson, and Captain Ritch's two elder brothers participating in wars antedating the Confederacy, William C. in the Florida In dian war, and F. F. A. in the war with Mexico. Captain Ritch was educated at Clarksville academy, and coming to Athens in early manhood found employment as a mercantile clerk. By industry and economy he was able, in 1854, to become a partner in a business which was yielding a hand some profit when the war began in 1861. He did not hesi tate, however, to enter the military service. He was already a member of the Georgia Troopers, at Athens, a company composed of the best young men of the city, and commanded by Capt. William D. Deloney, which had been organized about two years before. He busied himself in recruiting this company to full strength, and accepted the rank of third lieutenant at the organization for Confederate service. His command became one of the cavalry companies of Thomas R. R. Cobb's legion, composed of four companies of cavalry, eight of infantry, and one battery, the Troup Artillery. He went to Virginia \vith the legion and passed the winter on the peninsula. Returning to Georgia in the spring of 1862, he organized another company, of which he was elected captain, Company H of the cavalry battalion of Cobb's legion. In

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945

command of this company with the famous cavalry under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, he participated in the Seven Days' bat tles about Richmond and the Second Manassas campaign. By this time he had been advanced to the command of the sharpshooters of Gen. Wade Hampton's brigade, including his own and other companies, and in this capacity was dis tinguished in the cavalry battle of Brandy Station, August 20, 1862. Here many of his men were killed and wounded, and he was himself wounded in the head by a saber cut and cap tured. This ended his career on the field, as he was held at the Old Capitol prison at Washington four months and at Johnson's Island nineteen months. While at the Old Capi tol he was one of nine prisoners compelled to draw lots, pre paratory to the execution of two of their number in retalia tion, but fortunately escaped the fatal allotment. When finally released and sent to Richmond, it was on parole, and in the closing months of the war he was not able to obtain an exchange. Captain Ritch has been a citizen of Athens since the war, and busied as a merchant and farmer. He is an enthusiastic member of the United Confederate veterans, and for several terms has been honored with the command of Cobb-Deloney camp. By his marriage, in 1855, to Jane Alexander, he has one son and three daughters living. One of his sons, John L. Ritch, was a sergeant in the United States army during the Spanish war and in the Philippine islands, and died on January 26, 1900, from disease con tracted in the service.

Elisha A. Robertson, of Atlanta, a veteran of the Troup artillery, was born in Habersham county, Ga., October g, 1834, son of Rev. Benjamin Robertson, a native of Haywood county, N. C, and his wife, Aliff Phillips. At the age of seventeen years he removed to Athens, Ga., where he en listed, in the spring of 1861, as a private in the artillery company known as the Troup artillery, a command which gallantly represented Georgia in the campaigns of the army under Robert E. Lee. He participated in the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Bays' before Richmond, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, besides the minor affairs in which his battery was engaged. At Orange Court House, Va., in February, 1863, he had a leg broken in a railway accident, and in the following September he was detailed for duty in the quarter master's department, with which he served during the re-

940

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

mainder of the war, finally being paroled at Clarksville, Ga. Since the war Mr. Robertson has been a citizen of Atlanta, and has had a successful business career, gaining the esteem of his fellow citizens. He was married in 1867 to Missouri, daughter of Daniel Johnson, of DeKalb county. She died in 1899, leaving one child, Emma Tallulah, wife of J. D. Atkinson, of Atlanta. Mr. Robertson is a descendant of Andrew Green Robertson, a native of the Highlands of Scotland. His father, Rev. Benjamin Robertson, a preacher of the Methodist church, was the twelfth of thirteen chil dren who lived beyond the age of seventy-five years. His mother, Aliff Phillips, is the granddaughter of Rev. Adam Phillips, a co-worker with Asbury, Coke and Wesley in the founding of the Methodist church in America. This em inent minister lived to the age of one hundred and five years, and his son, Elisha, father of Aliff, died at one hundred and four.

Colonel James W. Robertson, adjutant-general of Geor gia during the administration of Governor Candler, was bom at Augusta, Ga., August 12, 1830. He was graduated at the South Carolina military college, at Charleston, in November, 1850, and after two jrears' occupation as a civil engineer was made commandant of the Georgia military institute at Marietta, Ga. While holding this position lie was married, May 17, 1853, to Annie Parke, of Greensboro, Ga. In 1854 he resumed his professional work as a civil engineer, and in 1858 he was elected superintendent of the military academy at LaGrange, Ala., a school partly sup ported by the State. Soon after the battle of Shiloh nine Alabama companies were brought together at LaGrange and organized as a regiment, and upon the approach of a Federal force were transferred to Corinth. Superintendent Robertson, accompanying this regiment, the Thirty-fifth Alabama infantry, was elected colonel, and on reaching Corinth was assigned to Gen. John C. Breckinridge's command. He was with Breckinridge at Vicksburg, during the first bombard ment by the Federal fleet, and on August 5, 1862, com manded a brigade in the battle of Baton Rouge, La. His regiment was part of Col. A. P. Thompson's brigade, of Ruggles' division, which, General Breckinridge said, in his official report, behaved with great gallantry, often driving back superior forces, and toward the close of the action took part in the final struggle from a position immediately on the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

947

left of the first division. "Colonel Thompson, being severe1}' wounded in a charge, the command devolved on Colonel Robertson, of the Thirty-fifth Alabama, whose con duct fully justified the confidence of his troops." Subse quently Colonel Robertson was transferred to the engineer corps of the Confederate army, and ordered to Mobile, where he was in charge of the defenses of the lower bay. In 1863 he was transferred to Charleston, S. C., and thence, in 1864, was sent to Florida, and put in charge of the fortifications of that State, his duty until the close of the war. In every capacity he proved equal to the demands upon him, and made a splendid record as an officer. Returning to Marietta as soon as he could earn the money for the trip, he was em ployed by the State to rebuild the'bridges of the Western & Atlantic railroad over Chickamauga river, and for several years subsequently he was in railroad employment, as chief engineer of the South and North railroad of Alabama, now part of the Louisville & Nashville; chief engineer of the Georgia Western, now embraced in the Southern sys tem, and superintendent of the Macon & Brunswick railroad. In 1874 he was elected president of the Roswell Manufac turing company, of Roswell, Ga., and he continued in charge of this establishment and of the Porter Manufacturing cornpan}', near Clarksville, until his retirement 011 account of illness, in 1898. He served for some time under Gov. John B. Gordon, as railroad commissioner of Georgia, and in No vember, 1900, he was appointed adjutant-general of the State by Governor Candler, a high tribute to his personal worth and extended popularity. Colonel Robertson is a member of the Confederate veterans' camp at Marietta, his home, where his only child resides, Katie, wife of Howard Coryell.

William S. Rockwell, of Savannah, a survivor of the gal lant garrison of Fort McAllister, was born at Milledgeville, Ga., in 1843, and was reared at that city to the age of four teen years. Then he removed to Savannah, where he en tered the Confederate service, May 21, 1861, as a private in the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, Company B of the Eighth regiment Georgia infantry, under the command of Col. Francis S. Bartow. Going with this regiment to the Shenandoah valle}' he served there with Gen. J. E. Johnston, and on July 21, 1861, participated in the ever memorable battle of First Manassas. where his regiment was immortalized bv

948

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

its valor in the fight. On February 6, 1862, he was trans ferred to the Emmet Rifles, Company F of the Twentysecond battalion Georgia siege artillery. His company was assigned to duty to the sand battery, known as Fort McAllister, on Genesis point, under the command of Maj. John B. Gallic, and there they had the distinction of being the first battery under fire of the new type of war vessel, known as the Monitor. They were assailed by the Montauk, Janu ary 27, 1863, sustaining- the fire without injury and making gallant reply, and on February ist were again assailed, and there was a hot contest in which Major Gallie was killed. But the garrison held its own unflinchingly and the Federal boats were compelled to retire in defeat. On February 2/th there was another fight with the Montauk in which the Con federate cruiser Nashville was destroyed, and the Montauk compelled to run ashore by the explosion of a torpedo. On March 3d three new monitors tried their metal on the McAllister sand batteries with the same result, the Georgia gunners holding their own with ease against the eleven and fifteen-inch guns of the enemy. Private Rockwell continued on duty in the fort until it was captured by assault by Sherman's troops, December 12, 1864, after one of the most des perately contested fights in the history of the war. Every bit of history of Fort McAllister is honorable and precious to the Southern heart, and with it all it was the good fortune of Private Rockwell to be associated. When the fort was captured he was sent North and imprisoned at Fort Delaware until June 19, 1865. Returning to Savannah on his release he found employment a few years later in the Merchants' National bank, an institution with which he remained, rising to the position of cashier, until 1893. Since then he has been engaged in insurance agency. He has served as commander of McLaws camp, United Confederate veterans, and as cap tain of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, from 1889 to 1896, and from 1896 to 1899 as major of the Second battalion, First' regiment Georgia State troops.

James H. Rogers, of Sparta, volunteered for the Con federate States sendee, May 27, 1861, as a private in the company of Capt. William Arnold, which was mustered in as Company A of the Sixth regiment, Georgia infantry, the original command of Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt. Soon afterward Private Rogers accompanied his regiment to Vir ginia, where he served with distinction throughout the cam-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

949

paigns of 1862, and was promoted to second sergeant after the. battle of Fredericksburg, December I3th. He partici pated in the fighting on the Yorktown line, and at Williamsburg, Seven Pines, the Seven Days' battles, Second Manas-
sas, Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg, in 1862, and was wounded in the right arm at Seven Pines, and in the right thigh at Sharpsburg. In 1863 he took part in the battle of
Chancellorsville under General Lee, and under Beauregard served in defense of Charleston, S. C., on Morris and James
Islands, during the great bombardment by the Federal fleet and batteries. On February 20, 1864, he aided in gaining the famous victory at Olustee, Fla., and in the following
May participated in the defeat of Butler at Drewry's Bluff, Va. On the Petersburg and Richmond lines he fought at
Second Cold Harbor, Fort Harrison, and other engage ments, and from the first days of 1865 he was on duty in North Carolina, being present at the bombardment of Fort Fisher and the battles of Kinston and Bentonville. Finally he surrendered at Greensboro with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston and returned to his home. Mr. Rogers is a native of Putnam county, Ga., born September 2, 1842, son of Richard C. Rogers and Matilda Buckner. On November 14, 1865, he married Martha E. Martin, a union that has been blessed with eleven children. His career since the war has been one distinguished by good citizenship and industrious perseverance, and he is considered one of the successful and influential men of his county.

William A. Rogers, of Monroe, for many years a popular official, was born in Waiton county, Ga., December 17, 1842.
His father, James M. Rogers, a native of South Carolina, was for many years a worthy citizen of Walton county, oc cupied in school teaching and farming. Mr. Rogers was educated in the public schools, and when the war began was occupied as a farmer. He promptly enlisted upon the call for troops to defend the Confederacy as a private in Com pany C of the Ninth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. E. R. Goulding, which he accompanied to the Shenandoah valley, serving under the brigade command of Gen.
Francis S. Bartow until the latter was killed at First Manassas. He was on duty in northeastern Virginia until the early part of 1862, and then on the Yorktown lines, where he participated in the engagements with McClellan's army. Subsequently he shared the service of his brigade under the

950

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

command of Gen. "Tige" Anderson, in Longstreet's corps, participating in the battles of Seven Days' before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Gettys burg, Chickamauga and Knoxville. In the fighting before the latter city, in November, 1863, he was seriously wounded in the left arm by a minie ball, in consequence of which it was necessary to amputate the arm below the elbow. Not withstanding this deplorable injury he returned to the army about four months later and insisted on taking his place in the line, and actually did participate in several battles, but later accepted the advice of the surgeons and returned home. After the war this faithful soldier was engaged in farming until 1873, when his fellow citizens conferred upon him the office of tax collector, in which he has shown the same fidel ity that characterized his career in the army. He has been continuously retained in office since 1873, and the term to which he was recently elected will complete thirty years of honorable service. Mr. Rogers was married in 1874 to Georgia, Malcolm, of Walton count}*, and has a son and four daughters.

Paul Romare, of Atlanta, a Confederate in 1861-65, and a staunch friend of his comrades now, is a native of Sweden, born November 20, 1828. He was reared within sound of the sea and followed it for six years after he was fifteen, starting out as cabin boy with his father, Paulus Romare, captain of a merchant ship sailing to Portugal, and later with his brother, also a sea captain. In 1850 he landed at Charleston, S. C.} and met a fellow countryman who per suaded him to accept employment with the Cooperville iron works, at Union district, S. C, as a clerk and interpreter, he having already mastered the English language. He con tinued in this employment five years, and then became book keeper in the bank of Chester, S. C., where the outbreak of war found him. He volunteered for the Confederate service in April, 1861, as a private in the Chester Blues, with which he went to Charleston, and was present during the bombard ment of Fort Sutnter. The Blues became Company F of the Sixth regiment South Carolina infantry, and a few months later were sent to Richmond, Va., when Romare was ap pointed quartermaster-sergeant of the regiment. In this capacity he was in the field with his command during the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia, until Novem ber, 1863, when he was transferred to the adjutant and in-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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specter-general's office in the war department at Richmond. There he served in a clerical capacity until the collapse of the government. Upon the evacuation of Richmond he re turned to South Carolina, and temporarily resided in Camden, but in the fall of 1865 made his home at Atlanta, where he became, in a modest way, one of the original stockholders of the Atlanta National bank, and was appointed book keeper. He has ever since been connected with this wellknown and strong financial institution, rising1 in rank to cashier and later to vice-president, and he is accounted one of the most capable financiers of the city, and one of her most popular business men. He is a member of Atlanta camp, United Confederate veterans, No. 159, and a warm friend of his comrades. During the period when the Soldiers' Home, at Atlanta, was heavily involved and without the support of the State, Mr. Romare carried its debt for many years and paid its expenses without charge for interest until finally the State accepted the trust. At their final meeting, in January, 1900, the trustees adopted resolutions of thanks to him and his bank for their generous service.

Ruins M. Rose, of Atlanta, was born in Connecticut, May 17, 1836, of Puritan descent. He first came South in 1853, visiting an uncle in Hawkinsville, Ga., afterward re turning North to prepare for the practice of medicine. Coin ing again to Hawkinsville, in 1858, he began the practice of his profession and in 1860 opened a drug store. Al though a native of Connecticut he sympathized with the South in the war for independence and upon the call for volunteers, in 1861, closed his store and volunteered as a private, serving as such until late in 1861, when he was detached as an apothecary and assigned to duty at the hos pital which had been established at the venerable William and Mary college, Williamsburg, Va. In the latter part of 1862 his health failed and he returned to Hawkinsville, being honorably discharged. Although exempt from military ser vice on account of being the only licensed druggist in the town, he went to Macon, Ga., for the purpose of assisting in establishing a laboratory there, the object being' to pro duce medicines for the use of the army. He was successful in this work and continued in it for some time. His health now being re-established he was commissioned by Gov. Joseph Brown as captain in the Georgia reserves. In 1867 he moved to Atlanta, where he "engaged in the wholesale

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

trade and has been very successful, winning a prominent place among Atlanta's enterprising citizens. He is a mem ber of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, and takes great interest in all Confederate matters. In 1860 he married Susan F. Bowen, of Wilcox county, Ga., who died in 1864, and in the following year he married Katie Fleming, of Pulaski county. He has one son, Randolph, and a daughter, Laura, wife of Frank Long, of Memphis, Tenn.

John W. Rounsaville, of Rome, Ga., widely known as one of the leading business men of north Georgia, served with credit as a Confederate soldier and for a long time suffered imprisonment in the North. He was born at Rome, No vember 3, 1840, son of David and Sarah A. Rounsaville. His father, of French Huguenot descent, came to Rome before the Indians departed, was one of the first merchants at that city, and died in 1851, leaving John W., the oldest of three children, to find employment at the age of eleven years, and assist his mother in maintaining the family. As a mercantile clerk and an employe of a newspaper he made a gallant struggle, until an uncle in Cherokee county, Ala., offered them a farm home. The family resided there from 1858, absorbed in the frugal cares of agriculture, until 1861, when the great wave of patriotic sentiment swept over the country and carried the older son into the war. John W. Rounsaville enlisted at his home in Cherokee county, Ala., in a company raised by Capt. Jackson Millsaps, and was mustered in at Cedar Bluff, August 10, 1861. Going to Huntsville, they went into camp and were made Company G of the Nineteenth regiment Alabama infantry. At the or ganization Rounsaville was made a corporal, and afterward he was promoted to orderly sergeant, and given almost en tire control of the affairs of the company. In October they went to a point near Mobile and drilled there under their first colonel, Gen. Joseph Wheeler. After a short trip to Pensacola they were sent to Corinth, where bad water and miasma killed the soldiers as if by epidemic. Sergeant Rounsaville bore himself well in the great battle of Shiloh and throughout the Federal operations against Corinth, After the evacuation of the latter place he went with Bragg's army to Tennessee and joined in the march to Kentucky. He took part in the battle of Perryville and then marched from camp Dick Robinson back through Cumberland Gap into Tennessee, he and -his comrades suffering intensely

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

953

from hunger on many days of this weary campaign. For several days Sergeant Rounsaville had nothing except parched corn and a piece of pork that he carried on his bayonet. At the end of the year 1862 he took part in the battle of Murfreesboro, next summer was in the Tullahoma campaign and retreat to Chattanooga, and on September 19th participated in the battle of Chickamauga. There he and eighteen others of his regiment were captured in the last charge of the day. They were marched back to Chatta nooga, and in due time reached Camp Douglas, Chicago, where he had to endure the cold blasts of winter, clothed in a thin suit of cotton and sheltered in unceiled and unplastered barracks. He found there about twelve thousand prisoners, prominent among them the gay and reckless troopers of John Morgan, who were incessantly making attempts to es cape. The camp contained about a hundred acres of prairie, enclosed by a twenty-foot fence which was provided with a parapet on which guards were constantly pacing. The bar racks were rows of long narrow houses, enclosing a great square of land in the center, and one side of the square was occupied b}' a Federal guard. Sergeant Rounsaville became familiar with attempts to escape. A party of men would construct a ladder out of their berths, if no other lumber was available, and collect brickbats and bottles filled with sand, and bones, and thus provided would attack some guard on the parapet at night, while the ladder was hoisted, over which some of the party at least would scramble and make a race for liberty, often being recaptured. On one occasion Morgan's men built a battering ram, with which they broke a hole through the fence, letting out a hundred or more, some of whom managed to get away safely. At such at tempts there would be a great commotion and much firing of guns, but it was very rarely that anyone was hit. Tun neling was also a favorite mode of escape, and this became so common that the barracks were raised several feet from the ground so that no place remained for the secreting of earth. After the complaint arose about the condition of the Federal prisoners at Andersonville, the rations at Camp Douglas were reduced to a point that was barely sufficient to sustain life, just a little bread, beef and beans. When he had been in prison a year he obtained text books and began studying under a fellow prisoner who was a school teacher, and made rapid progress. So life went on tediously until June, 1865, when with mingled joy at their release and sor-

9E4

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

row for the loss of their cause, the prisoners returned to Dixie. Mr. Rounsaville farmed for two or three years and then became a mercantile clerk at Rome. In 1868 he opened a store of his own, on borrowed money, and soon afterward his younger brother, James A. Rounsaville, entered into partnership with him, a business union which has continued to the present time. Presently he was married to the daugh ter of Joseph Wardlaw, of Walker county, who is yet living with five of the children born to them, Frederick, Mary, George, Rob and Roy.

John C. Rowland, of Savannah, formerly an. officer of the First Volunteer regiment of Georgia, is a native of New York city, born in 1827. He passed the days of his youth and early manhood near Rochester, N. Y., and in 1850 came to Savannah and embarked in a commercial career, becoming prominent as a cotton warehouseman and shipper. Notwith standing his Northern birth he readily granted the justice of the Southern contention for independence, and enlisted as early as January, 1861, in the Pulaski Guards, with which he served in garrison at Fort Pulaski. In August, 1861, he entered the Confederate service as first sergeant of the Washington Volunteers, under Capt. John McMahon, which became a company of the First regiment of Georgia, com manded by Co!. Charles H. Olmstead. In the following winter he was promoted to second lieutenant. Lieutenant Rowland was part of the gallant garrison of Fort Pulaski during its bombardment by the Federal fleet and batteries, April 10 and u, 1862, and after all the guns that could be brought to bear on the enemy had been dismounted, and the walls were breeched, Colonel Olmstead was com pelled to surrender the fort. Following this event Lieuten ant Rowland was taken, as a prisoner of war, by way of Hilton Head and Governor's Island, to Johnson's Island, Ohio, where he was held until the latter part of the summer of 1862. Then returning by exchange he rejoined his regi ment and was promoted to first lieutenant. In this rank he served in Battery Wagner, Morris island, S. C., during the great bombardment and assault in July, 1863, and in other operations about Charleston. In the spring of 1864 the regi ment joined the army of Tennessee, and Lieutenant Row land, in command of his company (K, First Georgia), par ticipated in the battle of Kenesaw Mountain and about At lanta and Jonesboro, and other engagements of Mercer's

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

955

brigade, with Hood's corps in Tennessee. At the last he was a participant in the campaign in the Carolinas and surren dered with the army at Greensboro. Returning to Savannah at the close of this worthy and honorable career as a Con federate, lie soon embarked in business, served one term as alderman, and was active in the commercial life of the city until his retirement in iSSo.

Major Gustavus Garnett Roy, M. D., of Atlanta, formerly a field officer in the army of Northern Virginia, and also surgeon in the medical department of the army, was born in Essex county, Va., June 8, 1836. He is the son of Dr. A. G. D. Roy, a native of King and Queen county, Va., an accomplished physician in Virginia during his lifetime, and his wife, Lucy Carter Garnett, daughter of Col. John I. Garnett and his wife, who was a member of the Carter family of Virginia. Dr. Roy is of Scotch descent, his great grandfather having been one of four brothers who came to America from Scotland in colonial days. His grandfather, Capt. Beverly Roy, was a planter and officer in the war of 1812. Dr. Roy was reared in Essex county, Va., received his literary education at Richmond college, and attended lectures at the university of Virginia and the Jefferson medi cal college, at Philadelphia, graduating at the latter institu tion in 1857. After some time as interne at St. Joseph's hospital, Philadelphia, he returned to Virginia and engaged in the practice of his profession with his father. On No vember 21, 1860, he was married at Selma, Ala., to Mrs. Flora Fauntleroy, nee Dillard, who was born at Greensboro, Ala., of Virginian parentage. In the following year, with full loyalty to his State, which had severed its connection with the old Union and united with the Confederacy, he raised a company of infantry, of which he was elected cap tain, and this was made Company D of the Fifty-fifth Vir ginia regiment, Col. Francis Mallory commanding. The regiment became a part of General Field's brigade of A. P. Hill's famous "light division" of Robert E. Lee's army, and was distinguished in many campaigns. Captain Roy led his company in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond-- at Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862; Games' Mill, June 27; Frayser's Farm, June 30, and in line of battle at.Malvern Hill, July 1st--and was commended for gallantry in the official reports. After the battle of Frayser's Farm he was promoted to major of the regiment, and in this capacity he

956

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

served until just before the battle of Second Manassas, when he resigned his commission for the purpose of being transferred to the medical department. Passing the exam inations at Charleston, he was commissioned surgeon, and assigned to hospital duty at Atlanta. He was there under fire during the siege of July and August, 1864, during the latter part of the siege holding the position of post surgeon,
and after the evacuation of the city he was ordered to Andersonville, with the duty of organizing a prison hospital. Upon performing that duty he remained- there in hospital
duty until the end of the war. His service, both in the field and in the care of the sick and wounded, was highly creditable. Since the war Dr. Roy has made his home at Atlanta, except four years in Virginia and a short time in Bartow county. He began his practice at Atlanta when the city was struggling, poor in resources and weak in pop ulation, to rise from the ashes left by the war, and he has shared all its vicissitudes and its notable success. He has long been regarded as one of the leading physicians of the city, and beloved for his manliness, kindliness and integ rity. Among the organizations which have honored him with membership are the Pioneer society of Atlanta; At lanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans; and the American and Georgia State medical associations. In pub lic office he has served two terms as a member of the city council. Dr. Roy and wife had three children: twin daugh ters, Rosa Garnett and Virginia Taylor, who died at six teen years of age, and Dr. Dunbar Roy, a graduate of Rich mond college, the university of Virginia, and Leipsic, Ger
many, now a specialist in the practice of medicine at Atlanta. A daughter of Mrs. Roy, by her former marriage, married Dr. C. S. Webb, of Bowling Green, Va., and died in 1898, leaving a daughter.

James McCann Rushin, of Boston, Ga., was born in that town July 15, 1838, and there reared and educated. At the commencement of the four years' conflict between the States he was living in Brooks county, and there entered the Con federate service on May 2, 1861, as second lieutenant of Company I, Twenty-sixth regiment of Georgia infantry, and served as such one year, when his term of enlistment expired and he was mustered out. Immediately re-enlisting as a private, he was soon made a sergeant in Company A, Twentieth battalion of Georgia cavalry, of which he was later

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

957

made ordnance sergeant. His hardest service began when, in the spring of 1864, the campaign opened in Virginia with the armies of Grant and Lee struggling for the mas
tery, and his mettle was proved in the cavalry fights at Trevilian's Station, Charles City Court House, Ream's Station, Sapony Church and White Oak Swamp. In the spring of 1865 his company, fearfully decimated, became a part of
the Eighth Georgia regiment of cavalry. About this time Sergeant Rushin was sent home on a detail to gather horses
for the regiment, and was engaged in this duty when the war east of the Mississippi was terminated by the surrender of Johnston in North Carolina. After the war he located in Thomas county, where he now resides. In 1872 he entered the ministry of the Baptist church and has preached ever since, having been for twenty-seven years pastor of Lib' erty Church in Brooks county. He at one time was a direc tor of the Georgia experiment station near Griffin and has also served as justice of the peace in Thomas county. He is a gentleman of influence, integrity and unblemished Christian character, enjoying the confidence and esteem of the people among whom he has spent so many years of his useful life.

Benjamin Edward Russell, of Bainbridge, Confederate veteran, journalist and former member of congress, was* born at Monticello, Fla., October 5, 1845, and was reared
from infancy at Thomasville and Bainbridge, his father making his home at the latter place in 1854. In March,
1861, when not yet sixteen years of age, he joined the Bain bridge Independents, a volunteer company, and the first to leave Decatur county. They were mustered in at Macon, early in April, as Company G of the First Georgia volun teers, under Col. James N. Ramsey. His service with this command was as a drummer boy, while the regiment was at
Pensacola, and during the early part of its campaigning in the mountains of West Virginia. He was with the First in its skirmishing at Laurel Hill, under General Garnett, the memorable retreat from that point, and the fight at Carrick's Ford, the Cheat Mountain campaign under Gen. Robert E. Lee, the battle of Greenbrier river under Gen. H. R. Jack son, and the winter campaign to Bath and Romney and Hancock, under Gen. Stonewall Jackson. At the battle of Greenbrier the young drummer boy shouldered a musket, and he served in the ranks under Stonewall Jackson. The

958

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HIS TOR Y.

regiment was mustered out at the expiration of its year's enlistment, and Mr. Russell re-eniisted in the Eighth regi ment Florida infantry, and was elected second lieutenant. The Eighth Florida joined the army of Northern Virginia after the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, and Lieu
tenant Russell participated in the battles of Second Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg, and shared the serv
ice of the First Florida brigade of Longstreet's corps at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristoe Sta tion, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and in
the trenches about Petersburg and Richmond. He was in command of his company during a great part of his service, and was promoted to first lieutenant early in 1864. On the retreat from Richmond he was captured with Eweli's corps at Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865, and thereafter was a pris oner of war at Johnson's Island, until the middle of June, 1865. On his return to Bainbridge this young veteran, yet under twenty years of age, found employment as a compos itor with the Bainbridge Argus, of which he later became associate editor. In 1871 he established the Bainbridge Democrat,, which he edited and published until November, 1900. His ability in the conduct of this journal and the leading part he took in political affairs brought about his election to various positions of honor. He was made alder man of the city, in 1877 was a delegate to the State con stitutional convention, in 1880 a delegate to the national Democratic convention, mayor of Bainbridge in 1881-82, representative in the legislature, 1882-83, and postmaster at Bainbridge during President Cleveland's first administra tion and until 1890. In 1892 he was elected representative
in the United States congress of the Second Georgia dis trict, and in 1894 was re-elected. This position he filled with the same honor and fidelity that characterized his
youthful service for the Confederacy.

Major Garland Mitchell Ryals, of Savannah, formerly a prominent staff officer of the army of Northern Virginia,
was born in Cumberland county, Va., in 1839, and was there reared and educated. He entered the military service May 14, 1861, as color-sergeant of the Cumberland cavalry, and a few days later was mustered in at Ashland, as second sergeant, his troop being enrolled as a company of the Third Virginia cavalry regiment. He served in this capacity and on detail duty at the headquarters of General Magruder

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959

until February, 1862, when he was commissioned as second lieutenant in the provisional army and assigned to the First Kentucky cavalry regiment. He reported to this command at Murfreesboro, Term., and served with it in middle Ten nessee and northern Mississippi until Col. Ben Hardin Helm was put in command of a brigade under General Breckinridge, when Lieutenant Ryals was detailed on Helm's staff. He was with Helm at Vicksburg in 1862, and in the battle of Baton Rouge, La., and on the return to Jackson, Miss., Helm having been wounded, he was ordered, to report to the secretary of war at Richmond, who directed him to report to Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. At this time began his career with the cavalry corps of the army of Northern Virginia, which continued until the close of hos tilities. He served first as ordnance officer of the brigade of Fitzhugh Lee, and later as provost marshal of the same com mand, until April 1863, when he was promoted to first lieu tenant of cavalry and assigned to duty as provost marshal of the cavalry corps, army of Northern Virginia, reporting to Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. Later he was promoted to captain, and finally to major, just after the battle of Kelly's Ford, continuing in this rank to perform the duties of provost marshal of the corps, and reported to General Stuart until his death, and afterward to his successors, Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee. He was at Appomattox with the cav alry, and, escaping through the Federal lines, joined his wife at Charlottesville, Va. About six weeks later he was paroled, to date from April 9, 1865. Major Ryals is remem bered as a most efficient and faithful officer, and on fre quent occasions he had opportunity to demonstrate his gal lantry in line of battle. After the war he was engaged in farming and mercantile business in Nelson county, Va., until 1868, when he made his home at Savannah. He is held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens and Confederate comrades.

Colonel Christopher C. Sanders, of the Twenty-fourth Georgia infantry, was born in Jackson county, Ga., May 8, 1840, and was one of nine brothers in the Confederate serv ice. He is a descendant of revolutionary ancestors, and when soldiers were called for by the Confederacy, had the advantage of an education at the Georgia military institute, at Marietta. Entering the service in command of a company of volunteers, he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the
Ga 90

960

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Twenty-fourth regiment at the organization. Soon after ward the regiment was sent to North Carolina, and later to Virginia, and made a part of the brigade command of Gen. Howell Cobb, on the peninsula. His record, in brief, after this, was one of gallant participation in the battles of his brigade and McLaws' division, Longstreet's corps, includ ing the engagements of Seven Pines, Malvern Hill, Crampton Gap, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, the fighting about Richmond and Petersburg, and finally Sailor's Creek. Be fore his promotion to colonel, he commanded Cobb's brigade at Sharpsburg, September 17, 1862, contending stubbornly during a great part of the day against a division of West Virginia troops, and suffering a loss of fifty-eight per cent in killed and wounded. Company B of the Twenty-fourth, Capt.'P. E. Davant commanding, had no men left to report for duty next morning, and the captain alone came, with eight bullet holes in his clothing. Colonel Sanders' career in the field came to an end at the battle of Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865, on the retreat from Richmond. Being cap tured, he was at Washington city on the night of the assas sination of President Lincoln, subsequently was transferred to Johnson's Island, Lake Erie, and was released in August, 1865, under the same order of President Johnson which re leased Vice-president Stephens from Fort Warren, Boston harbor. His regiment, the gallant Twenty-fourth, which was mustered in with about 1,100 men, and had been re cruited to an aggregate of 2,200 or more during the war, was surrendered at Appomattox with only sixty-four bare footed and battle-scarred men, under the ever-faithful Lieut. Jim Hill, of Company G. Since the war Colonel Sanders has had a successful business career, and is now president of the State Banking company at Gainesville. In 1893 he was one of the Georgia commissioners to the Columbian exposition at Chicago. Colonel Sanders was married in 1871 to Fannie Scarborough, of Lee county. They have two children living: Robert Jackson and Montaine.

Daniel B. Sanford, of Milledgeville, a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born at Greensboro, Ga., April ii, 1839, son of Daniel B. Sanford and his wife, Elizabeth Totty. In his youth he studied law at his native town, under P. B. Robertson, and for some time was deputy clerk

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

961

of the superior court. In 1859 he went to Milledgeville, then the State capital, and was appointed deputy clerk of the supreme court of Georgia, an office he filled until the beginning of the Confederate era. In April, 1861, he vol unteered for the military service of the Confederate States as a private in the Greene County Rifles, commanded by his former preceptor, Capt. P. B. Robertson, and was mus tered in at Big Shanty, his command becoming Company A of Phillips' legion. In December, 1861, he was elected first lieutenant of the company. With the infantry of the legion he went to West Virginia in the summer of 1861 and served under Robert E. Lee and John B. Floyd at Sewell's Mountain, and in the Gauley Bridge campaign. When Lee was transferred to the southern coast, the legion was ordered to that region, and thence was transferred to the army of Northern Virginia. Lieutenant Sanford served with gallantry in Gen. Howell Cobb's brigade at Second Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg; under the brigade command of Gen. T. R. R. Cobb in the memorable fight at Marye's Hill, in the battle of Fredericksburg, and under General Wofford in the Suffolk campaign, and at Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, and on the Rich mond and Petersburg lines during the siege of June, 1864, to April, 1865. Captain Fuller, of his company, was killed at Spottsylvania Court House, in May, 1864, and thereafter he was in command of his company, with the rank of cap tain. During' the retreat to Appomattox he fought with Ewell's corps at Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865, and was among the many who were captured, after being twice wounded. Being sent to Washington, D. C., he was held there until paroled in July, 1865. On his return to Mil ledgeville Captain Sanford resumed the study of law, and in 1866 was admitted to the practice. In 1867 he was ap pointed by the supreme court of the State to bring up all unfinished business in the office of the clerk of the court, and this occupied him for three years. Since then he has been actively and successfully engaged in the practice of law, also serving for sixteen years as ordinary of Baldwin county, and ten years as chairman of the board of county commissioners. For a number of years he has been presi dent of the board of trustees of the Middle Georgia military and agricultural college. Captain Sanford was married in 1868 to Elizabeth C. Stetson, and they have two children

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living: Daniel S., associated with his father in the practice of law, and Elizabeth E.

W. W. Sasser, of Senoia, Coweta, county, was born Feb ruary 7, 1829, in Monroe county, where his parents William. Sasser and Elizabeth Beverly, made themselves a home in the forests in 1825. The parents were natives of Laurens district, South Carolina, and descendants of colonial ances try. John Sasser, grandfather of W. W., came to America from England before the revolution, and was a patriot sol dier in the war for independence. William served in the war of 1812. W. W. Sasser, during the first three years of the war, was in the mail service of the Confederate States, running a post route. Toward the last, when Georgia was' invaded by Sherman's army, he went on duty with the reserves organized by Gov. Joseph E. Brown, and performed the duties assigned him during that memorable and lam entable period. He is thoroughly interested in the move ment for the preservation of truthful records of the deeds of the Southern soldiery, whom he faithfully supported dur ing the great war, and has continued to befriend at every opportunity. Mr. Sasser has served seven years as county commissioner, and is a public-spirited and popular citizen. He was married in 1857 to Keziah Boyd, a native of South Carolina, and they have seven children living.

Joachim Radcliffe Satissy, of Savannah, a prominent attorney, formerly in the Confederate States service, is a native of Effingham county, Ga., born in 1835, and was reared at Savannah from four years of age. He was edu cated at that city and at the university of Virginia, where he was a student for two years. Returning to Savannah from college in 1855, he engaged in teaching school and the study of law, gaining admission to the bar in 1858, when he made his home at Savannah and embarked in the prac tice. His military service for the Confederacy began as a sergeant of the Pulaski Guards, with which he was on gar rison duty at Fort Pulaski. In November, 1861, he enlisted for the war, in the Chatham Artillery, as a private, and in the following year he was detailed for duty in the ordnance department at Savannah. He continued in this latter duty until the close of the war, being paroled at Greensboro, N. C., May 3, 1865, as assistant ordnance officer of the army of Tennessee (subject to examination), reporting to

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

963

Capt. W. D. Harden, who had secured him his detail in

March, 1865. Returning to Savannah after the surrender

of General Johnston's army, Mr. Saussy resumed the prac

tice of his profession. For many years he has been one

of the leading lawyers of the city, and he is popular with

his comrades of'the Confederacy and held in high esteem

by all the people of his city.

- --'

\\

Robert Saussy, of Savannah, born in that city in 1840,

prior to the Avar, was a member of the celebrated Georgia

Hussars, and in April, 1861, volunteered with them as a

private. As such he served with fidelity, in February, 1863,

was elected junior second lieutenant, and on December 23rd

of the same year was promoted to the full rank of second

lieutenant. He went to Virginia with his command, there

sharing in the successful raids, battles and skirmishes of the

Hussars, both under the gallant Stuart and, after the death

of that skillful and heroic leader, under the no less gallant

Wade Hampton. Each of these chieftains was a brilliant

star in that grand galaxy of able officers who composed

the leaders of the matchless army of Northern Virginia.

Whether called upon to repel raids of the enemy or to carry

the war across the Potomac and into the heart of Penn

sylvania, the cavalry of Lee's army was always an alert

and vigilant corps, appearing where least expected and elud

ing in a most marvelous manner every effort of the enemy

to entrap it or strike it a serious blow. Robert Saussy

served with his company and was gallantly engaged in

almost every fight of his command until badly wounded at

Nelson's Farm, near the Boydtown plank road, October 27,

1864. He was conveyed to a farmhouse and there remained

until able to travel, whereupon he returned to Georgia,

going first to Augusta. On May 29, 1865, he came back

to Savannah, but in the fall of the same year he went to

New York, being connected there with railroad and steam

boat service until 1898. In that year he returned to his

native city and the home of his childhood, where he has

since lived.

Benjamin Franklin Scott, a planter and leading citizen of Screven county, of which he is a native, was born July 6, 1845, son of Benjamin F. Scott, a native of the same county. His grandfather, James Scott, and his great-grand father, of the same name, were both devoted patriots and sol-

964

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HISTOR Y.

diers of the army of the Revolution, and his father served in ihe Indian war in Florida in 1840-41. When the war began, Mr. Scott was a student at the Georgia military institute, and familiar with military affairs, so that when he enlisted in 1862, at the age of seventeen years, he was made orderly sergeant of his command, Company A of the Sixth regi ment Georgia reserves. He served with this regiment at Savannah and was part of the command of General Hardee when the city was invested by Sherman's army in the win ter of 1864, and fell back with Hardee through South Caro lina to North Carolina, where he was transferred to Com pany E of the First Georgia regulars, retaining the rank of orderly sergeant. At the last he was a member of George P. Harrison's brigade, McLaws' division, Johnston's arrny, and was for a great part of the time in command of his company, though not yet twenty years of age. After par ticipating in the battle of Bentonville, March 19-20, 1865, he surrendered with the army at Greensboro, N. C., and was paroled at A.ugusta. On returning from this youthful and highly creditable military service, Sergeant Scott made his home in Screven county, and soon embarked in mercan tile life. He removed to Greenville, Ala., in 1867, and was in business there two years, subsequently returning to Sylvania, where he has been quite successful as a merchant and planter. He has served as alderman of his town and jus tice of the peace for eight years. In 1867 Mr. Scott was married to Laura V. Nunnally, and they have four sons, of whom B. F. Jr., is a merchant at Folkeston, Ga., and James W. is a soldier in the United States army, and three daugh ters, Amanda, Mrs. Mary D. Powell and Mrs. Annie Mor gan.

John A. Scott, of Canton, a veteran of the cavalry of the army of Northern Virginia, is a native of Cherokee county, Ga., and a son of Charles Scott, who was also born in this State. He entered the Confederate service at the age of eighteen years, enlisting in 1862 in Company C, cavalry, of Phillips' legion, at Stony Creek camp, near Culpeper Court House, Va., the cavalry companies of the legion then being attached to the cavalry brigade of Gen. Wade Hamp ton, in Stewart's corps. As a private he served under Hampton and J. E. B. Stuart in the Chancellorsville cam paign, the raid through Maryland and Pennsylvania and the battles of Gettysburg and the combats which followed

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

965

on the retreat "to Virginia, and in 1864 took part in the cav

alry engagements from the Rapidan to the James, including

the battle of Yellow Tavern, where Stuart fell, and the fight

ing at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold

Harbor. He was with Wade Hampton in all his operations

around Richmond and Petersburg, under the brigade com

mand of the gallant P. M. B. Young, participating among

other famous exploits in the cattle raid, capturing 2,500 beef

cattle from Grant's army. He served with Hampton also

in the campaign against Sherman in the Carolinas, and

after a gallant participation in many battles, came home at

the close of hostilities, in the spring of 1865. A brother,

A. T. Scott, served in the same command, throughout the

war. After his return to Georgia Mr. Scott engaged in

farming, in which he is yet occupied. Also, during the

last three years, he has done business as a merchant at Can

ton. Since 1893 he has operated the Owl Hollow mills,

near Canton, and he is interested in the Owl Hollow gold

mining company, operating on his land. In 1868 he was

married to Mary J. Simpson, and they have five children:

Arthur, Maude (wife of Dr. Bates), Lowe, Molly and

John.

x

John J. Seay, of Rome, Ga., a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in DeKalb county, Ga., No vember 10, 1843. His parents were Robert Morgan Seay, a native of Appomattox county, Va., and a prominent mer chant at Knoxville, Tenn., and Laura Boardrnan Wadsworth, a native of DeKalb county, Ga. In June, 1861, when seventeen years of age, he enlisted in a volunteer com
pany known as "The Stevens Rifles," commanded by Capt. Luther J. Glenn, which was mustered in at Richmond, Va., as Company C of Cobb's Georgia legion, under Col. T. R. R. Cobb. He was with this famous command through out its career, sharing all its campaigns and battles. On the Yorktown line he took part in the fight at Dam No. I and on the retreat to Richmond was in line of battle at Seven Pines. He fought throughout the Seven Days' bat tles around Richmond, ending at Malvern Hill, and at
South Mountain and Sharpsburg, and was one of the heroic line that held the Sunken Road at Fredericksburg, where their commander fell. He was also in the battles of Chancellorsville and the battle of the Wilderness, and with Longstreet before Chattanooga (Chickamauga) and Knox-

966

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

ville. After his return to Georgia, he was in the hard ware btisiness for a short time at Atlanta, and afterward embarked in business at West Point, Ga. In 1873 he estab lished a foundry at Rome, Ga., for the manufacture of stoves, in which business he continued until 1883. He then engaged in steamboating on the Coosa river, building sev eral boats that are now plying the river, between Rome and
Gadsden, including the Warlick, Resaca, John J. Seay and Clifford B. Seay. In these, and other enterprises, he has been very active and public spirited, doing a great deal for
the advancement of his city and State. He is now president of the Southern Co-Operative foundry company and solic iting agent of the freight traffic department of the Southern railway, at Rome. In 1892 he was honored with election to the legislature of his native State, and he was mayor of the city of Rome for the years 1898-1899.

Alexander Sessoms, of Waycross, a veteran of the North Carolina troops in the Confederate States army, is a native of that State, born in Cumberland county in 1834. In February, 1862, he volunteered as a private in Company C of the Thirty-sixth regiment North Carolina troops, other wise known as the Second regiment of artillery, com manded by Col. William Lamb. He served with this com pany on the coast throughout the war, and when Sherman approached Savannah, in December, 1864, was on duty in the intrenchments before that city. Meanwhile, on Decem ber 24th and 25th, five companies of his comrades, under Colonel Lamb, had been attacked by a powerful Federal
fleet of fifty vessels, which poured upon them a storm of shot and shell all through that memorable Christmas,
and then retired, unable to make any impression on the gallant defenders. Private Sessoms' company was imme diately sent back to North Carolina and added to the force at Fort Fisher, and he was a participant in the great artil lery battle of January i3th and I4th, against an even greater naval force, aided by the assaults of a large body of infantry landed on the sandy point upon which the fort was built. The Federal fleet kept up a constant fire day and night,
until the garrison of two thousand men was exhausted, and fivs hundred had been slain. Then they yielded to the as saults of eight thousand infantry, and the last seaport of the Confederacy passed into the hands of the Union. In this memorable defense, one of the most gallant in history,

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

967

Private Sessoms was severely wounded in the leg by a frag ment of shell, and when captured he was sent to Fortress Monroe and held until the conclusion of peace. On his return to North Carolina he engaged in farming and the production of turpentine until 1876, when he removed to Georgia. His home has been at Waycross since 1893, and he is quite prominent there in business as a dealer in naval stores.

James R. Sheldon, of Savannah, a veteran of the Fiftieth
Georgia regiment, is a native of Rhode Island, the home of
his family, born in 1840, becoming an adopted son of Geor
gia in 1858. He entered the military service of the Con federate States as a volunteer on March 2, 1862, as a mem ber of Company E of the Fiftieth Georgia infantry. This regiment had a most gallant career in the army of North ern Virginia, in Longstreet's corps, first under the com mand of General Drayton and later of General Semmes. Mr. Sheldon was made color-bearer at the organization of the company, but upon the organization of his regiment this office ceased to exist, he still remaining with his company, and upon the transfer of Major Hanckle to post duty in Charleston, he was for six months assigned to duty as bri gade commissary, and then upon the reorganization of bri gades, he was returned to his regiment as commissary. Among the battles in which the regiment participated were the Seven Days before Richmond, Thoroughfare Gap, Sec ond Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Kncxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor and Cedar Creek, and the fighting about Richmond and Petersburg during the siege of July, 1864, to April, 1865. Finally he surrendered with General Lee's army at Appomattox, never having had a furlough or been absent from his command. He was a gallant soldier and is held in high esteem by his surviving comrades, who knew his loy alty and devotion to duty in the times that tried men's souls. General Evans, commanding the Georgia division, United Confederate veterans, has honored him with a staff position. At Savannah, since the Confederate era, Mr. Sheldon has had a successful and prominent business career, from which he has of late retired, though he yet retains his position as vice-president of the Savannah Guano company. He has rendered valuable public service as an alderman of the city,

963

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HIS TOR Y.

and for many years a member of the Savannah sanitary board.

Lieutenant-Colonel William S. Shepherd, of the Second Georgia infantry, is a native of Washington, Wilkes county. Ga., and of colonial descent. His father was Dr. Albert Shepherd, a native of Orange county, Va., who had a suc cessful career in the early days of Georgia as a physician
and planter, and while serving in the Creek Indian war won the,lasting regard of the red men by his professional care
for the daughter of the chief of the tribe. The mother of Colonel Shepherd was Anne Elizabeth Smythe,' of Wilkes
county, Ga. Colonel Shepherd was educated at Columbus; at the Georgia military institute, at Marietta; at the uni versity of Georgia and at the university of Virginia, taking degrees in several special courses in the latter institution. At the beginning of the Confederate era he was captain of a company of boys at Columbus known as the Georgia Grays, but considering the members of his organization too young for active service, he resigned his commission in April, 1861, and became a private soldier in the Columbus Guards, then commanded by Capt. Paul J. Semmes, a gal lant general in later days of the great conflict. Private Shepherd served with his company at Tybee island and Brunswick, Ga., until the organization of the Second Geor gia regiment, and the election of Captain Semmes as colo nel. Then, the regiment lacking a few companies of the regular number he was sent back to Columbus to raise an
other company. He soon formed the Semmes Guards, of which he was elected captain, and joined the regiment with his men at Richmond, Va., not long after its arrival there,
and his command was made Company C of the Second regiment. Under his direction the company was soon able to bear itself appropriately in a regiment famous as one of the best drilled in the Confederate armies. Later in the course of the war he was promoted to major, and from
that rank to lieutenant-colonel. Beginning his battle career at Seven Pines and the Seven Days' campaign before Rich mond, he shared the distinguished service of Longstreet's corps throughout the war, except when disabled by wounds. He passed unscathed through the great battles of Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, but at Chickamauga was severely wounded in the right arm, a ball passing be tween the two bones of the lower arm. Returning to duty

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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a few weeks later, he took part in the Knoxville campaign, and the Virginia campaign of 1864, from the Wilderness to Petersburg. Subsequently he was on duty north of the James river, until dangerously wounded by a fragment of shell while resisting an attack of the enemy in a salient near Fort Harrison. He was carried from hospital to his home in Georgia, and was not able to rejoin his command during the continuance of the war. Attempting to take his place in the spring of 1865, he was met at Danville by the sad news of the surrender of the noble army with which he had-been so honorably associated, and was ordered at Greensboro, N. C., to report for duty at Augusta, Ga., but before reaching Georgia he learned that General Johnston had surrendered, and proceeded to his home at Columbus, where he was paroled. Since the war he has lived a quiet life, operating his plantations in Stewart county, and mak ing his home at Columbus. He is a valued member of the Muscogee club of that city. He has the honor of being commander of Benning camp, United Confederate veterans, of Columbus, a position which he gratified his comrades all over the State by accepting. Unanimously elected brigadiergeneral of the Western brigade in his absence, he was com pelled to decline, greatly to the regret of the whole divi sion. The character and history of Colonel Shepherd compel the admiration of all by whom he is knoAvn.

Thomas L. Sims, of Kirkwood (a suburb of Atlanta), a veteran of Wheeler's cavalry, was born in Caldwell county, I\T. C., May 10, 1846. His father, Jacob L. Sims, came to Forsyth county, Ga., with his family, in 1852, and Thomas L. was reared in that county. He enlisted there for the Confederate States service in 1863, becoming a sergeant in Company A of Graham's cavalry battalion, was soon pro moted to orderly sergeant, and in this capacity served until the end of the war. The battalion was part of the com mand of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, and participated in the famous campaigns, raids and battles of Wheeler's corps. Sergeant Sims was chiefly engaged in scouting duty, and performed this service in the States of Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky and North Carolina. After the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston he was paroled at Kingston, Ga., in the spring of 1865. At the close of this creditable war service Sergeant Sims returned to Forsyth county, where he remained for a considerable period, and for some time

970

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

conducted the hotel at the town of Gumming. He was also honored with the office of sheriff of his county, in 1887-88. In 1890 he removed to Kirkwood, where he has been quite successful in dairying and gardening. Mr. Sims was mar ried in 1870 to Mattie Hallman, and six sons and six daugh ters have been born to them, of whom all but one daughter are living. He is prominent in the orders of Freemasonry and Oddfellowship, is a steward of the Methodist church and superintendent of the Sunday school, and a stanch Democrat.

James Jeremiah Slade, for many years a prominent citi zen of Columbus, was born in Jones county, Ga., April 28, 1831, son of Rev. Thomas B. Slade and his wife, Ann Jacqueline Blount, both natives of North Carolina. His father was the grandson of Lieut. William Slade, a patriot soldier of the Revolution, and a well-known Baptist min ister and educator at Columbus. He is remembered as hav ing brought about the abolition of corporal punishment in the school for girls in Georgia. The subject of this sketch was graduated at the university of North Carolina in 1852, a classmate of Zebulon Vance, the famous war governor of that State, and in 1855 he was admitted to the practice of law at Columbus. In the early days of his professional career he served as county judge at that city, and in 1859 he was married to Leila Bonner. When the war began he was a citizen of Louisiana, and though he opposed seces sion on grounds of expediency, he promptly organized a company when hostilities began, was elected captain, and took his company to Camp Moore, at Tangipahoe, La., offer ing it to the Confederate States through Governor Moore. The company being refused by Governor Moore, under the impression that no more troops were needed, he took the company back to Carroll Parish, disbanded his men, and, returning to Columbus, enlisted as a private in Company A of the Tenth regiment Georgia infantry, which he joined in camp near Richmond. He took part in the battle of Seven Pines and subsequently was elected lieutenant of his company. In this rank he participated in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond and the Maryland campaign of 1862, part of the time serving as adjutant of the regiment, and as aide at Malvern Hill on the staff of General Semmes, commanding his brigade. After the battle of Sharpsburg he. was sent home on account of broken health, and was no

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971

longer in the field with his regiment. He continued, how ever, in the Confederate service, and was detailed for duty in connection with the shipment of supplies from the TransMississippi department, serving mainly as government agent, reporting at Shreveport, and crossing the river, after the capture of Vicksburg, between Port Gibson and Natchez. Since the war Lieutenant Slade has resided at Columbus, and in the earlier years he was engaged in teach ing a classical school for young men. Subsequently he was ten years in insurance agency, and for a considerable period was secretary of the Columbus investment company. For two terms, 1890-94, he served as mayor of the city. In 1897 he established the St. Elmo Institute, a finishing school for young ladies, which has had a remarkable success. In this work he is ably assisted by his daughters, the Misses Anne Louise, Marion Huguenin and Effie May Slade. Lieu tenant Slade has also four sons living: William B., presi dent of the National Bank-tit Columbus; Thomas B. and James J., Jr., civil engineers in Mexico, and Dr. C. B. Slade, of New York city.

Major William Franklin Slaton, of Atlanta, distinguished since the war as an educator, was born in Merriwether county, Ga., March 6, 1831. His father was John Slaton, a planter, who served as a captain of volunteers in the Florida Indian war, associated with the famous Gen. Sam Houston; his grandfather Slaton was a Kentuckian; and his mother, Nancy Harris, of Greenville, Ga., was granddaughter of a Revolutionary soldier. Major Slaton was reared in Autauga county, Ala., from the age of five years. He was graduated in 1849 a '; the school of Carlisle P. Beman, at Mount Zion, Ga.; immediately afterward the degree of M. A. was conferred upon him by Emory college, of Ox ford, Ga., and at a later date he was honored with the degree of M. A. from the university of Georgia. At eight een years of age he began his career as a teacher at Oak Bowery, Chambers county, Ala., and in 1856 was elected principal of the schools at Auburn, Ala., where he laid, in 1860, the corner-stone of the Auburn Male college, the nucleus of the present Alabama Agricultural and Mechan ical college. He was the first professor of applied mathe matics at Auburn college, and while filling this position organized a volunteer military company, known as the Au burn Guards, of which he was elected a lieutenant, and soon

972

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

became captain. In December, 1860, his company was one of seven called to Montgomery by Governor Moore, to guard the State property during the Christmas holidays, and on January 6, 1861, a regiment was formed at the capital, under the command of the Mexican war veteran, Col. Tennent Lomax. The boys were in summer attire, with pump boots, light cloth uniforms, ostrich feathers in their hats,
and armed with heavy navy pistols, one on each hip. The State had not yet seceded from the Union, but was about to do so, and this regiment, known as the First Alabama, of which Slatons command was Company D, immediately volunteered, in answer to the personal appeal of the gov ernor, to go to Pensacola and take possession of the forts and navy yard. They traveled all night of the sixth, marched forty miles without a commissary next day over the ties on the unfinished railroad, again took the cars, and, reaching Pensacola at 2 a. m. on January 8th, marched out to the navy yard, seven miles distant, that day, and de manded its surrender, which soon followed. In the follow ing month, upon the organization of the Confederacy, the regiment was recalled to Montomery and disbanded. Cap tain Slaton resumed his college duties until his company was again called into service early in 1862, when they went to the front, 150 strong, half of them college boys, and became Company D of the Thirty-seventh Alabama infan try, under Colonel James F. Dowdell. Captain Slaton was
on duty in Mississippi in 1862, and in September partici pated in the battle-of luka, where he was promoted to major of the regiment. At the battle of Corinth, early in October,
he was severely wounded by a fragment of shell, but he returned to duty in time to take part in the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, at the close of the year. In 1863 he fought at Bakers Creek and served in the Vicksburg trenches from
May 18th to July 4th, After the surrender the garrison was paroled and sent to parole camp to await exchange. When exchanged, as he understood, with five thousand others, Major Slaton returned to duty with his regiment,
also exchanged and forming part of Moores brigade of Cheathams division, army of Tennessee. He participated in the siege of Chattanooga, and was in the famous "battle above the clouds," on Lookout Mountain, November 23, 1863, where he was captured. When in the Federal hands he was charged with violating his parole, although he had been declared exchanged and ordered on duty by the Con-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

973

federate government, and being sent to Johnson's Island, Ohio, was there held in a dungeon from November 23, 1863, to March 10, 1864. On trial he was condemned to be shot, but was reprieved, and finally, after much trouble, was relieved of the death penalty, after representations had been made by Senator Ben Hill and President Davis. Upon the close of the war he was released from confinement and then learned that he had been promoted to colonel of his regiment. It is his privilege now to be custodian of the old battle flag of his regiment. After his return to Ala bama in 1865 he was engaged in farming four years, while regaining his health. In 1870 he became principal of the Bailey institute, at Griffin, Ga., and four years later he came to Atlanta as principal of the Boys' high school. In 1879 he was promoted to the position of superintendent of the Atlanta schools, over which he has presided with notable ability ever since, making the schools under his control models of excellence. He is well known among educators throughout the United States, and is honored as a man of talent in his profession.
Edmund H. Smart, of Bainbridge, a veteran of the First Georgia volunteers, was born in Pike county, Ala., May 15, 1840, and was reared in Decatur county from infancy. Early in the spring of 1861 he enlisted at Bainbridge in the Bainbridge Independents, which rendezvoused at Macon and became Company G of the First regiment Georgia vol unteers, under Col. James N. Ramsey. His first sen/ice was about Pensacola, where the Confederate forces gath ered to protect the city and port against the Federal strength at Fort Pickens. Thence he and his comrades were sent to Virginia and into the mountains of that State to Laurel Hill, where they served under General Garnett against the Federal invading army under General McClellan. They skirmished with the advance of the enemy there, but being flanked by the advance of Rosecrans over Rich Mountain, were compelled to retreat. Private Smart was in the fight at Carrick's Ford, where Garnett was killed, and the pain ful retreat that followed, through a region that afforded barely enough food for existence. He served under Gen. Robert E. Lee at Cheat Mountain, another period of great hardships; fought at Greenbrier River with Gen. H. R. Jackson, and marched over the ice and through the snow storms of January, 1862, with Stonewall Jackson, in his campaign from Winchester to Hancock, on the Potomac.

974

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Returning to Georgia when the First regiment was mus tered out, he re-enlisted, a month later, in the Milton Ar tillery, a Florida battery commanded by Capt. Joseph L. Dunham, with which he served as a private during the re
mainder of the war. He participated in the fight at St. John's Bluff, below Jacksonville, and acted as gunner in
the battle of Olustee, February 20, 1864, and the engage ment at Natural Bridge, in March, 1865. In the latter fight
he was hit by a spent ball, but not seriously injured. Dur ing the year immediately following the war Mr. Smart re sided at Columbia, Ala., and since then he has made his home at Bainbridge, where he is one of the most popular citizens. For twenty-eight years he has served the com munity faithfully and actively as marshal of the city.

Bridges Smith, of Macon, at the age of thirteen years, in 1861, began his service for the Confederate States gov ernment, making ammunition and cartridges in a labora tory at Macon, and he was thus engaged throughout the four years' war, except when on active service in the field with the Georgia reserves. When the city and its indus tries, important to the Confederacy, were threatened by the raid of the Federals under General Stoneman, early in Au gust, 1864, he went out with the local troops, and partici pated in the defeat and capture of the Federal commander. Later, when Sherman was marching to Savannah, after burning Atlanta, and sent a body of troops against Macon, he served with the troops that held the enemy at bay. After that danger to the city was past, until the Federal raiders under General Wilson approached Macon as the objective
of their march through Alabama and Georgia, in April, 1865; subsequent to the surrender of Lee and Johnston.
Then he participated in the skirmishes under General How-
ell Cobb, and was the last to leave his laboratory when the city was surrendered. To the extent of his ability as a boy he made a creditable record in behalf of the cause which he loved. Mr. Smith is a native of Wilmington, N. C., and
began his residence at Macon at the age of nine years. After the war he found employment for a time as newsboy on the railway trains between Macon and Atlanta, and subsequently served an apprenticeship as a printer. Having learned his trade, he continued to follow it, and entering the profession of journalism, was associated with some of the prominent newspapers of the State, among them the

CONFEDERATE MILLTARY HISTORY.

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Atlanta Herald, under Henry Grady. The last journal with which he was associated was the Macon Telegraph, which he left to accept the office of city clerk of Macon in 1888. This office he occupied, taking a prominent part in municipal affairs, until 1899, when he was promoted by the popular vote to the office of mayor. He has made a remarkable record, in the brief time which has since elapsed, as a progressive and efficient head of the municipal govern ment. In connection with the Price Free Library, of Macon,
he has also rendered valuable public service, devoting much of his time and energy to its success. Mayor Smith has a son, Burgess Smith, who is an attache of the navy depart ment at Washington, D. C., and well known as an artist.

G. Clark Smith, a prosperous farmer of Jones county, was born October 19, 1844, son of E. ]. Smith, a native of North Carolina, and Lydia Roberts, of Virginia. During the war of the Confederacy he rendered patriotic service as a soldier of Mercer's Georgia brigade, participating in some of the most important battles of the war. He volunteered in March, 1862, as a private in Company A of the Fiftyfourth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Charlton H. Way. During the early part of his service he was on duty along the coast, mainly about Savannah and Charleston, and he was on duty in the works about Charles ton harbor during the great bombardment of 1863. He also participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20, 1864, and in May, 1864, with his brigade, under General Mercer, joined the army of Tennessee at Dalton. After that
he was in frequent encounters with the enemy, including' the battles of Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw
Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta (July 22d), Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin, Murfreesboro, Nashville, and the fighting on the retreat from Tennessee, closing a year of very arduous service. Early in 1865 he accompanied' his regiment to the Carolinas, and after participating in the last campaign of the army of Tennessee, he was surren
dered with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, April 26, 1865. From Greensboro, N. C., he walked to Augusta on his way home, and reached Jones county May iSth. Since the war period he has been engaged in farming, an occupation that has generously rewarded his industry and good manage ment. He is the owner of one of the most fertile farms of that region, located near Gray's Station, his postoffice.
Ga91

976

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

He was not alone, in his family., in Confederate service. Two brothers made good records, H. L. and J. W., and the first rose to the rank of captain. Mr. Smith was married in 1867 to Josephine Bryant, who died leaving one son, Eugene C., and in 1872 he married Mary Harris, by whom he has three children: Job J., Annie and Mamie D.

Junius Smith, of Thomasville, a Confederate soldier in
his youth, was born at Thomasville in 1845, and educated at the Georgia military institute at Marietta. In 1862 he en
listed at Thomasville as a private in Company E of the Twentieth Georgia battalion of cavalry, commanded by Col. John M. Millen. With this command he served on the Georgia coast until early in 1864, when they were or dered to Virginia to become part of the gallant Georgia cavalry brigade commanded by Gen. Pierce M. B. Young in Wade Hampton's division. Throughout the great cam paigns of 1864 in Virginia he served under the command of J. E. B. Stuart and Wade Hampton, participating in many cavalry engagements, all of those in which his bat talion took part. Late in the year the brigade was sent to the Carolinas to contest the advance of Sherman's army, and Mr. Smith rendered his last Confederate service in that region, finally being captured in hospital at Raleigh by Sher man's cavalry, and paroled. After the close of hostilities he returned on foot from Raleigh, and engaged in farming for a few years. Then he embarked in business as a mer chant at Madison, Fla., where he remained for several years.
Since then, with the exception of a brief residence at Valdosta, he has been a citizen of Thomasville, and engaged in farming and other employments until his retirement from business. He has prospered in his enterprises, and is one
of the responsible citizens of the county, and held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens.

Redden Smith, an active business man of Thomasville, Ga., where he was born in 1842, was a soldier of the army of Tennessee. When the war of 1861-65 began, the same spirit which stirred the breasts of so many noble young men of the Southland rendered him unwilling to remain at home while friends and neighbors were arming for the conflict. Accordingly he entered the military service in the Second regiment Georgia State troops, in which he served as sergeant for six months. In 1862 he was elected

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

977

second lieutenant of Company A, Fifty-seventh Georgia infantry, a gallant regiment that was sent into East Ten nessee and hence marched into Kentucky with Kirby Smith, participating near Richmond in that State in one of the most complete victories of the war, the Confederates fight ing in the open field and almost annihilating the opposing forces. Returning from the Kentucky campaign, Lieuten ant Smith served in Tennessee until the latter part of 1863, when he was compelled to resign by reason of physical disability. After his resignation he returned to Thomasville, which has ever since been his home, and where for the last twelve years he has been engaged in the banking business. At the present time he is cashier of the Oglethorpe Savings and Trust Company of Thomasville. He is another example of the fact that the New South is the legitimate offspring of the spirit of enterprise of the Old South, which did not first spring into existence under the new regime, but simply turned its energies into other and diversified channels. Many of the most progressive men of to-day are the gallant spirits who in the sixties were ready to endure privation and peril for their native land, just as now they are foremost in advancing her material interests.

Captain W. T. Smith, of Buford, commander of Gwinnett county camp, No. 982, United Confederate veterans, and well known throughout the State for his loyal and suc cessful efforts on behalf of his comrades, was born in Butts county, Ga., in. 1842, son of G. I. Smith, a native of Georgia. He entered the Confederate service as second lieutenant of the second company that left Gwinnett county, in the spring of 1861. This became Company H of Howell Cobb's regi ment, the Sixteenth Georgia infantry, and his brother, James A., continued with the regiment until he was killed at the second battle of Cold Harbor. He, however, resigned in December, 1861, on account of bad health, and was at home until March, 1862, when he re-enlisted as a private in Company B, Forty-second regiment Georgia infantry, and was made orderly sergeant. He went on duty with the regiment in east Tennesee, and after the battle of Tazewell, August 6, 1862, was promoted to first lieutenant, in which rank he commanded his company during the remainder of the war. He was promoted captain at the battle of Frank lin, Tenn. Captain Smith was a participant in the opera-

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

lions in east Tennessee and the Kentucky, Vicksburg, Atlanta, Nashville and Carolina campaigns. The principal battles in which he took part were Tazewell, Cumberland Gap, Richmond (Ky.), Perryville, Chickasaw Bayou, Baker's Creek, Vicksburg assaults and siege, Sweetwater Valley, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Pumpkin Vine Creek, Kenesaw, Atlanta (July 22d and 28th), Jonesboro, Florence, Colum bia (Tenn.), Franklin, Nashville, Kinston and Bentonville, N. C. Particularly notable among his battles were: the defeat of Hooker in his attempt to flank the army on Mis sionary Ridge at McFarland's Gap; the gallant fight at Mill Creek gap, February 25, 1864; Atlanta, July 22d, where they captured a large number of Federals; Franklin, where only two men of his company besides himself were unhurt. Nashville, where they resisted five charges of the enemy; and the desperate fighting of the rear guard on the retreat from Nashville, where Stovall's brigade, fighting barefooted in the snow, held their ground though sur rounded by the enemy. At Atlanta, when Sherman ordered the inhabitants of the city to leave, he was commander of a detail to convey the women and children within the Con federate lines. He was wounded at Atlanta, but not seriously, and at Franklin was captured, but soon made his escape. Finally he surrendered and was paroled at HighPoint, N. C., in command of eleven men. With him in the Forty-second regiment was his brother, R. P. Smith, who was wounded at Franklin, but survived the war and died in Arkansas in 1891. Their father also was a Confederate soldier, entering the army in 1862 and serving to the end, either attach'ed to the staff of Gen. A. P. Stewart, or in the ambulance corps. Capt. W. T. Smith, after the war, resided in Titus county, Tex., for fifteen years, and was honored by his fellow citizens there with election as justice of the peace two terms, and representative in the legislature three terms. Resigning the latter office in 1881 he returned to Buford, Ga. He has been successful in business as a merchant, also taking an active part in public affairs. Par ticularly has he gained the general attention and esteem by his work in behalf of needy Confederate veterans. While in Texas he was a leader in providing a pension system by act of legislature, and in Georgia the pension act of 1888 is largely the result of his unselfish labors. He represented Gwinnett county in the legislature of that year and 1889,

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

979

and again in 1891 and 1892. He was one of the trustees of the $40,000 fund donated by the people of Georgia for a soldiers' home, assisted in planning and building the home at Atlanta, and afterward, in association with Colonel Fleming, of Richmond, Ga., urged upon successive legisla
tures the acceptance and maintenance of the institution by the State. It seemed for a time that their efforts were
doomed to failure, and that the fair fame of the State would
be blotted by indifference to the welfare of her crippled and decrepit soldiers, but at last, in the legislature of 1900, in
which Captain Smith had the honor to sit as a senator, a bill was passed making the home a State institution, and providing for its future maintenance. When victory finally came, many honors were paid him and his associate in the work, in recognition of their long and sturdy struggle. Captain Smith was married in 1865 to Mary, daughter of
Col. R. E. Jones, one of the pioneers of Decatur, and they have seven children living.

Wilson Smith, since the war a prosperous farmer in Butts county, is a veteran of Gen. J. R. Anderson's Georgia brigade of the famous "light division" of A. P. Hill in the army of Northern Virginia. He was born in Butts county, June 12, 1844, son of S. F. Smith, a native of Fairfield, S. C., and Annie Lindsay, of Jasper county, Ga., and his father was a prominent farmer who served the Confederacy as a member of the Georgia militia. Wilson Smith entered
the Confederate service when about eighteen years of age as a private in Company I of the Forty-fifth regiment Georgia infantry, and had his first battle experience in
front of Richmond in the fight at Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862, opening the Seven Days' campaign. His regiment suffered severely in that engagement and he was wounded
in the left foot, an injury that kept him out of the service for a year and a half. He was brought home and remained there until he was fit for duty again, when he rejoined his
regiment and was detailed for duty on the Richmond & Petersburg railroad, where he served during the opera
tions against Richmond and Petersburg by Grant's army. On April 3, 1865, he and an engineer and a negro were the last to cross the railroad bridge over the James river after it was in flames. General Lee having retreated up the Appomattox river, he made his way to Danville, and from there, after the surrender of the army, came home to

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Georgia. Ever since the war he has been engaged in farm ing and in addition to his success in this calling he is enti tled to credit for the high place he has taken among the people of his county. He was a member of the building committee of the county court house and represented his fellow citizens two years in the State legislature, by elec tion in 1890. The wife of Mr. Smith is Mary A., daughter of Alfred Mack Watkins, a prominent citizen of Butts county, who served in the Georgia militia during the war. They 'have four sons living, one of whom graduated with second honors at the Atlanta medical college, and is a suc cessful physician.

Joseph M. Solomons, of Savannah, who is remembered with gratitude by many Confederates because of his efforts in their behalf during the great war, was born in George town, S. C., in 1825, and was reared from the age of five years at Charleston, S. C. In 1847 he made his home at Savannah, and in the spring of 1861 he entered the military service of Georgia as a private in the Republican Blues, Company B of the First Volunteer regiment. When the Blues went into the Confederate States service he was re fused on account of physical disability, but he soon found opportunity for serving the cause as chairman of the Relief Corps, organized in the city of Savannah for the ptirpose of caring for our sick and wounded soldiers on the field. The supplies, consisting of wines, liquors, underclothing, surgical dressing, etc., were contributed by the citizens of Georgia, the Confederate government being unable to fur nish these necessary articles. In this capacity, with head quarters with the army, he followed the army under Gen erals Johnston and Hood, and was frequently under fire, it being his duty to see that the supplies collected for that purpose reached the surgeons on the field. He was a faith ful and earnest worker for the cause, and is worthy of honor as a true Confederate. Before and since the war Mr. Solomons has been engaged in business as a druggist at Savannah, and he is one of the successful and popular men of the city. Moses J. Solomons, at the close of hos tilities, was paroled at Savannah, and then returned to his former occupation as a druggist. In this business he con tinued until 1885, when he embarked in real etsate dealing. In public office he has served as alderman of the city in

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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1869-72. Mr. Solomons rendered faithful and efficient service to the Confederacy, and firmly supported the prin ciples for which his comrades fought in the field. He is held in high esteem by Confederate survivors.

Isaac L. Sowell, of McDonough, a prosperous farmer of Henry county, is a veteran of the gallant Georgia brigade commanded by General Semmes in Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia. Mr. Sowell is a son of John Sowell, a native of North Carolina, who came to Georgia about 1830, and he received his education in Henry county, growing up as a farmer. In 1861, in response to the patri otic call of Governor Brown, he promptly enlisted in the state troops organized by the governor, as a private in McDonald's company of Nunnally's battalion. Subse quently returning to McDonough, he enlisted in the Con federate States service as a private in Capt. Thomas Sloan's company, Company F of the Fifty-third regiment Georgia infantry. The fifty-third's first field officers were Col. L. T. Doyal, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Sloan and Maj. James P. Simms, the latter of whom won promotion to brigadiergeneral and commanded the brigade including his old regi ment at Appomattox. The regiment was sent to Virginia, arriving at Richmond in June, 1862, and participated in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. In September, marching into Maryland with Lee's army, they fought at South Mountain, holding in check McClellan's army while Stonewall Jackson captured Harper's Ferry. In this fight, September 14, Mr. Sowell was severely wounded in the right shoulder by a fragment of shell. Subsequently he took part in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, including the fight at Salem Church; was in the great and memorable battle of Gettysburg, and the engagement of Funkstown, Md., on the retreat from Penn sylvania. In the fall of 1863 he was with Longstreet's corps in Georgia and participated in the battle of Chickamauga, and in east Tennessee took part in the campaign against Knoxville and the charge upon Fort Loudon, November 29, 1863. In May, 1864, he was in the great battle of the Wilderness, and was again severely wounded, his right ankle being so badly hurt that he was incapable of duty as a soldier for six months. He did not retire from the army, however, but served in the quartermaster's

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department of General Lee's army until his wagon train was captured during the retreat to Appomattox. Mr. Sowell served throughout as a private and non-commis sioned officer, having been made third sergeant of his com pany in 1862, and made an excellent record as a soldier. His life since the war has been no less distinguished for devotion to duty and manly perseverance.

John W. Stafford, a prominent business man of Barnesville, and a veteran of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Upson county, Ga., February 20, 1838. His father, Alvis Stafford, was a soldier in the Indian war of 1836, for a long time held the office of mayor of Barnesville, and during many years was a leading business man of that city. When the war began, John W., then clerking with his father, started a movement to form a company for military service. He was receiving musical instruction at the time, as a member of a brass band under Professor Ryan, of Columbus, who advised his pupils, on learning of their eagerness to go to war, to offer their services as a regi mental band. This they did, and being accepted, were soon on the way to Richmond. There they enlisted in Company K of the Second Georgia infantry, under that gallant Georgian Col. Paul J. Semmes, and went on duty in Virginia. At the battle of Garnett's Farm, in the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond, June, 1862, one of their band men was killed, and other losses soon broke up their organization, it being impossible to obtain substi tutes. Mr. Stafford and his comrades were then trans ferred to the litter bearing corps, and in this capacity he served during the remainder of the war, faithfully perform ing his duty on the field of battle, participating in all the great engagements of Longstreet's corps of the army of Northern Virginia. At the last he was with his regiment at Appomattox Court House, and from that memorable spot he returned home to resume the occupations of peace. In June, 1865, he formed a partnership with A. J. Blalock in the mercantile business, and after some changes, in the lapse of years, the firm of J. W. Stafford & Sons was formed, which is yet doing a very successful business, all members of it enjoying the respect and confidence of the community. Mr. Stafford is a genuine and faithful Con federate and loyal American citizen. He is a leader in public affairs, and has served two terms as mayor, but has

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declined other official honors, preferring the grade of pri vate in civil life. In 1859 ^e was married to Sallie Blalock, and they have three sons and a daughter living.

Jephtha C. Stanaland, of Thomas county, a veteran of Walker's Georgia division, was born in the county where he now resides, in 1841, and enlisted at Thomasville, in the summer of 1861, as a private in Capt. L. C. Bryan's com mand, Company A of the Fifty-seventh regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. William Barkaloo. With the Fiftyseventh he served throughout the war, fighting as a pri vate, under Gens. Kirby Smith, John C. Pemberton, Braxton Bragg, Joseph E. Johnston, and John B. Hood. He participated in the memorable victory of Richmond, Ky., August 30, 1862, and later in that year went to Mississippi with Stevenson's division. On June 16, 1863, he fought under the brigade command of Gen. Alfred Gumming at rhe battle of Baker's Creek and throughout the siege of Vicksburg that followed, May 18 to July 4, 1863, he was or. duty along the Confederate intrenchments, exposed to the enemy's fire and the sufferings of weariness and hun ger. After the surrender of Vicksburg he was a prisoner on parole until exchanged later in the year, and his next campaign was in North Georgia, where his regiment became part of Gen. W. H. T. Walker's division of the army of Tennessee. He fought through the Atlanta cam paign, including the battles of Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and later in the year marched with Hood through North Georgia and Alabama, and participated in the bat tle of Franklin. In the spring of 1865 he was with John ston in the Carolinas until captured at Charlotte, N. C., when he was sent north as a prisoner of war and held at Camp Chase, Ohio, for a month. The war then having come to an end, he returned to his native county, and resumed his occupation as a farmer. In this occupation and as a merchant he has passed the subsequent years, mainly, and has achieved substantial success as a business man. He enjoys the high esteem of his fellow-veterans, and is one of the leading men of the county.

Captain Lycurgus Levin Stanford, of Hamilton, com mander of Harris county camp, United Confederate vet erans, was born in Putnarn county, Ga., December 10,

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1831, son of Nehemiah Stanford, a native of Georgia, and Elizabeth Wyatt, of Charlotte, N. C. His great-grand father, Joshua Stanford, came to Maryland with Lord Cecil, and was a patriot soldier of the Revolution, and
through his mother Captain Stanford is descended from another Revolutionary soldier, Sylvester Wyatt, of North Carolina. Captain Stanford was reared upon the farm, and
in 1854 was graduated at Maryville college, Tenn. He held the position of president of Hamilton Female college about eighteen months, and in December, 1859, was grad
uated in law at Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tenn. Soon after this he began the practice at Hamilton, with Col. James M. Mobley, and was thus occupied when the war began. In April, 1862, he enlisted in Company B of the Third regiment Georgia cavalry, in which he was soon elected first lieutenant, and subsequently promoted to captain of Company K. His first encounter with the enemy was at Bridgeport, Ala., in which a considerable body of Federal cavalry was defeated. During the Kentucky cam paign he was in the fights at Munfordville, Perryville, Crab Orchard and Bardstown, under the command of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, with whose career his command was asso ciated during" the remainder of the war. He was a partici pant in the Murfreesboro and Chickamauga campaigns, raided with Wheeler around Chattanooga, took part in Longstreet's Knoxville campaign, and in the Georgia cam paign of 1864 participated in all the cavalry fighting until he was captured at the battle of Resaca, May 14, 1864. This terminated his active service for the Confederacy, and
until June, 1865, he endured the miseries and suffering of prison life at Johnson's island, Ohio. After the close of
the war period Captain Stanford resumed the practice of his profession at Hamilton, in which he has ever since been prominent. He has also rendered valuable public service, as a member of the constitutional convention of 1868, in
which he was one of the "immortal thirteen" who resisted the requirements of the Federal government, and in 1877 and in iS8o-Si as a member of the Georgia legislature. As a legislator he was instrumental in securing the pas sage of a bill for the building of the branch college at
Hamilton, now known as the Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical college. Mr. Stanford has also served four years as mayor of his city, and in 1894 made a memorable race for the Democratic nomination for Congress, three

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hundred and sixty-five ballots being necessary to decide the contest. Captain Stanford has been four times mar ried and has three children living: L. W., county sur veyor; James Leland and Maggie A.

Archibald R. Steele, of Lafayette, Ga., a leader for many years in the manufacturing development of the South, was thoroughly loyal to the Confederacy during the great conflict of 1861-65, though he was a native of Scot land and his residence in this country antedated the war by only seven years. He had become thoroughly qualified as a mill operator before coming to America, and during the early part of the war his services were demanded as over seer of the mills at Augusta, manufacturing cloth and equipments for the Confederate troops, and supplying the wants of the people, shut off foreign trade by the Fed eral blockading squadrons. Finally, when the reserves were called out to meet the advance of Sherman's army, after the burning of Atlanta, he went on duty as a mem ber of the Augusta battalion, and was in battle on the famous field of Honey Hill, S. C., and in several engage ments on the Coosawhatchie, at Lawton's Farm, in the vicinity of Savannah, and in that region, until the com mand was sent back to Augusta, in the spring of 1865. After the war he was employed for several years at Graniteville, S. C., and for a time was superintendent of the Pied mont manufacturing company plant in that State, one of the most successful in the South. In 1871 he came to Georgia and was made superintendent of the Trion mills. Moving to Lafayette in 1891, he built the Union cotton mills, organizing the company of which he has since been president. He is also a stockholder in the Rome Cotton Mills. Captain Steele has six children living: William H., chief of police at Rome; Elizabeth, wife of P. D. Fortune, secretary and treasurer of the Union cotton mills; Mary, wife of Arthur Jackson, of Lafayette; John R., superin tendent of the Union cotton mills; Robert S., an expert machinist, and Belle, wife of E. A. Jackson, an attorney of Lafayette. The daughters are all members of the Daughters of the Confederacy, and Mrs. Fortune is presi dent of the Chickamauga Chapter.
William Henry Steele, son of the foregoing, is a native of Greene county, Ga., and in 1880 was graduated at the university of Georgia as a civil engineer. Subsequently he

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was engaged in erecting and managing cotton mills until 1884, when he came to Rome and took charge of the Rome cotton factory. After four years in that work and four as superintendent of the Rome ice factory, he engaged in mercantile business until 1898, when he was made chief of police of that city. He is now secretary and treasurer and general manager of the Elizabeth hosiery mills, at Lafayette, Ga. At Rome he served his community effi ciently as member of the school board and city council, and mayor pro tempore, and is one of the leading men of the city. In 1882 he was married to Fanny, daughter of Dr. W. H. Newton, of Athens, a surgeon in the Con federate army. While in the university he was captain of Company A, University cadets, and in later years he was captain of the Rome fire company and captain of the Hill City Cadets.

James L. Stewart, of Mitchell county, a soldier of Semmes brigade, enlisted for the Confederate service at Camilla, in March, 1862, as a private in Company C, Fiftyfirst Georgia infantry. Going with his command to Vir ginia, he won promotion to the rank of first lieutenant. Throughout his military career he proved himself a worthy member of that valiant host which for four years bore the fate of the Confederacy upon its bayonets. At Waterloo Bridge he was under heavy fire, and later he participated in the fiercely contested battles at Second Manassas and South Mountain. Being captured at the last named place, he spent three weeks at Fort Delaware, and was then paroled and sent to Richmond, where, on November 26, 1862, he was exchanged. In a little more than two weeks he was engaged in the great battle of Fredericksburg, and in the next fierce grapple of the army of Northern Vir ginia with the army of the Potomac, on the bloody field of Chancellorsville, he was thrice wounded, first severely in the left thigh, and, as he hobbled to the rear, slightly in the right shoulder, while a third wound shattered his left arm, necessitating amputation. Being sent to the hospital at Richmond, he remained there until June 7, 1863, when he was transferred to the hospital at Macon, Ga. Here he re mained until September, and then, resigning his commission as first lieutenant, returned home. In August, 1872, he located at Camilla, where he became county surveyor, a position he had held before the war. He has served the

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people of Mitchell county as justice of the peace in two districts, as county tax receiver, county treasurer, and mayor of Camilla, and is in his sixth term as tax collector.

Major James T. Stewart, of Savannah, formerly a staff officer in the Confederate States service, was born in Greenock, Scotland, in 1834, and came to America in 1863, landing at New Orleans. Several years later he made his home at Savannah, and was there married, and engaged in business pursuits. When the Confederacy was organized he volunteered as a Confederate soldier, enlisted in the Savannah Artillery, May i, 1861, was made a sergeant, and did duty at Fort Pulaski. When the company was disbanded, a few months later, he was detailed as drillmaster, a duty he performed at the forts around Savannah and on St. Simon and Skidaway islands. Subsequently he was appointed captain and quartermaster of transportation for the department of Georgia, on the staff of Gen. A. R. Lawton, which was his line of duty until General Lawton was ordered to Virginia. He was then appointed major and quartermaster of Gen. H. W. Mercer's command at Savannah, also continuing his services as transportation agent. While on duty on the coast he was under fire at the battle of Port Royal and in the two bombardments of Fort McAllister. In the spring of 1864 he accompanied Mercer's brigade to Dalton, and after that was in active duty in the field until the close of the war. His duties were arduous and important throughout the Hundred Days' campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, the march through North Georgia and Alabama, and the campaign in Ten nessee, including the battles around Nashville, and he was with the rear guard during the retreat, under General Forrest. After his brigade had reached Tupelo, Miss., it was hurried across the country to Augusta, and on into South Carolina to meet Sherman's army, and Major Stewart was then ordered back to Augusta in order to hasten forward troops for the army of Gen. j. E. Johnston. This duty he performed until the surrender of the armies, when he was paroled at Augusta. Since the war Major Stewart has been a resident of Savannah and prominent in the cotton business.

John D. Stewart, sheriff of Telfair county, is a veteran of Thomas' Georgia brigade, A. P. Hill's division, army of

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Northern Virginia. He was born and reared in Telfair county, and entered the Confederate service as a volunteer in March, 1862, being mustered in as a private in Company B of the Forty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, first com manded by Col. Andrew J. Lane, and later by Col. Sea born M. Manning. His first battle in Virginia was at Seven Pines, after which he participated in the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond, from Mechanicsville to Malvern Hill. Marching northward with Stonewall Jack son's corps, he took part in the battle of Cedar Mountain, and the opening part of the Second Manassas campaign, but was taken seriously ill at Bristoe Station, so that he was incapacitated for service until the battle of Sharpsburg. Subsequently he shared the heroic fighting of Jack son's corps at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and under the corps command of A. P. Hill was in battle at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor and on the Petersburg lines and Weldon railroad. Toward the latter part of the siege of Petersburg he was captured, and, being taken to Point Lookout, Md., was held there as a prisoner of war three months, until after the Confederate armies had laid down their arms. Upon the close of this honorable and creditable military career, Mr. Stewart re turned to his native State, and was engaged in farming and the production of turpentine until 1898, when he made his home at Helena. In the same year he was elected sheriff of Telfair county, and after one term of highly sat isfactory service in this capacity he was re-elected in the year 1900. The wife of Sheriff Stewart, whose maiden name was Sallie McMillen, died in 1897. Five of their children are living: Charles A., Maggie May, Carleen Stewart, Fentress Stewart, and Sarah Belle.

John S. Stubbs, of Cedartown, formerly an officer of the Forty-second Georgia infantry, was born and reared in Georgia, and educated at Fayetteville, and when the war began was engaged in teaching school at Franklin, Ga. His first military service in 1861 was as a private in Com pany B of the Third regiment of State troops, with which he was on duty six months on the coast, mainly at Bruns wick and Savannah. Subsequently he volunteered in Com pany I of the Forty-second regiment Georgia infantry, in the Confederate States service, in which he was promoted to second lieutenant, and later to first lieutenant. He

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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served for some time as adjutant of the regiment, and after the reorganization of the army in North Carolina, in the spring of 1865, he was on the staff of Gen. Robert J. Henderson, whose brigade was formed by the consolidation of the remnants of Stovall's and Cumming's brigades. Cap tain Stubbs' first campaign was in Kentucky with Kirby Smith, in which the battle of Richmond was fought. After wards occurred the inauguration of Governor Hawes at Frankfort. Upon the return to Tennessee, Stevenson's division, to which he was attached, was sent to Vicksburg, Miss., where Captain Stubbs and his comrades took part in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862, and Baker's Creek and Big Black Bridge, in May, 1863, and for forty-nine days were in the trenches of Vicksburg, under constant fire, and toward the last on very short rations. After Vicksburg was surrendered he and his com rades were on parole until the fall. Then being exchanged, they joined Bragg's army at Missionary Ridge, and took part in the battle there November 25th, the Forty-second behaving gallantly in the repulse of Joe Hooker at McFarland's Gap. Under the brigade command of General Stovall, they participated in the campaign from Dalton to At lanta. In the fight at Mill Creek Gap, February 25, 1864, Captain Stubbs was in command of four companies and captured several Federal officers, among them Col. Chris topher J. Dickerson, Tenth Michigan infantry, whose sword he wore during the remainder of the war. At the battle of Atlanta, July 22d, his regiment was the first to plant the Confederate flag on the Federal intrenchrnents. After the battle of Jonesboro, Atlanta was given up, and a little later Captain Stubbs accompanied his regiment in Hood's Tennessee campaign, and was in battle at Frank lin, Duck river and Nashville. He was among the remnant of the army that went to North Carolina in the winter of 1864-65, and again met Sherman's army in battle at Kinston and Bentonville, finally surrendering at Greensboro in April, 1865. In the course of his service Captain Stubbs was hit two or three times by Federal bullets, but never seriously wounded. On his return to Georgia he again engaged in teaching, and after four years at Cave Spring, took charge of the Cedartown high school. Two years later he embarked in business as a merchant. He has been ouite successful in business life, and is an enterprising and liberal citizen. For many years he has been an active

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worker for educational advancement and during eight years he was chairman of the county school board. He has been chairman of the board of education of the Cedartown pub lic schools since they were organized, in 1888, and is now president of the board of trade in Cedartown. In 1867 he was married to Madge A. Simmons, of Cave Springs, and
they have eight children living. John V. is in business at Dalton; Herbert W. is secretary and treasurer of the At lantic and Gulf cotton mills at Quitman, Ga., and Albert
W. is in mercantile business at Cedartown.

William Crawford Subers, of Bainbridge, is a native of Georgia, born at Macon in 1836, and was reared and edu cated at that city. He made his home at Bainbridge in 1857 and engaged in business as a jeweler, continuing to be so occupied until the war upon the Southern Confed eracy made it a patriotic duty to take up arms for the defense of the country. At Chattahoochee, Fla., in May, 1862, he enlisted in the Milton Artillery, a Florida battery, under the command of Capt. J. L. Dunham. After two months' service he received an honorable discharge, and, returning to Bainbridge, assisted Capt. Charles G. Campbell in the organization of a batter}r known as Campbell's Siege Artillery, of which he was elected third lieutenant, and after six months' service was elected first lieutenant. In this capacity he served from the fall of 1863 to the end of the war. The Siege artillery, with the First Georgia regulars, the Sixty-fourth Georgia, Cobb Guards artillery, Echols' Georgia artillery, and a number of Florida organizations, composed the command of Gen. Howell Cobb in the dis trict of Middle Florida in 1863, and later were under the
command of Gen. William M. Gardner. For a long time
they garrisoned St. Mark's, and for three months Lieuten ant Subers was on detail duty in command of forty men. He participated in several skirmishes, at Gainesville, Waldo and other points, and in March, 1865, took part in the defeat of the Federal invasion at Natural Bridge. At the last, after the capitulation of the main armies of the Con
federacy, he surrendered at St. Mark's, in April, 1865. Since the war Lieutenant Subers has continued in the jewelry business at Bainbridge, meeting with well-deserved success, and enjoying the esteem of his old comrades and the entire community.

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Edward A. Sullivan, of Sandersville, Ga., a veteran of
the army of Northern Virginia, is a native of Hickman,
Ky., born April 20, 1838, son of James and Mary Sullivan,
who came to America from Ireland in 1835. Edward Sul-
livan came to Georgia with his parents in 1845, and since
his manhood has been an honorable and patriotic citizen of
the Empire State. In May, 1861, he volunteered as a Con-
federate soldier, enlisting with the Echols Guards, of Meri-
wether county, commanded by Capt. C. W. Howard, and
going to Richmond, was mustered into the Confederate
service, his company being enrolled in the Eighth regi ment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow. Private Sullivan served under the gallant Bartow in the Shenandoah valley and at the battle of First Manassas, July 21, 1861, where he was severely wounded in the head. Upon his recovery he rejoined his regiment ana served thereafter under the brigade command of Gen. G. T. Anderson, in Longstreet's corps, until he was made a prisoner. Among the battles in which he participated were Dam No. i, near Yorktown, Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House. In the bloody battle of May 12, 1864, he was captured, and being sent to Point Lookout, Md., and thence to Elmira, N. Y., he was held in military prison until June 14, 1865. Since the war Mr. Sullivan has been a prosperous merchant at Sandersville, and prominent in public affairs. Soon after his return from the North he was appointed railway mail agent between Macon and Augusta. Two and a half years later he settled at Sandersville and served as postmaster until 1881. For six years he was clerk of ordinary of Washington county, and for fifteen years he held the office of justice of the peace. He has also rendered valuable service as a member of the city board of education and city council and as mayor pro tempore. In 1867 Mr. Sullivan was married to Lydia M., daughter of Judge Hayward Brookins. She died in 1876, leaving one son, Morris Clifford, and in 1877 Mr. Sullivan married Emma L., daughter of Dr. P. S. Hale. They have five children living: Edward H., Leo, Arthur Raymond, William G., and Emma Louise.

Ga 92

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Captain James B, Sullivan, for many years after the great war a prominent business man at Rome, Ga., is a native of South Carolina, and entered the Confederate serv ice in 1861, as private in the Nineteenth regiment South Carolina infantry, commanded by Col. A. J. Lithgoe. He was soon promoted to captain and quartermaster of the Nineteenth regiment. Soon after the battle of Shiloh the Tenth and Nineteenth regiments were sent from South Carolina to Corinth, to reinforce General Beauregard, and a brigade was formed, which, after December, 1862, was commanded by Brig.-Gen. A. M. Manigault. Captain Sul livan was made quartermaster of this brigade, on the staff of General Manigault, and in this duty he continued throughout the war, serving faithfully and efficiently for the Confederate cause. His record of four years embraces service on the South Carolina coast and in the trenches at Corinth; the memorable march through Tennessee into the heart of Kentucky, and the battle of Perryville; the battle of Murfreesboro and the middle Tennessee cam paign of 1863; the Chattanooga campaign, including the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; the cam paign from Dalton to Atlanta and Jonesboro, and its many battles; Hood's campaign in north Georgia and Tennes see made memorable by the costly fights at Franklin and Nashville and the suffering of the winter march back to Mississippi; and the last operations of the army in the Carolinas, ending with the battle of Bentonville. Captain Sullivan, with the rank of acting major, surrendered with General Johnston at Greensboro, N. C, and a few years aftem ard made his home at Rome, Ga., and embarked in business, becoming one of the leading business men of the city. In latter years he has been retired from active participation in affairs. Arthur R. Sullivan, son of this worthy Confederate officer, was born in Edgefield district, S. C., and came to Rome in 1868. He graduated with honors in 1872 at the Virginia military institute, after which he was an assistant professor in that celebrated school for one year, at the same time pursuing special studies in civil engineering. He afterward practiced that profession three years, with headquarters at Louisville, Ky., until, for rea sons of health, he abandoned it and engaged in mercantile business at Rome. In 1877 he was one of the organizers of the Tower & Sullivan company, for the manufacture of plows and other agricultural implements, founding an

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

993

industry that has met with great success, and of which he is now the sole proprietor. Mr. Sullivan was also one of the organizers of the Georgia cotton oil mill, at Rome. He is also president of the Lindale company, and a director in the Exchange bank at that city. In 1878 he was married to Laura, daughter of William L. Weller, of Louisville, a veteran of the Mexican war.

John E. Sullivan, of Americus, a veteran of the Fourth Georgia infantry, was born at Mount Vernon, Ga., April 28, 1828. His parents were Thomas C. Sullivan, a native of Georgia, and a prominent lawyer in the southwest part of the State, and Mary, daughter of Rev. Wilson Connor, a noted pioneer Baptist minister. He entered the Confed erate service in April, 1861, as a member of Company K, Fourth regiment Georgia infantry, under Col. George Doles, and made a highly creditable record with that com mand, gaining the rank of lieutenant. He was with the regiment in its first year's service about Norfolk, Va., and participated in its first battle, at Kings' Schoolhouse, June 27, 1862. With the army of Gen. R. E. Lee, he fought at Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg", the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Har bor; and with General Early, in 1864, he took part in the operations from Lynchburg to Harper's Ferry, the march through Maryland to Washington, the battle of Monocacy, and the Shenandoah valley campaign against Sheridan, including Winchester and Cedar Creek. In January, 1865, Early's command having returned to Richmond, he re signed his commission and joined a cavalry company at Macon, which acted as couriers to Gen. Howell Cobb, on duty in Georgia. In this capacity he served until the sur render of General Cobb at Macon to Wilson's raiders, ia April, 1865. In the course of his service he was once wounded, at Spottsylvania Court House, and several times hit by spent balls. A gallant and faithful soldier, he is held in high esteem by his comrades, with whom he is yet fraternally associated as a member of the Sumter county camp, United Confederate veterans. Lieutenant Sullivan made his home at Americus in 1867, and for many years was engaged in business as a jeweler. In 1891 he was elected treasurer of the county, a position he has since retained, in 1900 being elected for another term of two

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years. He was married at Oglethorpe to Georgia (Hawfield) Redding, and they have three sons living and in busi ness.

Joel L. Sweat, of Waycross, judge advocate general on the staff of Gen. P. A. S. McGlashan, commanding the Southern brigade of Georgia, United Confederate veterans, was born in Pierce (then Ware) county, Ga., September 21, 1847. He is the son of Samuel Sweat and grandson of Nathaniel Sweat, a Revolutionary soldier of North Caro lina. In his youth he was a student at Blackshear academy, leaving that institution in 1862, before he was fifteen years of age, to enter the Confederate service. He enlisted in May, 1862, as a private soldier in Company G, Fourth regi ment Georgia cavalry, under Col. Duncan L. Clinch. With this command he served until the close of the war, princi pally in Georgia. For some time he did picket duty along the Georgia coast, with occasional combats with gunboats, and he also participated in the Florida campaign. Subse quently the regiment was ordered to Atlanta, and attached to General Wheeler's command, with which he was in the cavalry fighting around Atlanta. After the evacuation of Atlanta he served with Wheeler's cavalry in the many engagements in which they disciplined the Federal cavalry under Kilpatrick, and when Sherman crossed into South Carolina, the Fourth cavalry was detached to guard the country west of Savannah. In this duty he continued until the close of hostilities, and in April, 1865, was paroled at Thomasville. After the war, penniless, he began the strug gle of civil life, and first found employment as a teacher in Clinch county. Later he was a mercantile clerk at Homerville, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He began his professional career at that town, and during the early and difficult years was aided by posi tions as clerk in the general assembly, and as clerk in the executive department under Governor Smith. In 1875-76 he was chief clerk of the house of representatives. In these positions he made a wide acquaintance with the people of the State and acquired an influential standing in political affairs. For two terms, 1880-83, he represented Clinch county in the legislature, serving upon important com mittees. He was a delegate from Georgia to the national Democratic conventions of 1884 and 1888. In 1887 he made his home at Waycross and was successfully engaged

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in the practice there until 1892, when he was appointed judge of the superior courts of the Brunswick circuit by Governor Northen. By subsequent re-election by the leg islature he served upon the bench until January i, 1898, when he returned to the practice as an attorney and as general counsel for the Waycross Air Line Railroad com pany. Judge Sweat is an active worker in the Confederate Veteran association, and held the office of commander of Waycross camp, No. 819, from its organization until 1899.

George W. Swindle, of Camilla, for many years sheriff of Mitchell county, is a veteran of the Second regiment Georgia cavalry. He was born in Madison county, Ga., in 1832, and came to Camilla in 1858, where he enlisted in May, 1862, in Company C of the Second Georgia cavalry, then commanded by Col. W. J. Lawton, and later by Cols. Arthur Hood and C. C. Crews. With the Second cavalryhe fought at Murfreesboro, Tenn., July 13, 1862, under Gen. N. B. Forrest, and next participated in the Kentucky campaign, fighting at Perryville and numerous other en gagements. In a fight near Rockcastle, on the retreat from Kentucky, he was captured, but managed to make his escape at Lebanon, Ky. Being paroled, he returned to Georgia and not long afterward rejoined his command at Millersburg, Tenn. He participated in the battle of Chickamauga, and three days later was one of the two hundred men selected by General Wheeler to clear the crest of Lookout Mountain of the enemy, an achievement which was promptly executed. Private Swindle shared all the operations of Wheeler's cavalry after this, including the raid around Rosecrans, the east Tennessee campaign, the Hundred Days' fighting from Dalton to Atlanta, the defeat of the Federal raiders around Atlanta, Wheeler's last raid through Tennessee, and the fighting attending Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas. He finally sur rendered in North Carolina under the capitulation of Gen eral Johnston at Greensboro. At the close of the war Mr. Swindle made his home again at Camilla, and for a few years found employment as a carpenter. Subsequently he was engaged in manufacturing and other employments, including the business of a druggist, until 1881, when he was elected sheriff of his county, an office to which he has been continuously re-elected for a period of twenty years.

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Henry R. Symons, of Brunswick, is a native of Savan
nah, born in 1844, and was there reared and educated. His first military service for the cause of the Confederacy was with the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, under command of Capt. Francis S. Bartow, and Col. W. R. Lawton, in the capture of Fort Pulaski, January 3, 1861. Subsequently
he served for sixty days with the Republican Blues. Early in 1862 he enlisted in the Savannah Volunteer Guards, and served with this company as a private until February, 1863,
when he was commissioned first lieutenant of artillery in
the Confederate States army, and assigned to duty as adjutant of the Twenty-second Georgia battalion, heavy artil lery. This command, under Lieut.-Col. W. R. Pritchard, served on the Georgia coast until after the evacuation of Savannah, and was with the army under General Hardee and J. E. Johnston at the close of the war. Lieutenant Symons participated in the skirmish on Whitemarsh Island in 1862; the artillery battle between the Federal monitors and Fort McAllister, in January and February, 1863, in which Major Gallie, of the Twenty-second battalion, was killed; the battle of Secessionville, S. C.; the defense of Savannah, and the North Carolina battles of Averasboro and Bentonville, in the latter engagement receiving a wound. His war service closed with the surrender of the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, April 26, 1865. Since then Mr. Symons has had a successful career in business, mak ing his home at Savannah until 18/4, and afterward at Brunswick. He is one of the popular men of his city and highly regarded by his Confederate comrades.

Captain Algernon Sidney Talley, of Atlanta, a veteran
of the Georgia artillery, was born in Greene county, Ga., January 3, 1835, son of Rev. Nathan Talley, a Methodist clergyman, and his wife, Catherine Segur, a native of South Carolina, and descendant of a soldier of the Revolution. Captain Talley is a grandson of William Talley, a native of England, who came to America with his brother John, in colonial times, settled in Richmond district, S. C., and served as a patriot soldier under Francis Marion, with the rank of lieutenant, his brother serving as a non-commis sioned officer. Captain Talley was a mercantile clerk at Atlanta in 1861, and as soon as hostilities began he under took the organization of a company for artillery service. He enlisted one hundred and twenty men, and, declining

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the captaincy in favor of William Barnes, was elected first lieutenant. This command became part of the Ninth Geor gia artillery battalion, under command of Maj. Arthur Leyden, and was the first and only artillery organized for the Confederate service in Atlanta. In 1862 he was officer of the guard that hung the seven Andrews raiders. Cap tain Barnes was killed in a skirmish near Richmond, Va., in 1863, and Lieutenant Talley then succeeded to the cap taincy and command of the battery, his rank during the remainder of the war. He served with gallantry and abil ity in Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia, under G"ens. Humphrey Marshall, Bragg, Joseph E. Johnston, John B. Hood and James Longstreet. Near the close of hostilities he was captured in east Tennessee, and sent to Point Lookout, Md., and thence to Fort Delaware, Pa., where he was one of five hundred officers held until July, 1865. Captain Talley has made his home at Atlanta since the war, and for twenty years was a prominent business man of that city. In recent years he has been a real estate agent. He is a charter member of Atlanta camp, United Confederate veterans, and retains a keen interest in every thing Confederate. As supplementary to his excellent Confederate record it should be mentioned that he was a prominent figure during the reconstruction period at At lanta, and a member of the staff of Gen. "Tige" Anderson during the troubles of that time. By his marriage, in 1869, to Anna C. Chapman, Captain Talley has one son and three daughters living.

John E. Talmadge, of Athens, well known in Georgia as a wholesale merchant, was born in the city where he now resides, November 3, 1848. His parents were William A. Talmadge, a native of the same city, of Ne\v Jersey colonial descent, who had ancestors in the war of the Revolution, and himself served with the Georgia State troops in 1864, and Sarah Young, a native of Tennessee, who had seven brothers in the Confederate armies. Mr. Talmadge had but one brother, C. G., who entered the Confederate serv ice in the First Georgia infantry, and later was adjutant of the Eleventh Georgia cavalry, survived the war, and died at Athens in 1896. John E. began his military service before he was sixteen years of age, as a private soldier in Com pany D of the Eleventh regiment Georgia cavalry, with which he served as private and courier under Gen. Joseph

998 - CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.
Wheeler, in the States of Georgia and South and North Carolina, until the close of hostilities. His first battle was at East Point, during the operations of Sherman's army against Atlanta, and subsequently he took part in the en gagements at Lovejoy's Station, and numerous combats during the march of Sherman to Savannah, including the famous engagement at Waynesboro. Throughout the campaign in the Carolinas, in the early part of 1865, he was on constant duty with Wheeler's gallant cavalry, until he surrendered under the capitulation of Gen. J. E. Johnston and was paroled at Augusta, Ga., May 4, 1865. Since the war Mr. Talmadge has had a successful career as a mer chant at Athens, beginning as a retailer, and gradually developing a wholesale grocery trade, which is among the most profitable of the city. He was married in 1869 to Lizzie Dorsey, and has four sons, who are associated with him in business. Another of his trusted associates in busi ness is an old comrade of the Confederate cavalry, A. G. Elder, who was born in 1847, and served with the Eleventh regiment until captured at the battle of Waynesboro, after which he was a prisoner of war until after the capitulation of the Confederate armies.
John Roger Fenwick Tatnall, of Savannah, was born in Middletown, Conn., in 1820, where his mother was on a visit at the time. He was educated in the South and in the Government College at Toulon. Entering the navy in 1847, ne was senior marine officer, commanding the marine force on the west coast of Africa at the beginning of the Confederate era. Learning that hostilities had begun, he started home on the San Jacinto, and when half way ten dered his resignation to Captain (later admiral) Wilkes of the United States navy. The resignation was refused and he was placed under arrest and held in confinement until the ship arrived at Havana, where they found Mason and Slidell awaiting transportation to England. The San Jacinto proceeded to Key West, carrying Officer Tatnall to that point, where he was placed on the guard ship as a prisoner. After a few days at Key West he was carried to New York on the gunboat Rhode Island, and taken before Admiral Paulding, commanding the navy yard, an old friend of the Tatnall family. He urged Tatnall to remain in the United States service, but he declined, declaring his intention to go with the South. Thereupon

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lie was committed to Fort Warren, where he found Mason and Slidell, who had been taken by Captain Wilkes from the British vessel, an outrage on neutral rights, which would have resulted in war between the United States and the British government if the former had not disavowed the act of Wilkes and restored those gentlemen to a Brit ish vessel. At. Fort Warren, Tatnall was held with other Southern officers until February, 1862, when, through the instrumentality of friends, he was exchanged for a captain of infantry, captured at Bull Run. Proceeding to Norfolk, and thence to Savannah, he was placed in command of the corps of marines under his father, Commodore Josiah Tat nall. Several months later the two Tatnalls went to Vir ginia waters and served on the famous iron-clad Virginia, formerly known as the United States steamer Merrimac. He was on board this vessel when it drove the Federal fleet under the guns of Fort Monroe. The younger Tatnall went with the little gunboat that was sent to cut out two vessels in Hampton Roads because the Virginia could not reach them. Subsequently he was "offered the colonelcy of the Twenty-ninth Alabama regiment, then at Pensacola, Fla., accepted and assumed command, and upon the evac uation of Pensacola, was made commander of the depart ment, consisting of Western Florida and the lower connties of Alabama, with headquarters at Pollard, Ala. After serving in this capacity about six months he asked per mission to join his own corps of marines at Richmond, but instead was ordered to Savannah, Ga., and later to Charleston, S. C., to assist in operations there. During the siege of Savannah by Sherman he was in command of the marines supporting the battery on Owens' plantation on the Ogeechee river. On the retreat of the army under General Hardee from Savannah to Charleston, and thence to North Carolina, he was ordered to reinforce Fort Fisher, which fell before he reached there. With his two hundred men he went to Ralaigh and then to Greensboro, where he was met by orders from Richmond, bidding him remain there, and at that place he was paroled with Johnston's army. After the war he went first to Athens, Ga., then to Savannah, and from there to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was engaged four years in the manufacture of tobacco, and was honored by an appointment as secretary on the board of education. Returning to Savannah, he went into the cotton business and became secretary and treasurer

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of the Savannah cotton press association. In 1894 lie was appointed treasurer of the Savannah board of education.

Commodore Josiah Tatnall was born at the Bonaventure
estate, near Savannah, Ga., November 9, 1795, son of Josiah Tatnall, born at the same place, who, when his parents returned to England during the Revolutionary war, ran away from home, fought under Wayne and
Greene, was given a portion of his father's confiscated
estate, and became United States senator and governor of Georgia. The younger Josiah Tatnall was educated in
England until i8ij, when he returned and entered the United States navy as a midshipman, January i, 1812. He served at Craney Island and at the battle of Bladensburg, in the war, of 1812-14, was with Decatur's squadron in the Algerian;"wa*|jerved: on the Macedonian in the Pacific, 1818-21, in ieJB; cut out the Spanish cruiser Federal and
rendered other important service to commerce in the gulf, 'on account of whrih.^e was given a service of plate by the merchants o-f TerC'Cruz and New Orleans. In 1832, while commanding;;thejbark Pioneer, he carried Santa Ana back to Mexico, after Ms surrender in Texas. In 1838 he was in charge of trie Boston navy yard, and in 1843 ne won great professional reputation by saving the Saratoga from sinking in a hurricane. He commanded the "mosquito" division ofthe squadron during the war with Mexico, cov ered the landing of Scott's army at Vera Cruz, and was wounded in the bombardment of Tuxpan. For his dis
tinguished service he received from Georgia a sword and vote of thanks. Promoted to captain in 1850, 'he per formed delicate duty during the Cuban insurrection. In
1857 he was made flag officer of the Asiatic squadron, and while on this duty was the hero of a famous incident in which he interfered to protect an English vessel during an
attack by the Chinese, justifying his breach of neutrality by the explanation that "blood is thicker than water," which public opinion justified. After this conspicuous career of nearly fifty years, he resigned his commission in February,
1861, and joined his State in the formation and defense of a new republic. He was at once appointed senior flag officer of the Georgia navy by Governor Brown, and upon the organization of the Confederate navy was commis sioned captain and assigned to command of the naval defenses of Georgia and South Carolina. He did creditable

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work with meager resources in this region, and in March, 1862, succeeded Franklin Buchanan in command of the iron-clad Virginia (Merrimac) and the naval defenses of Virginia. In April he sought battle with the Monitor, but was allowed to cut out three merchant vessels without resistance. After the evacuation of Norfolk he was com pelled to destroy the Virginia, and was criticised for this, but acquitted of blame after investigation. Subsequently he was in command of the naval strength at Savannah, until the evacuation of that city compelled him to destroy his fleet and repair to Augusta, where he was included in the surrender of Johnston's army. From 1866 to 1870 he resided at Halifax, and then, returning to Savannah, served as inspector of the port, an office created for him and abolished after his death, which occurred June 14, 1871.

Captain Frank B. Terry, of Griffin, Ga., a veteran of Bushrod Johnson's brigade, army of Tennessee, is a native of Tennessee, born in Bedford county, October 19, 1839, and is one of five brothers in the Confederate service. His father was Robert H. Terry, for a long time sheriff and tax collector of that county. Frank B. Terry entered the Con federate service May 16, 1861, in Company A of the Seven teenth regiment Tennessee infantry, and was made first lieutenant of his company. His first campaigning was with General Zollicoffer in eastern Kentucky, where he partici pated in the engagements at Rockcastle and Mill Springs, or Fishing Creek. From there the regiment fell back through Tennessee and joined the army at Corinth, and at the reorganization Lieutenant Terry was elected captain of his company. In this rank he participated in most of the subsequent service of his regiment--Bragg's campaign into Kentucky, where he took part in the battle of Perryville; the Tennessee campaigns, including the battle of Murfreesboro, and the operations on the Tullahoma line; the battle of Chickamauga and the siege of Knoxville, and in the spring of 1864 he accompanied his brigade to Rich mond and Petersburg, Va., and served under General Beauregard against the Federal army under Ben Butler, at Drewry's Bluff, and other spirited engagements, result ing, in the defeat of the enemy. A few weeks later Grant's army was transferred across the James river and sent against Petersburg, and Bushrod Johnson's Tennesseeans,

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with other troops, were hurried from in front of Richmond to meet the flank attack. The battles of Petersburg fol lowed, four days of carnage, and in the midst of them, on June i6th, Captain Terry was captured. He was a prisoner of war until June 17, 1865, at Fort Delaware, and then, being paroled, he returned to his old home in Tennessee. During the following years Captain Terry was engaged in farming until 1892, when he came to Georgia and engaged in buying and selling live stock, his present occupation. He was married in 1866 to Mattie A. Landers, of Lincoln county, Tenn., and has five children living, four daughters and a son.

Simeon E. Theus, of Savannah, a veteran of the Second Georgia battalion, army of Northern Virginia, was born at Savannah in 1841, and was there reared and educated. Removing to Macon in 1859, ^e joined the Macon Volun teers, a fine military company, and on April 20, 1861, he went with this company as a private to Virginia, in answer to the call of Governor Letcher of that State for troops to hold the Norfolk navy yard. His company became part of the Second independent battalion, commanded by Col. Thomas Hardeman, and continued on duty at Norfolk and vicinity until the spring of 1862. Then they joined the army under Gen. Robert E. Lee, and Private Theus par ticipated in the campaigns of that army, rising to the rank of second sergeant of his company. He took part in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and in the latter battle was badly wounded and captured. After lying for some time in hospital at Chester, Pa., he was sent home on parole in November, 1863, and was no longer in active service, his crippled condition continuing for a year or so after the war. He was, however, again slightly wounded on the occasion of Stoneman's raid against Macon, in August, 1864. Since the war Mr. Theus has lived for a considerable period in the North, two years at Utica, N. Y., and twelve years at New York city, also spending three years at Macon and three at Savannah, until 1887, when he made his home at Savannah and engaged in the jewelry business with his brother, Thomas N. Theus. He was a gallant and devoted soldier, and has high standing with his fellow Confederates at Savannah.

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Thomas N. Theus, of Savannah, a veteran of the Chat ham Artillery, was born at Savannah in 1839, and there reared and educated. Before the beginning- of hostilities in 1861 he was a private in the Republican Blues, of that city, part of the First volunteer regiment of Georgia,
commanded by Col. A. R. Lawton, and after the seizure of Fort Pulaski, in January, 1861, he served with his com
pany in the garrison of that fort. Entering the Confed erate States service with his regiment in April, 1861, he
continued on duty until his term of enlistment expired, March 5, 1862. Then he re-enlisted as a private in the Chatham Artillery, of Savannah, which was known as Wheaton's battery, with which he was associated during the remainder of the war. He was a participant in the famous defense of Charleston, S. C., under General Beauregard, against the assaults of the enemy's infantry, bat teries, and fleet, serving twenty months about that strong hold of the Confederacy, and was on duty in Battery Wag ner during the memorable defense of that position. He was also a participant in the famous battle of Olustee, Fla., in February, 1864, and took part in the last campaign against Sherman's army, including the battle of Bentonville. His battery reached Bentonville just as our army was retiring, and' covered the left of General Hardee's corps in the retreat. After the surrender of his command at Greensboro, N. C., Mr. Theus returned to his home at Savannah, where he has ever since resided. Before the war he had embarked in business as a jeweler, and he has con
tinued in this occupation in the subsequent years, and has achieved an honorable success in commercial life. He is remembered by his comrades as a faithful and skillful sol dier, and he retains a lively interest in all Confederate mat ters.

Captain Grigsby Eskridge Thomas, Jr., of Athens, was born at the Thomas homestead, near Columbus, Ga., Sep tember 7, 1842, son of Judge Grigsby Eskridge Thomas, and his wife, Mary A., daughter of Barnabas Shivers, a. famous miller and large planter of his day in Warren
county, Ga. Both parents were of Virginian descent. The father, a native of Hancock county, a prosperous planter and slave owner, was prominent in public life, as a lawyer, circuit judge, State senator and representative, and soldier in the Indian wars. Captain Thomas was reared at his

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

native place and educated at Oglethorpe university. In 1860 he went to Texas, and after teaching there a year, returned to Georgia in time to enter the Confederate States service among the earliest volunteers. He was a member of the City Light Guards, of Columbus, commanded by Captain P. H. Colquitt, one of the four volunteer compa nies which started to Virginia April 20, 1861, in answer to the call of Governor Letcher, to garrison the navy yard just evacuated and fired by the Federals. There they were united in the Second Georgia battalion, under the com mand of Col. Thomas Hardeman. Private Thomas shared the service of his battalion in the vicinity of Norfolk in 1861, and was a participant in the fight of his company at Sewell's Point, May 19, 1861, with the United States steamer Monticello. At the expiration of his year's enlist ment he re-enlisted in the same battalion, with which he participated in the Seven Days' campaign before Rich mond, under Gen. Robert E. Lee. Subsequently, after a period of sickness, he was detailed as ordnance sergeant of the command of Gen. S. G. French, at Petersburg', with the rank and pay of captain, and two months later, upon recommendation of General French, the secretary of war, appointed him to the position of ordnance sergeant of the post of Petersburg, and acting1 ordnance officer of the department of Southern Virginia and North Carolina, with rank and pay of captain, the capacity in which he served during the remainder of the war. At the last he was with the army in the retreat from Petersburg and Richmond and surrendered at Lynchburg, Va., April 10, 1865. He was a very capable and efficient officer in his line of duty, and labored faithfully and patriotically for the success of the cause which was dear to his heart. He is yet associated with his comrades as an active member of Cobb-Delony camp, United Confederate veterans. Soon after his return to Georgia he began the study of law, a profession in which he has attained distinction and honor in the subsequent years. For fifty-seven years, until 1899, his home was at Columbus, and for six years he was solicitor of the county courts, by appointment of Governors Smith and Colquitt. He is a member and elder of the First Presbyterian church of Columbus, Ga., and for four years was vice-president of the State Sunday school union association. He was also grand dictator and supreme representative of the Knights of Honor two terms and Grand Master Workman and

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

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supreme representative of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In 1898 the veterans of Columbus, Ga., formed a Confederate Veteran relief association, the Muscogee Council, No. i, Muscogee Camp, No. 1193, U. C. V., with over three hundred members, ancl elected Captain Thomas commander, which rank he held until his removal from
Columbus to Athens in 1899. Captain Thomas was mar
ried in 1867 to Fannie Wellborn Davie, who died in 1884, and in 1886 to Mrs. Emma Hart Miller, and has three chil dren: Wellborn Marshall, of Selma, Ala., and Grigsby
Eskridge IV, and Maria Virginia.. A brother of Captain Thomas, George S., also had the rank of captain in the
Confederate States army, and was captured in front of Richmond in 1864 and imprisoned at Fort Delaware until July, 1865.

Lieutenant-Colonel L. P. Thomas, of Atlanta, is a native of Clark county, Ga., and son of L. P. Thomas, Sr., also a Georgian by birth, who served as quartermaster on the staff of his brother, Gen. Edward L. Thomas, commanding a bri gade in the army of Northern Virginia. The mother of Colonel Thomas was Martha Fulwood, who was related to the Ligon, Payne and Murray families, of Georgia, and a kinswoman of the famous poet, Sidney Lanier. Colonel Thomas was born near Athens, March 24, 1835. At seven teen years of age he accompanied his father to California, by way of Panama, and he spent four years there, pros pecting and mining. Then returning to his native county, he embarked in business as a merchant, and was so occu
pied at Lawrenceville, Ga., when the war began in 1861. He promptly devoted himself to the cause of the Confeder acy and raised a company that was mustered in as Com pany A, Forty-second regiment Georgia infantry, with
himself as captain. His regiment was one of those sent to East Tennessee, becoming part of the army of Gen. E. Kirby Smith. Captain Thomas participated in the engage
ments at Tazewell and Cumberland Gap in that region and in the Kentucky campaign of 1862. In the latter part of 1862 he was ordered to Vicksburg, with Stevenson's divi
sion, and in that vicinity he took part in the defeat of Sherman at Chickasaw Bayou, the battle of Baker's Creek and the siege of Vicksburg, serving in the trenches from May 18th to July 4, 1863. He was on parole from the sur render until the fall of 1863, and then with his regiment

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

became part of the army of Tennessee. His first battle under General Bragg was Missionary Ridge. Subse quently, in the early part of 1864, he was in action about Dalton and at Rocky Face ridge. At Resaca, in May, he took command of his regiment in the fight. Thereafter he was in command of the Forty-second, with promotion to1 major and lieutenant-colonel, until the close of the war, and ably and gallantly led this brave body of Georgians. Among his battles after Resaca were New Hope Church, Pumpkin Vine Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta (July 20, 22 and 28, 1864), Jonesboro, Franklin, Nashville, Edisto River, Binnaker's Bridge, Orangeburg, Kinston and Bentonville. Colonel Thomas was particularly dis tinguished at the siege of Vicksburg by the tenacity with which he held the intrenchments put in his care, during the fierce assault made by Grant's army. Though he lost half his men, his line was impregnable. At the close of his serv ice he surrendered his regiment at High Point, N. C., under the capitulation of General Johnston, and then started home, riding his horse the entire distance. Soon afterward he made his home in Atlanta, where he has for a long time been prominent in commercial and official life, conducting a successful business, and serving the public acceptably as chief of police, councilman, deputy sheriff and sheriff. The last office he held for three terms, and he is now deputy sheriff of Fulton county. He is held in warm regard by his fellow veterans, and has had the honor of having been commander of Atlanta camp, No. 159, U. C. V. In 1857 he was married to Jennie, daughter of W. J. Peeples, who died in 1884, and in 1886 he wedded Mrs. Jeannette R. Payne, nee Wagnon. He has seven children living. Colo nel Thomas is conspicuously a model Confederate soldier --brave in war and faithful in peace and as modest as he is deserving.

William S. Thomson, of Atlanta, a gallant soldier of the army of Northern Virginia, was born in Jefferson county, Va., now a part of West Virginia, April 12, 1843. He was teaching school in east Tennessee when the war began, in order to obtain means to complete a course in the university of Virginia, but he promptly abandoned this ambition, to serve his State, and, returning to Virginia, enlisted, at eighteen years of age, as a private in Company G of the Twelfth regiment Virginia infantry. This was

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part of the famous Stonewall brigade, commanded by "Stonewall" Jackson, and Private Thomson was identified ' with its career for fifteen months, taking part in the battles of First Manassas, Kernstown, and Cedar Mountain. Re ceiving an honorable discharge from the infantry, he enlisted in Company B of the Twelfth regiment Virginia cavalry. This company, commanded by Capt. Robert W. Baylor, was one of the most gallant troops of cavalry under the command of the chivalrous Stuart and the Lees, and among Thomson's fellow privates were the afterward famous New York merchant, Charles Broadway Rouss, and the distinguished statesman and scholar, William L. Wilson. Private Thomson served with this regiment, under Ashby, W. E. Jones and Rosser, participating in all its bat tles and campaigns except the West Virginia raid early in 1863, which took place while he was a prisoner of war. He had been captured while on a scout in Jefferson county, and held a few days at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. Among the famous battles in which he served as a cavalryman were Brandy Station, June 9, 1863; and Upperville, July 21, 1863, where he was wounded in the leg. His company was given a ten days' furlough by General Lee for its gal lantry in charging, seventy strong, across the Rappahannock river at Warrenton Springs, driving the enemy's sharpshooters from their rifle pits and capturing three hun dred men, in which engagement Private Thomson gained special distinction in the capture of Sergeant-Major Crane, of the Fourth Pennsylvania cavalry. Early in 1864 Pri vate Thomson was transferred to a battery of Stuart's horse artillery, commanded by his cousin, Capt. James W. Thomson, and being promoted to adjutant of the battalion, he served in this capacity during the closing scenes of the war. At Trevilian Station and other memorable fights of the cavalry under Stuart, Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee, he made a splendid record. While in the cavalry he had one horse shot under him, and two were shot under him while in the artillery service. Finally he surrendered with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston, which he had joined after the evacuation of Richmond, June 26, 1865. When Adju tant Thomson returned to his home, then under the West Virginia government, he soon found that he must take the oath of allegiance to the United States within ten days or leave the State, and he chose the latter alternative, com ing to Marietta, Ga. Earning his support as a private
Ga 93

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tutor, he engaged in the study of law, and gained admis sion to the bar in 1866. Since January, 1871, he has been a citizen of Atlanta, and actively engaged in the practice of his profession, in which he has attained honorable dis tinction. He was at first the partner of his preceptor, George N. Lester, of Marietta, and for twenty-six years he has been associated in the practice with Capt. Milton A. Candler, of Atlanta. His only service in public office has been as county attorney, and as member of the city council and school board. Mr. Thomson was married in 1871 to Nena Banner, of Marietta, Ga., who was born in Winches ter., Va., and they have four sons and four daughters.

Captain Seaborn W. Thornton, of Talbotton, a veteran of the Thirty-first Georgia infantry, was born in Taibot county, Ga., September 9, 1842, and volunteered for the Confederate service early in 1861, becoming a private in Company G of Col. Walker Ector's regiment, the Thir teenth Georgia infantry, with which he served in western Virginia in that year, participating in the campaign around Caney Valley and Sewell Mountain, under Gen. Robert E. Lee. Subsequently he was transferred to Company K of the Thirty-first Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Clement A. Evans, with which Captain Thornton was asso ciated during the remainder of the war. His brother, W. C. Thornton, was for some time in command of the com pany, and upon his death, Seaborn W., who was then sec ond lieutenant, was elected captain. Six other brothers were in the Confederate service: Capt. W. C. Thornton, Capt. S. A. Thornton, Lieut. C. J. Thornton, Lieut. Thomas R. Thornton, Lieut. H. H. Thornton, and Beverly W. Thornton, second sergeant of Company K, Thirty-first regiment, who was killed in the battle of Cold Harbor. Captain S. W. Thornton participated in practically all the battles of Lee's army, except when disabled by wounds, including Seven Pines, the Seven Days before Richmond, Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksbtirg, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Lynchburg, Monocacy, Malvern Hill, Winchester, Martinsburg, Brandy Station, Harper's Ferry, Hare's Hill and Appomattox. It was his misfortune to be frequently wounded in the battles in which he was a gallant participant. At Mechanicsville Road, before Richmond, he was shot twice

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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through the neck by minie balls; at Fredericksburg he was shot through the right arm; at Gettysburg his left hand was seriously wounded, disabling him for two months; and at Monocacy his right leg was broken by a bullet. After this latter wound, July, 1864, he was in hospital at Frederick City, Md., six weeks, and for some time at the
West Buildings hospital, and a prisoner at Fort McHenry.
Coming home at the close of this devoted service for the South, Captain Thornton returned to Talbotton, and a
year later was elected clerk of the courts of Talbot county, an office he held for two> years. Then he embarked in his commercial career, in which he has been notably success ful, doing business for two years at Pleasant Hill and since
then at Talbotton, Ga., where he is now prominent as a merchant, planter and warehouseman. His life has been
full of healthy and useful activity, and few men have clone more for the development of that region of Georgia. He organized the company that built the Talbotton railroad, and was president of the road for twenty-four years, dis playing in this capacity remarkable executive ability. Cap tain Thornton was married in 1867 to Julia, daughter of Judge W. J. Weeks, and they have two children, William J. and Martha.

Nelson F. Tift, of Albany, a prominent business man who served in his youth with Forrest's cavalry and in the army of Tennessee, was born at Albany in, 1847, and was there reared and educated. In May, 1864, being about seventeen years of age, he volunteered for the Confeder ate States service as a private in the Nelson Rangers, under Capt. T. M. Nelson, a cavalry command then acting as escort for Gen. Stephen D. Lee, commanding the cavalry of Mississippi, Alabama, west Tennessee and east Louis iana. While yet on duty in Mississippi he participated in. the engagement near Pontotoc, under General Forrest, in which Captain Nelson was killed. Subsequently joining the army in Georgia, he served during the battles about Atlanta in July and August, under Gen. John B. Hood, as courier to Gen. Henry D. Clayton, of Alabama. He accom panied the army to North Carolina in the spring of 1865, and after participating in the final operations under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered at Greensboro, April 26. Though but one year in the service, it was his privilege to be with some of the greatest generals and bravest com-

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mands of the South and on some of the most famous battle fields, and is remembered by his comrades as a gallant and faithful soldier. Since the war Mr. Tift has had a cred itable and successful career as a merchant at Albany, whither he rode on his horse from North Carolina in the mournful days following the surrender of the Southern armies. He has served as alderman of his city and ranks with its leading citizens.

Addison R. Tinsley, of Macon, a veteran of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, of Savannah, is a native of Milledgeville, and going with his parents to Savannah in 1851, was a mercantile clerk of that city when hostilities began in 1861. He was a member of the Oglethorpe Light In fantry, commanded by Capt. Francis S. Bartow, which was the first Georgia company to enlist for the period of the war, and the first tendered to the Confederate govern ment. It was in this connection that the gallant Bartow wrote to Governor Brown: "I go to illustrate Georgia." Private Tinsley left Savannah with his company May 21, 1861, and at Virginia the Oglethorpes became Company B of the Eighth regiment Georgia infantry, with Bartow as colonel. He served with this famous regiment in the Shenandoah valley under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and was one of the wounded in the battle of First Manassas, July 21, 1861. Afterward he continued on duty in the line about fifteen months, when he was detached with the adjutant-general of Longstreets corps, which was his department of service until the surrender of the army at Appomattox. After the war Mr. Tinsley made his home at Macon and engaged in commercial business until 1888, when he was elected treas urer of the city, a position which he has ably and faithfully filled since .that time. He takes a leading part in the pub lic affairs of the city, and enjoys in a rare degree the confi dence of his fellow-citizens. He has also rendered public service as an alderman, as a member of the board of county commissioners, and is now a member of the executive council and treasurer of Macon hospital, and an active member of Bibb county camp, United Confederate veter ans, in which he is honored with the office of first lieuten ant-commander.

William G. D. Tonge, adjutant of Decatur camp, United Confederate veterans, at Bainbridge, was born in Baldwin

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county, Md, in 1843, and was reared and educated at Bal timore. In April, 1861, he enlisted at Harper's Ferry, in the Lanier Guards, a company commanded by A. P. Hill, which became a part of the Thirteenth Virginia infantry, Hill being elected colonel. He served with this regiment, under its distinguished commander, for one year, partici pating in the campaigning in the Shenandoah valley in 1861 and the first battle of Manassas. In July, 1862, he came to Bainbridge, where his father, S. Davis Tonge, had purchased a cotton factory, and for two years he was associated with his father in manufacturing supplies for the army. Going to Virginia in the latter part of 1864, he joined General Stuart's horse artillery, in which his brother, Richard H. Tonge, was serving, and later went into Maryland, hoping to obtain a horse and join Mosby's cavalrj-. He was disappointed in this, but was present in Washington on the night of President Lincoln's assassina tion. He left at once for Baltimore, and New York, and three months later returned to> Bainbridge.

Colonel John R. Towers, of the Eighth Georgia infan try, now a highly respected citizen of Marietta, Ga., is a native of Anderson county, S. C, and in early manhood and up to the last few years made his home at Rome, Ga., where he engaged in mercantile pursuits, soon taking rank as one of the leading young men of the place. As soon as Georgia seceded from the Union, and it became appar ent that the South would be invaded by the armies of the North, he devoted his energies to^ the organization of troops for the Confederate service, raising a company of which he was elected captain. This was assigned as Com pany E to the Eighth Georgia, regiment, commanded by the lamented Francis S. Bartow, and they were sent to the Shenandoah valley, in Virginia, to form part of the forces under Gen. J. E. Johiiston. On July 21, 1861, Cap tain Towers served with honorable distinction in his first battle, the glorious victory of First Manassas, where Bar tow was killed and Colonel William M. Gardner desper ately wounded. In 1862 Captain Towers was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and six months later was made colo nel. He served in northeastern Virginia until the spring of 1862, then fought in the vicinity of Richmond in, the battles of Seven Pines and the Seven Days' campaign on the Chickahominy, under the brigade commanct of Gen.

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G. T. Anderson in D. R. Jones' division of Magruder's corps. At the battle of Garnett's Farm, south of the Chickahominy, June 27, 1862, Lieutenant-Colonel Towers and Colonel Larnar were captured by the enemy, but Towers' imprisonment was brief, and after a month at Fort Warren, Boston harbor, his exchange was secured. He rejoined his regiment in time to participate in the Mary land campaign, and throughout the remainder of the career of the army under Robert E. Lee was constantly with his command. Among the engagements in which he partici pated were Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg; in fact, all the battles of Hood's division of Longstreet's corps except Chickamauga, where they did not arrive in time for the combat. He was three times slightly wounded, but escaped serious hurt. He com manded his regiment at Gettysburg and led it after that in all its battles, with conspicuous daring and ability. Finally surrendering with General Lee at Appomattox, Colonel Towers returned home and resumed his business pursuits. He continued to be so engaged (at one time representing Floyd county in the Legislature) until 1881, when he was appointed superintendent of the Georgia State penitentiary, a position he filled with notable ability for a period of eleven years. Colonel Towers had two sons in the Confederate service. Daniel R., the elder, served as lieutenant of Company H of the Eighth Georgia regiment, and participated in all the campaigns and battles of the army of Northern Virginia until wounded through the lungs in the battle of the Wilderness. Before he had entirely recovered he rejoined his company, and at the request of the men led them in the gallant charge for the recovery of Fort Harrison, on the Richmond line of intrenchments, in September, 1864, and there met death with his face to the foe. The younger son, William M., now a prominent business man and manufacturer at Rome, en listed at the age of seventeen years, and served from November, 1863, to May 9, 1865, as a private in Captain Gartrell's company, of Gen. N. B. Forrest's escort. He was with this famous company, distinguished for its gallantry on many fields, in such hard-fought battles as Brice's Cross roads and Harrisburg, and participated in the raid to Mem phis, the raid through North Alabama, and Hood's cam paign in Tennessee, including many desperate engage-

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merits with the enemy. He gave his attention to business after the war, and after a successful mercantile career founded the Towers & Sullivan Manufacturing company and the Rome Oil Mills and Fertilizer company, now known as the Georgia Cotton Oil company, of which he is the present manager. Another gallant Confederate in this patriotic family was Capt. Newton W. Towers, a brother of the colonel, who was killed in the siege of Vicksburg.

John Triplett, of Thomasville, well known in Southern
Georgia as editor of the Times-Enterprise, of that city, a bright and popular daily newspaper, is a native of east Tennessee, born in 1844, and was there reared and edu cated. When the issues between North and South were submitted to battle in 1861 the people of his home region were divided in their allegiance, but young Triplett was unfaltering in his adherence to the South, and gave proof of his loyalty by enlisting, before the State had seceded, in Company D of the first Tennessee regiment organized for Confederate service, known, however, as the Third, and commanded by Col. John C. Vaughn, afterward brig adier-general. He served as a private with this regiment in the Shenandoah valley, under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and participated in the famous victory of First Manassas, July 21, 1861. In the winter of 1861 he was promoted to second lieutenant, and at the reorganization in the spring of 1862, the regiment meanwhile having returned to Tennessee, he was made adjutant of the Sixty-second regiment Tennes see infantry, which became part of the brigade commanded by General A^aughn. The brigade participated in the Ken
tucky campaign, and in the following winter was sent to Vicksburg, Miss. Adjutant Triplett served at the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862, and in 1863 was in the fight at Big Black bridge and was on duty in the Vicksburg intrenchments throughout the siege of May i8th to July 4th. After the surrender of Vicksburg he was on parole until the latter part of that year, when the bri gade, being exchanged and reorganized as cavalry, was assigned to duty in east Tennessee and Southwest Virginia.
He participated in the Lynchburg campaign in May and June, 1864, including the engagements at Piedmont and Lynchburg, and in east Tennessee was in battle at Greeneville, Bull's Gap, Morristown and Bean's Station. Toward the close of the war he was adjutant-general of Vaughn's

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mounted brigade, and in this capacity served in the last days of the great struggle, when his command moved from Christiansburg, Va., to Charlotte, N. C., after learning of Lee's surrender, and acted as escort to President Davis and cabinet as far as AVashington, Ga., where he surren dered May 8, 1865. Thus closed the military service of this young Confederate, one marked by active and gallant service and honored by promotion to positions of promi
nence in his command. Since the war Lieutenant Triplett has been a citizen of Georgia, coming to Thomasville in the fall of 1865, virtually being exiled from home on ac count of his Confederate service. He has devoted himself entirely to newspaper work since then, and has been suc cessful in building up a valuable newspaper property.

John C. Turner, a prominent citizen of Mitchell county,
who made a worthy record in his youth as a soldier of the Confederacy, was born in Newton county, Ga., in 1846. In the latter part of 1863, about twenty months before the end of the war, he enlisted at Dalton, Ga., in the cavalry company that acted as escort to Gen. John C. Breckinridge, during his connection with the army of Tennessee, and afterward as escort to Gen. W. B. Bate, commanding a division. In this capacity Mr. Turner took part in the campaigning from Resaca to Atlanta, receiving two wounds at the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, and partici pated in the battles of Dallas, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Decatur, and the defense of Atlanta during the siege. Dur
ing the winter campaign in Tennessee under Gen. John B. Hood he was in the battles of Murfreesboro and Nashville,
and throughout the weary retreat he was on duty until the army reached Tupelo, Miss. Subsequently he was trans ferred to the First regiment Tennessee cavalry, with which he served until the surrender of his command near Char lotte, N. C., upon the capitulation of Gen. J. E. Johnston. Mr. Turner was a gallant soldier and retains a lively inter
est in Confederate affairs. Since the war he has been a citizen of Camilla, and active in business life. For the past four years he has been president of the Bank of Camilla, which he has made a popular and flourishing institution. Mr. Turner has also served as a member of the city council and in 1877-78 he held the office of treasurer of Mitchell
county.

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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Major William A. Turner, of -Newnan, a prominent at torney and Confederate veteran, was born in Covington, Ga., September 6, 1835, son of Rev. Alien Turner, a native of Hancock county, Ga., of Virginia stock, who- was a min ister of the Methodist church for fifty-five years, and well known throughout Georgia as a man of strict integrity and religious devotion. Mr. Turner was graduated at Oxford, Ga., in 1858, and when hostilities began in 1861 was teach ing at Palmetto the largest private school in Georgia, with one hundred and sixty-five attendants. Ninety of these at once went into the war, and none was more ardent for the cause than the principal, who- refused the colonelcy of a regiment and was enrolled as a private soldier in Company D, Thirtieth regiment Georgia infantry, in the spring of 1861. His regiment was on duty at Savannah during a large part of the war period, and he remained there until 1863, when he was honorably discharged on account of physical disability. Subsequently he joined the Third Geor gia cavalry as captain and adjutant, and was with that com mand until it was disbanded in 1864, when he was ap pointed major of the Ninth regiment Georgia State troops. In this capacity he took part in the Atlanta campaign, and was seriously wounded in the battle of July 22, 1864, by a fragment of shell. Thirty days later he rejoined his com mand at Lovejoy's Station, and after Sherman began his march to Savannah was on active duty for the protection of Griffin and Macon. On November 22, 1864, he fought the battle of Griswoldville, in command of a force of eighteen hundred men, and while leading his men in the gallant attack upon the Federal troops was badly wounded, a minie ball shattering the bone of his left leg. This ended his active service, and at the close of hostilities he was paroled at Atlanta. Major Turner took an active part in political affairs during the reconstruction period, and uncompro misingly opposed the changes brought about by the war, being one of the fourteen members of the constitutional convention of 1865 that voted against the required consti tutional amendments. As senator from the Thirty-sixth district in the Georgia legislature he spoke against the adoption of the Thirteenth amendment to the United States constitution. In August, 1866, Major Turner was admitted to the practice of law, in which he has attained distinction in the years that have since elapsed. He was a member of the legislature in 1878 and again in 1884-85, and was

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1870 and 1882 he was a delegate to the general conferences of the Metho dist church South. Major Turner was married in 1870 to Eleanor Josephine Reese, daughter of Dr. J. T. Reese. His children are Clifford Reese Turner, of Carrollton; William
Alien Turner, a physician at Newnan, and a daughter, Rowena Louise.

Colonel Hansford D. Duncan Twiggs, of Savannah, an eminent lawyer and veteran of the First Georgia regulars, was born in Barnwell, S. C., in 1837, during the visit of his mother with her parents, and was reared at the home of his father, George W. L. Twiggs, in Richmond county, Ga. He was graduated at the Georgia military institute, at Marietta, in 1858, and then entered upon the study of law at Philadelphia, Pa., attending lectures one year in the university of Pennsylvania. In 1860 he was graduated in law at the university of Georgia, and he was embarking in ..the practice of his profession when the secession issue became paramount. The convention which decided upon the secession of Georgia authorized the formation of two regiments, and Twiggs was commissioned as first lieu tenant in the First of these, commanded by Col. W. H. T. Walker. A little later the two were consolidated in the First Georgia regulars, under Col. Charles J. Williams, and mustered into the Confederate States service. Of this regiment Twiggs was first lieutenant of Company G, and in the following year he was promoted to captain. With the regiment he went on duty in northeastern Virginia in the summer of 1861, participated in the battle of Lewinsville, where he acted upon the staff of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, commanding the outposts, and upon the withdrawal of Johnston's army was in an engagement at Fredericksburg. He was with General Toombs at Yorktown, participating in the battle of Dam No. i, and went through the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, in the closing fight, at Malvern Hill, receiving a wound that kept him in hospital for thirty days. At his next battle, Sharpsburg, Md., he was severely wounded and captured. After lying in the Federal field hospital for about ten days he was paroled and sent into the Confederate lines in charge of about four hundred other prisoners of war, with which he re ported to General Lee near Shephardstown, and was or dered on to Staunton. While upon leave of absence he

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

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visited his home. Upon his recovery and exchange he reported to General Beauregard at Charleston, S. C., for staff duty, by order of the war department, and was as signed to the staff of Gen. W. T. Taliaferro, at Savannah. On July 13, 1863, General Taliaferro was ordered to take
charge of Battery Wagner, on Morris island, S. C., and Captain Twiggs accompanied him as inspector-general and served in Battery Wagner during the terrific bombardment
and desperate assault by the Federal troops. On the day of the assault, July 18, 1863, Captain Twiggs was very se
verely wounded, and on the next day was sent to Charles ton and forwarded to his home in Georgia. In August, 1863, he rejoined his regiment, the First regulars, then on duty in the Southern coast department, and remained with it during the rest of the war, participating in the battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20, 1864, fighting against Sherman before Savannah, and finally taking part in the battle of Averasboro, N. C., when he was made lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. In this rank he surrendered at Greens boro, April 26, 1865. After that he worked on his father's plantation until January, 1868, when he formed a law part nership at Augusta, with Alfred P. Aldrich. In 1870 he removed to Sandersville, and in the same year he was made judge of the superior courts of the middle judicial circuit of Georgia, a position he held until the summer of 1873. He afterward practiced law at Augusta until 1892, at Swainsboro from 1893 to 1897, and in the latter year made his
home at Savannah. He is a brilliant lawyer and forcible orator, and is particularly famous throughout the State for his ability in the criminal practice. While a resident of Augusta he represented the county in the legislature of
1880-81 and was speaker pro tempore of the house, under Senator A. O. Bacon, then speaker.

Drury Tye, of Atlanta, was born in Knox county, Ky., July 27, 1838, of colonial ancestry. His father, George
Washington Tye, a native of Kentucky and a farmer, was the son of Joshua Tye, a soldier of the war of 1812, and the latter was the son of John Tye, a patriot soldier of the Revolution from North Carolina. The mother of Drury Tye was Annie Owens, a native of Tennessee. In 1861 his family took refuge in east Tennessee and there he entered the Confederate service in August, 1863, as a member of the engineer corps, with the Third Confederate regiment, a

1018

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

command organized in Tennessee. In this command he served first as a private and later as quartermaster sergeant, in the States of Georgia, Virginia and North Carolina, until the close of the war. At the battle of Chickamauga he served in General Buckner's corps, the infantry of his battalion opening the fight, and he also took part in the engagements at Knoxville, Bull's Gap, Saltville, and other combats in east Tennessee and southwest Virginia. At Saltville he was captured, but soon made his escape. When General Lee surrendered he was stationed at Orange Court House, Va., and some time afterward he was paroled at Knoxville, Tenn. Since the war Mr. Tye has been en gaged in commercial pursuits, making his home at Atlanta from October, 1865. He is one of the reliable business men of the city, and highly esteemed by all, and by none more than by his comrades of Atlanta post, No. 159, United Confederate veterans. He was married in September, 1861, to Marian C. Sparks, who was accidentally drowned on the thirty-third anniversary of her marriage, and in 1897 he married Annie E., daughter of Andrew J. Mershon, of Richmond, Ky.

Lieutenant Michael P. Usina, C. S. N., of Savannah, a prominent and devoted member of the Georgia division, United Confederate veterans, is a native of St. Augustine, Fla., born in 1840. The name of his family was originally spelled D'Usina. At the age of fifteen years he came to Sa vannah, where, when the war began in 1861, he became a private soldier in the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, com manded by that gallant Georgian, Francis S. Bartow. The Oglethorpes became Company A of Bartow's regiment, the Eighth Georgia, and Private Usina participated in its serv ice in the Shenandoah valley and at the famous victory of First Manassas. In that desperate moment of the battle when Bartow fell, Private Usina was severely wounded, and for three months afterward he lay in hospital at Warrenton, Va. After about a year's connection with the Eighth regiment he was transferred to the Confederate States navy with the rank of lieutenant, and assigned to duty with Com modore Josiah Tattnall, at Savannah. He served for about one year on the Resolute, Sampson and other boats of the "mosquito" fleet, taking part in the naval operations at tending the capture of Fort Pulaski, and afterward was detailed for foreign service. He was engaged in blockade

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1019

running- between Wilmington and Nassau and Bermuda island, and between Charleston and the same ports, making about thirty successful trips. Early in 1864 he was put in command of a blockade runner, and he was in command of one boat or another until the close of the war, making a splendid reputation by his skill and boldness in evading the enemy's cruisers. When hostilities ceased he was at Bermuda island, whence he sailed to England, remaining in the latter country until the fail of 1865. Then he re turned to Savannah, and found employment as a pilot, a work to which he has ever since been devoted. During the past five years he has been secretary and treasurer of the Savannah Pilots' association. Lieutenant Usina main tains a great interest in Confederate matters. He has been a member of the Oglethorpe Light infantry ever since its reorganization, and is secretary and treasurer of the Geor gia division, United Confederate veterans, and adjutantgeneral of the South Georgia brigade of the same organiza tion. In every position to which he is assigned he is effi cient and devoted.

Judge Howard Van Epps was born in Eufala, Ala., De cember 21, 1847, the son of Amos C. Van Epps, a native of New York and soldier of the Mexican war, who came South in early manhood and settled in Columbus, Ga. The great-grandfather of Judge Van .Epps was a Revolutionary soldier. His youth was spent in Chattanooga, Tenn., where he attended school. In 1864 while a mere stripling of sixteen years he volunteered in the Hamilton Grays, Com pany A of the Nineteenth Tennessee regiment of Strahl's brigade, Cheatham's division, Hardee's corps of the army of Tennessee, and served in the Atlanta campaign, par ticipating in the great battles of July 22 and of Jonesboro. He was afterward on detached duty in Mississippi and at Egypt Station, January, 1865, was severely wounded in the head, as a result of which he was confined at Lauderdale Springs, Miss., for two months. While absent from duty on wounded furlough, in April, 1865, he received news that the war had come tx> an end. As soon as he recovered his health he resumed studies that had been interrupted by the war, was graduated in law and finally settled in Atlanta, and soon became one of its most eminent citizens. He is prominent in his profession, being recognized as a lawyer of remarkable ability.

1020 CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.
Charles Carroll Varnedoe, of Valdosta, a veteran of the Georgia cavalry in the Confederate service, was born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1843. When hostilities began in 1861 he was a student at Oglethorpe university, and like the students of the South generally he laid aside his books to become a Confederate soldier. He enlisted, April, 1861, as a private in the Liberty Independent Troop, a body of cavalry that served along the coast as guards and patrols, and when the company was reorganized six months later he re-enlisted for three years, or the duration of the war. This company became Troop G, Fifth regiment Georgia cavalry, and in May, 1863, Private Varnedoe was trans ferred to Company D, Twentieth Georgia battalion cavalry, was promoted to the rank of sergeant and assigned to the staff of Capt. L. L. Varnedoe, quartermaster of the battal ion. He served in this capacity until October, 1864, when he returned to duty in the line. Throughout 1864 his com mand was in active and arduous service in Virginia, under the gallant cavalry leaders, P. M. B. Young and Wade Hampton, and after Sergeant Varnedoe returned to line duty he took part in the battle of Burgess' Mill, October 27th, and other engagements. In December, 1864, his company was merged in the Eighth regiment Georgia cav alry, under Col. J. R. Griffin. Mr. Varnedoe was on duty under Young and Hampton throughout Sherman's cam paign through the Carolinas, and was in battle in the rice fields opposite Savannah, in December, 1864, and various other engagements during the retreat to Bentonville. Finally he surrendered at Montezuma, Ga., at the close of hostilities, and returned to his native county. In 1867 he made his home at Valdosta, where he has been successfully engaged in business as a merchant to^ the present time. Mr. Varnedoe is one of the leading men of his county, and is deeply interested in the welfare of his Confederate com rades.
James Oglethorpe Varnedoe, of Valdosta, a Confederate soldier in 1861-65, and a staff officer in the war of 1898, was born in Mclntosh county, Ga., in 1842. His grand father came to Georgia from South Carolina in the colonial period, and was prominent in the Congregational settle ment at Medway, and his father, Samuel McWhir Varne doe, was the founder of the Valdosta institute, and the candidate of the American party for congress in 1856.

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1021

James Varnedoe entered the Confederate service in the fall of 1861 as a private in the Liberty Independent Troop, a company of cavalry organized for service on the coast, and at the reorganization six months later was appointed corporal. At a later date the company was merged in the Fifth regiment Georgia cavalry, Col. Robert H. Anderson commanding, .as Company G, and Corporal Varnedoe was promoted to sergeant. Prior to the Atlanta campaign he was on duty with his command in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and participated in engagements with Federal gunboats on the coast of Liberty county in the winter of 1862, and the skirmishing near Jacksonville, Fla., soon after the battle of Olustee. In- the spring of 1864 the regi ment was ordered to join Wheeler's cavalry corps, with Johnston's army, and beginning with the battle of Noon day Church, near Marietta, he was a participant in the fighting of Wheeler's cavalry until after the fall of Atlanta, including the defeat of McCook's raiders at Newnan. Sub sequently he started out with Wheeler on the famous raid through Tennessee, but was sent back on horse detail, and consequently was cut off from his command. During the remainder of the great struggle he was in irregular service, finally surrendering at Macon. After the war Mr. Varnedoe was engaged in farming and teaching in Thomasville and in Decatur and Liberty counties until about 1869, when he embarked in business as a merchant at Valdosta. He has had a very successful career in commercial life, and is widely known as one of the leading business men of South Georgia. He has served as mayor of his city and as alderman and member of the city board of educa tion; was first captain of the Valdosta Videttes, and was made colonel of the Fourth Georgia regiment of militia in 1893. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley chief commissary of subsistence, with the rank of major, in the United States volunteers, for the war with Spain. In this capacity he served in Porto Rico with Gen. James H. Wilson, and on the staff of Gen. John C. Bates at Macon, Ga., and Cienfuegos, Cuba, until the latter part of March, 1899, when he was mustered out.

Eugene Francis Verdery, of Augusta, was born in Rich mond county, near that city, in 1845. In I 863 he entered the Confederate service as a private in the Oglethorpe Artillery, a company previously known as the Oglethorpe

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

infantry, Company D of Ramsey's First Georgia regiment; afterward as Company A of the Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery, and later as Company A of the Sixty-third Georgia regiment, which served for a while as infantry and artillery at Savannah. Mr. Verdery went with this regi ment, in the company in which he had enlisted, to Dalton, Ga., in the spring of 1864, the command serving now as infantry. Soon after reaching Dalton, the campaign of a Hundred Days (from Dalton to Atlanta) began, and almost every day the soldiers of the army of General Johnston were under fire, sometimes upon the skirmish line and sometimes in fierce battle. Mr. Verdery was in all the fighting, participating in the combat around Dalton, at Resaca, along the lines of New Hope Church and Dallas, near Lost Mountain, at Gilgal Church, Kenesaw Moun tain, Smyrna Church, and Peachtree Creek. In this latter battle he was struck in the head by the fragment of a shell which had exploded near him, resulting in a severe frac ture of his skull. Within a week after receiving this wound he was sent to his home in Richmond county and saw no more service in the field, being detailed after a partial recovery from his wound in the provost office at Augusta, where he did clerical duty. After the war he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1868, practicing his profession with great success until 1898. During part of this time, from 1879 to 1887, he was president of the Augusta & Knoxville railroad. He is a business man of energy and enterprise and is held in high esteem by the people of Augusta. In 1898 he was elected president of the Warren manufacturing company, owning a large cotton mill near Augusta, which now, under his management, is being oper ated successfully.

James P. Verdery, of Augusta, was born near that city in 1844. He enlisted in the service of the Confederate States in May, 1863, at Augusta, becoming a member of Company I, Forty-eighth Georgia regiment, in which he served as a private. He was with his command in the fol lowing battles: Bristoe Station, Riddles' Shop, Peters burg and on the Petersburg and Weldon railroad; in the famous battle of the Crater and at Deep Bottom, on the north side of the James and on the south side at. Hatcher's Run, February 6, 1865. These were merely the leading con flicts in which he was engaged, for the soldiers of the army

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1023

of Northern Virginia were in line of battle or on the skir mish line almost continuously from the opening of the cam paign in 1864 to the final scene in April, 1865. There was scarcely a day for months at a time, when the soldiers around Richmond and Petersburg were not under fire, and the young man, who served only during the last year of
that gigantic struggle, was at the close of the war a wellseasoned veteran. Once during his term of service Mr.Ver-
dery was slightly wounded, June 22, 1864, at Petersburg. In February, 1865, shortly after the battle of Hatcher's
Run, he received a furlough, and before its expiration the army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox had furled for ever the banners which it had made illustrious by so many victories that even final defeat could not dim their glory. After the war Mr. Verdery studied law and practiced suc cessfully in Augusta for fifteen years. He has always taken great interest in the business enterprise and progress of the beautiful Georgia city on the banks of the Savannah, and finally gave up the law to engage in manufacturing. In 1885 he was elected president of the Enterprise Manu facturing company of Augusta, and this position he still holds.

James H. Wade, of Quitman, was born in Bradley county, Tenn., in 1842, and from seven years of age was reared in Rusk county, Tex., where he entered the Con federate service in May, 1861. His first enlistment was in a cavalry company, which became Company G of the Tenth regiment Texas cavalry, but before the organization of that regiment Private Wade was transferred to the First Texas artillery, a battery commanded by Capt. John J. Good, and later by Capt. James P. Douglas, that was dis tinguished in many of the western battles. Private Wade took part in the famous Trans-Mississippi battles of Oak Hill or Wilson's Creek, and Elkhorn Tavern, and after the battle of Shiloh his battery was attached to Cabell's bri gade at Corinth. He went into the Kentucky campaign with Kirby Smith's army and fought at Richmond and Perryville, and afterward was identified with the record of the army of Tennessee, participating with gallantry in the battles of Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Kingston, Rome, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, New Hope Church, Peachtree Creek and Atlanta, receiving slight wounds at Murfreesboro, Chickamauga and New Hope
Ga 94

1024

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Church. At the great battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, he was badly wounded, and being sent north upon his con valescence, he was held at Camp Douglas, Chicago, until May 18, 1865, when he was paroled and permitted to return home. On reaching his native county in Tennessee he was notified, on account of his Confederate record, to
leave, and he removed to Screven county, Ga. Two years later he went to Savannah, and after a year at that city
he made his home at Quitman, where he has ever since been an influential citizen and successful in business as a
merchant. He has served in a public capacity as alderman of Quitman and member of the school board of Brooks county.

Major John O. Waddell, of Aragon, Ga., quartermaster-
general on the staff of Gen. C. A. Evans, commanding the Georgia division, United Confederate veterans, and aidede-camp on the staff of Gen. John B. Gordon, general-inchief, and one of the most broad-minded and public-spir ited men of the State, evinced, in his Confederate career, most remarkable devotion to the cause and fortitude as a soldier, notwithstanding dangerous wounds and much suf fering from the casualties of battle. He was born in Greene county, Ga., reared in Cobb and Polk counties, and aban doned his studies at the State university in 1861 to enter the Confederate service with the Troup Artillery, of Athens. With this command he served in western Vir ginia in the fall of 1861, and afterward at Yorktown, under
General Magruder, taking part in the battle of Dam No. i, in the spring of 1862. After the retreat toward Richmond he was in battle at Seven Pines and in the Seven Days'
campaign, and in the fall of 1862, going into Maryland with Lee's army, fought at Crampton's Gap, September 14th, in the famous rear-guard battle which detained McClellan's army until Stonewall Jackson could capture the twelve thousand Federals at Harper's Ferry. There Gun
ner Waddell was desperately wounded, a ball carrying away part of his jaw bone and all of the lower teeth. He was taken prisoner on the field and carried to Baltimore, but
on account of his injury was soon paroled and subsequently exchanged. He was at home until early in 1863. Rejoin ing his battery at Fredericksburg, January 20, 1863, he participated, on May 3d, in the fight at that point during the Chancellorsville campaign, and was again wounded, his

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

1025

ankle being broken. Thirty days later, however, he returned to duty, and being appointed adjutant of the Twentieth Georgia infantry, of Benning's brigade, Hood's division, he served with that command in the Gettysburg campaign. In the great Pennsylvania battle he was wounded in the knee. On May 6, 1864, he went into the battle of the Wilderness with Longstreet's corps, and was shot through the left arm, the ball breaking the radius bone. It was not long, however, before he was at the front again, and in the battle of August i6th, before Rich mond, he was wounded for the last time, in the instep, Notwithstanding all these injuries, he was with the army to the very last, and, shortly before the surrender at Appomattox, was promoted to assistant adjutant and inspectorgeneral, with the rank of major. Since the war Major Waddell's chief occupation has been that of a planter in Polk county. He is one of the influential men of the State, enterprising and self-sacrificing in his efforts for the pub lic good and the advancement of Georgia. As assistant commissioner of agriculture in 1889-90, and president of the State agricultural society for six years, he has rendered services of great public value. Not only the agricultural but the manufacturing interests of the State are indebted to his efforts. Major Waddell has three sons living: James D., John N. and Oliver E.

George P. Walker, of Savannah, captain of the Chatham Artillery since 1895, was born at Charleston, S. C., in Octo ber, 1845, and was reared at Savannah from infancy. In the fall of 1861 he left school in Screven county, Ga., and enlisted as a private in the Republican Blues, Company B, with which he was on duty for six months. After the expi ration of this period of enlistment he was employed in the commissary department on the coast until the fall of 1863, Then he enlisted, November 13, 1863, being then eighteen years of age, as a private in the Chatham Artillery. With this gallant battery he participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20, 1864, and afterward engaged the enemy at Cedar Creek, near Jacksonville, Fla., and through- the summer of 1864 was on duty in the works about Charles ton, S. C. After Charleston was evacuated he participated in the engagement at Columbia, S. C., and the rear guard fighting on the retreat from Columbia, S. C., and surren dered with his command, April 26, 1865, at Greensboro,

1026

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

N. C. Captain Walker has been a resident of Savannah since the war, and is successful in business and popular with his fellow-citizens.

Kinchen H. Walker, a prominent business man and pub lic official of Dublin, served in his youth with the boys of the Second Georgia State Line regiment, distinguished above the State troops of any other State by their service, altogether worthy of veterans, during the great Atlanta campaign. He was born and reared in Washington county, Ga., and moved to. Laurens county in 1856, where he enlisted in 1863, at the age of eighteen years, in Company H of the Second regiment Georgia State Line troops. Going on duty under the command of Colonel Wilson in Cumming's brigade as Sherman's army approached the Chattahoochee river, he took part in the fighting on that line, and served in- the trenches about the present State capital during the siege, which continued with constant exchange of hostilities from July 2Oth to- the latter part of August. Finally he participated in the two days' battle at Jonesboro, under General Hardee, where his company suffered severely, the captain and six men being killed. Soon after this final engagement of the campaign, Private Walker was taken sick, and was sent to hospital. He was not able to participate in any of the later operations in Georgia, but he had gallantly done his part in the heroic ef fort made to save the State from the invasion of overwhelm ing numbers of the enemy. After the war he engaged in farming until 1874, when he made his home at Dublin and embarked in business, in which he has been notably successful. He has rendered valuable and efficient public service as a member of the board of education of his city and as member of the city council, for several terms. Mr. Walker has one child living, a daughter, Mary, wife of J. M. Outler, a leading business man of the city. Mr. Walker is in feeble health, never having recovered from the effects of his sickness in the war.

Budd Clay Wall, of Augusta, was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1847, ancl* was 'ess than seventeen years old when, in December, 1863, he enlisted as a private in Company C, Seventh Georgia cavalry, serving at that time in Vir ginia. It was not long before the young soldier was ini tiated into the privations and perils of war, for with the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1027

opening of the spring of 1864 the cavalry found active employment in watching the movements of the enemy, constant picketing and occasional skirmishing'. Private Wall participated in the fierce fighting in the Wilderness, around Spottsylvania Court House, at Howe's Shop, and Second Cold Harbor; then, after the death of the knightly Stuart, he followed the standard of Hampton, taking part in the tremendous two days' cavalry battle at Trevilian's Station, where Sheridan's plan to unite with Hunter in Lee's rear was thwarted; next, going down to the neigh borhood of Yorktown, he was engaged with the enemy at Nance's Shop, later at White Oak Swamp, Burgess' Mill and Sappony Church; then at Ream's Station and Stony Creek. In the spring of 1865 he was with Hampton in the Carolinas, battling in Sherman's front at Columbia, Averasboro and Bentonville. He was wounded in the leg at Nance's Shop, but not seriously enough to put him out of the fight. He did not share in the general surrender, and returned to his home without parole. Going back to his native count)?, he engaged in farming and merchandis ing, but in 1875 removed to Abbeville, a growing little city of South Carolina, where he remained until 1880. In that year he removed to Augusta, where he has since been engaged in the wholesale grocery business.

George O. Wamock, of Waynesboro, a line officer of the Seventh Georgia cavalry, was born in Burke county, Ga., January 29, 1843, and was there reared and given his early education. When the war began he was a student at Mercer university, but he promptly left his studies to enlist as a soldier of the Confederacy. His first service was as a private in Bat. Jones' Minute Men, which he joined at Lawtonville, and served with for six months at Savannah. In 1862 he joined the Millen Rangers, of which he was made a lieutenant. This company was part of White's Twenty-seventh cavalry battalion, and later of the Seventh regiment Georgia cavalry, under the command of Col. W. P. White. Lieutenant Wamock served with his company on the coast of Georgia and South Carolina until the spring of 1864, when the regjment was sent to Virginia a part of the brigade commanded by Gen. P. M. B. Youngi Under the division command of Gen. Wade Hampton, he partici pated in the fighting from the Wilderness to Richmond and about Cold Harbor, serving with distinction in one of the

1028

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY,

most gallant of the Georgia brigades, until the battle of Trevilian's Station, June 12, 1864, where Sheridan was defeated by Hampton. Here he was shot in the head and left on the field, and fell into the hands of the enemy. He was some time in hospital, suffering with a dangerous
wound, and then was sent to the military prison at Fort Delaware, and held until the close of hostilities, being released June 26, 1865. He made a fine record as a sol
dier, and is yet associated with his comrades as a member of Gordon camp, United Confederate veterans, at Waynes-
boro. Since the war he has been an honored citizen of Burke county, taking an active part in public affairs. In 1881-87 h was a member of the board of county commis sioners, and in 1887 he was elected to the office of clerk of
the superior court, a position he has held continuously since then, discharging the duties of the office to the entire satisfaction of the people of his county.

Theodore R. Wardell, of Bainbridge, is a native of New York city, born in 1832. He came South in 1849, nrst residing at Richmond, Va., and in 1852 was at Galveston, Tex., in the drug business, whence he returned to Rich mond and remained until 1855, when he removed to Savan nah, and was engaged with S. D. Brantley & Co., drug gists. There he was a member of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry for three years, and voted for Gen. Francis S. Bar-
tow at the time of the election of that famous hero of the Confederacy as captain of the company. Removing to Bainbridge in 1858, Mr. Wardell, being an educated chem ist and pharmacist, embarked in business as a druggist,
and was thus occupied when the Confederate States gov ernment was organized. Though exempt from military service by reason of his business, he volunteered in Feb ruary, 1862, as a private in Company B, Capt. W. M.
Jones, of the Ninth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. E. R. Goulding. His services were sought by the authorities at Richmond as a chemist in the ordnance
department there during the early part of the war, but General Beauregard, appreciating his value, retained him in the department of South, Carolina, Georgia and Flor
ida. In April, 1863, he was transferred to Capt. C. G. Campbell's Siege Artillery, and ordered to report to Major Davidson, in charge of the medical purveyor's department for the districts of Middle and East Florida, with headquar-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1029

ters at Quincy, and being assigned to duty in charge of the manufacturing department of the purveyor, he served there until the close of the war, when he surrendered at
Quincy and was paroled at Tallahassee. Since the war Mr. Warden has been a resident of Bainbridge, successful in his business and' prominent in the affairs of his community. Being of a literary turn of mind, he has been since early in
life a contributor to the secular press, both in prose and verse. He is a member of the local camp of the United Confederate veterans, and for several years was secretary of the Decatur county Veterans association. In public office he has served as alderman of his city and for five years as clerk of the corporation-

John F. Wardlaw was born in Walker county, Ga., in 1844 and there attended school, and was living there when the civil war began. On the igth of September, 1861, at the age of seventeen, he entered Confederate service, enlisting as a private in Company C of the Sixtieth regi ment of Georgia volunteers, and remained in the army from the date of his enlistment until the termination of hostilities. During the entire time he held the confidence of all with whom he was associated and gained the love and admiration of his officers and comrades by his devotion to duty and by the gallant and patriotic spirit which he exhibited on every field. _He participated in the follow ing engagements: Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill, Second Manassas, capture of Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Shepherdstown, Fredericksburg, Cha'ncellorsville, Winchester, Gettysburg, Locust Grove and Wilderness. He was wounded three times--at Second Manassas, Fredericksburg and the Wilderness, in this last battle so severely that he was for several months kept out of the field. Besides the bat tles named above, he participated in numerous skirmishes. When the war had ended he spent a year in Texas, then returned to Georgia and attended school at Athens for one year. In 1868 he was married to Emma Culberson, of Lafayette, Ga. Two years later they removed to Texas, where they lived four years, returning to Georgia in 1874, and in 1878 locating at Rome. Mr. Wardlaw engaged in the mercantile and later in the manufacturing business, being1 at this time at the head of the Rome Canning fac tory, which was organized in 1899.

1030

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HIS TOR Y.

Joseph J. Ware, of Troup county, a gallant soldier of the Second army corps, army of Northern Virginia, is a native Georgian, son of Daniel Ware and Mary Ann Poythress, both of whom were also born in this State. He
was born in Troup county, May 10, 1844, and entered the Confederate service in April, 1861, with the LaGrange
Light Guards, which became Company B of the Fourth regiment Georgia infantry, of which Gen.'George Doles
was the first colonel and Gen. Phil Cook the first adjutant. The Fourth was mustered in at Augusta, and reached Nor
folk, Va., May 10, 1861, where they were on duty for about
a year. The battle record of the regiment began at Seven Pines, and was continued with increasing fame to the end of the war. In the Seven Days' battles, and at South Mountain and Sharpsburg, they fought in D. H. Hill's divi sion, and under the division command of General Rodes and his successors they took part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Petersburg, the Shenandoah campaign, and the final campaign to Appomattox. Mr. Ware, a private at the beginning of his service, was soon promoted to orderly sergeant, and subsequently he was detailed as courier to Gen. R. E. Rodes, with whom he served until the death of that gallant officer at the battle of Winchester, September 19, 1864. Afterward he was courier for General Ramseur, until the latter met his death in the next great battle in the valley, Cedar Creek, Octo ber 19, 1864, and was succeeded by Gen. Bryan Grimes, with whom Courier Ware continued on duty. At the last
he was attached to the headquarters of Gen. Phil Cook, and was with him when they both were captured during the
fighting before Petersburg in the spring of 1865, at the battle of Hare's Hill. Sergeant Ware is well remembered by his comrades as a cool and intrepid soldier, who could always be depended upon for the performance of duty.
After the war he gave his attention to farming, and this occupation and merchandising at LaGrange has occupied his time since 1865. He is a prosperous planter, and one
of the leading men of his county. In 1868 he was married to Charlotte E. Reid, and their only child living is Mrs.
Minnie E. Woodyard, of West Point, Ga.

James W. Warren, of Atlanta, noted in the war period as editor of the Columbus Daily Times, was born in Put-

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1031

nam county, Ga., September 24, 1826. His parents were
John Warren, a native of North Carolina, and a soldier
in the war of 1812, and Sophia Evans, of Virginia. From
the ag*e of four years he was reared at Columbus, Ga. In
1846 he was graduated at the State university at Athens,
and after a year of study at the Harvard law school he
was admitted to the bar in 1848. In the following year he
was married to Sarah V. Howard. He was engaged in
the practice of his profession at Columbus until the death
of his wife in 1851, when, seeking change of scene and
occupation, he embarked in railroad employment. Find
ing this unsuited to his tastes, he drifted into journalism,
and became editor of the Daily Times at Columbus. This paper he conducted through the Confederate era, and being
thoroughly devoted to the doctrine of State rights, and enthusiastically favoring the independence of the South,
he made the paper a warm supporter of the Confederacy and the policy of President Davis, and in this way efficiently aided the cause. He was exempt from service in the field by reason of his occupation, and in cheering the hearts of his readers, and encouraging hearty support of the gov ernment, did his full duty for his country. So well known was this journal as an ardent supporter of the Confederacy, that when Wilson's raiders reached Columbus, April 16, 1865, they thoroughly looted the office, and its contents were heaped up in the street and burned. Mr. Warren, its editor, was put under arrest, and carried with Wilson's command toward Macon until information was received of the surrender of General Lee, when he and other prisoners were released. For a few years after the war he lived upon his plantation in southwest Georgia. In January, i872,hewas tendered and accepted the position of secretary to Gov. James M. Smith, the first Democratic governor elected after the reconstruction period, and thereupon he made his home at Atlanta. He has retained the same posi tion under all the governors of Georgia since his first ap pointment--Colquitt, Stephens, Boynton, McDaniel, Gor don, Northen, Atkinson and Candler--a period of efficient and honorable service extending over twenty-nine years. Major Warren, as he is known, was remarried in 1859 to Laura P. Wimberly, and has three sons and a daughter liv-

1032

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Edward W. Watkins, M. D., of Ellijay, one of the most prominent professional men of North Georgia, is a native of Jackson county, Ga. He received his early education in the old field schools, and when the war began was a teacher. In January, 1863, he enlisted as a private soldier in Company F of the Sixth regiment Georgia cavalry, was
mustered in at Loudon, Term., and immediately went on duty at Cumberland Gap. He participated in the raids
and skirmishes in Kentucky of that period, under Gen. John Pegram and others, and the operations about Knoxville until the fall of 1863, when the cavalry forces were
called to North Georgia. In the Chickamauga campaign he participated in several fights, and the opening combat of the great battle itself, under the command of Gen. N. B. Forrest, and pursued the enemy to Missionary Ridge. Eight months after his enlistment he had been promoted from the ranks to a lieutenancy in Company D of the Sixth cavalry, and at a later date he was in command of the company. The greater part of his service was under Gen. Joe Wheeler, with whom he had participated in the Sequatchie raid, the Knoxville campaign of November and December, 1863; the operations about Dalton, the cam paign from Dalton to Atlanta, the defeat of the Federal raiders about Atlanta, and all of Wheeler's operations against Sherman from Atlanta to Savannah and through the Carolinas. At the time of Stoneman's raid from Atlanta
Lieutenant Watkins was captured by the enemy, but made his escape and joined his command next day, when Stoneman himself was made a prisoner. In the Carolinas he
took part in the fights at Aiken and Fayetteville, among others, and was in the famous attack on Kilpatrick's camp. In the course of his career, though a participant in many
battles and skirmishes, he was not wounded, though his clothing was several times pierced by bullets. He sur rendered at Charlotte, N. C., at the end of the war and soon returned to Georgia. Beginning preparation for a pro fessional career, he studied medicine, and was graduated at the Cincinnati medical college in June, 1867, immedi
ately after which he located at Ellijay, and began his prac tice. He has been quite successful as a physician, is a prosperous farmer and stock raiser, and also has a welldeserved prominence in public affairs, having represented Gilmer county in the Georgia legislature in 1884-85 and in 1896-99. He has been favorably mentioned as a candi-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1033

date for the Democratic nomination for Congress in the Ninth district. His community he has ably served as mayor of Ellijay for several terms, and as president of the board of trustees of the Ellijay institute. In 1866 Dr. Watkins was married to Georgia Butt, of Blairsville, and they have four children: Edward W., Jr., associated with his father as a physician; Clifford, Claude, and Estelle, wife of L. G.
Edwards.

William O. Watson, of Albany, a veteran of the Con federate cavalry, was born in Upson county, Ga., in 1835, and reared there to the age of seventeen years. Then he removed to Marianna, Fla., and resided there until his removal to Albany in 1856. There he enlisted on May n, 1861, as a private in Company E of the Fifth regiment Georgia infantry, under the com mand of Col. John K. Jackson. He served with this regiment at Pensacola until November, 1861, when he was honorably discharged on account of physical disability. In August, 1862, he re-enlisted in the Second battalion partisan rangers, a command which was soon afterward merged in the Tenth regiment Con federate cavalry, commanded by Col. C. T. Goode. Mr. Watson was a private in Company I of this regiment, and in 1863 was promoted to orderly sergeant. He served with the regiment in Tennessee and Kentucky, partici pating in various raids and skirmishes and finally serving in the raid under Col. John S. Scott, of Louisiana, in east ern Kentucky, in July and August, 1863. This was accom
panied by fighting at Williamsburg and near Rogersville and Richmond, which resulted successfully, the expedition advancing as far as Lexington. Then they heard of the capture of Gen. John H. Morgan in Ohio, and fell back, closely pursued by the enemy. They defeated the Fed erals again at Irvine, July 3Oth, but the next day suffered severely from the renewed attacks of the reinforced ene
my, and the losses were heavy until the expedition was able to cross the Cumberland river, a few days later. Ser geant Watson was among the captured, and during the remainder of the war period he was prisoner of war at Camp Chase, Ohio, and Fort Delaware, finally being paroled June 17, 1865. Since the war he has been a res ident of Albany, engaged in farming and the manufacture
of wagons. In 1895 he was elected a member of the

1034

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

board of commissioners of Dougherty county, and his worthy service in this position was rewarded by re-election in 1898.

Major-General Henry C. Wayne, of the Georgia state troops, was born in 1814, and in 1834 was appointed to the United States military academy. Upon his grad uation in 1838 he was promoted in the army to second lieutenant of artillery. He served two years on the New York frontier during the Canada border disturbances, next on the Maine frontier, and from 1841 to 1846 as assistant instructor at West Point. During the war with Mexico he was assistant to the quartermaster-general, par ticipated in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and was promoted to brevet major for gallantry in those en gagements. In 1850 he published a work on "Sword Exercise for Military Instruction," and in 1858 was the recipient of a gold medal from the "Societe Imperiale Zoologique d'Acclimation," of France, for the successful introduction and acclimation of the camel in the United States. On December 31, 1860, after over twenty years' service, he resigned his commission and early in 1861 was appointed by Governor Brown adju tant and inspector-general of Georgia. Throughout the long struggle that followed he performed the duties of this office with great efficiency, being busily employed from the siezure of Fort Pulaski, at the opening of 1861, to the final overthrow of the Confederate government. During the Atlanta campaign he served as major-general of militia and after the fall of Atlanta, in command of the Georgia cadets and part of the reserves, he was dis tinguished in the defense of Oconee bridge, November 22d to 26th, and the fight at the Little Ogeechee, Decem ber 4, 1864, in opposition to Sherman's march to the sea. In his report General Wayne highly praised the cadets, "whose gallantry, discipline and skill," he said, "equal anything I have seen in any military service. I cannot speak too highly of these youths, who go into a fight as cheerfully as they would enter a ball room, and with the silence and steadiness of veterans. The Washington county and Emanuel county militia (forty days' men) deserve commendation, consisting as they did of gentle men advanced in life, to whom the hardships of camp must have been severe, whose homes were being overrun

CONFEDERA TE 'MILITARY HISTORY.

1085

by the enemy, and yet who from the purest incentives of patriotism and of duty offered their lives in defense of their state." Among the losses in his campaign General Wayne mentioned Cadet Marsh, mortally wounded, and Mr. Stephen Manigauit, of Charleston, a gentleman of wealth and high social position, and advanced in years, who died fighting as a private of cavalry at Little Ogeechee. On the fall of Savannah General Wayne returned
to Milledgeville and resumed his duties as adjutant-gen eral. After peace was restored he made his home at Savannah, and engaged in the lumber trade. He died at that city, March 16, 1883.

George A. Webster, of Atlanta, a. veteran of Wheeler's cavalry, was born in Lumpkin county, Ga., April 7, 1844. He is a lineal descendant of Noah Webster, the noted lex icographer, and of a New England colonial family that
gave soldiers to the Revolutionary army, and is the only one of his family that served in the Confederate States army. His father, Judge Walter R. Webster, was born in Connecticut in 1815, came to Georgia, in 1830, mar ried Miss E. A. Brazelton, a native of Jackson county, Ga., in 1838, and after spending many years in mercan tile life was appointed purchasing agent of the Western & Atlantic railway in 1859. George A. was reared in Floyd county, received a common school education, and at the beginning of the Confederate era was employed in the Rome postoffice. On May 5, 1862, he entered the Con federate service as a private "in Company G of the First Georgia cavalry, with which he participated in July, under the command of Gen. N. B. Forrest, in the brilliant capture of Murfreesboro. In the same year he took part in the battles of Richmond and Perryville, Ky., and other engage ments in that campaign, and the fighting under Gen. Joseph Wheeler during the December Murfreesboro campaign. In January, 1863, he was promoted to ser
geant-major of the regiment, in which capacity he served with General Braggs' army in Tennessee and during the retreat to Chattanooga. In the cavalry oper ations preceding the battle of Chickamauga, he was promoted to brevet second lieutenant for gallantry on the field, September 5, 1863. He took part in the battle of Chickamauga and the raids which followed, and with the rank of second lieutenant

1036

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

commanded his company from December 24, 1863, to the close of hostilities. During the latter period he participated in all the engagements of his regiment in the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta, including the great bat tle of July 22, 1864; was in charge of the skirmish line at the capture of General Stoneman, rode with Wheeler in the famous raid through Tennessee, and during Sherman's march to Savannah and through the Carolinas, was in almost continual combat with the Federal cavalry. He was in the battles of Aiken and others, in the Carolinas,
and surrendered under the capitulation of Gen. J. E. Jormston, April 26, 1865. At the battle of Murfreesboro his horse was shot under him and he was slightly
wounded, but otherwise he escaped unhurt; was never on furlough and spent but ten days in hospital during the war. Lieutenant Webster has been a citizen of Atlanta since the war. For eighteen years he was in railroad employment, succeeding his father as purchasing agent of the Western & Atlantic railroad, a position he held for nine years. Since 1892 he has been connected with the Atlanta water works. He is an active member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, holding the rank of sergeant-major, is quartermaster and treasurer of the Wheeler's cavalry association, and has attended the reunions at Richmond, Nashville, Atlanta and Louisville as delegate of his camp. Lieutenant Webster was mar
ried in 1868 to Azilee Cain, and has three sons and a daughter.

Gilbert G. Weems, a prominent public official of Henry county, was born in Heard county, Ga., March 31, 1838, and in April, 1861, left his work upon the farm to go to Virginia as a Confederate soldier. He was a private in the Griffin Guards, one of the four companies that went to Norfolk on a day's notice, April 2oth, and became a part of the Second Georgia battalion, under Col. Thomas Hardeman. After a year's service in that region he was transferred to Company A of the Forty-fourth Georgia regiment, then at Goldsboro, N. C. With this regiment, which was part of Ripley's brigade of D. H. Hill's divis ion at Seven Pines, and in the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, and at Sharpsburg and afterward was under the brigade command of the gallant George Doles. Private Weems served to the- end of the war, participating in the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1037

battles named and the later ones of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and the many months of fighting about Richmond and Petersburg. Returning home after the surrender at Appomattox he resumed farming until Jan uary, 1866, when he was elected clerk of the superior
court of Henry county. He held this office twelve years, and was a farmer again until 1896, when he was made
ordinary of the county, an office he yet held in 1901.

John M. Weigle, of Augusta, a soldier of Ramsey's First Georgia regiment, was born at Baltimore, Aid., in 1842, and removed to Augusta with his parents when five years of age. In 1861 he was an employe in the office of the Augusta Chronicle, which he left to enter the Con federate service in Company I (Walker Light Infantry) of the First regiment of Georgia volunteers. This company, together with the Montgomery Guards, had become a part of the ante-bellum Augusta battalion, immediately pre ceding the secession of Georgia, and its members, as well as those of the Oglethorpe infantry, felt themselves highly honored, when, on the i8th of March, 1861, in response to the first call of Governor Brown, they enrolled their names for service anywhere the government might wish to send them. Never before or since has the city of Augusta wit nessed such an outpouring of people as when, on the first day of April, 1861, the Walker Light Infantry and Ogle thorpe Infantry formed at the lower market on Broad street and marched from that point to what was then the Waynesboro depot to take the train for Macon, their march
being impeded by a throng so dense that they could hardly make their way. Mr. Weigle went as a private and served his twelve months' term faithfully and gallantly, participating in the following engagements under Generals Garnett, Lee, Loring and Stonewall Jackson: Belington, Laurel Hill, Carrick's Ford, Cheat Mountain, Greenbrier
river and Bath, Va., and Hancock, Md. After being mus tered out in Augusta, March 18, 1862, he assisted in recruiting a cavalry company, but did not go with it to the field. In 1863 he joined the First Augusta battalion of the Georgia Reserves, with which organization he served as orderly sergeant. With this command he took part in the following combats: Griffin, East Macon and Griswoldville, Ga.; Honey Hill and Tullafinney Creek, S.

1038

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

C., and served in the outer trenches at Savannah until the evacuation of that city by Hardee. Just before the close of hostilities he was ordered to a place near Augusta, called New Savannah, whence the command was soon after ordered to Augusta and disbanded. Remaining in this city he engaged in the printing business and in 1877 began the publication of the Augusta Evening News, continuing
to be its publisher until 1889, when he sold out his interest and went into the job printing business. In 1882 he was elected a member of the city council and served one year and in 1896 he was chosen sheriff and assessor of the
city of Augusta. He is an enterprising, public spirited citizen and Christian gentleman; a zealous ex-Confederate,
taking great interest in everything that pertains to the welfare of his old comrades, or to perpetuating the mem ories of the heroic days from 1861 to 1865.

Captain William Pinckney Welch, born at Waynesville, N. C., November 14, 1838, died at Athens, March 18, 1896, was of patriotic ancestry, his mother's father, Robert Love, having served in his youth as a lieutenant in the army of the Revolution. His father, William Welch, was descend ed from a worthy family of Philadelphia, Pa. Captain Welch was educated at the school conducted at Asheville, N. C., by the father of Gen. Stephen D. Lee, and at Emory and Henry college, Va., which he left in May, 1861, to return home and enter the Confederate service. He enlist ed in the second company that left his native county of Haywood, which became Company C of the Twenty-fifth regiment North Carolina infantry, and he went on duty as first lieutenant of his company. From Asheville, where the regiment was organized, he accompanied his command
to the vicinity of Willmington, and afterward was on duty in the Carolinas until the early summer of 1862. Then the regiment went to Virginia and fought under Gen. Robert E. Lee through the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, ending at Malvern Hill. Lieutenant Welch served with gallantry in that fiery trial of Southern chivalry, and continued in duty under Lee, his regiment forming
part of Gen. Robert Ransom's brigade of Longstreet's corps, in the subsequent campaigns, including the battles of Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg. He afterward took part in the North Carolina campaigns, and at Gum Swarnp, near Kinston, and in the Plymouth campaign, was dis-

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1039

tinguished for coolness and gallantry. At Bermuda Hundred 1864, he had a gallant part in the defeat of Butler's Federal army by the forces of General Beauregard. In 1864 he was transferred to the engineer corps, with the rank of captain, his line of duty during the remainder of the war. Remaining steadfast to the last he was with Lee's army at Appomattox. During this service he was once wounded, near Petersburg, by a fragment of shell. No officer of his regiment was more popular with his comrades, the sur
vivors of whom have honored his name by commemorating it in the title of Pinck Welch camp, United Confederate veterans, at Waynesville, N. C. After the war Captain Welch engaged in the practice of law, and was quite suc cessful in that profession and as a public speaker and polit ical leader in North Carolina. He was elected to the leg islature of that state in 1868 and 1870, and took a prominent part in the work of that body. In 1876 he removed to Athens, and abandoning his profession, engaged in cotton manufacturing, becoming interested in the Georgia Manu facturing company mills at Whitehall. He was married first to Sarah, daughter of Colonel Cathey, a prominent citizen of North Carolina, and after her death he wedded, January 26, 1875, Margaretta Richards White, daughter of John White and sister of John R. and Captain James White, of Athens. Their only son, John White Welch, is a resi dent of the same city.

Edwin W. Wells, of Carrollton, a veteran of Wheeler's cavalry, is a native of Georgia, born in Coweta county, August 29, 1845. His parents were Thomas F. Wells, a planter, native of Virginia, and his wife Caroline Watson, who was born in Georgia. In 1861 young Wells enlisted in Martin's company of Colonel Cowart's regiment of Geor gia State troops, with which he was on duty near Bruns wick and Savannah until the regiment was mustered out, at the expiration of its six months' enlistment. At Cartersville, in 1862, he re-enlisted as a private in Company E of the First Georgia cavalry, for the Confederate States service. The First cavalry, under the command of Col. J. J. Morrison, had a distinguished career throughout the cam paigns in Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and the Carolinas, and in the organization of General Wheeler's cavalry corps was a part of Pegram's brigade, Martin's division. Private Wells shared the service of his regiment from beginning to
Ga 95

1040

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

end, including the engagements at Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Knoxvilie, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlan ta, and a host of minor battles, in which the cavalry alone took part. He participated in the capture of General Stoneman, the Federal raider, and was slightly wounded by a spent ball on that occasion. During the siege of Atlanta he rode with Wheeler in his great raid through north Georgia and Tennessee, and during Sherman's march to Savannah and through the Carolinas he was with
Wheeler in numerous combats with the Federal forces, in cluding the victory at Aiken, S. C., and the final battle of Bentonville. At the end of this faithful service as a Con
federate soldier Mr. Wells made his home at Carrollton and after some years passed in hotel management gave his at tention to live stock, trading and dealing in buggies, in which he has made a substantial success. He is one of the prominent men of his town, for six times has been elected mayor, and has served as chairman of the board of county commissioners. In Confederate matters he still retains a lively interest. Mr. Wells was married April 6, 1870, to Maggie Tanner, of Carrollton, and they have a son and two daughters.

Andrew J. West, of Atlanta, is the son of James F. West, who was murdered at Vera Curz, Mexico, and grandson of Andrew West, one of the earliest settlers of Monroe county, Ga. His mother was the daughter of Capt. Henry Butts. When the South embarked upon the great struggle for separate independence his youthful ardor
carried him to the field before he was sixteen and caused him to volunteer in the Troup county Light Guards, Com pany E, Forty-first regiment Georgia infantry. With this command he served in the Western army of the Confeder
acy from Shiloh to Tupelo, and participated in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, the Hundred Days' battles from Dalton to Atlanta, then under Hood, and later again under Johnston in the campaign of the Carolinas, which terminated with the sur render at Durham's Station near Greensboro, N. C. He
was twice wounded, once severely at Perryville. He rose to the rank of captain and was commissioned
as such under an act of the Confederate Congress. When the war ended he made his home in Atlanta and established a large grocery business under the firm name

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1041

of West & Edwards, which collapsed during the panic of 1873. Since that time he has been engaged in an extensive real estate business. He assisted in the organization of the Fulton Blues, of which he was for several years cap tain. While General Gordon was governor he appointed Captain West upon his personal staff and under succeed
ing governors he served as quartermaster-general. He has been commander of Camp No. 159 United Confederate Veterans, adjutant-general of the Georgia division by ap
pointment of General Evans, and since the election at Savannah in November, 1899, has been one of the four brigadier-generals of the Georgia division. He was com missioner from Georgia to the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, and to the Mexican Exposition held in the city of Mexico in 1896, and was invited by the citizens of Chicago to the ceremonies attending the unveiling of the Confederate monument in Oakwood cemetery of that city in 1894. At the inauguration of President McKinley, he by special invitation acted as aide on the staff of Gen. Horace Porter. Mr. West also acted as grand marshal on the occasion of the peace jubilee held in Atlanta at the close of the Spanish-American war. He was the first to agitate the establishment of a grand national military park in the vicinity of Atlanta, and has taken great interest in every movement calculated to promote a better feeling be tween the North and South. He has been twice mar ried, first to Eugenia Tompkins, who died in 1885. His present wife was Eva M. Morgan, daughter of a dis tinguished physician and surgeon of Knoxville, Tenn.

Charles M. Wheatley, of Americus, brigadier-general
commanding the Western brigade of the Georgia division, United Confederate veterans, was born in Northumber land county, Pa., in 1835, son of John Wheatley, a mer
chant and native of the same State. He was educated in Pennsylvania, in 1856 went to Kansas, and from there came
to Americus for reasons of health in 1858, and soon en gaged in cotton buying and identified himself with the inter
ests of his adopted home. When the South seceded and the war began he did not hesitate to take up arms for the Confederacy and volunteered as a private soldier in the Sumter Light Guards, under Capt. W. L. Johnson, which became Company K of George Doles' gallant regiment, the Fourth Georgia infantry. Until the spring of 1862

1042

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

they served about Norfolk, Va., and then being transferred to Richmond, fought their first battle at Seven Pines. On June 27th he took part in the battle of King's School House, and on July 1st was in tiie bloody assault on Malvern Hili. Thereafter he shared the service of Doles' brigade in Rodes' division, Jackson's corps, at Second
Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Winchester and Gettysburg. After the
retreat of the army to Virginia he was sent to Augusta, Ga., on account of disability from illness, and transferred
to the transportation department, under the command of Major Grice. Stationed most of the time in southwest Georgia, he continued in this duty until the end of the war. During his active service he was once wounded, bv a fragment of shell, at Chancellorsville. Throughout ail his military career he was known to his comrades as a gal
lant and devoted Southern soldier, and he is yet honored by them in the great association which perpetuates their comradeship. He is a member of Sumter county camp. No. 642; served as adjutant-general of the Georgia divis ion, for several years, and in November, 1900, was elected brigadier-general. Since the war he has been engaged in contracting and manufacturing, and is president of the Americus construction company. In 1866 he was married to Louisa T. Williamson, of Newnan, and they have four daughters.

Thornton Wheatley, of Americus, a veteran of General Doles' old regiment, the Fourth Georgia, is a native of Northumberland county, Penn., born August II, 1840. His father was John Wheatley, a native of the same State. He was educated in Pennsylvania and came to Americus in search of a milder climate in 1855, and found employment as a mercantile clerk. In April, 1861, thoroughly sympa thizing with the South in resistance to invasion, he volun teered as a private in the Sumter Light Guards, under Capt. W. L. Johnson, which became Company K of the Fourth Georgia infantry. With the service of this regi ment in Virginia he was thoroughly identified from begin ning to end, and made the record of a true and faithful soldier. After a year's duty about Norfolk, Va., they went into battle at Seven Pines, before Richmond, and a month later he participated in the Seven Days' battles, ending at Malvern Hill. Among the important engagements in

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,

1043

which he fought after this, under command of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Ewell, Early, Gordon and other g-allant leaders associated with the Second corps, may be mentioned Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Winchester, Get
tysburg, the Wilderness and all the battles from the Rapidan to the James, Lynchburg, Monocacy, Winchester, Cedar Creek, the battles about Petersburg, including Hare's Hill, and the engagements on the retreat to Appo-
mattox Court House, where he surrendered April 9, 1865, and received the first parole issued there to the Confederate soldiers. He was wounded at Malvern Hill, and again slightly in one of the fights in the Shenandoah valley, and once was captured but soon escaped. A short time after his return to Americus Mr. Wheatley engaged in business as a merchant, and has so continued with much success to the present time. He has been always ready to aid in every effort for the advancement of his city and State and has served his community ably as a member of the school board, and as representative in the Georgia house of rep resentatives in 1895-96, acting in that body as a member of the finance committee. He was married in Vermont to Julia A. Kendrick, of Americus, and they have two sons and two daughters. The eldest son, Walter, is captain of a company in the Twenty-ninth regiment United States volunteers, now on duty in the Philippine islands.

Captain Edmund D. Whitaker, of Thomasville, a vet eran of the Kentucky troops in the Confederate States ser
vice, is a native of that State, born in Carroll county in 1838. In May, 1862, he enlisted in a company for Col. Henry L. Giltner's regiment, the Fourth Kentucky cav alry, of which he was made assistant quartermaster. In
November following he was elected captain of Company K of this regiment, which he led with marked ability and gallantry during the compaigns and battles of Giltners regiment. He participated in the operations in east Ken
tucky during the latter part of 1862, under Gen. Humphrey Marshall, and in 1863 was on duty in southwest Virginia and east Tennessee, for some time being stationed at Abingdon. In the fall of 1863, operating under Gen. John S. (Cerro Gordo) Williams, he was in action at Telford's and Limestone, Terni., Jonesboro and Russellville, Va., and Blue Springs, Rheatown, Greeneville, Pugh's Hill, Rog-

1044

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

ersville arid Bean's Station, Teun., and was constantly in the field during Long-street's Knoxville campaign. In May, 1864, lie participated in the battle of Wytheviile, under Gen. John H. Morgan, and in June took part in Morgan's last raid in Kentucky, fighting at Mount Ster ling and Cynthiana. In the latter engagement, June I2th, a large part of Morgan's command was captured, Captain Whitaker among them, and thereafter he was a prisoner at Johnson's Island, Ohio, until the close of the war. Sub sequently he resided in his native county for three years, and afterward for ten years was a citizen of Mount Ster ling, Ky. In 1884 he came to Thomasville, where he has ever since made his home, active and successful in business, and holding a worthy place in the community.

John R. White, of Whitehall, Ciarke county, a Confed erate soldier who is now one of the prominent manu facturers of Georgia, was born in Ciarke county, January n, 1847, son of John White, who came to America with his wife Jeannette, from County Antrim, Ireland, in 1836, and immediately took charge of the Georgia manufactur ing company cotton mills, at Whitehall, which are the oldest in Georgia, having been established in 1829. John R., at the age of sixteen years, joined Company F, Capt. J. C. Turner commanding, of the Third regiment Georgia State troops, with which he served for several months. Later he was a member of Company A of Adams' bat talion, and was on duty with that command during the march of Sherman's army through Georgia, serving both in this State and South Carolina. Since the war Mr.
White has had a successful career as a manufacturer and banker, being president of the Georgia manufacturingcompany, in charge of the pioneer cotton mills, with which his father was connected until his death in 1881; president of the Whitehall yarn mills, and president of the Athens
National bank. His career is a striking instance of the fact that the Confederate boys of 1861-65 are amply qual ified to build up a New South of industrial supremacy upon
the ruins of the old system that was destroyed by war. He is deeply interested in everything Confederate, and is an active member of Cobb-Delony camp United Confederate veterans, at Athens. In 1882 Mr. White was married to Lillie, daughter of Capt. James G. Paine, of the staff of Gen. N. B. Forrest, and granddaughter of Bishop Paine,

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1045

of Mississippi. They have living three sons and a daugh ter.
Captain James White, a brother of the foregoing, was born in Clarke county, August 28. 1840, was educated at the University of Georgia, and, being trained in cotton manufacture, continued to be engaged in the mill with his father through the early years of the war, that occupa tion being quite essential to the success of the Confeder
acy, shut off by blockades from the commerce of the world. In the fall of 1864 he organized a company of State troops,
known as Company A of the Adams' battalion, of which lie was the captain, and in this rank he served in Georgia and South Carolina during the period of Sherman's pro
gress through those states. Since 1872 he has been cash ier of the Athens National bank. He is also associated with his brother as a director of the Georgia manufactur ing company, and is the owner of the Princeton cotton manufacturing company and the Star thread mills. Cap tain White was married in 1884 to Julia Ashton and has two children.

Samuel A. White, a prominent professional man of Charleston, a veteran of the South Carolina cavalry, was born in that State, at Charleston, September 30, 1841. He entered the active military service of his State on January i, 1861, as third sergeant of the Zouaves, Company E, First
regiment South Carolina rifles, and was on duty at Morris island when the steamer Star of the West was fired upon, and on Sullivan's island during the bombardment and reduction of Fort Sumter, in April, rS6r. Subsequently
his company was detailed to guard the Federal prisoners from the battle of First Manassas, at Castle Pinckney, and, after they were removed, he continued to be sta tioned there with his company, until early in 1862. The
company was then disbanded at Charleston, and Dr. White at once re-enlisted for the Confederate service, becoming a private soldier in the South Carolina Rangers, afterward enrolled as Company D of the Fifth regiment South Caro
lina cavalry, commanded by Col. John Dunovant. This regiment was on duty in South Carolina until March, 1864, when they were ordered to Virginia, becoming part of the brigade of Gen. M. C. Butler, in Wade Hampton's division. Private White was in all the battles of his command in Vir
ginia during the desperately contested struggle about Rich-

1046

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

mond and Petersburg, and was in the battles of Drewry's Bluff, Chester Station, Hawes' Shop, Trevilian's Station, Cold Harbor, Mechanicsville, Frayser's Farm, Seven Pines, the fight near Games' Mill, in which Colonel Dunovant was killed, and that on the Vaughn Road, in which General Hampton's son met his death. He was wounded at Drew ry's Bluff and Stony Creek. Late in 1864 he was sent to
Charleston to obtain a horse, after which he reported to Captain McTurrins, commanding a company in the Fifth
cavalry, and upon the evacuation of Charleston he went to Florence, Ala., and was in an action there as a volunteer in McTurrins' company. Finally he rejoined his regiment
near Smithfield, N. C., and participated in the engagements with Sherman's army until the end, when he surrendered
with his regiment at Greensboro, N. C. After the close of hostilities Dr. White entered upon the study of medicine
at Charleston, and was graduated at the South Carolina medical college in 1868. Subsequently he gave his atten tion to dentistry, in which he has had a notably successful career at Savannah since 1870.

John W. Wier, of Athens, one of the youngest soldiers of the Confederacy, and for many years sheriff of Clarke county, was born in that county, March 15, 1848. His father, John N. Wier, a native of the same county, of South Carolinian parentage, served as a soldier in the Cherokee war, and was a prominent farmer. Sheriff Wier entered the military service in October, 1863, at the age of only fifteen years and six months, but possessed of a splendid physique, for which he has been noted in later years. His first enlist ment was in Captain Adams' company of the Ninth regi
ment Georgia State troops, with which he served until March, 1864, when his term of enlistment expired. He then re-enlisted in Company B of Cook's battalion of infan try, of which he was made orderly sergeant. This command was part of the gallant State troops under command of Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, and Sergeant Wier served with credit in the famous battle of Griswoldville, Ga., November 22, 1864, and the skirmishing attending the march of Sher man's army to Savannah. In the latter part of November he participated in the noted battle of Honey Hill, S. C., defeating the Federal forces which attempted to cut off communication between Savannah and Charleston. He was on duty at Savannah when Sherman's army arrived

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1047

there, fell back into South Carolina when General Hardee evacuated Savannah, and participated in the campaign in the Carolinas until his company was recalled from Raleigh, March 24, 1865. During this service Sergeant Wier was frequently in command of his company, and displayed remarkable military ability, though but seventeen years
of age when the war came to an end. Mr. Wier has been a leading citizen of Clarke county since the war, and for twenty years has ably performed the duties of the sheriff,
evidently filling that office to the entire satisfaction of his fellow-citizens. He is an active member of Cobb-Deloney camp, United Confederate veterans, and popular with his comrades. In 1870 he was married to Sarah J. Lanier, who died in 1886, and in 1887 he wedded Mrs. Annie L. Gann. Six children are living.

Lewis Wiggins, port warden at Savannah, one of the sur viving officers of the famous Confederate cruiser, Shenandoah, is a native of Riga, Russia, born November 6, 1819, came to America in 1835, and made his home at Savannah in 1845. He began his Confederate service in 1862, with the Republican Blues, one of the volunteer companies of the city, and remained with the command about three months, mostly on duty at Fort Jackson. Then, receiving an honorable discharge, he engaged in the adventurous service of blockade running, and made one trip from Savan nah. On February 4, 1864, he was captured by the Fed erals at Cabbage Bluff, near Brunswick, and carried eventu
ally to Philadelphia, where he was held on the warship Powhatan until the following June. Shipping on a British barque to Quebec, he left there, two months later, for Liv erpool, and on November 8, 1864, left that port on the Con federate ship Laurel, afterward a blockade runner, carry
ing arms and supplies for the Sea King, as the Shenandoah was then known, which was just fitting out. At Madeira the vessels met, a few miles off the coast, and when the newly christened Shenandoah set out for her famous career, Wiggins sailed with her as signal quartermaster, under the command of Capt. James I. Waddell. The work of the Shen andoah was second only in importance to that of the Ala bama, though she was handicapped at the start by the paucity of the crew, which was, all told, but thirty-five men.
Their course was set for Australia, and prizes were soon taken, the first being the Godfrey, loaded with railroad iron.

1048

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

Next followed a schooner loaded with furniture and assorted cargo, a ship which was bonded and released, a brig of coal that was scuttled, a barque that was burned. By the time the cruiser had reached Melbourne, nine ves
sels had been captured and variously disposed of. At Mel bourne they coaled, and had- repairs made, and after some diplomatic complications set out for the Arctic whaling waters. Between June 22d and 28th they captured and either destroyed or ransomed twenty-four ships, four of
which had to be bonded to carry away the numerous pris oners. On June 28, 1865, in Bull's Bay, Behring Straits,
twelve prizes were taken together, of which nine were burned. In all, thirty-eight vessels were taken, thirty-four of which were destroyed, causing a loss to Northern ship owners of over one and a quarter million dollars. Sailing into the Arctic Ocean, they found the ice running too heavy, and sailed southward. On August 17, 1865, off the coast of California, Captain Waddell spoke a British barque, outward bound, and was informed of the fall of the Con federacy. They immediately gave the cruiser a peaceful aspect, dismounting the guns, and headed for Liverpool, arriving there November 6, 1865. The ship was surren dered to the English authorities, Commodore Paynter com ing on board for that purpose, November 9, 1865, just eight months after the surrender of General Lee. Acting as pay master, Mr. Wiggins paid off the crew, and he then went to London, awaiting an opportunity to sail direct for Savan nah. Returning to Liverpool in December, Captain Waddell, who was there sick, paid him seventy pounds, enabling him to ship on the Norwegian barque, Lord Dufferin, and he arrived at Savannah about the middle of April, 1866.
Since then Mr. Wiggins has been a citizen of Savannah, and engaged in steamboating until 1885, when he was appointed to the position of port warden.

Samuel H. Wiley, a veteran of Gen. Robert Toornbs'
brigade, enlisted for the Confederate service July 15, 1861, in the Hancock Volunteers, a company formed in Hancock county under the command of Capt. T. J. Smith, which became Company E of the Fifteenth Georgia infantry, of which Linton Stephens, brother of Alexander H. Stephens, was the second colonel. Going to Virginia, they were put under the brigade command of the famous Georgia states man, Robert Toombs, and saw their first active service on

CONFEDERA TE MILITAR Y HIS TOR Y.

1C49

the Yorktown lines, confronting the army of McClellan. Thus beginning his battle career, Mr. Wiley continued to perform gallantly the duties of a soldier in the great con flicts of the army under Robert E. Lee, until his health was broken by long service and exposure and suffering. Among the battles in which he participated were Williamsburg, Thoroughfare Gap, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg. Finally, being exhausted by severe cam
paigning, he accepted a detail to less active military duty, and though not in the ranks after April, 1863, continued in the military service until the close of hostilities. After his return home he engaged in farming, and prospered in his business for a number of years. His health again giving way, on account of the arduous war service, he was an inva lid for several years, and died at Sparta, February 10, 1897. Mr. Wiley was born in Hancock county, August 26, 1823, son of Edwin Wiley and Eliza Dewitt. He received a good education in his youth, principally at the Mount Zion acad emy, taught by Dr. C. P. Beeman. On October 9, 1847, he married Sarah E., daughter of Robert Carnes, M. D., of Muscogee county. This estimable lady is still living, with four sons and two daughters. The sons are W. Edwin, formerly sheriff of Hancock county, and present clerk of the Superior court; Dr. R. C. Wiley, a prominent physician of Sparta; Moses, a farmer, and one of the trustees of the Georgia insane asylum, and R. B., an architect.

Captain Jesse Parker Williams, of Savannah, a veteran of the North Carolina troops, was born in AVayne county of that State, December 27, 1842, of a colonial family, his grandfather, Charles Williams, having served as a captain of cavalry in the war of the Revolution. In the course of his youthful education Captain Williams attended the Franklin military institute and in 1860 matriculated at the university of Virginia. But his studies in the latter insti tution were terminated abruptly by the opening of war, and he returned home April 26, 1861, and at once enlisted in the Confederate Grays, Company E of the Twentieth regiment North Carolina infantry. He served in this com mand as a private until Febraary, 1862, when he came home on furlough and recruited forty men for the army, and was commissioned first lieutenant. Receiving an hon orable discharge from his former regiment, he recruited forty additional men, and, going into the camp of instruc-

1050 CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY,
tion at Raleigh, consolidated his command with others in the formation of the Fifty-fifth regiment North Carolina infantry, in which he was made captain of Company G. In this rank he served until March, 1863, when he resigned his commission and, returning home, enlisted as a private in Company D of Nethercutt's Rangers, an independent com mand operating in North Carolina. He was made adjutant of Nethercutt's battalion, with the rank of first lieutenant, and in the following September was made captain of a company he had recruited. Later his company was united with Wright's battalion to form the Sixty-sixth regiment North Carolina infantry, in which Captain Williams com manded Company I, until the close of the war. He was a participant in the fighting at Washington, N. C, in 1862, the skirmishes around Kinston in 1863, the capture of Plymouth in 1864, and in Virginia, in 1864, fought at Port Walthall Junction and Second Cold Harbor, and after the siege began was on duty along the Petersburg lines four months, and in the trenches in front of Richmond, north of the James, from September, 1864, to the latter part of December, including the battle of Fort Harrison. Return ing to North Carolina with Hoke's division near the close of the year, he was in the operations for the relief of Fort Fisher, commanded about seventy men in the fight at Wise's Fork, and took part in the battle of Bentonville. At the last he was surrendered with the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston. Since the war Captain Williams' career has been mainly devoted to commercial pursuits. He first embarked in independent business in South Carolina, and came to Savannah in 1879, and became a dealer in naval stores and wholesale groceries. He has other and1 exten sive business interests in South Georgia, and has done much to advance the prosperity of that section. For some time he was president of the Middle Georgia & Atlantic railroad, running between Milledgeville and Covington.
Colonel Wiley J. Williams, of the Forty-ninth Georgia infantry, Thomas' brigade, A. P. Hill's division, army of Northern Virginia, was born and reared in Telfair county, Ga., and began his career in mercantile life there previous to the Confederate era. In March, 1862, he enlisted as a pri vate in Company B of the Forty-ninth regiment Georgia infantry, and soon accompanied his regiment to Virginia, where they participated in the battle of Seven Pines and

CONFEDERA TE MILITA R Y HIS TOR Y.

1051

the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. After the bat tle of Cold Harbor, June 27, 1862, he was promoted to first lieutenant of his company for gallant conduct on the battle field, and at the battle of Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862, where his brigade was particularly distinguished, he was advanced to the rank of captain. He commanded his com
pany in Stonewall Jackson's corps at Second Manassas and Harper's Ferry, his regiment remaining at the latter place,
guarding the captured stores, during the battle of Sharpsburg, and in the same rank participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In Octo ber, 1863, he was promoted to major of his regiment, and very soon afterward was commissioned as lieutenant-colo nel, his rank at the close of the war. This rapid advance ment was fully earned by his gallantry as a soldier, and notable coolness and good judgment in command of his men. Colonel Williams was on constant duty all through the memorable campaign from the Rapidan to the James, and served in the trenches before Petersburg, participating in the gallant fighting of A. P. Hill's command, until Feb ruary, 1865, when he was granted a furlough. On return ing from his home he reached Danville, Va., on the day of General Lee's surrender, and being ordered thence to Greensboro, was granted leave to go home by the secretary of war. He was paroled at Macon, Ga. Since the war he has been one of the foremost citizens of his section of Georgia, and has prospered in mercantile business and farming. He resided in Telfair county until he removed to Eastman, his present home. While a citizen of Telfair county he was active in political affairs, represented his county in the Georgia legislature in 1888-89, and for twelve or fifteen years was county school commissioner. Colonel Williams is now in business at Eastman, with his only son,
Joseph M., and is one of the leading men of the city.

William H. Willis, of Barnesville, a veteran of the GrifEn Light Artillery, was born in Monroe county, Ga., February
23, 1843, and was reared on the farm of his parents, Owen J. and Ann (Johnson) Willis, until, a short time after he reached the age of nineteen years, May 4, 1862, he volun teered as a Confederate soldier, becoming a private in the GrifEn Light Artillery, commanded then by Capt. O. C. Gibson, and afterward by Captain Scogin. Going to Chat tanooga, they joined the army under General Bragg and

1052

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

participated in the Kentucky campaign of 1862, having their first engagement at Salt River, in that State. After the return to Tennessee they were stationed at Bridgeport with John K. Jackson's brigade, and were in action and under fire for seventeen days in the defense of Chattanooga. In September, 1863, they fought in the battle of Chickamauga, both days with Jackson's brigade and Cheatham's division, and were under a severe cross fire, during part of
the action, that caused the loss of a number of men and horses. Private Willis was among the wounded, and was severely hurt, balls passing through his right lung and left knee. He was sent to hospital at Marietta, and later furloughed to his home. When he had partially recovered, in the following year, he was appointed agent of the hospital at Forsyth, and subsequently he was with the hospital corps at Columbus until January 21, 1865, when, at his request, he was ordered to report to Jeffries' Mississippi battery at Macon. On arriving there he was refused, on account of his wounds, which yet disabled him for duty on the field, and he returned home. The citizens secured his appointment as provost guard at Barnesville, and he served in this capacity during the brief remainder of the war. In October, 1866, Mr. Willis was elected marshal of Barnes ville, and with the exception of a period when he was in business, he has held that office ever since, faithfully merit ing the confidence shown in him by his fellow-citizens. He was a gallant soldier and is a worthy citizen and city offi cer. In April, 1864, he was married to Fannie, daughter of W. H. Dumas, of Barnesville, and they have three sons and two daughters.

Alexander K. Wilson, of Savannah, was born at that city, March 24, 1841. In January, 1861, associated with Thomas H. Norwood, R. E. Lester and others, he helped organize a volunteer company, which, however, was declined by the governor as not needed. Afterward he moved to Telfair county, and in May, 1861, aided in the organization of the Telfair Volunteers, which became Company H of the Twen tieth regiment Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. W. D. Smith. Beginning as a private, he rose to second ser geant in 1861, and in the latter part of 1862 he was detailed by order of Gen. Robert Toombs, his brigade commander, as hospital steward. Sergeant Wilson served with his regi ment in Northern Virginia after the battle of First Manas-

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

1053

sas, participating in the engagement at Falls Church, and in 1862 was in the fighting on the Yorktown line, and at Williamsburg, Seven Pines and Garnett's Farm,, in the latter battle, June 27, 1862, receiving a severe wound on the head. At the battle of Sharpsburg, September 17, 1862,
he was again wounded, in the leg. He was a participant in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg. After the latter battle he was left to help take care of the wounded of Longstreet's corps, and three weeks
later was sent to prison at Norfolk, Va., where for a while he suffered cruel treatment. He was paroled at City Point, Va., two weeks before the battle of Chickamauga, in which his brigade participated with Longstreet's corps. Having returned to Savannah, he went to north Georgia on learn ing his regiment was there, and though not exchanged, joined his command on the field of Chickamauga and vol unteered to care for the wounded after the fight. Subse quently he returned home with the wounded of his company and about two weeks later was notified of his exchange. He returned to duty in time to take part in the siege of Knoxville. In 1864 he served with his brigade through the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, including the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. He was on duty throughout the siege of Richmond and Petersburg, and the retreat to Appomattox, where he was surrendered with the remnant of Lee's invincible army. During the war he was absent from his command but three days from sickness. Soon after his return to Georgia Mr. Wilson made his home at Savannah, where he has 'had a successful business career. He is active in Confederate affairs, attends the reunions,
and is the true and faithful comrade of all who wore the
gray.

Colonel William T. Wilson, of the Seventh" Georgia in fantry, was born at Danville, Va., and moved to Atlanta, Ga., in 1853, where he was employed in the railroad service, and later became postmaster of Atlanta, the position he held at the beginning of the Confederate war. He entered the service of the Confederacy, early in 1861, as commis sary of Gen. Lucius J. Gartrell's regiment, the Seventh Georgia infantry. He held that position when the regi ment went into battle at Manassas, July 21, 1861, but deserted his commissary quarters and went into that battle.

1054 CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.
Though without arms, he pushed to the front, cheering on the men, and was shot through the foot. At the expiration of a thirty days' furlough he rejoined his regment, of which he had been elected colonel upon the promotion of Gartrell. Colonel Wilson gallantly commanded the Seventh Geor gia at the battle of Dam No. I, on the Yorktown line, lead ing his men in the famous charge which put the enemy to rout, and the regiment held its position knee-deep in the water from six to eight days, food being carried them through the swamps. He also commanded the regiment at Seven Pines and throughout the Seven Days' battles, and with Longstreet's corps participated in the battles of Thoroughfare Gap and Second Manassas. Here his mili tary career came to an end. In the battle of August 30, 1862, in the words of Gen. D. R. Jones, "Colonel Wilson, of the Seventh Georgia, the gray-haired hero of many hardfought battles, fell mortally wounded." Before his death he was visited by Gen. Henry L. Benning, and in reply to the latter's question, "Wilson, how are you?" he quickly answered, "I am dying, but thank God I have lived long enough to know that we have whipped the Yankees twice on the same field."
Henry L. Wilson, M. D., of Atlanta, son of the foregoing, was born at Danville, Va., July 2, 1836. He accompanied his parents to Atlanta in 1853, was graduated at Emory college in 1858 and at the Atlanta Medical College in 1860. Following the latter event he was elected city physician of Atlanta, and was the first to fill that office in the municipal government. Immediately after the battle of First Manas sas he resigned his office, 'hastened to Virginia, and applied for a commission as surgeon in the Confederate States army. This was granted upon examination before the medical board at Richmond, and he was assigned as sur geon of his father's regiment, the Seventh Georgia infan try. He was on active duty in the field throughout all the campaigns of his regiment in the army of Northern Vir ginia until the spring of 1864, when he was ordered to Macon, Ga., as chief surgeon of the conscript department of that State, the position he held until the close of the war. Subsequently Dr. Wilson resumed his medical prac tice at Atlanta, which he continued until disabled by an accident in 1875. Since then he has engaged in the real estate business. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Confederate veterans, and is held in high esteem

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1055

by his comrades, who remember his gallant and devoted service with the army. Dr. Wilson was married in 1860 to Mary E. Monk, of Selma, Ala., and has two sons and a daughter living.

Colonel William J. Winn, of the Twenty-fifth Georgia infantry, now residing at Savannah, was born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1838, and is a member of the family promi nent in Georgia and the Carolinas. He was educated at
the Georgia military institute in 1854-57, and afterward engaged in planting in Liberty county until the beginning of hostilities in 1861. Then he entered the Confederate service as second lieutenant of the Liberty Volunteers, Company H of the Twenty-fifth regiment Georgia infan try, and at the organization of the regiment was elected major. His service was on the coast until the spring of 1863, when his regiment was sent to Mississippi with Gen. W. H. T. Walker to reinforce Gen. J. E. Johnston. In that region he participated in the fighting about Jackson, and the expedition for the relief of Vicksburg, and subsequently joined the army of General Bragg in North Georgia, and took part in the great battle of Chickamauga. The battle was opened on the ipth by the attack of General Forrest's cavalry upon the Federal left, in the attempt to turn that flank of the Federal army and cut it off from Chattanooga. Forrest was struggling against overpowering odds, when Claudius C. Wilson's Georgia brigade, including Major Winn's regiment, came to the rescue and plunged gallantly into the fight. Forrest was elated over the conduct of Wil
son's men. "They advanced in gallant style," said he, "driving the enemy back and capturing a battery of artil lery, my dismounted cavalry advancing with them." Wil
son and Forrest together drove back the second line of battle of the enemy, and pushed forward until a third and stronger line was developed. In the desperate fighting there Major Winn was severely wounded, and in conse quence was disabled until after the retreat from Missionary
Ridge to Dalton. In November, 1863, he was promoted
to colonel, and he commanded the regiment with gallantry during the campaign of 1864, from Dalton to Atlanta,
including the battles of Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and Peachtree Creek. At the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, in Hardee's flank attack upon McPherson, where General Walker was killed, Colonel Winn was shot through the
Ga 96

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

body and rendered incapable for further service. After some weeks in hospital at Macon he was brought to his home. On two other occasions than those mentioned he had received slight wounds. After the close of the war Colonel Winn engaged in planting and school teaching in Liberty county until 1869, when he engaged in civil engi neering. In 1877 he removed to Savannah, and since 1888 he has held the office there of city engineer. His fine mili tary record and high character as a gentleman combine to
make him one of the honored men of the city.

George Winship, of Atlanta, was born in Jones county,
Ga., December 20, 1835. His father, Joseph Winship, a native of Massachusetts, of New England stock, in early manhood removed to Georgia and settled in Jones county, where he married Emily Hutchings, a Georgia lady, whose parents were Virginians, likewise of Revolutionary descent. When George Winship was seventeen years old he removed with his parents to Atlanta, which since that time has been his home. In early manhood he became connected with the Winship Machine company, founded by his father, who occupied a leading position among Atlanta business men until his death in 1878. With this business George Winship is still connected, for many years having been presi dent of the company. In the spring of 1862 he enlisted as a private in Company G, of the cavalry battalion of Cobbs Legion, with which he served to the end of the war. His battalion was under the command of Gen. P. M. B. Young and Gen. M. C. Butler in the cavalry corps of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, led, after the death of that knightly Virginian, by the gallant South Carolinian, Wade Hampton. Private
Winship participated in the Seven Days battles around Richmond, the Maryland and Pennsylvania campaigns and all those in Virginia to the close of the war. He was twice wounded. A ball which he had received in the Maryland campaign of 1862 was extracted from his body five years after the close of the war. His other wound was received in the great cavalry battle at Brandy Station, June 9, 1863. Since the war Mr. Winship has been prominently engaged in manufacturing and banking. He is vice-president of the Atlanta Banking company and has been a director in the
Atlanta Home Insurance company since its organization; is a director in the Trust Company of Georgia and a trus tee of Emory college, one of the leading educational insti-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1057

tutions of the South. In 1860 Mr. Winship married Mary E. Speer, who died in 1869, leaving two daughters. In 1879 he married Lula Lane, who died in 1895. Two sons were born to this union. In the latter part of 1896 he was married to Mrs. Elizabeth T. Bailey, whose maiden name was Thiot.

William W. Wolcott, of Griffin, a devoted Confederate during the great war, and thoroughly affiliated with the veterans of the Southern armies, is a descendant of Henry, the father of Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut, a distin guished signer of the Declaration of Independence, and father of the Oliver Wolcott who succeeded Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasurer of the United States. Through his mother, Laura Bordman Wadsworth, Mr. Wolcott is also descended from Captain Wadsworth, who hid the charter of the Connecticut colony in the famous oak at Hartford. Mr. Wolcott was born in Massachusetts, March 29, 1828, and after a childhood passed in Massa chusetts, Connecticut, New York and Michigan, came to Georgia when ten years of age, and resided at Decatur until he became of age. He studied medicine at Griffin, under Dr. Harry Brown, and attended lectures at the Reformed Medical College of Macon. He was licensed to practice medicine, but while giving much of his time to the practice of his profession, from his early manhood he was a cabinetmaker and wood-worker, being an extensive manu facturer of chairs at the breaking out of the war. In 1861 he enlisted in the State troops at Savannah (Neely's regi ment) and was at once detailed as hospital steward, and was in such service in Atlanta at the close of the war. Mr. Wolcott is a member of the Osborn & Wolcott Manufac turing company, of Griffin, and is regarded as one of the leading,men of his city. He was married in 1853 to Eliza beth, daughter of Joseph Hollingsworth, a native of South Carolina, and they have five sons and two daughters liv ing. Two brothers of his wife were gallant Confederate soldiers, Joseph A. Hollingsworth, who .had the rank of lieutenant, and James Hollingsworth, who died in the serv ice.

Moses Wood, of Atlanta, a private of Cobb's Legion, was born in the vicinity of the site of the capital city of Georgia, February 22, 1834, and is the son of Jesse Wood,

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CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

a native of South Carolina, and his wife, Eliza W. Dobbs, of Georgia. Living on the farm, he acquired his educa tion at an old-fashioned country school, and after reaching manhood continued to be occupied in. farming. He was married in 1857 to Julia Ann Walker, by whom he has five children, three sons and two daughters. In 1861, when the call to arms resounded from mountain to seaboard, he obeyed the summons of his State, and, leaving wife and
home, volunteered in Company B (Capt. Ben Yancy) of the cavalry of the Georgia legion, commanded by Thomas R. R. Cobb, and soon was on duty in Virginia. He served as a private in this company to the end of the war, sharing in the dangers and hardships of the campaigns in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Through his long and trying experience as a soldier he was never wounded or captured, but after faithfully serving to the end, surrendered with his command at Greensboro, N. C., on April 26, 1865. He then returned to Georgia and resumed work upon his farm near Atlanta. A few years ago he rented his country home and lands and is now a resident of the city, living a quiet, retired life. He has taken great interest in educational matters and served for eight years as a member of the board of education of Fulton county. He feels a great affection for his old Confederate comrades and is a member of Walker camp, United Con federate veterans. In political affairs he has taken no active part except that he is a zealous advocate of prohibition and an unswerving enemy to the whiskey traffic.

Colonel Augustus R. Wright, statesman, jurist and Con
federate patriot, was born at Wrightsboro, Columbus county, Ga., June 16, 1813, son of William Wright, one of the earliest settlers of the county, planter and representa tive in the legislature. The wife of the latter, and mother of Colonel Wright, was Mary McCall, of Screven county, of a prominent family in south Georgia and Florida, which claims kinship, through a Miss Williams, of South Carolina,
with George Washington. Colonel Wright was reared at Augusta, Ga., and in the vicinity of Appling, and educated at Athens, Richmond, Bath, and Franklin college. In the latter institution he was a classmate of Alexander H. Stephens. Before graduation he left the college and began the study of law, and continued his professional studies in the celebrated law school at Litchfield, Conn., the train-

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1059

ing place of many renowned jurists. Returning South in 1832, he attended law lectures at Augusta with W. T. Gould, a son of the president of the law school at Litchfield, and while thus occupied he was married to his first wife, Elizabeth Richardson. He was but nineteen at the time and she fourteen, and her parents for a time refused to recognize the ceremony, but finally yielded to the young lovers, and a second ceremony was performed in the pres ence of parents and friends. This romantic union happily continued until the death of the young wife in 1845, after the birth of six children. In 1835 Colonel Wright began his practice of law, at Crawfordsville. A year later he removed to Cherokee county, and soon rose to eminence as a lawyer in that region, making his home at Cassville. Giving much attention also to political affairs, he was selected as the Whig candidate for congress soon after he had reached his majority, and was a second time honored in the same way, but his party was in a hopeless minority. When twenty-nine years old the legislature chose him for the office of judge of the superior court of the Cherokee circuit, and he served upon the bench with increasing honor and reputation for seven years. When General Scott was nominated for president, his allegiance to the Whig party weakened, and upon the advent of the American party he fully aligned himself with the Democratic party, by which he was elected to the United States congress, as representative of the Fifth Georgia district, in 1856. By re-election he filled this office until the close of Buchanan's administration, and gained public favor outside his State as a wise legislator and able orator. In 1860, throughout the momentous contest between the political forces repre sented by Lincoln, Dougias, Bell and Breckinridge, he was with Alexander Stephens in the support of Douglas and "national peace," and made an effective canvass of part of the State. Though this ticket received compara tively few votes, and he was an opponent of secession, his standing was such that he was chosen as one of the depu ties of Georgia in the provisional congress of the Confeder ate States which assembled at Montgomery, February 4, 1861, his colleagues being such men as A. H. Stephens, Robert Toombs, the Cobbs and Ben H. Hill. Having taken part with this body in the formation of the Confeder ate government, he set about afterward to aid in organiz ing troops for its protection, and brought together a mili-

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CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HISTORY.

tary force known as Wright's legion, of which he was
elected colonel. This was among the troops collected about Savannah in the early part of the war, and later it was consolidated with the Twenty-fifth battalion of infantry to form the Thirty-eighth regiment Georgia infantry, of which he was the first colonel. The regiment became part
of Lawton's brigade, afterward commanded by Clement A. Evans, in the army of Northern Virginia, but Colonel Wright, being well advanced in years, and on account of
his election to the first regular Confederate congress, resigned his military commission, Lieut.-Col. G. W. Lee succeeding him. At the close of his service in the Con federate congress, which was marked by lofty patriotism and devotion to his people, he returned to private life, and in later years continued in the practice of his profession, honored by his associates and the public, and freely accorded rank as one of the eminent men of Georgia. By his second marriage, to a daughter of Nelson Allman, of Chattooga county, he had seven sons and four daughters.
Moses Wright, of Rome, one of the living children, was born and reared in Floyd county, and graduated at the university of Georgia in 1885. He studied law with his father, and was admitted to practice in 1887, and since 1888 has been a prominent figure in his profession in north Georgia. In 1894 he was elected to the legislature; two years later he was chosen solicitor-general for the Rome circuit, composed of Floyd, Chattooga and Walker coun ties, and he was recently elected to a second term of this office, to end in 1905. In 1893 he was married to Bessie, daughter of Col. Thomas Berry, an officer in the Mexican war and the war for the Confederacy.

Captain Darwin S. Wright, D. D. S., of Macon, left the profession of dentistry, in which he embarked at Augusta in 1856, to enter the Confederate service early in the war. For some time he was a member of the Pioneer infantry at Augusta, in charge of the transfer of prisoners. Subse quently he joined Pruden's battery, at Atlanta, which was enrolled in Col. C. W. Styles' battalion of artillery and attached later to the division of Gen. Samuel G. French,
army of Tennessee. Dr. Wright served with his battery on the Chattahoochee river as Sherman approached that line in the summer of 1864, and participated in the engage ments at Webb's Hill and about Atlanta, was in the

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY. 1061
trenches during the siege of the city, took part in the final battle of the campaign at Jonesboro, and during Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas was on constant duty under Gens. G. W. Smith and Hardee. Finally he and his command were ordered to Augusta, where he was paroled at the close of hostilities. He entered the service as a private, was promoted to orderly sergeant, and while at Savannah in the winter of 1864 was advanced to the rank of captain of ordnance. After the war he resided at Augusta until 1872, when he made his home at Macon, where he has been for many years actively and successfully engaged in the practice of his profession. He is a member of the State dental association and has high rank among the dentists of Georgia. Dr. Wright has two sons living, Dar win S., Jr., an electrical engineer at the Pensacola navy yard, and Charles H., in the cotton business at Macon.
Colonel Gideon J. Wright, a native of Georgia, was before the war a prominent lawyer of that State. At the call to arms he laid aside his practice and entered the Cobb Legion as a captain of cavalry. In his report of the Seven Days' battles at Richmond, Gen. A, P. Hill says: "Captain Wright and his company of cavalry from Cobb's Legion, acting as my escort, were of great service to me, and by my permission made a gallant charge upon the enemy's infan try." In the Maryland campaign Captain Wright was wounded in a cavalry charge, in which, says Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, "he acted with remarkable gallantry." In his report of the battle of Shepherdstown, fought on the 2Oth of Sep tember, General Hill says: "Captain Wright, of Georgia, commanding my escort, was invaluable to me and proved himself a cool, clear-headed fighter." During the subse quent campaigns of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Get tysburg and the various cavalry movements connected with them, Captain Wright's promotion was rapid, and at the opening of the spring campaign of 1864 in Virginia he had attained the rank of colonel and was in command of Cobb's Legion, of the brigade of Gen. P. M. B. Young, Hampton's division, Stuart's corps. In his report of. the battle of Trevilian and other operations of the cavalry, General Hamp ton complimented Colonel Wright for having "discharged his duties admirably." During the campaign in the Caro linas he commanded Young's brigade, that officer having been made major-general and sent to another field of duty,

1062 CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.
remained under the command of Hampton to the close of the campaign, and was included in the surrender of the army under Joseph E. Johnston, on April 26, 1865. Returning to Georgia, he resumed his law practice became one of the circuit judges of the State, and occupied a lead ing place in Georgia politics until his death at Forsyth a few years ago.
William A. Wright, comptroller-general of Georgia, is a son of Brig.-Gen. Ambrose Ransom Wright, of the army of Northern Virginia. He was born January 19, 1844, in Louisville, Ga., was reared in his native county, and removed in 1860 with his parents to Augusta, Ga. In July, 1861, he went to Virginia for the purpose of enlisting in the service of the Confederate States, and joined Company E of his father's regiment, the Third Georgia infantry, at Portsmouth. In May, 1862, Col. A. R. Wright was pro moted to brigadier-general, and in June the son was appointed to his father's staff with the rank of first lieu tenant. He served as such in the Seven Days' battles around Richmond and at the Second battle of Manassas, where he was severely wounded, August 30, 1862, his right leg being so badly injured that it was amputated just above the knee on the following day. Though this misfortune would have been regarded as an honorable discharge from further service in the field, with undaunted heart he reported for duty in April, 1863, and resumed service upon his father's staff. While on the Pennsylvania campaign, he was captured just before the battle of Gettysburg by a party of New York scouts, and was subsequently confined as a prisoner of war at Johnson's Island, Ohio, until May, 1864. He was then taken to Virginia and paroled and exchanged in July, whereupon he again reported for duty and served as before at Petersburg until late in November, when he was transferred to post duty at Augusta, Ga., where he remained until the termination of hostilities. After the war he farmed for twelve years in Columbia county, leading the quiet and uneventful life of a farmer. In September, 1879, he was appointed by Gov. Alfred H. Colquitt, comptroller-general of the State, to fill a vacancy. This office he still holds, having been elected in 1880 and re-elected without opposition each succeeding two years. He is a member of Atlanta camp, No. 159, United Con federate veterans, which he led in organizing in 1883 upon

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

1063

the occasion of the visit of President Davis to Atlanta, and called at that time the Fulton county Confederate Veterans association. He served as its first president, holding the office three years.

W. J. Wyche., of Macon, a veteran of A. P. Hill's division, army of Northern Virginia, was born and raised in Bibb
county, and entered the Confederate service in March, 1862, as a private soldier in Company D of the Forty-fifth regiment Georgia infantry. This regiment, commanded
by Col. Thomas Hardeman, was soon ordered to Virginia, and assigned to the brigade of Gen. E. L. Thomas. Pri vate Wyche shared the record of this gallant regiment and of A. P. Hill's light division, to the end of the war. He was a participant in the battles of Seven Pines, the Seven Days about Richmond, Harper's Ferry and Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House, and was on duty in the trenches about Richmond and Petersburg, and in the bat tles of his regiment on those lines, during the siege by Grant's army. He was wounded in the battle of the Wil derness, and again, on March 25, 1865, in the assault of the troops' under Gen. John B. Gordon, upon the enemy's works on Hare's Hill, he was shot down with his left arm badly shattered. In consequence of this injury he was left in hospital when the army evacuated Richmond, and re mained there until August, 1865, in a disabled condition.
Mr. Wyche was a faithful and devoted soldier, and is yet associated with his comrades as a member, and second
lieutenant commander, of Bibb county camp, United Con federate veterans. He has been a resident of Bibb county since the war, engaged in farming until 1880, and since then conducting a grocery business at Macon. He was married in 1866 to Mary F. Martin, and has three sons and two daughters living.

Captain David G. Wylie, a gallant Confederate veteran residing at Atlanta, was born in Fairfield district, S. C.,
December 17, 1840, son of David G. Wylie, a native of South Carolina, of Irish descent, who was a planter, county official and major of State militia before 1861. When Cap tain Wylie was six years old the family moved to Cass county, Ga., where the remainder of his youth was passed. In 1861 he was a mercantile clerk at Calhoun, Ga. He

1064

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

enlisted February 9, 1861, and was mustered in February 22d, as a private in Company C, First Georgia regulars, then commanded by Col. W. H. T. Walker. At the organ ization of the regiment Wylie was made ensign, and he carried the colors of the First regulars during the first year of its service. Under the brigade command of Genera! Toombs 'he served in northeast Virginia after the battle of First Manassas, participating in the engagements at Lew-
insville, Munson's Hill and Falls Church, in the vicinity of Washington. In March, 1862, at the conclusion of a year's service with the First regulars, he was transferred to the Fortieth Georgia infantry, then organizing, under the com mand of Col, Abda Johnson, and he was elected first lieu tenant of Company D. With this regiment he served under Gen. E. Kirby Smith in east Tennessee, participating in the engagements at Tazewell and Cumberland Gap, and at the opening of the Kentucky campaign he succeeded to the command of his company upon the death of the former captain. As captain he took part in the subsequent service of his regiment until the close of the war. He had a gallant part in the battles of Big Hill, Richmond, and Perryville, Ky., in the summer and fall of 1862, and in the succeeding winter fought at Chickasaw Bayou, Miss., in the defeat of Sherman. He was in the battle of Baker's Creek, May 16, 1863, and served in the trenches of Vicksburg during the siege, May i8th to July 4th. On being exchanged a few months later he resumed command of his company, and went on duty with the army laying siege to Chattanooga. During this fourth period of his service he took part in the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge; of Ringgold Gap, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw
Mountain, New Hope Church, Atlanta, Jonesboro, in the Atlanta campaign; and during the campaign in Tennessee was engaged at Columbia, went through the terrible slaughter at Franklin and fought at Nashville and with the rear guard on the retreat. In all the engagements from Lookout Mountain to Nashville, and throughout the con stant fighting of the Atlanta campaign, he was on duty in the skirmish line. He accompanied the remnant of the
army to North Carolina early in 1865, and was sent back to North Georgia to gather absentees, a duty he was perform ing when the armies were surrendered. On May 12, 1865, he surrendered at Kingston, Ga., with the command of
General Wofford. Captain Wylie, since the close of this

CONFEDERA TE MILITARY HIS TOR Y.

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patriotic record in the field, during which he was identified with four armies of the Confederacy, has been equally true to high ideals in private life and service for the public in civil office. In November, 1865, he made his home at At lanta, and for twenty-eight years he was in the employment of the Western & Atlantic railroad, rising from train hand to trainmaster of the road. After seventeen years in the
latter capacity, he resigned, and in January, 1892, was elected commissioner of public works of Atlanta, an office he has held ever since, by successive re-elections. In 1870 Captain Wylie was married to Luella C. Keith.

Captain Louis Gourdin Young', of Savannah, served with distinction on the general staff in the army of Northern Virginia. He was born in 1833, at Grahamville, S. C., was reared in his native State and educated at the College of Charleston. His military service in the Confederate era was begun December 27, 1860, as first lieutenant and pay master on the staff of Col. J. Johnston Pettigrew, com manding the First regiment of rifles of Charleston, as aidede-camp to the commander of the regiment, who several times had a general officer's command, and in other capaci ties, he served at Castle Pinckney, Morris, Secessionville, and Sullivan's island, acting for a time on Morris island as commissary of the post. Later he was appointed adjutant of his regiment. This period of his service embraced the bombardment and capture of Fort Sumter by the Confed erate forces. His colonel, Pettigrew, who was a native of North Carolina, having been elected, on July 12, 1861, colonel of the Twelfth regiment North Carolina volunteers (infantry), afterwards known as the Twenty-second North Carolina troops, went, shortly after his election, to Vir ginia with his command. Lieutenant Young joined him there and was assigned to duty as volunteer aide. In the fall and early winter of 1861-2 Lieutenant Young saw much service on the Potomac, principally in connection with the erection and fighting of the heavy batteries at and near Evansport (now called Quantice), for the blockade of that river, in which his regiment was actively engaged. Although offered the captaincy of an infantry company in the Twenty-second North Carolina regiment, he returned
to South Carolina after the fall of Port Royal, because he thought his services would be of more avail on the coast than in winter quarters in Virginia. Before attaching him-

1066 CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.
self to any military command, he accompanied an expedi tion directed against a gunboat of the enemy, and assisted Colonel Ives, the chief engineer of General Lee, in pre paring and sinking torpedoes in the Savannah river. He then joined the Marion Artillery, of Charleston, but his volunteer services had brought him into notice, and at the request of Colonel Ives he was detailed to superintend, the construction and planting of torpedoes in New River in South Carolina. His work accomplished, Colonel Ives was about to ask for a commission and permanent appoint ment under him. But the spring campaign of 1862 was about to open, and his former colonel, Pettigrew, having been promoted to brigadier-general, Lieutenant Young was commissioned his aide-de-camp, with rank of first lieu tenant, and reported to his general near Yorktown on the Peninsula and was with the command on the retreat to Richmond. Not long afterward occurred the battle of Seven Pines, in which the lieutenant and his general were both wounded. Pettigrew was captured, and General Fen der succeeded to brigade command. On the staff of this officer Lieutenant Young served with distinction in. the Seven Days' battles before Richmond and at Cedar Run, after which, without solicitation, Generals Fender, A. P. Hill and Ewell joined in recommending him for promotion. In his official report General Fender said, describing the close of the battle of Games' Mill: "It was now nearly night, and here ended the part taken by my brigade, except so far as Lieutenant Young, my aide, was con cerned, for he, not being satisfied with fighting as long as his general, went back and remained, principally with General Ewell, until the battle was closed. I would here state that Lieutenant Young acted, both on this day and the day previous (battle of Mechanicsville), with the most heroic bravery and coolness. Words failed me in express ing my admiration of his conduct through the whole of the Chickahominy battles." In this fight Lieutenant Young was slightly wounded. At Frayser's Farm he was again distinguished, General Pender reporting: "My aide, Lieu tenant Young, had two horses shot under him in this engagement, and then took the colors of one of the regi ments, leading it promptly and well to the front." This gallant forward movement resulted in saving from recap ture a six-gun Federal battery and in keeping the enemy's left in check until night closed in and ended the battle.

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Pettigrew having- returned to duty, another North Caro lina brigade was formed for him, and Lieutenant Young was returned to his staff, and served with him in his North Carolina campaign in 1862-63, and the defense of Rich mond against Stoneman's raid, rejoining the army of Gen eral Lee just after the battle of Chancellorsville. He had
the honor to serve with General Pettigrew through the campaign of Gettysburg, and was actively engaged in the sanguinary actions of both the 1st and 3d of July, 1863. General Pettigrew commanded a division in the famous charge up Cemetery Hill, July 30. Lieutenant Young was not wounded at Gettysburg, but he had his hat twice shot from his head on the first day, and his horse shot three times under him on the third. In the retreat to Virginia General Pettigrew was mortally wounded, and Lieutenant Young escorted his body home. He was now recom mended by Gens. A. P. Hill and Heth for command of Pettigrew's brigade, but, as he was a South Carolinian, this was contrary to the rule established, and he was appointed adjutant-general of Pettigrew's brigade with rank of captain, in which capacity he served until the end of the war under Generals Kirkland and William McRae. He was recommended for promotion to colonel by General McRae, was tendered the position of chief of staff of Maj.Gen. William Mahone, and early in 1865 was invited by Gen. Custis Lee to become his chief of staff, which latter he accepted conditionally, but before the appointment could be made he was badly wounded in the battle of Hatcher's Run. When the army surrendered he was in the hospital at Lynchburg. In addition to the battle serv
ice mentioned Captain Young took part in the campaign of 1864 from the Rapidan to the James, and in the fighting oi his brigade about Richmond and Petersburg, 1864-65. At the battle of the Wilderness he was twice wounded. Since the war this gallant Confederate officer has resided chiefly at Savannah. He is popular with his comrades and is first vice-president of the Confederate Association of Savannah.

Captain William B. Young, of Augusta, entered the Con federate States service in June, 1861, as first corporal in the Richmond Hussars, a volunteer company which was enrolled as Company A of Cobb's Legion, commanded by Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb. In April, 1862, he was made first lieutenant of a company known as Company I, from

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Augusta, Ga., of the cavalry battalion of the legion, and in the following July he was promoted to captain. In this rank he served throughout the gallant record of his regi ment with the cavalry corps of the army of Northern Vir ginia, under Gen. Wade Hampton and Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. The cavalry of the legion came under the command of General Stuart in the Seven Days' campaign before Rich mond, and afterward took part in the Second Manassas campaign, the Maryland campaign, including the battle of
Sharpsburg; the raid around McClellan's army, the numer ous cavalry rights in Northern Virginia attending the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns, the raid through Pennsylvania and the battle of Gettysburg, and the campaigning on the Rappahannock in the fall of 1863. Captain Young bore himself gallantly through all this ardu ous and dangerous service, until he was captured in the Wilderness campaign of May, 1864. Subsequently he was held as a prisoner of war at the Old Capitol prison three or four months and at Fort Delaware until July, 1865. He was three times wounded, twice during the operations pre ceding the Pennsylvania campaign, his horse being killed under him also at this time, and again soon after the battle of Gettysburg. Since the war Captain Young has been a resident of Augusta, and prominent in the business and financial affairs of the city. He is widely known as the president of the National Exchange bank, of Augusta, and is also president of the Augusta Savings bank. He was for many years a member of the city council of Augusta, and was mayor of that city for the years 1895, 1896 and
1897.

Colonel Charles Thornton Zachry, of the Twenty-seventh Georgia infantry, was descended from colonial families, his paternal ancestry being traced back to a Zachry who was one of three persons landed from a wrecked vessel off the coast of Maryland. After the Revolutionary war Daniel Zachry settled in Putnam county, and his son, James B., who made his home in Newton county, was the father of Charles T. and eleven other children by his marriage to Olive Morton. Colonel Zachry was born in 1828 and in 1853 settled in Henry county, where he raised a company in patriotic obedience to the call of the South for defense from military aggression in the spring of 1861. He was elected captain of his organization, which became Com-

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pany H of the Twenty-seventh regiment, and when the regiment was organized he was elected major. After the battle of Second Manassas he was promoted to lieutenantcolonel, and at Sharpsburg he won the rank of colonel. He participated in all the service of Colquitt's brigade, was in forty-five engagements, and was four times wounded, at Cold Harbor, the Wilderness and Chancellorsville, and seriously at Sharpsburg while leading his regiment in a
bayonet charge. At the battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20, 1864, ne was particularly distinguished, acting on the extreme left of the Confederate line, and leading a gallant charge of his veterans that turned an impending defeat into victory. In this he acted independently, seizing the critical moment with the judgement of a trained soldier. After the war Colonel Zachry followed the life of a farmer in Henry county. He was a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1865, served as a representative in the State legislature in 1880-83, and in 1890-92 was senator from the Thirty-fourth district.